vomiting and diarrhea ; vision loss ; and numbness in hands and feet. arsenic also has been linked to cancer of the bladder, lungs, skin, kidney, nasal passages, liver and prostate. the above article was published in sciencedaily on september 1, 2011 http : / / www. sciencedaily. com / releases / 2011 / 08 / 110831205923. htm. however, it was part of the 242nd national meeting & exposition of the american chemical society ( acs ) report, a major scientific meeting with 7, 500 technical papers, being held in denver colorado the week of august 29, 2011. comments the above information shows that arsenic and other heavy metals are known to cause health problems and cysteine is effective for their removal or dealing with them. arsenic is present in some foods, water and air and which we are constantly exposed to. cysteine is an amino acid found in some foods, some dietary supplements and is also made by the body. cysteine is very beneficial to our body and this includes ( 1 ) assisting the body to detoxify heavy metals and chemicals, ( 2 ) protecting our cells from radical damage, and ( 3 ) assisting in the control of extra mucus in the lungs. also, cysteine is known to be vital for the prevention and / or treatment of asthma, acute respiratory distress syndrome, heart and liver disease, cataracts, hair loss, rheumatoid arthritis, viral infection, hiv / aids and heavy metal poisoning and exposure. the benefits of cysteine make it necessary to consume cysteine - rich foods. these cysteine - rich foods include garlic, onions, red pepper, poultry, egg yolks, yoghurt, oats, wheat germ, broccoli, and brussels sprouts. however, there are other foods that contain cysteine but not to appreciate levels to be effective and so are heavy metals in foods. while some could contain more heavy metals than others, others may contain both heavy metals and cysteine but this may be dependent on location. cysteine is also available on the market in raw form or as food supplement. if access to cysteine is unavailable for water treatment ; consuming foods rich in cysteine could be of enormous benefit to the body. this save lives as well as prolonging our longevity. note that different plants pick different amounts of arsenic from the soils and water. this means that different plants including some of our foods have


cysteine could be of enormous benefit to the body. this save lives as well as prolonging our longevity. note that different plants pick different amounts of arsenic from the soils and water. this means that different plants including some of our foods have the ability to accumulate arsenic and other heavy metals and could be used for cleaning up exercises in areas with high levels of heavy metals and chemicals including petroleum. this also means some of our plants could be explored for phytoremediation. phytoremediation however slow is renewable and could be coupled up with other techniques. i believe ghanaian researchers in the areas of food, water, medicine, environment and others could involve multidisciplinary research along these lines to provide simple but effective solutions to some of our local existing and emerging problems. in addition, awareness needs to be drawn to areas with high levels of heavy metals, chemicals, etc without good or effective water treatment to consider consuming cysteine - rich foods. ghana will be a better place if we actively read, research, investigate, share information, effectively draw awareness and implement our findings. i believe the government institutions, private companies, ngos, foundations, philanthropists, and others can be involved in providing funding to tertiary education and research institutes to equip them tailor solutions to some of ghana needs. in turn, proper disseminating and / or packaging of information or findings from these research will be necessary to attract more funding. in addition, avenues need to be available to nurture new ideas. ministry of science and technology, education and others needs to devise strategies to fund and support research as well as to nurture and safeguard new ideas in ghana. additionally, there is a need for bodies to look into the numerous findings and projects produced at the tertiary and research institutions and to select attractive ones with feasible economics for showcasing and for further investigations. i believe there are very effective solutions ’ sitting on the shelves of many tertiary institutions and in the minds of many ghanaians walking on the streets. i hope the above information open our eyes to understand and to solve our own problems. god bless ghana. alexander anim - mensah, phd dayton ohio email @ example. com


gauguin was first a sailor, then a successful stockbroker in paris. in 1874 he began to paint on weekends. by the age of 35, with the encouragement of camille pissarro, he devoted himself completely to his art, having given up his position and separated ( 1885 ) from his wife and five children. allying himself with the impressionists, he exhibited with them from 1879 to 1886. the next year he sailed for panama and martinique. in protest against the " disease " of civilization, he determined to live primitively, but illness forced him to return to france. the next years were spent in paris and brittany, with a brief but tragic stay with van gogh at arles. later life and art in 1888, gauguin and emile bernard proposed a synthetist theory of art, emphasizing the use of flat planes and bright, nonnaturalistic color in conjunction with symbolic or primitive subjects. the yellow christ ( albright - knox art gall., buffalo ) is characteristic of this period. in 1891, gauguin sold 30 canvases and with the proceeds went to tahiti. there he spent two years living poorly, painting some of his finest pictures, and writing noa noa ( tr. 1947 ), an autobiographical novel set in tahiti. in 1893 he returned to france, collected a legacy, and exhibited his work, rousing some interest but making very little money. disheartened and sick from syphilis, which had afflicted him for many years, he again set out for the south seas in 1895. there his last years were spent in poverty, despair, and physical suffering. in 1897 he attempted suicide and failed, living to paint for five more years. he died on hiva oa in the marquesas islands. gauguin ' s style and impact on modern art today gauguin is recognized as a highly influential founding father of modern art. he rejected the tradition of western naturalism, using nature as a starting point from which to abstract figures and profound sense of mystery. he revived the art of woodcutting with his free and daring knife work and his expressive, irregular shapes and strong contrasts. he produced some fine lithographs and a number of pottery pieces. there are major examples of gauguin ' s work in the united states, including the day of the god ( art inst., chicago ), ia orana maria ( 1891 ; metropolitan mus. ), by the sea ( 1892 ; national gall., washington,


help us engage underserved students in exploring and learning science, engineering, and math concepts through the tech challenge. underserved students are often underrepresented in math and science and are not given the opportunity to participate in after - school programs. the tech museum believes every young person should have an opportunity to explore hands - on design. the tech challenge, one of the tech museum ' s signature programs, is our way of " inspiring the innovator in everyone. " the tech challenge provides months of team learning in science, engineering, and math. the tech challenge meets california content standards and reinforces 21st century skills of creativity, problem solving, design, teamwork, leadership, presentation, risk - taking, perseverance, and learning from failure. we will reach out to and provide underserved youth the opportunity to participate in the tech challenge. this project will provide an opportunity for 10 teams of under - served students to participate in the tech challenge. these students will have access to a program that reinforces the scientific process, inspires creativity, and builds teamwork skills. " lots of the students here have the potential, they just haven ' t had the opportunity. however, by the end of the program, we can see that their self - confidence and sense of accomplishment have grown. " - rosemary baez, executive director, third street community center total funding received to date : $ 8, 780 remaining goal to be funded : $ 16, 220 total funding goal : $ 25, 000 this project has provided additional documentation in a pdf file ( projdoc. pdf ). director, corporate relations


| the person of christ - 22 - his atonement pre - figured in the old testament ot | chapter 22 - the atonement of christ in the old testament harold s. paisley the subject of atonement is of vital importance and is one of the great fundamentals of the faith once for all delivered to the saints. the concept of atonement as presented in the old testament is a covering of sins on the grounds of the death of the lord jesus yet to be accomplished at calvary. the old testament word the beautiful hebrew word translated? to make atonement? is? kaphar? and is found only once in its simple form. the instructions given by god to noah has this word in relation to the ark which was to be pitched within and without with pitch. mr. newberry gives the root word for pitch to mean? to cover or to make atonement? ( gen. 6 : 14 ). the word is used in other forms some one hundred times elsewhere in the old testament and is usually rendered? to make atonement.? the new testament replacement with these considerations we believe that atonement is not a new testament word at all, but is replaced by the grand word which conveys deeper truth, even the word propitiation ( i john 2 : 2 ). thus the truth of atonement is first of all an old testament doctrine. it must be pointed out however, in this century the two words atonement and propitiation are used as equivalents. the careful student will observe and appreciate that while words have changed their meaning by common usage there is no confusion in the language and thoughts of god. his word is ever the same. it is unchanging and every word of god is pure. the contrasts between the two words the basic meaning of atonement has the idea of the covering of sins or the hiding of them from sight for a time. the concept of propitiation is the giving to god full satisfaction for sin forever. on the day of atonement the blood was carried into the sanctuary but not placed upon the sinner ( lev. 16 : 15 ). in propitiation however, the precious blood of christ fully cleanseth the sinner from every trace of sin and guilt. the old testament atonement gave a brief period of rest to the sinner, at the longest one year, through the blood of the sacrifice.? those sacrifices could never make the comers thereunto perfect. for then would they not have


the old testament atonement gave a brief period of rest to the sinner, at the longest one year, through the blood of the sacrifice.? those sacrifices could never make the comers thereunto perfect. for then would they not have ceased to be offered? because that the worshippers once purged should have had no more conscience of sins? ( heb. 10 : 1 - 2 ). in propitiation the soul enters into eternal rest and a standing before god without a spot on the grounds of the one offering of the lord jesus christ upon the cross. the words? their sins and iniquities will i remember no more,? have the blessed thought of a once for all dealing by god with the question of our sins. he remembered the sins continually year by year in atonement, but now in propitiation they are remembered no more, because they have been, once for all, laid upon the victim at calvary ( heb. 10 : 11 - 15 ). on the day of atonement the high priest alone entered into the presence of god as a worshipper. the people were excluded and stood waiting without. they had no right of entrance into his presence. in reconciliation which is one of the great blessings flowing out to us as the result of propitiation, all has been changed. the believer is now constituted a priest and has received a fitness and a title to draw near to god, within the veil, as a worshipper to offer the sacrifice of praise. this right is not confined to any select number of the people of god but is the grand and holy privilege of the whole priesthood of all believers. the atonement of the old testament removed sin from man for a little while, but the man himself was unchanged in his nature. the propitiation however, transcends this and should cause us to stand amazed in his presence, who hath done all things well. the believing soul now appears clothed in all the beauty of the son of his love, changed by divine grace, indwelt by the holy spirit and given a perfect place of acceptance in christ before god. atonement as a foreshadowing of propitiation in the consideration of atonement in this light it appears evident that it was a foreshadowing of the crowning glory of propitiation. god in his forbearance covered sins that were past on the grounds of the coming sacrifice of his son, which sacrifice was witnessed in the continual blood - shedding


teen is on front lines of autism clinical trialshe lives in a world no one else can enter, unable to speak or interact with others. but 16 - year - old rebecca singer may be playing an important role in science. by : barbara williams, the record ( hackensack n. j. ) hackensack, n. j. — she lives in a world no one else can enter, unable to speak or interact with others. but 16 - year - old rebecca singer may be playing an important role in science. rebecca has become the first patient in a clinical trial testing a drug that researchers hope could pull her out of her reality and eventually lead to a groundbreaking autism treatment. in the study led by the mount sinai school of medicine and assisted by a research team from rutgers university, the tenafly, n. j., girl is taking a growth factor hormone that was shown to reverse in mice some of the deficits associated with autism. researchers aren ’ t expecting a cure but are hopeful for a " disease modifying " outcome, said dr. alex kolevzon, one of the physicians working on the study and the pediatrics clinical director at the seaver autism center at mount sinai. " we know that humans don ’ t always respond the way mice do, but there ’ s the potential for significant benefit, " kolevzon said. such words are remarkable to parents of children with autism. " i ’ m trying not to get my hopes up that this could be the miracle we ’ ve been waiting for, " rebecca ’ s father, jon singer said. " but there is the possibility that it could be and even if this hormone only helps in a small way, it ’ s a start. " autism rates are rising at a startling pace. one in 88 children nationwide now has the disorder. new jersey ’ s rates are even higher — one in every 49 children, including one in every 29 boys — according to a report released in march by the centers for disease and control and prevention. rebecca and two other children in the 7 - month blind study are being injected twice a day for three months with growth factor igf - 1 or a placebo, separated by a four - week resting period. the insulin - like hormone is typically used for children not growing appropriately for their age. in a trial last year, igf - 1 was shown to reverse nerve cell communication damage in mice. people with autism seem to have the same type of deficits. all the trial participants have a mutated or missing gene on chromosome 22


age. in a trial last year, igf - 1 was shown to reverse nerve cell communication damage in mice. people with autism seem to have the same type of deficits. all the trial participants have a mutated or missing gene on chromosome 22, which causes phelan - mcdermid syndrome, a rare genetic disease that causes severe disabilities and, often, autism. chromosome 22 is involved in processes crucial for learning and memory ; the loss of it can impede neuron communication. people with phelan, estimated at fewer than 700 worldwide, typically have profound intellectual disabilities, chewing and swallowing problems, no formal language, and autism. " rebecca seems to understand certain things and can use a fork and drink from a cup, something we didn ’ t think would ever happen, " singer said. " she turns the pages of a book when we ’ re reading to her but we ’ re not sure how much of it she understands. " though rebecca doesn ’ t speak, her family understands her rudimentary method of communicating, like when she stops what she is doing to sit on a kitchen chair — meaning she ’ s hungry. when she wants to go to her favorite place — anywhere outdoors — she stands in front of the door. her father, her mother, michey, and 12 - year - old brother, sam, can interpret the sounds she makes to know whether she ’ s agitated or happy. and anyone can see her face - wide grin when she ’ s in a pool or riding her bike. " she ’ s a real trouper — she ’ s been poked and prodded so much and she doesn ’ t really cry or give us a hard time, " her mother said. " i ’ m cautiously hopeful this trial will be groundbreaking and even if it doesn ’ t help rebecca, it will help someone else down the road. " now that rebecca is in the study, her loved ones are watching carefully for any improvements — better eye contact or more fluid movements — though no one knows whether she ’ s taking igf - 1 or the placebo. " sometimes i think she ’ s doing better with her fine motor skills but i have to remind myself how powerful suggestion can be, " her father said. " her teachers will tell us they believe she ’ s making longer eye contact, but we have to keep all this in perspective. even though everyone is trying to be objective, sometimes you see what you want to see. " ( editors : story can end here ) while others look for hopeful signs,


s making longer eye contact, but we have to keep all this in perspective. even though everyone is trying to be objective, sometimes you see what you want to see. " ( editors : story can end here ) while others look for hopeful signs, michey singer has her eyes trained on the conditions that indicate her daughter may be suffering from the growth factor ’ s side effects — low blood sugar, light - headedness or a more pronounced limp. " i test her blood sugar three times a day and watch if she ’ s limping, " michey singer said. " even without the trial, there ’ s constant worry with rebecca — she can ’ t tell me when something is wrong so i ’ m always listening and watching to see if something seems off. " two years ago. scientists discovered how to create autism - like conditions in mice, altering the chromosome to disrupt nerve cell communication. less than a year later, researchers gave the affected rodents igf - 1. by day six of the two - week treatment, they had reversed the damage. " igf - 1 promotes synaptic growth in nerve cells, " kolevzon said. " you can ’ t compare the time frame between mice and humans but if igf - 1 is successful, this may shed a broader light on autism. " ( editors : story can end here ) a psychology research team at rutgers university may be among the first to see any improvements in rebecca and others in the study. elizabeth torres, an assistant professor who leads the group, said they are creating three avatar - like images for each patient — before the study begins, half - way through the trial, and after it is over. comparing the images may allow researchers to discern slight changes in movement that may not be visible in the patient, researchers said. " we ’ re collecting motion patterns — 240 points of movement for each second, " torres said. " these movements are like fingerprints, unique to each person, and we can track their performance gains. " emerging research points to genetic mutations as a likely cause of autism spectrum disorder. specifically, different genetic mutations may cause the common symptoms associated with the disorder, such as problems with social interaction, language and behavior. the mount sinai work could trigger other studies on various gene mutations, experts say. in addition to having autism, people with phelan also have a wide range of symptoms including intellectual disabilities, sleep disorders and seizures. infants may have very low muscle tone, poor motor control and problems with eating and swallowing. jon singer works tirelessly for


| figure 2 - 3 : components of the terrestrial carbon pool ( compiled and amplified from apps and price, 1996 ). to fully account for carbon at a site, one must examine the forest, the crops, and the soils as a dynamic multi - component ecosystem, above - and below - ground, with changes in biomass and soil organic matter as key tracking mechanisms. the most easily measurable pool is the total standing aboveground biomass of woody vegetation elements. the aboveground biomass comprises all woody stems, branches, and leaves of living trees, creepers, climbers, and epiphytes, as well as herbaceous undergrowth. in some inventories, dead fallen trees and other coarse woody debris, as well as the litter layer, are included in biomass estimates ; in other inventories, these categories are considered as a separate dead organic matter pool. in practice, standing timber volumes per hectare are often taken as a proxy value, applying a locally tested conversion factor ( see section 2. 4 ). the below - ground biomass comprises living and dead roots, soil mesofauna, and the microbial community. there also is a large pool of organic carbon in various forms of soil humus ( soil organic carbon, soc ). other forms of soil carbon are charcoal from fires and consolidated carbon in the form of iron - humus pans or concretions. many soils also contain a subpool of inorganic carbon in the form of hard or soft calcium carbonate ( soil inorganic carbon, sic ). another major pool of carbon consists of forest products ( timber, pulp products, non - timber forest products such as fruits and latex ) and agricultural crops ( food, fiber, forage, biofuels ) taken off the site. section 2. 4 discusses their measurement and the monitoring of their routing and stability. the components of the terrestrial carbon pools are illustrated in figure 2 - 3. other reports in this collection


andre gunder frank, barry k. gills, eds. the world system : five hundred years or five thousand? london and new york : routledge, 1994. xxii + 320 pp. $ 65. 00 ( cloth ), isbn 978 - 0 - 415 - 07678 - 4. reviewed by jerry h. bentley ( university of hawaii ) published on h - world ( february, 1995 ) during the past two decades, world - system studies have deeply influenced scholarship in several disciplines. elaborated as an alternative to modernization analysis, the world - system approach originally seemed relevant particularly to the modern world. yet its main premise - - that individual lands and nations do not develop in isolation, but rather in the context of a larger system that shapes their political, economic, and social experiences - - might well have some application in premodern as well as modern times. indeed, in before european hegemony : the world system, a. d. 1250 - 1350 ( new york : oxford university press, 1989 ), janet l. abu - lughod argued that a world system quite different from the modern capitalist variety influenced political, economic, and social development throughout much of the eastern hemisphere during the age of the mongol empires. andre gunder frank and barry k. gills accept abu - lughod ' s argument, but they hold further that the notion of a world system is applicable much earlier than the mongol era. indeed, frank and gills argue that the world has generated only one world system, that it originated about 3000 b. c. e. with interaction between mesopotamian and egyptian societies, and that it has expanded in size and scale ever since. thus immanuel wallerstein ' s modern capitalist world system - - now about 500 years old - - represents only the latest phase of a world system that reaches back some five millennia. the volume under review brings together eleven essays - - seven of them reprinted, the other four published here for the first time - - that grapple with the notion of premodern world systems. writing individually or jointly, frank and gills contribute six of the eleven essays. k. ekholm and j. friedman contribute an article, originally published in 1982, on imperialism and exploitation in ancient world systems. david wilkinson offers fresh thoughts on the categories of civilization, core, world economy, and oikumene. samir amin reprints an article of 1991 distinguishing between ancient and modern world systems. janet l. abu - lughod provides an essay, previously circulated in manuscript, that recap


civilization, core, world economy, and oikumene. samir amin reprints an article of 1991 distinguishing between ancient and modern world systems. janet l. abu - lughod provides an essay, previously circulated in manuscript, that recapitulates her understanding of the world system of the mongol era. and immanuel wallerstein contributes a brief essay, originally published in 1991, restating his contention that the modern capitalist world system represents a historical phenomenon qualitatively different from anything that preceeded it. in the nature of things, the views of frank and gills set the agenda for this volume, and they warrant particularly close attention. frank and gills argue that the hallmarks that wallerstein attributes to the modern capitalist world system - - most importantly the process of capital accumulation, the establishment of core - periphery relationships, the operation of cycles of expansion and contraction, and the existence of hegemony and rivalry relationships - - all apply equally well to premodern as to modern times. this contention leads them to deny the usefulness of the long - revered categories of feudalism, capitalism, and socialism, as well as the almost equally long - honored effort to chart transitions from one to another. since they believe that these artificial constructs obscure more than they clarify, frank and gills suggest that historical scholarship should abandon them altogether and focus instead on " center - periphery structures, hegemony / rivalry within them, the process of capital accumulation, cycles in all of these, and the world system in which they operate " ( p. xv ). this complex of themes they trace back some 5, 000 years to the beginning of regular interaction between ancient mesopotamian and egyptian societies. a thesis as large and novel as the one that frank and gills advance calls for detailed substantiation. unfortunately, in this volume, frank and gills do not attempt to sketch even briefly the structure of their world system. their work thus differs considerably from that of world - system analysts like wallerstein and abu - lughod, who described in some detail the economic and political relationships that served as foundations for the world systems they envisioned. the work of frank and gills differs also from that of economic historians like philip d. curtin, k. n. chaudhuri, and s. d. goitein, all of whom reconstructed trade networks that helped to integrate large - scale economic zones in premodern times. frank and gills deal with real historical experiences - - as opposed to analytical recommendations, methodological suggestions, or theoretical reflections - -


goitein, all of whom reconstructed trade networks that helped to integrate large - scale economic zones in premodern times. frank and gills deal with real historical experiences - - as opposed to analytical recommendations, methodological suggestions, or theoretical reflections - - in only a single, jointly written essay that charts eight long cycles that they believe drove the economic and political history of the eastern hemisphere between 1700 b. c. e. and 1700 c. e. their identification of cycles, however, is largely unpersuasive. they rarely introduce economic data when discussing their eight cycles, but rather depend almost exclusively on the rise and decline of imperial states as an index to cyclical expansion and contraction. indeed, the criteria for identifying cycles are so loose and uncontrolled that it would be possible to make a case for either cyclical expansion or cyclical contraction for several of the eight cyclical periods proposed here. furthermore, frank and gills rely on scholarship that is long out of date ( works by e. h. warmington, frederick teggart, v. gordon childe, and others ) or even downright unreliable ( luc kwanten ' s study of nomadic empires ) when seeking to ground their cycles in historical experience. as a result of these problems, the notion of eight system - wide cycles remains an interesting hypothesis, but one that will require thorough investigation and solid documentation before scholars can accept the cycles with any degree of confidence. quite apart from these cycles, of course, other features of the proposed 5, 000 - year world system that do not receive any detailed attention here at all - - institutions, trade flows, economic and political relationships, and the like - - also call for documentation that this volume does not provide. another general problem with the thesis of frank and gills has to do with the term " system. " the authors never offer a precise definition of the term, but they associate it most closely with inter - societal transfers of surplus production : " if different ` societies, ' empires, and civilizations, as well as other ` peoples, ' regularly exchanged surplus, then they also participated in the same world system. that is, ` society ' a here could and would not be the same as it was in the absence of its contact with b there, and vice versa " ( p. 93 ). the world system of frank and gills is thus a much looser affair than that of wallerstein, which always exhibits an axial division of labor that distinguishes the core, periphery, and semi - periphery from each other. it differs also from


93 ). the world system of frank and gills is thus a much looser affair than that of wallerstein, which always exhibits an axial division of labor that distinguishes the core, periphery, and semi - periphery from each other. it differs also from abu - lughod ' s world system, which featured multiple cores, but which stood on the foundations of the mongol empires and long - established trade routes linking an archipelago of cities from china and southeast asia to western europe and north africa. many historians would agree that cross - cultural interaction was a prominent feature of the premodern world. some would agree further that premodern trade in luxury goods had much larger significance than wallerstein would allow. even at that, however, the term " system " may seem rather strong for the relationships that frank and gills have in mind. in any case, their usage certainly dilutes the term : it is clear that the world system of frank and gills was a creature very different indeed from those described by wallerstein and abu - lughod. even if the term be allowed for the past 5, 000 years, it demands more careful thought and more thorough elaboration than it has so far received. a third general problem with the world system of frank and gills is that it does not deal very well with change over time. most scholars would recognize the expansion of european influence in the larger world and the process of industrialization as major turning points in world history, and most would consider processes of cross - cultural interaction in modern times qualitatively different from those of premodern times. apart from their cycles of expansion and contraction, however, frank and gills have little if any apparatus to explain european prominence and industrialization. frank and gills have sought diligently to avoid eurocentric conceptions of the past - - including the residual eurocentrism that many historians find in wallerstein ' s vision of the modern capitalist world system - - and it certainly makes excellent sense to take a problem - centered rather than a eurocentric perspective on cross - cultural interactions. yet a vision of world - system history that ignores european prominence in modern times and the process of industrialization - - a vision that jettisons the notions of feudalism, capitalism, and socialism and offers nothing in their place to help conceive, analyze, or explain large - scale historical change - - is inadequate. in spite of these general problems - - as well as a number of smaller difficulties with their argument - - frank and gills have provided a valuable service by initiating a debate


##ceive, analyze, or explain large - scale historical change - - is inadequate. in spite of these general problems - - as well as a number of smaller difficulties with their argument - - frank and gills have provided a valuable service by initiating a debate about cross - cultural interactions before modern times and before the mongol era. my own opinion is that the notion of a single, 5, 000 - year world system is not persuasive. yet there remain many dimensions of cross - cultural interaction in premodern times - - including long - distance trade, imperial expansion, mass migrations, biological and ecological exchanges, and the spread of cultural and religious traditions - - that historians have only recently begun to examine seriously. even if it is excessive, the bold thesis of frank and gills may stimulate additional useful research on cross - cultural interactions and their effects in premodern times. if there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the list discussion logs at : http : / / h - net. msu. edu / cgi - bin / logbrowse. pl. jerry h. bentley. review of frank, andre gunder ; gills, barry k., eds., the world system : five hundred years or five thousand?. h - world, h - net reviews. copyright © 1995 by h - net, all rights reserved. h - net permits the redistribution and reprinting of this work for nonprofit, educational purposes, with full and accurate attribution to the author, web location, date of publication, originating list, and h - net : humanities & social sciences online. for any other proposed use, contact the reviews editorial staff at firstname. lastname @ example. org.


80 - 85 % of haitians are of african descent, and the remaining 20 - 15 % of the population are mostly of mixed - race background. a small percentage of the non - black population consists primarily of white haitians ; mostly of western european ( french, german, polish, portuguese and spanish ), and arab, armenian, or jewish origin. haitians of east asian descent or east indian origin number approximately 400. one of haiti ' s two official languages is french, which is the principal written and administratively authorised language. it is spoken by all educated haitians, is spoken in schools, and is used in the business sector. it is also used in ceremonious events such as weddings, graduations and church masses. the second is the recently standardised haitian creole, which is spoken by virtually the entire population of haiti. haitian creole is one of the french - based creole languages, it is strongly related to french and spanish, with influence from west african languages, taino and almost every european language. haitian creole is closely related to louisiana creole and all the other french creoles. for many years roman catholicism was the official religion of haiti. its official status was repealed with the enactment of the 1987 constitution ; however, neither the government nor the vatican has renounced the 1860 concordat that serves as a basis for relations between the two. in many ways roman catholicism retains a position of honour, but haitians are guaranteed the freedom to practice all religions by the constitution. according to 1998 estimates, roman catholics represent about 80 % of the population. most of the remainder belong to various protestant denominations, the largest being the baptist ( 10 % ) and pentecostal ( 4 % ) churches. other significant denominations include methodists, episcopalians, jehovah ' s witnesses, mormons, adventists, and orthodox. other religious groups include jews, muslims, rastafarians, and baha ' is. voodoo, a traditional religion partially derived from west african beliefs, is still widely practised, often in tandem with christianity. voodoo became an officially recognised church in 2001 with the establishment of the eglise voudou d ' ayiti ( the voodoo church of haiti ) and has had a growing attendance since then.


related media : understanding heart failure congestive heart failure ( chf ) is a condition that is usually the result of other underlying conditions. it is important to diagnose the underlying cause, so that the proper treatment can be given. copyright © nucleus medical media, inc. there are not always noticeable symptoms for chf as it develops. when symptoms do occur, they may include : - shortness of breath, especially with activity, or when lying down - swelling of feet and ankles - fatigue and weakness - persistent cough or wheezing cough that may be accompanied by white or blood - tinged phlegm - rapid weight gain - irregular or rapid heartbeat - change in urine production ( increase or decrease, need to urinate at night ) - loss of appetite - decreased alertness american heart association website. available at : harrison ’ s principles of internal medicine. 14th ed. mcgraw - hill ; 2001. heart failure online website. available at : mayo clinic heart center website. vasan rs, benjamin ej, levy d. prevalence, clinical features and prognosis of diastolic heart failure ; an epidemiologic perspective. j am coll cardiol. last reviewed september 2012 by michael j. fucci, do please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you may have a medical emergency. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. copyright © ebsco publishing. all rights reserved.


insulin c - peptide is a blood test that measures the amount of c - peptide, a byproduct created when the hormone insulin is produced. how the test is performed blood is typically drawn from a vein, usually on the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. the site is cleaned with germ - killing medicine ( antiseptic ). the health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood. next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. the blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. the elastic band is removed from your arm. once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding. in infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to puncture the skin and make it bleed. the blood collects into a small glass tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. a bandage may be placed over the area if there is any bleeding. review date : 04 / 19 / 2010 reviewed by : ari s. eckman, md, division of endocrinology and metabolism, johns hopkins school of medicine, baltimore, md. review provided by verimed healthcare network. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc.


blood gases is a measurement of how much oxygen and carbon dioxide is in your blood. it also determines the acidity ( ph ) of your blood. arterial blood gas analysis ; abg how the test is performed usually, blood is taken from an artery. the blood may be collected from the radial artery in the wrist, the femoral artery in the groin, or the brachial artery in the arm. the health care provider may test circulation to the hand before taking a sample of blood from the wrist area. the health care provider will insert a small needle through the skin into the artery. you can choose to have numbing medicine ( anesthesia ) applied to the site before the test begins. in some cases, blood from a vein may be used. after the blood is taken, pressure is applied to the site for a few minutes to stop the bleeding. the health care provider will watch the site for signs of bleeding or circulation problems. the sample must be quickly sent to a laboratory for analysis to ensure accurate results. how to prepare for the test there is no special preparation. if you are on oxygen therapy, the oxygen concentration must remain constant for 20 minutes before the test. how the test will feel you may feel brief cramping or throbbing at the puncture site. why the test is performed the test is used to evaluate respiratory diseases and conditions that affect the lungs. it helps determine the effectiveness of oxygen therapy. the test also provides information about the body ' s acid / base balance, which can reveal important clues about lung and kidney function and the body ' s general metabolic state. acidosis diabetic ketoacidosis lactic acidosis metabolic acidosis respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis review date : 08 / 13 / 2010 reviewed by : david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc.


( source : stanford university, news release, nov. 11, 2012 ) wednesday, nov. 14 ( healthday news ) - - scientists say they have created a touch - sensitive plastic " skin " that can heal itself when torn or cut. the synthetic skin includes a plastic polymer with molecules that can reorganize themselves and restore the structure of the material after it is damaged. tiny particles of nickel were added to the polymer in order to increase its mechanical strength and its ability to conduct electricity. the stanford university team tested the healing ability of the synthetic skin by cutting a piece of it in half with a scalpel. they then gently pressed the pieces together for a few seconds and found that the material quickly regained 75 percent of its original strength and conductivity. within about a half - hour, the material was nearly 100 percent restored. even after being cut and repaired in the same place 50 times, the sample retained its original bending and stretching capabilities. " before our work, it was very hard to imagine that this kind of flexible, conductive material could also be self - healing, " chao wang, a co - first author of the research, said in a university news release. twisting or putting pressure on the synthetic skin changes the distance between the nickel particles and, in turn, the ease with which electrons can move between the particles. these changes in electrical resistance can be translated into information about pressure and tension on the skin. the material is sensitive enough to detect the pressure of a handshake, and may be ideal for use in artificial limbs, the researchers said. they also suggested that coating electrical devices and wires in this material could give them the ability to repair themselves and restore the flow of electricity without costly and difficult repair work, particularly in hard - to - reach locations such as inside walls or inside vehicles. the study was published nov. 11 in the journal nature nanotechnology. columbia university ' s go ask alice explains how skin heals after being injured. copyright © 2013 scoutnews, llc. all rights reserved. healthdaynews articles are derived from various sources and do not reflect federal policy. healthfinder. gov does not endorse opinions, products, or services that may appear in news stories. for more information on health topics in the news, visit health news on healthfinder. gov.


getting one ’ s temperature taken used to be a painful experience. over the years, thermometers have gotten progressively better and better and have become more child - friendly. according to forbes, there may be a new method for taking temperatures on the horizon that will trump them all. the human body, when in a state of wellness, has an average temperature of 98. 6 degrees. the variety of ways for a mother, and sometimes a doctor, measures a person temperature include : feeling one ’ s face and forehead, kissing of the forehead, the traditional mercury thermometer, a strip placed on the forehead, an electronic thermometer rolled over the forehead and face, and an ear thermometer that measures body temperature. here comes another : your smartphone. soon, the days of having to hold a thermometer under your tongue, under your armpit or shoved up your, err, southernmost point of entry, will be gone. replacing those old traditions will be an app for your smartphone. the fraden corporation has been granted the patent on an app that will allow one to take the temperature of a sick person, without physical contact. the process is quick, and eliminates the frustration many parents experience trying to get a sick child to be still long enough to take their temperature. this new measurement tool will entail measuring the infrared emitted from the human body. much like the principles of the ear thermometer, the smartphone will be able to take a picture that will measure the amount of infrared light given off by the body, and relate it into an accurate measuring of the body ’ s temperature. the new technology used today allows the sensor to be placed next to the camera lens located in the rear of most smartphones. the smartphone will be placed approximately an inch away from the patient ’ s temple, and when the signal is attained, the app will instantly register the temperature. results are very accurate, and by eliminating the need to touch the ill individual, can limit risks of disease transfer. the new mobile health agent is equipped to perform a host of other health - related tasks as well – all equally convenient. edited by braden becker


hiam health is a non government organisation ( ngo ) based in dili east timor ( timor leste ) working to create a future for this struggling nation in the way of education, rehabilitation and prevention of malnutrition. our latest initiatives november 2011 : read about our current projects including our new horticultural education program and our new malnutrition education program for influential village timor - leste ( tl ) facts - timor - leste is approximately 60 minutes from darwin, australia by plane. - it has a population of around 1 million. - over 50 percent of children under five are malnourished. ( ministry of health ( moh ) statistics may 2008 ). - approximately 100, 000 children under five are malnourished and hungry. life expectancy for women is as low as 54 years of age in some districts. - tl census infant mortality rate ( imr ) is as high as 111 per 1000 births in some districts. - tl census 2004 in 2000, world leaders devised eight goals to improve the health and welfare of men, woman and children living in developing nations. one child dies every six seconds from hunger and every day, around 30, 000 children die mostly from preventable causes. under nutrition is responsible for more than half the approximately 10 million deaths that occur in children under five in developing nations. nearly 150 million children under the age of five in developing nations are under weight for their age. two thirds of these children are in asia. eradicating hunger, part of the millennium development goals ( mdg ) no. 1, is the key to development. while people are hungry, all other development activities are thwarted. the hungry can concentrate on little other than their next meal. hungry mothers give birth to hungry children, who, if they live long enough, grow into hungry adults. world food program report 2009 malnutrition means ' badly nourished ', but is more than a measure of what we eat or fail to eat. malnutrition is characterised by inadequate intake of protein, energy and micronutrients and by frequent infections and diseases. starved of the right nutrition, people will die from common infections like measles or diarrhoea. malnutrition is measured not by how much food is eaten but by physical measurements of the body - weight to height - and age. although the proportion of hungry people in the world has declined over the past few years, the actual number of undernourished people has been rising for the past decade – mainly due to


physical measurements of the body - weight to height - and age. although the proportion of hungry people in the world has declined over the past few years, the actual number of undernourished people has been rising for the past decade – mainly due to population growth and demand from the developing world. world food program report 2009 malnourished children are more frequently sick. malnourished children suffer life long term consequences of impaired development. nutrition is the foundation for health and development. better nutrition means stronger immune system, less illness and better health for people of all ages. the first two years of life are the “ window of opportunity ” to prevent early childhood undernutrition that causes largely irreversible damage. world food program focuses on the earliest phase of life, i. e. from conception ( - 9 months ) to 24 months of age, providing essential nutrients including vitamins and minerals. the millennium development goals - world food program - eradicate extreme poverty and hunger - achieve universal primary education - promote gender equality and empower women - reduce child mortality - improve maternal health - combat hiv / aids, malaria and other diseases - ensure environmental sustainability - develop a global partnership for development the health of children under five in timor leste has deteriorated since these goals were introduced. hiam health has developed programs to change this fact. for information on the world food insecurity food & agriculture organisation for information on micro nutrients click


excavations at historic borestone site at bannockburn 7 december 2011 archaeologists are continuing preliminary investigations at the site of the new visitor centre for the battle of bannockburn. following earlier excavations in october, the team are digging for the position of the borestone where robert the bruce raised his banner before the battle of bannockburn in 1314 where the rotunda now stands. the rotunda, built in 1964 to mark the 650th anniversary of the battle, is badly in need of repair and structural engineers are assessing the work required. as part of the project a full conservation plan was completed for the rotunda by the conservation architect andrew wright. cabinet secretary for culture and external affairs fiona hyslop said : “ the work to create a new visitor centre at the site of the battle of bannockburn is continuing well with this second round of archaeology ensuring that nothing of importance is lost during the building work. “ we may still be some way off the opening in time for the 700th anniversary in 2014 but it is vital that we push ahead with this work to preserve any remaining archaeology and use these findings to add to our understanding and reflect it in the state of the art interpretation that will make this centre a world - class attraction. “ the new centre will just be the latest commemoration of this incredible site and this particular series of excavations is hugely interesting because it is looking at the legacy of the site as a memorial and the way that people have memorialised and interacted with it throughout the centuries. ” the new centre has been designed by award - winning architects reiach and hall as part of the project to enhance the presentation of the battle and its significance to our history in time for the 700th anniversary of the battle in 2014. in addition to the rotunda, the site is also the focus for other memorials to the battle : the famous pilkington - jackson statue of bruce, a cairn built in 1957, and the flagpole erected in 1870. derek alexander, head of archaeological services for the national trust for scotland, said : “ the first memorial to the battle was in fact the borestone itself : a flat stone with a circular hole 4 inches in diameter and 4 inches deep. tradition has it that the borestone was the socket in which robert bruce, king of scots, raised his standard prior to the battle and marks the site of the scots camp. the site has been visited by tourists since the 18th century, including robert burns, and an engraving of 1826 shows it beside the road in an open rural landscape. “ we are hoping


standard prior to the battle and marks the site of the scots camp. the site has been visited by tourists since the 18th century, including robert burns, and an engraving of 1826 shows it beside the road in an open rural landscape. “ we are hoping that in addition to the position of the borestone we may find objects dropped or even deliberately placed and left by visitors to the site over the last couple of hundred years – it certainly worth investigating. ” over the years numerous visitors chipped off parts of the borestone, to take home as souvenirs, and by the middle of the 19th century the fragments had to be protected by an iron grille set into a low stone wall and the site was staffed by a custodian. during the building of the rotunda in the 1960s the precise location of the original borestone was cleared and re - surfaced and the last two fragments transferred into the new visitor centre for safe - keeping. the current archaeological investigations are looking for the site of the original borestone itself, which may be marked by a bed of mortar. another trench will also be excavated over one end of the 19th century custodian ’ s hut. in both trenches it is hoped there may be artefacts dropped by visitors to the site over the last 300 years. the proposal for the new visitor centre was announced in 2009 with £5m funding from the scottish government. an application for £3. 8m has received a stage one pass from the heritage lottery fund with a final decision hoped for early in 2012. 2014 will be a huge year for events in scotland – as well as the 700th anniversary of the battle of bannockburn, scotland will also play host to the commonwealth games and the ryder cup. notes for editors : - the battle of bannockburn project is a joint venture by the national trust for scotland and historic scotland, on behalf of the scottish government, to provide a new visitor centre and experience for one of the most significant battles in scotland ’ s history for the 700th anniversary in the 2014. | | | architectural team – reiach and hall with sinclair knight merz ( engineer ), turner and townsend ( qs ) and kj tait ( m & e engineers ) | | | interpretation consultant – brightwhite | | | landscape architects – ian white associates | | | digital design - centre for digital documentation and visualisation ( cddv ) - historic scotland is an executive agency of the scottish government charged with safeguarding the nation ’ s historic environment. the agency is fully accountable to scottish ministers and through them


operation downfall was the name given to the planned invasion of japan. operation downfall itself was divided into two parts - operation olympic and operation coronet. by mid - 1945, it was apparent that the collapse of japan was near and the allies had to plan for the invasion of the japanese mainland - something that they knew would be very costly in terms of lives lost. american military commanders were given the task of planning for the invasion - douglas macarthur, chester nimitz, ernest king, william leahy, hap arnold and george marshall. inter - service rivalry did occur as both army and navy wanted one of ' their men ' to be supreme commander of planning. eventually the navy accepted that macarthur was to have total control if the invasion was to take place. the planning proceeded without taking the atomic bomb into consideration as so few knew about its existence. the americans faced one very serious problem. they knew for sure that the japanese would defend their territory with zeal and that american casualties would be high - probably too high for the american public to accept. the fanaticism that had been shown by the kamikazes, would almost certainly be encountered in japan and the americans had to plan for this. there was plenty of evidence to indicate that any invasion of the japanese mainland would be very bloody for all concerned. the complexity of such an attack also led to both sides of the us military developing different ideas as to what the best plan should be. the navy believed that a blockade supported by an air campaign would suffice. they wanted to use air bases in china and korea to launch bombing raids against key cities in japan. the army believed that such a campaign would take too long and that the morale of the american public might suffer as a result. they supported the use of an invasion that would go to the heart of japan – tokyo. the army got its way. it quickly became apparent that any invasion of japan would present huge difficulties. there were very few beaches that could be used as a landing place and the japanese knew this. both sides knew that only the beaches in kyushu and the beaches at kanto, near tokyo, could support a huge amphibious landing. the japanese took the appropriate measures in both areas. the americans had planned to land in kyushu first and use it as a base for planes to attack other targets in japan. these planes would then be used to give support to the landings at kanto. as there were so few places to land a massive force of amphibious troops, the japanese guessed as early as 1944 where such landings would take place.


other targets in japan. these planes would then be used to give support to the landings at kanto. as there were so few places to land a massive force of amphibious troops, the japanese guessed as early as 1944 where such landings would take place. the actual invasion of kyushu was known to be fraught with dangers. therefore, there were those in the american military who advocated the use of chemical weapons on the japanese defenders. the use of poisonous gas had been outlawed by the geneva convention, but neither america nor japan had signed this. as japan had used poisonous gas in their attack on china, there were some in the us military who felt it was perfectly justified to use it on the japanese. the japanese did fear a gas attack and records do show that senior military figures in japan wanted to ensure that if there was a gas attack, that the response of the japanese would be such that it would not make any attack worse. american intelligence had known for a while that japan was in no fit state to respond to a gas attack with a gas attack. the main concern for the americans was the potential for huge casualty rates. nearly every senior officer involved in the planning did his own research regarding american casualties – this was based on the experience america had fighting the japanese since pearl harbour. the joint chiefs of staff estimated that olympic alone would cost 456, 000 men, including 109, 000 killed. including coronet, it was estimated that america would experience 1. 2 million casualties, with 267, 000 deaths. staff working for chester nimitz, calculated that the first 30 days of olympic alone would cost 49, 000 men. macarthur ’ s staff concluded that america would suffer 125, 000 casualties after 120 days, a figure that was later reduced to 105, 000 casualties after his staff subtracted the men who when wounded could return to battle. general marshall, in conference with president truman, estimated 31, 000 in 30 days after landing in kyushu. admiral leahy estimated that the invasion would cost 268, 000 casualties. personnel at the navy department estimated that the total losses to america would be between 1. 7 and 4 million with 400, 000 to 800, 000 deaths. the same department estimated that there would be up to 10 million japanese casualties. the ‘ los angeles times ’ estimated that america would suffer up to 1 million casualties. regardless of which figures were used, it was an accepted fact that america would lose a very large number of men. this was one of the reasons why president truman authorised the use of the atomic bomb in an effort to get japan


an excerpt from www. houseofnames. com archives copyright © 2000 - 2013 where did the english porche family come from? what is the english porche family crest and coat of arms? when did the porche family first arrive in the united states? where did the various branches of the family go? what is the porche family history? porche is a name of ancient norman origin. it arrived in england with the norman conquest of 1066. the porche family lived in norfolk. thae name could also be an occupational name. occupational names that were derived from the common trades of the medieval era transcended european cultural and linguistic boundaries. in this case, the term porcker was someone who tended pigs. endless spelling variations are a prevailing characteristic of norman surnames. old and middle english lacked any definite spelling rules, and the introduction of norman french added an unfamiliar ingredient to the english linguistic stew. french and latin, the languages of the court, also influenced spellings. finally, medieval scribes generally spelled words according to how they sounded, so one person was often referred to by different spellings in different documents. the name has been spelled porcher, porchers and others. first found in norfolk where they held a family seat from very early times and were granted lands by duke william of normandy, their liege lord, for their distinguished assistance at the battle of hastings in 1066 a. d. this web page shows only a small excerpt of our porche research. another 237 words ( 17 lines of text ) covering the years 1185 and 1273 are included under the topic early porche history in all our pdf extended history products. more information is included under the topic early porche notables in all our pdf extended history products. to escape the political and religious persecution within england at the time, many english families left for the various british colonies abroad. the voyage was extremely difficult, though, and the cramped, dank ships caused many to arrive in the new world diseased and starving. but for those who made it, the trip was most often worth it. many of the families who arrived went on to make valuable contributions to the emerging nations of canada and the united states. an inquiry into the early roots of north american families reveals a number of immigrants bearing the name porche or a variant listed above : porche settlers in the united states in the 18th century porche settlers in the united states in the 19th century porche settlers in the united states in the 20th century the motto was originally a war cry or slogan


for release : 09 : 00 am ( edt ) august 31, 2011 donna weaver / ray villard space telescope science institute, baltimore, md. 410 - 338 - 4493 / 410 - 338 - 4514 firstname. lastname @ example. org / email @ example. com rice university, houston, texas rice university, houston, texas hubble movies provide unprecedented view of supersonic jets from young stars new movies created from years of still images collected by nasa ’ s hubble space telescope provide new details about the stellar birthing process, showing energetic jets of glowing gas ejected from young stars in unprecedented detail. the jets are a byproduct of gas accretion around newly forming stars and shoot off at supersonic speeds of about 100 miles per second in opposite directions through space. these phenomena are providing clues about the final stages of a star ’ s birth, offering a peek at how our sun came into existence 4. 5 billion years ago. hubble ’ s unique sharpness allows astronomers to see changes in the jets over just a few years ’ time. most astronomical processes change over timescales that are much longer than a human lifetime. a team of scientists led by astronomer patrick hartigan of rice university in houston, texas, collected enough high - resolution hubble images over a 14 - year period to stitch together time - lapse movies of the jets ejected from three young stars. never - before - seen details in the jets ’ structure include knots of gas brightening and dimming over time and collisions between fast - moving and slow - moving material, creating glowing arrowhead features. the twin jets are not ejected in a steady stream, like water flowing from a garden hose. instead, they are launched sporadically in clumps. the beaded - jet structure might be like a “ ticker tape, ” recording how material episodically fell onto the star. “ for the first time we can actually observe how these jets interact with their surroundings by watching these time - lapse movies, ” said hartigan. “ those interactions tell us how young stars influence the environments out of which they form. with movies like these, we can now compare observations of the jets with those produced by computer simulations and laboratory experiments to see what aspects of the interactions we understand and what parts we don ’ t understand. ” jets are an active, short - lived phase of star formation, lasting only about 100, 000 years. astronomers don ’ t know precisely what role jets play in the star - formation process or exactly how the star


parts we don ’ t understand. ” jets are an active, short - lived phase of star formation, lasting only about 100, 000 years. astronomers don ’ t know precisely what role jets play in the star - formation process or exactly how the star unleashes them. the jets appear to work in concert with magnetic fields. this helps bleed excess angular momentum from infalling material that is swirling rapidly. once the material slows down it feeds the growing protostar, allowing it to fully condense into a mature star. hartigan and his colleagues used the wide field planetary camera 2 to study the jets, called herbig - haro ( hh ) objects, named in honor of george herbig and guillermo haro, who studied the outflows in the 1950s. hubble followed hh 1, hh 2, hh 34, hh 46, and hh 47 over three epochs, 1994, 1998, and 2008. the team used computer software that wove together the observations to generate movies showing continuous motion. “ taken together, our results paint a picture of jets as remarkably diverse objects that undergo highly structured interactions both within the material in the outflow and between the jet and the surrounding gas, ” hartigan explained. “ this contrasts with the bulk of the existing simulations, many of which depict jets as smooth systems. ” hartigan ’ s team ’ s results appeared in the july 20, 2011 issue of the astrophysical journal. for images and more information about these results, visit :


emotions in sport is the first comprehensive treatment of how individual and team emotions affect athletic performance. edited by renowned olympic advisor, researcher, and teacher yuri hanin, the book provides you with a comprehensive understanding of emotional patterns such as anxiety, anger, and joy, as well as their impact on individual and team performance ; solid methods for determining the optimal emotional state of individual athletes ; innovative strategies for avoiding overtraining, burnout, and fatigue, while helping enhance performance ; an overview of injury management and the positive emotional states that can actually accelerate the healing process ; and a long - overdue look at exercise, emotions, and mental health. created and developed by dr. hanin during 30 years as a sport psychologist, the individual zones of optimal functioning ( izof ) model is the key conceptual framework in emotions in sport. the model can help you describe, predict, and explain the dynamics of emotion / performance for individual athletes and provides you with strategies for creating optimal emotional states and enhancing athletic performance. appendixes to the volume include a reproducible izof model form and step - by - step data collection instructions for your use. emotions in sport incorporates the insights, wisdom, and experience of authorities worldwide to give you a new perspective on this important subject and its impact on athletes. introduction. an individualized approach to emotion in sport part i. foundations of the individualized approach to the study of performance - related emotions chapter 1. the study of emotion in sport and exercise : historical, definitional, and conceptual perspectives robert vallerand and celine j. m. blanchard ( canada ) chapter 2. cognitive - motivational - relational theory of emotion richard s. lazarus ( united states ) chapter 3. individual zones of optimal functioning ( izof ) model : emotion - performance relationships in sport yuri l. hanin ( finland ) part ii. basic emotions and athletic performance chapter 4. competitive anxiety john s. raglin and yuri l. hanin ( united states / finland ) chapter 6. joy, fun and flow state in sport susan a. jackson ( australia ) chapter 7. successful and poor performance and emotions yuri l. hanin ( finland ) part iii. three approaches to training and emotional exhaustion chapter 8. overtraining in athletes john s. raglin and gregory s. wilson ( united states ) chapter 9. burnout in athletes and coaches k. wolfgang kallus and michael kellman ( austria / germany ) chapter 10. maladaptive fatigue syndrome and emotions in sport keith henschen ( united states ) part iv. additional


united states ) chapter 9. burnout in athletes and coaches k. wolfgang kallus and michael kellman ( austria / germany ) chapter 10. maladaptive fatigue syndrome and emotions in sport keith henschen ( united states ) part iv. additional issues in emotion and sport chapter 11. the injured athlete john heil ( united states ) chapter 12. exercise, emotions, and mental health stuart biddle ( united kingdom ) concluding remarks. where to from here? appendix a. introduction to the izof - based individualized emotion - profiling forms appendix b. izof - based emotion profiling : step - wise procedures and forms appendix c. practical example of izof profiles reference for sport psychologists and coaches. textbook for graduate courses and seminars in sport psychology. internationally renowned sport psychologist yuri l. hanin, phd, is professor and senior researcher at the research institute for olympic sports in jyvaskyla, finland. he has been a university - level teacher and researcher in the field of sport psychology for more than 30 years. the author of three books as well as numerous book chapters and journal articles related to optimizing sports performance, dr. hanin has done extensive research, teaching, training, and activities with national, international, and olympic teams, athletes, and coaches. in addition, he has been a speaker at conferences throughout the united states, canada, europe, and australia. dr. hanin has served as an associate editor of the european yearbook of sport psychology. he is also a newsletter editor for the international association of applied psychology ( division 12 - - sport psychology ) and a member of the editorial board for the international journal of sport psychology, the sport psychologist, revista de psicologia del deporte, and coaching and sport science. dr. hanin holds phd ( 1970 ) and doctor of psychological sciences ( 1986 ) degrees in social psychology from leningrad university. he received the 1998 visiting scholar award from the australian college of sport psychologists and the 1999 distinguished international scholar award from the association for the advancement of applied sport psychology ( aaasp ). dr. hanin lives with his wife muza in jyvaskyla, finland. in his leisure time he enjoys downhill skiing and swimming.


we explore some of the questions surrounding asynchronous programming and reveal that the need for new constructs, such as await in c #, isn ' t due to deep considerations, but results from the fact that the ui is single threaded. there is currently a lot of ground - breaking work on the subject of asynchronous programming and how to make it easier for programmers to make use of the asynchronous nature of today ' s environments. the idea is to restore the correspondence between the programs text and the order of execution by using some interesting compiler rewriting techniques. while this is a step forward the real situation is more complicated. in fact this is a mess of our own creation and with a little more though no solution would have been necessary. when the modern gui was invent some means of attracting the programs attention to what was going on was needed. we could have opted for a polling loop. for example a rule of the ui could have been that every program took the form : if ( any controls active? ) process active controls if this sounds crazy you have been working with events too long. events in most guis are just a way of covering up the polling loop. instead of polling the designers opted for an event based system of asynchronous procedure calls. instead of a polling loop any control that needs attention, a button that has been clicked, places a record in a queue maintained by a dispatcher object running on the ui thread. the jargon isn ' t universal, but the way things work is more or less so. the event record can get into the dispatcher queue by way of another thread, but once it is in the queue it is then only processed by the ui thread and this is where the problems start. the ui is really is written in the form of a polling loop. rather than you writing the polling loop, it is part of the internals of the framework. the ui simply scans the dispatcher object ' s queue for new event records. as soon as it finds one, it calls the event handlers assigned to the event, if any. notice that it is the ui thread that is used to run the event handlers and while it is doing this the dispatcher object is not doing anything. this doesn ' t stop other threads putting event records into its queue, however. freezing the thread as long at the ui thread is being used to run an event handler it isn ' t available to poll the dispatchers queue and so no events get processed. this is


t stop other threads putting event records into its queue, however. freezing the thread as long at the ui thread is being used to run an event handler it isn ' t available to poll the dispatchers queue and so no events get processed. this is the reason that a long running event handler will cause the ui to freeze. this is true of windows forms, wpf, silverlight, html, swing, etc. in nearly all cases worth mentioning the use of a single threaded dispatcher results in the ui freezing if any event handler performs a task that takes a lot of time. so how do you let an event handler do a lot of time - consuming work? the standard way is to spin the work off into a worker thread that then releases the ui thread to process the dispatcher queue and so keep the ui responsive. however this takes the average programmer into the realm of multithreaded programming something that even the above average programmer makes mistakes with. the traditional alternative to multithreading is to allow the dispatcher some time to process the queue every now and again - for example the much derided doevents command in win forms. a doevents command simply calls the dispatcher to process its queue with the ui thread returning to the instruction after the doevents when the queue is empty. by putting doevents commands at regular intervals within a long - running event handler, the ui can be kept responsive. so what is the problem with doevent style commands? the usual objection is that the current event handler might be reactivated by accident and a nested sequence of doevents could bring the system to a halt. in practice doevents is also a difficult one to deal with, because there is no guarantee how long the ui thread will be occupied servicing other event code. there is also the small matter that other event handlers could make changes to variables. in other words the event handler that yielded the ui thread might discover that things have changed when it gets control back. however, this is not as bad as a true multithread situation as there is only one thread doing the work and race hazards can ' t occur. in this situation all event handlers have to be written with the idea that all of the in - scope variables are volatile and can change their values. notice that this is a problem that exists no matter what mechanism you use to allow the ui thread to run the dispatcher while an event handler is active. so what is the current solution all about? it isn ' t only event handlers


values. notice that this is a problem that exists no matter what mechanism you use to allow the ui thread to run the dispatcher while an event handler is active. so what is the current solution all about? it isn ' t only event handlers that have a lot of work to do that are the problem. sometimes an event handler that doesn ' t have much work to do stops the system in its tracks because it makes use of a service which is slow. it downloads a file from the internet, say. usually this is done by calling another method and in this case the problem of blocking the ui thread is solved not by a " doevents " mechanism but by using a callback. a callback is just a function that is passed to the method doing the work that it promises to call when the job is complete. notice that the callback mechanism only works if the method using the callback terminates very soon after setting it. only then can the ui thread be released and the dispatcher serviced. notice that there is a subtlety here in that the callback has to be run on the ui thread and this either has to involve the dispatcher or some other similar mechanism to redirect the ui thread ' s attention to the callback function. essentially the callback function represents a continuation of the original method after the time consuming process is complete. unfortunately the continuation is a far from perfect one. usually little, if any, of the state of the method that issued the callback is preserved. that is, the callback starts off as a new function with no knowledge of what the original method was doing, other than what is conveyed in its parameters. providing some of the state to a callback function is what closures are all about - a callback function can have access to the variables that were local when it was defined, even if those variable are now out of scope and supposedly destroyed. the problem of loss of context when a callback is used to continue a method can be illustrated by a very simple example. imagine you want to download a single file from the internet. you might write : and expect the mycallback function to store the downloaded file when the download was complete. easy - and because the method ends after the call to downloadfile, the ui thread is released only to continue the method ' s work later when mycallback is invoked. now consider how you might download 25 files in the same way. the obvious thing to do is use a for loop but you can get the call back


thread is released only to continue the method ' s work later when mycallback is invoked. now consider how you might download 25 files in the same way. the obvious thing to do is use a for loop but you can get the call back to continue a for loop automatically - the context is lost. so what can we do? the current solution offered by c # 4. 5 is interesting. it simply takes the idea of the continuation seriously. you can now write something like : now we don ' t need a callback because what happens is that the ui thread is released at the await until the download is complete, when the method continues as if nothing had happened. notice that, from the point of view of the innocent programmer, nothing much exciting has happened. the program has worked by executing commands in the order in which they are written and the call to downloadfile ( ) is nothing special, apart from the need to put await infront of it. of course, we know that at the await the ui thread was released and it got on with other tasks until the downloadfile call completed and the method was resumed with the mycallback function. ( there is no reason to use a function or to call it mycallback - this is just for continuity with the previous example. ) notice that the await approach doesn ' t really do much more than the doevent approach, apart from avoiding the problem of re - entering the method that used the doevent call. multithread the ui? overall this seems like a lot of machinery to solve a simple problem - that the ui is single threaded. surely in this more advanced age it is time to implement a ui that isn ' t single threaded. currently the dispatcher approach to implementing the ui is simply a gloss over the polling approach that seems so crude. it implements a sort of co - operative multitasking when we are quite capable of implementing a true multitasking architecture. why does the dispatcher have to run on the same thread as the event handlers? this may be simple but it causes all of the problems we have seen earlier and forces the compiler designers to introduce keywords like await and their corresponding semantics, simply because the ui is single threaded and not because of some deep fundamental need of asynchronous programming. if the dispatcher ran on its own thread and invoked event handlers using additional threads then it wouldn ' t matter at all if an event handler held onto its thread for a long time - it wouldn ' t block anything


##ynchronous programming. if the dispatcher ran on its own thread and invoked event handlers using additional threads then it wouldn ' t matter at all if an event handler held onto its thread for a long time - it wouldn ' t block anything. of course, this is true multitasking and as such has some inherent dangers, but the dispatcher could apply some very simple rules to make sure nothing really terrible happened. it could ensure that only one thread was allocated at a time to control, so avoiding the problem of re - entrancy, i. e. an event cannot occur while its event handler is active. to make things simpler we could share a single thread between the ui components unless they were marked as concurrent and so on. the point is that we could invent some new mechanisms to protect the ui from accidental multithreading while making it easy to allow it where it was beneficial. i ' m not suggesting that making the ui multithreaded is an easy option, but i am suggesting it is the worthwhile option and tinkering with asynchronous constructs such as await is really not getting to the heart of the problem. if you build a real user interface using electronics then being able to press more than one button at a time is the way the world works, and it is the way the programmatic ui should work as well. the strange fact is that we are adding core language constructs to deal with a problem of framework design. make the ui multithreaded and the need for await goes away.


over the past couple of years, web services has gone from being an overly - hyped technology to one that many organizations are using productively. the early implementations, like all new technology projects, tended to be sandbox - type efforts or projects that were small, inside the firewall, and non - mission - critical in nature. those brave souls that tried to venture into the world of delivering web services over the internet found that they either had to provide services that were open and available for use by anyone ( for example xmethods or amazon ) or had to develop their own, typically proprietary, very company - specific, security scheme. early adopters using the internet as their transport typically used some form of registration process ( for example google ) for open internet services or only provided services to a small number of business partners with whom they already had a tight, trusted relationship. for example, in order to use google ' s web service - enabled search engine, the service requester must first register with google through an html based form. as part of the registration process, google sends the requester an email with a security " token ". when the requester invokes the service, they provide this token to google as part of the soap message to verify that they are a registered, authorized user of the google web service. in these situations, even though service providers were using industry standards such as soap, additional information concerning the security scheme / process needed to be provided in order for the service requestors to be able to use the service. this had a rather undesired effect of tightly coupling the requester and the provider, a scenario that wasn ' t desired by either party. clearly an industry standard way of securing a web service was required, and ibm, microsoft, and verisign responded to this need in april, 2002. from the ws - security specification ( see also resources ) : " ws - security describes enhancements to soap messaging to provide quality of protection through message integrity, message confidentiality, and single message authentication. these mechanisms can be used to accommodate a wide variety of security models and encryption technologies. ws - security also provides a general - purpose mechanism for associating security tokens with messages. no specific type of security token is required by ws - security. it is designed to be extensible ( e. g. support multiple security token formats ). for example, a client might provide proof of identity and proof that they have a particular business certification. " since 1997, ibm has had


- security. it is designed to be extensible ( e. g. support multiple security token formats ). for example, a client might provide proof of identity and proof that they have a particular business certification. " since 1997, ibm has had a program called jstart ( short for jump - start - - see resources ) to help its customers and business partners work with new emerging technologies. the program ' s goal is to help early adopters leverage new technologies to help make their businesses more successful. last fall, the jstart program worked with a company who wanted to provide a business - to - business web service using the internet as a transport. they desired a strong level of security and interoperability, and they decided to use a ws - security approach to secure the soap message traffic with their business partners. this paper discusses that project and its use of ws - security. as the use cases for our customer ' s application were being developed, a set of security - related, non - functional requirements were identified : - the communication between our customer and his business partner should not be able to be viewed by a third party as it travels on the internet. - our customer needed to be able to determine from whom the message was coming and be able to verify that the sender was who the sender claimed to be. - our customer needed to be able to ensure that the data being transmitted was not tampered with. non - functional requirement # 1 will be addressed through the use of https / ssl transport security. since this application will be a point - to - point application, with no third party service providers or intermediaries involved, the idea of using cryptography to encrypt all or part of the soap message was evaluated but not implemented at this time. given no third parties were involved, the value gained from an additional encryption step that would encrypt a segment of the soap message was not enough to justify the additional development expense and complexity that would have been needed to implement a form of message - level encryption. non - functional requirements # 2 and # 3 will be addressed through the use of digital signatures and digital certificates. when using a digital certificate approach, the web service requester must have a digital certificate which has been signed by a trusted certificate authority. the requester will use this certificate to assert their identity and will digitally sign the soap message so that the requester ' s identity and the message ' s integrity can be verified. once the message is received at our customer ' s system


certificate authority. the requester will use this certificate to assert their identity and will digitally sign the soap message so that the requester ' s identity and the message ' s integrity can be verified. once the message is received at our customer ' s system, it will be time stamped and logged. at this point, the digital signature will be validated. the validation process will ensure that the message came from the sender as well as verify that the message contents have not been modified since it was signed at the sender ' s site. the soap message log that our customer creates in db2 will be used for non - repudiation purposes. now that you understand the requirements and the technical approach, let ' s take a look at what was implemented. the application that our customer chose to implement as a web service was developed using websphere studio application developer and some tools from the ibm alphaworks web site, namely, the xml security suite, and the apache axis run time that was part of the ibm web services toolkit. although the application is quite powerful as it drives our customer ' s core business application, it is simple in that it only implements one method. it was deployed on websphere application server and interacts with the customer ' s core business application through websphere mq series. by using the tcp / ip monitor that is part of application developer, we ' ve captured the soap message that is sent to the web service for processing. note that in order to maintain the confidentiality of our customer, we made the soap urls generic, removed the application - specific soap payload, and slightly modified some of the calculated values : 1. < soapenv : envelope xmlns : soapenv = " http : / / schemas. xmlsoap. org / soap / envelope / " xmlns : xsd = " http : / / www. w3. org / 2001 / xmlschema " xmlns : xsi = " http : / / www. w3. org / 2001 / xmlschema - instance " xmlns : soap - enc = " http : / / schemas. xmlsoap. org / soap / encoding / " > 2. < soapenv : header > 3. < wsse : security soapenv : actor = " http : / / www. jstartcustomer. com / actors # verifier " soapenv : mustunderstand = " 1 " xmlns : wsse = " http : / /


. < / signaturevalue > 20. < keyinfo xmlns = " http : / / www. w3. org / 2000 / 09 / xmldsig # " > 21. < keyvalue > 22. < rsakeyvalue > 23. < modulus > 24. 2sw + ebjx5d2qmyr8oczizwnyhgf9zyhb4xwilpctvhnv7die3l8arepoa1abfk2omy 25. pzb + rb + nwqeo / / yfz / 28pml63kdlie72qmmquzupa5nxav9pj4jkw86qdlhggpfirh 26. 18iugf3xlfwqezqkynbltus7ftntgw5r4hh492k = 27. < / modulus > 28. < exponent > aqab < / exponent > 29. < / rsakeyvalue > 30. < / keyvalue > 31. < x509data > 32. < x509issuerserial > 33. < x509issuername > ou = java, o = ibm, l = unknown, st = oklahoma, c = us < / x509issuername > 34. < x509serialnumber > 0 < / x509serialnumber > < / x509issuerserial > 35. < x509subjectname > cn = john doe < / x509subjectname > 36. < x509certificate > 37. miib0tccatocaqawdqyjkozihvcnaqeebqawtzelmakga1uebhmcvvmxetapbgnvbagtce9rbgfo 38. b21hmrawdgydvqqhewdvbmsam3dumqwwcgydvqqkewnjqk0xdtalbgnvbastbephdmewhhcnmdiw 39. oti1mtaxmtq4whcnmdmwoti1mtaxmtq4wjatmrewdwydvqqdewhkb2huiervztcbnzanbgkqhkig 40. 9w0baqefaaobjqawgykcgyea


soapenv : body > sections. the ws - security section, as defined by the ws - security specification, is positioned within the soap header and is designated by the opening and closing < wsse : security > block, lines 3 - 51. the < security > header block provides a mechanism for attaching security - related information targeted at a specific receiver ( the soap actor ). since only one soap actor is involved in this use case, only one < security > header block is contained in the message. in line 3, the soap actor attribute defines the recipient of a header entry, security soapenv : actor = " http : / / www. jstartcustomer. com / actors # verifier ". line 3 also contains the soapenv : mustunderstand = " 1 " attribute. by setting the soap mustunderstand attribute to " 1 ", we indicate that the service provider must process the soap header entry. as per the soap specification, since the attribute is set to " 1 ", if the receiver cannot obey the semantics ( as conveyed by the fully qualified name of the element ) and process the message according to those semantics, the receiver must fail processing the message and generate a fault. < signedinfo > < / signedinfo >, describes the signed content of the message. note that as is customary with digital signature applications, a digest is used to facilitate faster processing. this is a standard industry practice and is done for performance reasons. the payload ( the soap body ) of our soap message is quite long, and the process of applying a public key algorithm to the full message could significantly impact the performance of our web service. as such, a digest is used. a digest is a fixed length, short message whose digital signature can be quickly generated and verified. when the message is received, our web service digital signature verifier class ( implemented as an apache axis plugable provider ) will compute the digest and verify that the newly - computed digest matches the digest that was sent. let ' s look at the elements that make up the signed content portion of the message. line 5, < canonicalizationmethod algorithm = " http : / / www. w3. org / 2001 / 10 / xml - exc - c14n # " / >, identifies the canonicalization algorithm that is used to create a canonicalized form of the information being signed - - in this case, the digest. this step is needed because of the nature of xml documents and the


- c14n # " / >, identifies the canonicalization algorithm that is used to create a canonicalized form of the information being signed - - in this case, the digest. this step is needed because of the nature of xml documents and the programming tools that work with them. xml documents, in some cases, can have slight textual differences, yet be essentially the same logical document. small variations in the way comments are represented or in the way an xml parser handles line delimiters when serializing / deserializing an xml data structure can create slightly different binary representations of the same content. if the algorithm that verifies the digital signature were to be run against a slightly different serialized version of the data, the result could be a fail when indeed it should be a pass. to avoid this problem, the document is first transformed into its canonicalized form through the use of a canonicalization algorithm. this algorithm, an implementation of the w3c exclusive xml canonicalization version 1. 0 specification ( see resources ), a w3c recommendation, transforms the document into its basic canonicalized form. this allows us to get a consistent binary representation that can be correctly compared and thus yield the correct result. < signaturemethod algorithm = " http : / / www. w3. org / 2000 / 09 / xmldsig # rsa - sha1 " / >, indicates the signature method algorithm. this is the algorithm that is used to convert the output of the canonicalization algorithm into the signature value. our signature algorithm is a combination of a key dependent algorithm ( rsa ) and a hash algorithm ( sha1 ). this algorithm is an implementation of the rsassa - pkcs1 - v1 _ 5 specification described in w3c rfc 2437 ( see resources ). < reference uri = " # sign _ content _ 1043176028580 " >, indicates the reference element. the optional uri attribute of reference identifies the data object that was signed. the reference block includes the algorithm that is used to compute the digest, the digest value that was computed, and the final transform that is performed prior to computing the digest value. lines 8 - 10, < transforms > < transform algorithm = " http : / / www. w3. org / 2001 / 10 / xml - exc - c14n # " / > < / transforms >, indicate the transformation algorithm, while lines 11 and 12 specify the digest algorithm and the computed digest value, in our application, the


adleman ) key - based approach in order to meet our non - repudiation requirement. the use of the rsa key scheme assures our web service provider that the message was in the same form that it was received, and it was signed by the owner of the extracted digital certificate. if the recomputed digest matches the decrypted digest from the soap message, the service provider is able to verify the integrity of the message. by logging the message before any processing is done ( the log is implemented as the first apache axis handler in the handler chain ), the web service provider can prove that the message in question was sent by whomever signed the message and that it was received unmodified from the form in which is was sent. rsakeyvalue elements have two fields : < modulus > 2sw + ebjx5d2qmyr8oczizwnyhgf9zyhb4xwilpctvhnv7die3l8arepoa1abfk2omy pzb + rb + nwqeo / / yfz / 28pml63kdlie72qmmquzupa5nxav9pj4jkw86qdlhggpfirh 18iugf3xlfwqezqkynbltus7ftntgw5r4hh492k = < / modulus > the rsa scheme uses large prime numbers to construct the key pairs. the modulus is the product of two large prime numbers. each pair shares the modulus, but each also has a specific exponent. the rsa laboratories ' frequently asked questions about today ' s cryptography, version 4. 1 document ( see resources ) describes how the modulus and the exponent are created : " take two large primes, p and q, and compute their product n = pq ; n is the modulus. choose a number, e, less than n and relatively prime to ( p - 1 ) ( q - 1 ), which means that e and ( p - 1 ) ( q - 1 ) have no common factors except 1. find another number d such that ( ed - 1 ) is divisible by ( p - 1 ) ( q - 1 ). the values e and d are called the public and private exponents, respectively. the public key is the pair ( n, e ) ; the private key is ( n, d ). " the service requester digitally signs