- 1 ). the values e and d are called the public and private exponents, respectively. the public key is the pair ( n, e ) ; the private key is ( n, d ). " the service requester digitally signs the message with their private key. on the service provider side, the signature is verified using the requester ' s public key. since the service requester signs the message with a private, asymmetric key, the service provider is assured that the only organization that could have signed the message is the holder of the private key. the next section of the key info block is the digital certificate itself as indicated by the < x509data > element. the digital certificate is used to identify the sender of the message in the way a user id is used to identify the user of web and enterprise applications. the first element in this block of data identifies the organization that signed the certificate. this is typically the certificate authority. in our case, that information has been replaced with generic information : next is the < x509subjectname > cn = john doe < / x509subjectname > element, which contains the distinguished name of the service requester - - in our case, simply john doe - - and finally the x. 509 certificate itself : < x509certificate > miib0tccatocaqawdqyjkozihvcnaqeebqawtzelmakga1uebhmcvvmxetapbgnvbagtce9rbgfo b21hmrawdgydvqqhewdvbmsam3dumqwwcgydvqqkewnjqk0xdtalbgnvbastbephdmewhhcnmdiw oti1mtaxmtq4whcnmdmwoti1mtaxmtq4wjatmrewdwydvqqdewhkb2huiervztcbnzanbgkqhkig 9w0baqefaaobjqawgykcgyea2sw + ebjx5d2qmyr8oczizwnyhgf9zyhb4xwilpctvhnv7die3l8a repoa1abfk2omypzb + rb + nwqeo / / yfz / 28pml63kdlie72qmmquzupa5nxav9


certificate authority role, the web service provider signs the certificate and returns it to the web service requester. as described above, the web service requester includes the ca - signed digital certificate in the soap message. after the digital signature has verified the integrity of the message, the certificate is extracted from the message and validated using the ca ' s public key. once the validity of the certificate has been achieved, the web service requester will have been authenticated and the processing of the ws - security portion of the message will be complete. the owner has successfully authenticated to the receiver. note that if, at a later date, our service provider chooses to relinquish the role of the certificate authority and use an industry - accepted, trusted, 3rd - party certificate authority, the logic of our validation code does not need to change. in this scenario, prior to using the web service, the web service requester will need to get a certificate issued by a trusted certificate authority. the service requester will place this 3rd - party certificate in the soap message. when the service provider is validating the digital certificate, instead of using their self - signed ca key, the public key of the 3rd - party ca will be used. in this scenario, the service provider has established a trust relationship with the 3rd - party certificate authority, and the ca will be trusted to adequately authenticate users before issuing certificates to them. one of the promises of web services is to be able to loosely couple the end points and allow the publishing of services in uddi directories that can be discovered and invoked dynamically at run time. unfortunately, at this point in the technology life cycle, the use of ws - security in the soap message header prevents us from being able to do this. today ' s java to wsdl emitters are not yet able to handle the creation of wsdl documents that appropriately describe the ws - security requirements. plus, even if they could, at this stage, development tools such as websphere studio application developer or visual studio. net couldn ' t generate the proxies that handle the ws - security aspects of the service. as such, the developers of web services in early 2003 will need to make a conscious trade - off here. when ws - security is used, the service provider needs to either provide stubs / proxies which partners can invoke that handle the ws - security portion of the message or manually communicate the ws - security requirement of the web service to their potential


security is used, the service provider needs to either provide stubs / proxies which partners can invoke that handle the ws - security portion of the message or manually communicate the ws - security requirement of the web service to their potential business partners and customers. for the ws - security - based project described in this paper, proxies that properly sign the message and insert the ws - security element into the soap data stream were created for java technology, com, and. net clients. the next generation of web services development tools from ibm and others should be able to handle the ws - security elements of a web service, but for now, developers need to understand that this is an achievable, but manual process. this paper described an internet - based web services application that was developed and deployed in 2002. it was deployed on a websphere application server and is available for use by our customer ' s business partners. it demonstrates the soundness and overall viability of the draft ws - security specification by offering itself as a proof - point that secure, mission critical, web services applications are viable with today ' s development tools and deployment platforms. yes, in our customer ' s case, some non - automated, manual steps were required to handle the ws - security element of our soap message, but as support for ws - security gets folded into the next iteration of the wsdl specification and support is added to the web services development tools of many vendors, it will only get better. - find the w3c exclusive xml canonicalization version 1. 0 specification from the w3c web site. - find the w3c xml signature syntax and processing proposed recommendation specification from the w3c web site. - find the rfc 2437 ( pkcs1 ) from the w3c web site. - download the secure hash standard ( pdf ) from the department of commerce / national institute of standards and technology. - browse through the rsa laboratories ' frequently asked questions about today ' s cryptography, version 4. 1, year : 2000. - find more information about the ibm jstart program. - you can find the draft ws - security specification v1. 0 on the developerworks web services zone ( 5 april 2002 ). sam thompson joined ibm in 1980 and held various technical and management positions in vm product development. in 1992, sam moved to the systems management development lab in raleigh, north carolina and helped bring several systemview products to market. when systemview


new african fossil confirms early human variations by brian thomas, m. s. * the cover of the august 9, 2012 issue of the journal nature featured the reconstructed face of newly - discovered human - like fossil bones described by meave leakey and colleagues in their report. 1 three new human - like fossil face parts from africa have given evolutionists another opportunity to reiterate their confusing philosophy, but the data don ' t match their story very well. what was their first task upon discovering the fossils? according to long - time african hominid fossil expert and anatomist bernard wood who summarized the leakey finds in a short article in the same issue of nature, " the task of palaeoanthropologists is to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the period between our species, homo sapiens, and the ancestral species we share exclusively with chimpanzees and bonobos. " 2 so much for objective science, which would entail evaluating the fossils against evolutionary and competing tenets, not force - fitting them into evolutionary preconceptions. after all, a century of searching has failed to produce one fossil that can wear the undisputed tag of " ancestral species. " wood said the three new fossils challenge a view that he had published in 1992. back then, he attributed a large lower jaw to a fossil human variety named homo rudolfensis whose identity has been contested for decades. 3 the two new lower jaw fossils, found near the same rock outcrop and having the same general shape as the lower jaw he once attributed to h. rudolfensis, now look like poor fits for h. rudolfensis. they may, instead, belong to yet another " species " or extinct variety of true humans. according to the nature authors, the new fossils support the idea that multiple varieties of humans lived at the same time and place in africa. wood ' s brief summary about these new fossils reshaping old ideas mirrors whole careers spent arguing over fossil fragments — whether they fit an ape, human, or something in - between ( or a pig ) 4 ; which kind or variety of ape or human ; and who gets the glory and funding from naming it. confusion and revision even characterize the constantly changing ages assigned to these fossils. 5 and now, evolutionists have to explain why these african rock beds that are supposed to represent the cradle of human evolution fail to show a series of fossils in anatomical progression. why don ' t these rocks display ape - like creatures morphing to man - like creatures in a well


to explain why these african rock beds that are supposed to represent the cradle of human evolution fail to show a series of fossils in anatomical progression. why don ' t these rocks display ape - like creatures morphing to man - like creatures in a well - established continuum upward in geological position? evolutionists should also explain why there appears to have been three or more varieties of mankind whose remains were buried alongside the very ape - like remains that were once considered human ancestors. hominid remains can all be categorized as extinct ape varieties, extinct human varieties, or as too fragmentary or too poorly reconstructed to discern — or as exposed frauds. the evolutionist ' s task of unraveling their own stories, which incur new knots with almost every discovery, is unenviable. and according to wood, that task promises to worsen! he wrote, " researchers will view our current hypotheses about this phase of human evolution as remarkably simplistic. " 2 on the other hand, the bible ' s origins account is compatible with discontinuous fossils like these, since it says that god created people to reproduce after their own kind, not between kinds. scripture says that " the son of adam, which was the son of god " was not the son of an ape. 6 it follows from this that no undisputed ape - to - human transition will ever be discovered. if these new human - looking fossils really do represent human varieties, then they only reinforce the biblical and scientific observation that humans can and did rapidly express widely differing variations in form and features. 7 - leakey, m. g. et al. 2012. new fossils from koobi fora in northern kenya confirm taxonomic diversity in early homo. nature. 488 ( 7410 ) : 201 – 204. - wood, b. 2012. palaeoanthropology : facing up to complexity. nature. 488 ( 7410 ) : 162 - 163. - some researchers have stated that representatives of h. rudolfensis do not even belong to the human genus homo, but instead to an extinct ape kind. one even wrote that the flat, human - like facial structure of the most famous h. rudolfensis fossil skull knm - dr 1470, described by richard leakey in 1974, was due to its facial bone fragments ( that came from at least four different individual creatures ) having been glued to an already human - like backer mold. see bromage, t. 1992. faces from the past. new scientist.


global hot - spots of heat stress on agricultural crops due to climate change the productivity of important agricultural crops is drastically reduced when they experience short episodes of high temperatures during the reproductive period. crop heat stress was acknowledged in the ipcc 4th assessment report as an important threat to global food supply. we produce a first spatial assessment of heat stress risk at a global level for four key crops, wheat, maize, rice and soybean, using the fao / iiasa global agro - ecological zones model ( gaez ). a high risk of yield damage was found for continental lands at high latitudes, particularly in the northern hemisphere between 40 and 60 degrees n. central and eastern asia, central north america and the northern part of the indian subcontinent have large suitable cropping areas under heat stress risk. globally, this ranged from less than 5 mha of suitable lands for maize for the baseline climate ( 1971 - 2100 ) to more than 120 mha for wetland rice for a future climate change condition ( 2071 - 2100 ) assuming the a1b emission scenario. for most crops and regions, the intensity, frequency and relative damage due to heat stress increased from the baseline to the a1b scenario. however for wheat and rice crops, gaez selection of different crop types and sowing dates in response to a1b seasonal climate caused a reduction in heat stress impacts in some regions, which suggests that adaptive measures considering these management options may partially mitigate heat stress at local level. our results indicate that temperate and sub - tropical agricultural areas might bear substantial crop yield losses due to extreme temperature episodes and they highlight the need to develop adaptation strategies and agricultural policies able to mitigate heat stress impacts on global food supply. keywords : adaptation ; agriculture ; climate change ; global agro - ecological zones model ; heat stress ; food security


more than a century ago, the preeminent black leader of his time made a prophecy that has come to pass. when blacks had little hope, booker t. washington stood alone in predicting that one day a black man would be president of the united states. almost all americans at the time would have considered this an absurd impossibility. yet history has proved washington right. in many ways, barack obama would find a kindred soul in the president of tuskegee, the largest black college of its time. like obama, washington came from mixed parentage and grew up in modest circumstances. washington had a white father ( who he never knew ) while obama ’ s black father more or less abandoned him. both were raised almost entirely by women who had a tremendous influence on their work ethic and life goals. each overcame these early disadvantages by obtaining an education through grit, determination, and some measure of luck. from an early age, both were comfortable in the presence of powerful whites. as he grew to manhood, washington anticipated obama ’ s remarkable ability to reassure whites and forge cross - racial alliances. this description of a young obama as community organizer could easily apply to washington as he created tuskegee : “ personality - wise, barack did not like direct confrontation. he was a nice young man, very polite.... but challenging power was not an issue for him. lack of civility was. ” obama by his behavior followed oliver wendell holmes ’ s dictum, often quoted by washington, that “ controversy equalizes fools and wise menand the fools know it. ” each man sought the end goals of interracial reconciliation. in predicting that a black man would sit in the oval office, washington, like obama, showed himself to be a man of profound “ hope. ” blacks as a whole revered washington to the same degree as they now do obama. in 1908, a neutral observer wrote that nearly all good black homes had washington ’ s picture “ over the fireplace with a little framed motto expressing his gospel of work and service. ” like obama, washington was a skilled diplomat to the wealthiest of americans. obama counts among his allies billionaires warren buffett and bill gates ; while washington was a confidant of andrew carnegie and john d. rockefeller. washington not only won their friendship but persuaded them to open their pocketbooks, thus making tuskegee one of the largest colleges in the southjust as obama ’ s campaign coffers gushed with unprecedented wealth. despite the many similarities, the philosophical worldviews are


their friendship but persuaded them to open their pocketbooks, thus making tuskegee one of the largest colleges in the southjust as obama ’ s campaign coffers gushed with unprecedented wealth. despite the many similarities, the philosophical worldviews are profoundly different. washington repeatedly emphasized that thrift was the basis of advancement. “ you cannot plant a tree in air, ” wrote washington, “ and have it live. ” the secret of success was to shun excessive debt, delay gratification, and “ learn the savings habit ; until we learn to save every nickel and every dollar that we can spare. ” washington ’ s strategy eventually paid off. without washington, it is hard to imagine the rise of the black middle class in the 1950s. it was this middle class, often the product of black colleges founded on the tuskegee model, which made the civil rights movement, and thus president obama, possible in the first place. while obama sometimes sounds like washington in praising personal self - reliance, he has committed his administration to a massive borrow - and - spend policy. in words that would stun washington, obama pledges a “ blood infusion [ of spending ] to the patient right now to make sure that the patient is stabilized, and that means that we can ’ t worry short - term about the deficit. ” to our growing debt and spending of trillions, he appears ready to add trillions more. like most men of his time, washington did not believe that anyone could spend their way to success. progress ultimately rested on a solid foundation of hard work, thrift, and production. excessive debt, especially without the means to repay it, only created a trap leading to more debt and regress. it is doubtful that washington could imagine the endless bailouts of our own day. they certainly would have appalled him. it would be a great tragedy if obama ’ s administration, which starts with such hope and promise, ends in disillusionment because he “ planted trees in the air ” and left future generations with promissory notes from the present, to be paid by our children and grandchildren. | jonathan bean is a research fellow at the independent institute, professor of history at southern illinois university, and editor of the institute book, race and liberty in america : the essential reader. |


the first half of the nineteenth century in england was much like contemporary america : it was a country strangled by bureaucratic regulations. many people were always hungry, not because of poverty level wages, but because the price of grain for bread was kept artificially high by laws which simultaneously prevented the importation of foreign grain and subsidized domestic producers. food riots, domestic unrest, and a stagnating economy were not sufficiently frightening to make the government eliminate these barriers. in the midst of all this lived a successful young manchester textile manufacturer named richard cobden ( 1804 - 1865 ). he saw the social injustice, and it made him furious. he was determined to change it, and he did. as a result, the world owes the existence of the free market to him. cobden demonstrated methods that we can use to break down our own protectionist fair trade laws and massive food subsidies. richard cobden began his public life by leaving his calico printing company to his brother. he received a portion of the profits, which allowed cobden to devote full time to the cause of free trade. it seemed an impossible task. yet, seven years later, england had undergone a revolutionary economic, political, and social change. taxes on grain had been decimated. unequaled prosperity flooded england. for the next 85 years britain maintained world economic leadership, and the rallying cry of free trade became much more than an economic slogan. free trade denoted the philosophy of limited government, social justice, and freedom. cobden understood the moral truths behind unregulated commerce. breaking down barriers to trading freedom broke down class barriers and obstacles to civil rights. it reduced military expansion, since a powerful navy was a legacy from the old mercantile idea that warships protected trade between colonies and other controlled markets. the corn laws protectionist tariffs were called corn laws. they restricted the free flow of corn, wheat, barley, and oats between great britain and foreign countries to shield the british farmer from competition. systematic government interference in grain production began in the 1660s. the amended corn law of 1774, which controlled legislation for the next half century, is a typical example : when the domestic price of corn, as paid to the farmer by the baker or dealer, fell below £2. 4 a quarter ( 28 pounds ), the farmer was encouraged to sell his products abroad, to prevent the market price from falling still further. he was given a bounty of five shillings for each quarter exported. when corn sold for £2. 8, export was forbidden


quarter ( 28 pounds ), the farmer was encouraged to sell his products abroad, to prevent the market price from falling still further. he was given a bounty of five shillings for each quarter exported. when corn sold for £2. 8, export was forbidden. at prices between these levels, there was a duty of six pence a quarter. over time, this system became progressively more bureaucratized, with elaborate regulations specifying how and in what town the price was to be measured, with specific procedures for reporting and allowances for regional differences. 1 the corn laws displayed another characteristic of government controls : regulations and subsidies in one area led to the manipulation of tangential areas. in this case, when bad harvests triggered soaring grain and bread prices, the corn law mechanism exacerbated the problem, causing still higher prices. this provoked civil disturbances to the point where the government feared insurrection. to defuse the threat, workers wages were subsidized, relative to the price of bread. this subsidy came from the poor rates, the british nineteenth - century welfare system. this greatly expanded state entitlement programs, leading to massive fraud, inequities, and even greater civil unrest. the corn laws are not merely things of the past. their spirit exists in most countries of the world. in the u. s. today, agricultural products are subsidized and stored, to the tune of tens of billions of dollars annually, to keep the price of food artificially high. this enhances the farmers income but it also prevents the poor from eating as they should. this has led, as in nineteenth - century england, to protectionism, international tensions, and the threat of trade wars. richard cobden : businessman to pamphleteer cobden was born in dunford, west sussex, in 1804. because of a succession of family business failures, his father could not support young richard. he went to live with an uncle who trained him to be a clerk in his london warehouse. at twenty - one cobden became a traveling salesman. he was so successful that in 1831 he went out on his own and took over the calico printing company in manchester. manchester was the worlds first great industrial city. it was viewed as the metropolis of the future. alexis de tocqueville best explained the paradox of manchester : from this foul drain the greatest stream of human industry flows out to fertilize the whole world. from this filthy sewer pure gold flows. here humanity attains its most complete development and its most


idealistic dreams. the united states industrial strength had revolutionized the world economy and political equilibrium. cobden : the new world is destined to become the arbiter of the commercial policy of the old. 6 already the need to trade with america had compelled britain to abandon many regulations governing colonial commerce. since free trade and military non - intervention were the same to cobden, he pleaded for britain to abandon the past and repeal protectionism. this would make britain turn moralist, in the end, in selfdefense. 7 manchester incorporation : prelude to repeal cobdens pamphlets attracted the attention of the editor of the manchester times, archibald prentice, who asked him to speak on free trade issues. this led to cobdens being elected to the manchester chamber of commerce. here he met two men who would influence his thinking and direction : john benjamin corn law smith and john bright. smiths nickname was due to his years of singlehandedly fighting for corn law repeal, long before it became a major topic. it was smith who converted cobden to total repeal, not just incremental reductions. john bright became cobdens chief lieutenant in the long war for repeal. brights speaking tours around the country were a great factor in victory. cobden used the chamber of commerce as a vehicle for focusing public issues. the first political problem he tackled was the incorporation of manchester. like many of englands new industrial cities, manchester had no borough ( an urban political administrative area ) charter. its government was manorial, with the power of a small town, instead of one of englands largest urban centers. in 1837 cobden led the battle for a charter. one factor in winning was that he fought for it as if it were a national issue. his pamphlet, incorporate your borough, portrayed the struggle as one of democracy versus privilege, the rights of the productive classes against the rapacious aristocracy. he showed that the nobilitys gerrymandering of counties forced the middle and working classes to be their vassals. incorporation required a petition of taxpayers. there was powerful opposition from the upper class tories. to counter this, cobden focused on the shopocracy, the smaller merchants and manufacturers, for petition signatures. then, using electoral registers, the incorporationists sent a circular to all parliamentary electors who supported reform causes, to aid them by filling seats at public meetings. they did, and incorporation passed despite the fact that the tories had three times as many signatures. cobden made


, the incorporationists sent a circular to all parliamentary electors who supported reform causes, to aid them by filling seats at public meetings. they did, and incorporation passed despite the fact that the tories had three times as many signatures. cobden made a name - by - name check of the opposition petition and found that 70 percent were invalid. with incorporation, cobden was elected to his first public offices : borough councilor and alderman. 8 the manchester league : fighting for free trade cobden now set his sights on an ambitious national goal that had previously proved impossible to attain : repeal of the corn laws. in 1838 the manchester anti - com law association ( later, the manchester league ) was created. cobden saw repeal as the greatest single battle of his time. it would unite workers, farmers, and commercial interests against privilege to radically alter the political power structure of the country. the leagues initial goal was to educate the public. lecturers went all around england, giving free trade conferences. at this stage, political pressure did not seem necessary. but the league did have an ally in parliament : charles villiers. for years he had unsuccessfully tried to initiate a corn law repeat debate in the house of commons, which was dominated by big landlords. however, cobden knew that villiers efforts helped identify supporters at the national level. this would influence the leagues strategy in the provinces. within the first year cobden realized that he had underestimated the protectionists strength. in rural areas, league meetings were disrupted by physical violence. the farmers erroneously believed that free trade would bring unemployment and depression. the chartists, representing the urban workers, were hostile for the same reason. cobden hoped that the leagues message would convince both groups that repeat would open up new markets which would raise all wages. it required years of educating for these truths finally to be perceived. this generated a strategic change : the lectures were now combined with petition drives for parliament. thus began overt political activism. by 1840 the manchester league transformed itself, creating in every borough an anti - corn law party, or at least an effort to prevent the return of any candidate at the next election, whatever his political party may be, who supports... the landowners bread tax. 9 this meant a more aggressive league, less compromising, less fearful of making enemies. in 1841, a major economic depression occurred. suddenly prime minister robert peel resorted to the free trade idea of lower tariffs to stimulate the economy. this made the corn laws nationally significant and gave greater


, less compromising, less fearful of making enemies. in 1841, a major economic depression occurred. suddenly prime minister robert peel resorted to the free trade idea of lower tariffs to stimulate the economy. this made the corn laws nationally significant and gave greater credibility to the league. by now the league had several members in parliament, including cobden. but he was a reluctant member. he did not want to be a party man, loyal and compromising. he needed to be free to harass the government. cobdens speeches in parliament were not influential and this dampened league members enthusiasm. support dropped sharply. in all mass movements, zeal is critical. there is a constant need to exceed earlier achievements or risk dissolution. so cobden created make - work projects like conferences and fund - raisers to keep the fervor at high pitch. by 1843, paradoxically, economic recovery made the league acceptable to the one group most antagonistic to repeal : the aristocratic landowners. when times had been bad, high prices and high subsidies compensated for the poor yields. but now, prices kept failing with increased abundance and the tories saw that the corn laws did not shore up their incomes. cobdens speeches became more moderate. instead of attacking the corn laws, he attacked the greater evils behind them : the economic woes to workingmen and farmers. the new accent was on distress, not repeal. now he no longer seemed menacing to the tories. gone were the threats of the collapse of society because of high food prices. no longer did he say that the corn laws benefited only the rich. he appealed to the landlords themselves, showing them that protective tariffs deterred them from investing to improve their crops, thus hindering their prosperity. this wider view drew many leading tories to the repeal side and was responsible for robert peel receiving a league delegation after repeatedly turning them down. this was followed by a new league political plan. all the boroughs were classified as either safe, doubtful, or hopeless. voter registration focused on the hopeless districts. teams of lecturers and voter canvassers fanned out and recruited thousands of new members. cobdens overall objective was staggering : to reach every voter with league material through the canvassers. the sheer scale of it produced more enthusiasm, more fund - raisers, more activities, but it failed and did not destroy the protectionists. cobden had the courage to admit he was wrong and turned around completely in mid - campaign, refocusing on the win


produced more enthusiasm, more fund - raisers, more activities, but it failed and did not destroy the protectionists. cobden had the courage to admit he was wrong and turned around completely in mid - campaign, refocusing on the winnable boroughs. cobden targeted 160 boroughs as winnable. the 1845 national election showed substantial gains in 112. this still wasnt sufficient to win a parliamentary vote. league members were now thoroughly demoralized. their tremendous work seemed futile. then cobden discovered a loophole in the election law, enabling the league to attack from an entirely different direction. this proved to be the key to victory. previously cobden had conceded the counties ( the rural political districts ). to win them he would have to create a vast new electorate. this seemed impossible because of the large property qualification required. or so he thought. but a little - known law made it possible to vote in a county election if one owned a forty - shilling freehold, a small piece of property that almost anyone could afford. by promoting forty - shilling freeholds as a great real estate investment, the number of free - trade voters was greatly expanded. immediately the tories retreated. they acknowledged that protectionism hindered agricultural modernization and conceded that subsidies did not stabilize corn prices. seeing that his opponents were caving in, cobden once again switched the mode of attack : de - emphasizing public education to put more pressure on parliament. this forced prime minister peel over to the league side, provoking a governmental crisis. he was forced to resign and his government collapsed. repeal now seemed within reach. but the chaos compelled a parliamentary re - organization, reflecting the revolutionary change in the balance of power that repeal represented, shifting away from the aristocrats toward the urban middle class. it appeared that the protectionists had formed a last - ditch coalition to block repeal just when it seemed assured. league members held their breath. repeal passed parliament and became law. 10 the consequences of repeal following repeal, richard cobden was physically, mentally, and financially drained. he considered retiring permanently from politics. for the five years prior to repeal he saw very little of his wife and children. my only boy is five years old... he did not positively know me as his father, so incessantly was i upon the tramp. 11 yet cobden felt the necessity to go on. he saw repeal as a beginning, not an end. more than prosperity, it would bring world peace. he spent


as his father, so incessantly was i upon the tramp. 11 yet cobden felt the necessity to go on. he saw repeal as a beginning, not an end. more than prosperity, it would bring world peace. he spent the next fourteen months on a missionary tour of europe, promoting the social benefits of trade without barriers. he wrote : warriors and despots are generally bad economists and they instinctively carry their ideas of force and violence into the civil politics of their governments. free trade is a principle which recognizes the paramount importance of individual action. 12 several years later his evangelism led to the second great triumph of his political career, the anglo - french commercial treaty of 1860. france was still a protectionist country, but cobdens tour had converted important frenchmen into freetraders. they had influenced napoleon iii. one such person was michel chevalier, a political economist. for centuries england and france had been military antagonists, but in the crimean war of 1854 - 55 they were allies. through free trade there was a unique opportunity to strengthen the bonds for permanent peace. initially there were several secret meetings in london among chevalier, cobden, and gladstone, the chancellor of the exchequer. then cobden, with no official status, quietly left for paris. he believed then, as always, that free trade would undo the national animosities kept alive by the professional diplomats and the military. i would not step across the street just now to increase our trade, for the mere sake of commercial gain.... but to improve moral and political relations of france and england, by bringing them into greater intercourse and increased dependence, i would walk barefoot from calais to paris. 13 napoleon realized that he had to convince his own government about the benefits of free trade. he asked cobden how to go about it. cobden replied, i told him, i would act precisely as i did in england, by dealing first with one article which was the keystone of the whole system. in england, that article was corn, in france, it was iron ; that i should totally abolish and at once the duty on pig iron, and leave only a small revenue duty, if any, on bars... this would render it much easier to deal with all the other industries, whose general complaint is that they cant compete with england owing to the high price of iron and coal. 14 when the negotiations reached their critical phase, cobden thought he would be replaced by professional diplomats. instead


deal with all the other industries, whose general complaint is that they cant compete with england owing to the high price of iron and coal. 14 when the negotiations reached their critical phase, cobden thought he would be replaced by professional diplomats. instead he was given plenipotentiary powers and continued on his own. the agreement was signed in january 1860. cobden died in april 1865. he was sixty years old. his legacy is enormous and remains so to this day. for eighty - five years free trade reigned as englands national policy, influencing the commercial principles of every major country in the world. richard cobdens idealism and passionate dream can be summed up by his statement : i see in the free trade principle that which will act on the moral world as the principle of gravitation in the universedrawing men together, thrusting aside the antagonisms of race, and creeds and language, and uniting us in the bonds of eternal peace.... i believe the effect will be to change the face of the world, so as to introduce a system of government entirely distinct from that which now prevails. i believe the desire and the motive for large and mighty empires and gigantic armies and great navies will die away.... when man becomes one family, and freely exchanges the fruits of his labor with his brother man. 15 1. norman longmate, the breadstealers : the fight against the corn laws, 1838 - 1846 ( new york : st. martins press, 1984 ), pp. 3 - 4. 2. alexis de tocqueville, journeys to england and ireland, edited by j, p. mayer ( new haven : yale university press, 1958 ), pp. 107 - 108. 3. john mcgilchrist, richard cobden, the apostle of free trade ( new york : harper & brothers, 1865 ), p. 20. 4. richard cobden, russia, from the political writings of richard cobden, 4th edition ( london : w. ridgway, 1901 ), p. 26. 5. cobden, america, from political writings, p. 5. 6. ibid., p. 21. 7. ibid., p. 256. 8. nicholas edsall, richard cobden, independent radical ( cambridge : harvard university press, 1986 ), pp. 51 - 59. 9. ibid., p. 85. 10. ibid., pp. 53


peter panliterary hero best known as : fanciful boy hero of peter pan peter pan is the mischievous hero of j. m. barrie ' s 1904 play peter pan. peter is " the boy who never grew up, " a fantastical figure who visits the bedroom of the darling children ( wendy, john and michael ) and flies them away to neverland. there the children meet peter ' s loyal troupe of lost boys, and have adventures and battles with the nefarious captain hook. the character of peter went through several versions, from a 1902 book the little white bird to barrie ' s hugely successful 1904 play. barrie published the story as prose in 1911, under the title of peter and wendy. in 1953, walt disney made a hit animated movie out of a cleaned up version the story, and a 1954 broadway musical version of the play earned a tony award for mary martin, who played peter. in films peter has been played by jeremy sumpter ( peter pan, 2003 ) and robin williams ( hook, 1991 ) among many others. peter pan is also the star of a series of adventure stories for children by dave barry and ridley pearson, starting with peter and the starcatcher ( 2004 ). peter pan is assisted by a tiny fairie named tinkerbell, who carries a lighted wand ; she has become one of the signature figures of the walt disney empire... late singer michael jackson called his extravagant california ranch " neverland "... in barrie ' s story, peter tells wendy he lives " second to the right, then straight on till morning. " in some productions this has been changed to " second star to the right, then straight on till morning "... peter is usually played onstage by women, a tradition started with the original 1904 production ; gymnast cathy rigby and actress sandy duncan played the role often later in the 20th century... in 1929, barrie donated the rights to peter pan to london ' s great ormond street hospital for children. copyright © 1998 - 2013 by who2?, llc. all rights reserved. more on peter pan from infoplease : information please® database, © 2007 pearson education, inc. all rights reserved.


the chinese zodiac the twelve animal signs of the chinese calendar by elizabeth olson unlike the western linear calendar used in the united states, the chinese calendar features a cyclical dating method that repeats every 60 years. the calendar is based on two cycles that interact with each other — the chinese zodiac, which is divided into 12 parts, and the five elements. the five elements are metal, water, wood, fire, and earth. each year of the chinese zodiac is represented by a different animal : the rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, rooster, dog, and pig. the five elements are assigned to the 12 animals ( years ), giving different characteristics to each animal ( year ). assigning each of the five elements to the 12 years creates 60 different combinations that results in a 60 - year cycle. each sign has personality traits horoscopes were developed around animal signs to predict personality traits and destiny. each animal is known to have certain characteristics that a person born under the sign would demonstrate. the year a person is born determines their animal sign. for example, a person ' s animal sign is a rat if they were born in the year of the rat. animal signs are also assigned by month and hours of the day, which are also broken up into increments of 12. it is important to remember when determining the hour in which you were born, that hours are not based on local time, but in relation to the sun ' s location, according to the chinese zodiac. animal personality traits the five elements and yin and yang much of chinese philosophy is built around five elements, and the belief that they interact with natural phenomena. the five elements, including metal, water, wood, fire, and earth, have existed in chinese culture for thousands of years, and affect the chinese zodiac. each element has different traits. characteristics of the five elements are assigned to the 12 animal signs, creating 60 possible characteristic combinations. the concept of yin and yang also affects the chinese zodiac by assigning opposing forces to each animal sign — odd years are yin years and even years are yang years. yin is perceived as earth, female, dark, and passive. yang is perceived as male, heaven, light, and active. considering that the chinese zodiac was created thousands of years ago, it is not surprising that there are several interpretations of its origin. most agree, however, that the 12 animals on the chinese zodiac calendar were the animals that appeared in response to an invitation to a celebration from buddha or the jade emperor


the emancipation of consciousness in nineteenth - century america author : schmit d. source : journal of consciousness studies, volume 7, number 10, 2000, pp. 41 - 60 ( 20 ) publisher : imprint academic amidst the current profusion of research on consciousness, discussions of the historic origins of the topic are frequently overlooked. at the beginning of the nineteenth century in the west, the nature of consciousness was barely understood, nor differentiated from its esoteric and religious contexts. by the end of the century, however, novel ideas about the structure of consciousness were proposed by janet, james, and the society for psychical research. this article proposes that these discoveries were intrinsically linked to popular nineteenth - century explorations of unorthodox religious experiences and trance states. operating outside mainstream religious, medical, and academic settings, alternative spiritual and medical sub - cultures such as mesmerism, mind cure, spiritualism, transcendentalism and orientalism provoked scientific discourse about consciousness that advanced the field. examining these developments sheds light on the current renaissance in consciousness research and its relation to popular interest in states of consciousness, meditation and powers of mind. document type : research article affiliations : box 4096, college of st. catherine, 2004 randolph avenue, st. paul, mn 55105, usa. email : firstname. lastname @ example. org publication date : 2000 - 01 - 01


| | | what your doctor is reading | | | update from the medical journals : october 2010 october 29, 2010 by mary pickett, m. d. harvard medical school what ' s the latest news in the medical journals this month? find out what your doctor is reading. gene patterns may contribute to adhd children with attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) have symptoms that include difficulty paying attention, impulsive behavior, excessive restless or fidgety behavior. a new interesting study adds to the evidence that the adhd behavior pattern comes from biologic differences in the brain, not from emotional stress or from unskilled parenting. the study was published online in the lancet on september 30. it found that genetic variations are more common in children with adhd than in children without adhd. the study involved a fairly new area of science : " copy number variations. " humans have 23 pairs of matching chromosomes. each chromosome is made up of a long strand of dna proteins. genes are segments of the dna that carry instructions for cells. usually, a chromosome has one copy of each gene that it carries. but sometimes one chromosome has extra copies of the same gene. this is a variation of " copy number. " it is also possible for a chromosome to have no copies of a gene that we would expect it to carry, even though the other chromosome in its " pair " carries the gene. this is also a copy number variation. researchers compared the dna from 366 children diagnosed with adhd to the dna from 1, 047 children who were not diagnosed with adhd. they found that 14 % of children with adhd had extra or missing copies of genes, compared with only 7 % of children who did not have adhd. genes tell cells how to make proteins. so having more copies or fewer copies of a gene could result in too much or too little of a specific protein. in the brain, proteins help to activate brain cells and to send messages between brain cells. it seems realistic that a change in " copy number " of a gene might create an imbalance of brain hormones or a difference in brain development. in fact, children with adhd have less dopamine activity in the brain than is usual. it ' s possible that this new evidence helps explain why. in recent years, studies of twins have shown that if one twin has adhd, his or her sibling has about a 75 % chance of having adhd, too. also, researchers have found several genes that are more common in the dna of


. in recent years, studies of twins have shown that if one twin has adhd, his or her sibling has about a 75 % chance of having adhd, too. also, researchers have found several genes that are more common in the dna of children with adhd than in children without adhd. although genetic differences contribute to many illnesses, they rarely act alone. usually, genetic differences predispose a person to a condition but they don ' t cause illness until they combine with other factors. other factors that may contribute to adhd include diet, iron deficiency or possibly environmental exposures. based on the research as a whole, it is likely that several factors may contribute to adhd, not only genetics. back to top new drug tested for osteoarthritis osteoarthritis breaks down the smooth cartilage that lines joints. it is the most common form of arthritis. the new england journal of medicine published a study in the october 14 issue about the effectiveness of an injected drug that acts against a chemical messenger involved in pain. ( the study was released september 29 online ). the drug, called tanezumab, is an antibody that targets nerve growth factor. in the study, 450 people with osteoarthritis of the knee received either tanezumab or placebo injections. after four months, the group that got tanezumab reported pain scores that were 45 % to 62 % lower than the pre - treatment pain level for that group. the group that received placebo injections reported a 22 % reduction in pain. with tanezumab, people reported improved function. up to 93 % of tanezumab - treated individuals felt better after treatment, compared with 44 % of placebo - treated people. also, people who took tanezumab needed to take less of other pain medicines. the treatment, however, had some unexpected effects. x - rays revealed that 16 people who were treated with tanezumab had a rapid increase in the amount of cartilage and bone damage in the joints, including bone necrosis ( death of bone tissue ). these patients needed joint replacement surgery for the knee or hip. researchers are wondering if the pain relief allowed these patients to over - work their damaged joints because they were not limited by pain. for the time being, the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) has stopped additional testing of tanezumab because of the problems seen at the end of this study. still, it is exciting to see


not limited by pain. for the time being, the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) has stopped additional testing of tanezumab because of the problems seen at the end of this study. still, it is exciting to see a new approach to treating an old problem. targeting nerve growth factor may be a powerful new tool in pain management, once we know how to most safely use a drug like tanezumab. back to top more news in brief - new drugs are in pipeline to treat hepatitis c. currently hepatitis c may be treated with the medication interferon. not everyone can safely take interferon, however, and it frequently causes bothersome side effects. on oct 14, the lancet released the results of a study online that could improve treatment options for people with hepatitis c. the study tested the safety and effectiveness of a new drug combination rg7128 and danoprevir that prevents the hepatitis c virus from multiplying. both are taken by mouth. they have not yet been approved for use in the united states. in the first two weeks of the study, essentially all 74 patients who took the drugs had a dramatic drop in the number of virus particles that were detected in their blood. the drugs seemed to be tolerated easily by patients. it worked in people who didn ' t respond to interferon. if larger studies confirm safety, this drug pair could become the first choice in treatment for hepatitis c. the authors suggest that 8 to 12 weeks of treatment might be enough time to cure a hepatitis c infection. - 30 years from now diabetes may affect 1 in 3 americans. about 1 in 10 people in the united states has been diagnosed with diabetes. many more people have undiagnosed diabetes. in an online statement in population health metrics on october 22, the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) predicted that as many as 1 in 3 american adults may have diabetes by the year 2050. the cdc is basing this prediction on the increasing rates of obesity, which can cause type 2 diabetes to develop, as well as the increasing number of older adults in our population. - new recommendations for testing toddlers ' iron levels. the american academy of pediatrics ( aap ) updated its recommendations for how often children up to age 3 should have a blood test to check for low iron. the aap also recommended how much dietary iron a child needs each day. for children aged 0 to 6 months, the daily need is about 3 milligrams


often children up to age 3 should have a blood test to check for low iron. the aap also recommended how much dietary iron a child needs each day. for children aged 0 to 6 months, the daily need is about 3 milligrams of elemental iron. for children 7 to 12 months, the daily need is 11 milligrams. for children aged 1 to 3 years, the daily need is 7 milligrams. the recommendations were published online october 5 in the journal pediatrics. ( you can view them here on the aap website. ) iron deficiency affects 15 % of toddlers. some estimates are higher for children in early grade school years. low iron in infancy and early childhood can affect brain development and behavior. every child should have an initial blood test for iron between 9 months and 12 months of age. children should be checked again between 15 months and 18 months of age. a routine complete blood count ( cbc ) will check the hemoglobin level and can usually determine if a child is iron deficient. to get enough iron, some infants and children need supplements. for example, breastfed infants need daily iron supplement drops beginning at four months until they begin eating cereals that are iron - fortified. preterm infants may also need supplements. modern formula milk usually has iron, so children who are bottle - fed don ' t need supplements. ( avoid giving an infant cows milk before 12 months to prevent loss of iron from the gut. ) children older than 1 year need to eat plenty of iron - rich foods, such as meat, fish, legumes and green leafy vegetables. adding fruits with vitamin c to a meal ( such as citrus fruits ) can help a child to absorb iron during digestion. back to top mary pickett, m. d. is an associate professor at oregon health & science university where she is a primary care doctor for adults. she supervises and educates residents in the field of internal medicine, for outpatient and hospital care. she is a lecturer for harvard medical school and a senior medical editor for harvard health publications.


| | | | heart and circulatory heart rhythm problems a cardiac arrhythmia is any abnormal heart rate or rhythm. intelihealth medical content what is it? a cardiac arrhythmia is any abnormal heart rate or rhythm. in normal adults, the heart beats regularly at a rate of 60 to 100 times per minute, and the pulse ( felt at the wrist, neck or elsewhere ) matches the contractions of the heart ' s two powerful lower chambers, called the ventricles. the heart ' s two upper chambers, called the atria, also contract to help fill the ventricles, but this milder contraction occurs just before the ventricles contract, and it is not felt in the pulse. under normal circumstances, the signal for a heartbeat comes from the heart ' s sinus node, the natural pacemaker located in the upper portion of the right atrium. from the sinus node, the heartbeat signal travels to the atrioventricular node, or " a - v node, " ( located between the atria ) and through the bundle of his ( pronounced hiss - a series of modified heart muscle fibers located between the ventricles ) to the muscles of the ventricles. this causes the ventricles to contract and produces a heartbeat. cardiac arrhythmias sometimes are classified according to their origin as either ventricular arrhythmias ( originating in the ventricles ) or supraventricular arrhythmias ( originating in heart areas above the ventricles, typically the atria ). they also can be classified according to their effect on the heart rate, with bradycardia indicating a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute and tachycardia indicating a heart rate of more than 100 beats per minute. some common types of cardiac arrhythmias include : - sinus node dysfunction - this usually causes a slow heart rate ( bradycardia ), with a heart rate of 50 beats per minute or less. the most common cause is scar tissue that develops and eventually replaces the sinus node. why this happens is not known. sinus node dysfunction also can be caused by coronary artery disease, hypothyroidism, severe liver disease, hypothermia, typhoid fever or other conditions. it also can be the result of vasovagal hypertonia, an unusually active vagus nerve. - supraventricular tachyarrhythmias


hypothermia, typhoid fever or other conditions. it also can be the result of vasovagal hypertonia, an unusually active vagus nerve. - supraventricular tachyarrhythmias - this diverse family of cardiac arrhythmias causes rapid heartbeats ( tachycardias ) that start in parts of the heart above the ventricles. in most cases, the problem is either an abnormality in the a - v node or an abnormal pathway that bypasses the typical route for heartbeat signals. - atrial fibrillation - this is a supraventricular arrhythmia that causes a rapid and irregular heartbeat, during which the atria quiver or " fibrillate " instead of beating normally. during atrial fibrillation, heartbeat signals begin in many different locations in the atria rather than in the sinus node. although these abnormal signals manage to trigger 300 to 500 contractions per minute within the atria, the extraordinarily high number of heartbeat signals overwhelms the a - v node. as a result, the a - v node sends sporadic, irregular signals to the ventricles, causing an irregular and rapid heartbeat of 80 to 160 beats per minute. the disordered heartbeat of atrial fibrillation cannot pump blood out of the heart efficiently. this causes blood to pool in the heart chambers and increases the risk of a blood clot forming inside the heart. the major risk factors for atrial fibrillation are age, coronary artery disease, rheumatic heart disease ( caused by rheumatic fever ), hypertension, diabetes and thyrotoxicosis ( an excess of thyroid hormones ). - a - v block or heart block - in this family of arrhythmias, there is some problem conducting the heartbeat signal from the sinus node to the ventricles. there are three degrees of a - v block : - first - degree a - v block, where the signal gets through, but may take longer than normal to travel from the sinus node to the ventricles - second - degree a - v block, in which some heartbeat signals are lost between the atria and ventricles - third - degree a - v block, in which no signals reach the ventricles, so the ventricles beat slowly on their own with no direction from above some common causes of a - v block include coronary artery disease, heart attack or an overdose of


a - v block, in which no signals reach the ventricles, so the ventricles beat slowly on their own with no direction from above some common causes of a - v block include coronary artery disease, heart attack or an overdose of the heart medication digitalis. - ventricular tachycardia ( vt ) - this is an abnormal heart rhythm that begins in either the right or left ventricle. it may last for a few seconds ( non - sustained vt ) or for many minutes or even hours ( sustained vt ). sustained vt is a dangerous rhythm and if it is not treated, it often progresses to ventricular fibrillation. - ventricular fibrillation - in this arrhythmia, the ventricles quiver ineffectively, producing no real heartbeat. the result is unconsciousness, with brain damage and death within minutes. ventricular fibrillation is a cardiac emergency. ventricular fibrillation can be caused by a heart attack, an electrical accident, a lightning strike or drowning. symptoms of specific arrhythmias include : - sinus node dysfunction - there may not be any symptoms, or it may cause dizziness, fainting and extreme fatigue. - supraventricular tachyarrhythmias - these can cause palpitations ( awareness of a rapid heartbeat ), low blood pressure and fainting. - atrial fibrillation - sometimes, there are no symptoms. this can cause palpitations ; fainting ; dizziness ; weakness ; shortness of breath ; and angina, which is chest pain caused by a reduced blood supply to the heart muscle. some people with atrial fibrillation alternate between the irregular heartbeat and long periods of completely normal heartbeats. - a - v block or heart block - first - degree a - v block does not cause any symptoms. second - degree a - v block causes an irregular pulse or slow pulse. third - degree a - v block can cause a very slow heartbeat, dizziness and fainting. - vt - non - sustained vt may not cause any symptoms or cause a mild fluttering in the chest. sustained vt usually causes lightheadedness or loss of consciousness and can be lethal. - ventricular fibrillation - this causes absent pulse, unconsciousness and death. your doctor will ask about your family history of coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias, fainting spells or sudden death from heart problems. your doctor also will review your personal medical


- this causes absent pulse, unconsciousness and death. your doctor will ask about your family history of coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias, fainting spells or sudden death from heart problems. your doctor also will review your personal medical history, including any possible risk factors for cardiac arrhythmias ( coronary artery disease, rheumatic fever, thyroid disorders, certain medications ). you will be asked to describe your specific cardiac symptoms, including any possible triggers for those symptoms. during the physical examination, your doctor will check your heart rate and rhythm, together with your pulses. this is because certain cardiac arrhythmias cause a mismatch of the pulse and the heart sounds. your doctor also will check for physical signs of an enlarged heart and for heart murmurs, one sign of a heart valve problem. a test called an electrocardiogram ( ekg ) often can confirm the diagnosis of a cardiac arrythmia. however, because cardiac arrhythmias may come and go, a one - time office ekg may be normal. if this is the case, an ambulatory ekg may be required. during an ambulatory ekg, the patient wears a portable ekg machine called a holter monitor, usually for 24 hours, but sometimes much longer. you will be taught to press a button to record the ekg reading whenever you experience symptoms. this approach is especially useful if your symptoms are infrequent. some newer heart rhythm recording devices can be used for patients with rare symptoms, including monitors that can be implanted under the skin and used to evaluate possible rhythm problems for months. when a patient has ventricular fibrillation, it is an emergency. the patient is unconscious, not breathing, and doesn ' t have a pulse. if available, electrical cardioversion must be administered as soon as possible. if not available, then cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( cpr ) should be started. how long a cardiac arrhythmia lasts depends on its cause. for example, atrial fibrillation that is caused by an overactive thyroid may go away when the thyroid problem is treated. however, cardiac arrhythmias that result from progressive or permanent damage to the heart tend to be long - term problems. when a heart attack causes ventricular fibrillation, death can occur within minutes. cardiac arrhythmias that result from coronary artery disease can be prevented by taking the following actions to


the heart tend to be long - term problems. when a heart attack causes ventricular fibrillation, death can occur within minutes. cardiac arrhythmias that result from coronary artery disease can be prevented by taking the following actions to modify your risk factors : - eat a heart healthy diet, including eating an abundance of vegetables and fruits, fish, and plant sources for protein and avoiding saturated and trans fats. - control your cholesterol and high blood pressure. - quit smoking. - control your weight. - get regular exercise. cardiac arrhythmias related to medications can be minimized by checking with a health care professional or pharmacist about any potential drug interactions. you might have to switch to another medication or reduce the dose of a problem medication. ventricular fibrillation resulting from electrical shock can be prevented by following routine safety precautions around live wires and by seeking shelter during electrical storms. not all cardiac arrhythmias can be prevented. the treatment of a cardiac arrhythmia depends on its cause : - sinus node dysfunction - in people with frequent, severe symptoms, the usual treatment is a permanent pacemaker. - supraventricular tachyarrhythmias - the specific treatment depends on the cause of the arrhythmia. in some people, massaging the carotid sinus in the neck will stop the problem. other people need medications such as beta - blockers, calcium channel blockers, digoxin ( lanoxin ) and amiodarone ( cordarone ). some patients respond only to a procedure called radiofrequency catheter ablation, which destroys an area of tissue in the a - v node to prevent excess electrical impulses from being passed from the atria to the ventricles. - atrial fibrillation - atrial fibrillation resulting from an overactive thyroid can be treated with medications or surgery. fibrillation resulting from rheumatic heart disease may be treated by replacing damaged heart valves. medications, such as beta - blockers ( for example atenolol and metoprolol ), digoxin, amiodarone, diltiazem ( cardizem, tiazac ) or verapamil ( calan, isoptin, verelan ), can be used to slow the heart rate. drugs such as amiodarone can be used to reduce the chances that the atrial fibrillation will return. other treatment


heart muscle disorder. the prognosis for ventricular fibrillation is grave, and death follows quickly without emergency treatment. most atrial arrhythmias have an excellent prognosis. the outlook is good for heart block, even third - degree a - v block, the most serious type. the availability of permanent pacemakers, implanted cardioversion / defibrillation devices and effective medications has improved the prognosis for many people with serious cardiac arrhythmias. american heart association ( aha ) 7272 greenville ave. dallas, tx 75231 national heart, lung, and blood institute ( nhlbi ) p. o. box 30105 bethesda, md 20824 - 0105 american college of cardiology 9111 old georgetown road bethesda, md 20814 - 1699 toll - free : 1 - 800 - 253 - 4636, ext. 694 last updated april 13, 2011 23677, 23693, 23921, heart, arrhythmias, ventricles, a - v block, ventricular fibrillation, atrial fibrillation, heart rate, atria, coronary artery disease, thyroid, cardiac arrhythmia, dizziness, arrhythmia, cardioversion, heart attack, beta - blockers, bradycardia, catheter, chest pain, cpr


what is it? a fallen arch or flatfoot is known medically as pes planus. the foot loses the gently curving arch on the inner side of the sole, just in front of the heel. if this arch is flattened only when standing and returns when the foot is lifted off the ground, the condition is called flexible pes planus or flexible flatfoot. if the arch disappears in both foot positions - - standing and elevated - - the condition is called rigid pes planus or rigid flatfoot. flexible flatfeet are considered normal in young children because babies are not born with a normal arch. the arch may not form fully until sometime between ages 7 and 10. even in adulthood, 15 % to 25 % of people have flexible flatfeet. most of these people never develop symptoms. in many adults who have had flexible flatfeet since childhood, the missing arch is an inherited condition related to a general looseness of ligaments. these people usually have extremely flexible, very mobile joints throughout the body, not only in the feet. flatfeet also can develop during adulthood. causes include joint disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, and disorders of nerve function ( neuropathy ). unlike a flexible flatfoot, a rigid flatfoot is often the result of a significant problem affecting the structure or alignment of the bones that make up the foot ' s arch. some common causes of rigid flatfeet include : the majority of children and adults with flexible flatfeet never have symptoms. however, their toes may tend to point outward as they walk, a condition called out - toeing. a person who develops symptoms usually complains of tired, aching feet, especially after prolonged standing or walking. symptoms of rigid flatfoot vary depending on the cause of the foot problem : if your child has flatfeet, his or her doctor will ask about any family history of flatfeet or inherited foot problems. in a person of any age, the doctor will ask about occupational and recreational activities, previous foot trauma or foot surgery and the type of shoes worn. the doctor will examine your shoes to check for signs of excessive wear. worn shoes often provide valuable clues to gait problems and poor bone alignment. the doctor will ask you to walk barefoot to evaluate the arches of the feet, to check for out - toeing and to look for other signs of poor foot mechanics. the doctor will examine your feet for foot flexibility and range of motion and feel for any tenderness or bony abnormalities. depending on the results of this


of the feet, to check for out - toeing and to look for other signs of poor foot mechanics. the doctor will examine your feet for foot flexibility and range of motion and feel for any tenderness or bony abnormalities. depending on the results of this physical examination, foot x - rays may be recommended. x - rays are always done in a young child with rigid flatfeet and in an adult with acquired flatfeet due to trauma. although infants are usually born with flexible flatfeet, most develop normal arches sometime between ages 7 and 10. in the 15 % to 20 % of children whose flatfeet last into adulthood, the condition often is inherited and lifelong. however, it may not cause symptoms. a rigid flatfoot is a long - term condition, unless it is corrected with surgery or other therapy. because most cases of flatfeet are inherited, the condition is usually impossible to prevent. even when children with flexible flatfeet are treated with arch supports and corrective shoes, there is little evidence that these devices prevent the condition from lasting into adulthood. for mild pain or aching, acetaminophen ( tylenol ) or a nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drug ( nsaid ), such as aspirin or ibuprofen ( advil, motrin and others ) may be effective. when there are no symptoms, treatment is not needed. if a child older than age 3 develops symptoms, the doctor may prescribe a therapeutic shoe insert made from a mold of the child ' s foot or a corrective shoe. as an alternative, some doctors recommend store - bought arch supports. these appear to work as well as more expensive treatments in many children. with any conservative, nonsurgical treatment, the goal is to relieve pain by supporting the arch and correcting any imbalance in the mechanics of the foot. surgery is typically offered as a last resort in people with significant pain that is resistant to other therapies. the treatment of a rigid flatfoot depends on its cause : when to call a professional call your doctor whenever you have foot pain, whether or not you have flatfeet. this is particularly important if your foot pain makes it difficult for you to walk. call your pediatrician or family doctor if your child complains about foot pain or appears to be walking abnormally. even if there are no foot symptoms, it is wise to check with your doctor periodically about your child ' s foot development just to be sure that everything is progressing as expected. up to 20 % of


the lifestyle choices to keep your heart healthy are similar to what you should do to help prevent many other diseases, such as diabetes and certain types of cancer. if you have coronary heart disease or are at high risk to develop it, you should do the following : - eat plenty of vegetables and fruits while avoiding trans fats and saturated fats. - keep blood pressure in the normal range, ideally with a systolic blood pressure of less than 120 millimeters of mercury ( mm hg ). - don ' t smoke. - get your low - density lipoprotein, or ldl ( bad ), cholesterol under 100 milligrams per deciliter ( mg / dl ) and perhaps as low as 70 mg / dl. this usually requires medications such as a statin drug. - maintain a healthy weight. - strive to keep your blood sugar levels normal. - manage stress. - become more physically active, and make daily exercise a priority at an intensity level recommended by your doctor. high ldl cholesterol is one of the major risk factors for heart disease, and the risk increases as the bad cholesterol level rises. other major risk factors are smoking, high blood pressure and diabetes. your cholesterol level is determined by your genetic makeup and the amount of saturated fat and cholesterol in the foods you eat. the liver manufactures cholesterol, so even if you never eat cholesterol, your body can make all it needs. several factors contribute to high blood cholesterol : diet : reduce your blood ldl cholesterol level by eating less fat, particularly saturated fat ( as found in whole milk, cheese and meat ). low cholesterol foods are important, too. studies have shown that your total cholesterol and your bad cholesterol levels may begin to drop two to three weeks after you begin your lower you intake of fat, calories and cholesterol. a healthy diet : - contains healthy fats. once you ' ve cut way back on saturated fats and trans fats ( the unhealthy fats ), you can start adding healthy fats to your diet. healthy fats are polyunsaturated and monounsaturated. - contains healthy sources of carbohydrates. eat more whole grains foods like whole - wheat bread, brown rice and oatmeal to help lower cholesterol, improve blood sugar and insulin levels, control weight, protect the heart, guard against diabetes and keep your digestive


africa : one step nearer to cure for river blindness nairobi, 12 march 2002 ( irin ) - it is bacteria inside parasitic worms, and not the worms themselves, that cause river blindness, according to the latest research published by british - based nature magazine. onchocerciasis, more commonly known as river blindness, earned its name because of its most extreme manifestation. its variety of symptoms range from serious visual impairment, including blindness ; rashes, lesions, intense itching and de - pigmentation of the skin ; lymphadenitis, which results in hanging groins and elephantiasis of the genitals ; and general debilitation. the world health organisation reports that of the 36 countries where the disease is endemic, 30 are in sub - saharan africa ( plus yemen ) and six in south america. an estimated 17 to 18 million people suffer from it. the minute offspring of parasitic worms - carried by black flies endemic in fertile riverside areas - called microfilaria were believed to cause the disease, nature reported, with fragments of dead microfilaria prompting the human immune system to overreact. working with a genetically modified mouse mimic of human river blindness, however, eric pearlman of case western reserve university in cleveland, ohio, has discovered that wolbachia microbes within the parasitic worms are probably the culprits. pearlman ' s team of researchers have found that bacteria - free worm extract did not cause severe disease in the test mice, but wolbachia - laden worms did. furthermore, the researchers found a molecular receptor in the eye that is particularly sensitive to wolbachia, according to nature. this receptor is crucial to eliciting an inflammatory immune response, which can lead to a cataract - like blindness occurring in humans. nature said these findings could lead to better ways of preventing or treating the disease. " it ' s a very significant finding - it gives us a more precise idea of what ' s happening, " the magazine quotes alexander trees of the liverpool school of tropical medicine in england as saying. moreover, trees ' s researchers recently found that the parasitic worms need wolbachia bacteria to enable them to reproduce, and that antibiotics to kill wolbachia can therefore also serve to sterilise adult worms. river blindness is currently managed by using chemicals to stop adult worms from reproducing, and with insecticides to kill the black flies that carry the worms. nature reports that, based on the new findings regarding wolbachia ' s interaction with


february 18, 2011, 12 : 38 pm — yale university scientists have built what they call the first anti - laser, a device that can cancel out beams of light generated by a laser. such a device could be an integral element in optical computers, a long promised successor to today ' s computers that would use light instead of electrons to process information. while scientists have long known of different ways to absorb light, this work is unique in that can absorb light of a particular wavelength, the researchers claim. " after some research, we found that several physicists had hinted at the concept in books and scientific papers, but no one had ever developed the idea, " said yale university physicist a. douglas stone, who along with fellow researcher hui cao led a team of researchers to build the anti - laser. the device was based on the theoretical work stone published last summer. a summary of their work appears in the feb. 18 issue of science. lasers, short for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, generate coherent light, which is to say a stream of light photons that all have the same frequency, amplitude and wave pattern. the researchers built what they call a coherent perfect absorber ( cpa ), a silicon wafer that traps and dissipates incoming coherent light of a predefined wavelength. in other words, just as a laser generates coherent light, the cpa absorbs coherent light. the light ' s energy is dissipated as heat. such an anti - laser switch could help solve one of the toughest challenges in building an optical computer, namely the management and manipulation of the light used to encode information. for instance, a cpa could be used in an optical switch, one that would absorb light of a particular wavelength while letting light with other wavelengths pass. it could also be used to detect incoming light, or as a waveguide to direct beams of light along certain routes. that could lead to optical switches replacing transistors in future computers. optical computers could potentially be much more powerful than today ' s computers, given that the size of components could be shrunk beyond the limits of today ' s electron - based technologies. as with any prototype, the cpa has some limitations, which the researchers feel can be overcome with more work. the current cpa absorbs 99. 4 of all light it receives, but they would like to get that number up to 99. 999 percent. also the current cpa is one centimeter wide, which they say can be shrunk to a much


forest governance and climate policies fred stolle of the world resources institute looks at the need for redd to address forest governance issues as well as creating market incentives. policy - makers are recognizing the essential role that the world ’ s remaining forests play in maintaining the global climate system. the political momentum generated by the bali action plan under the un framework convention on climate change ( unfccc ) will create a unique opportunity to put in place a framework of incentives that could curb deforestation, slow forest degradation, and improve the way forests are managed. to succeed, these incentives must strike at the main drivers of rampant deforestation and must also recognize the dependency of local communities on forest ecosystems for their livelihoods. in the coming months, climate change negotiators have agreed to explore a mechanism for providing compensation for “ reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries ” ( redd ). under most redd proposals, compensation would be financed by the sale of these emission reductions as ‘ carbon offsets ’ to be used by regulated countries or companies to remain within their emissions limits. however, will the promise of money for carbon alone create the conditions necessary to counteract the drivers of deforestation? if a redd mechanism is to succeed, competing pressures on forests will need to be managed fairly and effectively. redd needs to strike at the heart of the drivers, which are not always directly linked to markets, but are as often factors of problems such as illegal logging, bad planning, lack of law enforcement, the absence of tenure rights, the lack of accountability, the lack of coordination and capacity of institutions that manage forest resources and the loss of revenues and other governance factors. it seems thus apparent that redd will need to do more than create market incentives. to make redd effective, efficient and capable of achieving lasting impacts, these governance issues need to be addressed. however, to make these difficult governance improvements countries will need assistance, while these improvements cannot be directly translated into reduced emissions and thus cannot be paid for by carbon credits. there is thus a need for a payment mechanism phase either in parallel or prior to a market mechanism, for redd to be successful. although this phase could not be measured by tons of carbon removed, it is clear that such a phase needs to be measured ( and reported and verified ), not to fall into the same trap of general development assistance ( oda ) over the last decades that has had a low percentage of success. the concept of this governance phase is getting more attention lately and one option of such a


it was only in 2000 that our dollar was at 39 cents us and we joked about it being the pacific peso. the new zealand dollar was initially pegged to the us dollar at us $ 1. 62 = nz $ 1. this rate changed on 21 november of the same year to us $ 1. 12 = nz $ 1 after the devaluation of the british pound ( see bretton woods system ), although new zealand devalued more than the uk. in 1971 the us devalued its dollar relative to gold, leading new zealand on 23 december to peg its dollar at us $ 1. 216 with a 4. 5 % fluctuation range, keeping the same gold value. from 9 july 1973 to 4 march 1985 the dollar ' s value was determined from a trade - weighted basket of currencies. the nz $ was floated on 4 march 1985 at the initial rate of us $ 0. 4444. since then the dollar ' s value has been determined by the financial markets, and has been in the range of about us $ 0. 39 to 0. 88. the dollar ' s post - float minimum average daily value was us $ 0. 3922 on 22 november 2000, and it set a post - float maximum on 22 july 2011 of us $ 0. 8666. much of this medium - term variation in the exchange rate has been attributed to differences in interest rates. the new zealand dollar ' s value is often strongly affected by currency trading, and is among the 10 most - traded currencies. on 11 june 2007 the reserve bank sold an unknown amount of new zealand dollars in an attempt to drive down its value. this is the first intervention in the markets by the bank since the float in 1985. two suspected interventions followed, but they were not as successful as the first : the first appeared to be initially effective, with the dollar dropping to approximately us $ 0. 7490 from near us $ 0. 7620. however, within little more than a month it had risen to new post - float highs, reaching us $ 0. 8103 on 23 july 2007. after reaching its post - float record high in early 2008, the value of the nz $ plummeted throughout much of the 2nd half of 2008 and the first quarter of 2009 as a response to the global economic downturn and flight by investors away from " riskier " currencies such as the nz $. the nz $ bottomed out at approximately us $ 0. 50 on 6 march 2009. however,


of 2009 as a response to the global economic downturn and flight by investors away from " riskier " currencies such as the nz $. the nz $ bottomed out at approximately us $ 0. 50 on 6 march 2009. however, it rebounded strongly as the year progressed, reaching the us $ 0. 75 range by november 2009. phil. check out house of custom ' s, website. he is based in paeroa. he sells a combo set, front or rear. just change the top hoop. all the hooks etc. it looks like its made in europe. i got the stand and rear spools / bobbins for 97. 00. real cheap for what it is and does. works a treat. the stand works from the rear so you should clear your mufflers. he sells via trademe as well. your bike looks sharp. thank your lucky stars it ' s not to damaged. oh? it ' s a stand? i thought you were trying to attach some training wheels. just kiddin '. yes, i am sure you uttered " oh, crap! " funny how bike was sitting on training wheels and all i could think about after liftting it back up and that could of been when i broke abs wires was to go into the house a get my camera. hind sight is a great thing but once it was on the ground i should of removed the left hand side of the stand as it un bolt ' s.


named yrvind ten after its 10 foot length, the miniature vessel will be just 1. 8 meters wide with two six meter - tall masts. weighing 1. 5 tons, it will be made out of a composite foam and fiberglass material which, he says, is " excellent for insulation and floatation. " powered by wind, solar panels, gel batteries and a foot crank, yrvind ten will set sail from ireland in a 48, 000 kilometer return journey around the globe. sir robin knox - johnston, the first person to sail around the world in 1969 in a 9. 8 meter yacht, said there was a real possibility yrvind would complete the voyage. briton knox - johnston, who also founded the clipper round the world yacht race, added that many people had thought his own bid to circumnavigate the globe was impossible at the time. " one of the biggest challenges he ' ll face is when he ' s coming up against these massive 25 meter waves in the southern ocean. in a boat that size he ' s just going to be rolled around and around like he ' s inside a giant washing machine, " knox - johnston said. " he might also find he ' s using a lot more energy - - and will need a lot more food - - being rolled around like that. " the swede will collect rainwater in sails, funneled by a hose to a tank. with no heating equipment on board, he ' ll rely on 400 kilograms of muesli and sardines, supplemented with vitamin tablets and fish caught from the sea. " i need just half - a - kilogram of food a day and this will give me enough food for 800 days, " he said. " in the beginning i will have fruit but obviously that will run out. i also have a friend in melbourne with a boat who will come out with supplies. "


magic of the canadian west with a vast land area of almost 10 million square kilometres and a population of just over 30 million people, canada has a lot of wide open spaces with huge tracts of uninhabited countryside. there is a great variety of different landform, ranging from the intensively farmed plains of the south to the evocatively named “ barren grounds ” of the north, which are characterised by permafrost and freezing tundra. the yukon stretches from british columbia in the south to beyond the arctic circle. to the northwest it is bordered by alaska. the region and the state gets its name from the yukon river, a 3000 - km ( 1800 mile ) artery that rises in bc ' s coast mountains and flows through the heart of the yukon and alaska to the bering sea. at the westernmost tip of the yukon are located the country ' s highest mountains. together with the neighbouring wrangell national park in alaska, the kluane national park protects the st elias mountains, including mount logan ( 5950m ) - canada ' s highest point – and mount mckinley ( 6193m ) in alaska, the highest point in north america. below them, and covering half the park, is a huge basin of mile - deep glaciers and ice fields, the world ' s largest non - polar ice. the canadian rockies extend for 2000 km ( 1200 miles ) south from the yukon through alberta and british columbia. one of the most accessible parts of the range is located at the western edge of the state of alberta, some 250 km ( 155 miles ) west of edmonton and closer still to the town of calgary. here, there are 2 adjoining national parks ; banff national park and jasper national park, which together enclose more than 17, 000 sq km ( 6, 560 sq miles ) of beautiful mountain scenery. despite its ease of access, this is still a wilderness area. endless forests, extensive tundra, powerful glaciers, and cascading rivers are overlooked by peaks almost 4000m ( 13, 000ft ) tall. the athabasca river, which has its source in the jasper national park, flows for more than 1500 km ( almost 1000 miles ) across canada. the time in alberta is gmt - 7 hours the weather in the canadian rocky mountains is ever - changing and always unpredictable. summer days are long, but the summer season is short. july is the warmest month with a mean daily maximum temperature of 22°c / 72°f. we can expect to encounter temperatures during the day ranging from


- changing and always unpredictable. summer days are long, but the summer season is short. july is the warmest month with a mean daily maximum temperature of 22°c / 72°f. we can expect to encounter temperatures during the day ranging from 18°c / 64°f to 27°c / 80°f. naturally, at the highest elevations, the daytime temperatures will be lower than this. at night, the temperatures will typically drop to around 10°c / 50°f or even a few degrees lower. although the weather is relatively stable at this time of year, we can expect some rainfall. the unit of currency in canada is the canadian dollar. for up to date exchange rates visit : www. xe. com. canadian dollars can be easily obtained outside the country. the best and fastest way to obtain cash in - country is from atms using a credit or debit card. if you are carrying your travel money in travellers cheques you should use us or canadian dollar denominations. cheques can be cashed at thomas cook and other exchange bureaux or at major banks. credit cards can be used to purchase most goods and services and at major restaurants. citizens of the us, australia, new zealand, switzerland, and nationals of countries within the eu do not need a visa. passengers intending to fly via the usa, please note the following : under the electronic system for travel authorisation ( esta ), all travellers, including children, from the 27 countries under the us visa waiver programme ( vwp ) will have to fill out an electronic travel authorization form online at www. esta. cbp. dhs. gov prior to boarding any us - bound aircraft or ship. you can also use this site to check whether your country is part of the visa waiver scheme. you will be required to answer questions about criminal records, communicable diseases, past history of visa revocation or deportation, and basic biographical data such as name, birth date and passport information. changes in address and itinerary can be made online after the esta form has been first submitted. you will not be allowed to board any us bound aircraft if you have not completed the online esta form. if you have a criminal record ( including criminal driving offences ), you will be required to obtain a visa in advance of entering or transiting the usa. you should attend your own doctor and dentist for a check - up. your doctor will have access to the most up to date information on the required vaccination


macmillan ’ s immediate source of inspiration for a first world war ballet was vera brittain ’ s autobiographical testament of youth. a poem from it, ‘ the war generation : ave ’ is quoted in the programme book whenever gloria is performed. the ballet can also be seen as a testament to macmillan ’ s scottish father, who had been gassed in the first world war and who suffered the after - effects for the rest of his life. he never spoke of his experience in the trenches. he died of pneumonia when kenneth was 17. although poulenc ’ s gloria in g is in praise of god in the highest, macmillan intended it to be an elegy for young lives cut short or blighted by war. it could be seen as the third of his works contemplating mortality, set to vocal music : the earlier two are song of the earth ( 1965 ) and requiem ( 1976 ). this time, unlike the previous occasions, no objections were raised by the board of the royal opera house to his choice of sacred music for a ballet. macmillan briefed his young designer, andy klunder, to look at photographs and paintings of the great war, as well as memorial sculpture. the set is sparse, devastated, with entrances and exits over a ramp at the back of the stage. the men resemble soldiers whose uniforms, and flesh, have been torn off ; their helmets recall the hats of medieval pilgrims. the women are dressed in silver - grey, with coiled ear - muffs that make them seem ghosts from a far - off past. the two principal women embody aspects of vera brittain and all women who have suffered the loss of loved ones in wartime : one is the fearless girl, the other the woman in mourning. brittain lost her brother and her lover in the war. the two principal men in the ballet are brothers - in - arms, unknown warriors. one survives the other, only to drop out of sight beneath the ramp on the last notes of the music. the corps de ballet of women and soldiers serve as ritual celebrants, circling the stage at the beginning and end of the ballet. the four soloists are the personal expression of their anonymous suffering, dancing to the latin words of the catholic mass extolling god ’ s mercy. the leading man who points at the audience during his last, defiant solo accuses passive spectators of acquiescing in death and destruction. the ballet is about the futility of all wars, not just the 1914 - 1919 great war, which it was hoped, in vain


the total number of hair follicles for an adult human is estimated at 5 million with 1 million on the head of which 100, 000 alone the scalp. in humans, the only external regions of skin devoid of hair follicles are the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. the basic hair follicle structure remains essentially the same throughout the range of mammalian species with modifications for specialized functions. the hair follicle can be recognized a separate entity within the skin with formation and maintenance based on interaction between dermal and epidermal components. under the influence of the dp, epidermal cell differentiation during anagen produces a keratinized hair fiber and associated products. the source epidermal cells, called matrix cells, that lie in the immediate vicinity of the dermal papilla are a living, actively proliferating group of cells which differentiate and become keratinized to form the hair cortex ( co ) and surrounding hair cuticle ( hc ) of the hair shaft at the center of which is situated the medulla ( m ). cells around the hair shaft comprise the inner root sheath ( irs ) which can be divided into three layers the cuticle ( cu ), huxley layer ( hu ) and henle layer ( he ) based on structure, patterns of keratinization and incorporation of a product called trichohyalin. the irs breaks down at the level of the sebaceous gland to leave only the hair cortex and surrounding cuticle to protrude above the the main differentiated layers in a mature anagen hair follicle. the hair follicle penetrates the dermal layer of the skin composed of fibroblast cells and collagen connective tissue interspersed with blood vessels, sweat glands and sensory nerves. the bulb region sits in the subcutaneous ( adipose fat ) tissue layer. | image showing the layers in a hair follicle from the outside ( left ) to the center it is the dermal papilla ( dp ) which directs and dictates the embryonic generation of a hair follicle and it also retains this instructive ability throughout the life of the hair follicle. the dp presents as a healthy " pear " shape in normal hair follicles. as the name suggests, derived from the dermis mesenchyme the dp consists of a highly active group of cells shown to be capable of inducing follicle development from the epidermis and production of hair fiber ( oliver 1966


of more than the lower third of a hair follicle, reformation of a dp is unable to occur and the hair follicle is effectively permanently destroyed. the dp cells retain their embryonic functional abilities and are able to induce new hair fiber growth in mature, adult skin when implanted into previously deactivated hair follicles and in close association with ors epidermal cells ( oliver 1967, horne 1986 ). dp cells can also interact with adult epidermis to induce the development of new hair follicles ( jahoda 1990 ). in the established hair follicle the dp cells act in conjunction with epidermal cells via mechanisms similar to those in embryogenesis to permit hair follicle cycling through hair production and resting phases. dp cells are almost unique in maintaining their embryogenic regenerative properties in adults making them potentially attractive for investigation with a view to gaining an insight on organ / limb regeneration and the bulb region of a hair follicle. the hair fiber is the core part of any hair follicle. epidermal derived cells close to the dp remain undifferentiated cells, called matrix cells, that focus on multiplying and proliferating to produce more cells. those cells made in the center of the hair follicle are destined to become part of the hair fiber and are called cortex ( cortical ) cells. as the cells multiply the constant stream of production pushes the cells upwards towards the skin surface. as they move up the hair follicle they begin to differentiate into particular cell types. the cortex cells change from a round into a flattened appearance. they are squeezed together into layers ( lamella ). if the hair follicle contains melanocyte cells then melanin pigment is incorporated into the cortex cells. these cortex cells become keratinized and harden. as they do so it becomes impossible for the cells to function properly and the cells die. the keratinized cells are then pushed away from the hair bulb region and upwards as new cells come in behind. the cortex cells are now part of the dead keratinized fiber. some large hair follicles have a central strand of cells that are loosely organized and not packed together. this tube in the very center of the hair fiber is called the medulla. around the outside of hair fiber we see a cuticle. the cuticle is made up of more keratinized cells but they arrange themselves in a slightly different way to cortex cells