or hear it, talk about it, and do it … 90 % based on this principle, it ' s imperative that audience members process information while you speak. to create those deep rivers of understanding, you have to provide meaningful repetition and process time in your presentations. one way to foster repetition is to have the audience hear the content, then visually read the content on a powerpoint slide, and finally write down the information in their own language to discuss with their neighbor. if you do this, then the content is processed not once but three times, resulting in 50 % better retention. this does not mean that what audience members see, hear, and write is identical. you should limit the number of slides and words per slide ; the material you convey should come primarily from your speaking. this gets us to an important point : what ' s an appropriate handout? passing out complete copies of your powerpoint slides actually hinders retention because audience members will try to read your handout, listen to you speak, and watch your actual slide simultaneously. research tells us that this is too much interactivity at once, so participants have a difficult time focusing. an outline of key points with room for notes is much more efficient for your audience. if you still feel a need to pass out full slide presentations, do so, just do it at the end of your talk. another way to foster interactivity is through the strategic use of questions. certainly this includes the final q & a after you finish our formal talk. but questioning can be incorporated throughout a talk in a variety of formats. recall the discussion on how listeners need a pause about every 7 to 10 minutes for optimal retention. rhetorical questions are a great way to create these pauses. questions allow your participants to think about the information you presented in light of their own work. don ' t solicit answers, just pose the question and wait 10 seconds for your audience to ponder the new information. questions also work well as “ whip arounds. ” a whip around is a tactic where you pose a question as the presenter, and every participant in the room thinks of a one - or two - word answer to your question. for example, ask aloud, “ what ' s the single most pressing issue you have to deal with today when designing a mechanical system? ” your participants will think “ energy efficiency, ” “ first cost, ” “ delivery date, ” “ schedule, ” and the like. pause a moment to give participants time to think, then open up the floor in an organized, linear fashion


? ” your participants will think “ energy efficiency, ” “ first cost, ” “ delivery date, ” “ schedule, ” and the like. pause a moment to give participants time to think, then open up the floor in an organized, linear fashion for people to give their one - word answers. start with one person who utters his answer aloud, then move to the next, the next, and the next — all the way around the room. provide eye contact to each participant as you go to keep the pace and guide the answers. although you might think it would take a while, a good whip around takes less than 60 seconds. one last way to incorporate questioning into your lunch - and - learns is by using questioning cards. provide your audience with two or three blank 3x5 cards or sticky notes. as you talk, you can stop, pause, and solicit questions. why not do this orally? when adults have a moment to process their thoughts, most will come up with a question. then you are more likely to receive questions from all members of the audience. open the floor and ask for questions from those you haven ' t heard from. this will encourage quieter participants will speak up. have participants put their names and contact information on their questions, and collect them after the session for follow - up after the lunch - and - learn. you can also walk around and pick up questions while speaking. later, during an interactivity break, you can look through the cards and answer some of the questions. the questions will provide substantive feedback as to what the audience was expecting versus what you actually covered. grouping your participants a third way is to incorporate conversational interactivity that processes the content you are training is by briefly grouping your participants. these activities group your audience members into dyads ( two people ) or triads ( three people ) to have a short conversation about a question or issue posed. one activity, a think - pair - share, is where you pose a short scenario, issue, or question. you pause and allow your audience to think individually for one or two minutes, and jot notes on paper. then ask your audience members to partner with someone from another firm or organization. partners then “ share ” their answers or work out the scenario together. as the discussant, you can to open the floor and solicit one or two pairs ' reactions if time allows. not every pair has to give a summary. think - pair - shares are an easy six - minute addition to your presentation that provide


the discussant, you can to open the floor and solicit one or two pairs ' reactions if time allows. not every pair has to give a summary. think - pair - shares are an easy six - minute addition to your presentation that provide processing interactivity for your audience. they enhance long - term retention and maintain that environment you established at the beginning. in technical lunch - and - learns you present content in narrative forms, such as case studies or war stories from the field. stories work very well for short - and long - term retention of material because they speak to the participants ' background information, to their sense of the familiar. in essence, stories have active background schema and, when told well, provide listeners with cues and schema to attach the new information to their existing understanding of the topic being presented. research shows that adults remember in story form. for these reasons, presentations delivered partially in story form do a great job of providing that balance between the active and passive, and the serious and whimsical, discussed earlier. beyond the storytelling of the presenter, the audience has its own stories. pairs of participants can share stories in think - pair - shares. we as the presenter can ask one central question about a story we posed, or ask for a solution to an issue in a case study, and then have pairs share their conclusions with the group as a whole. while this may seem to require a serious time commitment, in reality it takes about 10 minutes. in creating interactivity in your presentations, begin with the environment and the needs of your adult learners and open your talk with the expectation of movement and interactivity. then you can use a variety of training tactics to keep the interactivity purposeful and valuable. interactivity is the missing link between a good presentation and a great training session. smith is a nationally recognized expert in adult education, curriculum development, and cognitive research. she completed her doctorate at the university of denver and is currently an associate professor at concordia university chicago. the 10 - 2 rule if the goal is deep rivers of retention, how much information can adults process at one time? research indicates that after 20 minutes of passive listening, or 20 minutes of intense lecture, adults ' ability to assimilate new information into their schema, to deepen the rivers being created in their minds, falls off rapidly. back to that question or situation at work that ' s been bugging you. recall the last time you sat in a meeting, a darkened lecture room, or a webcast where you were there


rivers being created in their minds, falls off rapidly. back to that question or situation at work that ' s been bugging you. recall the last time you sat in a meeting, a darkened lecture room, or a webcast where you were there, but your mind was wandering to the e - mails you really needed to answer, the phone call you had to make, or the present you had to buy for your child ' s birthday. basically, you hit that cognitive limit ; you phased out. as adults, you process 7 to 10 minutes of information very effectively. but if you fail to pause your attention after 10 minutes, even for a very brief respite, your ability to retain the next set of information diminishes. hence, a healthy pattern for your presentations is 10 minutes of information, a brief pause, and then 10 more minutes of information. researchers call this the 10 - 2 rule. present 10 minutes of new information by talking with visual aids, then pause and ask the participants to process the information by turning to their neighbor and answering a posed question on the content, or summarizing the information in a few words. the 10 - 2 pattern maximizes the potential retention of your audience. these pauses can be almost anything : rhetorical questions asked by the speaker, visuals or graphics as a reference without lengthy explanations, or just a moment where you get to collect your thoughts or make a few notes. this is important information about long - term retention, but what about short - term memory? doesn ' t it have a role here? it does. but not if you really want to change viewpoints or incite action. researchers define short - term memory in many ways, but for your purposes, you can think about it as the amount of information your mind can hold for the next moment and then repeat, like looking up a phone number or e - mail address to use it right away. short - term memory is when you retain about five minutes of information. after that, you have to transfer the new information into long - term memory for sustainability. so you looked up the phone number, got up for a cup of coffee, came back to dial, and had to look the number up again. to actually retain the number for the long - term, you would have had to create a river, repeating it over and over again in your mind while you were walking toward the coffee. linking short - term to long - term learning, taking ideas, and mapping them onto schema to create rivers are the keys


would have had to create a river, repeating it over and over again in your mind while you were walking toward the coffee. linking short - term to long - term learning, taking ideas, and mapping them onto schema to create rivers are the keys to effective adult education. now, back to our presentations. this is where the brief pause in our presentation comes in. if we link the content of our presentation to real work situations within our audience, then we are attaching the new information onto their existing schema. as audience members process this new content in light of their own work, new information moves from short - to long - term memory and the rivers grow deeper ; resulting in deep understanding and retention. action can now happen. how to create powerpoint presentations the 10 - 2 rule is one aspect of an effective presentation that will enhance audience retention. presentation and seminars often use powerpoint as the key visual aid that helps deliver the talk. let ' s talk about how to structure the powerpoint presentation so the information presented creates deep rivers in the brain, where listeners map new information onto the previous experiences. themes matter. in drafting your presentation, think first in themes. research indicates that adults remember larger, more purposeful schematic concepts rather than collections of smaller, disparate facts. therefore, if you think about your talk in terms of the big ideas you are trying to convey and link those ideas to a person ' s schema, they will retain it better. it ' s a good rule of thumb to create a thematic slide with a graphic of the theme. this slide becomes our opening slide. then, close your talk by having that same opening thematic slide as the last slide to hone your point. think of the last time you saw a presentation that had one major message that was carried throughout all of the slides. for example, if you are presenting a case study of a chilled water system retrofit, you can use a simplified diagram of the resulting system as the opening thematic slide. you can talk about the system by keying off different subsystems from the thematic slide, and then close your presentation by running through the opening slide one more time. less is more. fewer slides lead to longer retention. the aim is to have about 20 slides for a 1 - hour presentation, which includes time for questions and answers. research shows that the mind identifies and recalls up to six items easily. adult learning studies have labeled this the “ rule of sixes. ” in terms of content, develop your slides in sets of sixes


, which includes time for questions and answers. research shows that the mind identifies and recalls up to six items easily. adult learning studies have labeled this the “ rule of sixes. ” in terms of content, develop your slides in sets of sixes : six slides, which is 10 minutes of talking, with a pause, and then more slides. if you want information to go from short - to long - term memory, and you want to create rivers in the mind, fewer slides with breaks is the way to go. pauses could include stopping to take questions from the audience, asking the audience a rhetorical question, or building in some other type of audience interactivity. illustrate only the complex. when presenting technical information, you often have multiple illustrations, such as photos, diagrams, and charts. use these to tell a story only when you want to emphasize major points or simplify complex data or information. you can use illustrations to reinforce key ideas, to guide you through your talk, or to hold the audience ' s attention for shock or awe. and the cutesy powerpoint stick figure guys with question marks or light bulbs over their heads? just say no. use graphics to relay visual content. the entertainment should come from your talk, not prepackaged, overly used clip art that only clutters your messages. use the right kind of diagram. highly technical information often requires extensive visuals, such as graphs with weather data or control - point trend data. visually, adults have to choose a place to focus. that visual should be a form of content in your presentation, not just a talking point. in terms of charts and graphs, trends should be shown with continuous lines. cognitive science tells us that adults can process three lines at a time. so presentation graphs that have six different colored lines are too cumbersome to really learn from. if you are comparing two things in your talk, such as energy consumption before and after a retrofit, use a bar chart. our brain looks at bar charts in terms of relative magnitude, so we think comparatively with the bars. and lastly, pie charts are best for illustrating relative proportions. we ' d choose a pie chart for illustrating populations of building by type, for example. using the right graphic for our aim helps the audience think through the visual ; hence, they retain the information. let go of logos. and what about your company and sponsor logos on the bottom of all the sides during a presentation? do those count as illustrations? yes. it is more efficient for the learner if one


; hence, they retain the information. let go of logos. and what about your company and sponsor logos on the bottom of all the sides during a presentation? do those count as illustrations? yes. it is more efficient for the learner if one of your opening slides includes all your necessary logos. remove those logos from subsequent slides ; focus on the content instead. sure, you can put one small logo on the bottom of a slide, in an unobtrusive place. but strings of logos on each slide hinder your audience from determining where to focus their attention. you want them focused on the information and, more importantly, on what you ' re saying. create topic slides. after you ' ve designed a thematic slide with a graphic to open the presentation, you will be reinforcing the main points more efficiently if you take the key words from the theme and use them to create topic slides. topic slides are those slides that provide a transition from major point to major point. now, here ' s where it all gets different from what you usually do. the topic slides are only title slides — they have almost no text. they carry the original thematic graphic and one major point or topic in very few words. this helps the audience create an outline of your presentation in their minds. this is where you are making rivers out of the streams because you are creating links in participants ' minds of your major points as you present. fewer bullets and fewer words per bullet. this is the toughest cognitive principle to follow. do you remember the last presentation you attended where the speaker had so many words on each slide it was difficult to read the slide and listen at the same time? if you help the adult focus on the words you are saying, you help them understand and remember information. fewer bullets on each slide with fewer words are better. go back to the rule of sixes. six bullets per slide is a good maximum, any more and you get too busy. adults can process approximately 15 words per slide. so do the math : six bullets max, two to three words per bullet. this effectively makes your powerpoint presentation an outline for you, not a script. you want people to be listening to you, not reading your slide. really, you want your audience taking notes while they listen ; that creates a pause, which fosters retention. animate for effect only. animations such as fancy transitions, flying text, and revealing bullets as you go are often overused. as adult learners, animation ties to our emotions. think about the


preserving the past, informing the future | skip navigation links | miles tobey granger, son of james l. granger and abigail tobey, was born august 12th, 1817, in new marlborough, berkshire county, massachusetts, a town but little north of the connecticut line. from his earliest youth he had his own way to make, and the story of his fight for an education, told in the history of litchfield county, is illustrative of the times as well as of the man. he used to say : " i never had but one dollar in my life except what i earned by hard work. my father once gave me a silver dollar - my whole inheritance and patrimony. " we condense the following from the biographical sketch in question : at the age of ten he began to work in a woolen mill at twelve and a half cents a day. after two years thus employed, he hired out to a norfolk farmer at twenty - five cents a day, and continued to work for various farmers until he was eighteen. he then entered the office of dr. benjamin welch of norfolk, and began " reading up " to qualify himself to teach a common school. in the fall of that year ( 1835 ) he passed the examination and taught a district school at $ 12. 50 a month. after three years chiefly spent as a teacher, wishing to become better fitted for his work, he entered a seminary in amenia, n. y. his proficiency as a scholar had so impressed mr. davis w. clark, the principal of the amenia school, that, on his return in the fall of 1838, after one term ' s study, he called mr. granger up to his room and advised him to fit for college. following his teacher ' s advice, he began the studies required to enter the freshman class at wesleyan university, middletown. in 1839 after a year ' s preparation, he passed his examinations for the freshman class, and for the sophomore year in mathematics. his slender means, derived from the scanty earnings of his farm labor and teaching, were now about exhausted ; he therefore obtained a school at glastonbury where he taught at six months at $ 20 a month, and kept up with studies at the same time. at the opening of his junior year he not only obtained from the faculty the privilege of taking his junior and senior years together - of doing two years work in one, but taught school for three months besides ; and at its close passed his examination in both classes and received his diploma as


year he not only obtained from the faculty the privilege of taking his junior and senior years together - of doing two years work in one, but taught school for three months besides ; and at its close passed his examination in both classes and received his diploma as a. b. in 1842, and the degree of a. m. three years after. while it must not be forgotten that such an achievement was then more easily accomplished than now - the demands, intellectual and pecuniary, being so much lighter then than they are now - nevertheless it was a remarkable feat, even in those days, for a young man to fit himself for, and work his way through college in four years, with but the slenderest means, and those laid by from his own hard earnings. in 1843 mr. granger went to louisiana as a preceptor in the family of mr. francis a. evans, reading law at the same time. he staid at the south about two years and was admitted to the mississippi bar in 1845. this visit was of importance, it is believed, as influencing mr. granger ' s political views to a considerable degree. he saw enough of southern life to convince him that the negroes were not, as a rule, unkindly treated, and that the tales of atrocity in " uncle tom ' s cabin, " though possibly founded on facts, gave an unfair idea of the usual workings of the system of slavery. hence, always a democrat, he became known as a very bitter opponent of anti - slavery opinion, and, during and after the war, of the emancipation policy of the republican party. returning north in the summer of 1845, he entered the office of leman church of canaan, then one of the most noted lawyers in the county, and was admitted to the litchfield county bar in october of that year. he remained in mr. church ' s office till the spring of 1847, when he opened an office at couch ' s " hatshop, " in the old village of " canaan four corners, " whence he shortly removed to the depot, where he continued to reside for the remainder of his life. at that time the northwestern corner of this county was a thriving business section, largely engaged in the manufacture of iron. some of the brightest lawyers were to be found there, and the heaviest cases in our courts came thence. mr. granger was never a " hustler, " but a cautious, candid, safe adviser. in the trial of cases he was


of the brightest lawyers were to be found there, and the heaviest cases in our courts came thence. mr. granger was never a " hustler, " but a cautious, candid, safe adviser. in the trial of cases he was quick to discern pivotal points, shrewd to avoid pitfalls, a judicious cross - examiner, in argument sound, terse, and never tiresome. throughout he abounded in dry humor, one of his marked characteristics, but which opponents sometimes found more caustic than pleasant. he soon won the confidence of his townspeople, and in 1849 was elected judge of probate, an office which he continued to hold, one term excepted, until appointed a judge of the superior court. he was also town clerk and treasurer. with the bar he was not only popular, but his witty sayings were constantly flying about. one of these occurs to the writer. gen. charles f. sedgwick, for many years our state ' s attorney, used to drive over, every session of court, from sharon to litchfield. one term he arranged to take granger over from west cornwall to the county seat. the general was an elephant in size ; his horse, neither very young nor very fast. they slowly rose many hundred feet from west cornwall to goshen, and as they conquered the last hill the general cried triumphantly to his companion, " now, granger, there is nothing between us and litchfield. " " no, general, nothing but the old mare. " his doggerel was famous. a passage at arms in verse with a former clerk of the superior court got into print at the time, was re - discovered years after by some discriminating editor, and again went the rounds of our papers. in 1857 mr. granger was elected to the lower house of the legislature. then everything was republican ; but in 1867 the democratic party began to revive, elected its governor and sent mr. granger to the senate. in 1868 he was reelected senator, became chairman of the judiciary committee, and was appointed a judge of the superior court. he proved a good trier, keen of perception, patient, and, in the sometimes difficult application of the law to the facts, intuitive good judgment supplied the place of great legal learning. in 1876 he was appointed a judge of the supreme court of errors, an office he held until 1887, when, a few months before he would be disqualified by age, he resigned to become a member of congress


a battered 18th century native american boat believed to be the world ’ s oldest canoe has been lifted to the maritime museum in falmouth in a daring restoration bid which could see it repatriated to canada. curatorial experts at the national maritime museum in cornwall gave the vessel daylight for the first time in decades by removing it from a shed on the enys estate in penryn and transporting it to the nearby museum. the estate belongs to the family of lieutenant john enys, a soldier who was part of a battle to save canada from an american siege in the 1776 american war of independence and discovered the canoe while travelling during breaks from his regiment. “ moving the canoe is the beginning of a whole new journey back to canada for this incredible find, ” said andy wyke, the boat collections manager at the museum. “ for more than 200 years, the canoe has belonged to the enys family. it ’ s incredible to think its legacy has been resting in a barn in cornwall all this time. ” wendy fowler, a relative of enys, reported the canoe to the maritime museum after consulting her personal records from the 13th century. “ the estate is very special to us and holds many secrets, but i believe this is the most interesting to date, ” she suggested. “ the grounds hold a host of wonders, but this really is very special. the maritime museum are brilliantly ensuring and repatriating another element of our great family history and i ’ m most grateful that john ’ s travels have led to such a major chapter of boating history being discovered in cornwall. ” captain george hogg, an archivist at the museum, admits staff had “ no idea ” how important the find was when fowler called them. © john buxton “ we knew we had something special, but having worked with the british museum on the artefacts and the canadian canoe museum in peterborough, ontario, we now believe that this is one of the world ’ s oldest birch bark canoes, ” he revealed. “ this is a unique survival from the 18th century. ” a team of investigators will conserve the wood, research the history and recreate the original look of the canoe before it heads to the canadian canoe museum in september 2011, where curators say they are “ especially excited ” to see it. organisers in falmouth are hoping to put the canoe on display in the main hall of the museum by the end of january.


as many as 1 in 133 americans may have celiac disease and an estimated 2 million people remain unaware that they are affected by it. celiac disease relates to gluten, a protein compound found in most grains, breads, and cereals. contrary to popular belief, celiac disease is not an allergy to wheat but a genetic autoimmune disorder that causes the body to attack itself when gluten is ingested. chicago healers practitioner dr. ian wahl, dac, lac, says celiac disease is difficult to diagnose without an accurate blood test and many people are misdiagnosed because it presents as such a wide range of seemingly common symptoms, which include : - bloating after gluten ingestion - chronic fatigue - chronic weight loss although there is no cure for celiac disease, sticking to a gluten - free diet will make life much better for those diagnosed. most supermarkets carry gluten - free products as do specialty stores, online stores and most restaurants. dr. wahl provides these tips for going gluten - free : - when baking, there are great substitutes for wheat flour now available. they contain a combination of rice flour, tapioca starch and potato starch, which can be substituted 1 : 1 for wheat flour in many recipes. - in order to accommodate those living with celiac disease, many restaurants now offer gluten - free menu options. however, when eating out, always inform the server that you are on a gluten - free diet when once seated. ask to speak to the manager and go over menu choices and preparation before ordering. the manager will alert the kitchen staff and chef to insure that your food is prepared safely. - when traveling, staying in a residence - type hotel with a kitchenette makes it easier to follow a gluten - free diet. - parties can be managed quite well by calling ahead and speaking with the host or hostess. this will enable you to determine the planned menu and bring a dish that is gluten - free. - wahl recommends these internet sites for more information : for more health news, go to www. dailypress. com / health


photo credit : scott gravette scientific name : carphophis amoenus ssp. other name : none description : there are two subspecies of worm snakes, eastern worm snake carphophis amoenus amoenus and midwest worm snake carphophis amoenus helenae. worm snakes carphophis amoenus ssp. are small secretive snakes only reaching 13 inches in length. they have a pointed head and very noted tiny black eyes. they also have a prominent sharp tip on the tail which is probably used for digging. the color varies from a dark brown to a pinkish brown on the back and almost always with a pinkish belly. worm snakes greatly resemble earthworms which is how they got their name. distribution : the range of the worm snake is from georgia across to louisiana north to illinois and east to massachusetts. they are fairly common throughout most of alabama, though they are seldom encountered. habitat : worm snakes are fossorial in nature, in other words, they spend most of their life underground. they will also burrow into rotting logs and stumps, and can often be found under rocks. worm snakes prefer damp forested soils with abundant leaf litter. however they can be found anywhere earthworms are found including fields and backyards. feeding habits : the worm snake primarily eats earthworms. they will also feed on small salamanders, slugs, snails and insect larvae. life history and ecology : worm snakes spend the majority of their life underground or beneath rocks, logs and leaf litter. very little is known about the life history of worm snakes because of their fossorial nature. they probably breed in spring and fall. one to eight eggs are laid under rocks or logs. they hatch in approximately seven weeks. the young are about 4 inches long and become full grown in 3 years. predators include a variety of birds, small mammals, other snakes and even large salamanders and lizards. mirarchi, r. e., ed. 2004. alabama wildlife. volume 1. a checklist of vertebrates and selected invertebrates : aquatic mollusks, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. the university of alabama press. tuscaloosa, 209 pp. mount, robert h. 1975. the reptiles and amphibians of alabama. auburn printing company, auburn. author : jim schrenkel, certified wildlife biologist, alabama division of wildlife & freshwater fisheries.


- study at deakin - campus life - industry and community - about deakin 1 june 2009 with one of the world ’ s largest populations of consumers, mainland china is a potentially lucrative market for many advertisers, but to successfully communicate their message to chinese consumers advertisers need a visual strategy that does more than simply ‘ stick a dragon on the box ’ according to deakin university lecturer in graphic design dr lisa scharoun. “ chinese consumers are open to western products and ideas, but if the wrong approach is used it can lead the audience to misinterpret the visual message and be highly offended as a result, ” she said. from 2003 to 2005, dr scharoun was a lecturer at the raffles design institute in shanghai and she said it was during this time she became particularly interested in the advertising western companies used in china. “ living there i realised how completely at odds western style advertising was with chinese culture. ” in her recent paper made for china : global collaboration and understanding in advertising design, dr scharoun refers to a number of examples where the misuse of culturally significant symbols in advertising offended chinese consumers – for instance dragons portrayed as sinister, frightening creatures. “ the western interpretation of a dragon as an ‘ evil demon ’ doesn ’ t work in china because, while dragons are highly significant to the chinese and are seen as possessing great power, they are considered to be good - natured. it ’ s a bit like presenting a kangaroo as an evil protagonist to an australian audience, ” dr scharoun said. even the appropriateness of the research methods themselves need to be evaluated. “ often an advertising agency or a company will take a strategy that works well in the west and try and use it in china without researching whether it is suitable for that market. “ generally in the west, we have an individual mindset whereas in mainland china there is more of a collective mindset. for instance, if you were to run a focus group in mainland china, participants are less likely to express their own feelings and more likely to look to the group ’ s leader for their response, ” dr scharoun said. understanding the chinese market not only has implications for advertisers and their agencies, dr scharoun says, but also for the teachers of design. “ it ’ s very important that design students are given the opportunity to gain an understanding of the complexities surrounding advertising in china. ” dr scharoun believes cross - cultural collaboration at the undergraduate level could be one of the ways


electroencephalography ( eeg ) is a study of changing electrical potential of the brain. the apparatus used to measure this electric potential of the brain is called electroencephalograph, and the tracing or the printout of the measured brainwave forms is electroencephalogram. frequency is the number of complete repetitive waves that occur in a given unit of time. frequency is measured in hertz ( hz ) or cycles per second ( cps ). according to their frequency brainwaves are divided into 4 main groups, also referred to as " brain states " eeg brainwave sample state of consciousness | fully awake and alert generally associated with left - brain thinking activity - conscious mind | 8 - 13 cps | relaxed, daydreaming generally associated with right - brain thinking activity - subconscious mind - a key state for " relaxation " | | deeply relaxed, dreaming generally associated with right - brain thinking activity - deeper subconscious to superconscious access to insights, bursts of creative ideas - a key state for " reality creation " through vivid imagery | | dreamless generally associated with no thinking - unconscious / superconscious access to non - physical states of existence - a key state for " regeneration " and " rejuvenation " | some research has been done associated with the activities and benefits of other brainwave frequencies, such as super beta, gamma, etc. the lower your brainwave cps, the more is your awareness turned toward your subjective experience, toward your inner world and the more effectively are you able to use the power of your mind to create changes in your body. with each lower state you become more fully aligned with the source of power within you, with your unconscious, or if you prefer, with that part of you that is greater than you ( your body ). generally in beta state, your attention is focused outward. in alpha it begins to turn inward, and in theta and delta it goes further and further inward. the deeper you go, the more effectively are you able to enter your subconscious. you can imagine that at the borderline between beta and alpha states is a doorway to your subconscious mind, and the doorway consists of what is hypnosis referred to as your " critical faculty ". and you can imagine that at the borderline between alpha and theta states is a doorway to your superconscious mind, where you begin to gain access to your " supernatural abilities ", which for most people manifest as bursts of insight. the more time you spend in this state, even if you '


and theta states is a doorway to your superconscious mind, where you begin to gain access to your " supernatural abilities ", which for most people manifest as bursts of insight. the more time you spend in this state, even if you ' re not intentionally attempting to create a change, the more of these " abilities " begin to become part of you - you may simply notice that the time - lag between what you think and it ' s manifestation in your outer world becomes shorter and shorter. and you can imagine that at the borderline that at the borderline between theta and delta, you ' re beginning to say " good - bye " to your physical experience of the world, as you ' re getting altogether into experiencing yourself as non - physical being. here your body is only a thought in your mind. if you are able to maintain your consciousness at this level, you can effect instant changes in the outer world. in this state, you can transcend the " laws of the physical world " because you ' re not bound by them any more. whenever you think, you expand energy. in deep, dreamless delta state, where your mind is fully resting, your body has the best opportunity to regenerate. with meditative practice and self - hypnosis, you develop ability to remain conscious while getting progressively into deeper and deeper states. for example, a person without any mind training will tend to fall asleep when getting into theta state, while a person who has undergone some form of meditative mind - training will be able to be very deeply relaxed, yet conscious. the more you are able to remain conscious while in deeper states of mind, the less sleep will your require. brainwave entrainment and synchronization | synchronized brainwave patterns enhanced ability | | incoherent brainwave patterns limited ability | brainwave synchronization technology provides a shortcut to experiencing deeper states of mind giving you an opportunity to access higher states of consciousness and extraordinary abilities in very short time through brainwave entrainment. this way you can experience almost immediately the effects that took someone years of meditation to achieve. and the process is effortless. all you need to do is use the headphones. here ' s how the principle of entrainment works. entrainment is the process of synchronization, where vibrations of one object will cause the vibrations of another object to oscillate at the same rate. external rhythms have a direct effect on the psychology and physiology of the individual. you can observe


this way, is called a binaural beat. all deep trance now recordings are now enhanced with brainwave synchronization to help you entered the appropriate states of mind that would enable you to create desired changes effortlessly. excerpt from the research on the influence of brain wave synchronization on pain relief originally published : j neurol orthop med surg ( 1996 ) 17 : 32 - 34, the journal of neurological and orthopaedic medicine and surgery, vol. 17, no. 1, 1996 authors : richard h. cox, ph. d., md, c. norman shealy, md, ph. d., roger k. cady, md, saul liss, ph. d. this research was supported in part by a grant from the life science foundation. although it has been known since shortly after the development of the eeg that brain wave activity " follows " repetitive light and sound frequencies ', and experiments using brain wave synchronization ( boos ) as a tool to assist in relaxation and induction of the focused state of hypnosis were done as early as 1948, the first brain wave synchronizer ( boos ) was introduced commercially in 1958 by sidney a. schneider. schneider and coworkers specifically noted that over 90 % of approximately 2, 500 subjects treated by 1959 had had induced light to deep hypnotic trance with the use of the boos. his instrument consisted of a photic stimulator, controlled by the therapist or client, with variable frequencies ranging from low delta ( 0 - 1 hz ) to beta frequency ( above 13 hz ). schneider noted that each individual became entrained at a specific frequency which led to a " a rainbow effect, fingers tingling, eyelids heavy, complete relaxation, " " a whirlpool effect, anesthesia, or dissociation " - " the point of least resistance " for that individual to enter a trance state, assisted by audiotapes or a live hypnotic induction. the editor of hypnosis quarterly reported rapid induction of a deep trance in a previously unhypnotizable subject using boos, to the depth of cataplexy, analgesia and amnesia3. the journal of the american medical association in march, 1959, mentioned the " hypnosis machine " which could be used to speed up hypnotic induction and to " help make labor and delivery a more gratifying experience by reducing discomfort and the need for excessive analgesia and anesthesia. " 4 in june 1966


the " hypnosis machine " which could be used to speed up hypnotic induction and to " help make labor and delivery a more gratifying experience by reducing discomfort and the need for excessive analgesia and anesthesia. " 4 in june 1966, bernard s. margolis, d. d. s. 5, reported the bws was " a valuable tool for allaying fears and apprehensions, " and noted that coupled with hypnosis - 1. patients required less anesthesia. 2. some patients could have dental procedures without external anesthetics. 3. no physiologic depression occurred. 4. healing was more rapid. 5. gagging could be controlled. 6. the frequency could be controlled by the patient. dr. william a. phillips reported " the reduction and control of high blood pressure of inorganic origin, " with reduction of 10 to 40 mm. of mercury, using only bws without verbal hypnotic suggestion6. and sadove emphasized the use of bws to assist relaxation7. comparisons were made between cranial electrical stimulation ( the pain suppressoro ), several different models of light frequency boos, the hemi - sync tapes, and self - hypnosis audiotapes. patients were asked to grade their depth of relaxation and intensity of pain before and after 30 minutes of synchronization. blood pressure and pulse measurements were also done before and after boos. more recently we have also measured blood neurochemicals ( ne, mel, be, st, and che ) before and after brain shealy relaxmate indicate : wave synchronization coupled with the self - hypnosis audiotape in eight individuals. with hemi - sync tapes alone or self - hypnotic tapes alone, depths of relaxation were similar. relaxation music and cranial electrical stimulation were slightly less effective than bws ( 50 % to 60 % relaxation usually ). when brainwave stimulation was combined with self - hypnotic tapes, consistent relaxation depths of 70 % to 100 % were reported. in 72 patients in whom blood pressure, pulse, and pain intensity were measured, blood pressure and pulse were reduced 4 % to 10 % in 58 patients, and pain was decreased 30 % to 100 % in 60 patients ( average over 50 % ). almost invariably the combination of brainwave synchronization plus self - hypnosis was more effective than either alone. the blood pressure and pulse effects are compatible with the relaxation response. the degree of pain relief, however, is greater than that reported with the relaxation


combination of brainwave synchronization plus self - hypnosis was more effective than either alone. the blood pressure and pulse effects are compatible with the relaxation response. the degree of pain relief, however, is greater than that reported with the relaxation response alone. in eight individuals, blood neurochemicals have been measured before and after 30 minutes of alpha rhythm ( 10 hz ) boos. melatonin has been reduced 5 % to 20 % ( average 6 % decrease ) and beta endorphin has been increased 10 % to 50 % ( average 14 % increase ). interestingly, these same individuals have an average increase in serotonin of 23 % and an increase of norepinephrine by 18 %. our experience with bws coupled with guided mental relaxation exercises ( bws / sh ) confirm schneider ' s reports that at least 90 % of individuals achieve deepened levels of focused relaxation with those techniques. our results are also compatible with those of benson and others who indicated that the relaxation response is a major stress reducer and assists the process of homeostasis ' °. the increase in beta endorphins after bws / sh is associated with a sense of well - being and decreased pain. even though blood pressure and pulse usually decrease with bws / sh, the increases in norepinephrine and serotonin and the decrease in melatonin suggest an increased level of alertness. this may well be consistent with schultz ' s description of poised alertness reported with autogenic training ". decreases in melatonin, as found, are to be expected with exposure to light and suggest that bsw may be useful for seasonal affective disorders. it is interesting to speculate that various bws rates might affect neurochemicals differently. since most individuals choose the lowest theta rates, those rates might increase beta endorphins more without the increases in norepinephrine and / or serotonin. further study needs to be done to elucidate potential differences. it has been noted that bws for greater than 40 minutes often leaves individuals feeling groggy instead of alert immediately after a session. thus, we recommend 15 minute sessions most of the time. benson reported that two daily 20 minute deep relaxation sessions led to decreased insulin requirements and catecholamine production for up to 24 hours. finally, we have noted that bws even without self - hypnosis leads to enhanced sleep induction, especially at the self - selected low theta rate. and return to sleep is more rapid


and catecholamine production for up to 24 hours. finally, we have noted that bws even without self - hypnosis leads to enhanced sleep induction, especially at the self - selected low theta rate. and return to sleep is more rapid with bws if one awakens during the night and uses bws to return to sleep. binaural beats are auditory brainstem responses which originate in the superior olivary nucleus of each hemisphere. they result from the interaction of two different auditory impulses, originating in opposite ears, below 1000 hz and which differ in frequency between one and 30 hz ( oster, 1973 ). for example, if a pure tone of 400 hz is presented to the right ear and a pure tone of 410 hz is presented simultaneously to the left ear, an amplitude modulated standing wave of 10 hz, the difference between the two tones, is experienced as the two wave forms mesh in and out of phase within the superior olivary nuclei. this binaural beat is not heard in the ordinary sense of the word ( the human range of hearing is from 20 - 20, 000 hz ). it is perceived as an auditory beat and theoretically can be used to entrain specific neural rhythms through the frequency - following response ( ffr ) - - the tendency for cortical potentials to entrain to or resonate at the frequency of an external stimulus. thus, it is theoretically possible to utilize a specific binaural - beat frequency as a consciousness management technique to entrain a specific cortical rhythm. uses of audio with embedded binaural beats that are mixed with music or various pink or background sound are diverse. they range from relaxation, meditation, stress reduction, pain management, improved sleep quality, decrease in sleep requirements, super learning, enhanced creativity and intuition, remote viewing, telepathy, and out - of - body experience and lucid dreaming. audio embedded with binaural beats is often combined with various meditation techniques, as well as positive affirmations and visualization. when signals of two different frequencies are presented, one to each ear, the brain detects phase differences between these signals. " under natural circumstances a detected phase difference would provide directional information. the brain processes this anomalous information differently when these phase differences are heard with stereo headphones or speakers. a perceptual integration of the two signals takes place, producing the sensation of a third " beat " frequency. the difference between the signals waxes and wanes as the two different input frequencies mesh in and


with stereo headphones or speakers. a perceptual integration of the two signals takes place, producing the sensation of a third " beat " frequency. the difference between the signals waxes and wanes as the two different input frequencies mesh in and out of phase. as a result of these constantly increasing and decreasing differences, an amplitude - modulated standing wave - the binaural beat - is heard. the binaural beat is perceived as a fluctuating rhythm at the frequency of the difference between the two auditory inputs. evidence suggests that the binaural beats are generated in the brainstem ’ s superior olivary nucleus, the first site of contralateral integration in the auditory system ( oster, 1973 ). studies also suggest that the frequency - following response originates from the inferior colliculus ( smith, marsh, & brown, 1975 ) " ( owens & atwater, 1995 ). this activity is conducted to the cortex where it can be recorded by scalp electrodes. binaural beats can easily be heard at the low frequencies ( < 30 hz ) that are characteristic of the eeg spectrum ( oster, 1973 ). this perceptual phenomenon of binaural beating and the objective measurement of the frequency - following response ( hink, kodera, yamada, kaga, & suzuki, 1980 ) suggest conditions which facilitate entrainment of brain waves and altered states of consciousness. there have been numerous anecdotal reports and a growing number of research efforts reporting changes in consciousness associated with binaural - beats. " the subjective effect of listening to binaural beats may be relaxing or stimulating, depending on the frequency of the binaural - beat stimulation " ( owens & atwater, 1995 ). binaural beats in the delta ( 1 to 4 hz ) and theta ( 4 to 8 hz ) ranges have been associated with reports of relaxed, meditative, and creative states ( hiew, 1995 ), and used as an aid to falling asleep. binaural beats in the alpha frequencies ( 8 to 12 hz ) have increased alpha brain waves ( foster, 1990 ) and binaural beats in the beta frequencies ( typically 16 to 24 hz ) have been associated with reports of increased concentration or alertness ( monroe, 1985 ) and improved memory ( kennerly, 1994 ). passively listening to binaural beats may not spontaneously propel you into an altered state of consciousness. one ’ s subjective experience in response to binaural - beat stimulation may also be


) and improved memory ( kennerly, 1994 ). passively listening to binaural beats may not spontaneously propel you into an altered state of consciousness. one ’ s subjective experience in response to binaural - beat stimulation may also be influenced by a number of mediating factors. for example, the willingness and ability of the listener to relax and focus attention may contribute to binaural - beat effectiveness in inducing state changes. " ultradian rhythms in the nervous system are characterized by periodic changes in arousal and states of consciousness ( rossi, 1986 ; shannahoff - khalsa, 1991 ; webb & dube, 1981 ). these naturally occurring shifts may underlie the anecdotal reports of fluctuations in the effectiveness of binaural beats. external factors are also thought to play roles in mediating the effects of binaural beats " ( owens & atwater, 1995 ). the perception of a binaural beat is, for example, said to be heightened by the addition of white noise to the carrier signal ( oster, 1973 ), so white noise is often used as background. " music, relaxation exercises, guided imagery, and verbal suggestion have all been used to enhance the state - changing effects of the binaural beat " ( owens & atwater, 1995 ). other practices such as humming, toning, breathing exercises, autogenic training, and / or biofeedback can also be used to interrupt the homeostasis of resistant subjects ( tart, 1975 ). brain waves and consciousness controversies concerning the brain, mind, and consciousness have existed since the early greek philosophers argued about the nature of the mind - body relationship, and none of these disputes has been resolved. modern neurologists have located the mind in the brain and have said that consciousness is the result of electrochemical neurological activity. there are, however, growing observations to the contrary. there is no neurophysiological research which conclusively shows that the higher levels of mind ( intuition, insight, creativity, imagination, understanding, thought, reasoning, intent, decision, knowing, will, spirit, or soul ) are located in brain tissue ( hunt, 1995 ). a resolution to the controversies surrounding the higher mind and consciousness and the mind - body problem in general may need to involve an epistemological shift to include extra - rational ways of knowing ( de quincey, 1994 ) and cannot be comprehended by neurochemical brain studies alone. we are in the midst of a revolution focusing on the study


need to involve an epistemological shift to include extra - rational ways of knowing ( de quincey, 1994 ) and cannot be comprehended by neurochemical brain studies alone. we are in the midst of a revolution focusing on the study of consciousness ( owens, 1995 ). penfield, an eminent contemporary neurophysiologist, found that the human mind continued to work in spite of the brain ’ s reduced activity under anesthesia. brain waves were nearly absent while the mind was just as active as in the waking state. the only difference was in the content of the conscious experience. following penfield ’ s work, other researchers have reported awareness in comatose patients ( hunt, 1995 ) and there is a growing body of evidence which suggests that reduced cortical arousal while maintaining conscious awareness is possible ( fischer, 1971 ; west 1980 ; delmonte, 1984 ; goleman 1988 ; jevning, wallace, & beidenbach, 1992 ; wallace, 1986 ; mavromatis, 1991 ). these states are variously referred to as meditative, trance, altered, hypnogogic, hypnotic, and twilight - learning states ( budzynski, 1986 ). broadly defined, the various forms of altered states rest on the maintenance of conscious awareness in a physiologically reduced state of arousal marked by parasympathetic dominance ( mavromatis, 1991 ). recent physiological studies of highly hypnotizable subjects and adept meditators indicate that maintaining awareness with reduced cortical arousal is indeed possible in selected individuals as a natural ability or as an acquired skill ( sabourin, cutcomb, crawford, & pribram, 1993 ). more and more scientists are expressing doubts about the neurologists ’ brain - mind model because it fails to answer so many questions about our ordinary experiences, as well as evading our mystical and spiritual ones. the scientific evidence supporting the phenomenon of remote viewing alone is sufficient to show that mind - consciousness is not a local phenomenon ( mcmoneagle, 1993 ). if mind - consciousness is not the brain, why then does science relate states of consciousness and mental functioning to brain - wave frequencies? and how is it that audio with embedded binaural beats alters brain waves? the first question can be answered in terms of instrumentation. there is no objective way to measure mind or consciousness with an instrument. mind - consciousness appears to be a field phenomenon which interfaces with the body and the neurological structures of the brain ( hunt, 1995 ). one


can be answered in terms of instrumentation. there is no objective way to measure mind or consciousness with an instrument. mind - consciousness appears to be a field phenomenon which interfaces with the body and the neurological structures of the brain ( hunt, 1995 ). one cannot measure this field directly with current instrumentation. on the other hand, the electrical potentials of brain waves can be measured and easily quantified. contemporary science likes things that can be measured and quantified. the problem here lies in oversimplification of the observations. eeg patterns measured on the cortex are the result of electroneurological activity of the brain. but the brain ’ s electroneurological activity is not mind - consciousness. eeg measurements then are only an indirect means of assessing the mind - consciousness interface with the neurological structures of the brain. as crude as this may seem, the eeg has been a reliable way for researchers to estimate states of consciousness based on the relative proportions of eeg frequencies. stated another way, certain eeg patterns have been historically associated with specific states of consciousness. it is reasonable to assume, given the current eeg literature, that if a specific eeg pattern emerges it is probably accompanied by a particular state of consciousness. as to the second question raised in the above paragraph, audio with embedded binaural beats alters the electrochemical environment of the brain. this allows mind - consciousness to have different experiences. when the brain is entrained to lower frequencies and awareness is maintained, a unique state of consciousness emerges. this state is often referred to as hypnogogia " mind awake / body asleep. " slightly higher - frequency entrainment can lead to hyper suggestive states of consciousness. still higher - frequency eeg states are associated with alert and focused mental activity needed for the optimal performance of many tasks. perceived reality changes depending on the state of consciousness of the perceiver ( tart, 1975 ). some states of consciousness provide limited views of reality, while others provide an expanded awareness of reality. for the most part, states of consciousness change in response to the ever - changing internal environment and surrounding stimulation. for example, states of consciousness are subject to influences like drugs and circadian and ultradian rhythms ( rossi, 1986 ; shannahoff - khalsa, 1991 ; webb & dube, 1981 ). specific states of consciousness can also be learned as adaptive behaviors to demanding circumstances ( green and green, 1986 ). synchronized brain waves synchronized brain waves have long been associated with meditative and hypnogogic states


webb & dube, 1981 ). specific states of consciousness can also be learned as adaptive behaviors to demanding circumstances ( green and green, 1986 ). synchronized brain waves synchronized brain waves have long been associated with meditative and hypnogogic states, and audio with embedded binaural beats has the ability to induce and improve such states of consciousness. the reason for this is physiological. each ear is " hardwired " ( so to speak ) to both hemispheres of the brain ( rosenzweig, 1961 ). each hemisphere has its own olivary nucleus ( sound - processing center ) which receives signals from each ear. in keeping with this physiological structure, when a binaural beat is perceived there are actually two standing waves of equal amplitude and frequency present, one in each hemisphere. so, there are two separate standing waves entraining portions of each hemisphere to the same frequency. the binaural beats appear to contribute to the hemispheric synchronization evidenced in meditative and hypnogogic states of consciousness. brain function is also enhanced through the increase of cross - collosal communication between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. rhythmic sound and the brain studies have shown that vibrations from rhythmic sounds have a profound effect on brain activity. in shamanic traditions, drums were used in periodic rhythm to transport the shaman into other realms of reality. the vibrations from this constant rhythm affected the brain in a very specific manner, allowing the shaman to achieve an altered state of mind and journey out of his or her body. brain pattern studies conducted by researcher melinda maxfield into the ( ssc ) shamanic state of consciousness found that the steady rhythmic beat of the drum struck four and one half times per second was the key to transporting a shaman into the deepest part of his shamanic state of consciousness. it is no coincidence that 4. 5 beats, or cycles per second corresponds to the trance like state of theta brain wave activity. in direct correlation, we see similar effects brought on by the constant and rhythmic drone of tibetan buddhist chants, which transport the monks and even other listeners into realms of blissful meditation. interesting tidbits - a look at the brain of somnambulist | somnambulist is a person who is sleep - walking. scientists have studied this interesting phenomenon for generations. recent studies have shown a burst of delta waves ( shown in yellow in the graphic to the right ) in the brain of someone who is sleep - walking. they theorize that the somnam


walking. scientists have studied this interesting phenomenon for generations. recent studies have shown a burst of delta waves ( shown in yellow in the graphic to the right ) in the brain of someone who is sleep - walking. they theorize that the somnambulist triggers a portion of the brain that deals with emotion, and then the body, which is normally at rest, becomes involved. a somnambulist is asleep the entire time he or she is moving about. | books on brainwave synchronization by michael mutchison scientists have learned more about the brain in the last decade than in all of previous history, and the implications of the latest research are clear : the human brain is far more powerful, and has the potential for immensely greater growth and transformation, than was ever before imagined. these discoveries may constitute the most significant development in learning since the invention of writing. each moment of our lives, from birth to death, our brains are engaged in an endless symphony of patterns. in awakening the mind, anna wise reveals how a careful understanding of the four types of brain waves, and the practice of carefully designed meditation exercises that lead to a mastery of each type, can vastly improve everyday focus, memory, concentration, and overall mental awareness. wise discusses and illustrates the four types of brain waves - - beta, alpha, theta, and delta - - with emphasis on what they do, how they work together, and whether we can use their power. harnessing human brain waves for heightened creativity, inspiration, and self - healing is the major goal. several pages of meditation exercises are included with tips on how to relax, all designed to trigger specific brain - wave patterns and achieve a high - performance mind. other research on brainwave synchronization adams, h. b. ( 1965 ). a case utilizing sensory deprivation procedures. in l. p. ullman & l. krasner ( eds. ), case studies in behavior modification. new york : holt, rinehart & winston. adrian, e. d. & yamagiwa, k. ( 1935 ). " the origin of the berger rhythm. " brain, 58, 323 - 351. atwater, f. h. ( 1988 ). " the monroe institute ' s hemisync process : a theoretical perspective. " faber, va : monroe institute. bandler, r. ( 1985 ). " using your brain - - for a change. " moab, ut : real people press. barber, t. x. (


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- extremely low frequency ( elf ) radiation - radio frequency ( rf ) radiation - heat radiation - fertility issues - dna fragmentation - toasted skin syndrome, skin burns and rashes - other serious health risks - fcc certified lab tested - patent - pending technology - sleek & stylish - slim & lightweight see what all the buzz is about … “ anything you can do to limit your exposure to radiation is a good idea … i try not to put the laptop directly on my lap. ” - cnn ’ s dr. sanjay gupta so if dr. sanjay gupta doesn ’ t think it ’ s a good idea to put a laptop directly on his lap … should you? there is growing use of compact, portable electronic devices such as laptop computers and many of these are often used directly against the human body. this close contact exposes us to increased levels of electromagnetic fields ( emfs ) of extremely low frequency ( elf ) electromagnetic radiation ( emr ), radio frequency ( rf ) electromagnetic radiation ( emr ) and heat radiation. studies show that laptop radiation and heat exposure can negatively impact the body by causing : - fertility issues with both men and women - dna fragmentation ( irreversible changes to the genetic code ) - toasted skin syndrome ( erythema ab igne ), skin burns and rashes - other serious health risks so what do you do? here ’ s the good news. there is a solution. how does the defenderpad™ work? the advanced, patent pending design of the defenderpad™ virtually eliminates extremely low frequency ( elf ) electromagnetic radiation ( emr ) emitted as a by - product of electricity powering computer components such as processors, hard drives, memory and other computer parts. additionally the defenderpad™ also blocks higher frequency radio frequency ( rf ) electromagnetic radiation ( emr ) emissions transmitted by the electronic devices that connect to wifi or cellular services for internet access. the defenderpad™ deflects, diverts, and absorbs these potentially harmful emissions. why is this important? no other shielding solution protects from both elf emr and rf emr. how does this relate to health dangers? for example, body cells are affected and sometimes damage occurs from both of these electromagnetic fields ( emfs ). if your lap protection does not shield both emissions, you may only be protected from one, but still exposed to the health dangers of the other radiation. you need to shield yourself from both elf and rf radiation. the defenderpad™ laptop emf shield has you covered. sound good to you? even better


if someone has a weak heart, that individual will require heart medication and that person ' s heart will not function properly, also an illness or ailment that is easy to understand, even though, like mental illness, it is not seen. but mental illness is different, even though the irrational behaviors of the mentally ill make perfect sense as the brain controls actions and thoughts and if it is not functioning properly, then people are going to behave in ways that do not appear normal to society. no one who is mentally ill asked for the illness, but it is the hand they were dealt and must live with. an estimated 26. 2 percent of americans — more than 57 million people — age 18 and older suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year, according to the national institute of mental health. mental disorders are the leading cause of disability in the united states. in 2004, 32, 439 people died by suicide in the united states. more than 90 percent of people who kill themselves have a diagnosable mental disorder. fewer than one - third of adults and one - half of children with a diagnosable mental disorder receive mental health services in a given year. organizations such as behavioral health services north are doing all they can to remedy the lack of prescribers in the area and ensure those suffering from mental illnesses receive the care they need. until that happens, people suffering from a mental disorder are going to have to live with the extra burden that lack in care results in. but the population as a whole can take a simple step that would relieve the burden caused by the stigma of mental illness by educating itself and providing the benefit of the doubt when coming across the possible symptoms of mental illness. it seems no one would pick on or judge or avoid an individual who was displaying symptoms from heart disease. then why would we do that to an individual displaying symptoms brought on by the brain not functioning properly? many of us do, but we shouldn ' t. comments may be directed to firstname. lastname @ example. org.


many tourists and residents were surprised to see traffic cut to allow the ovine parade to bleat its way across some of madrid ' s most upscale urban streets. the right to use droving routes that wind across land that was open fields and woodland before madrid grew from a rural hamlet to the great metropolis it is today has existed since at least 1273. every year, a handful of shepherds defend the right and, following an age - old tradition, on sunday paid 25 maravedis — coins first minted in the 11th century — to city hall to use the crossing. shepherds have a right to use 78, 000 miles ( 125, 000 kilometers ) of paths for seasonal livestock migrations from cool highland pastures in summer to warmer and more protected lowland grazing in winter. the movement is called transhumance and in spain up until recently involved close to a million animals a year, mostly sheep and cattle. modern farming practices are however increasingly confining animals to barns, because shepherding is costly, according to the ministry of agriculture, which has been promoting the colorful annual transhumance fiesta in madrid since 1994. madrid became an important urban center when king philip ii chose it as the capital of his vast empire in 1561. some paths have been used for more than 800 years and modern - day madrid has sprawled to engulf two north - south routes. one that crosses puerta del sol — madrid ' s equivalent of new york ' s times square — dates back to 1372. spaniards are proud of their centuries - old sheep rearing traditions and hold the native merino breed of sheep in particular esteem. merinos have gone on to form the backbone of important wool industries in places such as australia and south america.


if gas prices reached $ 5, $ 6, or even $ 7 a gallon, would you respond by purchasing a hybrid? how about an electric car? some consumers are already contemplating their responses to those questions. and the news is that alternative fuel vehicles have apparently begun creeping into the mainstream consciousness. a consumer reports survey conducted this year proves that. the magazine didn ' t query its respondents about what they would do if gas prices skyrocketed. it merely asked what they would look for in their next vehicle. the responses showed that they are concerned about the future of gasoline - burning cars. gm ' s chevy volt : are more consumers willing to switch to alternative powertrains? ( source : general motors ) thirty - seven percent of the survey respondents told consumer reports that fuel economy was their most important consideration - - more important than quality, safety, value, performance, styling, or technological innovation. the majority of those surveyed said they expect to get better fuel economy from a gasoline - burning engine. many expressed a desire to buy a smaller car. but almost three - quarters of the respondents said they ' re ready to consider an alternative powertrain, and that ' s where the results got interesting. among those, the most popular alternative choice was electric / hybrid at 43 percent, followed closely by flex fuel engines ( which can run on e85 ) at 42 percent. other alternatives cited by respondents included natural gas ( 21 percent ), hydrogen fuel cells ( 18 percent ), and diesel engines ( 15 percent ). up until now, consumers haven ' t shown much interest in plug - in hybrids and pure electric cars. gm sold just 1, 462 volts in april, and nissan sold just 370 leafs. clearly, though, survey respondents were open to the idea of new powertrain technologies. among those willing to consider a hybrid / electric car, 58 percent expressed interest in a conventional hydrid powertrain ( like that of the prius ). twenty - one percent said they ' d consider a plug - in hybrid, and 13 percent were willing to look at a pure electric car. the bottom line is that many consumers have apparently reached a tipping point. about 80 percent of them said they support the idea of a government - mandated fuel standard of 55mpg, and an equal percentage said they would be willing to pay extra for a fuel - efficient vehicle if they could recoup that investment through lower operating costs. that ' s significantly different from what we ' re seeing in the marketplace. hybrids are hovering at around 3 percent of


coralbots will be trained to distinguish coral fragments from other objects, such as sponges and other sea creatures, as well as rocks and trash. ( source : murray roberts / heriot watt university, edinburgh ) ann - have you seen a formal definition yet of " swarming "? there seems to be a number of companies working on this, but where is the line currently being drawin betweens " swarms " and coordinated operation? is it the fact that the individual members of a swarm have no independant control and the mission is simply given to the " whole " with some type of coordinated artificial intelligence giving commands to the individual? yes it is about time we help rather than just destroy, cadman - lt. i remember seeing the plane that was deliberately crashed for the movie catch 22 off the shore in isla mujeres, mexico. it wasn ' t intended to become a haven for small fish, but it did. chuck and others, the robots would piece together / transplant damaged bits of healthy and living, not dead, coral and re - cement them to the larger structure to help the entire structure regrow. here ' s a description from a different project attempting to do something similar via human hands in shallow -, not deep - water, coral reefs : http : / / coastal. er. usgs. gov / coral - transplant / the idea is to do this before a certain threshold is passed and massive, irreversible damage occurs. in scottish case, it ' s probably better described as maintenance than repair. this is a cool concept and some neat technology, but it does not restore the animals that actually build the reefs other than to give them substrate and structure. this process will not really restore a coral reef, except to create man - made structure to support sea life, and there is already ways to do this cheaper. yes, they ( coral ) need substrate to attach to and sea life needs reefs for protection, but if you want some lifeless structure to act as a nursery ( much needed in the oceans ), then i suggest sinking more de - commissioned ships to give some structure for sea life, certainly a lot cheaper, and proven to attract sea life and create new, large coral reefs relatively fast, and create eco - tourist traffic that boosts local economies. sunken ships are better, because trawlers will stay away from a sunken ship, allowing the sea life to flourish ( only to save their precious equipment ). they certainly don ' t care about coral reefs, and as these robots build up the


. sunken ships are better, because trawlers will stay away from a sunken ship, allowing the sea life to flourish ( only to save their precious equipment ). they certainly don ' t care about coral reefs, and as these robots build up the lifeless reefs, the bottom draggers will come along and continue to destroy them. additional concern : i would be curious to know how sensitive to any existing coral that are attached to the materials and structure they are creating. we looked at a number of sources to determine this year ' s greenest cars, from kbb to automotive trade magazines to environmental organizations. these 14 cars emerged as being great at either stretching fuel or reducing carbon footprint. healthcare might seem to be an unlikely target application for the internet of things technology, but recent developments show small ways that big - data is going to make an impact on patient care moving into the future. a quick look into the merger of two powerhouse 3d printing oems and the new leader in rapid prototyping solutions, stratasys. the industrial revolution is now led by 3d printing and engineers are given the opportunity to fully maximize their design capabilities, reduce their time - to - market and functionally test prototypes cheaper, faster and easier. bruce bradshaw, director of marketing in north america, will explore the large product offering and variety of materials that will help cad designers articulate their product design with actual, physical prototypes. this broadcast will dive deep into technical information including application specific stories from real world customers and their experiences with 3d printing. 3d printing is


eovations ' s mineral / thermoplastic composite has a modulus of elasticity between 500, 000 psi and 800, 000 psi, but a modulus of rupture of zero. it can flex extremely well, but does not have a catastrophic failure mode. ( source : eovations ) @ ann : okay, apparently you learned some highly non - standard definitions. according to instron ' s glossary of materials testing, modulus of rupture is synonymous with flexural strength. if you google " modulus of rupture, " you ' ll see that this is the most commonly used definition. clearly, " the flexural strength is zero " would not be a correct statement. the derivation of the most widely - used modulus of rupture formula assumes that the material deforms in a linear and elastic way, so the formula no longer applies after the yield point. however, this doesn ' t mean that " the modulus of rupture is zero " ; it just means that the formula no longer correctly predicts the stress. as far as " catastrophic failure " goes, the most common definition seems to be " ( sudden ) failure from which recovery is impossible. " give me any material, and i guarantee i can find a way to make it fail such that you ' ll never get it back into its original shape. hit it hard enough, and it will fail catastrophically. @ ann : the fact that something bends before it breaks doesn ' t mean that it doesn ' t have a catastrophic failure mode - - it just means that it bends first. if you continue to load it, it will fail catastrophically, sooner or later. ( steel bends before it breaks, too, but you can point to any number of catastrophic failures of steel structures ). and " the modulus of rupture is zero " is just plain wrong. as i said, modulus of rupture is a measure of the load - carrying capacity of a beam. if the load - carrying capacity were zero, it would be useless. modulus of rupture just isn ' t a useful number for something that yields before it breaks, since the equation assumes no yielding. tj, thanks for the clarification. determining that would probably take a detailed lifecycle analysis. although these are now voluntary, and not nearly as common as many of us would like, i hope that someday they ' ll be required as an item on the data sheet. the original question was worse for the environment


take a detailed lifecycle analysis. although these are now voluntary, and not nearly as common as many of us would like, i hope that someday they ' ll be required as an item on the data sheet. the original question was worse for the environment - structural members made from wood or the composites described in the article. the lumber industry sells itself as renewable because the companies plant trees to replace the ones harvested, and the renewal process is pretty straight forward - cut down a forest, make lumber, plant seedlings in the now - cleared area, come back in 20 years or so and repeat. if the composites are made from organic feedstocks, they may be the equal of wood ' s impact on the environment. if they ' re made from petrochemicals, one would probably have to say they have a larger impact. lou, i thought the hurricane - resistance use was one of the most intriguing and unique about this material, aside from the more mundane uses like deck replacement. chuck, this is not aimed at high load - bearing structural components such as bridge beams : as we state, it ' s for lighter construction uses such as decks and pontoons. interesting development. nice to see these sort of efforts moving forward. they may not always be the most cost effective, but it ' s a step in the right direction. i wonder if this is one of those " we can do it in the lab, so let ' s see if we can sell it " sort of things or if they actually had a specific market in mind. we looked at a number of sources to determine this year ' s greenest cars, from kbb to automotive trade magazines to environmental organizations. these 14 cars emerged as being great at either stretching fuel or reducing carbon footprint. a quick look into the merger of two powerhouse 3d printing oems and the new leader in rapid prototyping solutions, stratasys. the industrial revolution is now led by 3d printing and engineers are given the opportunity to fully maximize their design capabilities, reduce their time - to - market and functionally test prototypes cheaper, faster and easier. bruce bradshaw, director of marketing in north america, will explore the large product offering and variety of materials that will help cad designers articulate their product design with actual, physical prototypes. this broadcast will dive deep into technical information including application specific stories from real world customers and their experiences with 3d printing. 3d printing is


on 10 november 1775, before the united states was yet a country, the continental congress created what became the united states marine corps, the resolution of that date providing for the raising of two battalions of marines. legend has it that the first marine recruiting post was in a bar ( most say tun tavern in philadelphia, although the precise identity of the hostelry is in dispute ). recruiting had produced five weak companies 300 strong by december 1775, and in march of 1776 the marines found themselves on ships headed for the caribbean for the first of their many amphibious expeditions ( raiding the bahamas ). the corps has been carrying our flags around the globe ever since, participating with distinction in every american war ( even in the civil war, on both sides - - there was once a confederate states marine corps ). us marines chased pirates and fought seminoles in florida, took a tour of mexico ( the halls of montezuma in the song ), and once even patrolled rivers in china. it is altogether typical that on their corps ’ 236th birthday, america ’ s marines are carrying the fight to the enemy in afghanistan, just as their fathers, cousins and brothers did before them in iraq, kuwait, grenada, at hue city, the chosun reservoir, iwo jima, peleliu, tarawa, guadalcanal, corregidor, wake island, belleau wood, the argonne, peking, nicaragua, mexico city, tripoli and a million other places. happy birthday marines! thanks to all of you for your service, and may god be with you and your families, today and every day.


warfare in the byzantine world war and the need to wage it, the organisational constraints it imposes, its effects on society and economy as well as its ideological justification and the debates it engenders, can be a radical force for social and political transformation. however unpleasant the effects of war, it is an undeniable fact of human history that war has been on many occasions and in many different historical contexts a powerful stimulus both to technological innovation and social and political change. the crucial role of war and its concomitants cannot be ignored in the history of any culture. byzantium is no exception. indeed, in many respects the history of the byzantine state is also the history of its ability successfully to defend itself and to organise for war, for its military organisation was central both to the inflection of its social relations in general as well as to the ways in which the central government extracted and redistributed the resources available to it, whether in the form of agricultural produce or money taxes on agriculture and trade. in its thousand years of existence — from the reign of anastasius ( 491 – 518 ) until that of the last emperor, constantine ( 1448 – 1453 ) — the byzantine state was almost constantly at war with one or another of its neighbours. this reflected its geography and strategic situation, centred as it was on the southern balkans and asia minor. it had constantly to fend off challenges to its territorial integrity from the persian and then arab or turkish islamic powers to the east, or its balkan or central european neighbours to the north west and north. as the western and central european powers grew and matured — first in the form of the carolingian empire, then the german empire and the kingdom of hungary — so byzantine political pre - eminence came to be challenged, until by the end of the twelfth century the empire had become a second - rate state, subject to the power politics of powerful western kingdoms and the commercial strength of italian merchant republics such as venice, genoa and pisa. byzantium was a society in which the virtues of peace were extolled and war was usually condemned, certainly when taken for its own sake. fighting was to be avoided at all costs. yet the empire nevertheless inherited the military administrative structures and, in many ways, the militaristic ideology of the expanding pre - christian roman empire in its heyday. these tensions were overcome through the blending of christian ideals with the political will to survive and the justification of war as a necessary evil, waged


how to print formulas in an excel 2007 worksheet a basic printing technique you may need in excel 2007 is how to print the worksheet formulas instead of printing the calculated results of the formulas. you can check over a printout of the formulas in your worksheet to make sure that you haven ’ t done anything stupid ( like replace a formula with a number or use the wrong cell references in a formula ) before you distribute the worksheet companywide. follow these steps to print formulas in an excel 2007 worksheet : excel displays the contents of each cell in the worksheet as they normally appear only in the formula bar or when you ’ re editing them in the cell. notice that value entries lose their number formatting, and long text entries no longer spill over into neighboring blank cells. excel widens the columns with best - fit so that the formulas appear in their entirety. with the formulas displayed, print the worksheet as you normally would any other report. return the worksheet to normal by clicking the show formulas button again or by pressing ctrl + ` ( the angled apostrophe next to the 1 key ). excel allows you to toggle between the normal cell display and the formula cell display by pressing ctrl + `. ( that is, press ctrl and the key with the tilde [ ~ ] on top. ) this key — usually found in the upper - left corner of your keyboard — does double - duty as a tilde and as a weird backward accent mark : ` ( don ’ t confuse that backward accent mark with the apostrophe that appears on a key below the quotation mark! ) you can include the worksheet column letters and row numbers as headings in the printout so that if you do spot an error, you can pinpoint the cell reference right away. to include the row and column headings in the printout, put a check mark in the print check box in the headings column on the sheet options group of the page layout tab before you send the report to the printer.


napoleon for dummies part i : beginnings. chapter 1 : why remember napoleon? chapter 2 : raising a genius. chapter 3 : the french revolution : liberty, equality, fraternity. chapter 4 : moving into the limelight. chapter 5 : josephine! part ii : building an empire. chapter 6 : improvising an army in italy. chapter 7 : mixing art, science, and guns in egypt. chapter 8 : gaining control of france. chapter 9 : winning his greatest victories. chapter 10 : conquering a continent. part iii : losing an empire. chapter 11 : sailing into disaster with the british. chapter 12 : bleeding in spain. chapter 13 : reeling from russia. chapter 14 : defeat and resurrection. chapter 15 : waterloo. chapter 16 : st. helena : napoleon ’ s final island. part iv : a true revolutionary. chapter 17 : marshalling a great army. chapter 18 : sustaining support at home. chapter 19 : building a greater ( middle class ) france. chapter 20 : attempting a dynasty. part v : influencing nations : diplomacy and legacy. chapter 21 : boney times with the brits. chapter 22 : creating a new united europe. chapter 23 : religious freedom and jewish liberation. part vi : the part of tens. chapter 24 : ten interesting battlefields to visit. chapter 25 : ten pieces of advice for napoleon. chapter 26 : ten ( plus ) best sources for further information. appendix a : napoleonic timeline. appendix b : maps of napoleonic europe.


new study says organic food is not healthier - - is that really true? is organic food more nutritious than food produced via conventional methods? as a nutrition editor for eatingwell magazine, it ’ s my job to stay up on the studies that look at this very question. on july 29 researchers from the london school of hygiene & tropical medicine reported that there was no nutritional difference between organic and conventionally produced foods. end of story? i don ’ t think so. some studies show organics are more nutritious. consider these findings : - a 2008 review by the organic center of almost 100 studies on the nutritional quality of organic produce compared the effects conventional and organic farming methods have on specific nutrients. the report ’ s conclusion : “ yes, organic plant - based foods are, on average, more nutritious. ” - in 2007 a study out of newcastle university in the united kingdom reported that organic produce boasted up to 40 percent higher levels of some nutrients ( including vitamin c, zinc and iron ) than its conventional counterparts. - additionally, a 2003 study in the journal of agricultural and food chemistry found that organically grown berries and corn contained 58 percent more polyphenols — antioxidants that help prevent cardiovascular disease — and up to 52 percent higher levels of vitamin c than those conventionally grown. the jury is still out on whether organic food does or doesn ’ t contain more nutrients than conventionally produced foods. that said, there ’ s at least one more good argument for eating organic — fewer pesticides. while i ’ ve never been a purist about eating only organic, now that i ’ m a mom, there are some foods i feel more comfortable about buying organic. apples are one of these foods. so are strawberries. find out which 10 other foods you should buy organic and which 15 are considered the least commonly contaminated. - apples and strawberries are on the environmental working group ’ s ( ewg ) “ dirty dozen ” list of foods that have the highest pesticide residues. ewg, a nonprofit organization, identifies the types of fruits and vegetables that are most likely to have higher trace amounts of pesticides based on the results of tens of thousands of usda and fda tests for pesticides. - long - term exposure to pesticides has been associated with cancer, infertility and neurologic conditions, such as parkinson ’ s. ( so buying organic can help protect farm workers who are repeatedly exposed to pesticides. ) - small doses of pesticides are far more dangerous to children ( whose