tissue engineering : boston university pancreas, blood vessels or other organ on the fritz? she ' ll build you a nifty replacement. when tejal desai walked into professor mauro ferrari ' s office at the university of california, berkeley, she looked so young he mistook her for an overeager high schooler and almost threw her out. undeterred, desai told him she ' d studied biomedical engineering as an undergrad at brown and was seeking a challenging ph. d. project. ferrari assigned her a whopper : build an implantable device that will eliminate the daily insulin injections diabetics give themselves to control blood sugar levels. desai ' s colleagues warned her the task was too hard, that she ' d never graduate. but after four years of coaxing cells to grow on chemically modified silicon surfaces, desai had it : a microscopic device that, when implanted in diabetic rats, delivered ongoing, regular doses of insulin. the device functioned like a tiny tea strainer : a hollow bit of silicon perforated with tiny holes, it was filled with pancreas cells doing what pancreas cells do naturally — produce insulin. the holes were large enough for the insulin to diffuse out, but small enough that the pancreas cells stayed inside, and the rat ' s immune agents — which would normally mark the cells as foreign and attack them — could not enter. " nobody expects you to cure diabetes before you graduate, " recalls ferrari. " and then tejal did! " ( for rats, anyway. ) desai ' s implant is being developed by a private company for human use, but desai, now 31, has moved on. she has developed a speck - size layered plastic device that, when swallowed, attaches to the intestinal lining, releasing medicine. next she plans to build better artificial blood vessels. the existing variety, mere tubes, cannot constrict or dilate as natural vessels do to control blood pressure. desai ' s goal is to make artificial vessels that coax the patient ' s own body to grow replacements, then biodegrade, leaving the new natural vessels behind. desai ' s father, a chemical engineer whose company designs water - desalination systems, cautioned her about engineering ; it can be an unexciting profession, he told her. then, in high school, desai heard a biomedical engineer speak. here was a totally new incarnation of engineering, one packed with magical promise — building artificial


frontiers of health : following the map web of protein interactions governs cell behavior mona singh doesn ’ t use the maps in her office to get from point a to point b — she uses them to find meaning hidden in biological data, which may help advance the understanding of disease at the genetic level. it ’ s a formidable task. the diagrams, called protein interaction maps, contain thousands of dots, each representing a different protein. a complicated network of lines connects the dots, diagramming how the proteins interact as they go about controlling everything the cell does. though such maps have been generated for species ranging from yeast to humans, many of their insights remain obscured by the sheer volume of information they contain. “ we ’ re at an interesting point in terms of science, ” said singh, an associate professor of computer science and the lewis - sigler institute for integrative genomics. “ there is a lot of data being generated and you need to know fairly sophisticated computational methods to make sense of it. ” in partnership with bernard chazelle, professor of computer science, singh designed a computer system that determines the function of unknown proteins using the known neighboring proteins in the map. for instance, if ten proteins known to be involved in cell pision all interact with an unknown protein, the mystery protein is likely to be involved in the division process as well. singh ’ s latest system detects patterns of interactions between proteins that occur more often than would be predicted by random chance. a pattern that is observed multiple times — e. g., the same types of proteins interacting — is likely to have functional significance as a cellular “ building block, ” and provides guidance for future biological investigation. singh also has been developing computational approaches to infer interaction maps and make high - confidence predictions of interactions that can be tested experimentally. this work is part of an ongoing collaboration with biologist amy keating at the massachusetts institute of technology.


language and technology published may 6th 2011 by routledge – 118 pages the intertext series has been specifically designed to meet the needs of contemporary english language studies. working with texts : a core introduction to language analysis ( third edition, 2007 ) is the foundation text which is complemented by a range of ‘ satellite ’ titles. these provide students with hands - on practical experience of textual analysis through special topics, and can be used individually or in conjunction with working with texts. this accessible textbook in the routledge intertext series offers students hands - on practical experience of textual analysis focused on language and technology. written in a clear, user - friendly style, it combines practical activities with texts, accompanied by commentaries and suggestions for further study. aimed at a - level and beginning undergraduate students, language and technology : ‘ this publication provides a clear introduction to the field of language and technology and examines the way in which language is used and affected by the new technologies that are springing up around us. it will be particularly relevant to students studying a - level english language, as well as for students at all levels who are new to the field of sociolinguistics. ’ ruth payne - woolridge, university of leeds, uk ‘ language and technology is an important introduction to the language practices of social media and web 2. 0. providing a useful range of practical exercises and fascinating examples, it encourages independent thinking and enquiry. it is a lucid and entertaining read that simultaneously revels in the new language practices it analyses and subjects them to thought - provoking critical scrutiny. ’ shaun o ' toole, itchen college, uk 1. in the beginning : language and technology 2. communication repertoires and multimodality 3. e - language : txting ; email ; discussion forums 4. e - language : real - time writing ; social networking sites 5. is there anybody there? : language and identity 6. ‘ just click here ’ : the language of prosumerism 7. shock! horror! the representation of new technologies commentaries references index of terms further reading angela goddard is professor of english language and head of subject for languages and linguistics at york st john university, uk, and chair of english language a level for a national examination board. beverly geesin is senior lecturer and head of programme for communication and culture at york st john university, uk.


when an event is taking place people express their opinions and wishes about it, and as the event results from the collective activity of many people, some one of the opinions or wishes expressed is sure to be fulfilled if but approximately. when one of the opinions expressed is fulfilled, that opinion gets connected with the event as a command preceding it. men are hauling a log. each of them expresses his opinion as to how and where to haul it. they haul the log away, and it happens that this is done as one of them said. he ordered it. there we have command and power in their primary form. the man who worked most with his hands could not think so much about what he was doing, or reflect on or command what would result from the common activity ; while the man who commanded more would evidently work less with his hands on account of his greater verbal activity. when some larger concourse of men direct their activity to a common aim there is a yet sharper division of those who, because their activity is given to directing and commanding, take less less part in the direct work. when a man works alone he always has a certain set of reflections which as it seems to him directed his past activity, justify his present activity, and guide him in planning his future actions. just the same is done by a concourse of people, allowing those who do not take a direct part in the activity to devise considerations, justifications, and surmises concerning their collective activity. for reasons known or unknown to us the french began to drown and kill one another. and corresponding to the event its justification appears in people ' s belief that this was necessary for the welfare of france, for liberty, and for equality. people ceased to kill one another, and this event was accompanied by its justification in the necessity for a centralization of power, resistance to europe, and so on. men went from the west to the east killing their fellow men, and the event was accompanied by phrases about the glory of france, the baseness of england, and so on. history shows us that these justifications of the events have no common sense and are all contradictory, as in the case of killing a man as the result of recognizing his rights, and the killing of millions in russia for the humiliation of england. but these justifications have a very necessary significance in their own day. these justifications release those who produce the events from moral responsibility. these temporary aims are like the broom fixed in front of a locomotive to clear the snow from the rails in front : they clear


justifications have a very necessary significance in their own day. these justifications release those who produce the events from moral responsibility. these temporary aims are like the broom fixed in front of a locomotive to clear the snow from the rails in front : they clear men ' s moral responsibilities from their path. without such justification there would be no reply to the simplest question that presents itself when examining each historical event. how is it that millions of men commit collective crimes - make war, commit murder, and so on? with the present complex forms of political and social life in europe can any event that is not prescribed, decreed, or ordered by monarchs, ministers, parliaments, or newspapers be imagined? is there any collective action which cannot find its justification in political unity, in patriotism, in the balance of power, or in civilization? so that every event that occurs inevitably coincides with some expressed wish and, receiving a justification, presents itself as the result of the will of one man or of several men. in whatever direction a ship moves, the flow of the waves it cuts will always be noticeable ahead of it. to those on board the ship the movement of those waves will be the only perceptible motion. only by watching closely moment by moment the movement of that flow and comparing it with the movement of the ship do we convince ourselves that every bit of it is occasioned by the forward movement of the ship, and that we were led into error by the fact that we ourselves were imperceptibly moving. war and peace - by - leo tolstoy


insurance companies will no longer be able to impose lifetime caps on benefits. these changes will begin to improve access to coverage for people living with hiv / aids. it is a known fact that people living with hiv and aids have in the past, and even in recent history, received less than adequate healthcare. an estimated one - third of americans diagnosed with hiv aren ’ t receiving any kind of treatment. one reason, and probably the hardest to overcome, is simply that they are unable to afford it. the aca will encourage states to expand medicaid provisions, but the federal government cannot require these states to comply. states such as texas have already said bluntly that they will not cooperate with these medicaid provisions or rules. is the affordable care act destined to be a failure for those living with hiv / aids, since several states are unwilling to comply with federal provisions? should states have the option to decline or not comply with these various implications or provisions? we are already failing to close the gaps among those who do not have adequate healthcare due to overall lack of support among government officials and policy makers. many would agree that the federal government should have the authority to mandate such aca guidelines for all states to follow. medicaid is the biggest provider of coverage for people living with hiv, according to the kaiser foundation. medicaid programs make up about half of the federal spending on hiv. the individuals who cannot receive coverage through medicaid will have to depend on the ryan white act, which provides funding to about a half - million people with hiv / aids each year. the affordable care act calls for new investments in community health teams to manage chronic disease. the new law also recognizes the value of patient - centered medical homes as an effective way to strengthen the quality of care, especially for people with complex chronic conditions. healthcare issues should be of major concern in this country. the aca will set us on the necessary path to become a society less involved in the benefits of “ i ” and more in the idea of “ we. ” this nation is known as an innovator, and with the affordable care act we can continue this trend and further impress the ideas of equality of care for all citizens.


if you ' re an antibacterial - soap junkie, it might be time to cut back. a three - part study suggests triclosan, a common chemical found in such products, slows muscle function in both human and animals. a paper published yesterday outlines the experiments : scientists exposed human heart and skeletal muscle cells to levels of triclosan on par with what we typically encounter on a daily basis. an electrical stimulus was then applied to force the cells to contract — which should have happened immediately. but triclosan interfered with the proteins that enable this muscle function, leading to what smithsonian magazine describes as " failure. " and that could spell trouble for people who have heart problems. the study also turned to animals, and found that the grip strength in mice sank up to 18 % after being exposed to one dose of triclosan ; minnows who spent a week being exposed to the chemical couldn ' t swim as well. it ' s not just in soap, either. the ingredient is used in everything from toothpaste to bedding to cooking utensils. as the study ' s co - author explains, it " has become a ubiquitous ' value added ' marketing factor that actually could be more harmful than helpful. " smithsonian notes that the fda says that regular soap and water are equally as effective as antibacterial soaps containing triclosan ; the fda is currently reviewing the chemical.


on march 4th, 2011, the glory satellite was unsuccessful in its attempt to reach orbit due to a failure with the launch vehicle. for more information, visit the nasa glory web site : http : / / www. nasa. gov / glory raytheon ’ s aerosol polarimetry sensor raytheon ’ s aerosol polarimetry sensor ( aps ) will measure aerosols in earth ’ s atmosphere to provide scientists and policy makers a better understanding of how those aerosols affect global climate change. comprising 161 optical elements, including six precision - aligned telescopes that analyze light of varying wavelengths, the aps will make comprehensive measurements from multiple viewing angles in multiple spectral bands. “ the glory aerosol polarimetry sensor can distinguish between various types of aerosols and reveal the different role each plays in either warming or cooling our planet, ” said bill hart, vice president, space systems. “ since black carbon aerosols generally contribute to warming, and sulfate aerosols to cooling, the concentrations of these aerosols and others must be determined to ensure accurate climate modeling. ” how will this help scientists understand the impact of global climate change? both natural and man - made aerosols are important constituents of the atmosphere that affect global temperature. yet they remain poorly quantified and, according to nasa scientists, represent the largest uncertainty regarding climate change. “ because these particles are transported over long distances by winds, their effects on climate are best studied through space - based observations, ” said hart. “ with the information provided by the aps, policy leaders can make better - informed decisions with regard to addressing seasonal and regional climate change events. ” unique sensor capabilities help to reveal the impact of atmospheric aerosols on climate raytheon ’ s aerosol polarimetry sensor was designed to collect global aerosol data for climate scientists during nasa ’ s 3 - year glory mission. it is the most advanced polarimeter ever to fly in space — and the only instrument able to distinguish various types of natural aerosols from the man - made black carbon and sulfate aerosols in earth ’ s atmosphere.


| | tutorials home | decreasing risk exposure | safety tour | emergencies | meteorology | flight theory | communications | builders guide | | the effect of wind rev. 23 — page content was last changed october 12, 2009 consequent to editing by ra - aus member dave gardiner | flight planning and navigation | an aircraft in flight is airborne and subject to the movement of the air mass in relation to the surface ; i. e. the wind. the relatively low cruising speed of light aircraft makes them particularly affected by wind velocity. consequently the calculation of the wind effect on aircraft movement relative to the ground is a major part of light aircraft flight planning and navigation. basic forces module of the flight theory section we said it is common practice to estimate resultant forces non - mathematically by drawing scaled, arrowed lines to represent each vector quantity ; this produces the resultant of two vector quantities in a vector triangle or parallelogram. the lengths of the lines represent the magnitude of each force, and the placements indicate the application points and directions. we also know that an aircraft in flight is airborne, and consequently both the path it projects over the ground and its speed relative to the ground are the resultant of the aircraft velocity and the wind velocity. for example, waypoint beta is 150 nautical miles north - east ( 045° true ) of waypoint alpha and an aircraft departs overhead alpha for beta, maintaining a heading of 045° true while cruising at 75 knots tas. at the time of departure, the wind velocity at the cruise altitude is 135° / 20 knots ; i. e. the 20 - knot wind is coming from the south - east. where will the aircraft be after two hours flight? certainly not over beta, as it will have moved 150 nm north - east within the air mass while the air mass has moved 40 miles north - west. so we might surmise that after two hours flight its position will be about 40 nm north - west of beta, and this is shown in figure 1. the aircraft has drifted from its intended path or track over the ground and the ' track made good ' is about 15° to the left of the ' required track '. we should note that, relative to the aircraft ' s course, the wind velocity normally has both a crosswind component and a headwind or tailwind component, and that headwind or tailwind component will also affect the aircraft ' s speed relative to the surface — the ground speed. the wind triangleso, if we want to track over the direct route from alpha


and a headwind or tailwind component, and that headwind or tailwind component will also affect the aircraft ' s speed relative to the surface — the ground speed. the wind triangleso, if we want to track over the direct route from alpha to beta we will have to ascertain both the wind velocity at the time of flight and a heading to fly that will provide the necessary crosswind correction angle. remember that velocity vectors have both speed and direction. in the wind triangle we have only one completely known vector — the forecast wind velocity. we know part of the heading vector — the true airspeed — but not the direction. we also know part of the resultant vector — the direction ( required track ) from alpha to beta — but not the ground speed. we can determine the two unknowns — the heading and the ground speed — by plotting scaled vectors on paper. you will need some drawing instruments, a protractor and ruler, but a pair of compasses or dividers can be useful. • first draw a vertical line labelled ' true north ' and mark a position on the line as waypoint alpha. • using a protractor centred on alpha and aligned with true north, mark the bearing to waypoint beta ; e. g. from the above, 045° true. rule a line of appropriate length from alpha through the bearing, marking it with two arrows to indicate it as the track direction and annotate that bearing. • wind velocity is given as the direction the wind is coming from and we need to plot the direction it is moving to — the reciprocal bearing. the reciprocal is the stated direction ±180°. using a protractor centred on alpha and aligned with true north, mark the reciprocal wind bearing : 135° ±180° = 315° true. • rule a line of appropriate length from alpha through the wind bearing mark. decide the scale to be used and mark off a distance along that line that equals the air movement during one hour ; i. e. 20 nm ( 20 knots wind speed ). label that distance mark as the wind vector — v1. the convention is to add three arrows to the vector indicating direction, and annotate the wind velocity — 135 / 20 knots ( figure 2 ). • using the scale, open up the dividers or compasses to the distance equalling the air distance the aircraft travels in one hour ; i. e. 75 nm at the cruise true airspeed of 75 knots. with one divider / compass point on v1 mark


open up the dividers or compasses to the distance equalling the air distance the aircraft travels in one hour ; i. e. 75 nm at the cruise true airspeed of 75 knots. with one divider / compass point on v1 mark the track line with the other divider / compass point and label that v2 ( figure 3 ). or just use the ruler to accomplish the same task. • draw a line connecting v1 and v2, marking it with one arrow to represent the heading vector. its orientation with true north is the heading ( 060°t ) and its length is the tas. thus we have the first unknown — the direction in which to point the aircraft. annotate the heading ( 060°t ) and tas ( 75 kn ). also note the wind correction angle [ wca ] — the difference between the track ( 045°t ) and the heading ( 060°t ) — is 15°, and the drift will be to the left — also known as port drift. the wind correction angle is the angular difference between the required track and the heading, intended to ensure that the track made good will equate with the required track. note that the terms ' crab angle ' and ' drift angle ' are very often used instead of ' wind correction angle '. but the latter term is more precise ; crab angle and drift angle do have slightly different meanings or associations. drift angle is measured in flight, and is the angle between the heading and the track made good. crab angle is the preferred term when associated with crosswind landing. • now measure the distance between alpha and v2, which is the distance ( 72 nm ) moved over the ground during one hour. this is the second unknown — the ground speed. annotate the ground speed ( 72 kn ) adjacent to the bearing ( figure 3 ). • we can now calculate the sector flight time from overhead alpha to overhead beta ; this time is called the estimated time interval [ eti ]. eti ( minutes ) = distance ( nm ) / ground speed ( kn ) × 60 = 150 / 72 × 60 = 125 minutes. it is interesting to note that even though the wind were a full crosswind, the ground speed is less than tas and thus the eti is a bit greater than you may have expected. this is because the heading of 060° would now include a small headwind component. direct headwind / tailwindif the wind is aligned directly with the required track then of


thus the eti is a bit greater than you may have expected. this is because the heading of 060° would now include a small headwind component. direct headwind / tailwindif the wind is aligned directly with the required track then of course it is not possible to construct the triangle, as there is no wind correction angle and the ground speed is the tas ± wind speed. however, just as an illustration that the wind triangle still provides the correct answers, i have repeated the previous alpha to beta plot with winds that are only 10° off the required track ; i. e. nearly full headwind and tailwind components. it may be thought that if an out - and - return trip is flown where the wind is directly aligned with the required track, the headwind encountered in one direction will be offset by the tailwind in the reverse direction ; thus the total flight time will be equivalent to that in nil wind conditions. not so — the greater the wind speed the greater the flight time on an out - and - return flight, no matter what the wind direction. imagine a flight alpha – beta – alpha in nil wind conditions. the ground speed on both the outward and return legs would equal the tas ( 75 kn ) and each leg would take 120 minutes for a total flight time of 240 minutes. now let ' s factor in a 25 - knot north - east wind. the ground speed on the outward leg would be 50 kn and the eti would be 180 minutes, whereas the ground speed on the return leg would be 100 kn and the eti 90 minutes for a total flight time of 270 minutes. plotting the wind vector triangle is the most accurate method for ascertaining heading and ground speed, but there are two other methods that are quite accurate enough for light aircraft cross - country navigation. back to top boundary layer turbulence paragraphs in the microscale meteorology module ), so there is no reason to try for absolute accuracy in the initial calculation of heading, ground speed and eti. so, rather than plotting the wind triangle we can introduce a few shortcuts to the process by using some simple mental arithmetic to estimate the crosswind and headwind / tailwind components of the wind velocity relative to the required track. even so, it is wise to become familiar with plotting the wind triangle ; the experience makes it much easier to mentally envisage the relationship between the vectors thus avoiding flying entirely in the wrong direction — which is remarkably easy to do. the trigonometrical relationships of the


wise to become familiar with plotting the wind triangle ; the experience makes it much easier to mentally envisage the relationship between the vectors thus avoiding flying entirely in the wrong direction — which is remarkably easy to do. the trigonometrical relationships of the two wind components — crosswind and headwind / tailwind — is shown in a wind triangle ( figure 5 ). in this example the wind angle is 30° relative to the required track and the wind speed is 20 knots. the sine of an angle = opposite side / hypotenuse, while the cosine of an angle = adjacent side / hypotenuse. in this wind triangle the hypotenuse represents the wind velocity vector, the side opposite to the angle represents the crosswind component of the wind velocity vector and the adjacent side represents the headwind component of the wind velocity vector. an abridged trigonometric table is contained in the flight theory manoeuvring forces module. reading from that table, sine 30° is 0. 5 and cosine 30° is 0. 866 — near enough to 0. 9. using 1 - in - 60 to estimate wcathe two / three - step technique described below approximates the sine / cosine relationships and produces results near enough to the trig calculations. • 1. first find the crosswind component of the forecast wind velocity by estimating the ( acute ) angle at which the wind meets the required track, divide that by 60 and multiply the result by the wind speed. however, if the relative angle exceeds 60° just use 60. ( a ) track = 045° w / v = 075 / 20 kn : relative angle = 30 = 30 / 60 × 20 = 10 kn crosswind. ( b ) track = 045° w / v = 135 / 20 kn : relative angle = 90 [ use 60 ] = 60 / 60 × 20 = 20 kn crosswind. ( c ) track = 045° w / v = 195 / 20 kn : relative angle = 30 = 30 / 60 × 20 = 10 kn crosswind. • 2. then use the 1 - in - 60 rule to estimate the wind correction angle by dividing the crosswind component by the tas and multiplying the result by 60. ( a ) and ( c ) crosswind = 10 kn ; tas = 75 kn : 10 / 75 × 60 = 8° wca. or ( b ) crosswind = 20 kn ; tas


multiplying the result by 60. ( a ) and ( c ) crosswind = 10 kn ; tas = 75 kn : 10 / 75 × 60 = 8° wca. or ( b ) crosswind = 20 kn ; tas = 75 kn : 20 / 75 × 60 = 16° wca. but combining steps 1 and 2 simplifies the calculation : wca = relative angle [ 60 max ] x wind speed / tas example ( a ) track = 045° tas = 75 kn ; w / v = 075 / 20 kn : relative angle = 30 wca = 30 × 20 / 75 = 8° and remember that the wind correction is applied in the direction the wind is coming from so that the aircraft crabs along the required track. • 3. then to estimate the ground speed, deduct the ( acute ) angle at which the wind meets the track from 115 ( for angles up to 60°, use 105 for greater angles ) and apply that as a percentage of the wind speed. ( a ) track = 045° w / v = 075 / 20 kn : angle = 30 ; 115 – 30 = 85 % of 20 = 17 knots headwind. or ( b ) track = 045° w / v = 135 / 20 kn : angle = 90 ; 105 – 90 = 15 % of 20 = 3 knots headwind. or ( c ) track = 045° w / v = 195 / 20 kn : angle = 30 ; 115 – 30 = 85 % of 20 = 17 knots tailwind. subtract the result from tas if wind is coming from ahead to abeam, otherwise add. if you like to try a quick mental calculation with the two plots in figure 4, you will find the arithmetic will produce much the same results as the plots. you may think it wrong that if the wind is at 90° to the track the ground speed calculation will still come up with a headwind component. this is because the track and the wind velocity are relative to the ground, not to the aircraft ' s heading. with a wind at 90° to the required track the aircraft must take up a heading having some into - wind component, so that it crabs along the required track ; try it by plotting a full wind vector triangle incorporating a wind at 90° to the required track. all the short - cut techniques described are not ultra - precise but they are quite okay for most cross - country navigation. you should also read the meteorology module dealing with southern


full wind vector triangle incorporating a wind at 90° to the required track. all the short - cut techniques described are not ultra - precise but they are quite okay for most cross - country navigation. you should also read the meteorology module dealing with southern hemisphere winds and particularly section 6. 3. using tables for ground speed and wcathe third and simplest method for estimating wca, heading and ground speed is to use tables such as those following. table 1 is for wind speeds up to 30 knots in 5 - knot intervals, and for wind angles relative to either side of the required track between 0° and 180°. in the table you will see that headwinds have a negative adjustment and tailwinds a positive adjustment for ground speed. however if the calculated wca exceeds about 10° the inbuilt crab problem becomes apparent and a small additional calculation to derive a more accurate ground speed has to be made ( table 2 ). * if the wca exceeds 10° then reduce the ground speed by an additional value that is a percentage of the tas, as shown in table 2. you will note that the adjustment to ground speed really only becomes particularly significant at wcas above 20° and then, in such conditions, it is probably unwise for light aircraft to be engaged in cross - country flight. example 1. the track required is 090°, the wind velocity is 060° / 15 knots and tas is 70 knots. then the wind angle relative to track is 30° left and, reading from table 1, the headwind component is – 13 and the crosswind component is 7. thus the ground speed will be 70 – 13 = 57 knots, the wind correction angle will be 7 / 70 × 60 = 6° ( to the left ) and the heading = 084°. example 2. the track required is 300°, the wind velocity is 075° / 15 knots and tas is 70 knots. then the wind angle relative to track is 135° right and, reading from table 1, the headwind component is + 10 and the crosswind component is 10. thus the ground speed will be 70 + 10 = 80 knots, the wind correction angle will be 10 / 70 × 60 = 8° ( to the right ) and the heading = 308° example 3. the track required is 360°, the wind velocity is 075° / 20 knots and tas is 70 knots. then the wind angle relative to track is 75° right and, reading from table 1, the


heading = 308° example 3. the track required is 360°, the wind velocity is 075° / 20 knots and tas is 70 knots. then the wind angle relative to track is 75° right and, reading from table 1, the headwind component is – 5 and the crosswind component is 20. thus the ground speed will be 70 – 5 = 65 knots, the wind correction angle will be 20 / 70 × 60 = 16° ( to the right ) and the heading = 016°. however, because the wca exceeds 10°, table 2 is consulted. this shows for a wca of 16° the ground speed should be further reduced by 3 % of the tas — about 2 knots, so the adjusted ground speed is 63 knots. back to top the jeppesen cr2, available from the airservices australia online store navigation and planning accessories for about a $ 50 is okay and will fit into your pocket — together with a small folding rule — and can be operated with one hand for time and distance calculations. there are hand - held e - 6b calculators or ' computers ', costing around a $ 150, which do much the same job as the whiz wheels. i think that all the in - flight variables, to which light aircraft flying at comparatively low levels are subject, negate any potential cost / benefit advantage of such expensive single purpose devices. however, e - 6b software utilities for palm os and pocket pc handheld computers are readily available for about us $ 20 — or possibly as freeware. to find sources, google ' e6b software '. it is my opinion that the whiz wheel gives a navigator a better grasp of the essentials of the wind triangle and thus makes it easier to mentally envisage in - flight corrections / adjustments without the need to fiddle with the whiz wheel or an electronic e - 6b device. money available for flight planning and navigation aids is well spent if you install a top quality magnetic compass and spend some time measuring, adjusting and recording the compass deviation in situ — and recheck deviation once or twice a year. back to top groundschool — flight planning & navigation guide | guide content | 1. australian airspace regulations | 2. charts & compass | 3. route planning | | [ 4. effect of wind ] | 5. flight plan completion | 6. safety audit | 7. airmanship & flight discipline | | 8. en route adjustment | 9. supplementary navigation technique | 10. global


icy particles of space may have been the ingredients for life on earth lawrence leblond for redorbit. com – your universe online in an effort to better understand how life started on earth, researchers at nasa ’ s jet propulsion laboratory in pasadena, california are cooking up icy concoctions of organisms ( carbon - bearing molecules ) then zapping them with lasers. the jpl crew ’ s experiments also provide the first direct look at the organic chemistry that takes place in the chilly regions of our solar system, and even chillier reaches between stars. scientists theorize that the basic ingredients of life began their journey to earth on icy particles from these frigid regions of space. these icy organisms would have found their way into comets and asteroids, and have been carried around the solar system, some making their way to earth, administering a dose of “ prebiotic ” ingredients to jump - start life on the third rock from the sun. while the researchers do not have a clear answer on how icy organisms become slime molds, they say the findings help explain how the process works. published in the astrophysical journal letters, the study involved lab experiments to show that organic matter can begin the processing it needs to become prebiotic while still frozen in ice. “ the very basic steps needed for the evolution of life may have started in the coldest regions of our universe, ” said murthy gudipati, lead author of the new study at jpl. “ we were surprised to see organic chemistry brewing up on ice, at these very cold temperatures in our lab. ” the carbon - rich organics, called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( pahs ), which were used in the lab experiments, are found on earth as combustion products – in barbecue pits, candle soot, automobile tailpipes, et al. these pahs have also been found throughout space in comets and asteroids and other distant cosmic vectors. nasa ’ s spitzer space telescope has even detected pahs in the swirling planet - forming disks around stars, the spaces between stars, and in the remoteness of distant galaxies. gudipati and his colleague, rui yang, also of jpl, used a lab setup to mimic the environment of icy pah molecules found in the frigidness of space, at temperatures hovering around - 450 degrees fahrenheit. to replicate these conditions, the team first bombarded the particles with ultraviolet radiation similar to what is found emitted from stars. they then used a type of laser system known as maldi (


any of about 30, 000 beetle species ( family scarabaeidae ), found worldwide, that are compact, heavy - bodied, and oval. each antenna terminates in three flattened plates that fit together to form a club. the outer edges of the front legs may be toothed or scalloped. species range from about 0. 2 to 4. 8 in. ( 5 to 120 mm ) long and include one of the heaviest known insects. one species of dung beetle, scarabaeus sacer, was sacred to the ancient egyptians. many species are agricultural pests ( e. g., chafer, japanese beetle, june beetle ) ; many are popular with insect collectors because they are large and have beautifully coloured, hard, highly polished forewings. learn more about scarab beetle with a free trial on britannica. com. scarab commemorating the marriage of amenhotep iii and queen tiy, 18th dynasty ; in the oriental elipsis learn more about scarab with a free trial on britannica. com. the genus scarabaeus consists of a number of old world dung beetle species, including the " sacred scarab beetle ", scarabaeus sacer. these beetles feed exclusively on dung, which they accomplish by rolling a piece of dung some distance from where it was deposited, and burying it, with an egg deposited on the ball. the growing larva feeds upon the dung ball, pupates, and eventually emerges as an adult.


the " castle " in the village is a single pele tower that was built by robert de shirburn in the 14th century. it is within castle farm but can be easily accessed. the castle may have been built by the shirburn family during the time of owain glyndwr. a french army landed at angle in 1405 to assist glyndwr. some sources see this as a tower but others see evidence of a moat and another tower and see this ruin as the remains of a castle. in the nineteenth century it was reported that 388 people lived in the village with the women involved in plaiting straw for bonnets and mats, whilst the men would trawl for oysters when they were in season. in the same century a large number of forts were constructed around pembroke dock and milford haven. three of these are on the coast around angle, the east blockhouse battery, thorn island fort and the chapel bay battery. their construction was funded as part of advice to lord palmerston following a royal commission. the church itself is thought to have been built in the thirteenth century with the tower added in the fifteenth century. the church ' s grounds also include a number of graves for a japanese ship that sank locally during the first world war. the first rescue where the crew received silver medals was in the rescue of 27 ( some say 33 ) people who were on board the 1878 - built loch shiel which had ran into rocks off thorn island. two lifeboat crew members and the honorary secretary received silver medals. it was said that the lifeboat was unable to reach them but these brave people managed to reach them. the rescue is particularly noteworthy as it is described as wales ' " whisky galore ". the loch shiel was carrying goods from scotland to adelaide and included gunpowder, beer and 7, 500 ( some say 7, 000 ) cases of glasgow whisky. much of this was never recovered. some of the bottles are still amongst the wreck which are described as " undrinkable ", but much of the cargo was only partially recovered by the customs men. it was said that one local drank himself to death on the 100 proof whiskey. in 1999, bottles of beer from the wreck were auctioned for £1000 per bottle. the next award was a bronze medal awarded to coxswain james watkins for rescuing 28 people on the 26 november 1929 from the single - screw steamship molesley which had been caught by a sudden wind change and a poor decision by its captain. james watkins went on to be awarded both a


awarded to coxswain james watkins for rescuing 28 people on the 26 november 1929 from the single - screw steamship molesley which had been caught by a sudden wind change and a poor decision by its captain. james watkins went on to be awarded both a silver medal for rescuing 6 people in 1944 from the motor boat thor and a year later another bronze medal for a difficult rescue of nine people from the steamer walter l m russ. ( this steamer had been seized from the germans and sank on the 15 july before it could be renamed the empire concourse. ) more recently, coxswain william john rees holmes has been awarded two bronze medals. the first was in 1977 when the tanker donna marike was thought to be about to explode and the lifeboat stood by her in december 1976. the second bronze medal was for rescuing three people from the fishing boat cairnsmore on 1 december 1978. in 1997 a third coxswain, jeremy r. rees, and his crew were awarded another bronze medal for rescuing four people after their motor boat, dale princess, was blown onto cliffs on skomer island. the rescue was made in gale force winds and stormy seas. students study in premium class : two french organisations, compin group and the higher institute of design ( isd ) in valenciennes, joined forces to imagine what premium - class interiors of very high - speed trains could look like. the objective was to explore an assortment of scenarios and to pick the best one, as serge govindin, product designer with compin group, explains. ( train interiors ) jul 01, 2010 ; this design - school project to produce a new look for premium - class interiors of very high - speed trains ( vhst ) took nine months...


july 15, 2008 why do you do what is right, rather than what is wrong? that is hardly a new question. it troubled the minds of the ancients. some felt that humans are naturally drawn to virtue, but they were hard - pressed to explain why some individuals seemed to resist this impulse. others argued that society had to make a firm impression upon the young, inculcating a desire for virtue and character that was more external than internal. fast forward and the victorians in britain were convinced that a lack of virtue could be traced to either heredity or deprivation. assuming the british middle class as normative, the victorians offered the advice famously advocated by jiminy cricket to pinocchio - - " let your conscience be your guide. " experience indicates, consistent with what the bible teaches, that this advice has limited value. the conscience is a human capacity for sure, part of the moral sense that testifies of the imago dei, but it is just as deformed by the fall as any other capacity. conscience alone explains nothing. many of the most heinous acts in human history have been done by individuals with a clear conscience. the conscience can lie, rationalize, and deceive. more recently, moral philosophers have settled on a more clearly secular theory of morality - - rational choice theory. according to rational choice theory, people tend to settle on a moral code that fits their needs and leads, or is likely to lead, to their desired outcomes. in other words, individuals make a rational choice. a young woman might make a rational choice not to engage in premarital sex because she does not want to harm her reputation or opportunities or marriage. a young man might not shoplift because it would harm his chances of advancement. rational choice theorists argue that their theory can explain virtually any human behavior, including moral choice. we must admit that there is ample evidence to support this theory, at least in many cases of moral choice. this is a very significant insight for christian theology, for it reminds us that when people make a choice to do good, it does not follow that they are good. take the example of two ten - year - old boys. one is considered a " good " boy because he is pleasant, respectful, obedient, and rarely breaks rules. the other boy is a " bad " boy who is markedly unpleasant, disrespectful, disobedient, and regularly flaunts his breaking of rules. without doubt, we would rather that our own 10 -


breaks rules. the other boy is a " bad " boy who is markedly unpleasant, disrespectful, disobedient, and regularly flaunts his breaking of rules. without doubt, we would rather that our own 10 - year - old son, if we had one, would sit next to the first boy in class, rather than the second. but is the first boy really a " good " boy, and s the second really " bad? " in reality, the first boy may have decided that being " good " works for him. his parents expect it of him. he is rewarded when he obeys ( even if the reward is what merely comes his way with parental pleasure ) and he is punished when he disobeys. he may have learned to play the game - - a game with far larger rewards later in life. life goes much easier for this lad when he behaves well and is seen to do so - - so he does. the second boy has no experience of similar controls. he does not expect life to go better for him if he behaves well. he may lack parents who would even teach him how to behave, much less reward him when he obeys and punish him when he disobeys. instead, he learns that cutting corners, breaking rules, flaunting his misbehavior, and playing the part of the " bad " boy works for him. he gets more attention ( even if negative attention ) and gains the respect of his peer structure by misbehavior. as twentieth century authors like joseph heller and kurt vonnegut understood so well, standing upside - down works rather well when the world is upside - down. minette marrin raises many of these issues in her insightful report on britain ' s problem of criminal youth - - boys and young man who have rejected the social contract and are seemingly beyond the reach of those who would reform them. in other words, these are young males who have made a rational choice to be criminals, she argues. her report was published in the july 13, 2008 edition of the times [ london ]. as she makes her case, she also offers some important insights into how britain negotiated away its common moral commitments. no one disagrees any longer that britain is in parts and in places broken ; gallowgate [ in glascow ] is a horrifying microcosm of broken families, broken spirits, broken health and broken schools ; it is a dark place of chronic unemployment, violence and


is in parts and in places broken ; gallowgate [ in glascow ] is a horrifying microcosm of broken families, broken spirits, broken health and broken schools ; it is a dark place of chronic unemployment, violence and crime, of disorder and fear – - a disgrace to the supposedly developed world. it ' s also true that at long last people of all persuasions are beginning to recognise that this social breakdown is due in part to the abdication both of authority and of personal responsibility that began some time after the war. some are inclined to emphasise the demoralising paternalism of the welfare state, others the permissiveness of the 1960s, but few now question this abdication, at all levels. not only that – - taking personal responsibility is sometimes forbidden, or punished, as when misguided adults try to control delinquent children in the street. however, while personal responsibility and shared morality are essential to a good society and the only glue for a broken one, neither can be had just by whistling for them. both depend on an instinctive sense of a social contract. conventional morality is meaningless to a boy who has nothing whatsoever to gain by good behaviour. personal responsibility means nothing if you have grown up neglected, abused and powerless among adults who hardly know what it is and feel powerless themselves. those paragraphs contain crucial moral insights and social observations. many of those insights and observations would fit just as well with reference to american cities and american youth. one important difference is that a smaller percentage of american boys and young men seem yet to have abandoned the entire social contract. then comes marrin ' s key paragraph : morality depends on having something to lose. it isn ' t just a matter of learning right from wrong, least of all in a post - religious society. morality is socially constructed. i will respect your property and your person because i want you to respect mine. we both have something to lose. one does not have to be educated in political philosophy to understand that ancient deal. but if i have neither property nor respect from anyone, what ' s in the deal for me? with this paragraph she articulates rational choice theory in all of its plausibility and all its inherent limitations. we must admit that much of what we call morality is indeed socially constructed - - matters of cultural context and custom. but we fool ourselves if we believe that all morality is socially constructed. rational choice theory must assume that it is, but a bit of serious reflection is enough to throw all that into doubt


is indeed socially constructed - - matters of cultural context and custom. but we fool ourselves if we believe that all morality is socially constructed. rational choice theory must assume that it is, but a bit of serious reflection is enough to throw all that into doubt. the christian worldview insists that morality depends ultimately upon the character of god. god ' s own righteousness is the ground of authentic morality and his revelation of what is right and what is wrong ( as paul reminds us, in nature, in conscience, in the law, in the scripture, and in christ ) is our only sure guide. minette marrin offers frightening insights in her important report. these insights should humble the proud, and make us all a bit more aware of just why we " behave " when others do not. a good dose of rational choice theory is humbling indeed. but, at the same time, we must be thankful that this is not where we are left. the rational choice theorist has little or nothing to say to the boys and young men of minette marrin ' s concern. the christian church does have something to say - - the liberating truth of the gospel. but in order to be heard, we had better first be humbled by the honest recognition that we are not as " good " as we like to think. we are all delinquents - - every last one of us. in addition to being one of salem ’ s nationally syndicated radio talk show hosts, r. albert mohler, jr. is the president of the southern baptist theological seminary in louisville, kentucky. contact dr. mohler at www. albertmohler. com.


man in space is an episode of disneyland which originally aired on march 9, 1955. it was directed by disney animator ward kimball. kimball was famous for his creation of the character jiminy cricket, the cheshire cat, the march hare, the mad hatter, and for redesigning mickey mouse in 1938. he joined the disney studios in 1934, and rose up in the ranks to become a directing animator on such classics as “ snow white and the seven dwarfs, ” “ pinocchio, ” “ fantasia ” and “ peter pan. ” he directed disney oscar - winning shorts “ toot, whistle, plunk and boom ” in 1953 and “ it ’ s tough to be a bird ” in 1969. this disneyland episode ( set in tomorrowland ), was narrated partly by kimball and also by such famed scientists as dr. willy ley, dr. heinz haber, dr. wernher von braun, and dick tufeld of lost in space fame. the show talks briefly about the lighthearted history of rockets and is followed by discussions of satellites, a practical look ( through humorous animation ) at what spacemen will have to face in a rocket ( both physically and psychologically, such as momentum, weightlessness, radiation, even space sickness ) and a rocket takeoff into space. both haber and wernher von braun were involved with operation paperclip and intimately a part of the nuremberg medical tribunal, which saw former nazis war criminals rescued to the united states, ultimately resulting in a considerable contribution to the development of nasa. operation paperclip was the office of strategic services program used to recruit the scientists of nazi germany for employment by the united states in the aftermath of world war ii ( 1939 – 45 ). it was conducted by the joint intelligence objectives agency, and in the context of the burgeoning soviet – american cold war. unknown to many disney watchers, kimball was also student of ufos and outer space. kimball worked with technical advisor werhner von braun to write and direct three key outer space documentaries for the “ disneyland ” television series. the three documentaries were, “ man in space, ” “ man and the moon, ” and “ mars and beyond. ” kimball referred to them as, “ the creative highpoint of my career. according to disney spokesman howard e. green, the three outer space documentaries are “ often credited with popularizing the concept of the government ’ s space program during the 1950s. the first of these, the 1955 “ man in space, was so popular ( viewed by over 42 million people


centennial of alfred wegener ' s continental drift theory : the start of earth systems science one century ago, in january 1912, alfred wegener presented for the first time his theory of " continental drift " at a meeting held in frankfurt, in germany ( * ). wegener had collected geological and paleontological data that gave weight to an old observation : that the margin of continents on the opposite sides of the atlantic ocean seemed to correspond ; as in a gigantic puzzle. accordingly, wegener proposed that the present continents were once joined together but had slowly drifted away from each other of hundred of millions of years. ( image source : j. floor anthony ) the story of the theory of continental drift spans several decades. initially rejected by a majority of geologists, it gradually gained acceptance, until it became standard in the 1950s. later on, it became part of what we call today " plate tectonics " which is a pillar of everything that we know in earth systems science. occasionally, the troubled story of alfred wegener ' s theory has been perversely appropriated by climate deniers to claim that they are discriminated by the scientific establishment. but that only shows that climate deniers don ' t understand how science works. all new scientific theories are subjected to close scrutiny and wegener ' s one was no exception. its acceptance took time for various reasons, including the start of the first world war, shortly after it had been presented. mainly, however, it was because at the time of wegener there was no evidence that continents could actually move and no proof that they actually did. when satisfactory experimental evidence on these points became available, the theory was universally accepted. it is true that the debate on continental drift was harsher than usual, but it was not different than any scientific debate, as you can read in detail at this link. wegener himself would be appalled today if he could see his name associated to junk science, as sometimes it is ( see here, for instance ). the relevance of wegener ' s idea of continental drift ( and of its underlying mechanism : plate tectonics ) is not just related to an old scientific debate. it is the basis of the modern science of earth ' s systems, which includes climate science. continental drift is a manifestation of the dynamic forces existing inside the earth, in the region that we call " mantle ". it is because of the flow of matter from the crust to the mantle and back that the system maintains a concentration of carbon dioxide in


continental drift is a manifestation of the dynamic forces existing inside the earth, in the region that we call " mantle ". it is because of the flow of matter from the crust to the mantle and back that the system maintains a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere sufficient to maintain plant photosynthesis. without plate tectonics, there could be no life on earth. indeed, venus and mars have no active plate tectonics and - as far as we know - no organic life. but plate tectonics does not just maintain some carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. it also regulates its concentration and, with it, the surface temperature of earth. carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas acting as the earth ' s " thermostat knob. " the mechanisms of plate tectonics have slowly reduced its concentration in order to maintain an average constant temperature, despite the gradual increase of solar irradiation over geological times ( some 10 % each billion years ). this regulation is far from being perfect : during the past aeons, the earth saw ice ages and very hot periods but, on the average, temperatures remained within the bounds necessary for life to exist. unfortunately, this regulation mechanism is too slow to remedy to the perturbation we are causing today to climate by our carbon dioxide emissions. still, what we know about the mechanism of plate tectonics and its consequences on the past history of our planet should make us more careful about what we are doing now to the ecosystems. this knowledge goes back, ultimately, to the work of alfred wegener : scientist and pioneer of earth systems science. you can read how modern wegener ' s view of earth systems science was from this excerpt from ucmp ( university of california museum of technology ) " scientists still do not appear to understand sufficiently that all earth sciences must contribute evidence toward unveiling the state of our planet in earlier times, and that the truth of the matter can only be reached by combing all this evidence... it is only by combing the information furnished by all the earth sciences that we can hope to determine ' truth ' here, that is to say, to find the picture that sets out all the known facts in the best arrangement and that therefore has the highest degree of probability. further, we have to be prepared always for the possibility that each new discovery, no matter what science furnishes it, may modify the conclusions we draw. " * wegener, alfred ( 1912 ). " die herausbildung der grossformen der erdr


bust of tragedian poet sophocles from 496 - 406 b. c. made of casting stone with an antique, ivory - colored finish. approx. 150mm ( 15cm ) x 60mm ( 6cm ) x 60mm ( 6cm ) sophocles ( ancient greek σοφοκλης, c. 496 bce - 406 bce ) was the second of the three ancient greek tragedians whose work has survived. his first plays were written later than those of aeschylus and earlier than those of euripides. according to the suda, a 10th century encyclopedia, sophocles wrote 123 plays during the course of his life, but only seven have survived in a complete form : ajax, antigone, trachinian women, oedipus the king, electra, philoctetes and oedipus at colonus. for almost 50 years, sophocles was the most - awarded playwright in the dramatic competitions of the city - state of athens that took place during the religious festivals of the lenaea and the dionysia. sophocles, the son of sophillus, was a wealthy member of the rural deme ( small community ) of colonus hippius in attica, which would later become a setting for his plays, and was probably born there. his birth took place a few years before the battle of marathon in 490 bce : the exact year is unclear, although 497 / 6 is perhaps most likely. sophocles ' first artistic triumph was in 468 bce when he took first prize in the dionysia theatre competition over the reigning master of athenian drama, aeschylus. according to plutarch the victory came under unusual circumstances. instead of following the custom of choosing judges by lot, the archon asked cimon and the other strategoi present to decide the victor of the contest. plutarch further contends that aeschylus soon left for sicily following this loss to sophocles.


hey there rrr! i ' m back with another tutorial already! why, you ask? well... because the last one i made, while useful, wasn ' t actually what was requested. why? well because sometimes i ' m not very bright. there, i said it! anyways, this is another puzzle switch tutorial, but more in the vein of a rubix cube, though simpler. this puzzle will cause a switch to change color, along with the switch next to it. the goal is to match all the colors to one pre - defined color. for the sake of the tutorial, i used yellow as the color you ' d like to reach. anyways, on with the tutorial! the first thing you are going to create is switches, make as many as you want, to keep things simple, i made four and made each one a different color. now for each event you will create a number of pages equal to the amount of colors you will cycle through ( again, i used four ). on each of these event pages you will create something rather simple, but a bit time consuming. you must make a variable for each switch you are going to use. now you will have a button pressed action for the event. what it will do is increase the variable of it ' s own color by 1 as well as the variable of any colors next to it. you will then repeat this for each event page. though for each page after the first you must make a requirement of the variable for that event, and have each page require one higher variable. what this will do is cause it to change event pages each time the variable goes up, if that ' s pushing this event or the one adjacent to it, it will have the same result. you can now repeat this process for each event, make sure to have each event start on a different color, though you will want to keep the event pages identical in style to the first one, but with variables that match that event and the ones it is adjacent to. now you ask, " but how does it go back to it ' s default color?! " why, that ' s where your safety net event comes in! you will make a parallel process event that has several conditional branches in it. you will set each of these conditional branches alone, and have them check for each variable, once that variable equals a number higher then the amount used in the event pages, ( in my case 4 ), you will set that variable to 0,


. you will set each of these conditional branches alone, and have them check for each variable, once that variable equals a number higher then the amount used in the event pages, ( in my case 4 ), you will set that variable to 0, causing it to revert to it ' s default color! simple, yes? now in that same event you will have a longer conditional branch string. you must make each one check to see if the event is the variable for the color you want them all to be ( in my case yellow ), so this will require you to check the event pages on each of them and see what the variable is required for that color. then you set the first conditional branch to check if it ' s the right variable, if it is you check the next one and so on, until it ' s complete. if it is not the right variable, set no else, as it will simply continue. now on the last event page, when all of them are the correct variable you will create one final variable ( i named my solution ) and set it to 1, do not add as the parallel process will just keep adding it as long as the colors are correct. on the chest or door or such you will put a conditional branch of that variable, requiring it to be set to 1, if it is, your chest will open, if it is not it laughs at you or whatever you had devised. phew, that was a lot of words! you ' ve all been troopers, especially since there was no pictures in this tutorial. so. here is a puppy : along with a demo here


mamertine prison, rome the mamertine prison consists of two gloomy underground cells where rome ' s vanquished enemies were imprisoned and usually died, of either starvation or strangulation. famous prisoners here include the goth jugurtha, the indomitable gaul vercingetorix and, according to legend, st. peter. there is no archaeological evidence or early written account that peter was here, but the legend had taken root by the 5th century and the prison attracted early pilgrims. it remains a pilgrimage site today and a church, san giuseppe dei falegnami, now stands over the prison. the legend that peter and paul were imprisoned here has not been found to predate the 5th century, yet it is not impossible that it is based in fact. paul may have been detained here before he was executed at the aquas salvias ( at the abbazia delle tre fontane ) and peter before being executed in nero ' s circus on vatican hill. paul mentions imprisonment several times in his letters, such as in philippians 1 : 13 : " it has become known throughout the whole praetorian guard and to all the rest that my imprisonment is for christ. " according to later legend, st. peter caused a spring to miraculously well up in the prison so that he could baptize his fellow prisoners. this spring is said to have miraculously cured the illnesses of pilgrims. the mamertime prison is mentioned by several ancient writers, including livy, who dated its construction to the 7th century bc under king ancus : the lower room of the remaining part is known as the tullianum after its builder servius tullius ( 6th century bc ). this part served as a place not of punishment but of detention and execution for condemned criminals. the ancient historian sallust said it was 12 feet below the ground and " neglect, darkness and stench make it hideous and fearsome to behold. " the prison was in use until at least the late 4th century ad, when it was mentioned by the historian ammianus marcellinus. after the prison ceased to be used for its original purpose, it became a pilgrim site and accumulated various legends. it later became known as mamertinus. in the 16th century, the church of san guiseppe dei falegnami was built above the prison. what to see modern steps lead down to the upper level of the prison, which is at the original ground level of ancient rome. the doorway is modern. the upper room of the prison is


guiseppe dei falegnami was built above the prison. what to see modern steps lead down to the upper level of the prison, which is at the original ground level of ancient rome. the doorway is modern. the upper room of the prison is trapezoidal in shape and dates from the 2nd century bc. the walls are made of blocks of tufa and bears a plaque on the right naming the more famous prisoners, listing how and when each one died. a second plaque names the martyrs and saints who were held here with the names of their persecutors, and the notable visitors who came here on pilgrimage. in the back is an altar with the busts of saints peter and paul. the lower room was originally accessed through a round opening in the floor of the upper room, which is now covered with a grate. today, access is by means of a modern staircase on the left. at the top, look for a stone said to have the imprint of st. peter ' s head from when he was hurled down into the prison. the lower room, the tullianum, is circular and made of blocks of peperino held together without mortar. this was the most inner and secret part of the larger complex, and here the condemned were thrown and usually strangled. here there is a small altar, topped with a relief of st. peter baptizing his fellow prisoners. the upside - down cross on the red marble front lends the desolate place an extra - sinister air, but that ' s the cross of st. peter, who was crucified upside down. to the left of the altar is a column to which both peter and paul were tied and from there they converted their guards to christianity. a round opening in the floor next to the altar provides access to a spring which has surfaces in the floor since classical times : this is the one that peter is said to have miraculously created for baptism and which pilgrims have long believed to have healing properties. quick facts on the mamertine prison | names : | | carcere mamertino ; mamertine prison ; mamertine prison, rome ; san guiseppe dei falegnami ; san pietro in carcare | | cat : | | shrines ; churches ; catholic shrines | | dates : | | 7th / 6th c bce | | visitor and contact information | | address : | | foot of the capitoline hill, rome, italy | | coordinates : | | 41. 893192° n, 12. 484557°


| | 7th / 6th c bce | | visitor and contact information | | address : | | foot of the capitoline hill, rome, italy | | coordinates : | | 41. 893192° n, 12. 484557° e ( view on google maps ) | | opening hours : | | daily 9 - 12 : 30 and 2 - 5 | | cost : | | free ; donations requested at the entrance. | | lodging : | | view hotels near this location | map of the mamertine prison below is a location map and aerial view of the mamertine prison. using the buttons on the left ( or the wheel on your mouse ), you can zoom in for a closer look, or zoom out to get your bearings. to move around, click and drag the map with your mouse. - personal visit ( july 16, 2006 ). - matilda webb, the churches and catacombs of early christian rome : a comprehensive guide ( sussex academic press, 2001 ). - fodor ' s rome. | title : | | mamertine prison, rome | | link code : | | < a href = " http : / / www. sacred - destinations. com / italy / rome - mamertine - prison " > mamertine prison, rome < / a > |


fire alarm system fire alarm systems are a worthwhile investment in the protection of your home and family work is carried out in accordance with bs 5839 along with any recommendations made by the local fire officer, and we take into consideration both these factors when dealing with installation and testing of fire alarm as an example, one of the recommendations is that your fire alarm system should have a “ full ” annual test of all elements ( heat / smoke sensors, break glass ), followed by a quarterly functional test of a percentage of the elements. we can test and certify your fire alarm system to meet the above requirements. is an excellent way to stay away from the harness of the fire. now a day ’ s fire alarm has become a part and parcel of every building due to its ability to prevent causalities caused by fire. another reason of fire alarm ’ s popularity is its cost. you can have one just for $ 10. lets examine how this great security tool works. actually every fire alarm is composition of two main elements i. e. a smoke sensor and a siren. the smoke sensor has the ability to sense the smoke and trigger the siren to alert people. the sensor is connected with a 9 volt battery or with 120 volts house current. there are two main types of smoke detectors. there are photoelectric detectors and ionization detectors. photoelectric detectors works on a very simple rule. a light beam is thrown from one end and on the other end there is a light sensor. if there is some hurdle between the light beam and light sensor, it will trigger the alarm. there are two main disadvantages of this type of sensor. firstly such sensors are large in size. secondly, these sensors are not very sensitive. these sensors require a lot of thick smoke to switch on the alarm. the ionization detectors are mostly used in fire alarm systems because it is more inexpensive and more sensitive. there is a small ionization chamber in fire alarm which contains almost 1 / 5000th of a gram of americium - 241 which is a radioactive element. when there is a small amount of smoke near the fire alarm, the ionization chamber senses it due to radioactive process.


breathing is something we do without even thinking about it. but some people have a hard time breathing easily. they wheeze, cough, and just can ' t get enough air into their lungs. let ' s talk about asthma. normally when you breathe, oxygen - rich air enters your nose and mouth and travels to the airways in your lungs. but when you have an asthma attack, the muscles in your airways tighten. your airways swell up and get narrower. it ' s like pressing on a straw when you ' re trying to drink through it. the more you press, the less of your drink can squeeze up through the straw. in the same way, less air can squeeze through tight airways into your lungs. so, what causes asthma? people with asthma have different triggers. some people are sensitive to pet hair or dander. others find that dust, pollen, smoke, or chemicals make them wheeze. you may have trouble breathing when you ' re under stress or working out at the gym. often people with asthma have allergies that trigger their attacks. others have a parent or other relative who has allergies. you may ask, ow can you know for sure that you have asthma? during an asthma attack, you ' ll have trouble breathing. you may cough or wheeze as you try to draw air into your lungs. if you ' re having a severe attack, your lips and face may turn blue and you ' ll have a hard time getting any air. that ' s when it ' s time to call for emergency help. your doctor will listen to your lungs with a stethoscope, and may do other tests to check your blood and lung function. to find out what ' s triggering your asthma, you may need to be tested for allergies to mold, pollen, pet dander, or other substances. to measure the strength of air flowing out of your lungs, you ' ll blow into a device called a peak flow meter. you can also use a peak flow meter to make sure you ' re keeping your asthma under control. different medicines are used to prevent and treat asthma. control drugs help you avoid asthma attacks, but you need to take them every day for them to work. you breathe in control drugs like flovent, singulair, and pulmicort through an inhaler. if you ' re having an asthma attack, you can take a quick - relief drug to control your wheezing. examples of quick - relief drugs include short - acting inhaled drugs


a working paper by major l. clark, iii and radwan n. saade office of advocacy u. s. small business administration release date : september 2010 the statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations found in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the office of advocacy, the united states small business administration, or the united states government. the role of small business in economic development of the united states : from the end of the korean war ( 1953 ) to the present major l. clark, iii and radwan n. saade a government can use its financial strength to acquire goods and services, while at the same time watering many sources to improve the health, welfare, and security of its population. economic development has been evasive to a significant section of the u. s. and federal programs have attempted to remedy the disparity ( ies ). we contend that small business is an engine of economic growth and job creation ; and that not tapping it delays rather promotes growth. while providing a brief history of federal economic development programs, we argue that small business was not given a chance to act as multiplier, and that if the u. s. is to continue to grow, small businesses must be part of the mantle to lead it to the next level ; otherwise, the past is prologue. let us suggest at the outset that the past is prologue ( shakespeare, the tempest ). the united states ( u. s. ) federal government ’ s acquisition budget is larger than the entire budgets of some countries. the government uses this monetary strength to acquire the necessary goods and services to provide for the health, welfare and security of its people and allies around the world, and to promote and achieve other goals and objectives such as economic development. “ these government contracts, by means by which many of the community needs are satisfied cannot be equaled with ordinary contracts …. ” ( turpin, 1968 ). the goal of the present paper is to show a link between economic development and small business. the reasons are varied, but one can consider the contribution small business has had in the u. s. economy, both in terms of output and job creation. however, it has been argued that small businesses are not always at the forefront of some federal policy discussions on economic development ( chase, 1973 ). it is this assertion that we aim to either prove or disprove by looking at the significant legislative initiatives since the end of the korean war and the procurement tools that ensued. to that end


federal policy discussions on economic development ( chase, 1973 ). it is this assertion that we aim to either prove or disprove by looking at the significant legislative initiatives since the end of the korean war and the procurement tools that ensued. to that end, the paper is organized as follows. section 2 will define economic development. within this context, sections 3 - 4 will provide a brief history of economic development in the united states with a focus on several major legislative initiatives. finally, we will examine several procurement tools used by the federal government to promote job creation and economic development. the first procurement tool is the labor surplus area program. this program was a creation of the post korean war. we also look at additional procurement tools such as the 1977 local public works act, the hubzone act, and the stafford act, and conclude with a review of the current effort to create economic development stimulus through the american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009. we find that, overall, these tools and actions failed to incorporate comprehensively the unique and valuable perspective of this nation ’ s economic strength, the small business community. definition of economic development economic development is fundamentally about enhancing the factors of productive capacity - land, labor, capital, and technology - of a national, state or local economy. by using its resources and powers to reduce the risks and costs that could prohibit investment, the public sector often has been responsible for setting the stage for employment - generating investment by the private sector ( valley county economic development, 1998 ). the public sector generally seeks to increase incomes ; the number of jobs ; and the production of resources in regions, states, counties, cities, towns, and neighborhoods. i drabenstott ( 2006 ) defines economic development as involving both the restructuring and growth of an economy to enhance the economic well - being of people that live in a particular place. an increasing number of voices contend that economic development policies must pass the tests suggested by the following definitions : are the policies, programs, and practices generating a higher standard of living and more and better jobs? are programs becoming more accountable, cost - effective, and user - friendly? are they expanding opportunities for all americans? are they becoming more compatible with conserving our environmental assets and promoting a higher quality of life? ii by definition, economic development is the nucleus of a nation ’ s master plan for continued prosperity and existence. economic development must link the sources of production with the wellbeing of its people. if economic development is to occur, several conditions must be present. one report refers to these


the nucleus of a nation ’ s master plan for continued prosperity and existence. economic development must link the sources of production with the wellbeing of its people. if economic development is to occur, several conditions must be present. one report refers to these conditions as the five m ’ s which are materials, manpower, markets, management and money ( bruno 1980 ). as also shown by data from the office of advocacy ( advocacy ) at the united states ’ small business administration ( sba ), small businesses are the gate keeper of the five m ’ s. economic development must not only be in the present, but it must also be visionary for the nation and its regions. in the late 1990s, writings of professor michael porter and more recently karen mills and others support a belief that perhaps cluster economic development or regional industry clusters — geographic concentrations of interconnected firms and supporting organizations — represent a potent source of productivity at a moment of national vulnerability to global economic competition ( mills et al. 2008 ). in fact, drabenstott states that “ the world has changed but federal policy has not. most federal programs for economic development were written for the economy of the 20th century, not the 21st century. ” drabenstott further believes that “ federal policy has focused on small business for half a century, but entrepreneurship is a much bigger issue. ” iii contrary to drabenstott, these 20th century policies failed to acknowledge the role of small business. a brief history of economic development in the united states will provide a foundation for the belief that history has a strong tendency to repeat itself ; but if this nation is to continue its worldwide leadership role, it will have to deviate from history, and reoptimize its economic development policies to include small businesses. history of economic development in the united states the period prior to 1953 the first significant impact of federal government involvement in the day - to - day operation of the country ’ s economic system was during the civil war and lasting through world war i. it was, according to chase ( 1973 ), during this period that the first indications of significant growth of big business began to emerge that resulted in the sherman antitrust act of 1890 and the clayton act of 1914, both designed to control the evils of economic concentration associated with monopoly and oligopoly. even with these bold legislative initiatives, the national economic development objectives of the united states did not begin to take shape in earnest until the 1930s and 1940s. prior to the great depression the government had already established legislation for select elements of area economic development


) : originally the national planning board, established in 1933 and renamed in 1934, was designed to implement the public works planning and construction provision of the nira. ix besides examining the physical aspects of regional economic development, nrpb recommended the creation of coordinated interstate, state, and local planning boards and districts, which were conceived of as early predecessors for the area redevelopment act of 1961 ( ara ) and the public works and economic development act of 1965 ( pweda ). x iii. the tennessee valley authority ( tva ) : designed to meet president roosevelt ’ s vision of a national system of interlocking river - valley regional development projects. it is the most well - known and well - funded of more than forty state planning commissions established during the 1930s to help coordinate federal economic planning. the tva planning approach served as a precedent for other development commissions, such as the appalachian regional commission ( arc ). xi in 1942, the smaller war plants corporation ( swpc ) was established to determine how best small businesses could be used to assist in the production of parts for world war ii. the swpc was a pioneer agency because it was the first federal agency established to assist small firms. xii prior to the creation of swpc, congress received numerous complaints that small businesses were being denied the opportunity to participate in defense contracting and that these contracts were being given mostly to large businesses. xiii this form of discrimination gave rise to a fear in congress that unless small businesses were included in defense contracting, the united states might be weakened on the home front. xiv so profound was this problem, that a slogan was coined, “ if america will save the small businessmen, then small businessmen will save america. ” xv congress also recognized the severity of this crisis and in 1941 passed resolution 294 that not only authorized an investigation of the national defense program relative to small business but also began the process of creating a specific committee to focus on the problesmall business. xvi the work of swpc ended in 1946. it slowly became evident that small businesses were good enough to help in the defense of this nation but not good enough to enjoy the economic benefits of a peace time prosperity. it was not until another war crisis that a new temporary small business agency emerged. the small defense plants administration was created to help small firms participate in defense production during the korean war. xvii in the 1940s, legislation to aid depressed areas was largely driven by several administration officials and congressional representatives, including henry a. wallace, who, as secretary of commerce, negotiated congressional hearings on the issue of chronic


defense production during the korean war. xvii in the 1940s, legislation to aid depressed areas was largely driven by several administration officials and congressional representatives, including henry a. wallace, who, as secretary of commerce, negotiated congressional hearings on the issue of chronically distressed regions. xviii wallace focused on the south, arguing that the nation could not achieve full employment when an entire region was lagging ( wallace, 1945 ). xix also, wallace pointed out that in 1820, farm employment represented 72 percent of the economically active population in the united states. between 1940 and 1970 the farm population declined from 30. 5 million to 10. 3 million. xx one reason for this drastic decline was the loss of soldiers in war ; and for those who returned home, many did not want to return to a life of farming. wallace ’ s proposal was to develop a comprehensive federal strategy for depressed areas but it did not explicitly focus on small businesses. xxi in 1945, two legislative proposals on depressed areas reached congress. the first bill became the 1946 full employment act. this act was amended to assist underdeveloped areas. xxii this bill was linked to underdeveloped areas, and focused on shifting remedial action for rural problems from a people – to – jobs orientation ( worker mobility ) to jobs – to – people orientation ( employment establishment expansion ). in sum, it promised assistance to private economic initiatives. xxiii presumably this would include small businesses, but history does not provide a clear picture of whether that was the case. the intent of the second bill was to provide industrialization aid to underdeveloped areas. xxiv during this period two significant statistical collection and distribution agencies were established : the bureau of employment security and the area development division. these additions reflected the truman administration ’ s desire to narrow regional differentials by raising productivity and incomes in lagging regions by improving agricultural methods and land use, industrial expansion and diversification, and increased health and education levels. xxv to achieve these goals the council of economic advisers began to study ways to integrate programs in business, labor, agriculture, and all levels of government that would benefit each and contribute to the whole. xxvi president truman ' s ascension to the presidency upon president roosevelt ' s passing produced little change. he continued the new deal legacy and responded to the predictions of massive post - war unemployment by reaffirming the nation ' s commitment to full utilization of its material and human resources through the employment act of 1946. xxvii the period after 1953 after president truman, president eisenhower


and responded to the predictions of massive post - war unemployment by reaffirming the nation ' s commitment to full utilization of its material and human resources through the employment act of 1946. xxvii the period after 1953 after president truman, president eisenhower believed that economic problems stemmed from various causes. xxviii his deep concern over these issues surfaced in a strong appeal for legislation to aid chronically depressed areas, and opposition to bills that would establish policy for area assistance. in general, the eisenhower administration tended to favor technical assistance and loans to depressed areas. this lead to the passage of the small business act in 1953 and the initiation of the rural development program in 1955. xxix overall, the economic improvement programs of the eisenhower administration focused more on the efforts of state and local governments, as well as civic organizations, than in the past. xxx this led to a new area assistance program, designed to better assist communities that had experienced persistent and substantial unemployment. xxxi unemployment in some concentrated regions of the nation created a concern for congress. the senate subcommittee to investigate unemployment, of the committee on labor and public welfare, held hearings on the causes of chronic unemployment in march 1955. xxxii the flow of depressed area legislative proposals continued, but at the close of 1959, none had received full legislative and executive support. it was nearly six years later before congress would enact legislation creating the economic development administration. within this historical economic backdrop in the united states, eda was born in 1965. federal economic development programs a. economic development administration. xxxiii as appropriately suggested by glasmeier and farrigan ( 2006 ), president johnson planned to group together distressed counties and communities in economically viable development districts, focusing planning and assistance on the area as a whole as well as on individual counties and towns. the details of the proposal were laid out in pweda. the pweda would be a permanent program to provide grants for public works and development facilities, other financial assistance, and the planning and coordination needed to alleviate conditions of substantial and persistent unemployment and underemployment in economically depressed areas and regions. the bill contained provisions for : 1 ) the majority of funding for grants for construction of public works projects to attract industry ; 2 ) loans mainly for construction of industrial plants ; 3 ) the guarantee of working capital loans by the government and help paying interest on certain loans for private firms. the primary and secondary objectives of the eda were as follows : a - self - sustained economic development - eda was to provide stimulus for self sustained


the guarantee of working capital loans by the government and help paying interest on certain loans for private firms. the primary and secondary objectives of the eda were as follows : a - self - sustained economic development - eda was to provide stimulus for self sustained growth rather than effecting long - term income transfers to the unemployed. this followed the concept of the agency that it could correct the negative effects of market forces and that prosperity was a desirable political and economic goal. b - increased planning capacity - eda ’ s goal was to promote sound, long range economic planning at all levels of government necessary to aid in infrastructure development ; according to the act, this required the creation of regional commissions, development districts, a national advisory board, planning grants, and technical assistance, as well as community designed overall economic development plans. c - rural focus of aid - although not explicitly stated, the political perspective of urban ills presented in the act was that they were largely a spin - off of the deterioration of rural life and the resulting rural to urban migration. therefore, a major objective of the eda was to curtail rural emigration. a - maximization of national economic efficiency. b - the achievement of equity as compared to other regions through economic growth. c - relief of effects of cyclical economic distress. d - geographic dispersion of assistance limited to 15 % of eda expenditures per state. b. the small business administration notwithstanding a nearly 25 - year effort to get a central point of reference for economic development, the primary and secondary objectives of this historic eda accomplishment did not acknowledge small business. some would suggest that this new eda law did not want to infringe on the jurisdiction of the small business administration, but how can one think of maximizing national economic efficiency without a primary role for small businesses? xxxiv excluded from consideration in the 1965 eda act was the question of why small businesses are so vital to the well being of this nation ’ s economic fabric. during world wars i and ii and the korean war, the small business community rose to the fight. small businesses kept this nation at the doorstep of victory. “ if america will save the small businessmen, the small businessmen will save america. ” small business saved america and america responded by creating the small business act of 1953. the korean war ended in 1953, president eisenhower signed into law legislation that created the small business administration ( sba ) on july 30, 1953. xxxv these two very separate events in the archives of american history were very much connected to each other.


korean war ended in 1953, president eisenhower signed into law legislation that created the small business administration ( sba ) on july 30, 1953. xxxv these two very separate events in the archives of american history were very much connected to each other. sba became the first peacetime agency of government whose purpose is to provide assistance to all aspects of small business. xxxvi passed in 1953, the small business act established the sba with the mandate to " encourage " and " develop " small business growth, and to aid minorities and other disadvantaged people in securing loans and learning management techniques. " the essence of the american economic system of private enterprise is free competition, " the act reads, " only through full and free competition can free markets, free entry into business, and opportunities for the expression and growth of personal initiative and individual judgment be assured. the preservation and expansion of such competition is basic not only to economic well - being but to the security of this nation. " xxxvii congress adopted the small business act during the eisenhower administration, a time of economic expansion. millions of g. i. ' s returning from the army in 1945 and 1946 injected a renewed workforce into the economy, and factory jobs filled up quickly. factories were no longer producing for the war effort, and many of the returning g. i. ' s, either unable or unwilling to find work in large industrial firms, sought out their own business ventures. with the help of families and personal loans, businesses such as camera stores, food services, and car dealerships sprang up across the country. still, large firms had tremendous advantages over smaller start - ups, and congress created the sba to help even the playing field. xxxviii small businesses currently represent 98 percent of all businesses in the united states and they generate nearly 64 percent of all net new jobs in this country. xxxix moreover, small businesses are generally considered to be the first line of employment and thus the initial training grounds for this nation ’ s workforce. xl there are twenty - nine million small businesses in the united states. xli the sba estimates that just over half of all employees in the u. s. work for a small firm, and that small business employers provide approximately 44. 5 percent of payroll in the private sector. ninety - seven percent of all exporters are small business owners, comprising 29 percent of total exports. xlii the most powerful statistic, however, is that 60 to 80 percent of all new jobs come from small businesses. this number fluctuate