the very center of the hair fiber is called the medulla. around the outside of hair fiber we see a cuticle. the cuticle is made up of more keratinized cells but they arrange themselves in a slightly different way to cortex cells. as the cuticle cells are produced, they lay over the cortex cells and flatten into an overlapping roof tile fashion. cuticle cells become progressively flatter as they get older. as with cortex cells, when they keratinize the cell can no longer function properly and dies. the outer root sheath ( ors ) is distinct from other epidermal components of the hair follicle being continuous with the epidermis. the " bulge " region in the ors is the site at which the arrector pili muscle is attached. the arrector pili muscle is connected to the epidermis at the other end. this is the muscle that makes hair stand erect and produces goose bumps in your skin when you are cold. the contraction of the muscle pulls on both the hair to make it erect and pulls on the skin making a bumpy surface. the bulge region is believed to be the storage area for hair follicle stem cells. hair follicles go through a cycle of growth and rest ( below ). with each renewed attempt to produce hair fiber, the hair follicle must obtain a source of cells to form the matrix cell population that make hair fibers. the source of these cells is believed by some dermatologists to be the bulge region. other dermatologists suggest that stem cells are not present in the bulge region at all and that new matrix cells are obtained from the root sheath. also extending from the ors is the sebaceous gland. it consists of a few cells focused on production of oils ( lipids ). these cells are large with their cytoplasm filled with vacuoles containing lipid. the cells are often divided into several lobes of the sebaceous gland connected together by a sebaceous duct. the duct has a single opening into the tube where the hair fiber sits. the ors surrounds the hair fiber and inner root sheath until deep into the dermis. just above the bulb region containing the dermal papilla the ors tapers and ends so the ors does not entirely cover the hair fiber and inner root sheath. the ors consists of several layers of cells that can be identified with unique ultrastructural the inner root sheath ( irs ) is produced by matrix


##rs and ends so the ors does not entirely cover the hair fiber and inner root sheath. the ors consists of several layers of cells that can be identified with unique ultrastructural the inner root sheath ( irs ) is produced by matrix cells sitting above the hair follicle. while those matrix cells in the center of a hair follicle proliferate and produce the hair fiber and cuticle, the matrix cells towards the periphery of a hair follicle proliferate and produce the irs. as with cells making up the hair fiber, the cells destined to be irs gradually become differentiated and keratinized as they are pushed away from the bulb region. as keratinization occurs, the cells die and form the irs surrounding and protecting the development of the hair fiber. the irs can be subdivided into several layers. adjacent to the hair fiber we see a single cell thick irs cuticle layer that closely interdigitates with the hair fiber cuticle layer. the next irs layer is called the huxley layer that may consist of up to four cell layers. outside of this there a single cell layer called the irs henle layer. the henle layer runs adjacent to the ors layer. the products of the sebaceous gland are believed to help break down the irs. the irs does not extend out of the hair follicle. only the hair fiber itself protrudes above the skin surface. the irs disintegrates at the level of the sebaceous duct opening. the debris from the irs break down mixes with the sebaceous gland oils and the result is sebum. sebum is an oily solid that is expelled from the hair follicle and normally scraped or washed away in our general skin care habits. sometimes overproduction of sebum can build up in the hair follicle and harden into plugs of material called comedones ( blackheads ). sebum is a nutrient rich material and an ideal habitat for bacteria. colonies of bacteria, particularly one called propionibacterium acnes may proliferate in hair follicles using sebum as a nutrient supply. the bacteria feeding on the sebum changes its composition that makes it irritating. the immune system responds to the antigens in the modified sebum and the bacteria resulting in inflammation and acne.


dateline : august, 2011, issue 3 how does a juror ' s social status affect participation in deliberations? jurors with higher occupational statuses, higher levels of education, and higher incomes have higher social status. social status disparities affect our communication activities and social behaviors, including jurors ' behavior on juries. york ( 2006 ) interviewed jurors post - verdict in boston and found higher levels of participation in deliberations among upper class jurors. cornwell and hans ( 2009 ) studied 2, 306 criminal jurors who served on 311 juries. a juror ' s social class predicted the juror ' s participation in deliberations. jurors with a college degree participated significantly more than those not having a college degree. independently, jurors with higher incomes participated more in deliberations than those with lower incomes. absent consideration of social status, a juror ' s gender did not predict the juror ' s participation in deliberations. men did not participate more in deliberations than women. both men and women of higher social status participated more in deliberations, and men and women of lower social status participated less. jury decision - making reflects social status disparities. jurors with higher social status - - higher occupational statuses, higher levels of education, and higher incomes - - typically participate more in deliberations than their lower status counterparts. source york, e. ( 2006 ). social status in jury deliberations : 1957 and today, in memory of fred strodtbeck. paper presented at the annual meeting of the american sociological association, montreal, quebec. source cornwell, e. y. & hans, v. p. ( 2009, july 30 ). contextualizing jury participation : case -, jury -, and juror - level predictors of participation in jury deliberations. paper presented at the. cels 2009 4th annual conference on empirical legal studies.


the academy of natural sciences of drexel university is a popular museum on philadelphia ' s cultural boulevard and the oldest natural history museum in america. the first part of this two - part series focused on the academy ' s public role as museum and educational institution. in this, the second part, also taped on - site, scientists at the academy of natural sciences discuss its collections and its role as a center for scientific research. paleontologist ted daeschler, associate curator of vertebrate zoology and vice president of systematics and library, displays thomas jefferson ' s personal collection of fossils, presented to jefferson in 1808 by explorer william clark. daeschler notes that the academy holds some 18 million fossil specimens. he also displays the focus of his current research, the skull of a lobe - finned fish found in the canadian arctic, one of the first limbed animals and a key piece of evolutionary history - - a bridge between fish and mammal. entomologist daniel otte, curator of entomology and an expert on crickets and grasshoppers, speaks of describing new species of crickets and notes that there are many species of insects that remain undescribed. a highlight of otte ' s presentation are the beautifully detailed drawings from his books on north american grasshoppers. ending the segment, biogeochemist david velinsky, vice president of the academy ' s patrick center for environmental research, discusses the pioneering work on stream health of ecologist ruth patrick, the scientist for whom the center was named. velinsky also speaks of his current and controversial research on the ecological problems resulting from natural gas drilling in pennsylvania. this episode features video of display cases filled with fossils, seashells, giant insects, birds, and other specimens from the academy ' s " library of life, " as well as shots of its famous dinosaur skeletons. visit the website : http : / / www. drexel. edu / thedrexelinterview episode # 207 / length : 26 minutes


the number of children with autism is " significantly " higher than previously thought, according to a new report released by the centers for disease control and prevention. school - aged boys were four times more likely to have an autism spectrum disorder ( asd ) diagnosis than girls, according to the new data. the cdc released a report a year ago estimating 1 in 88 american children has a form of autism spectrum disorder - neurodevelopmental disorders that lead to impaired language, communication and social skills. the report looked at medical and educational records of all 8 - year - olds living in 14 areas of the united states during 2008. this new report is drawn from answers given by parents of children between the ages of 6 and 17 in a telephone survey. based on the answers provided by parents who chose to answer questions, the survey suggests that 1 in 50 school - aged children have autism. the cdc ' s national center for health statistics conducted the survey between february 2011 and june 2012. when the topic of autism was raised, the family member was asked if they had ever been told by a doctor or other health care provider that their child had any form of autism. if the answer was yes, they were asked if the child currently had autism. if the answer to that question was also yes, then the parent or guardian was asked if the autism diagnosis was " mild, " " moderate " or " severe. " " the new data does suggest that the number of children with autism is higher than we had estimated four years ago. this will have implications for health care providers and school systems, " says stephen blumberg, a health scientist with cdc? s national center for health statistics and lead author of the research published online wednesday. when this survey was conducted in 2007, 1. 6 % of parent said they had a child with an autism diagnosis - - which suggests 1 in 86 school - age children have some form of autism. in this latest study, 2 % of parents said their child currently had a diagnosis of some for of autism. based on this new cdc report and last year ' s cdc report, " it ' s really tough to know what the true prevalence of asd is, " says zachary warren, director of vanderbilt university ' s treatment and research institute for autism spectrum disorders.


in the last decades overweight and obesity became a worldwide problem. germany is also highly affected by this “ global epidemic ”, as about 16 m people are suffering from obesity. meanwhile less than half of the german adults show a normal and healthy bodyweight. more than 20 % are obese, showing a body mass index ≥ 30 kg / m2 and another 40 % are overweight ( bmi ≥ 25 < 30 kg / m2 ). herewith closely related is the high risk to develop a multitude of co - morbidities such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and some cancer types. it is alarming that even amongst children and adolescents overweight occurs more often. the results of the german health interview and examination survey for children and adolescents ( kiggs ), undertaken between 2003 and 2006, showed that 15 % of all children and adolescents between 3 and 17 years have overweight, 6, 3 % are obese. ( 1 ) obesity is considered as a chronic disease, restraining quality of life as well as leading to multiple health problems and shortening the life expectancy. this means allocated costs of at least 13 bn € per annum for the german health care system. ( 2 ) to support obesity research the german ministry for education and research ( bmbf ) founded the competence network for obesity research and started its funding since july 2008. eight thematically structured consortia comprising thirty - nin sub - projects are working on the general aims as follows : - networking of german experts in the field of obesity. - establishment of a nationally and internationally visible and competitive research platform. - rapid transfer of new scientific results in prevention medicine and in patient care. - expert platform for all questions concerning obesity. ( 1 ) kurth bm, schaffrath rosario a. die verbreitung von uebergewicht und adipositas bei kindern und jugendlichen in deutschland ; ergebnisse des bundesweiten kinder - und jugendgesundheitssurveys ( kiggs ). bundesgesundheitsblatt gesundheitsforschung gesundheitsschutz. 2007 may - jun ; 50 ( 5 - 6 ) : 736 - 43 ( 2 ) knoll k. p., hauner h. kosten der adipositas in der bundesrepublik deutschland. adipositas 2008 ; 2 : 204 – 210. > competence network on obesity > overview networks


kuwait ' s emergence as an independent political entity dates back more than 380 years ago, to 1613. this has been established by new research initiated by the kuwaiti government after the liberation of the country from the iraqi invasion. according to dr abdallah al - ghoneim, the president of the centre for kuwaiti research and studies the new research proves that kuwait existed as early as 1613 and not 1752 as formerly believed. this was substantiated by other evidence also. in a letter found in the british archives, addressed by sheikh mubarak al - sabah in 1913 to the british political resident, the former says " kuwait is a land of the poor in which our grandfather al - sabah dwelled in 1613. " evidence also includes a letter sent by oman ' s imam naser bin murshed in the 1730s to the kuwaiti government, appealing for help against the portuguese. kuwait had then sent two ships loaded with weapons and ammunition. in the 17th century, the bani khalid were the overlords of eastern arabia and their domain stretched from kuwait to qatar. in about 1672 barrak bin ghuraif, the amir of the bani khalid, built his kout ( a small house in the shape of a fortress situated near water ) in qurain, a small fishing community. this may have been in the area in kuwait city known today as wattiya. the utub, a federation of arab families, were driven out of al - aflaj in central arabia by the drought in the 17th century. they learned sea - faring and then scattered into various arabian gulf ports before coming to kuwait in the early 18th century. they settled here under the suzerainty of the bani khalid. family disputes within the ruling bani khalid in 1722 gave the utub in kuwait a chance to practice some independence. after 1752 further internal disputes among the bani khalid and the rise of the wahhabis, their bitter enemies in central arabia, gave the utub of kuwait de facto independence. in about 1756 they elected sabah bin jaber as the amir of kuwait to administer justice and the affairs of the town. as the regional influence of the bani khalid waned, kuwait ’ s lack of protection made the rise of a strong local power necessary. the utub had changed from nomads to settlers since their move from al - aflaj and the first al - sabah was chosen by the other families as their leader. hh the amir ’ s fifth son, hh sheikh abdullah - al


the utub had changed from nomads to settlers since their move from al - aflaj and the first al - sabah was chosen by the other families as their leader. hh the amir ’ s fifth son, hh sheikh abdullah - al - sabah was selected to succeed his father. under his stable rule, kuwait transformed into a prosperous and influential independency. in the latter part of the 18th and early 19th centuries kuwait became a major port of call on several international trading routes. pearls were kuwait ’ s only natural resource and each year hundreds of pearling ships such as sambuks made for the lucrative pearl banks to return at the end of summer. shipbuilding and using imported materials, became an important industry. in winter, large trading dhows set out for india to return with merchandise ( and mail ) which was loaded onto desert caravans bound for the mediterranean. caravans from southern and eastern arabia also passed through kuwait on their way to syria. kuwait ’ s markets were crowded with bedouins selling their products and services or buying imports for resale in the interior. hh the amir, sheikh jaber i al - sabah ( 1812 - 1859 ) ruled in consultation with the merchants of kuwait, and managed to maintain good relations with all the major powers of the day. however, as kuwait prospered throughout the 19th century its independence came under threat from regional and european powers. to counter growing turkish ambitions, hh the amir, sheikh mubarak ( 1896 - 1915 ) signed treaties with the global powers of that time. the country prospered greatly under hh sheikh mubarak ’ s rule. hundreds arrived to settle in kuwait, attracted by its orderly administration and increasing commercial activity. but trade declined sharply in kuwait from the 1920s onwards due to the worldwide recession, kuwait ’ s reduced importance as a major link in 20th century international trade routes, and because of hostilities from the ikhwan, tribesmen from the interior of arabia, who were only finally defeated in 1930. kuwait ’ s pearling industry, which once boasted 800 pearling ships, almost disappeared with the introduction of japanese cultured pearls and the worldwide fall in demand for luxury goods following the wall street crash of 1929. however, in the 1950s and 1960s, kuwait underwent a transition from a small amirate to an internationally influential modern state because of the oil boom. the rulers of the al - sabah dynasty 1. sheikh sabah i bin jaber : 1756 - 1762 2. sheikh abdullah i : 1762 - 1812 3. sheikh jaber i : 1812


what : sodium lactate is the sodium salt of lactic acid, or milk acid. the salts of lactic acid naturally occur in muscle tissue, and sodium lactate is a component of the stratum coreum layer of the skin ( wiki ). sodium lactate is commonly used in cosmetics as a preservative, exfoliant, and humectant. origin : sodium lactate is produced by the fermentation of sugar from a natural source, such as corn or beets. products found in : facial moisturizer, facial treatments, anti - aging skincare, body moisturizers, sunscreen, facial cleanser. alternative names : 2 - hydroxypropanoic acid, monosodium salt ; propanoic acid, 2 - hydroxy -, monosodium salt ; sodiuma - hydroxypropionate ; sodium lactate solution ; monosodium salt 2 - hydroxypropanoic acid ; monosodium salt propanoic acid, 2 - hydroxy - ; 2 - hydroxy - monosodium salt propanoic acid ; 2 - hydroxy propanoic acid, monosodium salt ; propanoic acid, 2hydroxy, monosodium salt ; lacolin ; lactic acid sodium salt toxicity : sodium lactate is generally classified as a low health risk by the environmental working group ' s skin deep database.


fragrances can contain one or more ingredients and when listed as " fragrance " or " perfum ", it is done because the composition is being kept a trade secret. this does not give any indication that the composition is synthetic or naturally sourced, although in most cases, " fragrance " consists of synthetic ingredients, such as phthalates. in the case of natural fragrances, especially those in npa or bdih certified products, the ingredients used for the scent are listed as " fragrance " because the composition is being kept proprietary - most often because the scent blend is purchased from a fragrance supplier who does not wish to disclose the blend composition. in order for the product to be certified natural, the certifying body would enter into an agreement with the fragrance supplier not to disclose the scent details. this then ensures that the certifiying body is able to ensure the individual scent ingredients meet the natural standards. synthetic fragrances are commonly used in personal care products and are complex formulations containing as many as 200 ingredients. they are used because they are more affordable than pure natural essential oils. most adverse reactions to cosmetics and toiletries are caused by fragrance chemicals, which are known irritants and allergens. many of us have encountered synthetic fragrances that cause us to sneeze or give us headaches, dizziness, violent coughing or even rashes and other skin irritations. most hypoallergenic products are fragrance free. on an ingredient label, fragrances, whether synthetic or natural, are simply listed as “ fragrance ”, “ perfume ” or “ parfum ”, preventing us from identifying the chemical makeup and whether these chemicals may be dangerous to our long - term health. products should be certified 100 % natural and not contain any synthetic fragrances — only the purest, 100 % natural essential oils and essences. look for products that are certified natural by associations such as the npa. these organizations will require that fragrance compounds are naturally sourced. note : the environmental working group ( ewg ) does not distinguish between synthetic and natural fragrance simply gives the ingredient " fragrance " a hazard score of 8. also, when scoring products, it does not differentiate if 5 % of fragrance is used of 0. 5 %. in our opinion, we feel this unfairly punishes certified natural products that go to the trouble to source great natural scents from fragrance suppliers to create a better sensory experience with their products, compared to simply adding some rose or lavender oil.


although the church welfare plan was not yet formalized, the early saints recognized the importance of living a self - reliant life, caring for the poor and needy, and serving others. the prophet joseph smith stated, “ a man filled with the love of god, is not content with blessing his family alone, but ranges through the whole world, anxious to bless the whole human race. ” not long after the church was established, small bishops ’ storehouses and tithing offices were erected to help the needy. joseph smith instituted the gathering of fast offerings in kirtland, ohio, during the 1830s. the principle of tithing was also introduced during this period ( see d & c 119 ). tithing and fast offerings were paid in the form of labor, produce, and other commodities. bishops and branch presidents oversaw the distribution of these resources as they do today. many of the early saints struggled to support themselves. to combat idleness, church leaders and members united to find ways to create sustainable livelihoods. some found work constructing church buildings and completing public works projects. others farmed and sold goods to provide for themselves and their families. as they labored together, the saints were blessed with enough to meet their needs. while the challenges of our time are different, latter - day saints continue to provide for themselves and care for the poor and needy by following the teachings of the savior and the example set by previous generations. “ when we fast, … we feel hunger. and for a short time, we literally put ourselves in the position of the hungry and needy. as we do so, we have greater understanding of the deprivations they might feel. when we give to the bishop an offering to relieve the suffering of others, we not only do something sublime for others, but we do something wonderful for ourselves as well. ” — elder joseph b. wirthlin continue to the next pagecatching the vision of self - reliance - j. reuben clark, jr., in conference report, april 1937. - spencer w. kimball, “ welfare services : the gospel in action, ” october 1977 general conference. - marion g. romney, “ the role of a bishop in the church welfare program, ” october 1979 general conference. - l. tom perry, “ the role of the stake bishops council in welfare services, ” april 1977 general conference. - teachings of presidents of the church : joseph smith ( 2007 ), 330 – 31. - see howard w. hunter, “ fast day, ” october 1985 general conference. - see glen


government should have a role in the promotion of religious values in the schools by passing laws that allows a prayer. brain needed to be exercised by learning new things and nimble brains help quality of life. the aim of the sport education is to help students become skilled sport participants. education is a continuous and creative process whose aim is to develop the capacities in human nature. it is possible to achieve an essential harmony between faith and reason through education. educated person should understand their positions as member of both a local community and world community. education has an immense effect on the human society and a person is not in the proper sense till he is educated. infect, man becomes a rational animal when he is educated. an uneducated person cannot read and write and therefore he is closed all knowledge and wisdom that he can get through education. in today ' s world, education has become more vital and it is an absolute necessity for economic and social development of a nation. education is the process of instruction which is necessary of all round development of boys and girls. it is only wealth that cannot be robbed and it is a powerful instrument for reducing poverty and inequality. education is the life long activity that starts at birth and continues until a person ' s last day on earth. education can be formal, non formal, traditional, imported and modern. education develops and cultivates character that is why during university convocation programs, the graduates are presented as for the awards of the degrees since they have found worthy in learning and character. early childhood education refers to pre schools and day care programs. researchers and early childhood educators both view the parents as an integral part of the education process. home schooling is the education of children at home, typically by parents ' rather than any public or private school. home education offer a broad range of opportunities that foster in each child the development of child ' s spiritual, emotional and intellectual well being. education enhances the ability of households to manage the health problems, improvement of childcare and nutrition and plan for future. we cannot even picture living devoid of education in this world because governments of all countries, especially those of developing and underdeveloped countries are taking huge steps in making of education available for all people. everybody wants that their kids get excellent education, but all over the world there are lots of adults ' persons who may have discontinued their education due to poverty, family commitments and other reasons. your occupation will be wealthier if you complete your higher education and it can only assist strengthen your profile further. education enables individuals to overcome their reluctance


lots of adults ' persons who may have discontinued their education due to poverty, family commitments and other reasons. your occupation will be wealthier if you complete your higher education and it can only assist strengthen your profile further. education enables individuals to overcome their reluctance to take full advantage of technological advances. through a powerful combination of technology, primary and secondary education helps school to fulfill their mission and improve students and teachers recruiting, retention and development. education helps to prevent the labor and sexual exploitation of children. it allows people to be more productive, to play a role in economic life and to earn a better living. education is foundation for acquiring knowledge and skills which are necessary to participate in and benefits from globalization. quality education is one of the most valuable resources that a person posses and finding the right degree or education can increase one ' s earning power, self esteem and value to society. due to distance learning programs, educational opportunities abound in the modern world. a good education can lead to more rewarding career and increase self respect. educational opportunities are available to everyone, everywhere and all it requires is the desire to improve. we have to improve our education in the areas of science, culture and prosperity and to give the coming generation a robust, unchangeable and positive character. education should be free from all superstitions, it is of high quality, have national values and patriotic understanding. our objective in education is to raise those citizens who shall increase the social and civil value and improve the economic power as a whole. it is one of the most important factors in the evolution of the humanity. education cannot change character, which is all different, but it assists them to develop their utmost capacity. the means for education of children is to provide the best means for their progress and development and it is the brightest outlook for the future generations. the society demands and expects the education system to produce active, innovative and flexible students. counselors play an important role in society. you will learn how to use counseling techniques that provides you with the tools needed to change their lives. citizens acquire knowledge of current issues in their society through news papers. today ' s television and internet media becoming more popular among citizens and bridging the two cultures, science and humanities is necessary for the modern democratic society. education is one of the fundamental institutions in our society where we learn not only how to read and write, but also how to behave in public and follow directions. all over the world, schools can help alleviate poverty, prepares us for adult life and employments. schools should be


the king and queen of the air just who the first person was to fly in wairarapa is, as they say, ' up in the air. ' local maori have a legend that one of their ancestors, the famed chief nukupewapewa, strapped himself on a large kite to attack a paa on the banks of the ruamahanga river near moiki, greytown, perhaps foreshadowing the invention of the hang glider. the arrival of hot air ballooning in wairarapa, however, can be much more accurately dated. the first balloonist in new zealand was an american, professor baldwin, who made the first new zealand balloon flight in dunedin in early 1889, using coal gas to inflate his oiled - silk balloon. he was soon followed by a number of hot air balloonists, but it wasn ' t until june 1894 that masterton was included on the itinerary of these travelling hot air ballooning in the 1890s was far from the safe pastime it now is. it was more akin to a circus performance, and filling the balloon with the hot air was part of the show. a 10 metre long and 60 cm deep trench was first dug in line with the prevailing wind, and an old water tank, with both top and bottom removed, placed at the downwind end of the trench. the trench was then filled with firewood and covered. the balloon was suspended on two high poles and placed over the water tank outlet. the fire was then lit, the wind carrying the hot air ( including some sparks ) along the trench, through the tank and into the balloon, like a crude blast furnace. a man stood inside the mouth of the balloon, armed with water to extinguish any sparks that landed on the balloon. the crowd was then invited to assist by pulling the skin of the balloon outwards, allowing the balloon to inflate. as can be imagined, the process usually ended up with soot - filled eyes, burnt hands and even singed masterton ' s first balloonist was a graceful and daring young american woman, leila adair, the self – styled " aerial queen. " leila travelled new zealand, performing acrobatic acts on a trapeze bar suspended under the inflated balloon, before dropping gracefully from the bar, and drifting to earth by parachute. or at least, that was the way it was meant to work. on leila ' s first new zealand ascent, in auckland, things went a little awry when the


, before dropping gracefully from the bar, and drifting to earth by parachute. or at least, that was the way it was meant to work. on leila ' s first new zealand ascent, in auckland, things went a little awry when the balloon, which had risen to a considerable height, was blown out over the channel between auckland and rangitoto island. not wanting to parachute into the sea, leila rode the balloon down until just metres from the waves. she then dropped into the sea, suspended by a life belt until she could be rescued by steamship. her new zealand adventures did not end in the waters of the a te aroha ascent ended with a waihi descent. in cambridge she landed in the tops of some tall poplars. in hamilton the balloon burst in mid - air while her wanganui ascent was even more spectacular. she was unable to get sufficient buoyancy to inflate the balloon and it flew on a perilous journey through flagstaffs and chimneys before leila was dumped unceremoniously in a fig tree. deatails of these adventures were reported in the local newspapers so the aerial queen ' s arrival in masterton was awaited with great anticipation. a huge crowd paid their shilling entrance fee and congregated in masterton park to watch what they were informed would be the " greatest sensational feat ever performed in these parts. " the huge crowd was to be disappointed. leila and her brother arrived at the ground in a cab, as arranged, and the dramatic inflation process was commenced. people stood open - mouthed as the balloon, said to be the size of a circus tent, slowly inflated. the men and boys helping to hold the balloon were jolted as the balloon rocked from side to side. the crowd ' s intrigue turned to concern however, as a small whiff of smoke was seen escaping from the top of the balloon. before long it became a large whiff of smoke, then the whole balloon caught fire. the crowd was excited at the sight of the large balloon burning, but their excitement turned to alarm as they realised a man was trapped within the inferno. with the calico burning all around him the man was trapped within the balloon, and there were anxious moments before he managed to extricate himself, blackened and burnt but without serious injury. leila adair sat in her cab watching the destruction of her balloon. her brother did his best to help salvage what remained of the balloon but it was a hopeless case. the balloon was gone. leila


blackened and burnt but without serious injury. leila adair sat in her cab watching the destruction of her balloon. her brother did his best to help salvage what remained of the balloon but it was a hopeless case. the balloon was gone. leila ’ s brother stood and addressed the crowd, telling them that the balloon was beyond repair, and that it was going to cost £145 to replace. he promised that he and leila would have a new balloon built in wellington and would be back the following saturday to give a free exhibition to all those who had paid. not everyone was convinced, some even going so far as to say that the whole thing, including the burning of the balloon, was pre - planned and a swindle. many mastertonians did have faith in leila and the following saturday each of the wellington trains was met by a crowd, certain that the flamboyant aerialist would be on the train with her balloon. they were proven wrong each time. leila never returned to masterton although she did have a new balloon made, a balloon she toured other parts of new zealand with. the closest masterton got to seeing leila in the air was that sunday when local wag g. s. w. dalrymple sent a toy balloon, complete with doll attached to a trapeze bar, into the air from the masterton park. it wasn ' t to be until 1908 that masterton saw its first balloonist, and it wasn ' t the ' aerial queen ' it was the ' aerial king '. ’ before that, however, the first aviation death had taken place in new zealand, a death rather bizarrely caused by drowning! an aerialist calling himself " captain lorraine " ( actually aucklander david mahoney ) was making an ascent in a gas - filled balloon in christchurch when his poorly inflated balloon was blown out to sea. the aerialist was unable to use his parachute and was seen to plunge into the sea with his balloon. he clambered on top of his partially inflated balloon as it floated for a short time but by the time a boat reached the site, a mile out to sea, lorraine noah ezra jonasson, christchurch - born of danish parents, was to be the first successful balloonist in masterton when he made two ascents in the town in 1908. he seems to have learned his trade from an american, professor barnes, the ' aerial king ' who made a number of ascents in dunedin in late 1907 / early 1908. barnes had a lucky escape


made two ascents in the town in 1908. he seems to have learned his trade from an american, professor barnes, the ' aerial king ' who made a number of ascents in dunedin in late 1907 / early 1908. barnes had a lucky escape in dunedin when a parachute descent went awry, his life being saved by his landing in some telephone wires. jonasson made his first ascent in masterton on 2 april, 1908, from the showgrounds in dixon street, now the cameron and soldiers memorial park. a very large crowd gathered to watch his display which was slightly delayed because firewood used to inflate the balloon was too green and the balloon filled with smoke. eventually the balloon was cast adrift and it shot up into the air with the captain performing ‘ clever gymnastic evolutions for the crowd. the balloon did not travel very far, nor ascend very high, however, and the captain parachuted down into a paddock behind bunny ' s bush ( now known as garlands bush, at the end of mckenna his next ascent, a week later, was said to be much more successful. the newspaper said that although only little over a hundred people paid to enter the grounds, many were draped over the dixon street fence, and three hundred children from the nearby central school had sneaked in free. one of those children was ten year old clementina mckay, who, when recalling the event in an interview in the 1980 ' s, said she could not remember much about the balloon, but could still remember the spanking she received for attending when she had been forbidden to. the ascent was more impressive this time, the balloon rapidly rising then catching the gentle southerly breeze to drift over the town. jonasson alighted from his parachute in land between cole and essex streets, while the aerialist - free balloon continued over the town, eventually landing in adamsville ( oxford street ). as the balloon passed over adamsville ( then largely in paddocks ) it was said to have had curious effects on animals, two quiet horses going into all sorts of antics, while the tame cockatoo, then resident in the adams ' bush, was said to have become very alarmed by the approach of the unmanned balloon. jonasson, unlike many other early aerialists, lived to an old age, dying in thames in 1959. he is said to have undertaken his last parachute jump, from an aeroplane this time, in the 1930s. he broke a leg as he landed. the advent of heavier - than - air flight put an


conversations with jefferson davis whatever may be any ones opinion in regard to the justice of the cause he advocated, the man who headed for four years the greatest revolt of modern times, can not but be deemed one of the formost figures of american history. whatever crime against his country some think he has commited ( and it may be state here that the writer is not one who holds any such belief ) he has drained his full cup of suffering. as he stated not long ago, he did not seek the position in which he was placed, but obeyed a command which he, with lee and thousands of other good & true men regarded as imperative, the voice of his native state calling him in her defense. he did no more than other men to bring on the war and the question may well be asked as he asked it a few days ago " why should i suffer more than others. " why when others went free should i have been loaded with chains that would have burdened an ox ; the quetion is easier to ask than answer for the flimsy pretence that he has willfully caused the terrible state of affairs at andersonville vanished at the first investigation by men who had been his bitter opponents — it is needless to record here mr. davis ' history as a soldier — he was the blucher of genl taylor ' s waterloo at bronea viola, mexico — or his long and distinguished service in congress but one incident of his life as a cabinet officer may well be mentioned, render his direction of the acqueduct supplying washington with water was built, and without an instanse of his ; his name was commenced some stone he won in office took the pitiful measure of erasing it — but thereby seemed a lasting commemoration of his service for all visitors at once notice the rough marks of the chisel, and their inevitable by the statement that from the stone the name of jefferson davis has been ended, his influence also did much to ornament the capitol and the capitol city. the object of this article however is not to re - affirm either the northern or the southern view of mr. davis ' courage or to tell again a twice told tale, but to give a resume of various conservative [ sic ] which he held with a friend in whom he confided, and who had no intention of publishing his words, nothing will be made public here, however, that mr. davis would object for the world to know and all that follows is in substance what he has said. shortly after reaching montgomery alba to take


, and who had no intention of publishing his words, nothing will be made public here, however, that mr. davis would object for the world to know and all that follows is in substance what he has said. shortly after reaching montgomery alba to take his seat, he found he was watched by a number of men, not only to report his words and deeds but to take his life. two exconvicts who had been sent from philadelphia and promised a large reward if they killed him. the plot was discovered in time. when he arrived in richmond he was exposed to the same danger after having been the unanimous choice of the whole southern confederacy and received in that city with enthusiastic welcome he was soon startled by the knowledge that there were cowardly villains who would seek to assassinate him. one evening he was riding below richmond with col. wm preston johnston ( son of genl. albert sidney johnston ) his horse walked faster that that rider by his companion just after crossing gillies creek, at the lower end of the city a short space separated them. just as they passed this point the report of a gun was heard and a ball whistled between them, mr. davis knowing well whom the shot was intended for, checked his horses and a thorough examination of the neighborhood was made, but no one was found upon whom the assault could be charged. next day a man was arrested in a house near where the firing took place and a rifle and a federal uniform overcoat were found in the house but as no conclusive evidence was provided against he was put in the army and a few weeks he deserted and nothing more was heard of him. this was not the occasion which mr. davis ran such a risk. once when he was returning from an inspection of the fortification near the city he was fired at — about dusk — from behind a wall, but had the good fortune to escape untouched. his conversations from day to day as various topics were suggested to him can be reduced to historical sequence, but must be given as he uttered them. he never took any action in regard to military affairs without consultation with his officers of the highest rank in the army. this action in attempting to end the war by means of peace commensing his in the south has been the subject of more criticism than any other of his life. " i have been severely condemned in regard to the peace commission and many people say that the war could have ended if j. had not prevented it — but i tell you j was in favor of peace. i believe that an agreement would have secur


" i have been severely condemned in regard to the peace commission and many people say that the war could have ended if j. had not prevented it — but i tell you j was in favor of peace. i believe that an agreement would have securred if a man high in office under the confederate government had not betrayed the condition of the south to mr. lincoln. only in our instance that j suggested to genl lee the movement from before petersburg as his army was guided and depleted and only time would inundate it by the crime or make a coup d ' etat. fort stedman was as you know the result ending at appomattox. give his home at beauvoir a happy father and husband and nothing is mor that happening but some unjust criticism from his enemies. a beautiful home looking out on the mexican gulf surrounded by luxuriant trees the shadows fliting over his erect figure in his evening walks. these pre - katrina photos of beauvoir appear courtesy of galen r. frysinger ( www. galenfrysinger. com ). the depiction of jefferson davis comes from beauvoir, the jefferson davis home and presidential library. beauvoir suffered catastrophic damage during the hurricane, images of which may be viewed here. the original essay and its transcription are in the possession of the fredericksburg area museum and cultural center, www. famcc. org, who has kindly made it available. the paragraph breaks and leading title were inserted during editing for historypoint. org.


in its simplest form, concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates ( sand & rock ). the paste, composed of cement and water, coats the surface of the fine ( sand ) and coarse aggregates ( rocks ) and binds them together into a rock - like mass known as concrete. within this process lies the key to a remarkable trait of concrete : itis plastic and can be molded or formed into any shape when newly mixed, strong and durable when hardened. these qualities explain why one material, concrete, can build skyscrapers, bridges, sidewalks, and superhighways, houses and dams. the key to achieving a strong, durable concrete rests on the careful proportioning and mixing of the ingredients. a concrete mixture that does not have enough paste to fill all the voids between the aggregates will be difficult to place and will produce rough, honeycombed surfaces and porous concrete. a mixture with an excess of cement paste will be easy to place and will produce a smooth surface ; however, the resulting concrete will be more likely to crack and be uneconomical. a properly proportioned concrete mixture will possess the desired workability for the fresh concrete and the required durability and strength for the hardened concrete. typically, a mixture is by volume about 10 to 15 percent cement, 60 to 75 percent aggregates and 15 to 20 percent water. entrained air bubbles in many concrete mixtures may also take up another 5 to 8 percent the character of concrete is determined by the quality of the paste. the strength of the paste, in turn, depends on the ratio of water to cement. the water - cement ratio is the weight of the mixing water divided by the weight of the cement. high - quality concrete is produced by lowering the water - cement ratio as much as possible without sacrificing the workability of fresh concrete. generally, using less water produces a higher quality concrete provided the concrete is properly placed, consolidated although most drinking water is suitable for use in concrete, aggregates are chosen carefully. aggregates comprise 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete. the type and size of the aggregate mixture depends on the thickness and purpose of the final concrete product. relatively thin building sections call for small coarse aggregate, while aggregates up to six inches in diameter have been used in large dams. a continuous gradation of particle sizes is desirable for efficient use of the paste. in addition, aggregates should be clean and free from any matter that might affect the quality of the the aggregates, water,


have been used in large dams. a continuous gradation of particle sizes is desirable for efficient use of the paste. in addition, aggregates should be clean and free from any matter that might affect the quality of the the aggregates, water, and the cement are combined, the mixture starts to harden. all portland cements are hydraulic cements that set and harden through a chemical reaction with water. during this reaction, called hydration, a node forms on the surface of each cement particle. the node grows and expands until it links up with nodes from other cement particles or adheres to the building up process results in progressive stiffening, hardening, and strength development. once the concrete is thoroughly mixed and workable it should be placed in forms before the mixture becomes too stiff. during placement, the concrete is consolidated to compact it within the forms and to eliminate potential flaws, such as honeycombs and air pockets. for slabs, concrete is left to stand until the surface moisture film disappears. after the film disappears from the surface, a wood or metal hand float is used to smooth off the concrete. floating produces a relatively even, but slightly rough, texture that has good slip resistance and is frequently used as a final finish for exterior slabs. if a smooth, hard, dense surface is required, floating is followed by steel toweling. curing begins after the exposed surfaces of the concrete have hardened sufficiently to resist marring. curing ensures the continued hydration of the cement and the strength gain of the concrete. concrete surfaces are cured by sprinkling with water fog, or by using moisture - retaining fabrics such as burlap or cotton mats. other curing methods prevent evaporation of the water by sealing the surface with plastic or special sprays special techniques are used for curing concrete during extremely cold or hot weather to protect the concrete. the longer the concrete is kept moist, the stronger and more durable it will become. the rate of hardening depends upon the composition and fineness of the cement, the mix proportions, and the moisture and temperature conditions. most of the hydration and strength gain take place within the first month of concrete ' s life cycle, but hydration continues at a slower rate for many years. concrete continues to get stronger as it gets older.


remember the old saying that when you take a breath you should add a comma. not true!! there really are rules and none of them have to do with breathing. use a comma to - set off an introductory word, phrase, or clause. " haltingly, jim answered the question in class. " " even though tired from lack of sleep, sally made an a on her greek test. " - separate clauses in compound sentences ( make sure you also use a coordinating conjunction ). " alan built a snowman yesterday, and he also shoveled the driveway. " - set off nonrestrictive elements ( clauses, phrases, and words that do not limit the words they modify ). " gene march, who attended austin seminary, is a wonderful professor and a great asset to lpts. " - " who attended austin seminary " is not essential to the meaning of the sentence because it does not limit who it modifies. - if there were two gene marchs at lpts then " who attended austin seminary " would be essential information distinguishing between the two genes and the commas would not be added. - set off appositives ( a noun or phrase that renames a nearby noun ). " john grisham ' s new book, skipping christmas, is an easy read about a middle age couple who decide to forgo all the social conventions of christmas. " - separate three or more items in a series ( back to the " old " way of doing it! ). " spring semester i am taking scripture ii, hce, and nt exegesis. - introduce a quotation " raymond brown opines that, ' nt writing about jesus and his disciples relate a story enacted on the stage of history. '


the human body works best with a diet that includes some carbohydrate. recently a recommended dietary allowance for carbohydrate was set at a minimum of 130 grams per day. this would represent 26 % of the calories in a 2, 000 - calorie - per - day diet, which would still be considered a low - carbohydrate diet, but would avoid the potential hazards of more restrictive diets, including symptoms of ketosis ( nausea, weakness, dehydration, light - headedness, and irritability ) and loss of body protein. certain dietary fats and their food sources are associated with good health and reduction of disease risks. foods high in unsaturated fats that are free of trans fatty acids have been associated with protection from atherosclerosis, heart disease, insulin resistance, and other health concerns. examples of these foods include olive oil, fatty fish, flaxseeds, and nuts. however, replacing high - carbohydrate foods with these foods may increase calorie intake if portion sizes are not kept moderate. certain sources of dietary protein are more healthful than others. protein foods containing significant amounts of saturated fat and cholesterol have been associated with many diseases, including heart attacks, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and gallstones ; choosing low - fat and low - saturated - fat protein foods can minimize these risks. high meat intake, even of leaner cuts, may increase risk of osteoporosis and kidney stones. well - done meat or meat that has been preserved with nitrites should be avoided, or kept to a minimum, due to links with cancer. the most healthful choices for increasing protein intake are fish and seafood, low - or nonfat dairy products, legumes ( including soyfoods ), nuts, and seeds. even a low - carbohydrate diet should emphasize healthful carbohydrate sources. whole grains, fruits, and vegetables supply fiber and many important micronutrients. people with diabetes or insulin resistance may find that choosing carbohydrate foods with a low - glycemic index improves their blood sugar, blood cholesterol, and triglycerides ; helps them better control their weight ; and improves symptoms associated with their health conditions. bread, cereal, rice, and pasta : dairy products and dairy substitutes : - nonfat milk and milk products - unsweetened nonfat yogurt - soy beverages fats and


what exactly is a continuous function? here is a typical explanation taken from a university textbook ( g. f. simmons, calculus with analytic geometry, mcgraw - hill, 1985 ) : in everyday speech, a ' continuous ' process is one that proceeds without gaps of interruptions or sudden changes. roughly speaking, a function y = f ( x ) is continuous if it displays similar behavior, that is, if a small change in x produces a small change in the corresponding value f ( x ). as the author observes, this description is " rather loose and intuitive, and intended more to explain than to define. " he goes on to provide a " more rigorous, formal definition, " which i summarize as : a function f is continuous at a number a if the following three conditions are satisfied : 1. f is defined on an open interval containing a. to make this precise, we need to define the notion of a limit : 2. f ( x ) tends to a limit as x tends to a. 3. that limit is equal to f ( a ). if a function f ( x ) is defined on an open interval containing a, except possibly at a itself, we say that f tends to a limit l as x tends to a, where l is a real number, if, for any \ epsilon > 0, there is a \ delta > 0 such that : if 0 < | x - a | < \ delta, then | f ( x ) - l | < \ epsilonwith limits defined in this way, the resulting definition of a continuous function is known as the cauchy - weierstrass definition, after the two nineteenth century mathematicians who developed it. the definition forms the bedrock of modern real analysis and any standard " rigorous " treatment of calculus. as a result, it is the gateway through which all students must pass in order to enter those domains. but how many of us manage to pass through that gateway without considerable effort? certainly, i did not, and neither has any of my students in twenty - five years of university mathematics teaching. why is there so much difficulty in understanding this definition? admittedly the logical structure of the definition is somewhat intricate. but it ' s not that complicated. most of us can handle a complicated definition provided we understand what that definition is trying to say. thus, it seems likely that something else is going on to cause so much difficulty, something to do with what the definition means. but what, exactly? let ' s start with the intuitive idea of continuity that we


that definition is trying to say. thus, it seems likely that something else is going on to cause so much difficulty, something to do with what the definition means. but what, exactly? let ' s start with the intuitive idea of continuity that we started out with, the idea of a function that has no gaps, interruptions, or sudden changes. this is essentially the conception newton and leibniz worked with. so too did euler, who wrote of " a curve described by freely leading the hand. " notice that this conception of continuity is fundamentally dynamic. either we think of the curve as being drawn in a continuous ( sic ) fashion, or else we view the curve as already drawn and imagine what it is like to travel along it. this means that our mental conception has the following features : 1. the continuous function is formed by motion, which takes place over time. aspects of this dynamic view are still present when we start to develop a more formal definition : we speak about the values f ( x ) approaching the value f ( a ) as x approaches a. the mental picture here is one of preserving closeness near a point. 2. the function has directionality. 3. the continuity arises from the motion. 4. the motion results in a static line with no gaps or jumps. 5. the static line has no directionality. notice that the formal definition of a limit implicitly assumes that the real line is continuous ( i. e., gapless, or a continuum ). for, if it were not, then talk about x approaching a would not capture the conception we need. in this conception, a line or a continuum is a fundamental object in its own right. points are simply locations on lines. when we formulate the final cauchy - weierstrass definition, however, by making precise the notion of a limit, we abandon the dynamic view, based on the idea of a gapless real continuum, and replace it by an entirely static conception that speaks about the existence of real numbers having certain properties. the conception of a line that underlies this definition is that a line is a set of points. the points are now the fundamental objects, not the line. this, of course, is a highly abstract conception of a line that was only introduced in the late nineteenth century, and then only in response to difficulties encountered dealing with some pathological examples of functions. when you think about it, that ' s quite a major shift in conceptual model, from the highly natural and intuitive idea of motion (


in the late nineteenth century, and then only in response to difficulties encountered dealing with some pathological examples of functions. when you think about it, that ' s quite a major shift in conceptual model, from the highly natural and intuitive idea of motion ( in time ) along a continuum to a contrived statement about the existence of numbers, based on the highly artificial view of a line as being a set of points. when we ( i. e., mathematics instructors ) introduce our students to the " formal " definition of continuity, we are not, as we claim, making a loose, intuitive notion more formal and rigorous. rather, we are changing the conception of continuity in almost every respect. no wonder our students don ' t see how the formal definition captures their intuitions. it doesn ' t. it attempts to replace their intuitive picture with something quite different. perhaps our students would have less trouble trying to understand the cauchy - weierstrass definition if we told them in advance that it was not a formalization of their intuitive conception - - that the mathematician ' s formal notion of a continuous function is in fact something quite different from the intuitive picture. indeed, that might help. but if we are getting into the business of open disclosure, we had better go the whole way and point out that the new definition does not explicitly capture continuity at all. that famous - - indeed, infamous - - epsilon - delta statement that causes everyone so much trouble does not eliminate ( all ) the vagueness inherent in the intuitive notion of continuity. indeed, it doesn ' t address continuity at all. rather, it simply formalizes the notion of " correspondingly " in the relation " correspondingly close. " in fact, the cauchy - weierstrass definition only manages to provide a definition of continuity of a function by assuming continuity of the real line! it is perhaps worth mentioning, if only because some students may have come to terms with the idea that a line is a set of points, that in terms of that conception of a line - - which is not something that someone or something can move along - - the original, intuitive idea of continuity reduces simply to gaplessness. in short, however you approach it, the step from the intuitive notion of continuity to the formal, cauchy - weierstrass definition, involves a huge mental discontinuity.


adult students are often better motivated than traditional - age students, but many have not taken an examination for many years. thus, finding appropriate methods of assessment poses a challenge. background and purpose the houston community college system ' s central college has about 27, 000 full - time equivalent students who have various goals including changing careers, acquiring associate degrees and transferring to programs which will result in 4 - year degrees. there are no residential facilities at the college which is located in downtown houston, texas. some students are homeless, physically challenged, in rehabilitation programs ; and others are traditional students. the average age of our students is 27 years old. older students present the faculty member with unusual challenges since they don ' t necessarily respond well to traditional methods of teaching and assessment. however, they are capable of succeeding in learning mathematics if given appropriate support and opportunities to show what they have learned. many students have personal difficulties at the beginning of the semester. they are challenged with housing arrangements, parking and transportation problems. day care is also a problem for many single or divorced women. although the students have social problems and economic constraints, they are motivated to strive toward the academic goals of my class. they honestly communicate their difficulties and they share their successes. i design activities and assessment in my class to address these special needs of my students. flexibility and compassion create an environment rich with opportunities to learn, while the expectations of excellence, mastery and skills acquisition are maintained. these non - traditional students usually begin my course in college algebra with little confidence in their abilities. they are reluctant to go to the board to present problems. older students tend to do homework in isolation. many of them do not linger on campus to benefit from interaction with their classmates. college algebra students at central college have no experience with mathematics software or computer algebra systems such as derive, and are uncomfortable with computer technology generally. while older students may be uncomfortable with reform in college algebra, with time they do adjust and benefit from a pedagogical style which differs from the one they expected. in this article, i discuss some assessment techniques which i have found help these students grow, and allow them to show what they have learned. i usually start my college algebra classes with a 10 or 15 minute mini - lecture. i pose questions which encourage discussion among the students. these questions are sequenced and timed to inspire students to discover new ways of approaching a problem and to encourage them to persist toward solutions. students are invited to make presentations of problems on the board. cooperative learning offers opportunities for sharing information and peer tutoring. students


are sequenced and timed to inspire students to discover new ways of approaching a problem and to encourage them to persist toward solutions. students are invited to make presentations of problems on the board. cooperative learning offers opportunities for sharing information and peer tutoring. students are invited to form groups of four or five. i assign the work : for example, the section of lial ' s college algebra test on word problems. each group selects its group leader. participants keep a journal of their work, and each member must turn in a copy of all solved problems in their own handwriting. students are warned that each group member must be an active problem solver and no one is to be a " sponge. " one class period is dedicated to forming the groups and to establishing the rules for completion of the assignment, and a second to work on the assignment. if the word problems are not completed in the designated class period, the assignment become a homework assignment to be completed by each group. approximately 30 word problems requiring the use of equations are solved using this method. as a result of this activity, students become aware of their strengths and weaknesses and become better at pacing themselves and at self assessment. although i give a group grade for projects, i do not give a group grade for classwork or participation in discussion groups : each individual receives a grade for work completed. projects provide an opportunity for students to become familiar with the mathematics laboratory. the goal of the project is graphing and designing at least three images : a cat ' s face, a spirograph and a flower. most designs are accomplished using lines and conics such as circles, ellipses and parabolas. some students do library or internet research for their projects : they look up trigonometric equations and discover the appropriate coefficients to produce the best ( and prettiest ) flowers, or use polar coordinates or parametric equations. an objective of the research is to identify role models and people of diverse backgrounds who persisted and succeeded in mathematics courses or professions that are mathematics dependent. a second objective is to inspire students to write about mathematics and to record their attitude toward mathematics and technology. i had the students in summer school find a web page on mathematics and nature, and write a short report. they also did research on biomimetics and composites to become aware of the usual connections in science, mathematics and nature. connecting mathematics to the world around them helps motivate them to work harder learning the mathematics. the mathematics and nature web site that the students found is the one that i have linked to


become aware of the usual connections in science, mathematics and nature. connecting mathematics to the world around them helps motivate them to work harder learning the mathematics. the mathematics and nature web site that the students found is the one that i have linked to my page. i encouraged the students to use e - mail and to provide feedback to me by e - mail. examinations usually contain 14 - 20 questions requiring the students to " show all work. " this gives me an opportunity to see exactly what their needs are. four examinations and a comprehensive final are administered. the student is given the option to drop the first examination, if the grade is below 70. this option provides a degree of flexibility and often relaxes tension. our most successful endeavor has been the establishment of my web page, using student research and feedback to improve the design. the web page can be accessed at http : / / 22. 214. 171. 124. i have an instructional page ( with information for my students on syllabus, expectations, etc. ) and a personal page that students viewed and provided corrective feedback. this activity inspired many students to do more research using world wide web. encouraging students to use this technology helps some of those who are feel bypassed by technology overcome their fears. one student sent me an e - mail message : " this project to research your webpage was not only educational to students it gave them an opportunity to use current fast moving technology. " another commented, " i have been meaning to start on my own for quite some time, and now you have inspired me to do so. " attitudinal learning took place and students seemed more excited about the mathematics class and the use of technology. the college algebra classes have developed into a stimulating and broad intellectual experience for my students. they gained the algebra skills and a new attitude about mathematics and careers in mathematics. the drop out rate in my college algebra classes is lower than most classes in my department. approximately 89 percent of the students passed the course with grade c or above, while others realized that they did not have the time nor dedication to do a good job and they simply dropped the course. i believe students made wise judgments about their own ability and that they will probably re - enroll at a later date to complete the coursework. with persistence on the instructor ' s part, older students become more confident learners. for example, toward the beginning of the semester, a 62 - year - old businessman would often ask me to do more problems on the board for him. he would say,


persistence on the instructor ' s part, older students become more confident learners. for example, toward the beginning of the semester, a 62 - year - old businessman would often ask me to do more problems on the board for him. he would say, " darling, would you work this problem for me?... i had a hell of a time with it last night. " i didn ' t mind his style as long as he continued doing the work. eventually, he would put forth more effort and go to the board to show the class how much progress he made. he would point to the area where he was challenged, and then a discussion would ensue. as i observed his change in behavior i noted that he and other students were taking more and more responsibility for their learning. participants in my classes seem more appreciative of the beauty of mathematics and mathematics in nature. students who successfully completed their designs using derive discovered the beautiful graphs resulting from various types of mathematics statements. they learned how to use scaling and shifting to design images that were symmetric with respect to a vertical axes. while designing, for example, the cat ' s face, they learned how to change the radius and to translate small circles to represent the eyes of the cat. some students used a simple reflection with respect to the x - axis to obtain a portion of their design. as they pursue their work, they had conferences with me to gain more insight. many students needed to learn basic computer skills : how to read the main menu of a computer, search and find derive, and author a statement. tutors were available in the mathematics laboratory and i assisted students when questions arose. it was the first time many of my students had ever made an attempt to integrate the use of technology into college algebra. more students are enthusiastic about the use of technology in mathematics. three years ago only about 5 percent of the central college students owned graphing calculators or used a computer algebra system. in 1997, approximately 35 percent of them are active participants in the mathematics laboratory or own graphing calculators. use of findings as a result of student input, via informal discussions and e - mail, i will lengthen my mini - lectures to 20 - 25 minutes. furthermore, at the end of each class i will review concepts and provide closure for the entire group. more demonstrations using the ti - 92 will help prepare the students for their project assignments and a bibliography on " diversity in mathematics " will assist the student research component. i usually document class attendance on the first and


supplementation of the b vitamin folic acid in women before conception and during early pregnancy has been shown to reduce the occurrence of neural tube defects ( ntds ) by at least 50 - 70 %. this collective evidence has led to a number of activities around prevention of ntds. in 1992, the u. s. public health service recommended that women of childbearing age consume 400 micrograms of folic acid per day for the purpose of reducing their risk of having a pregnancy affected by an ntd. subsequently, in 1996, the u. s. food and drug administration made it optional to fortify enriched grain products with folic acid, and mandated fortification by 1998. since 1995, the march of dimes has commissioned gallup to conduct surveys to measure women ' s awareness and behavior relative to folic acid and other pre - pregnancy health issues. | | | detailed data from march of dimes folic acid surveys are only available for the united states. quick facts for this information can be found here. | | | | for more detailed data, click on the topic edit button in search tool on left side, select one of the subtopics from drop down list under this topic. here you ' ll find more graphs, maps, and tables that pertain to this topic. | march of dimes folic acid surveys, conducted by gallup. centers for disease control and prevention, pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system. retrieved may 24, 2013, from www. marchofdimes. com / peristats.


title ix of the education amendments of 1972 is the major statue prohibiting sex discrimination in education. it states : no person in the united states shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits or, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal assistance. federal regulations for title ix were issued in 1975 and prohibit discrimination in : - housing and facilities - access to courses and other educational activities - career guidance and counseling services - student financial aid - student health and insurance benefits - scholastic intercollegiate, club, or intramural athletics - physical education - based on marital or parental status pregnancy - since 1975 it has been determined that title ix applies to education employees, as well as to students, and that sexual harassment is also covered by title ix as a form of sex discrimination. military schools, religious schools, and other non - public schools are generally exempt from the provisions of title ix, unless they receive federal funding. each state department of education and local school system is required to have a title ix designee to coordinate the implementation of title ix. the maryland state department of education title ix coordinator is : senior educational equity specialist equity assurance and compliance branch title ix regulations & title ix of the education amendments of 1972 the u. s. department of education issued regulations related to the implementation of title ix in 1975. the regulations were updated in 2006. title ix local school system coordinators every local school system is required to have a title ix designee to coordinate the implementation of title ix. information related to the maryland local school system coordinators is provided below. title ix and single sex programs in 2006, new title ix regulations for the establishment of single sex programs in schools were adopted by the u. s. department of education. many factors and legal requirements must be addressed if schools are considering the development of single - sex options. the link below is to the latest u. s. department of education ’ s title ix single sex regulations. the regulations related to single sex programs are in section 106. 34, access to classes and schools. the link below is to a letter from the u. s. department of education ’ s assistant secretary in the office for civil rights about single - sex programs and title ix. research and background information visit the links below for additional information executive summary : single sex and coeducational schooling : a systematic review ( u. s. department of education ) 2005 national coalition for women and girls in education website – link to issues / single sex http : / / www. ncwge.


mgh hotline 04. 09. 10 optical coherence tomography ( oct ) is an intravascular imaging technology that offers the promise of revealing the microscopic characteristics of a vulnerable coronary plaque. the mgh leads international study to identify vulnerable coronary plaques oct pioneer : jang at the march 13 oct registry symposium optical coherence tomography ( oct ) is an intravascular imaging technology that offers the promise of revealing the microscopic characteristics of a vulnerable coronary plaque. using near - infrared light, oct creates extremely high - resolution images from within an artery. the images have a resolution at least 20 times better than standard imaging technologies, such as computed tomography. mgh heart center researchers, together with a coalition of 20 international sites, will create the world ' s largest registry of patients who have had oct of the coronary arteries. researchers hope the data will help determine the ability of oct to identify vulnerable plaques in patients as well as its benefits as a follow - up procedure to stent placement. when a vulnerable plaque in a coronary artery ruptures, the result can be catastrophic, blocking blood flow to the heart muscle and causing a heart attack. cardiologists estimate that vulnerable plaques cause two - thirds to three - quarters of all fatal heart attacks. standard imaging technologies are not able to identify the microscopic characteristics of these at - risk plaques. the international research team - - led by mgh interventional cardiologist ik - kyung jang, md, phd, a pioneer in the field of cardiac oct - - will collect data from 3, 000 patients who had cardiac oct during a catheterization procedure and will follow them for five years with the goal of determining the effectiveness of the technique in identifying at - risk patients. in a clinical study in 2002, jang was the first physician to use oct technology in a human heart, and he has led several studies of the technology over the years. use of cardiac oct has grown exponentially with more than 10, 000 cases performed worldwide last year. " the mgh oct registry is the first international effort to share information about oct use in cardiac care, " says jang. " this collaboration will bring together a wealth of information and help us facilitate scientific advancement in the field. " the registry was launched during the first mgh oct registry symposium on march 13. the study ' s international sites in japan, china, korea and australia will begin enrolling patients in june. enrollment in the united states will begin pending clearance of the technology by the u. s. food and drug


funguses ( also called fungi ) are parasitic, spore - producing organisms. they obtain their nourishment by absorbing food from the hosts on which they grow. many species of fungus exist in the environment, but only some cause infections. the primary source of most infections is soil. fungal infections can be acquired by inhalation, ingestion, or through the skin ( for example, through a cut or wound ). some fungal infections can cause disease in otherwise healthy animals, while others require a host that is sick, weakened, or immunocompromised to establish infection. prolonged use of antibiotic drugs or immunosuppressive agents appears to increase the likelihood of some fungal infections. the infection itself may be localized, or it may affect the entire body. in general, fungal infections affecting the skin ( such as ringworm ) are common in cats, while generalized fungal infections are very rare. aspergillosis is a fungal infection caused by several aspergillus species. it is primarily a respiratory infection that may become generalized. aspergillosis is found worldwide and in almost all domestic animals as well as in many wild animals ; however, the susceptibility to fungal infections varies among species. nasal cavity, lung, and intestinal forms have been described in domestic cats. cats that are already stressed by disease ( such as viral infection ) or immunosuppressed may be more likely to become infected. signs are nonspecific and include inflammation of the sinuses or the esophagus ( or both ) and pneumonia. establishing an accurate diagnosis can be difficult. surgery and antifungal drugs are usually recommended to treat aspergillosis ; however, the outlook depends on the overall condition of the cat and the extent of infection. candidiasis is a localized fungal disease affecting the mucous membranes and the skin. it is distributed worldwide in a variety of animals and is most commonly caused by species of the yeast - like fungus, candida albicans. candidiasis is rare in cats, but has been associated with oral and upper respiratory disease, lesions of the eye, infection of the space between the lungs and chest wall, intestinal disease, and bladder infection. factors that may predispose an animal to infection include injury to any of the mucous membranes, the use of catheters, administration of antibiotics, and immunosuppressive drugs or diseases. signs of infection are variable and nonspecific ( for example, diarrhea, weakness, skin lesions


any of the mucous membranes, the use of catheters, administration of antibiotics, and immunosuppressive drugs or diseases. signs of infection are variable and nonspecific ( for example, diarrhea, weakness, skin lesions ) and may be associated more with the primary or predisposing conditions than with the candida infection itself. an ointment or topical application may be useful in the treatment of oral or skin candidiasis. your veterinarian may also recommend different drugs given by mouth or by injection for treatment of infected cats. coccidioidomycosis ( valley fever ) coccidioidomycosis is a dustborne, noncontagious infection caused by the fungus coccidioides immitis. infections are limited to dry, desertlike regions of the southwestern united states and similar geographic areas of mexico and central and south america. inhalation of fungal spores ( often carried on dust particles ) is the only established mode of infection. epidemics may occur when rainy periods are followed by drought, resulting in dust storms. infections are uncommon in cats. coccidioidomycosis is primarily a chronic respiratory disease. infected cats most often have skin problems ( draining skin lesions, lumps under the skin, abscesses ), fever, lack of appetite, and weight loss. less common signs in cats include difficulty breathing, lameness, neurologic signs, and eye abnormalities. a diagnosis is based on identification of the fungus in tissue samples from the animal. treatment involves longterm antifungal medications. the prognosis is guarded, but cats with skin infections may respond to treatment. there is no known prevention other than decreasing your pet ' s exposure to desert soil and dust as much as possible. cryptococcosis is a fungal disease that may affect the respiratory tract ( especially the nasal cavity ), central nervous system, eyes, and skin ( particularly of the face and neck of cats ). it is caused by the fungus cryptococcus neoformans, which is found worldwide in soil and bird manure, especially in pigeon droppings. transmission is by inhalation of spores or contamination of wounds. cryptococcosis is most common in cats, although it also occurs in other domestic and wild animals. in cats, upper respiratory signs following infection of the nasal cavity are most common. the signs often include sneezing, bloody nasal discharge, polyp - like mass ( es ) in the nostril, and a firm swelling under the


animals. in cats, upper respiratory signs following infection of the nasal cavity are most common. the signs often include sneezing, bloody nasal discharge, polyp - like mass ( es ) in the nostril, and a firm swelling under the skin and over the bridge of the nose. areas of small raised bumps and nodules may affect the skin ; these may feel soft ( liquid filled ) or firm. these areas may ulcerate, leaving a raw surface. neurologic signs associated with cryptococcosis of the central nervous system include depression, changes in temperament, seizures, circling, slight paralysis, and blindness. eye abnormalities may also develop. various antifungal drugs may be prescribed for the treatment of cryptococcosis. most affected pets require prolonged treatment ( up to several months ), depending on the severity and extent of the disease. treatment for cryptococcosis may include surgery to remove lesions in the nasal cavity or on the bridge of the nose. the outlook for cats that are also infected with feline leukemia virus or feline immunodeficiency virus is guarded, because these cats have a higher likelihood of treatment failure. histoplasmosis is a noncontagious infection caused by the fungus histoplasma capsulatum, which is found worldwide. this soil fungus is widely distributed ( particularly by bird and bat populations ) in the midwestern and southern united states, especially in river valleys and plains. infection occurs when spores in the air are inhaled. the lungs and the lymph nodes in the chest are the sites of primary infection. the organisms enter the bloodstream from these sites and become dispersed throughout the body ; they may localize in bone marrow or the eyes. the signs vary and are nonspecific, reflecting the various organ involvements. occasionally, cats with lung involvement show signs of fever, labored breathing, and coughing. the lung infection usually resolves on its own. however, if the respiratory infection extends to other tissues, a more serious form of the disease may develop, involving a large number of organs and body systems. the organs most often involved are the lungs, intestine, lymph nodes, liver, spleen and bone marrow. signs of illness such as depression, fever, and poor appetite are common, as well as chronic diarrhea, intestinal blood loss, anemia, and weight loss. infection of the bones, eyes, skin, and central nervous system may occur. diagnosis requires identification of the fungus in body fluids or tissues


are common, as well as chronic diarrhea, intestinal blood loss, anemia, and weight loss. infection of the bones, eyes, skin, and central nervous system may occur. diagnosis requires identification of the fungus in body fluids or tissues. treatment of widespread histoplasmosis is difficult. it requires the use of anti - fungal drugs and supportive treatment such as adequate nutrition, additional fluids ( hydration ), and control of secondary bacterial infections. antifungal treatment must be continued for prolonged periods of time and may be expensive. mycetomas are infections of the skin and underlying tissues that have the appearance of nodules or tumors. when such lesions are caused by funguses, they are known as eumycotic mycetomas. the fungus multiplies in the lesions and organizes into aggregates known as granules or grains. granules may be of various colors and sizes, depending on the species of fungus involved. mycetomas are rare in cats. most eumycotic mycetomas are confined to the tissue beneath the skin. in cats, mycetomas are usually characterized by skin nodules on the legs and feet or on the face. when the feet or limbs are involved, the infection may extend to the underlying bone. skin mycetomas, while not life - threatening, are often difficult to resolve. your veterinarian will recommend the best treatment options, which may include surgical removal or antifungal medication. north american blastomycosis north american blastomycosis, caused by the fungus blastomyces dermatitidis, is generally limited to geographically restricted areas in the mississippi, missouri, tennessee, and ohio river basins and along the great lakes and the st. lawrence seaway. beaver dams and other habitats where soil is moist, acidic, and rich in decaying vegetation may serve as the ecologic niche for the organism, which has also been found in pigeon and bat feces. blastomycosis is rare in cats. affected animals have signs such as fever, lethargy, poor appetite, and weight loss. lung involvement leads to exercise intolerance, cough, and difficulty breathing. the peripheral lymph nodes may be enlarged. bone involvement may occur and result in lameness. central nervous system infection may lead to behavior changes, seizures, coma, or sudden death. infection of the urogenital tract occasionally may occur and cause signs such as blood in the urine or difficulty urinating. eye involvement can lead to pain,


. central nervous system infection may lead to behavior changes, seizures, coma, or sudden death. infection of the urogenital tract occasionally may occur and cause signs such as blood in the urine or difficulty urinating. eye involvement can lead to pain, light sensitivity, and glaucoma. involvement of the retina may lead to blindness. draining nodules may be found in the skin. treatment of blastomycosis is based on the severity of the condition and other factors that must be evaluated by a veterinarian. treatment is aimed at relief of specific signs ( such as difficulty breathing, coughing, or eye problems ) and elimination of the fungus from the body. treatment may include one or more antifungal drugs, which are given for an extended period ( often 2 months or more ) until active disease is not apparent. relapses may occur ( see disorders affecting multiple body systems of dogs : north american blastomycosis ). phaeohyphomycosis is a general term for an infection by any of a number of pigmented funguses of the family dematiaceae. infection may result from fungal contamination of tissue at the site of an injury. phaeohyphomycosis is uncommon in cats. in most cases, the infection is confined to the skin and tissues beneath the skin. slowly enlarging masses beneath the skin are found on the head, the lining of the nasal passages, limbs, and chest. the nodules may ulcerate and have draining tracts. surgical removal of the lesion can be a cure. treatment with antifungal drugs may be considered in cases when surgery is not possible. rhinosporidiosis is a chronic, nonfatal infection, primarily of the lining of the nasal passages and, occasionally, of the skin. it is caused by the fungus rhinosporidium seeberi. uncommon in north america, it is seen most often in india, africa, and south america. infection is characterized by polyp - like growths that may be soft, pink, crumbly, lobular with roughened surfaces, and large enough to obstruct or close off the nasal passages. the skin lesions may be single or multiple, attached at a base, or have a stem - like connection. surgical removal of the lesions is considered to be the standard treatment, but recurrence is common. sporotrichosis is a sporadic chronic disease caused by sporothrix schenckii. the organism is found around the world in


connection. surgical removal of the lesions is considered to be the standard treatment, but recurrence is common. sporotrichosis is a sporadic chronic disease caused by sporothrix schenckii. the organism is found around the world in soil, vegetation, and timber. in the us, this fungus is most commonly found in coastal regions and river valleys. infection usually results when the organism enters the body through skin wounds via contact with plants or soil or penetrating foreign objects such as a sharp branch. transmission of the disease from animals to humans can occur. sporotrichosis is more common in cats than other species. the infection may remain localized to the site of entry ( involving only the skin ) or it may spread to nearby lymph nodes. although generalized illness is not seen initially, longterm infection may result in fever, listlessness, and depression. rarely, infection will spread through the bloodstream from the initial site of inoculation to the bone, lungs, liver, spleen, testes, gastrointestinal tract, or central nervous system. longterm treatment with antifungal drugs ( continued 3 to 4 weeks beyond apparent cure ) is usually recommended. because sporotrichosis can be passed from your pet to you, strict hygiene must be observed when handling animals with suspected or diagnosed sporotrichosis. if your cat is diagnosed with sporotrichosis, ask your veterinarian about the precautions you and every member of your family should take while your pet is ill. last full review / revision july 2011 by otto m. radostits, cm, dvm, msc, dacvim ( deceased ) ; eugene d. janzen, dvm, mvs ; jodie low choy, bvms ; dennis w. macy, ms, dacvim ; dudley l. mccaw, dvm, dacvim ( small animal, oncology ) ; barton w. rohrbach, vmd, mph, dacvpm ; j. glenn songer, phd ; richard a. squires, bvsc ( hons ), phd, dvr, dacvim, decvim - ca, mrcvs ; bert e. stromberg, phd ; joseph taboada, dvm, dacvim ; charles o. thoen, dvm, phd ; john f. timoney, mvb, phd, dsc, mrcvs ; ian tizard,


adrenal virilism is a syndrome in which excessive adrenal androgens cause virilization. diagnosis is clinical and confirmed by elevated androgen levels with and without dexamethasone suppression ; determining the cause may involve adrenal imaging. treatment depends on the cause. adrenal virilism is caused by an androgen - secreting adrenal tumor or by adrenal hyperplasia. malignant adrenal tumors may secrete excess androgens, cortisol, or mineralocorticoids ( or all three ), resulting in cushing syndrome ( see adrenal disorders : cushing syndrome ) with suppression of acth secretion and atrophy of the contralateral adrenal as well as hypertension. adrenal hyperplasia is usually congenital ; delayed virilizing adrenal hyperplasia is a variant of congenital adrenal hyperplasia ( see endocrine disorders in children : congenital adrenal hyperplasia ). both are caused by a defect in hydroxylation of cortisol precursors ; cortisol precursors accumulate and are shunted into the production of androgens. the defect is only partial in delayed virilizing adrenal hyperplasia, so clinical disease may not develop until adulthood. symptoms and signs effects depend on the patient ' s sex and age at onset and are more noticeable in women than in men. female infants with congenital adrenal hyperplasia ( see endocrine disorders in children : congenital adrenal hyperplasia ) may have fusion of the labioscrotal folds and clitoral hypertrophy resembling male external genitalia, thus presenting as female pseudohermaphrodites. in prepubertal children, growth may accelerate. if untreated, premature epiphyseal closure and short stature occur. affected prepubertal males may experience premature sexual maturation. adult females may have amenorrhea, atrophy of the uterus, clitoral hypertrophy, decreased breast size, acne, hirsutism, deepening of the voice, baldness, increased libido, and increased muscularity. in adult men, the excess adrenal androgens may suppress gonadal function and cause infertility. ectopic adrenal tissue in the testes may enlarge and simulate tumors. adrenal virilism is suspected clinically, although mild hirsutism and viril


suppress gonadal function and cause infertility. ectopic adrenal tissue in the testes may enlarge and simulate tumors. adrenal virilism is suspected clinically, although mild hirsutism and virilization with hypomenorrhea and elevated plasma testosterone may also occur in polycystic ovary ( stein - leventhal ) syndrome ( see menstrual abnormalities : polycystic ovary syndrome ( pcos ) ). adrenal virilism is confirmed by showing elevated levels of adrenal androgens. in adrenal hyperplasia, urinary dehydroepiandrosterone ( dhea ) and its sulfate ( dheas ) are elevated, pregnanetriol excretion is often increased, and urinary free cortisol is normal or diminished. plasma dhea, dheas, 17 - hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, and androstenedione may be elevated. a 17 - hydroxyprogesterone level of > 30 nmol / l 30 min after administration of cosyntropin ( synthetic acth ) 0. 25 mg im strongly suggests the most common form of adrenal hyperplasia. virilizing tumors are excluded if dexamethasone 0. 5 mg po q 6 h for 48 h suppresses production of excess androgens. if excessive androgen excretion is not suppressed, ct or mri of the adrenals and ultrasonography of the ovaries are done to search for a tumor. recommended treatment for adrenal hyperplasia is dexamethasone 0. 5 to 1 mg po at bedtime, but even these small doses may cause signs of cushing syndrome. giving the dose at bedtime is most appropriate in terms of suppressing acth secretion but may cause insomnia. cortisol 25 mg po once / day or prednisone 5 to 10 mg po once / day can be used instead. although most symptoms and signs of virilism disappear, hirsutism and baldness disappear slowly, the voice may remain deep, and fertility may be impaired. tumors require adrenalectomy. for patients with cortisol - secreting tumors, hydrocortisone should be given preoperatively and postoperatively because their nontumorous adrenal cortex will be atrophic and suppressed. last full review / revision august 2012 by ashley


anna maria garthwaite began designing silks in the mid - 1720s, when she was in her thirties. it is not known how she learned the art of designing for silk weaving, but her efficient use of materials and, more importantly her graceful designs show that she thoroughly understood her craft. her family was acquainted with several naturalists of the period, which may account for the skilled rendering of flowers seen in her work. many of the designs she produced from the 1720s through 1756 have been preserved in the collection of the victoria and albert museum, london, including the original design drawing for this silk along with another example of the textile itself. most of garthwaite ' s extant drawings are annotated with the date of the design, in addition to technical notes and sometimes even the name of the weaver to whom the design was sold. the colors of the design on paper are generally those that were woven. but in this case, the weaver changed the color scheme slightly and added a texture to the background. this design is typical of english dress silks of the period : the spare sprays of flowers are set on a white background, and the branch supporting the flowers meanders back and forth across the width of the fabric. the appearance of the truncated branch from which various types of flowers bloom may be a nod to the chinoiserie trend in the eighteenth - century rococo style.