{"text": "pizza protips : additions to your dough while pizza purists among us might say that adding anything except the basic ingredients to pizza dough is wrong, sometimes the urge to experiment gets in the way of tradition. next thing you know, there ' s a reuben pizza with a rye crust or a sweet - crusted deep - dish dessert pizza on the table. not that i ' m encouraging that sort of aberrant behavior, but if you ' re going to start flinging things into your pizza dough, you might as well do it armed with a little bit of knowledge about what might happen. this is also a handy list to have on hand if your dough has somehow gone awry and you want to try to salvage or repurpose it. while many possible additions, such as seeds, are mostly benign when it comes to the behavior or structure of dough, others can have a dramatic impact on the yeast or gluten in your dough and thus, your finished product. this is by no means a complete list of the things you might throw into a dough in a moment of whimsy, but here, in alphabetical order, are some fairly common items you can add, and how they affect your dough. ascorbic acid : strengthens the gluten. dough can be baked at a higher proof level when ascorbic acid is added. typically recipes that call for ascorbic acid use about a teaspoon per average loaf. baking powder : some breads include this as a secondary leavening agent. a teaspoon per cup of flour is about the maximum you ' ll find in most recipes. beer : creates a supple dough. depending on the recipe, beer can be substituted for just some \u2014 or all \u2014 of the liquid in a bread recipe. butter, oil : lubricates the gluten and increases loaf volume. bread will have a softer crumb and crust, and a longer shelf life. you get a better gluten development if the fat is added after the dough has been kneaded. if fat ( particularly solid fat ) is added to the dough too early, it can coat the flour and keep the gluten from forming. too much fat will result in a compact loaf because the fat over - tenderizes the dough and retards yeast. buttermilk : strengthens the dough. like beer, this can be used as some or all of the liquid in a recipe. cinnamon : increases yeast activity in small amounts ; retards yeast in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38271800862952443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.562519"} {"text": "adding honey instead of sugar results in a more golden crust, keeps bread moist. honey has antibacterial properties and retards mold. some honeys can kill yeast, so it ' s wise to proof the yeast with any new jars of honey. a tablespoon per loaf, replacing the sugar, is enough to detect the honey in the bread. lecithin : extends shelf life, preserves flavor. more lecithin softens the crumb ; and produces a finer texture and more tender crust. lecithin is in egg yolks and can be purchased as a powder or granules. as an add - in to bread, it ' s typically used in small amounts \u2014 just a teaspoon or so per loaf. mashed potatoes : left over mashed potatoes or instant mashed potatoes are one of my secret ingredients in bread. they make the bread soft and fluffy. i keep the instant on hand at all times, and when i buy, i look for the ones with the fewest ingredients. i ' ve been lucky enough to find some that are nothing more than dried potatoes. one - quarter cup per loaf of bread is enough to make the dough fluffy. milk ( liquid ) : strengthens gluten, helps crust brown, softens the crumb. an enzyme in milk slows the growth of the yeast and it can break down the protein in the flour and weaken the dough. scalding the milk destroys this enzyme. like beer or buttermilk, it can be used to replace some or all of the liquid in a bread recipe. milk ( dry, powdered ) : improves crust browning, adds moisture. helps the dough relax. about 1 / 4 cup per loaf of bread is typical. non - diastatic malt ( barley malt syrup ) : flavor and sweetness only. does not affect the yeast. used to replace sugar in a recipe, about 1 tablespoon per loaf is typical. nutmeg : increases yeast activity. another strong - flavored spice, use depends on the flavor desired, starting at about 1 / 4 teaspoon per loaf. pectin : adds moisture and can replace fat in bread. 1 teaspoon per loaf is enough. potato water : keeps bread moist. this can be used as a substitute for some or all of the liquid in a recipe. salt : regulates yeast, strengthens and tightens gluten. too much kills yeast ; tight gluten can make dough harder to knead, so some people add the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4032933649012419, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.564513"} {"text": "as a substitute for some or all of the liquid in a recipe. salt : regulates yeast, strengthens and tightens gluten. too much kills yeast ; tight gluten can make dough harder to knead, so some people add the salt after the dough has been kneaded for a while ; others think that it ' s too hard to distribute the salt if it is added too late. on average, one teaspoon per loaf of bread. sour cream : strengthens the gluten, and tenderizes crumb. can be used to replace some of the liquid in a recipe. about 1 / 4 cup per loaf is typical. soft cheeses : adds moisture and flavor. up to 1 / 2 cup per loaf is typical. sugar : feeds yeast, holds in moisture, keeps crumb softer, keeps bread fresher. too much can retard the yeast. about 1 tablespoon of sugar is typical. it ' s not necessary to use any sugar, and more can be used for sweeter breads. thyme : increases yeast activity. like other spices, the amount used depends on the amount of flavor desired. herbed breads might have as much as a tablespoon of herbs in a loaf. vinegar : strengthens gluten and helps dough to rise higher. may enhance yeast activity in small amounts, or is at least unharmful. retards yeast in large quantities. from a teaspoon to a tablespoon per loaf is typical, depending on the flavor desired and the vinegar being used. vital wheat gluten : can be added to non - wheat flours. one tablespoon per cup of flour is enough. you don ' t want to add too much gluten or it will adversely affect the texture of the dough. it ' s generally not needed in breads that are made primarily of wheat flours. for any of these additions, the amount used depends on what you ' re trying to achieve and also on what other ingredients are involved. if you ' re experimenting, it ' s best to start with smaller amounts and work your way up. about the author : donna currie has been cooking for fun and writing for pay since the days when typewritten articles traveled by snail mail. when she combined those talents in a food column for a newspaper in her area, she realized that writing about food is almost as much fun as eating. she launched the blog cookistry and has now joined the serious eats team with a weekly column about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44631619406479406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.565447"} {"text": "internet standards and operating systems - why integration makes sense in the relatively brief history of personal computers, computer users \u2014 both individuals and organizations \u2014 have benefited from a staggering rate of growth in new capabilities, and improvements in old capabilities. we ' ve seen pcs evolve from slow, silent, unattractive, standalone machines that couldn ' t even store a single 10 - page document into easy - to - use machines that can play movies, communicate around the world, and manage reams of data at speeds that exceed those of mainframe computers [ twenty ] years ago. this evolution in capabilities has arisen out of many individual innovations and the standardization of such innovations, which sets the stage for the next round of innovation to occur. on this page a beneficial cycle : innovations become standard capabilities internet standards \u2013 the next great enabling technology internet technologies in windows - making it easier for software vendors platform services - doesn ' t integration harm other peoples ' businesses? a beneficial cycle : innovations become standard capabilities one of the primary roles of an operating system \u2014 perhaps its most important \u2014 is to provide a common platform of services for 3rd parties to create new applications, hardware devices, etc. operating systems have always done this, and over time each operating system has made its platform of services broader and more capable. windows is no exception. in the beginning, windows had a fairly limited set of services ; windows - based applications couldn ' t ask windows to do very much for them \u2014 they couldn ' t ask the operating system to get files from any kind of network, they couldn ' t ask it to draw very many interesting things on the screen, they couldn ' t even ask it to play a sound. but, by continually adding new capabilities to windows, microsoft has made it easy for application vendors to create more capable applications with features that make them more appealing to consumers. often, new capabilities added to windows started out as innovations created by other parties \u2014 and sometimes they have been developed within microsoft. with a thriving and competitive software industry, anyone can create a new and useful element using the platform of services that comprises windows, and including some of these in the operating system makes them available for everyone to share. the beneficial cycle, over time, moves the most generally useful capabilities into the operating system, enhancing the user experience and paving the way for further innovations that will make the whole experience of using pcs better. let ' s look at a couple of examplesu. six years ago a \" toolbar \" was an uncommon thing in an application window. the first application to ever create a toolbar \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4877522333226419, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.590875"} {"text": "innovations that will make the whole experience of using pcs better. let ' s look at a couple of examplesu. six years ago a \" toolbar \" was an uncommon thing in an application window. the first application to ever create a toolbar \u2014 the row of buttons that make it easy to perform common operations like \" open \" and \" save \" \u2014 was microsoft excel. when microsoft excel created the first toolbar, the developers wrote all the computer - code for the toolbar on their own. this was a lot of work, but it turned out that users liked toolbars very much, so the effort was worth it for the excel team. if any other application wanted to include a toolbar as well, they ' d have to do all of that same work on their own. over time, lots of people at lots of companies spent a great deal of time writing toolbars. across the industry, this was an inefficiency. effort was duplicated from team to team, and even worse, when two different applications with two different toolbars were running on a given pc, two separate sets of computer code were executing simultaneously on the machine to generate those toolbars, making the pc run more slowly. eventually, toolbars became so common that it made sense for windows itself to provide a single facility for generating toolbars that everyone could use. when windows 95 shipped, that was one of many new services the operating system offered to any application developer. the result \u2014 more applications than ever now have toolbars, and all the toolbars work well and in a consistent manner across applications. because all of those toolbars are generated by the same set of computer code, pcs run faster. and perhaps the greatest benefit is that hundreds of software development teams around the world are now able to spend their time on new innovations instead of implementing the computer - code for yet another toolbar. can you remember when you bought a pc and it had no sound capabilities? well, that wasn ' t really very long ago. basic pcs often didn ' t come with sound cards, and no standard software existed that application developers could rely on to produce sounds. any application that wanted to use sounds had to create a team of people to go write all the computer code associated with understanding whether the pc had a sound card, figuring out what kind it was, and playing sounds on it. this was a major task. different sound cards had different capabilities, and it took a lot of work to get right all the computer code needed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5170133002362582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.591967"} {"text": "understanding whether the pc had a sound card, figuring out what kind it was, and playing sounds on it. this was a major task. different sound cards had different capabilities, and it took a lot of work to get right all the computer code needed to handle each and every possible configuration of a user ' s pc. developers of individual applications were even forced to make sure to provide things like volume controls, since nothing like that was standard in the pc environment. over time, sound cards gained popularity, and application vendors were repeatedly required to duplicate the work necessary to incorporate sound into their applications. at that point, it made sense to integrate sound support into the operating system ( including both these application services and end - user features like a sound - player and cd - player ). today, many windows - based applications use sound, relying on windows to handle the housekeeping chores inherent in providing sound for them. it ' s become quite routine, really. think about all the games you use, the cd - rom titles you play, even the web - browsing software you run has sound capabilities built - in. this has happened because application developers now longer have no write lots of computer code themselves in order to incorporate sound into their products. instead, all they need to do is say \" windows \u2014 can you play this sound for me? \" and the rest is taken care of. once again, the knowledge that the platform of services that comprises windows includes such capabilities frees software developers to spend their time improving unique aspects of their products. internet standards \u2013 the next great enabling technology you ' re undoubtedly reading this because you ' re interested in the debate surrounding microsoft ' s integration of internet technologies into windows. is this the right thing for microsoft to do? does it benefit or harm the pc industry? and what will the effect be on consumers who actually use pcs? emergence of internet standards for quite a few years a group of people known as the \" ietf \" ( internet engineering task force ) has been developing a set of standard methods for people and computer applications to communicate with each other across the internet and other similar networks. these folks aren ' t from any one company, they represent lots of different interests, and their goal has been to specify technologies and protocols that anyone can use. numerous products now take advantage of these internet standards. of course, that includes the web - browsing software, but there are lots of others products as well \u2014 email packages, things like the pointcast screensaver and even custom applications that businesses use to communicate or conduct commerce. you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47030812968206537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.593162"} {"text": "these internet standards. of course, that includes the web - browsing software, but there are lots of others products as well \u2014 email packages, things like the pointcast screensaver and even custom applications that businesses use to communicate or conduct commerce. you might be surprised to learn that even microsoft office 97 relies on internet standards to allow you to save office documents to a certain type of internet server. in fact, the set of standards created and managed by the ietf and the worldwide web consortium ( w3c ) is quite broad and covers more than just network - related stuff. it ' s worth understanding what some of these standards are about. html \u2013 a universal file format. html ( \" hypertext markup language \" ) is an english - like language that people can use to describe the way text, images, videos and sounds should be displayed on a computer screen. when you visit a web page, the screen you ' re seeing was written in html. once this standard file format was created, it ' s become possible to create documents or screen displays that can be viewed in any application or on any computer that supports the standard. html is a very powerful screen - description language, and it ' s becoming more widespread even in applications that have no necessary connection to the internet. http / ftp ( etc. ) \u2013 universal ways of moving data or files across a network. http ( \" hypertext transfer protocol \" ), ftp ( \" file transfer protocol \" ) and similar network protocols describe standard ways that anybody can get a file from this computer to that one across a network. these protocols are used on the internet, but they are also used on corporate intranets and other types of networks. url \u2013 a universal address for files on the internet. anytime you see text in the format www. microsoft. com, you ' re looking at a url ( \" uniform resource locator \" ). this is simply a way to uniquely describe the location of a file that lives on the internet, which is comprised of information stored on a large number of computers around the world. without such unique addresses, it would be impossible to locate particular files on the internet. the goal of the ietf / w3c in creating these standards has been to enable and encourage universal exchange of information. any application is allowed ( even encouraged ) to read and display html files. and as more applications do this, life becomes easier for both users and application developers \u2014 it becomes easier for people to exchange information. ( if you ' re developing an application that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5292888498141446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.594513"} {"text": "any application is allowed ( even encouraged ) to read and display html files. and as more applications do this, life becomes easier for both users and application developers \u2014 it becomes easier for people to exchange information. ( if you ' re developing an application that creates html files, you know that lots of people will be able to read them, for example. ) an important thing to understand about the internet standards committees, however, is that their job is to decide on the standards but not actually to write the computer code that implements the standards in software products. when the w3c creates the next version of the html standard, for example, they do it by writing a lengthy specification document, not by writing any actual computer code that draws html on the screen or that edits html documents. the task of writing the computer code is left to teams of software developers in individual companies or universities, etc. the situation is a lot like the one that prevailed after the microsoft excel team designed the first toolbar \u2014 the w3c designs a great way for applications to universally exchange information, but each application vendor still needs to write the computer code to permit such information exchange to work in their application. back between 1993 and 1996, lots and lots of companies were separately writing the same computer code to support all the standards created by the ietf / w3c \u2014 code to read and display html, code to get files from computers on the internet, code to locate files using their urls. this involved ( and still does ) a major duplication of effort, and a lot of work for individual application vendors. internet technologies in windows - making it easier for software vendors from the very outset, microsoft intended windows 95 to support the broadest possible range of networks, including the internet. that is why the development of windows 95, code - named \" chicago \", included work on a variety of internet - related technologies, code - named \" o ' hare \" \u2014 a point of departure to distant places from chicago. these technologies were later referred to by the name \" internet explorer \", and internet explorer 1. 0 was an integrated element of the first version of windows 95 provided to computer manufacturers, 2 \u00bd years ago. in 1996, microsoft created \" internet explorer 3. 0, \" a greatly improved set of internet - related technologies which are built - in to every version of windows. you may regard \" internet explorer \" as just a web browser application, but that would be quite an inaccurate way to think of it. in fact, \" internet explorer \" describes two things :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45180066478425307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.595999"} {"text": "technologies which are built - in to every version of windows. you may regard \" internet explorer \" as just a web browser application, but that would be quite an inaccurate way to think of it. in fact, \" internet explorer \" describes two things : a set of platform technologies that any software vendor can use to make their application support internet standards. a user - interface that any consumer can use to view web - sites on the internet or any other internet - standards - based network. the first of these two things \u2014 the platform technologies \u2014 work just like the support for toolbars that microsoft made a native part of windows that anyone could use. instead of requiring every separate software developer to assign a team of people the task of implementing computer code for handling internet standards, microsoft has written the code once and made it possible for anyone to use it. it ' s worth pointing out the significance of this statement. when microsoft developers wrote the computer code that provides internet explorer functionality, they set out to design and build a set of operating system services. this is very unlike netscape navigator, which is a free - standing application that does not provide a broad set of operating system services to 3rd party software developers. in fact, every single pixel you see on the screen when you use the internet explorer browsing window was put there by operating system services that any vendor creating windows - based applications can use. that is a huge efficiency and enables software developers to focus their energies on adding attractive new features to their products rather than focusing on the low - level plumbing required to handle internet standards. there are lots of examples already of applications using these platform services \u2013 even windows itself relies on some of them to provide services to computer users. let ' s look at three examples : html help. today, the majority of applications written for windows include \" help \" files along with their application. most users expect this, so it ' s work that application developers need to do before they can market their products. up until now, application vendors created their \" help \" files using a service of windows known as \" winhelp \". the winhelp system included a set of tools for software developers to author \" help \" files keyed to their particular application. after those specialized \" help \" files were created using those tools, they were compiled into a special winhelp format, and the process was complete. unfortunately, because winhelp was created before there was a rich document format like html in broad use, the winhelp files that software developers created were not universally viewable.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47806238335538553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.596984"} {"text": "into a special winhelp format, and the process was complete. unfortunately, because winhelp was created before there was a rich document format like html in broad use, the winhelp files that software developers created were not universally viewable. you couldn ' t easily create a document with images, animations and hyperlinks and make it available to everyone ( they had to have winhelp ). you couldn ' t put the document on a network and enable people to view it from their machines, etc. furthermore, there weren ' t a wide variety of tools available for authoring these \" help \" files. today, microsoft has revamped the help system in windows to base it on html, the universal document format. ( screen shot at left. ) this means that when an application vendor authors help files, the document created is universally viewable, and a much broader range of tools can be used to create it. furthermore, the html standard is much richer than winhelp was, so the content of help files can be made much better u even the background image at left wasn ' t possible with the old winhelp system. in windows 98, help for windows itself has been rewritten to the html format. this was easier for the windows help team to produce, and it results in a better experience for the end user. in creating windows 98 help, the team also added some enhancements to html \u2014 offering features like compression \u2014 and thus converting an old proprietary system to align it with today ' s open internet standards. all this wouldn ' t be possible if support for html display wasn ' t built - in to the operating system. in order for any 3rd party software developer to decide to include html - based files as part of their application, they need to be assured that those files can be displayed on any machine \u2014 they need to know that users will not have to buy or download an additional viewer. in the same way application vendors can rely on the fact that support for toolbars is built into windows, they can also rely on html support in the operating system. application user interfaces. over the years, application vendors have employed various services in the operating system to draw parts of their user - interface on the screen. when you look at an application like lotus notes, microsoft publisher or corel wordperfect \u2014 and in particular when you open a dialog box in one of these applications \u2014 the gray user - interface elements you see were probably created by the application asking windows to draw them. these user interfaces have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4487791112831657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.597944"} {"text": ", microsoft publisher or corel wordperfect \u2014 and in particular when you open a dialog box in one of these applications \u2014 the gray user - interface elements you see were probably created by the application asking windows to draw them. these user interfaces have worked well enough for the last 5 years, but now something better has come along. the html standard, as a universal document format, is a great way to describe how user interface elements should be displayed on the screen. ( those elements need no relationship to a \" web page \" or to the internet at all. ) in fact, the basic screens of today ' s applications are terrific candidates for being authored in html. html offers very rich and attractive visual options, and furthermore \u2014 because it ' s an open standard \u2014 the tools that exist for creating html are very good and getting better quickly. this means that it ' s possible for software developers to create better user - interfaces more easily by writing them in html. and today \u2014 now that microsoft has included support for html in windows itself \u2014 application vendors are beginning to take advantage of html ' s benefits without having to do all the work of writing the computer code necessary to display html themselves. one additional benefit of calling upon operating system services in windows to display html is that if an application wants to include a page of content that does come from the internet, it takes no additional work to display that as well. this makes for richer applications and less work for 3rd party software developers. there are a lot of examples already of applications taking advantage of the html - rendering support built into windowsuprobably more than you ' d think. here ' s a partial list : procomm95, procomm plus32 ( quarterdeck ) ipublish ( design intelligence ) norton system genie ( symantec ) money98 ( microsoft. html user interface shown at right ) outlook, outlook express ( microsoft ) windows desktop ( control panel, folders, explorer, etc. ) saving and opening files from the internet. you ' ve undoubtedly taken it for granted that any new application you buy will enable you to save and open files on the hard disk inside your computer. you ' ve probably also taken it for granted that the same application can save and open files from your local area network if you have one. of course, both these facts weren ' t always the case \u2014 before those capabilities were built into the operating system. today, it ' s becoming very important for applications to be able to save and open files from the internet. you may not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45759265143461436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.599262"} {"text": "one. of course, both these facts weren ' t always the case \u2014 before those capabilities were built into the operating system. today, it ' s becoming very important for applications to be able to save and open files from the internet. you may not realize how important this is yet, but over time the internet will become a more routine place for you to save and open files than even your local hard disk. think of the potential benefits \u2014 you could get to your files from work, home, or any random airport ; perhaps someone will back them up automatically for you. ( in fact, today one company \u2014 @ backup \u2014 is building a business doing just this. ) already, lots of important scenarios, like creating your own web page, sharing documents with people outside your company, etc., require applications to be able to open and save files from the internet. this is another example of a platform service that ' s built into windows in the portion of the operating system referred to as internet explorer. again, you probably aren ' t even aware that some applications you ' re using now are able to save and open files from the internet by taking advantage of this platform service provided by windows. here ' s one exampleuthe dialog box below is part of microsoft word 97, and the image shows how it ' s possible to open microsoft word documents from the internet, on any ftp server. the word development team created this new feature by utilizing windows ' built - in ability to open or save files from the internet. platform services - doesn ' t integration harm other peoples ' businesses? a common question relating to integration of new platform services into the windows operating system is whether this practice is good for consumers and potentially harmful to microsoft ' s competitors. we thought the best way to respond to this was to ask software developers themselves, so we commissioned a 3rd party to survey a sample of software vendors that included both microsoft competitors and partners. we asked specifically about how the integration of internet technologies in windows would affect their business. here ' s what they said : 85 % said this integration will have a positive impact on their company 83 % said there will be positive impacts for end users 80 % said there will be positive impacts for the software industry as a whole 79 % said it will be easier to create new applications and bring new capabilities to their customers as a result of the integration furthermore, you may wonder whether software developers as a whole think that integration of new innovations into existing software products contributes to the success of the software industry. in fact, the survey showed that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45359983365256207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.602736"} {"text": "bring new capabilities to their customers as a result of the integration furthermore, you may wonder whether software developers as a whole think that integration of new innovations into existing software products contributes to the success of the software industry. in fact, the survey showed that the industry is growing as this phenomenon has been occurring \u2014 86 % of software developers surveyed said their sales are increasing ; while only 2 % said their sales are declining. often, people claim that features built into the operating system by microsoft make 3rd party solutions unnecessary, and that this harms the businesses of other companies. if you look at some actual case studies, however, it becomes clear that integration is not the primary determinant of the continued success of such companies. msn & exchange email \u2013 when windows 95 shipped, the client software for the msn online information service and a microsoft exchange email client were built into the operating system. the email client in particular is a great analogy to internet explorer. a significant part of the email client includes 3rd party services that any application can use ( these are known as \" mapi \" or mail api ), very much like the operating system services provided by the internet explorer component of windows. in both these cases, the solutions built into windows did not have any significant adverse effect on companies producing competing products \u2014 in fact, other online information services like aol and many other email clients are doing very well compared to microsoft ' s product offerings. this simply proves the point that consumers use what they like, regardless of whether something is included in windows. thus, if a competing product provides a more compelling user experience than a feature of microsoft ' s operating system, consumers will opt for that competing product. internet explorer versions 1 & 2. these initial versions of internet explorer were built into every single version of windows 95 preinstalled on new pcs \u2014 if you bought a new pc, it included internet explorer as an integrated part of the operating system. during those years, netscape navigator rocketed to extremely high usage rates, which occurred despite the fact that a variety of internet technologies, including web - browsing functionality, were built into windows. ( note : netscape navigator can also be preinstalled on brand - new pcs \u2014 microsoft allows computer manufacturers to add whatever software icons they like to the windows desktop. ) in product reviews, early versions of navigator consistently were picked as better than internet explorer. it wasn ' t until microsoft created internet explorer 3. 0 ( and now 4. 0 ) that reviewers chose internet explorer as superior to netscape navigator. and it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4408466550730801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.603834"} {"text": "in product reviews, early versions of navigator consistently were picked as better than internet explorer. it wasn ' t until microsoft created internet explorer 3. 0 ( and now 4. 0 ) that reviewers chose internet explorer as superior to netscape navigator. and it has been during this more recent era that internet explorer ' s popularity has begun to increase compared to netscape navigator, proving once again that consumers can be depended upon to use the products they like. file management utilities. when windows 3. 1 was very popular ( before windows 95 had shipped ), a number of companies made very good businesses out of selling file management and other similar utilities for windows. the norton desktop and norton utilities were a great example. as windows 95 was being finished, many people believed that its built - in utilities ( better file manager, built - in customizable desktop, graphical disk tools ) would greatly diminish the popularity of the norton products. however, what actually happened was that the developers of those products saw that windows 95 presented them with an opportunity. they upgraded and revised their utilities, building on new platform services provided by windows to provide new value to consumers above and beyond that being built into the operating system. as a result, symantec ' s norton utilities for windows 95 became a best - selling software package. finally, people sometimes wonder why microsoft requires computer manufacturers and others who distribute windows to include the complete platform of services, and not to pick - and - choose just the ones they want. the answer is simple \u2014 unless software developers can know in advance that the services they want to use ( toolbars, sound, internet standards ) will be present on a user ' s computer, then they must include that support in their own products. when that happens, it makes application installation more difficult, time - consuming and error - prone. ( you may have seen those cryptic messages when installing a new application : \" the file foobar. dll being copied is older than the one on your system. do you want to keep the present one? \" huh? ) by clearly defining the operating system services that are provided by windows, we contribute to making application installation simple and reliable. overall, we firmly believe that integration of new platform services into windows \u2014 and in particular support for internet standards \u2014 provides great benefits to the community of application developers and therefore creates an improving environment for end - users. and we aren ' t the only operating system vendor who thinks this \u2014 sun microsystems has built internet technologies into solaris 2. 6, and ibm has done the same", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4510220626317884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.604938"} {"text": "the community of application developers and therefore creates an improving environment for end - users. and we aren ' t the only operating system vendor who thinks this \u2014 sun microsystems has built internet technologies into solaris 2. 6, and ibm has done the same with os / 2 warp 4. integrating the user interface to benefit end - users we ' ve explained the principle behind integration and the assistance that integration provides to software developers in keeping up with the ever - changing demands of consumers by freeing them to focus on improving the unique aspects of their products. we haven ' t yet discussed how integration is also beneficial to end - users. in the general case, when new computer technologies are created, they tend to be added to microsoft ' s user - interfaces as \" new components \". often, the new component \u2014 perhaps a whole new application \u2014 has its own quirky characteristics compared to the old ones, and it takes quite a bit of learning for consumers to know how to use them both together. a good example of this would be the separate programs in windows 3. 1 for managing files, printers, programs and other system settings. back in those days, it was easier for us to just add another new program \u2014 even though it was different from the others \u2014 rather than to rewrite everything so that a single - user interface made it possible for a user to obtain easy access to all such information. in windows 95, one of the more significant steps forward was a single user interface paradigm \u2014 the \" folder \" \u2014 for access to everything from the files on your hard disk or lan, to the printers in your office or printer room, to the settings for your modem. the nice thing about this is that once you ' ve learned how to get to files on your hard disk, you already know how to get to everything else. the same paradigm holds for integration of user - interfaces used to browse information kept in different kinds of storage devices. in fact, the evolution of the internet has offered a lot of new user interface paradigms that microsoft is using to make the windows user interface better. innovations like hyperlinks, back / next buttons, and type - in addresses make the whole pc easier to use. let ' s take just one example. in older versions of windows, as you browse through your hard disk, you get multiple overlapping windows with no way to move between them when you go from place to place. when you use the browsing paradigms developed for navigating the internet, you get a single window with back / next buttons,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5181800765024569, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.605901"} {"text": "hard disk, you get multiple overlapping windows with no way to move between them when you go from place to place. when you use the browsing paradigms developed for navigating the internet, you get a single window with back / next buttons, and it ' s easier to move from one file to another quickly, even if one is in buffalo and the other in san diego. making the windows user interface work the same as web browsing software \u2014 and even better, making it so you can access locally and remotely stored information from just one window \u2014 means the whole concept of browsing any kind of content is just plain easier. what ' s more, integration of web - standards in the windows user interface makes it possible to provide compelling and useful new features like the file preview shown at left possible. summary \u2013 integration makes greater innovation possible as the creators of the windows operating system, we at microsoft believe that perhaps the most significant part of our job is to make windows a continually better platform, and in particular, to : deliver to application vendors the most important and useful platform services, so they can use those services as a foundation upon which to build their own innovative solutions to customers ' needs. continue to make windows an easy, comprehensive environment for end - users, so that the common tasks they want to do with their pcs are as simple and straightforward as possible. we believe that the development of internet standards has created a massive opportunity for the pc industry and for people who use pcs. we believe that it is our responsibility to provide enabling technology to bring those internet standards to as many applications and as many people as possible.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5178624025144136, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.606525"} {"text": "you can do something the hubble telescope can ' t : observe mercury. and february is the best time this year to do it. the first planet will make its best appearance of 2013 about 30 minutes after sunset between feb. 12 and 20 as it positions itself at least 10 degrees - extend your arm and make a fist - above the horizon in the west - southwest. it may be tough to view since we don ' t live on a prairie and trees obstruct most of the horizons in our backyards. mercury and venus are the only two planets between earth and the sun. because of this vantage point, mercury appears to have phases like the moon - first quarter, last quarter and half - illuminated. since its orbit hugs the sun so tightly, mercury is only visible from earth during morning or evening twilight, always rising and setting with the sun. hubble as a rule won ' t observe it because of its proximity to the sun. training its powerful telescope on mercury ( or venus, for that matter ) would likely damage hubble ' s instruments. mercury will be in retrograde from feb. 8 into april, meaning it will appear to move backward in the sky, but this is an optical illusion caused by the difference in orbital speeds of the two planets. mercury periodically reaches a stage in its orbit around the sun where, from our perspective on earth, it appears to slow down to the point where it stands still, and then appears to move backward. mercury will be less than 1 degree from mars on feb. 8. the sky won ' t be dark enough to spot the pair until they ' re just setting in the west. since the new moon is on feb. 10, just after sunset on feb. 11, a very thin crescent moon will be setting right behind the sun and floating above mercury and mars. after the weekend of feb. 16 and 17, mercury begins to slide back toward the horizon and gets lost in the sun ' s glare, ending our earthly observing opportunities for now.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4535589426708261, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.608472"} {"text": "origami effect by andrew mayne item number : da5977 instantly turn a slip of paper into the origami shape of the animal a person is visualizing in their mind. turn a borrowed bill into a butterfly. tear up a newspaper and produce an animated origami rabbit. andrew mayne presents the origami effect ; powerful, visual magic that lets you give form to thoughts. the origami effect : a spectator thinks of an animal from a list of over 40 different origami shapes and you change the post - it - note into the animal instantly before their eyes. the recycled rabbit : tear a sheet of newspaper to pieces and then restore it into an origami rabbit that can ' t sit still. great for kids and grown - ups alike. takes only minutes to prepare. psychic origami : borrow a dollar from a spectator and change it into the animal they ' re visualizing in their mind. includes multiple presentations. wineglass origami : a devious way to change a borrowed bill into an origami shape right under your spectator ' s noses. the origami effect is a one - on - one teach in style dvd. you ' ll learn different handling techniques as well as andrew ' s extremely practical and deceptive method for forcing words and images. running time approximately : 65mins", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5208993153274754, "token_count": 272, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.609894"} {"text": "green tree ant a green tree ant worker adopts an aggressive stance as it defends the nest. a green tree ant nest in the foliage of a tree. an adult moth butterfly, liphyra brassolis. the caterpillars of this butterfly live only inside green tree ant nests where they feed on ant larvae and pupae. green tree ants, sometimes called weaver ants, build balloon - shaped nests among the foliage of trees and shrubs. groups of workers pull leaves close to each other and ' weave ' them together with silk produced by the larvae. a green tree ant colony may consist of many nests spread over several trees but there is only a single queen. green tree ants occur across northern australia from the kimberly region in western australia to about gladstone in queensland. they are found in all forest types but do not occur in the highlands. green tree ant workers are aggressive and defend their nests by swarming onto the attacker. they cannot sting but bite with their jaws and squirt a burning fluid from the tip of the abdomen onto the wound. green tree ants are predators and also collect honeydew from sap - sucking insects. the caterpillars of many species of butterflies are tended by green tree ants. the flattened, armoured caterpillars of the moth butterfly live only inside green tree ant nests where they feed on ant eggs, larvae and pupae. adult moth butterflies emerge inside the nest and are attacked by the ants. they are covered with loose scales that fall out when they are grabbed by the ants. in this way the butterflies can escape the nest without being damaged. workers are about 5 - 10 mm long and yellowish - green. workers from the same nest vary in size but all have similar body proportions. the waist has a single, relatively long segment. queensland museum ' s find out about... is proudly supported by the thyne reid foundation and the tim fairfax family foundation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4228812100803394, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.611893"} {"text": "in contemporary philosophy, \u201c the euthyphro problem \u201d is a question about why things are good and about the difficulties in ( a caricature of ) divine command theory, but this is a very different question from the question raised in the plato \u2019 s dialogue euthyphro, which treats of various dilemmas that arise in trying to define what piety is. euthyphro continually fails to define piety by continually failing to describe a being that would be worthy of piety, which is to say that he never comes up with an adequate notion of the sort of being that deserves to be worshiped as divine. this is hardly a hidden teaching of the dialogue, since the first definition of piety that euthyphro gives is : piety is what i am doing, charging my father with murder \u2026. for do not men regard zeus as the best and most righteous of the gods? - and yet they admit that he bound his father ( cronos ) because he wickedly devoured his sons, and that he too had punished his own father ( uranus ) for a similar reason, in a nameless manner. to which socrates responds : this is the reason, euthyphro, why i am a defendent in this case \u2013 that i cannot accept these stories about the gods. in other words, socrates rejects the whole basis of euthyphro \u2019 s piety, and he suspects that this is the reason why the athenians are putting him on trial. the dialogue is therefore a call to reform a false notion of what is divine in order to articulate the nature of a being to whom piety would be due. both socrates and euthyphro are working from the supposition that one and the same thing or action cannot not be both pious and impious. following this, the problems that arise in finding an object of piety arise mainly from the problems of understanding the act of the divine will, that is, divine love. if a pious action is an object of divine love, then we require complete singularity and unanimity of the divine will ; for without complete and unchanging unanimity, one and the same action can be both pious and impious. euthyphro could have avoided this problem by stipulating that one and the same action could be pious or not, depending on which god one related it to ( and so, famously, killing trojans would be pious to athena and impious to hera ), but euthyphro,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5023128270432313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.615077"} {"text": "##ipulating that one and the same action could be pious or not, depending on which god one related it to ( and so, famously, killing trojans would be pious to athena and impious to hera ), but euthyphro, much to his credit, is not willing to accept such relativism. there might be some actions that are loved by one god and hated by another, but such actions cannot exhaust all pious actions, and certainly not the loftiest such actions. however misguided euthyphro might be about the piety of his own action, he nevertheless is right to never abandon the idea that some actions are just pious, now and forever. euthyphro isn \u2019 t willing to accept the logical consequences of this opinion, however. it makes no sense to think that the pious is not somehow an object of divine love ; but if something is absolutely and changelessly pious, what then? euthyphro would probably make an even stronger claim : there are things which admit no possibility of being impious. but it is very hard to harmonize such an idea with a multiplicity of divine wills, and therefore with a multitude of divinities ; and it even becomes difficult to harmonize with a single divinity that could change his will from one thing to another. this, of course, opens a new difficulty and problem, which socrates develops with a second series of arguments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5080324998471595, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.615629"} {"text": "( ap ) some of the stream and river gauges used around the country to help forecasters predict flood and drought could be discontinued as a result of automatic federal budget cuts that went into effect this month, officials said friday. the u. s. geological survey said 11 of the roughly 100 gauges it operates in minnesota could potentially be shut down due to budget cuts. nationally, 375 of the 8, 000 usgs - operated gauges are at risk. usgs spokesman dave ozman said the agency doesn ' t know the full impact of the cuts yet, or when the gauges might be affected. the gauges provide key information for the national weather service as it collects data to forecast potential flooding. \" they are the eyes in the field for us, \" weather service hydrologist diane cooper. \" without that river gauge, we can ' t provide forecasts. \" the usgs ' s river gauges measure water elevation every 15 minutes, and about every six weeks the river flow is measured. but during flooding, river flow measurements are taken much more frequently. the usgs compares that river flow and elevation data, which it uses to create important forecasts at each gauge ' s location, cooper said. the information is transmitted to a satellite and comes into the weather service almost continuously which is important because, she said, \" river conditions can change quickly. \" ozman said some river gauges are co - funded through federal, state or local dollars. eleven usgs river gauges in minnesota are completely funded by federal dollars, so those are the ones that could face a shutdown. they include gauges at : the pigeon river near grand portage, the kawishiwi river near ely, the prairie river near taconite, the crow river at rockford, the whetstone river near big stone city, the yellow medicine river near granite falls, the minnesota river at morton, the mississippi river at st. paul, the mississippi river at prescott, the root river near pilot mound, and the cedar river near austin. \" those are the ones we ' re looking at. our hope is that we wouldn ' t have to cut all of those, \" ozman said. \" these gauges are all important to the folks who are served by them. \" the usgs is evaluating the effects of budget cuts on all of its programs, including seismic monitoring and volcano and land slide monitoring. in addition, ozman said, the usgs plans to issue a notice to all employees that a furlough is also being considered,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.38906638724321424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.619231"} {"text": "battle of the hornburg this article or section needs more / new / more - detailed sources to conform to a higher standard and to provide proof for claims made. | battle of the hornburg | | conflict : war of the ring | | date : 3 - 4 march 3 - 4 t. a. 3019 | | place : helm ' s deep ( especially the hornburg ) | | outcome : victory for the rohirrim | about 3000 rohirrim, a \" forest \" of huorns 10, 000 at the least heavy, but precise numbers are unknown the entire force of uruk - hai ; many dunlendings slain, the rest surrendered | war of the ring | | osgiliath ( 1 ) \u00b7 fords of isen \u00b7 isengard \u00b7 hornburg \u00b7 osgiliath ( 2 ) \u00b7 dale \u00b7 siege of gondor \u00b7 pelennor fields \u00b7 black gate \u00b7 dol guldur \u00b7 bywater | the battle of the hornburg is also referred to as the battle of helm ' s deep. the battle pitted the forces of saruman against the warriors of rohan under king theoden, who had taken refuge in the mountain fortress of helm ' s deep. the armies the army of rohan consisted of 1000 cavalry forces from edoras led by king theoden. this force included aragorn, gimli, legolas, and theoden ' s nephew eomer. this army joined with rohan ' s garrison of around 1000 at the hornburg. the army was reinforced by 1000 scattered rohirrim troops from the westfold rallied by gandalf and led by erkenbrand. a forest of huorns entered the valley independently, seeking revenge on saruman ' s orcs. the army of saruman consisted of his specially bred uruk - hai orcs supported by dunlendings. the total size of the isengard force isn ' t specified, but it was much larger than the rohirrim army holding the fortress. on march 3 seeking to take the fight away from his people, theoden brought around a thousand horsemen to the fords of isen along with any others in edoras. on their way they found ceorl who reported a defeat to the fords ; theoden then redirected his troops to helm ' s deep, which was commanded by gamling in his lord erkenbrand ' s absence. the battle the forces of saruman arrived at the valley of helm ' s deep in the middle of the night and quickly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39192550180966423, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.625129"} {"text": "were given amnesty by king theoden and allowed to return to home. the rohirrim required that all hostilities cease, and that the dunlendings retreat behind the isen river again. the slain dunlendings were buried in a mound of their own apart from the orc carcasses. the next night those carcasses disappeared and the death down was left by the departing huorns. portrayal in adaptations - the battle of the hornburg is a key part of this film. the amount of time spent around the battle in the movie was much more than in the original book. in the context of the film, it is referred to as the battle of helm ' s deep, a title which was never used by tolkien but which is often used by fans, probably because it occupies a chapter entitled \" helm ' s deep \". - one difference in the film is the leading up to the battle : in the book the army of the rohirrim is going to the fords of isen when they decide to redirect to the deep and anticipate the forces of saruman which is consisted of dunlendings. in the film, the whole people of edoras is relocated to the deep for protection against saruman ' s orcs who eventually find them. the battle is given a dramatic weight as women and children are hiding in the glittering caves and the very existence of the rohirrim is decided by the outcome. - one major difference is that elrond, at the prompting of galadriel, sends a contingent of elven archers to reinforce the defence of the keep. a similar event takes place in the novel, in which elrond and galadriel send a company of aragorn ' s fellow rangers, accompanied by elrond ' s sons, elladan and elrohir, bringing the gift of a banner and the advice to take the paths of the dead. in the book, however, this takes place after the battle of the hornburg. - in the book, it is never made explicitly clear by what method the uruk - hai cause the explosion that blasts a hole in the deeping wall, with aragorn just vaguely calling it \" some devilry of orthanc \". it ' s not clear whether this was some magical attack caused by saruman from orthanc ( similar to the avalanche on caradhras in the first movie ), or some sort of invention of saruman ' s. the movie explicitly shows that saruman, fitting with his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40944882546276334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.626992"} {"text": "this was some magical attack caused by saruman from orthanc ( similar to the avalanche on caradhras in the first movie ), or some sort of invention of saruman ' s. the movie explicitly shows that saruman, fitting with his theme of misusing his knowledge to empower his armies with a sort of proto - industrial revolution, makes his own gunpowder and uses it to make blasting charges that the uruk - hai then ignite. - in the movie, the thousands of troops of saruman laid siege to the fortress which was defended by around 300 men ( many of whom were too young or too old to fight ) which the rohirrim could muster and the aforementioned elven archers. when legolas says there are \" 300 \" rohirrim there he may have meant at that time as more were fleeing to the fortress, because visually there are more than 300 rohirrim appearing on screen in the battle. this reference to \" 300 against 10, 000 \" was probably meant as a reference to the ancient battle of thermopylae. these forces suffered heavy losses, but held out till dawn when gandalf arrived with thousands of riders who finally turned the tide of the battle and sent saruman ' s forces into retreat. these riders were led by eomer in the film, whereas they were led by erkenbrand in the book.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44537886838893215, "token_count": 276, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.627679"} {"text": "a new study has been taken out to see the effect of cocaine on cannabinoid receptor 1, which is responsible for delaying the communication between different nerve cells. the study is said to be one of its kind, as it is first time that effect of the molecule is being studied. the study, which has been taken out by a group of us researchers, was of the view that they have been able to find out the reason as to what makes cocaine addicts suffer from withdrawal symptoms. in order to know the same, the study researchers assessed genetically engineered mice. they decided to focus on a single molecule known as cannabinoid receptor 1, which is also known as cb1. while studying the molecule, the study researchers came across nucleus accumbens, a part of the brain, which regulates two prime factors emotion and motivation. lead author bradley winters said that emotion and motivation level speeds up when a person is high on cocaine. moreover, cannabinoid receptor 1 is also produced in excess when person has taken high amount of cocaine. \" it is kind of like going down a steep hill so you have to start riding that brake really hard \", affirmed bradley. us business news new zealand news - after suspected botulism, cfia warns people - health care education necessary for the future of province : analysts - b. c. government grants $ 700, 000 for managing facial deformities - michelle shocked delivers hate speech about homosexuality at her gig - guess who justin bieber got burned by?!! his ex - girlfriend selena gomez", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5129145552125287, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.629283"} {"text": "the disease appears first in one or two spurs and spreads in the following seasons to adjacent spurs, eventually killing the arm or cordon. shoots developing from below the affected arm are healthy the first year but may show symptoms in subsequent seasons. unless a major portion of the vine ' s structural framework is involved, the affected shoots eventually may be covered by normal overgrowth from the vine ' s healthy portion. it is common to find one side of the vine dead, while the other side appears healthy. when the whole vine has been killed or is severely affected by eutypa dieback, strong suckers often develop from the still healthy root system. complete collapse and death of vines or arms in summer is uncommon ; once shoots have emerged, they usually grow through summer and die the next winter. an important diagnostic symptom of eutypa dieback is the formation of pruning wound cankers. these dead areas surrounding large, old pruning wounds often can only be found by removing the rough outer bark. they are frequently located adjacent to the affected spurs. in advanced cases, the wood around an unhealed wound assumes a ridged and flattened appearance so that the trunk or cordon may be twisted and malformed. older cankers show a marginal zonation, indicating successive annual attempts of the vine to overgrow the necrotic area. because e. lata is a wound parasite, infection invariably occurs through pruning wounds. the fungus has a long incubation period in the vine. several growing seasons may elapse before visible cankers develop around an infected wound or before stunted shoot symptoms appear. because the spores are dispersed by rain, the chance for infection can be reduced by pruning the grapevines late in the spring when rains are not as likely to occur. late pruning is also important in reducing the susceptibility of the wounds. research has shown that vines pruned early in the winter, when they are dormant, do not heal as quickly and the pruning wounds are susceptible to infection for 4 to 5 weeks. when vines are pruned in late winter - early spring they are beginning to come out of dormancy and the period of wound susceptibility is reduced to 10 to 14 days because they heal faster. in the long term, wound protection offers much better control prospects than eradication once the disease has become established. pay special attention to wound protection if drastic retraining or changeover of the variety is contemplated or if the vineyard is located", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4151568093792786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.635990"} {"text": "heal faster. in the long term, wound protection offers much better control prospects than eradication once the disease has become established. pay special attention to wound protection if drastic retraining or changeover of the variety is contemplated or if the vineyard is located in an area known to have e. lata. see also grapevine trunk diseases the international council of grapevine trunk diseases ( icgtd ) is a non - profit organization dedicated to promoting personal contacts, collaboration, and exchange of information among the scientists involved in research on grapevine trunk diseases. the icgtd maintains a website with information about workshops, membership, references, and scientific information about the trunk disease agents. gubler, w., rolshausen, p., trouillas, f., urbez - torres, j., voege, t., leavitt, g. and weber, e. 2005. grapevine trunk diseases in california ( pdf ). practical winery and vineyard jan / feb 2005 : 6 - 25. gubler, w., and leavitt, g. 1992. eutypa dieback of grapevines. pages 71 - 75 in : grape pest management, 2nd edition. university of california division of agriculture and natural resources publication 3343, oakland, ca. pearson, r. and goheen, a. 1988. compendium of grape diseases. aps press, st. paul, mn. 93 pages. rolshausen, p., trouillas, f., and gubler w. 2004. identification of eutypa lata by pcr - rflp. plant disease 88 : 925 - 929.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4297105436261538, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.636578"} {"text": "today, a contemporary look at power technology, 170 years ago. the university of houston ' s college of engineering presents this series about the machines that make our civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity created them. the rev. dionysius lardner wrote technical handbooks in the early 1800s. his popular lectures on the steam engine came out in 1828 - - about 40 years after james watt had developed his new steam engine. lardner ' s book rapidly went through a series of english and american editions. by 1836 he was dealing with everything from the availability of coal to rules for railway investors. so what do you suppose lardner had to say about the impact of the new engines? he showed some real vision, but he combined it with the same optimistic short - sightedness we see all around us today. he began by dramatizing the new engines. he said : in a [ recent ] report it was announced that a steam engine... erected... in cornwall, had raised 125 millions of pounds, 1 foot high, with a bushel of coals.... the great pyramid of egypt [ weighs 13 billion ] lbs. to construct it cost the labour of 100, 000 men for 20 years. [ today it could ] be raised... by the combustion of 479 tons that ' s very impressive, but what about rising coal consumption? he tries to calm people ' s worries : the enormous consumption of coals in the arts and manufactures, and in steam navigation, has excited the fears of... exhaustion of our mines. these apprehensions, however, may be allayed by the assurance [ of ] the highest mining and geological authorities, that the coal fields of northumberland and durham alone are sufficient to supply [ the present demand ] for 1700 years, and... the great coal basin of south wales will... supply the same demand for 2000 years longer. those reserves do little today to satisfy england ' s energy needs - - never mind the rest of the energy - hungry world. but lardner ' s failure to recognize our constant craving for more is all too familiar. so is his sure faith that progress will keep us out of trouble. his final assurance is one you ' ve heard in discussions of population, energy, pollution, and every other problem that rises out of modern consumption :... in speculations like these, the... progress of improvement and discovery ought not to be overlooked.... philosophy already directs her finger at sources of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5572306392989601, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.639908"} {"text": "energy, pollution, and every other problem that rises out of modern consumption :... in speculations like these, the... progress of improvement and discovery ought not to be overlooked.... philosophy already directs her finger at sources of inexhaustible power.... we are on the eve of mechanical discoveries still greater than any which have yet appeared. if lardner underestimated our appetites, he correctly saw that human ingenuity will keep finding ways to meet those appetites longer than we may think. the problem, of course, is that ingenuity will keep bailing us out, right up to that one last time - - when it fails to bail us out. and if we wait ' til then, we ' ll be in for worse trouble than we ever dreamt. i ' m john lienhard, at the university of houston, where we ' re interested in the way inventive minds lardner, the rev. d., popular lectures on the steam engine, in which its construction and operation are familiarly explained ; with an historical sketch of its invention and progressive improvement. new york : elam bliss, 1828. lardner, the rev. d., the steam engine familiarly explained and illustrated... etc. philadelphia : e. l. carey & a. this is a new version of an earlier program, engines episode 13. the engines of our ingenuity is copyright \u00a9 1988 - 1997 by john h. episode | search episodes |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5712591361763012, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.640475"} {"text": "ordered linear spaces i i saw a really great talk today by howard barnum of the los alamos national laboratory. it dovetails wonderfully with what i \u2019 ve been talking about here, and i think i can help him by bringing my categorical inclination to bear on his subjects. i \u2019 ll omit the motivation he was using because i can \u2019 t really explain the background, but it makes for a great example of a category. we define the category of \u201c ordered linear spaces \u201d by starting with a totally ordered field. if you know what the real numbers are ( i still haven \u2019 t defined them here ) use them, but otherwise you can get away for now with rational numbers. we consider the category of finite - dimensional vector spaces over and - linear maps between them. now an ordered linear space is a finite - dimensional vector space equipped with a certain partial order, compatibly with the linear structure. we can do this by specifying a \u201c cone \u201d of vectors to consider as being bigger than. then exactly when. we require that if then so is each with in the field. from this we can tell that if with,, and, then by the transitive property of partial orders. that is, the cone contains the line segment between any two of its points. in this situation we say it is a \u201c convex set \u201d. finally, we require that we can find a positive basis of our vector space \u2014 one consisting of positive vectors. this is an ordered linear space, which is an object of. because the order is specified by its cone, we often call such a space a \u201c cone \u201d. a morphism in our category is just a linear function from one ordered linear space to another that preserves the partial order. that is, we call a linear function \u201c positive \u201d if whenever in then in. in other words, it sends the one cone into the other. an isomorphism is an isomorphism of vector spaces which identifies the two cones \u2014 the must be the \u201c same shape \u201d, up to a linear transformation. a subcone \u2014 the image of a monomorphism \u2014 works out to be exactly what it seems like it should be : a convex cone that fits inside another cone. there \u2019 s a functor from the category of finite sets to. we start with a finite set and construct the free vector space on it. we define the cone to be all those vectors with all components positive. for reasons related to our motivation, we call these cones \u2014 and any cone equivalent to one of them \u2014 \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.608079326937777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.643124"} {"text": "delegates celebrate the adoption of the protocol in 1997 the kyoto protocol was adopted in kyoto, japan, on 11 december 1997. due to a complex ratification process, it entered into force on 16 february 2005. in short, the kyoto protocol is what \u201c operationalizes \u201d the convention. it commits industrialized countries to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions based on the principles of the convention. the convention itself only encourages countries to do so. kp, as it is referred to in short, sets binding emission reduction targets for 37 industrialized countries and the european community in its first commitment period. overall, these targets add up to an average five per cent emissions reduction compared to 1990 levels over the five - year period 2008 to 2012 ( the first kp was structured on the principles of the convention. it only binds developed countries because it recognizes that they are largely responsible for the current high levels of ghg emissions in the atmosphere, which are the result of more than 150 years of industrial activity. kp places a heavier burden on developed nations under its central principle : that of \u201c common but differentiated responsibility \u201d. in doha, qatar, on 8 december 2012, the doha amendment to the kyoto protocol was adopted. this launched a second commitment period, starting on 1 january 2013 until 2020. the kyoto protocol is made up of essential architecture that has been built and shaped over almost two decades of experience, hard work and political will. the beating heart of kp is made up of : reporting and verification procedures ; flexible market - based mechanisms, which in turn have their own governance procedures ; and a compliance system. so, two things make kp tick. the first was binding emissions reduction commitments for developed country parties. this meant the space to pollute was limited, and what is scarce and essential commands a price. greenhouse gas emissions \u2014 most prevalently carbon dioxide \u2014 became a new commodity. kp now began to internalise what was now recognised as an unpriced externality. this leads us to the second, the flexible market mechanisms of the kp, based on the trade of emissions permits. kp countries bound to targets have to meet them largely through domestic action \u2014 that is, to reduce their emissions onshore. but they can meet part of their targets through three \" market - based mechanisms \" that ideally encourage ghg abatement to start where it is most cost - effective - - for example, in the developing world. quite simply, it does not matter where emissions are reduced, as long as they are removed from the planet ' s atmosphere. this has the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5096669132670657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.646611"} {"text": "abatement to start where it is most cost - effective - - for example, in the developing world. quite simply, it does not matter where emissions are reduced, as long as they are removed from the planet ' s atmosphere. this has the parallel benefits of stimulating green investment in developing countries and of including the private sector in this endeavour to cut and hold steady ghg emissions at a safe level. it also makes \" leap - frogging \" more economical - - that is, the possibility to skip older, dirtier technology for newer, cleaner infrastructure and systems, with obvious longer - term benefits. kp has prompted governments to put in place legislation and policies to meet their commitments, businesses to make climate - friendly investment decisions, and the formation of a carbon market. the kyoto protocol compliance mechanism is designed to strengthen the protocol ' s environmental integrity, support the carbon market ' s credibility and ensure transparency of accounting by parties. its objective is to facilitate, promote and enforce compliance with the commitments under the protocol. it is among the most comprehensive and rigorous systems of compliance for a multilateral environmental agreement. a strong and effective compliance mechanism is key to the success of the implementation of the protocol. for more details on the kyoto protocol, its architecture and how it operates, click here. for an overview of the relationship between the political, advisory and subsidiary bodies of the unfccc, please click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5118871510707663, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.647240"} {"text": "colours, shapes, taste, and smells are some of the joys of growing an organic garden. the certified organic seeds grown by stellar seeds are selected to offer the best of all these qualities. stellar seeds are open - pollinated, grown in british columbia, and farmed using holistic practices that maximize soil health and promote biodiversity. nantes coreless carrots are excellent for home or market growing. the orange roots are 5cm at shoulder, taper to a blunt tip and grow 20cm long. strong tops make for easy picking and good bunching. this is a sweet and flavorful carrot that stores well. prior to planting carrot seeds, work the soil deeply and remove any rocks / debris that may impede the downward formation of the roots. sow seeds very thinly, about 1 / 4 inch deep. cover them with a fine garden soil. or sprinkle them on top of the soil, and lightly water them into the soil. space rows 1 - 1. 5 feet apart. thin the seedlings before crowding impairs their growth. after seeds have germinated, thin to two inches apart. keep carrots well weeded early in the season. they are easily overcrowded, with any competing weeds usually winning out. carrots need a good supply of water, in soil that drains well. mark rows well, as carrots take a long time to germinate. carrot roots generally take 65 to 75 days to reach maturity, depending on variety. seed saving tips the carrot family cross - pollinates very easily, including with queen anne \u2019 s lace and wild carrot. carrots can exhibit severe inbreeding depression, so save and mix seed from at least forty different carrot plants of the same variety. do not save seed from any plant with white roots or where the root looks deformed. carrots must overwinter in the ground before setting seed ( vernalization ), so mulch in late fall and remove mulch in spring. finger - sized carrots survive better than large carrots. alternatively, you can bring carrots in and store them overwinter and then plant again in the spring. save seed from the first and second flower heads ( umbels ), which will have the largest and heartiest seed. cut umbels when they begin to dry, turning brown. they can be further dried inside. small amounts of seed can be collected by rubbing dried umbels between hands or picking off seeds. carrot seed is naturally hairy or \u201c bearded \u201d. pick", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4235509340550305, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.650604"} {"text": "have you ever been tempted to assume that families with the same surname were related because they lived near each other? well, you might want to think again before making assumptions about family relationships based on proximity. the 1850 federal census for independence county, arkansas illustrates this pitfall very well. there were no less than 64 individuals with the surname reeves, reaves, or reves, living in 11 households in the predominately rural county in 1850. four households consisted of descendants of jordan reeves jr ( born about 1773 in north carolina ), four of descendants of william reeves ( born 1766 in grayson county virginia ), and three of descendants of miles reeves ( born about 1760 - 70, birth state unknown ). for years, the descendants of miles reeves assumed that he was a son of jordan reeves sr ( born 1747 in north carolina ), based on very little evidence other than the migration of his sons between 1837 and 1846 to independence county where jordan reeves jr had moved in 1825. because of this assumption, investigation of the origins of miles reeves languished. dna analysis ultimately proved that the sons of miles reeves were not related to jordan reeves. likewise, the william reeves descendants are not related to either miles reeves \u2019 or jordan reeves \u2019 lines. descendants of jordan reeves have tested in dna group 8 in the reeves dna project while descendants of william reeves ' brothers jesse and john have tested in group 6. a miles reeves descendant who had his dna tested did not match anyone in the dna project. documentary evidence supports the dna findings. no connections among the three families have been found other than the fact that they all lived in the same county for several years. similar situations abound in reeves genealogy. though today the surname \u201c reeves \u201d is the 358th most common surname in the us, it seems sometimes that reeves were everywhere in colonial america. if you are researching a reeves line, consider finding male descendants to do the y - dna testing. it could help narrow your research to specific families. and you will find cousins you never knew you had.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4468649292507909, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.652863"} {"text": "sarah dazley - murder the development of forensic science in the 19th century a case study for key stage 3, britain 1750 - 1900 and gcse history this case study outlines the case of sarah dazley, a young widow, who at the age of 28, was tried and found guilty of the murder of her 2nd husband, william dazley. the case is interesting in many ways : - forensic evidence was used to make the case against sarah - this was an early use of forensic science to determine the cause of death. - heresay gossip from villagers counted against her. - sarah dazley was the last woman to be publicly hanged at bedford gaol. in this section you will find background information and activites relating to the case of sarah dazley, the detection of crime and the treatment of those accused of murder in the 19th century. the ks 3 & 4 activities are aimed at students but provide a wealth of additional information and insight to the life of a young woman during the 19th century. a case study for key stage 3, britain 1750 - 1900 and gcse history. the materials can also be used for general interest. this section has reports and documents relating to the life of sarah dazely that can be used for research or for completing the activities provided with this case study.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4515774498186126, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.654351"} {"text": "| canto 3 : the status quo | | chapter 26 : fundamental principles of material nature | bhaktivedanta vedabase : srimad bhagavatam 3. 26. 13 indriyani dasa srotram tvag drig rasana - nasikah vak karau caranau medhram payur dasama ucyate indriyani - - the senses ; dasa - - ten ; srotram - - the sense of hearing ; tvak - - the sense of touch ; drik - - the sense of sight ; rasana - - the sense of taste ; nasikah - - the sense of smell ; vak - - the organ of speech ; karau - - two hands ; caranau - - the organs for traveling ( legs ) ; medhram - - the generative organ ; payuh - - the evacuating organ ; dasamah - - the tenth ; ucyate - - is called. the senses for acquiring knowledge and the organs for action number ten, namely the auditory sense, the sense of taste, the tactile sense, the sense of sight, the sense of smell, the active organ for speaking, the active organs for working, and those for traveling, generating and evacuating. copyright ( c ) the bhaktivedanta book trust international, inc. his divine grace a. c. bhaktivedanta swami prabhupada, founder acarya of the international society for krishna consciousness", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5555591307439431, "token_count": 311, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.655606"} {"text": "laminated glass is a type of safety glass that holds together when shattered. in the event of breaking, it is held in place by an interlayer, typically of polyvinyl butyral ( pvb ), between its two or more layers of glass. the interlayer keeps the layers of glass bonded even when broken, and its high strength prevents the glass from breaking up into large sharp pieces. this produces a characteristic \" spider web \" cracking pattern when the impact is not enough to completely pierce the glass. laminated glass is normally used when there is a possibility of human impact or where the glass could fall if shattered. skylight glazing and automobile windshields typically use laminated glass. in geographical areas requiring hurricane - resistant construction, laminated glass is often used in exterior storefronts, curtain walls and windows. the pvb interlayer also gives the glass a much higher sound insulation rating, due to the damping effect, and also blocks 99 % of incoming uv light. 1. safety : ordinary window glass is brittle, breaking into long sharp pieces which can cause serious injuries. the principal feature of laminated safety glass is that the interlayer absorbs the energy impact and hence resists penetration. although the glass may break, the glass fragments remain firmly bonded to the interlayer, minimizing the risk of injuries. 2. security : burglars often try to break windows to get inside the house or a building and here the laminated glass plays an important role in resisting their intrusion. even if the glass breaks the interlayer continues to safeguard the building until the glass is replaced. 3. sound reduction : noise gains easiest entry to homes and buildings through windows and doors. laminated glass proves an excellent barrier to noise, it has better sound transmission loss as compared to glass of similar thickness in the frequency of 125 hz to 4000 hz. also it eliminates the coincidence dip that is associated with the monolithic glass because of the viscoelastic property of the interlayer material. 4. solar energy control : while natural light is important for us too much sunlight can also mean too much heat gain inside the building. laminated glass when used in combination with reflective glass, tinted glass or low e glass provides excellent reduction in the solar gains as well as reduction of sound transmission through the window. 5. uv control : the major cause of deterioration and fading of furnishings and pictures is the chemical reaction caused by short - wavelength uv radiation. uv absorbing additives in the interlayer in laminated glass can screen out almost all these damaging", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5166380342336914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.659781"} {"text": "the window. 5. uv control : the major cause of deterioration and fading of furnishings and pictures is the chemical reaction caused by short - wavelength uv radiation. uv absorbing additives in the interlayer in laminated glass can screen out almost all these damaging rays. 6. protection from weather and natural disasters : if broken, laminated glass remains in its frame, preventing interior damage while reducing flying glass protects people both indoors and outdoors. areas subjected to heavy winds and rain such as hurricanes or cyclones, buildings often need extra protection. flying debris carried by these winds can shatter the glass and injure people. laminated glass can be designed to remain intact and in its frame. buildings that are situated in areas subjected to heavy winds and rains such as hurrican and cyclones, often need extra protection. step 1 : first the glass is cut to size from the available stock in accordance to the order given by the client. step 2 : then the glass is safely transported from the glass storage rack to the laminated glass line using the feeding device. the glass is then positioned onto the table and conveyed via roller table to the washing machine. wider gaps between individual panes are automatically reduced to a small safety distance before the glass reaches the washing machine. step 3 : glass panes of a thickness between 2 and 19 mm are cleaned and dried by varying speeds. automatic scanning of glass thickness and coated glass sensors allow accurate positioning of the cleaning brushes. different bristle diameters are used for the process which ensure a proper cleaning of the glass using deionzised water. step 4 : once the glass is cleaned by washing and subsequently dried, it is then transported to the clean room where the pvb is stored. in the clean room a perfectly coordinated air conditioning system regulates both temperature and relative humidity of the pvb film rolls. also the environment is kept dust free so as to ensure that no dirt particles stick to pvb or glass which may result in delamination. properties of laminated glass. float glass in different thickness is basically used in the form of clear, tinted, reflective, tempered and heat strengthened glass. the pvb exhibits an extraordinary resistance in terms of uv transmission but does not reduce the visible light in the light spectrum. \u2022 pvb thickness - - 0. 38mm, 0. 76mm, 1. 14mm, 1. 52mm \u2022 pvb colors - - clear, white, gray, purple, blue, green, yellow, orange, red \u2022 refractive index - - 1. 48 \u2022 visible light transmittance, clear -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5263512119055958, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.660738"} {"text": "by julie steenhuysen an influential u. s. panel has called for routine hiv screening for all americans aged 15 to 65, a change that could help reduce some of the stigma about getting tested for the sexually transmitted infection that causes aids. the draft recommendations, released on monday by the u. s. preventive services task force, a government - backed group of doctors and scientists, also called for routine hiv testing for all pregnant women. \" the prior recommendations were for screening high - risk adults and adolescents, \" said task force member dr douglas owens who is a medical professor at stanford university. \" the current recommendation is for screening everyone, regardless of their risk, \" said owens, who is also affiliated with the veterans affairs palo alto health care system in california. nearly 1. 2 million people in the united states are infected with hiv, yet 20 to 25 percent of them do not know it. \" this marks a monumental shift in how hiv in the united states can be prevented, diagnosed and treated, \" said carl schmid, deputy executive director of the aids institute, an aids advocacy group. the new guidelines by the task force are expected to affect the reimbursement of hiv testing, removing one of the barriers to the tests, schmid ' s group said in a statement. under the affordable care act, insurers are required to cover preventive services that are recommended by the task force. the change brings the group more in line with the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention, which in 2006 recommended hiv testing for everyone between 13 and 64. the recommendations, which had been expected, are based on the latest evidence showing the benefits of early hiv testing and treatment. recent studies have shown that hiv treatment can reduce transmission of the virus to an uninfected partner by as much as 96 percent. \" treatment has two benefits. one is to the person who has hiv, and also treatment helps prevent transmission and protects a person ' s partner, \" owens said. dr. jeffrey lennox, a professor of medicine at emory university school of medicine and chief of infectious disease at grady memorial hospital, an inner - city hospital in atlanta, said under the current recommendations, many doctors simply fail to offer the tests. \" in our practice, we see patients every week who are newly diagnosed with hiv - people who have seen many physicians in the past 10 years and none of them had ever offered testing, \" lennox said. many of these patients have far advanced disease, that could have been caught earlier and successfully treated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3773662345839769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.663353"} {"text": "when president john f. kennedy gave his inaugural speech over 50 years ago, he asked americans to do something they had never been asked to do before. \u201c ask not what your country can do for you ; ask what you can do for your country. \u201d when the country did ask that question, kennedy replied with the formation of the peace corps. by may of 1961, kennedy was sending letters of appreciation to the thousands of enthusiastic volunteers who responded. now 50 years old, the peace corps remains one of the few programs out of the new frontier days of kennedy that still draws thousands of volunteers to communities around the world to make life at least a little bit better for the people they serve. the secondary benefit of serving in the peace corps, according to most volunteers, is that it made life richer for the people who served. \u201c in those days, in the 1960s, young people were more idealistic that the generation before them, \u201d said nick schmader of warwick, who found himself in liberia in 1968. \u201c one of the first things you learn is that there are other cultures where people have less regard for the individual and more of a sense of community than we were used to. in america, individualism is highly valued. in west africa, the people have a stronger sense of community. \u201d schmader was a design engineer and teacher for much of his career before he retired last year. he went to liberia to train seventh and eighth graders in math and science. \u201c it was pretty obvious that they were poor compared to american standards but they did not regard themselves as poor or ignorant, \u201d said schmader. \u201c as i became more knowledgeable of them, i realized that they welcomed us and they want to learn what we knew but they would pick and choose what they liked about our culture and retain their own culture and traditions. but they really appreciated the efforts we made for them. \u201d for schmader and other peace corps veterans, the program represents a legacy of service that has become a significant part of america \u2019 s history and positive image abroad. \u201c and that is still a good thing because it brings people together, \u201d said schmader. \u201c regardless of what people think of american foreign policy, people from different parts of the world do not judge americans on the basis of our government. they do not regard the american people as enemies. \u201d one of the things that schmader has wondered about was the way the peace corps has remained above politics in this country and abroad. \u201c back in the 1960s, young people were very much", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3678170993607477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.670940"} {"text": ". they do not regard the american people as enemies. \u201d one of the things that schmader has wondered about was the way the peace corps has remained above politics in this country and abroad. \u201c back in the 1960s, young people were very much against the war in vietnam and were very vocal about it, including the kids in the peace corps, \u201d said schmader. \u201c they organized protests against the war, and i \u2019 m sure that didn \u2019 t please nixon and other people who were for the war but he never did anything to hurt the peace corps. i think that had something to do with the fact that almost all of the people in washington had a son or daughter or a nephew in the peace corps but probably because they realized the value of it. \u201d the value of the program continues, but theses days you are as likely to meet an idealist who is significantly older than the original volunteers. the program was 22 years old and susan connelly was 66 when she volunteered to go to liberia. after a career in nursing, much of it spent at kent hospital, connelly trained nurses in africa, just before the deadly plague of aids spread across the continent. \u201c back then, when i pricked my fingertip, i worried about hepatitis, \u201d she said. \u201c there were no high - tech machines or medicine there. i had to remember back to the 1930s in america to use in liberia. all of their medical equipment was outdated. being able to remember all those things we knew was very helpful. \u201d that \u2019 s why connelly continues to encourage older americans to look into volunteering. if you are physically fit and motivated, there is a good chance the peace corps can find something for you to do. \u201c at first i thought i might be too old, but i learned that many older people are encouraged to volunteer and have skills and experience that is very valuable in poorer countries, \u201d said connelly. even before susan connelly arrived in liberia, a coup led by samuel doe, a sergeant in the army, had taken over the country and, in spite of his acceptance by washington policymakers, his governance eventually laid the grounds for a protracted cycle of rebellion that culminated in civil war. for the first time, susan connelly worried. \u201c i was afraid i wouldn \u2019 t get out of the country, \u201d she said. after a long and bloody struggle, democracy and peace have returned to the country and, for the first time in a long time, connelly became optimistic about the future of the friends she left", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4434892314587009, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.671891"} {"text": "\u2019 t get out of the country, \u201d she said. after a long and bloody struggle, democracy and peace have returned to the country and, for the first time in a long time, connelly became optimistic about the future of the friends she left behind in 1985. genuinely, democratic elections have been held and a liberian woman, who had spent much time in america, was elected president. ellen johnson - sirleaf is widely believed to be the beginning of a new age of peace and progress there. \u201c she seems to be doing a great job, \u201d said connelly. since 1961, more than 200, 000 americans have served in the peace corps, working in 139 countries. while there have been times that the peace corps has been removed from countries, many countries who are otherwise not fans of american politics still invite the peace corps into their countries. in fact, the program only goes where they are invited. when the peace corps was invited to botswana, francine connelly ( susan \u2019 s daughter ) volunteered to go there to assist their efforts in combating aids. \u201c the peace corps left botswana in 1990, but it has been asked to come back since, \u201d said francine. \u201c for the most part, we are very welcome there, and i met a lot of older people who are about being taught by the peace corps. the chief of a village we worked in was trained by the volunteers. \u201d francine and her husband, andy delong, went to botswana together. both are trained social workers and their assignment was to help the people cope with the fallout of the aids epidemic. francine said one out of four people in the country are infected with the hiv virus. \u201c our job was to educate the people about prevention and to develop their life skills and capacity to deal with life, \u201d she said. \u201c so many kids have lost their parents to aids, and those orphans need all the help they can get. \u201d francine and andy also helped the women of the villages to become more self - sufficient and taught them ways to support themselves by making pottery and jewelry as a source of income. the idea of making botswana technically savvy is still further down the road. in spite of massive improvements in the infrastructure of botswana in the wake of discovering a rich lode of diamonds in that country, parts of the country are still without basic amenities. \u201c we had electricity for about three or four hours a day, \u201d said francine. \u201c we had no running water. we had radio and we got our news from the bbc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4332899612526109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.672816"} {"text": "that country, parts of the country are still without basic amenities. \u201c we had electricity for about three or four hours a day, \u201d said francine. \u201c we had no running water. we had radio and we got our news from the bbc. \u201d francine said it is essential for america to continue to support the peace corps. \u201c it is so important to americans on the ground in other countries, without guns, having that one - on - one contact with other people, \u201d she said. \u201c i feel we were very effective and i think we left a good legacy, and if one or two people in botswana don \u2019 t get aids because of what we did, it would be worth it. \u201d sadly, not all peace corps tours of duty end well. according to peace corps sources, more than 239 people have died in the service since 1961, and part of the ceremonies held in washington, d. c. last week was a memorial procession to honor those who died. most of them were killed in accidents, but some died by more violent means. in 1999, they calculated that 3. 1 per 10, 000 died, or 1. 9 per 100, had been victims of violent assault. even then, few of the attacks have been politically motivated and the program said alcohol, crime and other universal social problems were the root causes. but you will rarely meet anyone who volunteered who will say that the time in the peace corps was wasted. providence school teacher and cranston resident george mcfadden was in south korea from 1971 to 1974. when he applied for the corps, he knew he didn \u2019 t want to be a farmer and signed up to teach english as a second language in korea. \u201c the korean people were very good at reading and translating english then but they had very little experience speaking it, \u201d said mcfadden. \u201c they wanted to improve their speech in english. \u201d mcfadden said he was surprised at how primitive the country still was in 1971. \u201c even people in the city had no hot water and had outhouses, \u201d he said. \u201c there was very little and very slow railroad service and roads and almost no one had a car or a television. it was still a basically agricultural economy. \u201d when he headed for the rural area of korea where he would be teaching, things were even more primitive. \u201c the village i went to had one road and it was dirt, \u201d he said. \u201c for water, they had a communal pump in the center of the village that they all used. \u201d mcfa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3677120086215576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.673760"} {"text": "be teaching, things were even more primitive. \u201c the village i went to had one road and it was dirt, \u201d he said. \u201c for water, they had a communal pump in the center of the village that they all used. \u201d mcfadden left the program convinced that it was one of the greatest exports america has produced. \u201c back then, korea had no real freedom of the press or speech, \u201d he said. \u201c they didn \u2019 t have much of anything, but they never complained and they appreciated everything they learned from us \u2026 when i finally went back to visit, i couldn \u2019 t find the old school i taught in. the village was all built up and the streets were paved. they used to be farmers, but now they produce electronics, heavy industry, cars and ships and they have a real democracy. \u201d mcfadden doesn \u2019 t take the credit for progress in korea, but he does deserve some credit for helping them learn the language that helped them move into a global economy. \u201c back then, when any westerner walked down the street, people would say, \u2018 american! american! \u2019 now, when they see a westerner they say, in excellent english, to germans or russians or anyone else, \u2018 where are you from? \u2019 \u201d and, said mcfadden, they really don \u2019 t mind when you say \u201c america. \u201d for more information about the peace corps, write to them at 1111 @ 0th street, nw, washington, dc, 20526, call 1 - 800 - 424 - 8580, or visit www. peacecorps. gov.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39063806894865094, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.674386"} {"text": "technology transfer is the process of taking existing knowledge, facilities or capabilities developed under research and development and using these findings to fulfil public and / or private needs. essentially, technology transfer brings scientific and research findings to the marketplace. there are several technology transfer organizations and offices operating in alberta, on both a federal and provincial level. the mandate of these offices is to assist inventors to protect, manage and profit from their inventions. technology transfer is concerned with ensuring individuals intellectual property and maximizing the profit for the holders of this property. the main organizations in alberta that deal with technology transfer include the alberta research council research services office at the university of alberta, university technologies international inc. at the university of calgary, the alberta inno - centre and the edmonton innovation centre. by providing a range of services, such as the preparation of a business plan, identification of and assistance with grant funding, or contacting potential financial investors, these organizations facilitate the transfer of research and scientific development to the global marketplace. technology transfer represents an important facet of innovation in alberta, past and present. it has touched the lives of albertans in overt and subtle ways and through all arms of industry. one illustrative example is the technology transfer that has occurred within the important realm of agriculture and agribusiness. for many decades, district agriculturists, employed by the provincial government, were placed in communities across alberta and were responsible for helping communicate the benefits and possibilities of technology transfer to farmers and agriculturalists, serving an important role in agricultural innovation in our province. copyright \u00a9 2003 heritage community foundation all rights reserved", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5454612166566631, "token_count": 323, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.676232"} {"text": "logo logo colors transforming the logo with color red and gray black and gray we designed the logo to be printed in two colors, but it ' s also flexible so that it stands out just as effectively in black and white, red and gray, or custom colors. in our design research, however, we discovered that certain color solutions were more successful than others. in fact, we found that a bad choice of color could obscure the identity of the logo altogether. quick tips for using color in the logo optimize the official look if you want the mit identity to resonate, use the institute colors red and gray. you ' ll want to stick to the official shades to be authentic. just as slight variations in a fashion designer ' s logo betray that the merchandise is a knock - off, variations on the official colors may send the message that you are not genuinely part of the institute. equally important is the position of color. we designed the logo in two tones to emphasize the three distinct letters. the stem of the letter \" i \" is gray, while the rest of the logo is red. if you are reproducing the logo in a black and white document, the stem of the letter \" i \" should be gray, with the rest of the logo in black. your printer or designer will need these specifications : mit red = pantone 201 mit gray = pantone 424 mit red = pantone 201 mit gray = black ( at 50 % value ) process colors ( cmyk ) mit red = 0 % cyan, 100 % magenta, 65 % yellow, 34 % black ( k ) mit gray = 50 % black ( k ) web - safe mit red = hex # 993333 ( rgb equivalent = r 153, g 51, b 51 ) web - safe mit gray = hex # 666666 ( rgb equivalent = r 102, g 102, b 102 ) choose color carefully school colors will give your logo the most powerful connection to mit. but if the medium in which you are working requires that you use different colors, opt for two that are distinct but don ' t contrast too strongly. use the dominant of the two colors for the \" m \" and \" t \" and the top of the \" i. \" use the secondary color for the stem of the \" i. \" make the most of black and white if because of financial or aesthetic reasons, you decide to produce a black and white publication, download either the two - tone gray or gray and white version of the logo. as with all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45080125731664533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.679811"} {"text": "byrd recounts 50 years they call him the man who saved the eagles mitchell byrd likes to tell people that his 50 years at william and mary are due either to his perserverance or administrative benevolence. \u201c i \u2019 m not sure which it is, \u201d byrd, director emeritus at the center for conservation biology at the college, says with a sly smile that accompanies his trademark dry wit. either explanation would be a severe understatement. listed chronologically, byrd \u2019 s contributions to the college during the past half century would fill pages, but his impact on the institution \u2014 and the world \u2014 is much more profound. byrd is the man who, many say, has saved the bald eagle. they also say he is the man who brought the peregrine falcon back to life east of the mississippi river. in millington hall, they say the nationally recognized biology program housed there truly took shape during the 13 years that byrd chaired the department. the humility and the gentle demeanor that define byrd will not let him take such credit. reminded of his reputation with bald eagles, byrd turns his head, shrugs a bit and says, \u201c i don \u2019 t know that i \u2019 ve saved it, but i have worked with the bald eagle for about 28 years now. \u201d photo : byrd holds a falcon. courtesy of mitchell byrd. it started in 1977, about two years after the bald eagle was added to the endangered - species list. the state of virginia had decided to pursue non - game and endangered - species research but was without any in - house expertise. byrd and william and mary were tapped to conduct research on eagles, peregrine falcons and red - cockaded woodpeckers. byrd started out doing aerial surveys to assess the eagle population. \u201c at that time, in 1977, there were about 33 breeding pairs in the state of virginia, and they produced a total of 18 offspring. pretty pathetic, \u201d byrd said. years of ddt use had created that dire situation. although the pesticide had been banned from use in the early 1970s, its effects lingered in avian populations. the chemical was discovered to have depressed a liver enzyme that prevented adequate shell formation. \u201c this is kind of an insidious effect. it wasn \u2019 t so much direct mortality, although there was some of that. it was more of depressing reproduction. the thin - shelled eggs were not hatching properly, and of course, if eggs aren \u2019 t hatching, over time the population is going to decline, \u201d byrd said", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.39423696720175594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.693496"} {"text": "there was some of that. it was more of depressing reproduction. the thin - shelled eggs were not hatching properly, and of course, if eggs aren \u2019 t hatching, over time the population is going to decline, \u201d byrd said. with few young birds coming along, their recovery started slowly. byrd continued taking aerial surveys, fighting to protect habitats and raising the awareness of landowners. the result is that now, in the tidewater region alone, there are about 428 active bald - eagle nests. byrd also led the chesapeake bay bald eagle recovery team, a group appointed by the u. s. department of the interior. the team developed a plan that called for the repopulation of 175 to 225 breeding pairs of bald eagles in the bay region \u2014 numbers byrd called \u201c a wild guess. \u201d \u201c we \u2019 re probably closer to 1, 000 breeding pairs in the bay by now, so obviously that number was picked out of the blue, \u201d he said. still, byrd deflects most of the credit for the miraculous recovery of one of the country \u2019 s most revered species. \u201c it \u2019 s been a combination of things \u2014 the ban on ddt and the protection afforded habitats under the provisions of the endangered species act of 1973. i didn \u2019 t tell these eagles to get busy and start producing. this was a natural phenomenon. our impact has been in calling attention to the conservation needs, and we \u2019 re still pushing that point, \u201d byrd said. protecting habitats is where much more work is needed. the chesapeake bay recovery team also sought to ensure that one - third of the suitable eagle habitats in the bay area had some sort of protected status, whether through conservation easements or actual land acquisitions. a study showed that only a small percentage of eagle habitats were on protected lands. \u201c that is where we are going to continue to have conflict with the management of eagles \u2014 this increasing population of both eagles and people who want the same chunks of land, and we \u2019 re just seeing the tip of the iceberg on this. in my experience, whenever in life there is a conflict between man \u2019 s interest and the interests of another species, i \u2019 ve never seen the other species win. it \u2019 s very unfortunate, \u201d byrd said. people, in byrd \u2019 s opinion, deserve the land no more than any other species. there is no way to know just how valuable a particular species \u2014 eagles or others \u2014 is to a natural ecosystem. \u201c why are we here? we \u2019 re not very important. if you look", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4126946875853329, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.694563"} {"text": ", deserve the land no more than any other species. there is no way to know just how valuable a particular species \u2014 eagles or others \u2014 is to a natural ecosystem. \u201c why are we here? we \u2019 re not very important. if you look at us as a species, what do we have going for us \u2014 an opposable first digit and a large cerebral hemisphere. the only thing that enables us to do is to take input, integrate it and, hopefully, make a conscious decision to do the right thing, which we don \u2019 t always do, \u201d byrd said. in coastal virginia, land management is essential. the habitat is extremely desirable to many species, including peregrine falcons. prior to concerted efforts to return the birds, peregrines had completely died out east of the mississippi river. leading the eastern peregrine falcon recovery team, also appointed by the u. s. department of the interior, byrd helped to re - introduce peregrines to the region. the hope was to re - introduce the birds to an area ranging from the coastal marshes of new jersey down to virginia, a habitat where, in the past, peregrines rarely nested. \u201c we viewed this as an experimental area. could we breed these birds in captivity and introduce them into an area successfully where they don \u2019 t normally occur? unfortunately, it worked too well. we want them in the mountains, but there seems to be something about virginia, \u201d byrd said. \u201c we would take them and release them in the mountains, and we find that they \u2019 re just zapping out of the mountains once they start fledging and going right to the coast. i \u2019 m sure it \u2019 s a food - related phenomenon \u2014 this is where all the good food is. \u201d regardless of why the birds prefer the region, ensuring they have adequate habitats is essential to their continued success. this is where byrd and his colleagues continue to be extremely instrumental. in 1991, as he retired as chancellor professor of biology at william and mary, byrd and one of his former students, bryan watts, co - founded the center for conservation biology, a nonprofit organization within the college \u2019 s biology department. watts now serves as the center \u2019 s director. \u201c my thought and brian \u2019 s thought was that with the center, we \u2019 d have an opportunity to continue endangered - species research activities at the college, and, at the same time, provide some opportunities for students that they might not otherwise have because of directional changes. i \u2019 ve been here long enough to know", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40126987059249697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.695857"} {"text": ", we \u2019 d have an opportunity to continue endangered - species research activities at the college, and, at the same time, provide some opportunities for students that they might not otherwise have because of directional changes. i \u2019 ve been here long enough to know that things change, \u201d byrd said. research emphases were beginning to shift away from endangered species, and byrd was keenly aware of how much work still lay ahead. the need for research and continuing public - relations work with landowners was and still is as crucial as ever. \u201c things have changed a lot. they inevitably do. biology has changed along with a national trend, drifting away from things that are more organism - related or ecologically related to things that are more molecular [ related ] or cell biology [ related ], \u201d byrd said. the center for conservation biology preserves opportunities that might not fall into newer trends in biology. byrd and watts have worked with dozens of graduate students \u2014 sometimes on their own, unsupported time \u2014 to keep efforts focused on endangered species. interest in the work has never been an issue. scholars from all over the world contact byrd and watts, hoping to work with the center, but resources are limited. \u201c nationally, the work has exploded, but the amount of resources going into it has not. i think it goes back to public interest, \u201d byrd said. \u201c there is a gap in public knowledge about what \u2019 s happening to the avian species. some of the declines are precipitous. it \u2019 s my general impression that the populace, as a group, may be interested in birds, but they really don \u2019 t have any concept of what \u2019 s happening to these species around the state, country and world. there are hundreds and hundreds of species around the world on the verge of extinction, and there will be in this country if we don \u2019 t make some radical changes. \u201d those changes have to come in terms of land - use management, byrd said. land - use planning rarely, if ever, accounts for anything other than the economic aspects. it is a trend that must change, according to byrd, and through the concentrated efforts of byrd, watts and their students \u2014 past and future \u2014 might begin to change, as things inevitably do. \u201c i think if we \u2019 ve done anything here at william and mary to bring the bald eagle back, it was to call the attention of the state to where the population was and where it needed to go, \u201d byrd said. \u201c also, [ it was important when ] working with landowners to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4190649776099131, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.697032"} {"text": "wed october 24, 2012 when fire met meat, the brains of early humans grew bigger originally published on wed october 24, 2012 1 : 08 pm if you ' re reading this blog, you ' re probably into food. perhaps you ' re even one of those people whose world revolves around your viking stove and who believes that cooking defines us as civilized creatures. well, on the latter part, you ' d be right. at least according to some neuroscientists from brazil. they noticed ( haven ' t we all? ) that humans have very big brains. but they point out that gorillas and orangutans have bigger bodies than we do by far, but smaller brains and fewer neurons. normally, brain size pretty much matches body size in primates. so how did we get so well - endowed? big bodies need a lot of energy. and the brain is especially a real calorie hog : about 20 percent of what we consume goes to the brain, even though it ' s only 2 percent of our body mass. our primate ancestors had to graze almost constantly to get enough calories from stuff like raw tubers or other vegetable matter. there was raw meat now and then, but by and large the apes, and our ancestors, were about as neurologically developed as their diets would allow, as we ' ve reported before. if you wanted a bigger brain, you had to downsize the rest of your body. in fact, the brazilian scientists calculated that for a gorilla to get enough extra energy to grow a brain as big as ours, it would have to eat another two hours a day, on top of the nine hours or so it already spends feeding. so what happened was, early humans discovered cooking. if you believe the british writer charles lamb, raw meat - eating humans kept pigs in their houses until one day a house burned down, pig inside, and we discovered roast pork. the brazilian scientists, however, don ' t speculate on how we stumbled on cooking ( though brazilians have earned a worthy reputation for refining the art of barbecuing, which they call churrasco ). what the scientists conclude is that cooking made food easier to chew and digest. moreover, cooking releases more calories to the body in some cases. and it makes old meat that a dog wouldn ' t eat go down a little easier. the same benefits of cooking go for tubers and veggies, too. oh, and don ' t overlook the fact that spending less time grazing and more time gathered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47433541794245443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.700245"} {"text": "viticulture - n. : the cultivation or culture of grapes enology - n. : a science that deals with wine and wine making the v & e department combines the sciences of viticulture and enology in a single research and teaching unit that encompasses all of the scientific disciplines that impact grape growing and winemaking. for over one hundred years the university of california has maintained an active and productive program in research and education in viticulture and enology. the continuing excellence of the department has enabled california growers and vintners to develop practices that have allowed the golden state to achieve its potential and become a premier wine - producing region. california association of winegrape growers established in 1974, the california association of winegrape growers ( cawg ) is an advocate for farmers, providing leadership on public policies, research and education programs, sustainable farming practices and trade policy to enhance the california winegrape growing business and our communities. in 1986, the california association of winegrape growers funded research by drs. marois and ough, who were studying the effect of botrytis cinerea and aspergillus sp. on wine quality. the problem of deterimining the threshold of disease after which wine quality is affected was under investigation ; this is critical in determining the pricing of wine grapes at the winery. their research allowed the winery to decide what level of diseased gr...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5277934592750568, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.702703"} {"text": "this week in the civil war posted at : 03 / 01 / 2013 9 : 08 am by the associated press this week in the civil war, for week of sunday, march 3 : lincoln signs enrollment act to draft new troops. when the civil war erupted in april 1861, many on both sides of the conflict had expected it to be a short - lived war. but nearly two years later, after several big battles and horrific numbers of casualties, president abraham lincoln was compelled to sign the first enrollment act _ instituting the first wartime draft in american history on march 3, 1863. the move 150 years ago during the civil war was a controversial step. but the conflict was dragging on far longer than any had expected and the union wasn \u2019 t raising enough troops for combat by other means. thus, lincoln needed more manpower for the fight, much as the confederacy did in resorting to a draft months earlier. the act required enrollment of every male citizen ages 20 - 45, with certain exemptions, and male immigrants of that age who had signed intent of becoming u. s. citizens. nonetheless, exemptions from the draft could be bought for $ 300 each draft period, or by finding a substitute draftee. those exemptions would lead to violent riots for days in july 1863 in new york city, when the first inductees were called. fueling the draft riots was widespread outrage that such exemptions could only be afforded by the wealthy, making the conflict a \" poor man \u2019 s fight. \" months later, the $ 300 \" commutation fee \" would be repealed by congress. the associated press reports more fighting, near franklin, tenn., as 2, 000 rebels are repelled by union forces and compelled to retreat. this week in the civil war, for week of sunday, march 10 : sinking of uss mississippi. this week 150 years ago in the civil war, the union lost the uss mississippi when the warship ran aground on the mississippi river. built in 1839, the side - wheel steamer had taken part in expeditions during the war against mexico and also in the mediterranean and pacific waters before the civil war. the ship had been part of a union squadron led by the famed future admiral, david farragut, who captured new orleans in 1862. however, the mississippi remained most of its time at new orleans after the conquest because it was designed as deep draft ocean - going vessel. on march 14, 1863, the ship ran aground attempting to pass confederate batteries near fort hudson as part of a battle group seeking to run upriver on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37301261281828546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.707935"} {"text": "its time at new orleans after the conquest because it was designed as deep draft ocean - going vessel. on march 14, 1863, the ship ran aground attempting to pass confederate batteries near fort hudson as part of a battle group seeking to run upriver on the key inland waterway. feverish attempts were made under enemy fire to free the mississippi, but the efforts proved fruitless and union officers had to blow up the ship. set ablaze, the ship drifted downriver before its magazine loaded with gunpowder exploded and it sank. in a march 19, 1863, dispatch about the sinking, the richmond whig newspaper reported the mississippi had been burned and farragut \u2019 s attack fleet driven back. it said confederate forces opened fire when the mississippi and other vessels tried to pass southern batteries at night and only one or two ships could get beyond that gauntlet. \" the firing was terrific. one gunboat passed in a damaged condition and the u. s. sloop - of - war mississippi was burnt to the water \u2019 s edge in front of one of our batteries. \" added the richmond whig : \" our victory was complete. no casualties on our part. \" this week in the civil war, for week of sunday, march 17 : fighting in virginia as winter nears end. save for the union \u2019 s aborted \" mud march, \" the winter of 1863 saw confederate and federal forces idle in their camps until roads became passable and the frigid weather abated. but fighting at the battle of kelly \u2019 s ford in virginia broke out on march 17, 1863, ending the monotony of winter camp for the two sides. for the first time, union forces were able to mass a formidable cavalry force for an attack. all told, some 2, 100 troopers in the union cavalry division moved on confederate positions, aiming to do battle near culpeper, not far from the ford. but when confederates detected union movements, fighting erupted instead near the ford where the southerners had taken up positions behind felled trees and other obstacles. the bitter combat raged until confederate cavalry troops successfully counterattacked, prompting union forces to withdraw by mid - afternoon of that march 17th. the outcome appeared inconclusive. nonetheless, the union \u2019 s cavalry _ which had only recently been united from far - flung units by the u. s. war department _ proved itself to be a formidable fighting force that would be used to greater effect later in the war, including an appearance at the battle of gettysburg. this week in the civil war, for week of sunday, march", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40449071292395367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.708889"} {"text": "the u. s. war department _ proved itself to be a formidable fighting force that would be used to greater effect later in the war, including an appearance at the battle of gettysburg. this week in the civil war, for week of sunday, march 24 : west virginia residents urge statehood. what is present - day west virginia broke away from secession - minded virginia early in the civil war, only to enter the union in june 1863. that movement toward statehood was well in motion 150 years ago this week during the conflict. the mountainous area had already begun drumming up union supporters even before a richmond convention voted for virginia to secede from the union in 1861. soon a move was afoot to form a new pro - union government for the region, which found itself largely under union control early in the conflict. president abraham lincoln signed a bill into law in december 1862 approving the creation of west virginia as a pro - union state. the issue of statehood then went to a vote of west virginia residents on march 26, 1863, and a majority approved of the statehood bill, including its amendments. ultimately the state would be officially created as of june 20, 1863. though west virginia obtained statehood in the union during the civil war, animosities between pro - confederate and pro - union sides rankled for years in that region as families sent troops to both sides of the conflict to fight. ( copyright 2013 by the associated press. all rights reserved. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.40079026252970357, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.709440"} {"text": "our catholicism project film crew arrived at the shores of large lake in far northwest ireland, in the county of donegal. we stepped onto a ferry and were taken to an island in the middle of the lake. on the island was a collection of buildings, which in both architecture and color reminded me vividly of alcatraz prison. the weather that day was horrific : temperature around 50, heavy winds, and a steady cold rainfall. our hosts offered us tea and scones and then we made our way onto the island to begin our work. out of the mists and the rain emerged the figures that we had come to film. they were swathed in raincoats, hoods, and jackets, but their feet were bare. most of them carried rosaries in their hands, and some of them were praying aloud. a few were making their way, on their knees, around rude \u201c beds \u201d of stone, and one woman was standing against a wall in the attitude of the crucified christ. some of the more elderly denizens of the island were walking with a halting, pained gait. we had come to lough derg, otherwise known as st. patrick \u2019 s purgatory. in 1879, the first catholic missionaries arrived in the heart of africa, in what is now the nation of uganda. they catechized and preached and in a few years had made a number of converts, especially among the young. the most prominent of these were a group of men and boys who served as pages to the court of king mwanga ii. this king had initially been supportive of the missionaries, but his attitude quickly changed when he discovered how seriously his christian pages took the moral demands of their new faith. accustomed to getting whatever he wanted, mwanga solicited sexual favors from several of his courtiers. when they refused, he presented them with a terrible choice : either renounce their christian faith or die. though they were new converts and though they were very young, the pages, to a man, refused to deny their christianity. joseph mukasa balikudembe was killed outright by the king himself, and the rest were led off on a terrible death march to the place of execution, many miles outside the capital city. on the way, the condemned passed the home of the priest who had baptized and catechized many of them. one can only imagine the profoundly conflicting feelings of pride and anguish that the priest must have experienced as he watched this procession. witnesses said that the young men showed enormous resolution on the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42874842270837876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.713491"} {"text": "home of the priest who had baptized and catechized many of them. one can only imagine the profoundly conflicting feelings of pride and anguish that the priest must have experienced as he watched this procession. witnesses said that the young men showed enormous resolution on the march and that the youngest, a boy named kizito, actually chattered and laughed with this friends as he walked. when they arrived at the place of execution, a spot called namugongo, they were put to death, some by spear but most by fire. the leader of the group, charles lwanga, all of twenty - five years old, asked permission to prepare the pyre himself. after arranging the wood, he lay down and endured a slow torture in silence, crying out \u201c oh god! \u201d only at the very end. i grant, of course, that the bp oil - leak in the gulf of mexico has been an environmental disaster, perhaps the worst since the dust bowl of the 1930 \u2019 s. but i also think it might carry a certain spiritual value. how would i explain this gnomic remark? well, the gusher a mile below the surface of the ocean has confounded everyone. bp executives look and sound befuddled ; the crews using the most advanced technological tools to stem the tide of oil are ineffectual ; our smartest scientists can \u2019 t seem to come up with any solutions ; and the president who was hailed, just a few months ago, as the one, is stymied by his daughter \u2019 s plaintive question, \u201c daddy, have you plugged the hole yet? \u201d i don \u2019 t point all this out in order to mock the scientists, businessmen and politicians who are, presumably, striving to solve the problem ; i do so in order to draw attention to our profound vulnerability and our inescapable finitude. this has been a particularly terrible year for gun violence in chicago. we wring our hands over the killings in the holy land, iraq, and afghanistan, but things are practically as bad in our own streets. attention has been drawn to this problem recently because of the supreme court \u2019 s striking down of chicago \u2019 s gun ban and the city council \u2019 s rapid re - institution of another version of the same law. i was recently scheduled to address the priests of the archdiocese of boston, but bad weather rolled into o \u2019 hare, and my flight was cancelled. however, i \u2019 d like to share with you some of the insights i had intended to offer to the boston priests", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41349350453507594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.714443"} {"text": "threat of eutrophication to the baltic ecoregion a widespread and persistent problem eutrophication it is a process where bodies of water, such as lakes, estuaries, or slow - moving streams, receive excess nutrients that stimulate excessive plant growth. this enhanced plant growth, often called an algal bloom, reduces dissolved oxygen in the water. this affects the ecosystem and might change it totally. about 80 % of all nutrients in the sea come from land - based activities, including sewage, industrial and municipal waste and agricultural run - off. the rest is mainly from nitrous gasses, emitted when burning fossil fuels, from traffic, industry, power generation and heating the baltic sea contains 800 % more phosphorus than it did 100 years ago there are two main nutrients causing eutrophication, nitrogen ( n ) and phosphorus ( p ). they are deposited to the sea in several different ways. in 2000, about 660, 000 tonnes of nitrogen and 28, 000 tonnes of phosphorus entered the baltic sea via rivers. the baltic sea now contains four times as much nitrogen and eight times as much phosphorus as it did in the early 1900s. five large rivers \u2013 the neva, nemunas, daugava, vistula, and oder \u2013 together account for the majority of the nutrient loads entering the baltic sea. although a decline in the nutrient loading has been observed in recent years, little change in eutrophic effects has been recorded in the baltic sea. the expected development of agriculture in the new eu countries around the baltic sea will worsen the conditions measurably if no measures are taken to reduce the harmful effects of nutrient losses. global warming a contributor global warming is also stimulating eutrophication as higher temperatures in the baltic sea region increases the decomposition rates of the algae, compounding the effects of the nutrients. ecological effects of eutrophication the imbalance caused by the abundance of nutrients has led to numerous changes in the ecological composition and state of the baltic sea. certain plants and animals thrive, enabling them to increase in number and geographic spread, frequently at the expense of other species. some of the negative effects of the nutrient overload of the past century are : - excessive growth of plants and algae \u2013 there has been an increase in primary production by 30 - 70 %. annuals such as green and brown filamentous algae have grown at the expense of the perennial bladder wrack, which in turn has had severe impacts on the littoral ecosystem - algal blooms, some of them even toxic, are a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4852335271337819, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.720444"} {"text": "annuals such as green and brown filamentous algae have grown at the expense of the perennial bladder wrack, which in turn has had severe impacts on the littoral ecosystem - algal blooms, some of them even toxic, are a frequent phenomenon in the baltic every summer - a decrease in water transparency by 2. 5 - 3 metres as a result of the increase in biomass, e. g. an increase in zooplankton by 25 % - changes in fish species composition. economically less valuable freshwater fish species are thriving and cod is severely affected - a decrease in numbers and spread of predatory fish, such as pike, in coastal waters. the loss of ecological functions on land \u2013 the nutrient retention capacity of wetlands, floodplains, coastal lagoons and free - flowing rivers \u2013 has added substantially to the eutrophication problem. up to 90 % of wetlands in the southern part of the baltic sea region have been drained over the past century. state support for drainage and regulation of rivers and the construction of dams have been the key reasons for loss of these natural features. the changes have been driven by demands for additional land for farming, protection from flooding and a growing demand for electricity. the lack of market or regulatory mechanisms for assigning value to wetland functions is a major root cause for the loss of ecological functions. limiting the negative impacts of eutrophication efforts have been made to limit the production of algae and reverse the development of a eutrophied baltic. major investments have been made in waste water treatment plants and industrial production. but the main problems are now non - point sources \u2013 mainly run - off from agriculture. eutrophication is a process where bodies of water, such as lakes, estuaries, or slow - moving streams, receive excess nutrients that stimulate excessive plant growth. this enhanced plant growth, often called an algal bloom, reduces dissolved oxygen in the water. this can kill other marine life which also depend on disolved oxygen in the water.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45034261993814345, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.722007"} {"text": "( dailyrx news ) brain devastation resulting from stroke and head trauma is often due to the overproduction of a substance in the brain called glutamate. a new method of therapy may prevent this from happening. glutamate, a short - lived neurotransmitter, is normally almost absent in brain fluids. following injury or stroke, ischemia ( lack of blood flow ) usually occurs in the brain, which causes glutamate to flood the brain. high levels of glutamate in the brain end up causing cell death by allowing calcium to flood the neuron. many drugs are not able to cross the blood - brain barrier, making treatment for stroke and head trauma a challenge. but professor vivian i. teichberg of the weizmann institute of science ' s neurobiology department has devised a way for a naturally - occurring enzyme ( glutamate - oxaloacetate transaminase or got ) to \" scavenge \" blood glutamate and thus, lower levels of glutamate in the brain following stroke or injury. in this method, tiny transporters on the capillaries that work on differences in glutamate concentration transport glutamate from the brain to the blood. now, two new studies from the university of santiago de compostela, spain, demonstrate the method is effective in rats by using a chemical similar to got, known as oxolacetate, which could lead to more effective post - stroke and post - brain trauma treatments. the researchers in spain also discovered some of the most significant indicators of the prognosis in stroke are glutamate levels and got levels. high levels of glutamate meant poorer prognosis ( in terms of time spent recovering and amount of brain damage ), whereas high levels of got indicated better prognosis in stroke victims. stroke is the third leading cause of death and the no. 1 cause of long - term disability in the united states, according to the american heart association ( aha ). african - americans are at higher risk of stroke than caucasians.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5174667793512501, "token_count": 430, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.725048"} {"text": "galaxies | emission nebulae | reflection nebulae | dark nebulae | planetary nebulae | star clusters | stars supernovae | 50 favorites | messier objects | repro conditions | aao images page | aao site overview about star trails the important things the quality of the sky is the single most important ingredient in successful star trails photography, and that depends a lot on where you live. the next most important thing is to experiment and take notes of your exposures and camera settings as you go. the third most important thing is to be patient - - exposures can last for hours... you will have plenty of time for your notes. these notes refer mainly to work using colour film between 1976 and around 1996, a period when digital cameras were a distant dream. of course such cameras are now much superior to traditional photography for most work involving faint light, though very long exposures are ( as used here ) are not practicable. and for star trails they don ' t capture the colours of the stars as well as photography did. with film, the image is captured in one exposure, but with a digital camera many relatively short exposures are made and combined in software. however, the basic ideas below are applicable to all star trail imaging. some background - the airglow australia has about the same land area as the usa but only 8 percent of its population, and most australians live in the large cities on the south - eastern seaboard. in addition, the southern hemisphere is relatively unpopulated and only lightly industrialised, so there is little air pollution. what little there is cleansed by the vast expanses of ocean that encircle the globe at southern latitudes. away from the cities the sky of the outback is transparent and very dark at night - if there are no clouds. this is not the case in most of the usa or europe, indeed over most of the northern hemisphere. even when a truly dark sky is found, airborne particulate pollution from distant industrial activity is carried around the world and can affect night - time photography. happily, it does not cross the equator. in the southern hemisphere, the velvet blackness allows long photographic exposures during the night without any signs of the sky fogging from artificial light. however, the night sky is never completely dark even in the middle of australia. the air above is feebly luminous at night, mainly from the natural ' airglow ' which arises as the atoms and molecules of the air lose the solar energy they have absorbed by day. when the sun", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49157467033296626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.734548"} {"text": "dark even in the middle of australia. the air above is feebly luminous at night, mainly from the natural ' airglow ' which arises as the atoms and molecules of the air lose the solar energy they have absorbed by day. when the sun is very active the night sky is brighter, even to the point of being obvious to the eye, as in aurorae. rarely, the sky just appears milky to the eye as it does when the moon is up, but there is no moon. long exposure photographs show it to be coloured, and examples are here and here. other effects such as scattered starlight, interplanetary dust ( zodiacal light and gegenschein ) and distant, unresolved stars and galaxies are always there and add a little to the airglow. of course, long - exposure star trail photographs are compromised when the moon is in the sky, and exposures are relatively short, as here. but sometimes a sliver of moon and a little cloud can make an interesting picture. siding spring mountain, in the warrumbungle range, is about 500 km by road from sydney in eastern australia and was chosen as an astronomical observatory for its clarity and darkness. it is the site of the anglo - australian telescope ( aat ) a 3. 9m reflecting telescope built in the mid - 1970s as a joint australian - british venture. the telescope itself can be used as a giant camera, when it functions as a 12. 7 m focal length ' lens ', working at f / 3. 3. the observatory also operates the uk schmidt telescope ( ukst ) which is effectively a 3000 mm catadioptric ' lens ' working at f / 2. 5. about star trails star trail pictures are made when the camera is fixed ( best to a tripod ) and the shutter is left open for long periods at night. not all cameras can do this, especially not digital cameras. long exposures with digital cameras produce ' noisy ' images. this has improved as digital cameras improve and some cameras have noise reduction technology built in. it can also be useful to make a long exposure ' dark frame ' to be subtracted from each image exposure. even so, at the time of writing, exposures longer than a few remain difficult for most digital cameras, and exposures longer than an hour ( like those mentioned below ) involve combining many separate, noise - subtracted frames in software. this is not to detract from digital cameras ; they can make fine star trails and beautiful time - lapse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.518119865427472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.735483"} {"text": ", and exposures longer than an hour ( like those mentioned below ) involve combining many separate, noise - subtracted frames in software. this is not to detract from digital cameras ; they can make fine star trails and beautiful time - lapse videos of the night sky, but the images referred to here were all made on film. digital cameras are generally much more sensitive to faint light than film cameras, so for many low - light or twilight images they are excellent, however, working at the time i did, i used film, and at the time of writing it ' s still available. modern, battery - operated film cameras can be made to take very long exposures, but usually at the cost of battery life. the best sort of camera for this work using film is a simple, wholly mechanical camera, that can be picked up easily for modest cost in many used camera stores. when i use 35 mm film for star trails i use an ancient pentax spotmatic i have had for 40 years. it is best to use a fixed - focus ( non zoom ) lens if possible, partly because zoom lenses used near full aperture show serious vignetting - - light fall - off towards the corners of the frame. zoom lenses generally have poorer image quality than an equivalent fixed focal length lens and have larger f numbers, so they are slower, photographically speaking. extreme wide angle lenses produce interesting star trail effects but a standard lens ( 55mm on 35mm film ) is perfectly useful. of course, long exposures can be made with a tracking camera - - but that ' s a different topic. most of the star trail images referred to below were made with a mechanical camera, a hasselblad 500c / m. the 6 x 6cm format produces better quality than 35mm but a fancy camera like this is not necessary for star trails. however, it was useful when many of these pictures were made, in the 1970s and early 1980s. in those days, fast films were quite grainy, so small formats were not as good for star trails. this is no longer true, so a 35mm camera loaded with 200 - 400 iso slide film works perfectly well. colour negative ( print ) film is ok, but it is always grainier for a given speed and most labs don ' t know how to print star trails pictures. of course negatives can be scanned for good results, but in general, slide film is better. most of the exposures were made on 200 iso ektachrome, some on similar fujichrome", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4856855866920043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.736387"} {"text": "don ' t know how to print star trails pictures. of course negatives can be scanned for good results, but in general, slide film is better. most of the exposures were made on 200 iso ektachrome, some on similar fujichrome and usually the exposure was started about 90 minutes after sunset, when the sky is completely dark except for the low western horizon. under a dark sky, exposures can last up to 10 hours, using a lens set to f / 5. 6 - f / 8. for many of the pictures on these web pages the film was push - processed by one stop, which gives useful extra contrast as well as speed. the picture aat 5 shows the trails of stars setting behind the aat dome. the motion is the earth ' s rotation of course - - the stars don ' t move. there ' s also some artificial light from houses on the mountain top and the signs of a night assistant ( telescope systems operator ) lighting his pipe as he wanders around the dome catwalk. the radius of the curved star trails decreases towards the left of the picture which is towards the south. if the camera was pointed due south you would see the stars apparently circling a point on the sky, the south celestial pole. this is the projection of the earth ' s axis of rotation in the sky and is seen above the dome in the companion picture aat 6. more detail on what the star trails show is on misc 36. of course from the northern hemisphere you would have to point your camera to the north to achieve the same circular effect. extended caption for aat 6 the rotation of the earth makes the stars follow gigantic arcs across the sky. these arcs appear to circle a point which is, in the southern hemisphere, the south celestial pole, the projection of the earth ' s axis of rotation on the sky. at siding spring, where this picture was taken, this point is 31 degrees 16 minutes above the horizon, the exact geographical latitude of the site of the aat. if a similar picture was taken in antarctica or the arctic ( 90 degrees south or north ) these circles would be directly overhead, while from the equator they would appear as semicircles on the northern and southern horizons. the stars have traced out an angle of about 160 degrees, indicating an exposure time of over 10 1 / 2 hours. if you measure the angular extent of the star trails yourself, don ' t forget you are measuring ' sidereal time ' not clock time. the difference is negligible for these purposes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46647839361486265, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.737388"} {"text": ", indicating an exposure time of over 10 1 / 2 hours. if you measure the angular extent of the star trails yourself, don ' t forget you are measuring ' sidereal time ' not clock time. the difference is negligible for these purposes, but it is instructive to think of why the two time systems should be different. there ' s more about sidereal time on the caption for misc 5. the trails reveal the colours of the stars, which in turn tell us of their surface temperatures. blue trails are left by stars which are much hotter than the sun, while cooler stars leave orange or yellow trails. this exposure was so long that the feeble glow of the night sky itself was recorded and during the long winter night observers using aat occasionally peered outside to inspect the weather. as they walked around the dome in darkness, their lights produced the irregular lines at the catwalk level. long exposure star trails pictures on this site aat 5. star trails southwest of the aat dome aat 6. star trails around the s celestial pole misc 4. the aat dome by the light of the full moon misc 5. dawn and evening twilights reflected in the aat dome misc 6. moonset into cloud over the warrumbungle range misc 7. pinatubo sunset and star trails around the aat dome misc 8. aurora australis from siding spring misc 11. orion star colours, step - focus technique misc 12. orion ' s belt rising over the lights of coonabarabran misc 13. north celestial pole star trails misc 14. south celestial pole star trails misc 15. north and south celestial poles star trails misc 16. southern cross and pointers, star colours - step - focus technique, long trails misc 18. the view to the north from siding spring misc 19. sunset ' star ' trail, the track of the setting sun misc 22. the aat dome from the director ' s cottage. misc 23. southern cross and pointers, star colours - step - focus technique, short trails misc 29. the uk schmidt telescope under a milky sky misc 32. antares and jupiter, defocused trails misc 36. southern cross star trails around the aat dome other beautiful examples of star trails are seen on the pictures by david miller and akira fujii david malin, march 2012. | emission nebulae | reflection nebulae | dark nebulae | planetary nebulae | star", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5043708207780643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.738358"} {"text": "was hurricane sandy caused by climate change? climate changing? \" anyone who thinks there isn ' t a change in weather patterns is denying reality, \" says andrew cuomo, governor of new york state, which bore the brunt of the superstorm. many climate scientists would agree with cuomo when it comes to identifying the cause of the record - breaking droughts and floods of recent years. but when it comes to tropical storms, the experts also say they cannot give a black - or - white answer for one of the most complex issues in meteorology. tropical storms are fuelled by warm seas, so intuition says that as ocean temperatures rise - known as cyclones, typhoons and hurricanes - should become more frequent and more brutal. but a clear rise in earth ' s surface temperature since the 1970s has so far failed to engender a similar increase in tropical cyclone numbers, which have remained stable at about 90 per year. in the atlantic alone, however, the us national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) says major storms have become more frequent and intense since 1995. the agency also warns that science right now cannot tease out how much of the change should be attributed to natural climate variability, and how much to man - made warming. as for the future, experts give conflicting or sketchy predictions of what could happen this century, when surface temperatures are predicted to warm 2 to 3\u00b0c. \" there is some evidence to suggest that with climate change we might see stronger wind speeds but that the overall number of tropical cyclones ( will show ) no change or maybe even go down a little bit, \" says tom mitchell, head of climate change at britain ' s overseas development institute. serge planton, head of climate research at french weather forecasting service meteo france, explains why the picture is so fuzzy. \" it ' s a very complex phenomenon, \" he says. \" a cyclone depends not only on the sea surface temperature, but also on the structure of the winds at every layer of the atmosphere. this means it does not respond in a simple, linear fashion to climate change. \" surges more certain when it comes to storm surge, there seems to be more scientific consensus that climate change ' s impact is clear. sandy ' s swells were entirely consistent with scenarios sketched by the un ' s intergovernment panel on climate change ( ipcc ) in a report on extreme weather events, published in march, contends mitchell. \" what the ipcc said there is with sea level rising a little bit already and with the potential", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4082300065536932, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.741354"} {"text": "august 14, 2002 roundabouts have been shown to reduce intersection injury crashes by 76 % compared to signals, and to reduce fatalities by 90 % ( retting et al, 2001 ). results of these american studies, published by the insurance institute for highway safety, and by the american journal of public health, are identical to findings from decades of overseas research. put another way, comparable crossroad intersections have four times as many injuries - including severe brain and spinal cord injuries - and about ten times as many fatalities as a roundabout. where roundabouts have replaced signals, repeated studies have shown they reduce pedestrian accidents by 30 - 50 % ( lalani 1975, daley 1981, o ' brien 1985 ). in lay terms, roundabouts can keep people out of hospitals, wheelchairs, and graveyards, and that ' s a common reason they ' re built. unfortunately, these safety facts were not emphasized in dr. richard long ' s report to the access board : a report which was used to develop the access board ' s current design proposals. the proposed new unfunded federal mandate would require complex signals and barrier systems at every roundabout crosswalk, regardless of how easily the crosswalk operates or whether a blind person ever uses it. at $ 100, 000 or more per intersection, that ' s an expensive proposal, and since it has serious ramifications on public safety, it bears close examination. like more than 90 % of us crosswalks, most roundabout crosswalks are not signalized. because a pedestrian refuge is provided mid - crossing ( shortening the crossing distance ), and because vehicles operate at unusually low speeds ( typically 15 - 20 mph ), the overwhelming majority of roundabout crosswalks are extremely easy to use, and like the vast majority of all crosswalks in the us, they simply don ' t need signals. in such locations, even if signals were provided, pedestrians wouldn ' t use traffic engineers have known for decades that, if unwarranted and infrequently used, signals can confuse drivers, become ineffective, and increase accidents, causing more injuries to pedestrians and vehicle occupants alike. that ' s bad for public safety, but too few lay people understand it. people tend to think that signals always improve safety, but signals can increase speeding, distract drivers ' eyes away from traffic and pedestrians, and create a false sense of security for pedestrians. signals do not put a concrete wall between vehicles and pedestrians : pedestrians are struck at traffic signals with sickening in locations where pedestrian and traffic volumes warrant them", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4378952218273793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.747154"} {"text": "distract drivers ' eyes away from traffic and pedestrians, and create a false sense of security for pedestrians. signals do not put a concrete wall between vehicles and pedestrians : pedestrians are struck at traffic signals with sickening in locations where pedestrian and traffic volumes warrant them, crosswalks should have signals, and many roundabouts in the united kingdom and europe have pedestrian signals. they ' re common in london, birmingham, and other cities. examples of appropriate locations for signalized crosswalks include high - volume urban roundabout crosswalks, and locations where pedestrians ( both blind and sighted ) are most frequent. these factors are easily quantifiable. at rural intersections or low - volume locations, and locations where pedestrians are infrequent, signals are not used because they confuse drivers and unnecessarily increase highway construction, maintenance, and operating costs. to assure that traffic signals are only installed where prudent, \" warrants \" have been developed for traffic signal installation in the united states. in the united kingdom - a country with decades of experience with roundabouts in a wide variety of locations - the warrant for a signalized pedestrian crosswalk at a roundabout is where pv squared is greater than 1 * 10 ^ 8 ( in words, where the number of pedestrians, times the number of vehicles per hour squared, exceeds a value of 100 million ). use of appropriate signal warrants assures that signals are provided only where needed, and not where they are unnecessary and potentially harmful. the ramifications of an ill - considered intersection design policy can negatively impact the general public in unintended ways. for example, if all roundabout crosswalks were required to have signals, about $ 100, 000 would be added to the cost of each roundabout, making them unnecessarily expensive in comparison to other intersection alternatives. as a result, far fewer roundabouts would be built, and many more of the common alternative - a signalized crossroad - would be built instead. as stated previously, studies show these have four times as many injuries, and ten times as many fatalities as a roundabout. the united states currently has about 15, 000 deaths and about 1 million injuries at intersections every year, and installation of well - designed roundabouts might prevent countless human tragedies. meanwhile, signals at unwarranted locations may help no one at all, and could in fact be harmful. a single - user approach to traffic engineering would be a mistake. all users of an intersection must be taken into account, and the appropriate solution needs to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4832419326221757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.748282"} {"text": "despite the important role of goats for meat and milk production in ethiopia, little information is available on the epidemiology of caprine tuberculosis ( tb ). caprine tb is important as milk is usually consumed raw particularly by ethiopian pastoralists. the objectives of the present study were to estimate the prevalence of tb in goats at an abattoir, to evaluate associated risk factors and to characterize the causative mycobacteria. a cross - sectional study was conducted on 1990 randomly selected male goats that were slaughtered at luna export abattoir of central ethiopia. postmortem examination, mycobacterial culturing and molecular typing techniques like genus typing, deletion typing and spoligotyping were used. the overall prevalence of caprine tb - like lesions was 3. 5 %. the lesion prevalence increased significantly with increasing age. mycobacteria were found by culture and seen as acid fast bacilli in 12 % of the goats with tb - like lesions. characterization of the eight isolates using multiplex polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) indicated that five of them belonged to the genus mycobacterium. four of the latter were confirmed to be members of the m. tuberculosis complex. further characterization of the three m. tuberculosis isolates by spoligotyping identified them as type sit53 and two new spoligotypes. the isolation of m. tuberculosis from goats in this study indicates a potential risk of transmission of m. tuberculosis between humans and goats. keywords : goat ; tuberculosis ; epidemiology ; molecular typing ; mycobacterium tuberculosis ; ethiopia caprine tuberculosis ( tb ) caused mainly by mycobacterium bovis and m. caprae [ 1, 2 ] poses a risk to goat health and production in developing world [ 3 - 5 ]. recently, reports of caprine tb have increased in several countries ; even in those practicing a long standing test and slaughter policy [ 2, 3, 5 - 10 ]. it is reported that the infection is widespread in africa where goats co - graze with cattle that are not subject to tb testing and slaughter regimes [ 9 - 11 ]. goats may become infected with m. bovis when sharing pastures with infected cattle, at watering points, market places and shared night shelters. in ethiopia, mixed farming of cattle and goats is a common practice. livestock move freely from one region to another and from farm - to - farm. thus, this practice poses a high risk of inter - and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4612585865139159, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.767005"} {"text": ", market places and shared night shelters. in ethiopia, mixed farming of cattle and goats is a common practice. livestock move freely from one region to another and from farm - to - farm. thus, this practice poses a high risk of inter - and intraspecies transmission and spread of m. bovis infection. this mixed farming of small and large ruminants is especially a risk to goats in countries like ethiopia where bovine tb is endemic and reports have shown a prevalence of bovine tb ranging from 3. 4 % in small holder production systems to 50 % in intensive dairy production systems [ 14 - 17 ]. a previous study reported a prevalence of 4. 2 % tb in ethiopian goats and also reported the occurrence of the disease for the first time in ethiopia. however, that study did not identify the species of the m. tuberculosis complex ( mtbc ). thus, there is little information on the status and etiology of caprine tb in ethiopia. as scientific knowledge is required to design appropriate control methods, this study was performed to estimate the prevalence of caprine tb in slaughter goats, evaluate associated risk factors, and characterize the causative agents. materials and methods study site and animals this study was conducted in luna modern export abattoir at modjo town, which is located 73 km southeast of addis ababa in central ethiopia. the abattoir is privately owned and primarily male goats are slaughtered for export purpose. all goats were of local breeds and originated mainly from arsi, borana, jimma, somali and south wello representing different agro - ecological zones. all goats had been kept under extensive production systems either as mixed crop \u2013 livestock production system or as a pastoral system of production. goats were purchased at different local markets and transported to the abattoir. at the abattoir, animals were fed, watered, and rested for 24 to 72 hrs before being slaughtered. the tb status of the goats was not known as there was no pre - slaughter tuberculin skin testing scheme. our project was evaluated and approved by the institional review board ( irb ) of the aklilu lemma institute of pathobiology, addis ababa university. the reference number of the approval letter / minutes is irb / 01 / 2011 - 12 study design and sampling techniques a cross - sectional study design was used. the design involved stratification of the goats according to geographic origin and goat type to estimate the prevalence of caprine tb and assess the potential risk factors of the disease.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4544647169081411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.768019"} {"text": "- 12 study design and sampling techniques a cross - sectional study design was used. the design involved stratification of the goats according to geographic origin and goat type to estimate the prevalence of caprine tb and assess the potential risk factors of the disease. the goat type was defined according to its origin and the physical description given earlier. the study goats were also categorized into two age groups conventionally : \u2264 1. 5 years as young, and > 1. 5 years as adult on the basis of the dentition as described earlier for african indigenous goats. the selection of the goats was based on systematic random sampling while the goats were moving in line to the slaughter hall. the selected goats were identified using permanent marker, kept separately after selection and released for slaughter one after the other. the sampling interval was obtained by dividing the total number of animals slaughtered from specific geographical origin within specific day by the estimated daily sample size. twelve goats were sampled during every study day. thus, the total number of animal slaughtered in the particular day from a particular origin was divided by twelve and every nth animal was selected after random selection of the first animal until the daily sample size was met. accordingly, a total of 1990 goats were examined. postmortem inspection was performed following a procedure described previously. all pulmonary lobes and the lymph nodes of the head ( retropharyngeal, mandibular ), thorax ( mediastinal and bronchial ), mesenterium, and liver were examined thoroughly. the carcass including internal organs and lymph nodes were examined under a bright - light source. the lung and the lymph nodes were cut into approximately 2 cm thick slices to facilitate the detection of lesions using separate sterile scalpel blades. the cut surfaces were examined visually under bright light for the presence of lesions compatible with tb [ 22, 23 ]. gross nodular lesions of caseous necrosis and / or calcification were considered as suspected for tb. such tissues were collected for bacteriological culture into sterile universal bottles with 5 ml of 0. 9 % saline solution. the samples were transported to aklilu lemma institute of pathobiology ( alipb ) on the same day and stored at + 2 to + 8\u00b0c for a maximum of one month until mycobacteriological culturing was carried out. however, almost all samples were cultured within a few days of sampling. culturing and identification of mycobacteria specimen processing and culturing for mycobacteria", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4802053444130668, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.769050"} {"text": "month until mycobacteriological culturing was carried out. however, almost all samples were cultured within a few days of sampling. culturing and identification of mycobacteria specimen processing and culturing for mycobacteria was carried out at tb laboratory of alipb in accordance with the guidelines of the office des internationale epizooties. in the laboratory, individual tissue specimens were sectioned using sterile blades in sterile petri dishes to obtain fine pieces and then homogenized with a mortar and pestle. the homogenate was decontaminated using 2 ml of 4 % naoh for 15 min and then centrifuged at 3, 000 rpm for 15 min. the supernatant was discarded and the sediment was neutralized by 1 % ( 0. 1 n ) hcl using phenol red as indicator. neutralisation was considered to be achieved when the color of the solution was changed from purple to yellow. thereafter, 0. 1 ml of the suspension was inoculated onto a duplicate set of lowenstein - jensen ( lj ) slants ; one supplemented with 0. 4 % sodium pyruvate ( lj pyruvate ) and the other with glycerol ( standard lj ). cultures were incubated aerobically at 37\u00b0c for at least eight weeks with weekly observation for growth according to. positive cultures were confirmed by ziehl \u2013 neelsen staining and heat killed in water bath at 80\u00b0c for 45 min. the heat killed isolates was stored at \u221220\u00b0c for further molecular typing. mycobacterial genus typing mycobacterial genus typing was done using polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ), which differentiates the mtbc from the m. avium complex, m. intracellularae and other mycobacterial species. pcr was conducted as described previously. heat killed ziehl \u2013 neelsen positive samples were used as source of the dna template. dna amplifications were done in a thermocycler with 20 \u03bcl reaction volume consisting : 5 \u03bcl of heat killed cells as a template, 8 \u03bcl hotstartaqmastermix ( mgcl2, dntp, taq polymerase and pcr buffer ) ( qiagen, united kingdom ) for each sample, 0. 3 \u03bcl of each of the six primer per sample and 5. 2 \u03bcl of qiagen water per sample. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46461518623339837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.769977"} {"text": "taq polymerase and pcr buffer ) ( qiagen, united kingdom ) for each sample, 0. 3 \u03bcl of each of the six primer per sample and 5. 2 \u03bcl of qiagen water per sample. the name and nucleotide sequence of each primer used for amplification in genus typing is given in table 1. table 1. primers used for genus and rd9 typing of isolated mycobacteria m. tuberculosis strains ( h37rv ) and m. avium were used as positive controls while qiagen water was used as negative control. the reaction mixture was then heated in a programme thermal controller ( applied biosystem ; ptc - 100\u2122 ) using the following amplification programs : 95\u00b0c for 10 min for enzyme activation ; 95\u00b0c for 1 min for denaturation ; 61\u00b0c for 0. 5 min for annealing ; 72\u00b0c for 2 min for extension ; involving 35 cycles all in all and final extension at 72\u00b0c for 10 min. a 1. 5 % agarose gel was prepared and the products were electrophoresed in 10\u00d7tae running buffer. ethidium bromide at ratio of 1 : 10, 100 bp dna ladder, and orange 6x loading dye were used in gel electrophoresis. finally, bands were visualized using alpha innotech, version 22. 214. 171. 124 ( alpha innotech corporation ) in a multi \u2013 image\u2122 light cabinet. region of difference ( rd ) deletion typing for deletion typing, the procedure described earlier was followed. the rd9 deletion typing was carried out on isolates that showed band for m. tuberculosis complex by genus typing. each sample was tested in a separate pcr tube. primers directed against the rd9 were used to generate a deletion profile that would allow species identification of the isolate. rd9 is a 2030 base pair ( bp ) gene segment of m. tuberculosis and pcr analysis using flanking primers revealed that rd9 is absent in m. bovis, m. microti, and m. africanum. primers used for rd9 typing and the size of pcr product size expected in the presence or absence of the respective region of difference is given in table 1. the reaction mixture consisted of : 10 \u03bcl of hotstartaq master mix, 0. 3 \u03bcl \u00d7 3 of each primer ( flank _ r, f and int )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.49166651421443835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.770867"} {"text": "absence of the respective region of difference is given in table 1. the reaction mixture consisted of : 10 \u03bcl of hotstartaq master mix, 0. 3 \u03bcl \u00d7 3 of each primer ( flank _ r, f and int ) of the respective deletion typing, 2 \u03bcl dna template and 7. 1 \u03bcl qiagen water to a final volume of 20 \u03bcl. m. tuberculosis h37rv and m. bovis 2122 / 97 were used as positive controls while qiagen water was used as negative control. the mixture was heated in a programme thermal controller ( applied biosystem ; ptc - 100\u2122 ) using an initial hot start of 95\u00b0c for 15 min followed by 35 cycles of 95\u00b0c for 1 min ; 55\u00b0c for 1 min ; and 72\u00b0c for 1 min ; a final extension step of 72\u00b0c for 10 min to complete the cycle. pcr products were electrophoresed in 1. 5 % agarose gel in 10\u00d7 tae running buffer. ethidium bromide at ratio of 1 : 10, 100 bp dna ladder and orange 6\u00d7 loading dye ( gene craft, germany ) were used in electrophoresis. finally, bands were visualized using alpha innotech, version 126. 96. 36. 199 ( alpha innotech corporation ) in a multi \u2013 image\u2122 light cabinet. spoligotyping was performed at alipb ; following the procedure described earlier and according to the spoligotype kit supplier \u2019 s instructions ( ocimum biosolutions company, iisselstein, the netherlands ). the direct repeat ( dr ) region were amplified by pcr using oligonucleotide primers derived from the dr sequence ( dra : 5 \u2032 - ggt ttt ggg tct gac gac - 3 \u2032 and drb : 5 \u2032 - ccg aga ggg gac, gga aac - 3 \u2032 ). a total volume of 25 \u03bcl of the following reaction mixture was used for the pcr : 12. 5 \u03bcl of hotstartaq master mix ( qiagen ). this solution provides a final concentration of : 1. 5 \u03bcm mgcl2 and 200 mm of each deoxynucleotides triphosphates, 2 \u03bcl of each primer ( 20 p mol each ), 5 \u03bcl suspension of heat - killed cells ( approximately 10 to 50 ng ), and 3.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5094421949819206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.771752"} {"text": "mm of each deoxynucleotides triphosphates, 2 \u03bcl of each primer ( 20 p mol each ), 5 \u03bcl suspension of heat - killed cells ( approximately 10 to 50 ng ), and 3. 5 \u03bcl distilled water. pcr amplification was performed for 15 min at 96\u00b0c and then subjected to 30 cycles of 1 min at 96\u00b0c ; 1 min at 55\u00b0c, 30 sec at 72\u00b0c and a final extension at 72\u00b0c for 10 min. the amplified products were hybridized to a set of 43 immobilized oligonucleotides, each corresponding to one of the unique spacer dna sequences within the dr locus. after hybridization, the membrane was washed twice for 10 min in 2\u00d7 sspe ( 1\u00d7 sspe is 0. 18 m nacl, 10 \u03bcm nah2po4, and 1 \u03bcm edta ( ph 7. 7 ) - 0. 5 % sodium dodecyl sulfate at 60\u00b0c and then incubated in 1 : 4, 000 diluted streptavidin peroxidase ( boehringer, ingelheim germany ) for 45 to 60 min at 42\u00b0c. the membrane was washed twice for 10 min in 2\u00d7 sspe - 0. 5 % sodium dodecyl sulfates at 42\u00b0c and rinsed with 2\u00d7 sspe for 5 min at room temperature 20\u00b0c ). hybridizing dna ( presence or absence of the unique spacers ) were detected by the enhanced chemiluminescence method ( amersham, buckinghamshire, england ) and by exposure to x - ray film ( hyperfilm ecl, amersham ), which detects light signals and thereby produces a pattern which allows for typing of isolates as specified by the manufacturer. data collection, management and analysis for each individual animal examined age, goat type and geographical origin were recorded on a data sheet. presence or absence of tb - like lesions and affected tissue ( s ) were recorded in database based on microsoft\u00ae excel for windows 2007. descriptive statistics was used to estimate prevalence of tb - like lesions across the individual factors and lesion frequency in different anatomical locations. uni - and multivariate logistic regressions were used to investigate possible associations between the prevalence and the explanatory variables. p value < 0. 05 and 95 % confidence level were used for statistical significance. statistical analysis was carried out using spss version 18. 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5251265746302247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.772624"} {"text": "logistic regressions were used to investigate possible associations between the prevalence and the explanatory variables. p value < 0. 05 and 95 % confidence level were used for statistical significance. statistical analysis was carried out using spss version 18. 0 ( spss inc. chicago, il, usa ). prevalence of tb - like lesions in goats and associated risk factors the prevalence of tb - like lesions was 3. 5 % ( 2. 69 - 4. 31 % ). it was significantly higher in older goats ( > 1. 5 year ) than in younger goats ( p < 0. 05 ) but there was no statistically significant difference in lesion prevalence between the different goat types and origins ( p > 0. 05 ) ( tables 2 and 3 ). the highest ( 4. 9 % ) and lowest ( 2. 1 % ) prevalences of caprine tb - like lesions were recorded in goats originated from borena and somali areas, respectively. table 2. individual variables, prevalence, and univariate analysis of risk factor of tuberculosis - like lesions in slaughtered goats table 3. multivariate analysis of risk factor with presence of tuberculosis - like lesions in goats distribution of pathology characteristic tb - like lesions ( figure 1 ) were observed in both lung and lymph nodes. figure 1. irregularly shaped, soft white foci of granulomatous inflammation ( tb - like lesion ) on the pleural and cut surfaces of a goat lung. most of the tb - like lesion were observed in the thoracic cavity ( lung : 22 % of cases, mediastinal lymph nodes : 42 %, and bronchial lymph nodes : 33 % ) and only 3 % was observed in mesenteric and hepatic lymph nodes. culture and acid fast test microscopy results seventy - eight samples from suspected tb lesions were processed and cultured. bacterial growth was observed in 14 % ( 11 / 78 ) of the sowed slants of which eight were confirmed to be acid fast bacilli ( afb ). genus identification of afb isolates genus typing revealed that five of the eight afb positive isolates showed the expected pcr product ( 1030 bp ) and could be identified as mycobacterium species. furthermore, four of these five isolates generated a pcr product of 372 bp which belongs to mtbc group whereas the remaining isolate was considered to be atypical mycobacteria ( figure 2 ). figure 2. gel electrophore", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44622989504554045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.773530"} {"text": ", four of these five isolates generated a pcr product of 372 bp which belongs to mtbc group whereas the remaining isolate was considered to be atypical mycobacteria ( figure 2 ). figure 2. gel electrophoretic separation of pcr products by multiplex pcr genus typing of mycobacterial isolate from tuberculous tissue of goats. lanes : 1 = 100 bp dna ladder, 2 = m. tuberculosis ( positive control ), 3 = qiagen h2o ( negative control ), 4 = m. bovis, 5 = m. avium complex ( positive control ) and 6 = m. intracellulare complex ( positive control ). lanes 7 \u2013 14 were samples from individual goats with tb - like lesions. lanes 8, 10, 11, 12, 13 were positive for the genus mycobacterium lanes 8 and 10 \u2013 12 showed bands for m. tuberculosis complex ( mtbc ) and lane 13 was positive only for the genus mycobacterium while lanes 7, 9 and 14 were negative. rd9 deletion typing result to identify the species of the mtbc isolates, rd9 deletion typing was performed. in this deletion typing, all the three isolates generated a pcr product of 339 bp confirming that they were m. tuberculosis ( figure 3 ) while one of the samples ( lane 8 ) did not produce the band ( negative ). figure 3. electrophoretic separation of pcr products of rd9 deletion typing. lanes : 1 = 100 bp dna ladder, 2 = m. tuberculosis ( positive control ), 3 = m. bovis ( positive control ), 4 = qiagen h2o ( negative control ), lanes 5 \u2013 7 were isolates which generated a pcr product of 372 bp in genus typing. spoligotyping of m. tuberculosis isolates all the three isolates of m. tuberculosis showed distinct patterns indicating that they were different strains ( figure 4 ). one of these strains ( sw6 ) was sit53. however, the patterns of the remaining two strains ( ar3 and jl8 ) were not recognized by the international spoliotyping database indicating that they were new strains. figure 4. spoligotype patterns of m. tuberculosis isolates from goats. one of the goat isolate was sit53 while the other two were new to the spoligotype international typing ( sitvit ) database. the octal numbers of the two", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49858690768365527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.774418"} {"text": "spoligotype patterns of m. tuberculosis isolates from goats. one of the goat isolate was sit53 while the other two were new to the spoligotype international typing ( sitvit ) database. the octal numbers of the two new strains are 703777540003171 and 777757777560771. an abattoir - based epidemiological survey of caprine tb was conducted on goats originated from different regions of ethiopia. lesion - based prevalence was calculated and mycobacteria were characterized. compared to the two previous studies carried out on goat tb in ethiopia, this study was more comprehensive as the number of goats included was relatively higher, the origin and types of animals was more representatives of the reference population and advanced molecular techniques were used. the overall lesion prevalence of 3. 5 % reported in this study is similar to the prevalence reported in previous studies in ethiopia. a tb - like lesion prevalence of 4. 2 % in 1, 536 goats was reported in a study conducted in 2005 at modjo modem export abattoir. a similar prevalence ( 4. 3 % in 1, 152 goats ) was recorded based on gross lesions at helmex export abattoir. likewise, a prevalence of 3. 1 % in 193 goats was reported in goats kept at adami tulu research center using a single intradermal tuberculin test ( tst ). studies conducted in other countries have also reported similar results [ 3, 30 ]. a significantly higher prevalence of tb - like lesions in goats aged > 1. 5 years is in agreement with a study, which reported higher prevalence in older goats although the goats were older than 6 years in that study. similarly, several cross sectional studies conducted on bovine tb have reported higher prevalences of tb in older cattle [ 11, 14, 31 ]. this may be explained by an age depend risk of exposure. the prevalences of tb in goats that originated from the different zones and regions were similar indicating the overall similarity of management system and infection pressure. this finding is consistent with that of an earlier study, which reported similar prevalences in different regions of ethiopia. a significantly higher prevalence was recorded for goats originating from the borena area as compared to those from somali region although the goats types were the same in both areas. the present study showed that tb - like lesions were almost exclusively observed in the thoracic cavity of goats. a similar study has shown that 97 % of the gross tb -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4677310006938153, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.775379"} {"text": "those from somali region although the goats types were the same in both areas. the present study showed that tb - like lesions were almost exclusively observed in the thoracic cavity of goats. a similar study has shown that 97 % of the gross tb - like lesions were found in the lungs and associated lymph nodes, while lesions were only found in the thoracic cavity in algerian goats. this indicates that goats acquire the infection mainly through the respiratory route. the isolation of three m. tuberculosis strains was unexpected as a previous study has reported that the causative agent of caprine tb in some european countries was m. bovis [ 9, 11 ] and m. caprae in several european countries. even recently, outbreaks of tb in goats in the united kingdom, italy and portugal were reported to be caused by m. bovis [ 2, 5, 34 ]. however, m. tuberculosis has previously been isolated from goats in nigeria. the isolation of m. tuberculosis from goats in this study is likely to be due to transmission of the bacterium from tb infected people to goats as has been suggested earlier. transmission of m. tuberculosis from man to cattle has been reported from slovenia and in ethiopia ; cattle owned by farmers with active tb were four times more likely to have tb than cattle owned by those farmers without active tb. this study documented an equal low prevalence of caprine tb - like lesions across a range of eco - epidemiological settings in ethiopia. the high prevalence of lesions in the lung and associated lymph nodes suggests that transmission of tb to goats is mainly through the respiratory route. the isolation of the sit53 strain of m. tuberculosis from goats in this study suggests transmission from humans. we have no financial or other competing interests to declare in relation to this manuscript. the study was conceived and designed by bd, ga and fjc. field work was performed by bd ; laboratory work was done by bd and ga. analysis of data and preparation of the manuscript was a joint contribution of bd, fjc and ga. all authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript. the study was financially supported by ethiopian ministry of agriculture, aklilu lemma institute of pathobiology and edulink. aranaz a, liebana e, gomez - mampaso e, galan jc, cousins d, ortega a, blazquez j, baquero f, mateos a, suarez g, dominguez l : mycobacterium tuberculosis subsp. cap", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4654285225570727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.776395"} {"text": ", gomez - mampaso e, galan jc, cousins d, ortega a, blazquez j, baquero f, mateos a, suarez g, dominguez l : mycobacterium tuberculosis subsp. caprae subsp. nov : a taxonomic study of a new member of themycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolated from goats in spain. int j sys bacteriol 1999, 49 : 1263 - 1273. publisher full text em inf dis 2009, 15 : 2066 - 2069. publisher full text prodinger wm, brandstatter a, naumann l, pacciarini m, kubica t, boschiroli ml, aranaz a, nagy g, cvetnic z, ocepek m, skrypnyk a, erler w, niemann s, pavlik i, moser i : characterization of mycobacterium caprae isolates from europe by mycobacterium interspersed repetitive unit genotyping. tuber lung dis 1995, 76 : 1 - 46. pubmed abstract ameni g, aseffa a, engers h, young d, gordon s, hewinson g, vordemieier m : high prevalence and increased severity of pathology of bovine tuberculosis in holsteins compared to zebu breeds under field cattle husbandry in central ethiopia. berg s, firdessa r, habtamu m, gadisa e, mengistu a, yamuah l, ameni g, vordermeier m, robertson bd, smith nh, engers h, young d, hewinson rg, aseffa a, gordon sv : the burden of mycobacterial disease in ethiopian cattle : implication for public health. kamerbeek j, schouls l, kolk a, van agterveld m, van soolingen d, kuijper s, bunschoten a, molhuizen h, shaw r, goyal m, van embden j : simultaneous detection and strain differentiation of mycobacterium tuberculosis for diagnosis and epidemiology. javed mt, ahmad l, irfan m, ali i, khan a, wasiq m, farooqi fa, latif ms, cagiola m : hematological and serum protein values in tuberculin reactor and non - reactor water buffaloes, cattle,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4598021328934094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.777131"} {"text": "lenny had a problem. a close friend of his invested some money a few years prior, in a local italian bank \u2014 in pisa actually \u2014 that had promised him steady interest of 4 percent per month. rather than sitting by and letting the money rapidly grow and compound over time, lenny \u2019 s friend started withdrawing large and irregular sums of money from the account every few months. these sums were soon exceeding the interest he was earning and the whole process was eating heavily into his capital. to make a long story short, lenny was approached by this friend and asked how long the money would last, if he kept up these withdrawals. reasonable question, no? now, if i were lenny, i would have pulled out my handy hp business calculator, entered the cash flows, pushed the relevant buttons and quickly obtained the answer. in fact, with any calculator these sorts of questions can be answered quite easily using the technique known as \u201c present value analysis \u201d \u2014 which is something all business school professors teach their finance students on the first day of class. unfortunately, lenny didn \u2019 t have access to an hp business calculator that performed the necessary compound interest calculations. to be honest, lenny didn \u2019 t have a calculator at all because they hadn \u2019 t been invented yet. you see, lenny was asked this question over 800 years ago, in the early part of the 13th century. but to answer it \u2014 which he certainly did \u2014 he invented a technique that today is called present value analysis. yes. the one i mentioned we teach business students. you might have heard of lenny by his more formal name : leonardo pisano filius ( \u201c family, \u201d in latin ) bonacci, a. k. a. fibonacci ( 1170 - 1250 ), probably the most famous mathematician of the middle ages. in fact, fibonacci helped solve his friend \u2019 s problem, wrote the first commercial mathematics textbook liber abaci and introduced the methodology for solving complicated questions involving interest rates. let me repeat. his technique is still used and taught with slight refinements to college students 800 years later. now that is academic immortality! ( he published and his name hasn \u2019 t perished yet. ) the spending rate : a burning question let \u2019 s translate fibonacci \u2019 s mostly hypothetical 800 year - old puzzles into a problem with more recent implications. imagine that you are thinking about retiring and to date have managed to save a total of $ 300, 000 in your retirement account. for now, i \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5111755407760893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.782450"} {"text": "excess fat may be \" protective \" in seniors over 85 tuesday, february 28, 2012 surprising tau research finds obesity can decrease risk of mortality in people over 85 years of age obesity is considered the leading preventable cause of death worldwide \u2014 until you reach old age, that is. though obesity increases the risk of an early death, shaving an average of six to seven years off a person ' s lifespan, tel aviv university researchers have found that this trend may reverse itself after the age of 85. in these people, excess fat seems to have a \" protective \" effect, decreasing the risk of death when compared to those who are considered at a normal body weight. when we reach a very old age, some of the factors that affect mortality in younger people may no longer be significant, explain prof. jiska cohen - mansfield and rotem perach of the herczeg institute on aging and the sackler faculty of medicine. heavier people have lower rates of osteoporosis, which could decrease incidences of falls and subsequent injury. obesity could also provide excess energy storage in times of trauma or stress, or prolong the period of weight loss caused by a decrease in appetite, a common occurrence as people near death. this research was recently published in the journal of aging research. the survival effect research has consistently shown that people who are underweight in their old age have a higher mortality risk. but until now, the protective impact of obesity on mortality in this same age group has been unexplored. the study was based on data collected as part of the cross sectional and longitudinal aging study ( calas ), which included 1, 349 people between the ages of 75 - 94. participants were asked basic questions about their height and weight, age, gender, family, education, socioeconomic status, and smoking history. two decades after the data was first collected, the researchers completed a mortality analysis on the original sample. during the course of these 20 years, 95 percent of the participants had died, leaving 59 subjects still living. obesity continued to be a predictor of death for those aged 75 - 84, notes prof. cohen - mansfield. but past the age of 85, participants who were in the obese category were not only at lower risk of death than their underweight peers, but also appeared to be less at risk than those who had a normal weight as well. there is a \" selective survival \" rate at play, say the researchers. often, obese people die early in life due to obesity - related illnesses. so those", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48367413362358314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.787576"} {"text": "- cpu ( cpu type ) the cpu ( or processor ) is the core component of any console. it executes the programs ( e. g. games ) with the help of other dedicated hardware. the cpu has high impact on the general performance of a console, altough other components and the general architechture of the devide also play a significant role. - memory ( memory installed ) the amount of internal memory available to execute programs. - video memory ( video memory ) the amount of video processing memory reserved for graphics board. presented as megabytes. - hdd size ( storage capacity ( hdd size ) ) if the console has an internal hard disk drive, the storage capacity of the drive is announced here ( in giga bytes, gb ). the hdd can be used, for example, to store games / game data, photos, music, videos or software. - usb ports ( number of usb or usb2 ports ) the number of usb ports the console has. the ports can bes uses to connect game controllers or external devices, or to read memory cards. - ethernet ( integrated ethernet / lan adapter? ) if the console has an integrated ethernet port, it can be connected to a local area network ( lan ) via the port. the speed of the lan connection is announced as megabits per second ( mbps ). - wifi ( integreated wlan / wifi ) wifi is a wireless solution to connect a device to a local area network. if the console is wifi - enabled, it can be connected to a wlan network without the use of a connection cable. - bluetooth ( integrated bluetooth adapter ) bluetooth can be used to form a data transfer connection between the console and bluetooth enabled devices. another possible use of the technology is to connect external devices or game controllers. - hd media support ( support for hd media ) the console can support some kind of hd media, i. e. it can be used as a hd media player for the supported format ( s ). theoretically there can be devices suppporting either hd dvd or blu - ray, but in practice only the latter is supported by consoles. - component video ( component video output ) component video is a type of video transmission where either luma and chroma difference channels ( y, cb, and cr ) or red, green, and blue ( rgb ) video is sent across three separate cables. - hdmi ( hdmi output ) hdmi ( high -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5113791638506009, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.794414"} {"text": "for the last few years, there ' s been discussion within the agriculture community about a shortage of food animal veterinarians and finding solutions to help generate interest in the profession. since then enrollments in many veterinary schools are up, but an american association of bovine practioners ' committee report says there actually is not a shortage of food animal veterinarians, but rather an issue of rural economies being able to sustain large animal practices. since the first reports on the shortage of food animal veterinarians, the economy has taken a downturn, including serious financial losses in the dairy segment, shrinking herd sizes and agriculture in general continuing to consolidate, explains christine navarre, louisiana state university extension veterinarian and aabp president. and some graduates are finding it difficult to find jobs. \" with the changing economy, the job market in general is tough, \" she explains. \" this report served as a reality check, and found that there are pockets of under served rural areas but not necessarily a shortage of veterinarians to fill those needs. \" the problem is that those under served rural areas are not able to sustain a veterinary practice. she explains it ' s similar to rural issues with human healthcare, and requires some examination of alternative solutions to serving those communities rather than flooding the food - animal veterinary field with qualified graduates and limited job openings. to address the issue of providing veterinary care in under served rural areas, the aabp has set up three new subcommittees that will : - identify alternative and sustainable business models in rural areas. - develop tools to help veterinarians hone business skills. - look at the role of veterinary technicians to fill this gap.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4139665215931264, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.796270"} {"text": "the rebuilding of the temple, which had began under cyrus when the persians first took over the babylonian empire, and which was then interrupted for 18 years, resumed with blessing of darius ii, the persian king whom we believe to be the son of esther. the work is completed in 350 bce and the temple is re - dedicated. but it is not the same. the intense spiritually of the first temple cannot be compared to the second. the constant open miracles are gone. prophecy will also disappear during the early years of the second temple. the ark of the covenant is gone \u2015 and although there is a holy of holies, it stands empty. the ark \u2015 this special gold - lined cedar chest which had contained the tablets of the ten commandments \u2015 was the place where the shechina, the presence of god, descended from heaven between the outstretched wings of the two golden cherubs. what happened to it? the talmud talks about it and relates two opinions. ( 1 ) one opinion says the babylonians took it into captivity. the other opinion says that it was hidden by king josiah who had anticipated the impending invasion and destruction. there ' s a well - known story told in the talmud of a cohen, a priest, who finds a loose stone on the temple mount and realizes that ' s where the ark is hidden. on the way to tell others about it, he dies. ( 2 ) the point of the story is that the ark is not meant to be found. not yet. ezra and nechemiah the jews who rebuild the temple in jerusalem were faced with many challenges and difficulties. strong leadership would be essential for them to be able to both rebuilt the temple and re - establish a strong community. two individuals played a critical role in the re - establishment of the jewish community in israel. one was ezra. a scribe and scholar and a jewish community leader in persia, ezra, a cohen, hears that the jewish community in the holy land is floundering with neither king nor prophet. so, he takes with him 1, 496 well - chosen men with leadership abilities and comes to the rescue. ezra is so well thought of in the talmud that it is written of him that \" the torah could have been given to israel through ezra, if not that moses preceded him \" ( sanhedrin 21b ). this high praise goes to ezra for the spiritual rebuilding of the jewish people and his efforts to reinstate torah law in the land. among his most dramatic reforms is his war against assimilation and inter - marriage. indeed,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43482384330399015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.808292"} {"text": "sanhedrin 21b ). this high praise goes to ezra for the spiritual rebuilding of the jewish people and his efforts to reinstate torah law in the land. among his most dramatic reforms is his war against assimilation and inter - marriage. indeed, the book of ezra condemns all the men living in israel who had married non - jewish wives and gives their names \u2015 all 112 of them. ( ezra 10 : 18 - 44. ) you might ask : why the big deal? after all, only 112 men strayed. today, millions of jews are intermarrying \u2015 the intermarriage rate in america over 50 %. the difference is that 2, 500 years ago, even one jew intermarrying was an outrage. now society accepts it as normal. so - called \" progressive \" congregations in america are even shopping for rabbis who will officiate at mixed marriages \u2015 to lend legitimacy to something the bible repeatedly condemns, and which spells the death of the jewish people. through ezra ' s efforts, these mixed marriages are dissolved. all the people are then gathered in jerusalem \u2015 men and women from all over the country \u2015 and the torah is read out loud to all. at the end, all present pledge not to intermarry, uphold the torah and strengthen themselves spiritually. ( 3 ) the other major personality of this period is nechemiah, a leader of the jewish community of babylon and an official of the emperor darius ii. while ezra had succeeded in spiritually strengthening the returnees, jerusalem remained un - walled and unprotected. thirteen years after the arrival of ezra, nechemiah arrives, having been appointed governor by darius. after surveying jerusalem he announces : \" come, let us build the walls of jerusalem so that we will no longer be an object of scorn. \" ( nechemiah 2 : 17 ). despite the efforts of the surrounding peoples to hinder its construction, the wall is completed. spiritually and physically fortified, jerusalem will prosper and its population will expand. despite ezra ' s efforts ( and those of the other leaders ) the temple is spiritually a shadow of its former self. the returnees from babylon are not in a position to rebuild the temple as splendid as solomon ' s. eventually ( circa 30 bce ) it will be rebuilt again by herod the great, and made into a spectacular structure, but even though it is going to be physically beautiful, it will be spiritually empty when compared with the first temple. and even though there are going to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4727062392548644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.809248"} {"text": ") it will be rebuilt again by herod the great, and made into a spectacular structure, but even though it is going to be physically beautiful, it will be spiritually empty when compared with the first temple. and even though there are going to be high priests, the institution will become corrupt. according to the talmud, during the first temple period of about 410 years, there were only 18 high priests. during the second temple period of 420 years, there were more than 300 high priests! we know ( from the talmud, yoma 9a ) that yochanan was high priest for 80 years, shimon was high priest for 40 years, and yishmael ben pabi was high priest for 10 years. that means in the remaining 290 years there were at least 300 priests \u2015 one every year or so. what accounts for that? the talmud tells us that the holy of holies was forbidden ground, except for yom kippur. on that one day only, the high priests entered to perform special rites before god. but if he himself was not spiritually pure and unable to focus, he would not be able to stand the intense encounter with god and would die on the spot. we know that during the second temple period a rope had to be tied to the high priest, so that in case he died, he could be pulled out of the holy of holies. because the whole high priesthood was a corrupted institution for most of the second temple period, the high priests died or were replaced every year. ( 4 ) and yet people clamored for the job, which went to the highest bidder. so the question has to be asked : if he was going to die on yom kippur, who would want the position? one possible answer is that many of the candidates strongly believed that their incorrect temple service was actually the correct way to do it. ( 5 ) that is how bad things go loss of prophecy why did things get so bad? largely because prophecy disappeared from the land and strong central authority was largely lacking. when the prophets were around and leadership was strong, heresy was much more difficult. a prophet talked to god and he ' d straighten a heretic right out. no one could deny basic tenets of judaism in the face of prophecy and open miracles. in the period of the judges and the first temple an individual could always make a free - will decision to reject judaism, worship idols and even use the impure spirituality of idolatry to perform magic and divination, but the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4242408375676584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.810181"} {"text": "open miracles. in the period of the judges and the first temple an individual could always make a free - will decision to reject judaism, worship idols and even use the impure spirituality of idolatry to perform magic and divination, but the presence of prophets and strong leadership made it virtually impossible to undermine the philosophy and practices of judaism. but when prophecy disappeared and central authority was weakened, it became easier for people to stray and for various holy institutions ( like the high priesthood ) to become corrupt. prophecy disappeared because the jewish people had damaged their relationship with god. they were spiritually weaker and could not do the same intense spiritual work required to achieve prophecy ( 6 ). to be a prophet you have to perfect yourself spiritually, you have to have total self control. it ' s the ultimate jewish expression of who being a great man is. the sages say, \" who is a great man? he who conquers his inclination ( controls himself ). \" [ ethics of the fathers, 4 : 1 ] prophecy in the jewish understanding is not just the ability to predict the future. it is a state of transcendence of the physical world. it means the prophet has entered such a high plane of understanding that he or she is able to communicate with the infinite and access information and understanding inaccessible to a normal person. moses was the ultimate prophet \u2015 that is he reached the highest level of prophecy that is humanly possible. but there were many others \u2015 hundreds of thousands, according to the talmud \u2015 who achieved lesser levels and were prophets. in the story of saul, we talked about how the jewish people consulted the prophets on everything, including lost objects. but that phenomenon disappears during the early years of the second temple. \" after the later prophets, haggai, zecharia, and malachi, had died, the prophetic spirit disappeared from the jewish people... \" ( yoma 9b ) ( 7 ) if anyone is interested in how to become a prophet there is an instruction book available. it called \" path of the just \" and it was written in the 18th century by the great kabbalist, rabbi moshe chaim luzzato, also known as the ramchal. this is a guidebook on how to get complete control of yourself physically, emotionally and spiritually so you can transcend this world and become a prophet. in his book, the way of god, rabbi luzzatto clearly defines the concept of prophecy : the main concept of true prophecy is therefore that a living person achieves such an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.462290945920598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.811274"} {"text": "spiritually so you can transcend this world and become a prophet. in his book, the way of god, rabbi luzzatto clearly defines the concept of prophecy : the main concept of true prophecy is therefore that a living person achieves such an attachment and bond with god. this in itself is certainly a very high degree of perfection. besides this, however, it is often accompanied by certain information and enlightenment. through prophecy one can gain knowledge of many lofty truths among god ' s hidden mysteries. these things are perceived very clearly... part of a prophet ' s career may include being sent on a mission by god ( 8 ). but even if you master that book, you will not be a prophet. why not? because the gates of prophecy are closed to us. why? because prophecy is only possible if the rest of the jewish people are also spiritually elevated. as an individual you can reach a tremendously high level but you can only reach so high. to get all the way to the top and break through the threshold, you ' ve got to \" stand on the shoulders \" of the jewish people because there has to be a minimum level of spirituality of the entire nation upon which to rest yourself so that you can reach the level of prophecy. if the nation drops below that level, that threshold, it doesn ' t matter how much you stand on your tippy - toes and reach up, you ' re not going to succeed. and during the second temple period, we ' re going to see the jewish people dropping below a certain threshold of spirituality which they ' re never going to attain again during the entire period. as we saw from the purim story - by the time we arrive at the period of the second temple, god ' s presence is hidden, the ark of the covenant is hidden as is prophecy. the talmud says there were definitely individuals living at this time, who, had they lived earlier, would most certainly have been prophets. \" there is one among you who deserves that the shechina ( divine presence ) should rest on him as it did on moses, but his generation is not deserving. \" ( sanhedrin 11a ) but the door to prophecy had been slammed in the face of the jewish people. and we are told that it will not be opened again until the messianic era. following the destruction of the first temple when it became apparent that the jewish people were growing weaker spiritually, a group of wise leaders came together \u2015 expanding the sanhedrin, the jewish supreme court", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49815382182289114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.812504"} {"text": "another way make clean use of the abundant coal resource conventional coal - fired electric generating facilities capture just a third of the energy available in the fuel they burn. fuel cells can convert significantly more of the energy, approximately 50 percent. if gas turbines and fuel cells could be combined into hybrid systems, researchers believe they could capture as much as 80 percent of the energy, reducing the amount of coal needed to produce a given amount of energy, potentially cutting carbon emissions.... but that would only be possible if the fuel cells could run for long periods of time on coal gas, which now deactivates the anodes after as little as 30 minutes of operation. the carbon removal system developed by the georgia tech - led team uses a vapor deposition process to apply barium oxide nanoparticles to the nickel - ysz electrode. the particles, which range in size from 10 to 100 nanometers, form \" islands \" on the nickel that do not block the flow of electrons across the electrode surface. when water vapor introduced into the coal gas stream contacts the barium oxide, it is adsorbed and dissociates into protons and hydroxide ( oh ) ions. the hydroxide ions move to the nickel surface, where they combine with the carbon atoms being deposited there, forming the intermediate coh. the coh then dissociates into carbon monoxide and hydrogen, which are oxidized to power the fuel cell, ultimately producing carbon dioxide and water. about half of the carbon dioxide is then recirculated back to gasify the coal to coal gas to continue the process. \" we can continuously operate the fuel cell without the problem of carbon deposition, \" said liu, who is also co - director of georgia tech ' s center for innovative fuel cell and battery technologies. the researchers also evaluated the use of propane to power solid oxide fuel cells using the new anode system. because oxidation of the hydrogen in the propane produces water, no additional water vapor had to be added, and the system operated successfully for a period of time similar to the coal gas system. solid oxide fuel cells operate most efficiently at temperatures above 850 degrees celsius, and much less carbon is deposited at higher temperatures. however, those operating temperatures require fabrication from special materials that are expensive \u2013 and prevent solid oxide fuel cells from being cost - effective for many applications. reducing the operating temperatures is a research goal, because dropping temperatures to 700 or 750 degrees celsius would allow the use of much less expensive components for interconnects", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5816402449911988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.817497"} {"text": "\u2013 and prevent solid oxide fuel cells from being cost - effective for many applications. reducing the operating temperatures is a research goal, because dropping temperatures to 700 or 750 degrees celsius would allow the use of much less expensive components for interconnects and other important components. however, until development of the self - cleaning process, reducing the operating temperature meant worsening the coking problem. \" reducing the operating temperature significantly by eliminating the problem of carbon deposition could make these solid oxide fuel cells economically competitive, \" liu said. fuel cells powered by coal gas still produce carbon dioxide, but in a much purer form than the stack gases leaving traditional coal - fired power plants. that would make capturing the carbon dioxide for sequestration less expensive by eliminating large - scale separation and purification steps, liu noted. the researchers have so far tested their process for a hundred hours, and saw no evidence of carbon build - up. _ po the problem with making the removal of co2 a priority, is that it destroys whatever profitability exists within the coal energy sector. but destroying coal energy production has always been one of president obama ' s long - term goals, as he confessed to supporters in san francisco before being elected in 2008. when so much of the government of the world ' s only superpower is dedicated to the destruction of reliable forms of energy such as coal, nuclear, oil sands, unconventional gas, offshore oil, etc etc, it becomes difficult for industry and commerce to survive. since the prosperity and power of the world ' s only superpower is based upon its industrial and commercial might, it appears that the obama administration is committing democide and a grand scale, via its broad policies of energy starvation. images transplanted from an earlier posting at afe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5360597407892963, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.818787"} {"text": "for families who share sleep with their children, it can be hard to understand why such a nurturing practice leads to so many raised eyebrows. despite the cultural taboo against co - sleeping, there are many practical reasons why you should feel good about sleeping next to your children at night. protection from nighttime dangers human infants are born helpless and need constant care. throughout human history, mothers have slept with their babies to protect and care for them during the night. the modern convention of putting babies to sleep in a separate room from their parents does not in fact benefit the baby. co - sleeping increases the chances that a parent will be able to quickly respond and intervene in the event that their baby is in crisis. co - sleeping babies also enjoy added benefits of sleeping in physiological harmony with their moms which helps to regulate the infant ' s breathing, sleep state, arousal patterns, heart rates and body temperature. lowers risk for sids one of the main arguments used against co - sleeping is that it will increase the risk of sids. this has not been proved true. in fact, according to dr. william sears, parenting expert, pediatrician and author of the book, the baby sleep book and sids : a parent ' s guide to understanding and preventing sudden infant death syndrome, \u201c co - sleeping, if practiced wisely and safely, can actually lower the risk of sids. \u201d during his research, sears has found more than 250 scientific references to support the benefits and disprove the myths about the dangers of bed - sharing. promotes deeper bonding and self - esteem a deep sense of love and trust develops among family members who share sleep. bed - sharing is not only good for infants, it is good for toddlers and children of all ages. although western culture often views children who sleep with their parents as spoiled and dependent, the opposite is actually true. sharing sleep allows children to feel safe and comfortable at night because they know that an adult caregiver is always nearby. giving children the opportunity to develop independence naturally has been proven in many studies to correlate directly with increased self - esteem, less behavioral problems, less risky behaviors and increased happiness and satisfaction with life. co - sleeping children are less likely to suffer from stress disorders than children who did not share sleep with their parents. for breastfeeding moms, co - sleeping is the most convenient and comfortable sleeping arrangement because it does not require the mother to get out of bed several times a night to nurse her baby. not only do nursing moms get more sleep and feel more rested", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44715533259988527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.821649"} {"text": "land. \u201d thus the island was \u201c pacified \u201d by favor of the lord, says ferdinand in his biography of his father : two squadrons of infantry assaulted the multitude of indians, putting them to rout with crossbow shots and guns and before they could rally they attacked with horses and dogs. by these means those cowards fled in every direction and the destruction was so great that in brief time the victory was complete. \u2026 not only did his divine majesty \u2019 s hand guide him [ columbus ] in achieving the victory but he also imposed such a severe shortage of food and such varied and grave infirmities that the indians were reduced to a third of the number they had been before, so it is clear that from his divine guidance such a marvelous victory ensued. \u2026 now an ingenious plan occurred to columbus for imposing profitable servitude in situ of the entire native population. he decreed that every indian over fourteen years of age inhabiting the two large areas of cibao and vega real, where gold had been found along the riverbeds, must pay tribute every three months of enough gold dust or grains to fill a hollow cascabel ( hawksbell ). those living some distance from the sources of gold would be allowed to substitute an arroba ( about twenty - five pounds ) of cotton. to ensure compliance with the order columbus devised a metal disk to be hung around the neck of each native, showing whether he was up to date with the tribute. those in arrears were punished ; any who rebelled or tried to flee were hunted down and sold into slavery in castile. washington irving, from whose pen came the most eloquent account of the plight of the unhappy islanders, wrote : in this way was the yoke of servitude fixed upon the island and its thralldom effectually insured. deep despair now fell on the natives when they found a perpetual task inflicted upon them. \u2026 weak and indolent by nature, unused to labor of any kind and brought up in the untasked idleness of their soft climate and their fruitful groves, death itself seemed preferable to a life of toil and anxiety. they sawno end to this harassing evil which had so suddenly fallen upon them ; \u2026 no prospect of a return to that roving independence and ample leisure so dear to the wild inhabitants of the forest. the pleasant life of the island was at an end. \u2026 they were now obliged to grope day by day with bending body and anxious eye along the borders of their rivers, si", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38827226851988655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.827315"} {"text": "catching the rain : a great lakes resource guide to natural stormwater management - read the full report ( pdf ) most people would agree that getting caught outside during a rainstorm is an unpleasant experience. in addition to getting soaked by the rain, one has to negotiate the many puddles and running water, or \" stormwater runoff \" that form during a storm. most people would also agree that, despite the occasional discomforts, rain is an essential part of life, providing fresh water for our rivers, plants, lakes, and ultimately for us to drink. whether we get water from a well, a river, or other sources, rainwater is critical for replenishing our drinking water supplies. unfortunately, stormwater runoff from developed areas is a significant cause of water pollution in the united states. storm water runoff from residential, commercial, and industrial areas is responsible for 21 percent of the united state ' s impaired lakes and 45 percent of its impaired estuaries. this is the second highest source of water pollution after agricultural runoff. the question for citizens, developers and municipalities today is how to best manage stormwater runoff. when managed properly, water is a valuable resource. however, when stormwater is managed like a waste product it exacerbates or creates flooding, and becomes contaminated with pollutants. this handbook is intended to provide a concise resource guide to more natural, or \" soft path \" solutions for stormwater problems. these methods are also sometimes referred to as \u201c green infrastructure \u201d, \u201c soft path \u201d, or \u201c low impact development \u201d. natural methods offer greater environmental benefits, are more visually attractive, and can in many cases, be less expensive than traditional methods of stormwater control. natural stormwater controls, particularly lid methods, are becoming increasingly popular in neighborhoods and cities across the country. these types of approaches cannot solve all stormwater problems, particularly in areas where large amounts of pollution and sediment are carried with stormwater runoff. in these cases conventional methods, such as detention ponds, may be more practical. but soft path methods, when applied across a site or area, can reduce many small sources of stormwater that together add up to a significant reduction in runoff volume and pollutants. there is a great deal of information available on soft path approaches, with sources tailored to engineers, landscape professionals, municipal staff, elected officials, and homeowners. this handbook offers an easy reference to a variety of low impact development approaches suitable for the great lakes region. it is not meant to be a technical design tool, but rather a foundation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.478323183168093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.831262"} {"text": "biomolecules and nanotechnology evolution has forced innovative solutions to biomolecular problems. some may inform the growing field of nanotechnology the term \" nanotechnology \" commonly refers to a speculative field that proposes to build machinery so small its components are measured on a scale of billionths of a meter ( nanometers ) using many of the principles of macroscopic engineering. in his books, k. eric drexler has popularized the design and computer modeling of many of these machines, including nano - scale manipulators to build objects atom by atom, bearings and axles built of diamond - like lattices of carbon, waterwheel - like pumps to extract and purify molecules and tiny computers with moving parts whose size is within atomic scale. the goals of these compelling machines are precision, with every structure and action controlled at the level of individual atoms, and parsimony, performing tasks at the minimum size necessary. you might be surprised to learn that nanotechnology was perfected more than three billion years ago. indeed, working examples of each of these machines exist today within living cells. nanoscale manipulators for building molecule - sized objects were discovered by the earliest cells and are now used to build proteins and other molecules atom by atom according to defined instructions. rotating bearings are found in many forms : clamps that encircle dna and slide along its length may be found in the simplest bacteria. our own cells contain a rotary motor used not to power motion but instead to generate energy. cells use a large collection of molecule - selective pumps to import ions, amino acids, sugars, vitamins and all of the other nutrients needed for living. cells also use molecular computers, which, by altering their shapes, \" read \" the concentration of surrounding molecules and compute the proper functional outcome. by evolutionary search and modification over trillions of generations, living organisms have perfected a plethora of molecular machines, structures and processes. figure 2 presents a few examples of the rich bio - nanotechnology that may be found in every modern cell. biological molecules are proven examples of the feasibility, and the utility, of nanotechnology. our lives depend on them. they are foreign, however, to our everyday experience, with unusual organic shapes and unfamiliar properties. bio - nanomachines are often the same size and complexity as the speculative nanomachines being designed today, but they bear little resemblance to the machinery of our macroscopic world. eric drexler ' s nanomanipulators", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6256128969314477, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.836474"} {"text": "plant nutrients are essential to good health. to be as healthy as you can, you should eat every color of fruit and vegetable every day, because each color contains different plant nutrients, or phytonutrients, which act as antioxidants to protect your cells and also have specific health benefits. most people, however, find it difficult to attain the recommended goal of 9 \u2013 13 daily servings. fortunately, the healthful plant - nutrient compounds that make fruits and vegetables so colorful are plentiful in nutrilite\u00ae supplements. you can trust nutrilite vitamins, minerals and supplements to fill in your daily nutritional gaps as you \" color yourself healthy. \" to keep your heart healthy, you should eat every color of fruit and vegetable every day. especially if you \u2019 re one of the estimated 230 million people around the world whose lifestyle choices result in smoking or carrying excess weight. those lifestyle factors make focusing on heart health even more crucial. so it \u2019 s even more important to eat a lot of different fruits and vegetables. the foods you eat need to support healthy brain functions. by eating fruits and vegetables of every color, you are providing your brain with nutrients that promote healthy cognitive functioning and improve both short - and long - term memory. for example, grapes contain resveratrol, which improves memory. nutrients that maintain strong, healthy bones build a stronger, healthier you. the bones you have today have to support your body for your entire life. by eating fruits and vegetables from each color, you are providing your body with nutrients that promote healthy bone cell growth and increase calcium absorption. asparagus and artichokes, for example contain inulin which has been shown to promote calcium absorption for strong bones. healthy joints are necessary to live an active lifestyle. by eating fruits and vegetables from each color, you are providing your joints with nutrients that promote strong joint structure. for example, tangerines and oranges contain vitamin c, which has been shown to improve the absorption of calcium, an important nutrient for healthy joint function. to keep your immune system at its peak, eat every color of fruit and vegetable every day. that \u2019 s because eating fruits and vegetables from each color gives you nutrients that help protect your cells and keep your immune system healthy. one of the best ways to ensure you have the energy needed to make it through your busy day is to eat every color of fruit and vegetable every day. that \u2019 s because eating fruits and vegetables from each color gives you the nutrients for optimal energy production. kidney beans", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4779683370143141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.839456"} {"text": "creation combines the knowledge of an individual with the subject matter of a suggestion in a way that makes them inseparable ( loftus, 1997 ). one type of false memory creation that does not involve implanting entirely false memories into an individual ' s mind is often termed the misinformation paradigm which was first used by elizabeth loftus ( 1975 ) in a study that examined suggestibility in adults. in the misinformation paradigm, participants watch a short film depicting an event and subsequently read an account of the event that happened in the film. half of the participants make up a control group that receive an accurate description of the event, whereas the other half of the participants, the experimental group, receive an account of the event that includes some information that was not present in the film they viewed ( i. e., misinformation ). finally, an information recognition test is given to all participants. studies have been conducted to examine individual differences in false memories. one such study was conducted by scullin and hembrooke ( 1997 ) to detect differences in suggestibility level between those who are the most accepting of false memories and those who are the least accepting. the authors utilized the gudjonsson suggestibility scale ( gudjonsson, 1984 ) in their study and discovered that the higher level of suggestibility a participant had, the more accepting of false memories they were. the literature does not show any studies examining the relationship between suggestibility and gender, however, it does show many studies examining the relationship between persuasibility / conformity level ( which relate to suggestibility ) and gender that have been conducted in the past ( e. g., eagly, 1978 ). all of these studies have found that females are generally more persuasible / conforming than males. the goals of the current study were to examine the relationship between misinformation and the number of items one incorrectly identifies on an information recognition test, the relationship between suggestibility and one ' s tendency to accept misinformation as correct, the relationship between gender and suggestibility, and the relationship between gender and the tendency to accept misinformation as correct. consisted of 18 participants ( 11 female, 7 male ) with a mean age of 19 years old who were selected from the department research pool at saint anselm college. this study utilized the gudjonsson suggestibility scale ( form 2 ; gss ; gudjonsson, 1987 ). scores on this scale were determined by the number of answers in which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.584024486111959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.843706"} {"text": "the department research pool at saint anselm college. this study utilized the gudjonsson suggestibility scale ( form 2 ; gss ; gudjonsson, 1987 ). scores on this scale were determined by the number of answers in which an individual changed from a correct answer in the first trial to an incorrect answer in the second trial on suggestive questions. the other instrument utilized in this study was the misinformation paradigm first described by elizabeth loftus ( 1975 ). a misinformation paradigm was created for this study utilizing a video of a robbery ( donahue, 2000 ). the paradigm was scored in terms of the number of incorrect answers one scored on the information recognition test at the conclusion of the misinformation paradigm. in the misinformation ( i. e., experimental ) condition of the misinformation paradigm had a significantly greater number of incorrect answers on the information recognition test than did participants in the correct information ( i. e., control ) condition of the paradigm. results of this study also suggest that suggestibility is related to the number of incorrect answers an individual gives on an information recognition test in the misinformation paradigm, in that within the misinformation group, 75 % of those individuals considered highly suggestible ( i. e., changed their answer from correct to incorrect at least twice on the gss ), also answered at least two questions incorrectly on the information recognition test. therefore, the findings of this study suggest that both the misinformation paradigm and the gss may be used to identify the same individuals. finally, the results of this study pointed in the predicted direction for gender differences ( i. e., females changed their answer from incorrect to correct more times of this study suggest that eyewitness testimony in the judicial system should be carefully considered ; especially since the individual recalling the memory is not aware that his or her recall may be inaccurate. therefore, if possible, the testimony of more than one individual is at the very least appropriate, if not necessary, in all court cases using eyewitness testimony. any time it is necessary for an individual to recall an event in which enough time has passed for other information to be received by that individual, there is the potential for the memory of that event to be altered. this can affect all aspects of society, not just the legal aspects, although it may have potentially more harmful effects within the legal system. this web site contains all the articles and books written by elizabeth loftus on the topic of memories", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5550137158348029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.844681"} {"text": "december 10th, 2001 04 : 20 am hello everyone. im brand new to the group and i ' m wondering if anyone can point me in the direction of some good materials for learning assembly language. im looking for software, tutorials, source code, or anything that might help. preferably as low level as possible since i ' m brand new to it. december 10th, 2001 04 : 32 am assembly language is one of the toughest languages to learn. do you have programming knowledge? try looking up assembly language in a search engine like google and you should find all you need. good luck. december 10th, 2001 05 : 04 am december 10th, 2001 05 : 19 am good day to you! here are some sites which will help you in assembly language : 1 ) www. programmersheaven. com - this is one of my favorite sites. this contains a rich archive of tutorials. just use the search box for assembly lang. this site also contains good links to other programming related sites. assembly lang sites : 2 ) www. csis. hku. hk / ~ cmlee / asm / - it contains a basic tutorial for you to start. 3 ) http : / / asmjournal. freeservers. com / - an online mag. for assembly. a blessed day to you! \" i expect to pass through life but once. if, therefore, there be any kindness i can show, or any good thing i can do for any fellow being, let me do it now \u2026 as i shall not pass this way again. \" ~ william penn december 10th, 2001 07 : 10 am are you a progarmer??? thanks for give me these sites about assembly language december 10th, 2001 07 : 41 am \\ \" the more you ignore me... the closer i get! \\ \" december 10th, 2001 12 : 30 pm december 10th, 2001 04 : 54 pm city libraries also have old assembly books. there are a wealth of ressources online, as my comrades have already illustrated, though they neglected to mention one important ressource. there are those online who trade in books, book warez. you can usually find anything from highly technical books to science - fiction novels. your best bet is to hit irc. nullus. net and join # bookwarez. you ' ll find tons of assembly books for many architectures. have fun and good luck. december 10th, 2001 07 : 11 pm few different tutorials there. december 11th, 2001 03", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5097453777753724, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.847029"} {"text": "professional codes of conduct american psychological association ( apa ) : the apa ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct consists of an introduction, a preamble, five general principles ( a \u2013 e ), and specific ethical standards. the introduction discusses the intent, organization, procedural considerations, and scope of application of the ethics code. the preamble and general principles are aspirational goals to guide psychologists toward the highest ideals of psychology. although the preamble and general principles are not themselves enforceable rules, they should be considered by psychologists in arriving at an ethical course of action. the ethical standards set forth enforceable rules for conduct as psychologists. most of the ethical standards are written broadly, in order to apply to psychologists in varied roles, although the application of an ethical standard may vary depending on the context. the ethical standards are not exhaustive. the fact that a given conduct is not specifically addressed by an ethical standard does not mean that it is necessarily either ethical or unethical. canadian psychological association ( cpa ) : this code articulates ethical principles, values, and standards to guide all members of the canadian psychological association, whether scientists, practitioners, or scientist practitioners, or whether acting in a research, direct service, teaching, student, trainee, administrative, management, employer, employee, supervisory, consultative, peer review, editorial, expert witness, social policy, or any other role related to the discipline of psychology. society for research in child development ( srcd ) : ethical standards for research with children", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4794264554869508, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.848622"} {"text": "a - z topical index how to use suggest a link report broken link the classic explanation does leave some problems unsolved, however. little doubt exists that there are ideas, attitudes, and practices incorporated into many of the gnostic heresies that are found outside of hellenistic thought and much earlier than the second century of the christian era. in particular, the ultimate goal of the gnostics - - to return to the absolute deity beyond matter and to be in some sense absorbed into the deity - - belongs to near eastern pre - christian mystical thought and not primarily to the hellenistic world. the existence of such non - hellenistic features in the gnostic sects has occasioned studies of the possibility of there being a pre - christian gnosticism which could be understood in itself rather than as an heretical offshoot of the christian faith. some researchers came to the conclusion that there was a full - fledged, organized, pre - christian gnostic religion with a literature and most crucially - - the hope of a redeemer who would be sent from the true deity and ascend back to him after awakening the spiritual persons to their redemption. some radical scholars even went so far as to maintain that the way the early christians proclaimed christ was dependent on and modeled after such gnostic expectation. this view thus came to be almost the exact opposite of the classic view of the gnostic sects as christian heresies and made christianity heavily dependent on gnosticism. this quite radical view of gnosticism has been shown to be inadequate because no literary evidence whatsoever exists for a full - blown pre - christian gnosticism. as for a pre - christian gnostic redeemer expectation, it is now generally acknowledged that this was a figment of the researcher ' s imagination without any relevant documentary evidence. although the radical conclusions of some scholars regarding a highly developed pre - christian gnosticism have been discounted, it does seem clear that there were many ideas, assumptions, and perceptions about deity, reality, and the relationships of persons to gods and the world that were incorporated into the gnostic sects from outside hellenistic sources. two literary discoveries have both inspired and tended to support this line of research - - the dead sea scrolls at qumran in 1946 and the nag hammadi library in 1945 with many gnostic documents. the value of the study of gnosticism for interpreting the new testament is greatest from the point of view that there was a pre - christian gnosticism which was not an organized religion but was more a general attitude among thoughtful persons", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5423197566859763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.853302"} {"text": "the grey squirrel has a body of approximately 25cm ( 10inches ), and a long bushy tail which is approximately 22cm ( 9 inches ) in length. both males and females are of a similar size and weight, about 500g ( 1lb ). they are a silvery grey colour, and are sometimes tinged with an orange / red colour. indoors \u2013 squirrels will tear up insulation and chew woodwork and wiring. you may be able to determine their points of entry by looking for chewed holes in the facia and soffit boards. if they are in a loft, it is likely you will be able to hear them moving around. outdoors \u2013 squirrels in your garden can cause substantial damage. they will dig up bulbs and strip bark off of bushes and trees. they will also strip fruit from trees and dig holes in lawns to bury their acorns. squirrels are inquisitive creatures, and you are likely to see them running around the garden. no, squirrels do not pose a health risk, although they can cause substantial damage to the environment. if you think you have squirrels either in your property or your garden, arun district council is able to help. we offer a prompt and professional treatment, and may be able to offer advice on future prevention. all services are chargeable, and the charge will cover you until the treatment is complete, with no hidden extras. please call arun direct on 01903 737755 to arrange an appointment. please note, the fee will be payable at the time of booking, so please have your card details ready. all payments are non - refundable. we will attend your premises on the agreed date. our pest control officer will survey your property, and lay traps as appropriate. we will offer advice on prevention of re - infestation, and other contributory factors. after the first visit, a date will be agreed with you for us to return to check on how the treatment is proceeding. during this time, we will move reset traps as necessary. we will continue to visit until the treatment is complete. grey squirrels live about two years, although the female tends to live longer than the male. they have two litters a year, each producing between 2 - 6 young. the gestation period is approximately 44 days. in their natural habitat squirrels create a nest in a hole in a tree trunk called a drey, although they are just as at home in the insulation of an attic. squirrels are \u2018 scatter hoarders \u2019 which means they hide their food", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43952079731945787, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.856370"} {"text": "prostate cancer treatment and prevention hormone therapyhormone therapy, also called androgen deprivation therapy ( adt ), reduces levels of androgen, a hormone that stimulates the prostate cells to grow making the prostate shrink or grow slower during prostate cancer treatment. chemotherapychemotherapy uses anticancer drugs that are injected into the bloodstream or taken orally. these drugs spread throughout the body and are thus useful for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer or cancer that has spread ( metastasized ) to other parts of the body. depending on the features of the prostate cancer, any combination of these treatment options can be used. painkillers are usually also prescribed. how do i prevent prostate cancer? prostate cancer prevention generally focuses on three domains : diet, lifestyle and medication. - avoid high - fat foods, particularly foods high in saturated fats. - limit red meat and processed meats. - drink less alcohol, generally no more than two drinks per day for most men. - eat a variety of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. - foods rich in lycopenes may prevent dna damage ( tomatoes, pink grapefruit and watermelon ). - broccoli, cauliflower or other cruciferous vegetables may reduce the risk of disease. - soy products, legumes, pomegranate juice, and green tea may reduce the risk, though the evidence is not entirely clear. - vitamin supplements such as vitamin e or selenium may lower prostate cancer risk, but it seems unclear, and heavy dosages of multivitamins may actually increase the risk ( if you are considering vitamin supplementation, talk to a doctor ). - eat foods rich in omega - 3 fatty acids. - increase aerobic activity. - try to maintain a healthy weight. - several studies have suggested that a high ejaculation frequency ( through sex or masturbation ) has a protective effect ( around 20 times or more per month seems most beneficial ) - - like you really needed another reason. medicationsfinasteride ( proscar ) may be useful in preventing prostate cancer risk if taken daily for a long period of time. this prostate cancer medication works by preventing the body from making androgen. though it might lower the risk, it may also make cancer more aggressive and also affects sexual function. prostate possibilitiesprostate cancer is a common cancer in men, but it is highly treatable and manageable. continuing research will lead to improvements in diagnosis, treatment and prevention, ensuring that future decades of men worry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4714697340212575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.859013"} {"text": "what to expect from comet panstarrs in february southern - sky viewers have all the luck this month. january 31, 2013 as comet panstarrs makes its first trip through the inner solar system, it could brighten to naked - eye visibility late in february for observers in the southern hemisphere. / / astronomy : roen kelly as february opens, comet panstarrs ( c / 2011 l4 ) is acting the way many comets do \u2014 unpredictably. astronomers at the university of hawaii discovered this object june 7, 2011. by now, it should have reached a brightness that would let observers from a dark site see it without optical aid. and although the comet is visible through even small binoculars, it unfortunately isn \u2019 t living up to predictions. comet panstarrs currently glows at approximately magnitude 7. astronomers use the magnitude system to describe the brightness of any celestial object ; the smaller the number, the brighter the object. most people can see a magnitude 6 star from a dark site without optical aid. but, unlike a star, a comet is an extended object, so its brightness spreads out a bit. to reach naked - eye visibility, comet panstarrs will have to rise fivefold in brightness, which, hopefully, will happen in about a week. for complete coverage of comet panstarrs, visit www. astronomy. com / panstarrs. on february 1, the comet lies in the obscure constellation telescopium, and it is visible only to those who live in southern latitudes. on that date, from latitude 30\u00b0 south ( the approximate position of santiago, chile, and perth and sydney, australia ), comet panstarrs will stand 15\u00b0 above the southeastern horizon at the start of morning twilight. and it will lie 10\u00b0 or more above the horizon through the 13th. unfortunately, the comet will remain invisible to northern hemisphere observers throughout february. so, if you live far enough south, to find comet panstarrs in the morning sky february 1, look 1. 5\u00b0 southeast of the brighter of the two suns that make up the double star arkab, also known as the beta ( \u03b2 ) star in the constellation sagittarius the archer. through binoculars or a telescope, you \u2019 ll see what looks like a cotton ball with a short tail pointing to the southwest. on the 26th, the comet will lie less than 3\u00b0 east - southeast of the brilliant star fomalhaut in the constellation piscis austrinus the southern fish. locate comet c / 2011 l", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3748577905518894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.863544"} {"text": "short tail pointing to the southwest. on the 26th, the comet will lie less than 3\u00b0 east - southeast of the brilliant star fomalhaut in the constellation piscis austrinus the southern fish. locate comet c / 2011 l4 ( panstarrs ) in your night sky with stardome. to ensure the comet is displayed, click on the \" display... \" drop - down menu under options ( lower right ) and make sure \" comets \" has a check mark next to it. then click the \" show names... \" drop - down menu and make sure \" comets \" is checked there, too. those eager amateur astronomers who live at latitude 40\u00b0 north will begin to see the comet in the morning sky in mid - march. veteran comet - watcher and astronomy contributing editor raymond shubinski points out an important fact : \u201c although the comet may be disappointing to the eye, point a camera \u2014 or, better yet, a camera attached to a telescope \u2014 at it, and the detail you capture may surprise you. \u201d both photographers and visual observers are hoping that the comet will fool predictors once again and rise to a brightness that makes it an easy catch under a dark sky. so, stay tuned to astronomy. com for comet panstarrs updates. expand your observing with these online tools from astronomy magazine - special coverage : find everything you need to know about comet panstarrs in astronomy. com ' s year of the comet section. - video : get ready for 2013 ' s first naked - eye comet, with senior editor richard talcott - stardome : locate comet c / 2011 l4 ( panstarrs ) in your night sky with our interactive star chart. to ensure the comet is displayed, click on the \" display... \" drop - down menu under options ( lower right ) and make sure \" comets \" has a check mark next to it. then click the \" show names... \" drop - down menu and make sure \" comets \" is checked there, too. - observing overview : see what predictions are for the length of comet panstarrs ' trip to the inner solar system. images : submit images of comet panstarrs to our online reader gallery. discussion : ask questions and share your observations in our reader forums. - sign up for our free weekly e - mail newsletter.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4193768580228633, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.864604"} {"text": "ultraviolet ( uv ) light is electromagnetic radiation in the approximate wavelength range 10 to 400 nm. it has wavelengths shorter than visible light but longer than x - rays and is invisible to the human eye. the ultraviolet wavelength range is broadly divided in order of decreasing wavelength into the near ultraviolet ( nuv ; closest to the wavelength of visible light ), the far ultraviolet ( fuv ) and the extreme ultraviolet ( euv ; closest to the wavelength of xrays ). the sun is a source of ultraviolet radiation which is harmful to human skin. the earth \u2019 s ozone layer blocks the majority of the sun \u2019 s uv - radiation, which is beneficial for us but hampers ground - based ultraviolet astronomy. instead, ultraviolet - wavelength telescopes must be put into space on satellites. astrophysical sources of ultraviolet light are hot objects ( t ~ 106 - 108 k ) including young, massive ob stars, evolved white dwarfs, supernova remnants, the sun \u2019 s corona and gas in galaxy clusters. ultraviolet light was discovered by johann wilhelm ritter in 1801 when he noticed that invisible light beyond the optical region of the electromagnetic spectrum darkened silver chloride. he split sunlight using a prism and then measured the relative darkening of the chemical as a function of wavelength. the region just beyond the optical violet region produced the most darkening, and hence was eventually christened \u2018 ultra \u2019 violet.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6351577766576726, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.869270"} {"text": "by cameron chai keithley instruments has recently brought out an e - handbook titled, \u2018 ensuring the accuracy of nanoscale electrical measurements \u2019, free copy, of which can be downloaded on request from the company at http : / / www. keithley. com / pr / 087. the handbook has been categorized into different sections, including nanotech testing challenges, electrical measurement considerations, electrical noise, source - measure instruments, pulsing technologies, and avoiding self - heating problems. also included are descriptions on graphene, a single - atom - thick crystal of carbon, which is used in semiconductor manufacture instead of silicon. a chapter on low - level measurement terminology has been included, besides a guide to choosing instruments that are ideal for nanotechnology applications. links to webinars, white papers, and notes application related to each area have also been inserted. keithley instrumentation is developing superior nanotechnology applications. ample experience in designing highly - responsive measurement tools allow keithley to offer university, corporate, and government labs across the globe with solutions for exploring new materials and systems. it collaborates with the institute of electrical and electronics engineers ( ieee ), nanotechnology centers of excellence, customers, and nanotechnology measurement equipment providers and distributors in an endeavor to develop comprehensive nano - test platforms. the handbook also includes inputs from these partners.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5966523519719508, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.871831"} {"text": "the uterus is situated on top of the bladder. as your pregnancy progresses, the weight of the uterus may place pressure on the bladder, in addition some pregnancy hormones affect the bladder and attached organs, and this can increase the risk of bacteria ascending into the bladder and creating a urinary tract infection ( uti ). the main bacteria responsible for a uti is escherichia coli. an untreated uti can get worse and develop into pyelonephritis, an infection of one or both kidneys. from the 6th to 24th week of gestation, pregnant women are more likely to have a uti than any other time during pregnancy. however, infection can occur at any stage of gestation. symptoms of a urinary tract infection during pregnancy some women experience only a small number of symptoms and other experience extreme pain and a plethora of symptoms. if you are experiencing any of the following symptoms, talk to your obstetrician about the possibility of a uti. complications of a urinary tract infection during pregnancy urinary tract infections are simple enough to cure with proper diagnosis, but if the condition goes untreated, it can lead to a kidney infection. kidney infections increase the risk of preterm labor and lower than average birth weight. proper treatment of the uti is necessary to prevent complications. treatment of a urinary tract infection during pregnancy utis are treated with a course of antibiotics. the course typically lasts between three and seven days, depending on the severity of the infection and your previous medical history. some patients who suffer from recurring utis during pregnancy may be placed on a low - dose course of antibiotics to prevent re - infection. preventing a urinary tract infection women who want to prevent a urinary tract infection, especially during the prime time for infection between the 6th and 24th week of gestation, can make some simple lifestyle changes, including : as long as the uti is caught early, women typically recover 100 - percent after taking an antibiotic. recurring utis are rare, but they do happen, so your doctor may talk with you about making changes to avoid future infection or about taking a long - course antibiotic to prevent future infections during pregnancy. some women require longer courses of antibiotics to cure the infection.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4294313119291907, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.874259"} {"text": "the mother - son relationship is a dynamic one, in which both people become richer. sons help mothers learn about males in a new way and appreciate a world that may seem foreign to them, according to linda stone fish, ph. d., professor of marriage and family therapy in the college of human services and health professions at syracuse university. \" because we live in a time when the ' battle of the sexes ' is a hot topic, we have been taught that men and women live in entirely different worlds : they think differently, want differently, live differently, etc. stereotyping limits the ways we view each other in dramatic ways, and is also inaccurate, \" dr. stone fish explained. \" having sons helps women love and appreciate masculinity for all of the wonderful things it is. we women have been taught that anything masculine is foreign, ugly, bad, or to be curbed, but having boys and seeing all the various ways that masculinity is experienced allows mothers to appreciate the complexity of the human spirit, \" she noted. self worth and respect a mother ' s role also is elemental in building a boy ' s self - esteem. \" mothers lend their sons their feelings of self worth. if mothers see themselves as important ( but not too important ), their sons feel important and worthy of love, \" said dr. stone fish, who, in addition to being a therapist in private practice in the city of syracuse, is also the mother of four sons. \" mothers who are ' important ' convey two main messages to their sons : if i am important then you are important ; and i am important so i am worthy of your kindness, which i will affirm, \" she said. \" this second message, which is often dramatically overlooked in the child development literature, is perhaps the most important ingredient to helping children develop into wonderful adults, \" said dr. stone fish. mothers can serve as good models of how to treat a woman with respect, according to dr. coleman, a psychologist in private practice in san francisco specializing in family and parenting issues. \" mothers who let themselves be dominated or controlled by sons are more likely to do the same in their own marriages, \" he said. \" however, mothers who can comfortably learn to set limits with their sons and act in a healthy self - interested way produce sons who are better friends and partners to women, \" explained dr. coleman, who is also on the training faculty of the san francisco psychotherapy research group and has served on the clinical faculties of the university of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49249334913917875, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.877317"} {"text": "best swiss cheese recipes keywords : swiss cheese see just those with \" swiss cheese \" in their title refine my search the large holes in swiss cheese are called \" eyes, \" and any swiss cheese without eyes is referred to as \" blind. \" american swiss cheeses are mass - produced imitations of the original emmental and gruyere varieties, very famous cheeses made in switzerland. the large holes in swiss cheese are called \u201c eyes, \u201d and any swiss cheese without eyes is referred to as \u201c blind. \u201d the eyes are formed during the later stages of cheese production when the bacteria p. shermani absorbs lactic acid released by other bacteria and then gradually releases carbon dioxide. the carbon dioxide forms expanding bubbles that make up the eyes. historycheese has long been an important specialty of the swiss. switzerland \u2019 s oldest and most well - known cheese, emmental, has been produced since 1293 in the emmental valley. varietiesamerican swiss cheese is a manufactured quickly on a large scale so that it is widely available at a low price. allowed to age for only four months, its flavor lacks the richness of genuine swiss cheeses, but it nevertheless makes a tasty and popular sandwich addition. emmental ( emmentaler, emmenthaler ) swiss cheese is the most famous of switzerland \u2019 s original cheeses. its flavor is mild with fruity, nutty and buttery tones, and its eyes range from very small to olive - sized. gruyere swiss cheese is sweeter than emmental because it is made with a fattier cow \u2019 s milk. its holes generally shrink during its 10 to 12 month aging period, making them much smaller and more evenly - spaced than those of emmental. baby swiss cheese is another cheese marketed in the u. s., which shows fewer eyes and offers a milder flavor than other swiss cheeses. these unique characteristics result from the use of water rather than milk \u2019 s whey during production, which slows bacterial growth. buying tipsthe presence of larger eyes in a swiss cheese is generally a reliable indicator of a more distinctive flavor. a longer aging period or warmer conditions cause the eyes to grow larger, and the enzymes and bacteria enrich the cheese \u2019 s flavor. don \u2019 t purchase swiss cheese that sports a gray rind ; it most likely means that the cheese has aged too long or has not been packaged properly. when looking for a genuine, aged gruyere cheese, make sure to check the label. there are many processed, imitation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4482819813795345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.881511"} {"text": "calorie needs : calculate your basal metabolic rate your bmr ( basal metabolic rate ) is the number of calories your body needs each day to simply perform basic functions. from the time you go to sleep one night until you go to sleep the next night, your body is using calories to fuel the body. nearly 75 percent of the calories you eat each day are used by the body for this purpose. you expend energy no matter what you ' re doing - - even when you are sleeping. it takes calories each day to breathe, build new red and white blood cells, build muscle tone, pump blood throughout the body, think, raise or lower your body temperature, and all other basic body functions - - not to mention the calories needed for moving around, working, reading and everything else you do in a day. if you ' ve noticed that every year, it becomes harder to eat whatever you want and stay slim, you ' ve learned that your bmr decreases as you age. likewise, depriving yourself of food in hopes of losing weight also decreases your bmr, as your body adjusts how it burns fuel depending upon the amount of fuel it is given. if you eat more calories than your body metabolism needs, you will gain weight. there are 3, 500 calories in every pound of body fat. so, if you eat 500 calories more a day than your body needs, you will gain one pound every week. knowing your bmr can help you maintain your weight, because you will know approximately how many calories you need each day to perform basic bodily functions ; and help you determine your exercise needs. your bmr is influenced by many factors : gender - - men have a greater muscle mass and a lower body fat percentage. this means they have a higher basal metabolic rate medications - - some drugs slow down the bmr dramatically genes - - some people are born with faster metabolisms, some with slower metabolisms ; this genetic metabolic fact cannot be changed age - - bmr reduces with age. after age 20, it drops about 2 per cent per decade exercise - - physical exercise influences body weight by burning calories, but it also helps raise your bmr by building extra lean tissue ( lean tissue is more metabolically demanding than fat tissue ), so you burn more calories even when sleeping weight - - the more your weight, the higher your bmr ; for example : the metabolic rate of obese women is 25 percent higher", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.486174326150845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.887005"} {"text": "lean tissue is more metabolically demanding than fat tissue ), so you burn more calories even when sleeping weight - - the more your weight, the higher your bmr ; for example : the metabolic rate of obese women is 25 percent higher than the metabolic rate of thin women body surface area - - the greater your body surface area factor, the higher your bmr, i. e., tall, thin people have higher bmrs body fat percentage - - the lower your body fat percentage, the higher your bmr ; the higher body fat percentage in the male body is one reason why men generally have a 10 - 15 percent higher bmr than women diet - - starvation, eating disorders or serious abrupt calorie - reduction can dramatically reduce bmr by up to 30 percent ; restrictive low - calorie weight loss diets may cause your bmr to drop by as much as 20 percent other factors - - other factors include : body temperature and health, hormones, external temperature, and glands / glandular function a regular routine of cardiovascular exercise can increase your bmr, improving your health and fitness when your body ' s ability to burn energy gradually slows down. calculating your bmr calculate calories for basic needs. multiply your weight in pounds by 10 ( for women ) and 11 ( for men ). _ _ _ lbs. x 10 = _ _ _ _ _ calories for basic needs calculate calories for physical activity. use the chart below to determine your activity level. _ _ _ _ _ calories for basic needs x _ _ _ % activity level = _ _ _ _ calories for activity | | examples of activities | | sitting, driving, sleeping, reading, typing | | light exercise, < 2 hours per day | | moderate exercise, gardening, dancing, little sitting | | active in physical sports or labor - intensive job, such as construction worker calculate calories for digestion of food. add calories for basic needs ( # 1 ) and calories for activity level ( # 2 ), then multiply by 10 %. ( _ _ _ calories for basic needs + _ _ _ _ calories for activity ) x 10 % = _ _ _ calories for digestion calculate total energy needs. add calories from each section to get total energy needs. _ _ _ calories for basic needs + _ _ _ calories for activity + _ _ _ calories for digestion = _ _ _ _ total energy needs to lose weight, you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4808749982670045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.887976"} {"text": "solar neutrino experiments neutrinos are ghostlike particles that were postulated by wolfgang pauli in 1930 on purely theoretical grounds and, until recently, were believed to have zero mass. they are thought to be produced in the nuclear reactions that provide the sun ' s energy. they rain down on each square inch of the earth at the rate of about 400 billion per second. raymond davis jr. started investigating neutrinos that were produced in brookhaven ' s graphite research reactor and at a reactor at the savannah river plant in south carolina, in the 1950s. but these experiments were really the prelude to davisis major triumph, which came in the early 1970s, when he successfully detected solar neutrinos in a new experiment based in lead, south dakota ( image at right ). see more images of the detector. a solar neutrino was expected to produce radioactive argon when it interacts with a nucleus of chlorine. davis developed an experiment based on this idea by placing a 100, 000 - gallon tank of perchloroethylene, a commonly used dry - cleaning chemical and a good source of chlorine, 4, 800 feet underground in the homestake gold mine in south dakota and developing techniques for quantitatively extracting a few atoms of argon from the tank. the chlorine target was located deep underground to protect it from cosmic rays. also, the target had to be big because the probability of chlorine ' s capturing a neutrino was ten quadrillion times smaller than its capturing a neutron in a nuclear reactor. despite these odds, davis ' s experiment confirmed that the sun produces neutrinos, but only about one - third of the number of neutrinos predicted by theory could be detected. this so - called \" solar neutrino puzzle \" gave birth to different experiments by scientists around the world, all working to confirm the solar neutrino deficit. first came kamiokande in japan, then sage in the former soviet union, gallex in italy, and then super kamiokande. finally, in 2001 - 2002, scientists working at sno, the sudbury neutrino observatory in ontario, canada, found strong evidence that the neutrino has the ability to oscillate, or change form, among its three known types : the electron, muon and tau neutrinos. 1967 brookhaven national lab press release, \" solar energy generation theory being tested in brookhaven neutrino experiment \" ( pdf ) 1967 brook", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.6149202578211022, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.890440"} {"text": "according to the american lung association, next to influenza, pneumonia is ranked as the eighth leading cause of death in the united states. typically, pneumonia exists when a patient \u2019 s immune system is weakened due to another illness, such as bronchitis or the flu. many people develop it in the hospital. during the illness, seniors will need support from a caregiver. if a loved one has the flu, watch for these warning signs which could develop into pneumonia : - seek immediate medical attention is a loved one has difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, pain or pressure in the abdomen or chest, confusion, abrupt dizziness and / or continual vomiting. - dehydration and a worsening of any other medical conditions, such as heart problems, emphysema or asthma, are also cause for alarm. luckily, there are a few things you can do to treat a loved one at home to promote recovery. here are some tips for taking care of a loved one with pneumonia at home : - give your loved one plenty of fluids and make sure he or she rests, saving strength for recovery. fluids help loosen secretions so that the patient can bring up phlegm. - try to get your loved one to eat something that will build up his or her strength, such as lentil or chicken soup. - don \u2019 t let your loved one do any chores until he or she is stronger. - give your loved one aspirin or acetaminophen to control any fever. - wash your hands before preparing your loved one \u2019 s food or touching him or her. - make sure no visitors have colds or coughs. - try propping your parent up in bed to see if that helps his or her breathing. nearly 1 in 5 people with pneumonia make costly, stressful return trips to the hospital within the first 30 days of being diagnosed with the condition. individuals with pneumonia also are at a higher risk of having additional, underlying conditions that can make it more difficult to get better without assistance. research shows that many of these rehospitalizations are potentially preventable through the use of proactive, team - based care - coordination programs. brightstar care is equipped with the expertise and passion to work with patients, families, and physicians to reduce the likelihood of hospital readmissions for individuals with pneumonia. brightstar clinical pathways for pneumonia uses clinically proven methods to educate people with pneumonia and their families on the key aspects of the condition and how to monitor symptoms, adhere to a plan of care, take", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46408705631383784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.893960"} {"text": "mahavastuarticle free pass mahavastu, ( sanskrit : \u201c great story \u201d ), important legendary life of the buddha, produced as a late canonical work by the mahasanghika school of early buddhism and presented as a historical introduction to the vinaya, the section of the canon dealing with monastic discipline. its three sections treat the buddha \u2019 s former lives, the events from his entering the womb of queen maha maya to his enlightenment, and his first conversions and the rise of the monastic community. the text is exuberant in style, and in form, a labyrinth ; its central narrative is frequently interrupted by jatakas ( explanations of present events by incidents in the buddha \u2019 s previous lives ), avadanas ( similar tales from the previous lives of others ), and doctrinal discourses. the life of the buddha itself is presented as a profusion of miracles and wondrous events. the mahavastu reflects a growth of ideas about bodhisattvas ( \u201c buddhas - to - be \u201d ) that was to continue in mahayana circles, but at the same time, it preserves many ancient stories, traditions, and textual passages. the core of the work may go back to the 2nd century bc, but much material was added about the 4th century ad. see also lalitavistara. what made you want to look up \" mahavastu \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47167571621296, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.897381"} {"text": "ultisolarticle free pass ultisol, one of the 12 soil orders in the u. s. soil taxonomy. ultisols are reddish, clay - rich, acidic soils that support a mixed forest vegetation prior to cultivation. they are naturally suitable for forestry, can be made agriculturally productive with the application of lime and fertilizers, and are stable materials for construction projects. occupying just over 8 percent of the nonpolar continental land area on earth, they are found in humid temperate or tropical regions, including the southeastern united states and china, and in the humid tropics in south america and africa. ultisols are found in geologically old landscape settings. they are characterized by a humus - rich surface horizon ( the uppermost layer ), by a layer of clay that has migrated below the surface horizon, and by a nutrient content low in available calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. the well - developed, extensively leached soil horizons are enriched in kaolin - group clay minerals and in metal oxides and appear as red or bleached layers. ultisols differ from alfisols by their few mineral nutrients and high content of aluminum. they differ from oxisols by the lack \u2014 or sometimes deep displacement \u2014 of a horizon enriched in aluminum and iron oxides and in kaolin clay minerals. what made you want to look up \" ultisol \"? please share what surprised you most...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47648880691296336, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.899683"} {"text": "members ' price * from the common playgoers to the royal patrons, this book explores britain from the perspective of shakespeare ' s audience \u2013 revealing how the significant issues of the day were explored at the playhouse through objects and quotations from shakespeare ' s plays. this is a lavishly illustrated gift book that introduces the idea of britain from the perspective of shakespeare ' s audiences, and shows how the writer ' s plays reveal much about the country in which he lived \u2013 from issues of region and nation to witchcraft and conspiracy. the reader will be taken to the heart of shakespeare ' s plays through the pairing of quotations with a wide range of beautiful and intriguing objects. a perfect gift for all those interested not only in shakespeare, but also in history, art, literature and drama. published to accompany a major exhibition at the british museum ( 19 july \u2013 25 november 2012 ), part of the cultural olympiad and the world shakespeare festival. product code : cmc28269 authors : jonathan bate and dora thornton, with rebecca allen. format : paperback with flaps number of pages : 96 pages size : 190mm x 170mm llustrations : 70 colour standard uk delivery : 5 working days. overseas times may vary preorder information - this product has not been released yet, but you can order now and we will despatch it to you once we receive stock. you will not be charged until your order is ready for despatch. every purchase supports the museum free uk delivery on all bmp books ( up to a maximum of 5kg ). delivery charges for the rest of the world : are calculated depending on the weight ( kg ) and destination of the order. estimated delivery times : uk and europe : 5 - 10 working days. rest of the world : 10 to 28 working days. for more information, please see our full delivery policy here if for any reason you are not entirely happy with books and other products purchased from the shop, we will refund the value of the goods supplied. please contact customer services directly on 0800 218 2222 ( or from abroad on + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7079 0970 ) for individual advice. unfortunately we are unable to offer refunds or exchanges on pierced earrings for hygiene reasons, unless they are faulty. for more information, please see our full returns policy here - shakespeare ' s britain - add to bag you may also like - add shakespeare : staging the world for only \u00a325. 00 - a unique and fascinating insight into the early modern world, seen through the lens of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4477295359569645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.902555"} {"text": "girls learn about fun of science, math and engineering at camp by cheryl cottrill, executive director of win - canada have you ever mined chocolate chips from a cookie or made a machine from recycled materials that would make flavoured water? last week at the girls in real life science ( girls ) camp, 25 girls aged eight to 13 took on the role of scientists and inventors in a number of science - and engineering - based activities. the day camp, run by camp gems ( http : / / www. gemscamp. org ) ( girls engineering math science ) took the girls though a week - long program incorporating engineering, math and science principles in a hands - on and fun environment. bruce power sponsored the camp through the local women in nuclear ( win ) - bruce chapter ( www. wincanada. org ). \u201c the girls \u2019 collective intelligence and creativity was absolutely amazing as they brainstormed their way through various projects, \u201d said bruce power \u2019 s laurie glover, a volunteer at the camp. \u201c it was a great experience, watching these young minds solve complex problems together as a team. \u201d each day the girls began working on a group project called \u2018 rube goldberg machine \u2019 to design a machine that could perform an activity. by the end of the week the machines were able to pop balloons, turn on a fan, sharpen a pencil, dunk a ball, pour water into a cup and make flavoured water. all were very ingenious and creative projects! a little science magic was worked into the morning program so the girls could impress their siblings and parents with disappearing pennies, exploding mentos and coke and changing the colour of milk with a q - tip and soap. the campers learned everything from chromatography \u2013 separating colours from m & m candy \u2013 to telling time using homemade sundials, to the economics of mining using chocolate chip cookies, and to designing and building a popsicle stick house on a budget. the biggest hit of the week was \u2018 science tie and dye \u2019 when the girls brought white items of clothing and applied permanent markers and rubbing alcohol to create colourful designs. mentors from bruce power, ontario power generation and ian martin limited helped out each day, providing the girls with female role models who are successful in science and technology. additional information and pictures from the camp may be found on the win - canada website at www. wincanada. org. a second camp will run july 23 - 27 at the whitney crawford community centre in tiverton. there are currently two spots available", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5188987544189874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.906006"} {"text": "you will need : a round balloon tape ( regular ) construction paper or large wiggle eyes string or yarn a craft knife goodies to fill the pinata warning : this project is messy!! spread newspapers around the workspace!! warning two : this project will probably require two days!! step one - blow up the balloon and tie a knot at the end. tear newspapers into strips about 1 inch wide and about 6 inches long. pour some of the glue into a disposable bowl or a bowl you don ' t mind soaking in water for a long while. dip the newspaper strips into the glue and spread them onto the balloon. thoroughly cover the balloon. let the first layer dry. step two - repeat step one two more times. step three - lay the dry balloon on its side so it forms an oval shape. cut a hole about 2 inches across on the top of the oval ( see diagram a ). if scissors don ' t work you may want to have mom or dad use a knife. do not use a knife without an adult present!!! save the piece you cut out. carefully, pop the balloon ( if it ' s not already popped ) and take it out. cut two more very small holes in the body on each side of the big hole. place the hole for the front a little closer to the big hole than the hole for the rear so your pinata will balance well ( see diagram a ). cut two pieces of string or yarn about 18 inches long. tie a knot at the end of both string and bring up through the holes. tie the ends of the strings together with a secure knot. ( you can save tying the ends together until you have finished decorating if you wish. ) step four - now you have a big decision to make. if you want to use your pinata for a decoration, tape the piece you cut out back to the rest of the pinata. if you want to fill your pinata with goodies and play the pinata game, do not tape the piece back onto the pinata. save it, however, to decorate separately. step five - paint your pinata green. let the paint dry. step six - print out two copies of the pinata patterns. step seven - cut out the frog pinata patterns. you may need to adjust the size of the pattern to fit your frog. use the patterns to make arms and legs out of cardboard. paint the arms and legs. let dry. step eight - glue the arms and legs to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3874558303002461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.909115"} {"text": "pinata patterns. you may need to adjust the size of the pattern to fit your frog. use the patterns to make arms and legs out of cardboard. paint the arms and legs. let dry. step eight - glue the arms and legs to the body of the pinata. let the glue dry. step nine - glue on very large wiggle eyes or eyes cut from construction paper. step ten - if you have decided to use your pinata for the pinata game, you want to fill it up with goodies ( candy, small toys, whatever you like ). take the piece you saved from the top and carefully tape it back on the body with clear tape. cover the top piece with strips of paper. if you haven ' t done so before, tie the ends of your hanging string together with a secure knot. step twelve - enjoy your pinata or play the pinata game. hang the pinata up from the ceiling. each child takes a turn trying to break the pinata. blindfold the child who ' s turn it is. give the child a stick ( a broom handle works well ). turn the child around in a circle 2 or 3 times and point him or her in the direction of the pinata. the child gets to swing the stick 2 or 3 times. make sure everyone else stands clear of the swinging stick, including the grown - ups!!! then another child gets a turn. when someone breaks the pinata, all the children get to gather the goodies. you might want to have little paper bags with each child ' s name on them so the kids have a place to store their goodies for the remainder of the party and a way to carry everything home. bry - back manor / garden fun / frogs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.419488694946311, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.909902"} {"text": "collisions between protons and lead ions at the lhc near geneva, switzerland have resulted in surprising behaviour in some of the particles created by the collisions, massachusetts institute of technology ( mit ) news reported. when beams of particles crash into each other at high speeds, the collisions yield hundreds of new particles, most of which fly away from the collision point at close to the speed of light. however, the compact muon solenoid ( cms ) team at the lhc found that in a sample of 2 million lead - proton collisions, some pairs of particles flew away from each other with their respective directions correlated. \" somehow they fly at the same direction even though it ' s not clear how they can communicate their direction with one another. that has surprised many people, including us, \" said mit physics professor gunther roland, whose group led the analysis of the collision data along with wei li, a former mit postdoc who is now an assistant professor at rice university. the mit heavy - ion group saw the same distinctive pattern in proton - proton collisions about two years ago. the same flight pattern is also seen when ions of lead or other heavy metals, such as gold and copper, collide with each other. those heavy - ion collisions produce a wave of quark gluon plasma, the hot soup of particles that existed for the first few millionths of a second after the big bang. in the collider, this wave sweeps some of the resulting particles in the same direction, accounting for the correlation in their flight paths. it has been theorised that proton - proton collisions may produce a liquid - like wave of gluons, known as colour - glass condensate. this dense swarm of gluons may also produce the unusual collision pattern seen in proton - lead collisions, said raju venugopalan, a senior scientist at brookhaven national laboratory, who was not involved in the current research. venugopalan and colleagues theorised the existence of colour - glass condensate shortly before the particle direction correlation was seen in proton - proton collisions. while protons at normal energy levels consist of three quarks, they tend to gain an accompanying cluster of gluons at higher energy levels. these gluons exist as both particles and waves, and their wave functions can be correlated with each other. this \" quantum entanglement \" explains how the particles that fly away from the collision can share information such as direction of flight path, venugopalan said. the correlation is a very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6407630992352742, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.912618"} {"text": "students of heather hanson, class of 2011, thought a recent abc news story, \u201c a hidden america : children of the plains, \u201d did not give an accurate depiction of the life of native american children living on reservations. they wanted to do something to help set the record straight and share the message that \u201c we are more than that. \u201d heather teaches english and speech at todd county high school in mission, s. d., which is located on the rosebud reservation. the abc story hosted by diane sawyer depicted how children in the lakota sioux tribe on the pine ridge reservation struggle in the face of poverty, alcoholism and related issues. \u201c i watched the 20 / 20 special and many of my students did as well, \u201d says heather. \u201c then we watched the video in class and had a discussion about \u2018 single stories \u2019 and what image we want to represent us when we get out into the world outside of the reservation. \u201d \u201c many of my students were upset by the abc story but were not entirely sure how to respond, \u201d she adds. \u201c so, i gave them choices. they could write a letter to diane sawyer, make a video, or tell a story about some of the great things that we do here. \u201d they decided to produce a video, which was scripted and filmed entirely by her students. the video can be seen at http : / / www. youtube. com / watch? v = fhribanxr7a & feature = share heather thinks it is important for her students to present their side of the story, because they have a voice that needs to be heard. \u201c they live here, they know what goes on. this is their hometown and this is their life. diane sawyer cannot capture the pride of the lakota people in 45 minutes and she cannot voice what my students have to offer because one year will never beat a life time of rising above. \u201d \u201c there are many negative statistics circling the reservations yet there are still people who are proud of who they are and where they are from, which they should be, \u201d says heather. \u201c the american indians are a proud people with a strong past that has been stifled by so many people and i personally am tired of people not listening to my students when they say, \u2018 i am more than that. \u2019 i think they need to let the world know that this is their hometown and though negatives are here, there are negatives everywhere and those negatives do not define who you are. they want to succeed and they need to tell people that.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4241106356055562, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.915098"} {"text": "in the average classroom on any given day, teachers are faced with students from different social and ethnic backgrounds, with different life experiences, and also different learning abilities. some students can find it cumbersome to learn fundamental tasks and may need extra attention from you in the process. when it comes to special education students, this attention coupled with a little help through a useful learning tool can go a long way toward improving their education. specialized instruction for special ed students can offer a variety of tasks to assist them with lesson plans tailored to their individual aptitude. one very important task in particular that proves efficient over time is repetition. the cardmaster\u2122 card reader provides students with the ability to gain new ground with learning how to read and pronounce new words. while the cardmaster is commonly used for language learning using blank magnetic cards, a variety of magnetic reading card programs are also available that focus on basic words that are essential for survival in the everyday world. by repeatedly sliding and listening to these cards through the card reader, students are kept engaged as they \u2019 re presented with a visual and audio representation of the word they are learning. dennette waters, a k - 12 special education teacher from akron, oh has her special ed students \u201c use the cardmaster card reader to improve their sight word vocabulary and for letter / number practice. \u201d the better they get at learning these primary assignments, the more they, as well as their parents and teachers, will see an increase in their reading and vocabulary skills. using these teaching aids to learn how to speak and read offers students the chance to learn at their own pace. it also builds their confidence and self - esteem, especially when they discover how the cardmaster and its programs make it just a little bit easier for them to learn the material better so they can move forward to the next task. shares a mother from monroeville, pa : \u201c i have a severely developmentally delayed 10 - year - old son whose ability to speak and communicate is very limited. he has been working with your [ cardmaster ] card reader for the past year and has made tremendous progress in many areas. it has opened up his world and we have even discovered through using the reader that he is able to sight - read simple words. the possibilities that this has given him are just too much to imagine. his thirst to learn is insatiable, and if it were up to him, he would do nothing but work with the card reader all day. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46255413047289334, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.917836"} {"text": "campus : san diego state university - - february 9, 2005 sdsu, mexican university complete comprehensive tijuana river watershed atlas researchers at san diego state university, along with partners around san diego and at el colegio de la frontera norte ( colef ) in mexico, have completed the most comprehensive set of geographical data ever assembled about the tijuana river watershed, a crucial step toward successful long - term planning and management for the fast - growing binational area. the tijuana river watershed atlas, in development for nearly a decade, includes approximately 80 photographs, maps, and text in english and spanish. it captures much of the diversity and complexity of the watershed, a 1, 750 - square - mile drainage basin that stretches from the pacific ocean at the tijuana river estuary north to mount laguna and southeast into remote mountains and valleys located well inside richard wright, professor of geography at sdsu and rafael vela of colef, general editors of the project, said the new atlas is an important breakthrough because it presents the first unified view of the watershed as seen by scholars on both sides of the border. \" for the first time, policymakers and planners from the united states and mexico can work from a common set of data, \" wright said. \" that has been one of the impediments to binational cooperation over the watershed in the past. if you ' re not working with the same information, how can you productively discuss your similarities and differences of opinion? \" the atlas, a boxed set of dozens of maps, photos and text each suitable for display on a wall, includes many types of data, ranging from topography and climate information to human population and land use patterns. in addition to serving as a policy and planning tool, wright said the atlas also serves as an effective educational aid for demonstrating how the two nations are intertwined by the watershed ' s systems and landscape. more than 200 copies of the atlas are being provided to the san diego natural history museum for use in the probea project, a binational environmental teacher education program. some copies of the atlas will be available to other educational agencies at no cost. compiling the atlas was a challenging endeavor at times, wright said. the researchers had to arrange for national oceanographic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ) aircraft to fly over mexican airspace to take aerial photographs of the areas of the watershed south of the border. sdsu partnered with the san diego association of governments to obtain needed satellite imagery. common classification systems had to be created in english and spanish for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4453021945004622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.920506"} {"text": "biologists and researchers are asking for the public \u2019 s help in keeping track of a north atlantic right whale mother and her newborn calf, first sighted off plymouth jan. 12. the pair was seen by researchers off plymouth harbor monday afternoon ( jan. 21 ), prior to a winter storm, but they were not sighted in surveys by land thursday or friday, regina asmutis - silvia of whale and dolphin conservation said friday afternoon. the mother, known as \u201c wart, \u201d and the three - week - old calf have drawn great interest from north atlantic right whale specialists because calves are typically born in warmer waters off georgia and florida in the winter, and they typically don \u2019 t appear in cape cod bay until the spring. the pair has been seen within a mile of the shore, from the cape cod canal to north of plymouth harbor, asmutis - silvia said. right whales remain low in the water and blow out a v - shaped mist. the adult whales have white patches, called callosities, on their head. the youngest calves don \u2019 t have the white patches and tend to have concave blow holes, melissa patrician, a biological oceanographer at woods hole oceanographic institution said thursday. researchers have observed the pair traveling very close together. anyone sighting what they believe to be the mother and her calf are asked to call the national oceanic and atmospheric administration \u2019 s right whale sighting hotline at 866 - 755 - 6622. reports to the hotline should include the caller \u2019 s name and contact information, date and time of the sighting, whether sighted by land or vessel, location, number of whales sighted, any observed behavior and a description of what you saw in detail. observers are asked not to approach the whales. there are fewer than 500 north atlantic right whales in the world, and the birth of calves is closely watched and celebrated by specialists in the field. sixteen have been known to be born in this current birthing season, including the one with wart. researchers are planning to take a skin sample from the calf in the next few weeks, once it reaches one month in age, to determine its sex and possibly its father.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4307123259721529, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.922815"} {"text": "webmd medical news louise chang, md dec. 6, 2011 - - for a while, it seemed the bedbug had gone the way of the edsel automobile and cold water flats. not anymore - - as we \u2019 ve learned. they \u2019 re back with a vengeance, and experts now seem to know why. bedbugs may not get as much play in the media as they did in the summer of 2010, but they are here to stay, experts warned at the annual meeting of the american society of tropical medicine and hygiene ( astmh ) in philadelphia. new research presented here helps explain why they are back and a lot of it has to do with an ability to outsmart existing treatments. we saw hide nor hair from these vermin in the u. s. for close to 60 years, but now the number of bedbug infestations in homes, hotel rooms, and the like has jumped 10 - to 100 - fold since 1990. bedbugs are wingless, rust - colored insects. they are about the size of an apple seed. they don \u2019 t spread disease, but they do bite and munch on your blood. their bites can trigger allergic reactions, including welts and itching in some people. other people may not have any symptoms after a bite. part of the reason they are here en masse is their tremendous capacity for inbreeding. researchers studied bed bugs from buildings in north carolina and new jersey and found an uncanny family resemblance among them. this was confirmed in another study of 21 bedbug infestations from maine to florida. others species don \u2019 t survive after inbreeding, but bed bugs don \u2019 t just survive, they thrive, says coby schal, phd. he is an entomologist at the north carolina state university in raleigh, n. c. \u201c a single mated female can create a whole new population or infestation, \u201d he says. \" we are just seeing the tip of the iceberg, \" schal says. \" they are here to stay for awhile. \u201d but this doesn \u2019 t necessarily mean you should avoid movie theaters, hotel rooms, or other places where bedbugs lurk. \u201c bedbugs don \u2019 t hitchhike on people, \u201d he says. \u201c they are more likely to take a blood meal for five to 10 minutes and leave. \u201d this means they piggyback on your stuff instead. \u201c you can pick up bed bugs on furniture and clothing, \u201d he says. \u201c movie theaters are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4145597487842103, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.927025"} {"text": "\u201c they are more likely to take a blood meal for five to 10 minutes and leave. \u201d this means they piggyback on your stuff instead. \u201c you can pick up bed bugs on furniture and clothing, \u201d he says. \u201c movie theaters are dark, so bedbugs are difficult to spot, \u201d schal says. don \u2019 t skip the blockbuster. instead, strip down when you arrive home and place all of your clothes in the dryer at high heat for 30 minutes. \u201c when kids come back from college for christmas break, take preventive measures if their dorm has been infested, \u201d he says. put all their belongings in the dryer on high heat or leave them outside in the cold air to chill, as the cold will kill them off too, \u201d he says. see more ways to get rid of bedbugs. when schal checks into a hotel room, the first thing he does is take out his flashlight and check the bed, mattress seams, headboard, coffee table, and dresser. \u201c i look in cracks and crevices to see if there is any sign of bedbugs, \u201d he says. here \u2019 s another tip : \u201c remove the headboard if it is not too heavy and look behind it, \u201d he says. \u201c bedbugs don \u2019 t like to be disturbed by housekeeping when they make the bed or change the sheets. \u201d that is why they may congregate behind or under headboards, where they are less likely to be disturbed. viviana temino, md, says that bedbug bites can look a lot like hives and that she is seeing a lot more of them these days. she is an assistant professor of allergy and immunology at the university of miami \u2019 s miller school of medicine. \u201c we have to start to think of bedbugs as possible diagnosis of hives, especially if hives happen at night and in the day you are ok, \u201d she says. temino was not at the meeting, but reviewed the findings for webmd. so, what do you do if you find any bedbugs or bedbug bites? that is the tricky part, as we are running out of solutions, says ken haynes, phd. he is an entomologist at the university of kentucky in louisville. insecticide resistance is present in 88 % of bedbug populations in different parts of the country, he says. resistance means that many of the treatments don \u2019 t work anymore. haynes and colleagues", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.38455573943673926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.927898"} {"text": "entomologist at the university of kentucky in louisville. insecticide resistance is present in 88 % of bedbug populations in different parts of the country, he says. resistance means that many of the treatments don \u2019 t work anymore. haynes and colleagues are now trying to understand what went wrong and seeing if they can fix it. unless and until they get some answers, \u201c we need to have a better scheme for managing insecticide resistance, \u201d he says. using heat treatment instead of chemicals may play a role. sources : ken haynes, phd, entomologist, university of kentucky, louisville. coby schal, phd, entomologist, north carolina state university, raleigh. peter j. hotez, md, dean, national school of tropical medicine, baylor college of medicine, houston. viviana temino, md, assistant professor of allergy and immunology, university of miami miller school of medicine. american society of tropical medicine and hygiene, 60th annual meeting. philadelphia, dec. 4 - 8, 2011. cdc : \u201c bed bugs faq. \u201d here are the most recent story comments. view all the views expressed here do not necessarily represent those of kgpe cbs47 tv the health news section does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. see additional information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46104060806155933, "token_count": 261, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.928397"} {"text": "cardiogenic shock is when the heart has been damaged so much that it is unable to supply enough blood to the organs of the body. shock - cardiogenic causes, incidence, and risk factors : cardiogenic shock occurs whenever the heart is unable to pump as much blood as the body needs. the most common causes are serious heart complications. many of these occur during or after a heart attack ( myocardial infarction ). these complications include : - a large section of heart muscle that no longer moves well or does not move at all - breaking open ( rupture ) of the heart muscle due to damage from the heart attack - dangerous heart rhythms, such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or supraventricular tachycardia - pressure on the heart due to a build up of fluid around it ( pericardial tamponade ) - tear or rupture of the muscles or tendons that support the heart valves, especially the mitral valve - tear or rupture of the wall ( septum ) between the left and right ventricles ( lower heart chambers ) - very slow heart rhythm ( bradycardia ) or problem with the electrical system of the heart ( heart block ) signs and tests : an examination will show : - low blood pressure ( usually less than 90 systolic ) - blood pressure drops more than 10 points when you stand up after lying down ( orthostatic hypotension ) - weak ( thready ) pulse to diagnose cardiogenic shock, a catheter ( tube ) may be placed in the lung artery ( right heart catheterization ). tests may show that blood is backing up into the lungs and the heart is not pumping properly. other studies may be done to find out why the heart is not working properly. lab tests include : cardiogenic shock is a medical emergency. you will need to stay in the hospital, usually in the intensive care unit. the goal of treatment is to find and treat the cause of shock to save your life. you may need medicines to increase blood pressure and improve heart function, including : these medicines may help in the short - term. they are not usually used for a long time. when a heart rhythm disturbance ( dysrhythmia ) is serious, urgent treatment may be needed to restore a normal heart rhythm. this may include : - electrical \" shock \" therapy ( defibrillation or cardioversion ) - implanting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49183613265060516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.932273"} {"text": "a heart rhythm disturbance ( dysrhythmia ) is serious, urgent treatment may be needed to restore a normal heart rhythm. this may include : - electrical \" shock \" therapy ( defibrillation or cardioversion ) - implanting a temporary pacemaker - medications given through a vein ( intravenous ) you may also receive : - pain medicine - fluids, blood, and blood products through a vein ( iv ) other treatments for shock may include : in the past, the death rate from cardiogenic shock ranged from 80 - 90 %. in more recent studies, this rate has decreased to 50 - 75 %. when cardiogenic shock is not treated, the outlook is poor. calling your health care provider : go to the emergency room or call the local emergency number ( such as 911 ) if you have symptoms of cardiogenic shock. cardiogenic shock is a medical emergency. you may reduce the risk of developing cardiogenic shock by : - quickly treating its cause ( such as heart attack or heart valve problem ) - preventing and treating the risk factors for heart disease, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and triglycerides, or tobacco use gheorghiade m, filippatos gs, felker gm. diagnosis and management of acute failure syndromes. in : bonow ro, mann dl, zipes dp, libby p, eds. braunwald ' s heart disease : a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 9th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders ; 2011 : chap 27. hollenberg s. cardiogenic shock. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap107. | review date : 6 / 22 / 2012 | reviewed by : david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine. michael a. chen, md, phd, assistant professor of medicine, division of cardiology, harborview medical center, university of washington medical school, seattle, washington. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m. health solutions, ebix, inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4817456443835969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.933361"} {"text": "energetic jets from a budding solar system the image on the left from nasa ' s chandra x - ray observatory shows the first double - sided x - ray jet ever detected from a young star. a similar jet may have been launched from the young sun and could have had a significant impact on the early solar system. the young star, named dg tau, is located in the taurus star - forming region, about 450 light years from earth. the bright source of x - rays in the middle of the image is dg tau and the jet runs from the top left to the bottom right, extending to about 70 billion miles away from the star, or about 700 times the earth - sun separation. a detailed analysis of this image, led by manuel guedel of the institute of astronomy, eth zuerich in switzerland, shows that the counter jet ( top - left ) has, on average, higher energy x - rays than the forward jet ( bottom - right ). the likely explanation is that some of the lower energy x - rays in the counter jet are absorbed by a disk around dg tau, as shown in the accompanying illustration ( right graphic ), showing the star, disk and the inner regions of the jets. highly energetic x - rays are also detected from the young star, partially absorbed by streams of material flowing from the disk onto the star. the disk itself is much too cool to be detected by chandra. note that the faint vertical feature below the star does not show evidence for an additional jet, but is a chance alignment of four photons. the effects of the jet on its surroundings may be significant. other researchers have previously suggested that x - rays from a typical young star can significantly affect the properties of its surrounding disk, by heating it and creating charged particles by stripping electrons off atoms ( a process called ionization ). these x - rays will strike the disk at a low angle, mitigating their effects. in the case of the jets from dg tau, the combined x - ray power in the jet is similar to that of a young star with relatively modest x - ray brightness, but x - rays from the jet have the advantage of striking the disk much more directly from above and below. guedel and colleagues argue that powerful x - ray jets might develop at some stage during the evolution of most young stars. they could, for example, have existed during the early stages of the solar system. dg tau has about the same mass as the sun, but is much younger with an age of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48978709442962604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.938064"} {"text": "might develop at some stage during the evolution of most young stars. they could, for example, have existed during the early stages of the solar system. dg tau has about the same mass as the sun, but is much younger with an age of about one million years, rather than about 4. 5 billion years. since it is surrounded by a disk where planets may be forming, this new chandra image suggests that the early earth and its environment may have been bathed in x - rays from a jet like dg tau ' s. although it is unknown if such x - rays would have had a significant impact on the forming earth, it is possible that they did more good than harm. by ionizing the disk the x - rays may have generated turbulence, which could have had a substantial effect on the orbit of the young earth, possibly helping to prevent it from making a disastrous plunge into the sun. furthermore, x - ray irradiation of disks may also be important in the production of complex molecules in the disk that will later end up on the forming planets. the new x - ray observations of x - ray jets add new features to the already complex story of star and planet formation. the ionization and heating power of the x - rays rom jets will have to be included in future model calculations that will help scientists understand the physical evolution and chemical processing of environments that eventually lead to planets like those in our solar system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5190056963114298, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.938710"} {"text": "most collisions are caused by driver error. less than two percent of collisions are the result of a mechanical problem with a the collision investigation unit is on hand to investigate any fatal road traffic collisions or ones in which a person has when the unit is called to a collision, they will seal off the scene and start to investigate. \u201c we are trained to look for specific evidence such as tyre and scratch marks on the road surface, but there is an abundance of information that can be collected at the scene, \u201d explains pc mike baddeley from the collision investigation unit. officers rely on maths and physics and the laws of motion to make their calculations and must undergo special training in these areas to join the \u201c the evidence is interpreted and used to reconstruct the collision. we can often show how a vehicle was moving \u2013 was it swerving, had the driver control of the vehicle? in addition, we can often calculate the speeds of vehicles at the time of the collision quite accurately \u201d all marks are photographed and the scene surveyed using the latest techniques and equipment. a scale plan is produced using a cad software package. the plan and photographs are referred to in the report so others can visualise the scene. some stored information can be extracted from the car \u2019 s engine control unit which controls all sorts of systems on a modern vehicle. this information can show what certain systems, such as the traction control or abs, were doing at the time of the collision giving the investigators more evidence for their \u201c physical evidence at a scene can be a lot more helpful than eye witnesses, \u201d mike explained. \u201c a collision takes only a few seconds. it is difficult for a witness to a very traumatic event to take in and process a lot of information in such a short period of all this evidence is used to help prepare an unbiased report on the circumstances and cause of the collision. sometimes these reports prompt the highways agency and local councils to alter the layout of a road or a junction to help prevent further collisions. the collision investigation unit attends about 200 collisions in a year, mostly on the main roads through the county, despite cheshire having a very extensive motorway network the unit only spends about 5 % of its time investigating motorway collisions. \u201c we compile a report for every fatal collision and a few very serious ones. our reports are passed to the crown prosecution service ( cps ) and the coroner. the cps then decide whether any of the drivers involved have committed an offence and whether they should be prosecuted. our evidence is pivotal in many cases. \u201d mike said. \u201c personally", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4717943645041142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.941966"} {"text": "a convoy of 21 vehicles left xining, capital city of qinghai province, on friday for a scientific mission to the hol xil nature reserve in northwest china ' s qinghai province. this will be the country ' s largest scientific inspection of the nature reserve since 1990, and also the first one since the opening of the qinghai - tibet railway on july 1 this year. the 61 - person inspection team consists of scientists, journalists and volunteers. the 50 - day mission ' s aim is to better understand the formation of the qinghai - tibet plateau, its effect on china ' s and the world ' s climate, as well as the distribution and migration of the nature reserve ' s rare animals. hol xil is home to tibetan antelopes, an endangered species which are protected by the convention on the international trade. the population of tibetan antelopes has dropped from several million to below 100, 000 in the past two decades due to extensive poaching and human encroachment of their habitat. the team will also collect samples of the area ' s plants to establish a gene databank and try to chart the area ' s ecological and environment trends over the past 15 years, said the team ' s head ding lin, a researcher with the institute of tibetan plateau research of chinese academy of sciences. ( xinhua news agency october 14, 2006 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4602871592159311, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.943431"} {"text": "december 3, 2012 contact : rachel salis - silverman, children ' s hospital of philadelphia, 267 - 426 - 6063 or firstname. lastname @ example. org using powerful gene - analysis tools, researchers have discovered mutations in two related genes, arid1a and arid1b, that are involved in the most aggressive form of the childhood cancer neuroblastoma. while these findings do not immediately improve clinical treatments, they identify a novel pathway that is defective in these cancers, a pathway that scientists can now study to develop potential new therapies. \u201c these gene alterations were not previously known to be mutated in neuroblastoma, and they may significantly advance our knowledge of the underlying biological pathways that drive this disease, \u201d said study leader michael d. hogarty, md, a pediatric oncologist at the children \u2019 s hospital of philadelphia. \u201c these two genes function in a group of genes that seems to play an important role in neural cell behavior, and we will now work to discover if this insight may open up new treatments for children with tumors having these mutations. \u201d hogarty, along with victor velculescu, md, phd, of the johns hopkins kimmel cancer center, co - led the study that appeared today in nature genetics. the scientists received over $ 1 million in funding from the st. baldrick \u2019 s foundation, a volunteer - driven and donor - centered charity dedicated to raising money for childhood cancer research. the current study employed sophisticated next - generation sequencing technology that identified the entire dna sequence for a set of neuroblastoma tumors. \u201c when this project started, it was the first of its kind to focus on a childhood tumor, \u201d said hogarty. \u201c this is important, because cataloguing all the dna mutations in neuroblastoma, or any tumor, will allow us to better understand the enemy, and ultimately to make better treatment decisions. \u201d striking the peripheral nervous system, neuroblastoma usually appears as a solid tumor in the chest or abdomen of young children. it accounts for 7 percent of all childhood cancers, but 10 to 15 percent of all childhood cancer - related deaths. in the current study, hogarty and colleagues identified alterations in two genes, arid1a and arid1b, neither of which had previously been reported to be involved in neuroblastoma. both genes are thought to affect chromatin, a combination of dna and protein that regulates the activities of genes and ultimately controls the behavior of a cell. during", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5120586263602384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.948275"} {"text": ", neither of which had previously been reported to be involved in neuroblastoma. both genes are thought to affect chromatin, a combination of dna and protein that regulates the activities of genes and ultimately controls the behavior of a cell. during normal development, neural cells switch from a primitive, rapidly dividing state ( neuroblasts ) into a more differentiated, or mature state ( neurons ). however, said hogarty, mutations in arid1a and arid1b may prevent this orderly transition, keeping the neural cells in the uncontrolled stage of growth that becomes a cancerous tumor. \u201c unfortunately, children with these mutations have a particularly aggressive, treatment - resistant form of neuroblastoma, \u201d he added. the current study found that arid1a and arid1b mutations occur in 5 to 15 percent of high - risk neuroblastomas, but the pathway these genes affect may have a broader role in the disease \u2014 a possibility that hogarty and colleagues plan to investigate further. it is possible that children having tumors with these mutations will receive more aggressive or more experimental treatments in the future. ultimately, said hogarty, studies of the pathway affected by these genes may lay the foundation for future targeted therapies aimed at this pathway. in the current study, the scientists also developed an approach that detects the tumor dna abnormalities in the blood. \u201c all tumors harbor genetic mistakes that leave a fingerprint in the dna, and tumor dna is often detected in the blood as well, \u201d he explained. \u201c we may be able to develop a blood test, personalized to each cancer patient, to detect their tumor fingerprint in circulating blood dna. this would permit oncologists to more accurately monitor patients for treatment response and recurrence, and offer a tool to help guide treatment decisions. \u201d in addition to funding from st. baldrick \u2019 s, this study also received support from the national institutes of health ( grant ca121113 ), the children \u2019 s oncology group, the virginia and d. k. ludwig fund for cancer research, swim across america, and the aacr stand up to cancer - dream team translational cancer research grant. \u201c integrated genomic analyses identify arid1a and arid1b alterations in the childhood cancer neuroblastoma, \u201d nature genetics, advance online publication, dec. 2, 2012. doi : 10. 1038 / ng. 2493", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5137881809055148, "token_count": 491, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.949317"} {"text": "august 1, 2012 contact : john ascenzi, children ' s hospital of philadelphia, 267 - 426 - 6055 or email @ example. com a pilot study in adolescents and adults has found that an investigational drug shows promise as the first potential medical treatment for children with the severest type of congenital hyperinsulinism, a rare but potentially devastating disease in which gene mutations cause insulin levels to become dangerously high. \u201c there is currently no effective medicine for children with the most common and most severe form of hyperinsulinism, \u201d said study leader diva d. de leon, md, a pediatric endocrinologist at the children \u2019 s hospital of philadelphia. \u201c our new research shows that this investigational drug, a peptide called exendin - ( 9 - 39 ), controls blood sugar levels in people, a very promising result. \u201d the study appeared today online ahead of print in the journal diabetes. in congenital hyperinsulinism ( hi ), mutations disrupt the insulin - secreting beta cells in the pancreas. uncontrolled, excessive insulin levels thus sharply reduce blood glucose levels, a condition called hypoglycemia. if untreated, hypoglycemia may cause irreversible brain damage or death in children. congenital hi occurs in an estimated one in 50, 000 u. s. children, with a higher incidence among ashkenazic jews and certain other groups. the standard treatment for some forms of congenital hi is diazoxide, a drug that controls insulin secretion by opening potassium channels in beta cells. however, this drug does not work in the most common types of hi, in which mutations prevent these potassium channels from forming. when abnormal beta cells occur only in a discrete portion of the pancreas, precise surgery on the tiny organ can remove the lesion and cure hi. the congenital hyperinsulinism center at the children \u2019 s hospital of philadelphia is a world leader in diagnosing such lesions and performing the curative surgery on newborns. however, in roughly half of congenital hi cases, abnormal cells are diffused through the pancreas, and surgeons must remove nearly the entire pancreas. this leaves the majority of patients at high risk of developing diabetes. the current study, which builds on previous research by de leon and colleagues in animals, uses exendin - ( 9 - 39 ), which blocks the action of a hormone receptor, glucagon - like peptide - 1 ( glp - 1 ), in beta cells.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48080457331003734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.954442"} {"text": "previous research by de leon and colleagues in animals, uses exendin - ( 9 - 39 ), which blocks the action of a hormone receptor, glucagon - like peptide - 1 ( glp - 1 ), in beta cells. the glp - 1 receptor is currently the target of drugs that treat diabetes, using the opposite effect from that investigated in this hi study. the current pilot study included nine subjects, aged 15 to 47 years old, who had hyperinsulinism caused by mutations in potassium channels. none were being treated for hi at the time of the study, but all were at risk of hypoglycemia during periods of fasting. in all nine subjects, the drug controlled blood glucose levels during fasting. exendin also controlled insulin secretion in cell studies of beta cells taken from newborns with hi. the current research did not focus on the biological mechanisms that occurred, but de leon said the results are encouraging enough to progress to a clinical study in children with hi over the next year. financial support for this study came from the national institutes of health ( grant 1r03dk07835 ), the lester and liesel baker foundation, and the clifford and katherine goldsmith foundation. de leon \u2019 s co - authors, all from children \u2019 s hospital, were charles a. stanley, md, andrew c. calabria, md, changhong li, md, and paul r. gallagher in addition to their positions at children \u2019 s hospital, de leon, stanley and li also are in the perelman school of medicine at the university of pennsylvania. \u201c the glp - 1 receptor antagonist exendin - ( 9 - 39 ) elevates blood fasting glucose levels in congenital hyperinsulinism due to inactivating mutations in the atp - sensitive potassium channel, \u201d diabetes, published online july 31, 2012, to appear in print, october 2012. doi : 10. 2337 / db12 - 0166.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47077512123717413, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.955423"} {"text": "woodbury ' s water source the city of woodbury ' s goal is to provide high quality, safe, reliable drinking water that surpasses every state and federal requirement. woodbury is fortunate to have a very clean and safe water source : the jordan aquifer. an aquifer is an underground lake embedded in rock, in this case a sandstone rock layer. our wells are about 500 feet deep and we blast a cavity, like a large cave, in the rock at the bottom of the well. we then draw our drinking water from the water that seeps, through the rock, to this cavity. the jordan water has spent many decades flowing through the rock layers to reach our wells. during that long period, organisms that might have caused diseases have died and been filtered out by the rock layers. during this flow through the rock, the water dissolves some of the minerals embedded there. the only major impact we see in our water is from the limestone, where we pick up calcium. the calcium from the limestone is the major contributor to the hardness in woodbury ' s water. hardness is the measure of dissolved minerals that are in the water. the hardness of the water in woodbury is approximately 13. 5 grains. this is considered medium hard. though we have very good source water, we do take additional steps to comply with the minnesota department of health rules. we add fluoride to the water to allow bodies to build stronger bones and teeth. we also add chlorine to the water. chlorine is a very strong disinfectant and assures that no harmful bacteria or organisms can grow in the system. it also protects the water if any contaminants were to find their way in to our water. we have very precise equipment to add these items and we also test the water daily to assure we have the right amounts of chlorine and fluoride throughout the water system. the state requires cities to have 1. 2 milligrams of fluoride per liter of water and have a detectable chlorine residual at the farthest points in the system. the city pumped about 2. 8 billion gallons of water in 2009. woodbury currently has 17 wells in operation. in the winter, wells produce about 4. 2 million gallons of water per day. in the summer, all 17 wells are needed to pump up to 22 million gallons per day. the city ' s water system requires more than 5, 101 valves and 279 miles of underground piping ( at least 7 feet deep", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.486946416888864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.959451"} {"text": "of water per day. in the summer, all 17 wells are needed to pump up to 22 million gallons per day. the city ' s water system requires more than 5, 101 valves and 279 miles of underground piping ( at least 7 feet deep ) to distribute the water to houses and the 2, 700 plus fire hydrants for city emergencies. the water utility is not funded through taxes. operating costs are covered by billing for measured water use. the city of woodbury \u2019 s wellhead protection plan is designed to protect the groundwater aquifers that supply the woodbury municipal drinking water wells. the plan identifies potential sources of contamination that could pollute local groundwater wells and enter the community \u2019 s water supply. the ultimate goal of this plan is help ensure that woodbury continues to provide its residents with a safe and abundant supply of clean drinking water for generations to come. wells can become polluted when substances that are harmful to human health get into the groundwater. water from these wells can become dangerous to drink when the level of pollution rises above health standards. fortunately, the city of woodbury \u2019 s water supply currently meets ( and exceeds ) all state and federal drinking water standards. the city regularly samples the water from its wells and provides an annual water quality report to residents. the wellhead protection plan can be successful only if residents help protect the aquifer. to assist the city implement its plan, you can do the following : - help identify land uses and potential sources of contamination on your property ( wells, tanks, septic systems, hazardous wastes, etc. ). - make sure any potential sources of contamination under your control meet local, state, and federal regulations. click on the following for information on septic systems and the abandoned well sealing cost share programs. - use hazardous products only as directed and dispose of them properly when no longer needed. visit the washington county website for information on handling and disposal of wastes, including information on waste collection at the environmental center. - practice proper turf management techniques and avoid over - fertilization of your lawns and gardens. visit the minnesota department of agricultural website for more information. - seal any unused wells on your property, according to minnesota well code. see the minnesota department of health website for more information. owners of active wells should refer to the well owner \u2019 s handbook for proper construction, maintenance, and sampling information. - conserve water whenever possible. lawn watering is one of the largest uses of municipal water during the summer months. tips for conserving water, while maintaining a healthy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4005571313029493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.960576"} {"text": "| making sense of the 4th of july ( part 1 ) by pauline maier jun 28, 2008, 12 : 25 pst copyright ; 1997 american heritage, inc. all rights reserved. \" reprinted from american heritage, august 7, 1997. ) john adams thought americans would commemorate their independence day on the second of july. future generations, he confidently predicted, would remember july 2, 1776, as \" the most memorable epocha, in the history of america \" and celebrate it as their \" day of deliverance by solemn acts of devotion to god almighty. it ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shews, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires and illuminations from one end of this continent to the other from this time forward forever more. \" his proposal, however odd it seems today, was perfectly reasonable when he made it in a letter to his wife, abigail. on the previous day, july 2, 1776, the second continental congress had finally resolved \" that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the british crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of great britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved. \" the thought that americans might instead commemorate july 4, the day congress adopted a \" declaration on independency \" that he had helped prepare, did not apparently occur to adams in 1776. the declaration of independence was one of those congressional statements that he later described as \" dress and ornament rather than body, soul, or substance, \" a way of announcing to the world the fact of american independence, which was for adams the thing worth celebrating. in fact, holding our great national festival on the fourth makes no sense at all - unless we are actually celebrating not just independence but the declaration of independence. and the declaration we celebrate, what abraham lincoln called \" the charter of our liberties, \" is a document whose meaning and function today are different from what they were in 1776. in short, during the nineteenth century the declaration of independence became not just a way of announcing and justifying the end of britain ' s power over the thirteen colonies and the emergence of the united states as an independent nation but a statement of principles to guide stable, established governments. indeed, it came to usurp in fact if not in law a role that americans normally delegated to bills of rights. how did that happen? and why? according to notes kept by thomas jefferson, the second", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.434688062500576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.976325"} {"text": "guide stable, established governments. indeed, it came to usurp in fact if not in law a role that americans normally delegated to bills of rights. how did that happen? and why? according to notes kept by thomas jefferson, the second continental congress did not discuss the resolution on independence when it was first proposed by virginia ' s richard henry lee, on friday, june 7, 1776, because it was \" obliged to attend at that time to some other business. \" however, on the eighth, congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole and \" passed that day & monday the 10th in debating on the subject. \" by then all contenders admitted that it had become impossible for the colonies ever again to be united with britain. the issue was one of timing. john and samuel adams, along with others such as virginia ' s george wythe, wanted congress to declare independence right away and start negotiating foreign alliances and forming a more lasting confederation ( which lee also proposed ). others, including pennsylvania ' s james wilson, edward rutledge of south carolina, and robert r. livingston of new york, argued for delay. they noted that the delegates of several colonies, including maryland, pennsylvania, delaware, new jersey, and new york, had not been \" impowered \" by their home governments to vote for independence. if a vote was taken immediately, those delegates would have to \" retire \" from congress, and their states might secede from the union, which would seriously weaken the americans ' chance of realizing their independence. in the past, they said, members of congress had followed the \" wise & proper \" policy of putting off major decisions \" till the voice of the people drove us into it, \" since \" they were our power, & without them our declarations could not be carried into effect. \" moreover, opinion on independence in the critical middle colonies was \" fast ripening & in a short time, \" they predicted, the people there would \" join in the general voice of america. \" congress decided to give the laggard colonies time and so delayed its decision for three weeks. but it also appointed a committee of five to draft a declaration of independence so that such a document could be issued quickly once lee ' s motion passed. the committee ' s members included jefferson, livingston, john adams, roger sherman of connecticut, and pennsylvania ' s benjamin franklin. the drafting committee met, decided what the declaration should say and how it would be organized, then asked jefferson to prepare a draft. meanwhile, adams - - who did", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4724876344170505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.977514"} {"text": "livingston, john adams, roger sherman of connecticut, and pennsylvania ' s benjamin franklin. the drafting committee met, decided what the declaration should say and how it would be organized, then asked jefferson to prepare a draft. meanwhile, adams - - who did more to win congress ' s consent to independence than any other delegate - - worked feverishly to bring popular pressure on the governments of recalcitrant colonies so they would change the instructions issued to their congressional delegates. by june 28, when the committee of five submitted to congress a draft declaration, only maryland and new york had failed to allow their delegates to vote for independence. that night maryland fell into line. even so, when the committee of the whole again took up lee ' s resolution, on july 1, only nine colonies voted in favor ( the four new england states, new jersey, maryland, virginia, north carolina, and georgia ). south carolina and pennsylvania opposed the proposition, delaware ' s two delegates split, and new york ' s abstained because their twelvemonth - old instructions precluded them from approving anything that impeded reconciliation with the mother country. edward rutledge now asked that congress put off its decision until the next day, since he thought that the south carolina delegation would then vote in favor \" for the sake of unanimity. \" when congress took its final tally on july 2, the nine affirmative votes of the day before had grown to twelve : not only south carolina voted in favor, but so did delaware - the arrival of caesar rodney broke the tie in that delegation ' s vote - and pennsylvania. only new york held out. then on july 9 it, too, allowed its delegates to add their approval to that of delegates from the other twelve colonies, lamenting still the \" cruel necessity \" that made independence \" unavoidable. \" once independence had been adopted, congress again formed itself into a committee of the whole. it then spent the better part of two days editing the draft declaration submitted by its committee of five, rewriting or chopping off large sections of text. finally, on july 4, congress approved the revised declaration and ordered it to be printed and sent to the several states and to the commanding officers of the continental army. by formally announcing and justifying the end of british rule, that document, as letters from congress ' s president, john hancock, explained, laid \" the ground & foundation \" of american self - government. as a result, it had to be proclaimed not only before american troops in the hope that it would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44990967927032965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.978536"} {"text": ", that document, as letters from congress ' s president, john hancock, explained, laid \" the ground & foundation \" of american self - government. as a result, it had to be proclaimed not only before american troops in the hope that it would inspire them to fight more ardently for what was now the cause of both liberty and national independence but throughout the country, and \" in such a manner, that the people may be universally informed of it. \" not until four days later did a committee of congress - not congress itself - get around to sending a copy of the declaration to its emissary in paris, silas deane, with orders to present it to the court of france and send copies to \" the other courts of europe. \" unfortunately the original letter was lost, and the next failed to reach deane until november, when news of american independence had circulated for months. to make matters worse, it arrived with only a brief note from the committee and in an envelope that lacked a seal, an unfortunately slipshod way, complained deane, to announce the arrival of the united states among the powers of the earth to \" old and powerfull states. \" despite the declaration ' s reference to the \" opinions of mankind, \" it was obviously meant first and foremost for a home audience. as copies of the declaration spread through the states and were publicly read at town meetings, religious services, court days, or wherever else people assembled, americans marked the occasion with appropriate rituals. they lit great bonfires, \" illuminated \" their windows with candles, fired guns, rang bells, tore down and destroyed the symbols of monarchy on public buildings, churches, or tavern signs, and \" fixed up \" on the walls of their homes broadside or newspaper copies of the declaration of independence. but what exactly were they celebrating? the news, not the vehicle that brought it ; independence and the assumption of self - government, not the document that announced congress ' s decision to break with britain. considering how revered a position the declaration of independence later won in the minds and hearts of the people, americans ' disregard for it in the first years of the new nation verges on the unbelievable. one colonial newspaper dismissed the declaration ' s extensive charges against the king as just another \" recapitulation of injuries, \" one, it seems, in a series, and not particularly remarkable compared with earlier \" catalogues of grievances. \" citations of the declaration were usually drawn from its final paragraph, which said that the united colonies \" are and of right ought", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45232333577295214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.979602"} {"text": "\" one, it seems, in a series, and not particularly remarkable compared with earlier \" catalogues of grievances. \" citations of the declaration were usually drawn from its final paragraph, which said that the united colonies \" are and of right ought to be free and independent states \" and were \" absolved of all allegiance to the british crown \" - words from the lee resolution that congress had inserted into the committee draft. independence was new ; the rest of the declaration seemed all too familiar to americans, a restatement of what they and their representatives had already said time and again. the adoption of independence was, however, from the beginning confused with its declaration. differences in the meaning of the word declare contribut1 / 2? the confusion. before the declaration of independence was issued - - while, in fact, congress was still editing jefferson ' s draft - - pennsylvania newspapers announced that on july 2 the continental congress had \" declared the united colonies free and independent states, \" by which it meant simply that it had officially accepted that status. newspapers in other colonies repeated the story. in later years the \" anniversary of the united states of america \" came to be celebrated on the date congress had approved the declaration of independence. that began, it seems, by accident. in 1777 no member of congress thought of marking the anniversary of independence at all until july 3, when it was too late to honor july 2. as a result, the celebration took place on the fourth, and that became the tradition. at least one delegate spoke of \" celebrating the anniversary of the declaration of independence, \" but over the next few years references to the anniversary of independence and of the declaration seem to have been virtually interchangeable. accounts of the events at philadelphia on july 4, 1777, say quite a bit about the music played by a band of hessian soldiers who had been captured at the battle of trenton the previous december, and the \" splended illumination \" of houses, but little about the declaration. thereafter, in the late 1770s and 1780s, the fourth of july was not regularly celebrated ; indeed, the holiday seems to have declined in popularity once the revolutionary war ended. when it was remembered, however, festivities seldom, if ever - to judge by newspaper accounts - involved a public reading of the declaration of independence. it was as if that document had done its work in carrying news of independence to the people, and it neither needed nor deserved further commemoration. no mention was made of thomas jefferson ' s role in composing the document, since that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4916727082070841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.980633"} {"text": "the declaration of independence. it was as if that document had done its work in carrying news of independence to the people, and it neither needed nor deserved further commemoration. no mention was made of thomas jefferson ' s role in composing the document, since that was not yet public knowledge, and no suggestion appeared that the declaration itself was, as posterity would have it, unusually eloquent or powerful. in fact, one of the very few public comments on the document ' s literary qualities came in a virginia newspaper ' s account of a 1777 speech by john wilkes, an english radical and a long - time supporter of the americans, in the house of commons. wilkes set out to answer a fellow member of parliament who had attacked the declaration of independence as \" a wretched composition, very ill written, drawn up with a view to captivate the people. \" curiously, wilkes seemed to agree with that description. the purpose of the document, he said, was indeed to captivate the american people, who were not much impressed by \" the polished periods, the harmonious, happy expressions, with all the grace, ease, and elegance of a beautiful diction \" that englishmen valued. what they liked was \" manly, nervous sense... even in the most awkward and uncouth dress of language. \" all that began to change in the 1790s, when, in the midst of bitter partisan conflict, the modern understanding and reputation of the declaration of independence first emerged. until that time celebrations of the fourth were controlled by nationalists who found a home in the federalist party, and their earlier inattention to the declaration hardened into a rigid hostility after 1790. the document ' s anti - british character was an embarrassment to federalists who sought economic and diplomatic rapprochement with britain. the language of equality and rights in the declaration was different from that of the declaration of the rights of man issued by the french national assembly in 1789, but it still seemed too \" french \" for the comfort of federalists, who, after the execution of louis xvi and the onset of the terror, lost whatever sympathy for the french revolution they had once felt. moreover, they understandably found it best to say as little as possible about a fundamental american text that had been drafted by a leader of the opposing republican party. it was, then, the republicans who began to celebrate the declaration of independence as a \" deathless instrument \" written by \" the immortal jefferson. \" the republicans saw themselves as the defenders of the american republic of 1776 against subversion by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4499680617117251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.981634"} {"text": "republican party. it was, then, the republicans who began to celebrate the declaration of independence as a \" deathless instrument \" written by \" the immortal jefferson. \" the republicans saw themselves as the defenders of the american republic of 1776 against subversion by pro - british \" monarchists, \" and they hoped that by recalling the causes of independence, they would make their countrymen wary of further dealings with great britain. they were also delighted to identify the founding principles of the american revolution with those of america ' s sister republic in france. at their fourth of july celebrations, republicans read the declaration of independence, and their newspapers reprinted it. moreover, in their hands the attention that had at first focused on the last part of the declaration shifted toward its opening paragraphs and the \" self - evident truths \" they stated. the declaration, as a republican newspaper said on july 7, 1792, was not to be celebrated merely \" as affecting the separation of one country from the jurisdiction of another \" ; it had an enduring significance for established governments because it provided a \" definition of the rights of man, and the end of civil government. \" the federalists responded that jefferson had not written the declaration alone. the drafting committee - including john adams, a federalist - had also contributed to its creation. and jefferson ' s role as \" the scribe who penned the declaration \" had not been so distinguished as his followers suggested. federalists rediscovered similarities between the declaration and locke ' s second treatise of government that richard henry lee had noticed long before and used them to argue that even the \" small part of that memorable instrument \" that could be attributed to jefferson \" he stole from locke ' s essays. \" but after the war of 1812, the federalist party slipped from sight, and with it, efforts to disparage the declaration of independence. when a new party system formed in the late 1820s and 1830s, both whigs and jacksonians claimed descent from jefferson and his party and so accepted the old republican position on the declaration and jefferson ' s glorious role in its creation. by then, too, a new generation of americans had come of age and made preservation of the nation ' s revolutionary history its particular mission. its efforts, and its reverential attitude toward the revolutionaries and their works, also helped establish the declaration of independence as an important icon of american identity. the change came suddenly. as late as january 1817 john adams said that his country had no interest in its past. \" i see no disposition to celebrate or remember, or even curiosity to enquire into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4706359409797457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.983505"} {"text": "independence as an important icon of american identity. the change came suddenly. as late as january 1817 john adams said that his country had no interest in its past. \" i see no disposition to celebrate or remember, or even curiosity to enquire into the characters, actions, or events of the revolution, \" he wrote the artist john trumbull. but a little more than a month later congress commissioned trumbull to produce four large paintings commemorating the revolution, which were to hang in the rotunda of the new american capitol. for trumbull, the most important of the series, and the one to which he first turned, was the declaration of independence. he based that work on a smaller painting he had done between 1786 and 1793 that showed the drafting committee presenting its work to congress. when the new twelve - by - eighteen - foot canvas was completed in 1818, trumbull exhibited it to large crowds in boston, philadelphia, and baltimore before delivering it to washington ; indeed, the declaration of independence was the most popular of all the paintings trumbull did for the capitol. soon copies of the document were being published and sold briskly, which perhaps was what inspired secretary of state john quincy adams to have an exact facsimile of the declaration, the only one ever produced, made in 1823. congress had it distributed throughout the country. books also started to appear : the collected biographies of those who signed the declaration in nine volumes by joseph m. sanderson ( 1823 - 27 ) or one volume by charles a. goodrich ( 1831 ), full biographies of individual revolutionaries that were often written by descendants who used family papers, and collections of revolutionary documents edited by such notable figures as hezekiah niles, jared sparks, and peter force. postwar efforts to preserve the memories and records of the revolution were undertaken in a mood of near panic. many documents remained in private hands, where they were gradually separated from one another and lost. even worse, many revolutionaries had died, taking with them precious memories that were gone forever. the presence ofliving remnants of the revolutionary generation seemed so important in preserving its tradition that americans watched anxiously as their numbers declined. these attitudes first appeared in the decade before 1826, the fiftieth anniversary of independence, but they persisted on into the civil war. in 1864 the reverend elias brewster hillard noted that only seven of those who had fought in the revolutionary war still survived, and he hurried to interview and photograph those \" venerable and now sacred men \" for the benefit of posterity. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45664821201815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.984692"} {"text": "civil war. in 1864 the reverend elias brewster hillard noted that only seven of those who had fought in the revolutionary war still survived, and he hurried to interview and photograph those \" venerable and now sacred men \" for the benefit of posterity. \" the present is the last generation that will be connected by living link with the great period in which our national independence was achieved, \" he wrote in the introduction to his book the last men of the revolution. \" our own are the last eyes that will look on men who looked on washington ; our ears the last that will hear the living voices of those who heard his words. henceforth the american revolution will be known among men by the silent record of history alone. \" most of the men hillard interviewed had played modest roles in the revolution. in the early 1820s, however, john adams and thomas jefferson were still alive, and as the only surviving members of the committee that had drafted the declaration of independence, they attracted an extraordinary outpouring of attention. pilgrims, invited and uninvited, flocked particularly to monticello, hoping to catch a glimpse of the author of the declaration and making nuisances of themselves. one woman, it is said, even smashed a window to get a better view of the old man. as a eulogist noted after the deaths of both adams and jefferson on, miraculously, july 4, 1826, the world had not waited for death to \" sanctify \" their names. even while they remained alive, their homes became \" shrines \" to which lovers of liberty and admirers of genius flocked \" from every land. \" adams, in truth, was miffed by jefferson ' s celebrity as the penman of independence. the drafting of the declaration of independence, he thought, had assumed an exaggerated importance. jefferson perhaps agreed ; he, too, cautioned a correspondent against giving too much emphasis to \" mere composition. \" the declaration, he said, had not and had not been meant to be an original or novel creation ; his assignment had been to produce \" an expression of the american mind, and to give that expression the proper tone and spirit called for by the occasion. \" jefferson, however, played an important role in rescuing the declaration from obscurity and making it a defining event of the revolutionary \" heroic age. \" it was he who first suggested that the young john trumbull paint the declaration of independence. and trumbull ' s first sketch of his famous painting shares a piece of drawing paper with a sketch by jefferson", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4483784199690611, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.985859"} {"text": "of the revolutionary \" heroic age. \" it was he who first suggested that the young john trumbull paint the declaration of independence. and trumbull ' s first sketch of his famous painting shares a piece of drawing paper with a sketch by jefferson, executed in paris sometime in 1786, of the assembly room in the old pennsylvania state house, now known as independence hall. trumbull ' s painting of the scene carefully followed jefferson ' s sketch, which unfortunately included architectural inaccuracies, as trumbull later learned to his dismay. jefferson also spent hour after hour answering, in longhand, letters that he said numbered 1, 267 in 1820, many of which asked questions about the declaration and its creation. unfortunately, his responses, like the sketch he made for trumbull, were inaccurate in many details. even his account of the drafting process, retold in an important letter to james madison of 1823 that has been accepted by one authority after another, conflicts with a note he sent benjamin franklin in june 1776. jefferson forgot, in short, how substantial a role other members of the drafting committee had played in framing the declaration and adjusting its text before it was submitted to congress. indeed, in old age jefferson found enormous consolation in the fact that he was, as he ordered inscribed on his tomb, \" author of the declaration of american independence. \" more than anything else he had done, that role came to justify his life. it saved him from a despair that he suffered at the time of the missouri crisis, when everything the revolution had accomplished seemed to him in jeopardy, and that was later fed by problems at the university of virginia, his own deteriorating health, and personal financial troubles so severe that he feared the loss of his beloved home, monticello ( those troubles, incidentally, virtually precluded him from freeing more than a handful of slaves at his death ). the declaration, as he told madison, was \" the fundamental act of union of these states, \" a document that should be recalled \" to cherish the principles of the instrument in the bosoms of our own citizens. \" again in 1824 he interpreted the government ' s re - publication of the declaration as \" a pledge of adhesion to its principles and of a sacred determination to maintain and perpetuate them, \" which he described as a \" holy purpose. \" ( continued ) \u00a9 copyright 2008 by classbrain. com top of page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4638980119019003, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.986848"} {"text": "earlier diagnosis and treatment helps stem eating disorders from the la times : a new breed of patient is getting treatment well before the disease drags them into a downward spiral toward starvation, sustained heart damage, weak bones, kidney damage, long hospitalizations and numerous relapses. health experts are seeing a glimmer of hope that the devastation wrought by eating disorders may be easing nearly 30 years after the illnesses first sprang into the public consciousness with the death of singer karen carpenter from anorexia - induced heart failure. among the encouraging signs : more patients are getting medical treatment based on sound science ; they ' re getting it earlier in the course of the disease ; and they ' re recovering faster, often without the need for hospitalization or residential care. one eye - opening statistic appears to speak to the trend : a recent government analysis found that hospitalizations for people with the primary diagnosis of an eating disorder plunged 23 % between 2007 - 08 and 2008 - 09. it was the first such decline since the federal agency for healthcare research and quality began tracking such hospitalizations in 1999. \" any little movement is significant, and this is a pretty big one, \" said william encinosa, a senior economist at the agency who worked on the report, which was published last year. eating disorders, which primarily affect teenage girls, are loosely categorized as mental illnesses centered on obsessive thoughts, emotions and behaviors regarding food. anorexia involves self - starvation leading to excessive weight loss that damages the heart, bones, nervous system and organs. an estimated 1 in 200 americans has the disease, and the death rate is 4 %. bulimia is characterized by bingeing followed by self - induced vomiting, use of laxatives or excessive exercise to purge food and prevent weight gain. it affects 2 % to 3 % of americans and is not thought to be as deadly as anorexia, though a 2009 study in the american journal of psychiatry found it was lethal in nearly 4 % of cases, mostly due to suicide or electrolyte imbalance caused by dehydration. another type of eating disorder, binge eating, rarely leads to hospitalization or death. the stigma surrounding anorexia and bulimia have kept many patients isolated. but for a variety of reasons, eating disorders are coming out of the shadows. surveys conducted by the national eating disorders assn. show that americans are more familiar with anorexia and bulimia now than they were 10 years ago. that awareness has been accompanied by a weakening of the stigma associated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42234155038865817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.990654"} {"text": "coming out of the shadows. surveys conducted by the national eating disorders assn. show that americans are more familiar with anorexia and bulimia now than they were 10 years ago. that awareness has been accompanied by a weakening of the stigma associated with eating disorders that might, in the past, have prevented some people from seeking help quickly, said william walters, who manages the telephone hot line for the new york - based organization. \" parents are being more proactive. coaches are being more proactive about their athletes, \" he said. \" people feel they can ask for help. \" encinosa credits the heightened awareness to a combination of education in schools, tv shows on the topic and public statements by such celebrity patients as princess diana and paula abdul. in april dunlap ' s case, a made - for - tv movie about two high school students with eating disorders put her mother, gloria, on alert. when april began her rapid weight loss, gloria took action. \" i could see it wasn ' t normal, \" gloria dunlap said. some experts are skeptical that the big drop in hospitalizations reflects actual improvement in treatment. more insurance companies are steering patients to outpatient programs or partial hospitalization, in which patients attend day programs but go home at night, said dr. ovidio bermudez, medical director of the eating recovery center in denver. perhaps the drop in hospitalizations simply means insurers are being stingy. nor does the federal data indicate whether deaths from eating disorders have declined, since mortality rates are not tracked. there is no evidence that the incidence of eating disorders has dropped, bermudez said. to the contrary, anorexia and bulimia have been spreading among populations other than white teenage girls. read the entire story here : http : / / www. latimes. com / health / la - he - eating - disorders - 20120417, 0, 5984467. story", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3812625908671356, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.991423"} {"text": "cleveland metroparks is committed to maintaining the health and diversity of the natural resources within the park district by : - appropriately managing native plant and wildlife populations to promote balanced and naturally functioning ecosystems - identifying, protecting, and managing endangered species and habitats within the park district - substantially improving water quality within the park district through monitoring and advocacy of appropriate improvement measures - promoting fisheries in appropriate bodies of water within the park district protecting the resources healthy, functioning ecosystems provide services for a healthy, functioning human society. while this statement is clear from the perspective of ecology, it is not always apparent in human - dominated landscapes where issues related to the day - to - day repair and maintenance of our built infrastructure ( e. g. water, wastewater, transportation, energy ) appear separated from natural ecosystem processes. naturally functioning and sustainable ecosystems provide services that support human activities in the region. for example, forests, wetlands, and natural lakes slow storm water runoff and reduce flooding while also providing habitat for native plants, mammals, birds, amphibians, and fish. replacing natural infrastructure with human engineered infrastructure requires a large initial development investment and perpetual repair and replacement costs from human society. protecting, conserving, and restoring natural ecosystem structure and function represent a cost - effective way to maintain and improve the benefits humans derive from the ecosystems they inhabit. cleveland metroparks provides leadership in protecting existing and also additional open space throughout northeast ohio with special attention to areas adjacent to existing reservations. through partnership, cooperative efforts, and the support of other agencies, the park district aggressively pursues the protection of the remaining major river valleys within the seven counties of the northeast ohio region. to this end, the natural resource division assists with the evaluation of tracts of land that are candidates for protection through acquisition, easement, or other means. the mission of the natural resources division is guided by cleveland metroparks primary responsibility for the conservation of natural resources : the board of park commissioners may acquire lands either within or without the park district for conversion into forest reserves and for the conservation of the natural resources of the state, including streams, lakes, submerged lands, and swamplands, and to those ends may create parks, parkways, forest reservations, and other reservations and afforest, develop, improve, protect, and promote the use of the same in such a manner as the board deems conducive to the general welfare. john mack, chief of natural resources jennifer grieser, senior natural resource area manager urban watersheds robert golias, natural resource area manager central john krock,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42420569839044747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.994270"} {"text": "( cnn ) - - the world health organization cautioned that the swine flu outbreak could gain momentum in the months ahead, despite claims by the health secretary of mexico - - the epicenter of the outbreak - - that the virus \" is in its declining phase. \" the number of confimed cases of the h1n1 virus continue to multiply. the outbreak is only about 10 days old, and even if the illness is declining, it could return, said gregory hartl, the who spokesman for epidemic and pandemic diseases, at a briefing sunday. \" i... would like to remind people that in 1918 the spanish flu showed a surge in the spring, and then disappeared in the summer months, only to return in the autumn of 1918 with a vengeance, \" hartl said. \" and we know that that eventually killed 40 million to 50 million people. \" mexican authorities believe the virus ' s most active period in mexico was between april 23 and april 28, and mexican health secretary jose cordova described the outbreak as being in decline in his country. as of late sunday, mexican health officials reported 568 cases and 22 fatalities linked to the flu. who says it has confirmed 506 cases and 19 deaths in mexico. the world has 898 confirmed cases of the virus, known to scientists h1n1 virus, in a total of 18 countries, who said sunday. the united states has reported 226 confirmed cases in 30 states. the u. s. cases include one death - - a mexican toddler visiting relatives in the united states. according to who, canada has 70 confirmed cases ; the united kingdom has 15 ; spain has 13 ; germany has 6 ; new zealand has 4 ; israel has 3 ; france has 2 ; and austria, china, south korea, denmark, netherlands, switzerland, costa rica and ireland each have one. in china, officials have quarantined 68 people, including 13 crew members, who were passengers of a mexico city to shanghai flight, which carried a passenger who tested positive for the virus, china ' s state - run xinhua news agency reported sunday. none of the other passengers has exhibited any flu - like symptoms, one health official said. about another 110 people who were on the aeromexico plane went on to other destinations, and may face quarantines elsewhere, the news agency said. fifteen have been quarantined at a beijing hotel. shanghai ' s airport is now barring other aeromexico planes from landing there, a representative of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.35256509871330155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:46.999344"} {"text": "other destinations, and may face quarantines elsewhere, the news agency said. fifteen have been quarantined at a beijing hotel. shanghai ' s airport is now barring other aeromexico planes from landing there, a representative of the airline told cnn. aeromexico is suspending flights to shanghai until may 15, the representative said. the airline does not fly to hong kong or beijing. in the united states, new york has the most confirmed cases, with 63, according to the centers for disease control and prevention. texas has 40 ; california has 26 ; arizona 18 ; south carolina 15 ; delaware 10 ; massachusetts and new jersey each have seven ; colorado has four ; florida, illinois, indiana, ohio, virginia, wisconsin each have three ; connecticut, kansas and michigan each have two ; alabama, iowa, kentucky, minnesota, missouri, nebraska, nevada, new hampshire, new mexico, rhode island, tennessee and utah each have one. california officials suspended visitation and other \" nonessential activities \" at centinela state prison in imperial county after an inmate was suspected of having swine flu. the case has yet to be confirmed with lab testing. on sunday, health officials in north carolina and pennsylvania announced the first confirmed cases in those states, and louisiana ' s governor said his state had seven confirmed cases. the cases from those three states were not immediately included in the cdc tally. in washington, u. s. secretary of health kathleen sebelius, appearing on cnn ' s \" state of the union, \" warned that even if the flu outbreak wanes, \" it could come back with greater force in the winter and fall, when we get into flu season. \" \" so, this is no time for complacency, \" she said. \" we want to stay out ahead of this. \" dr. anne schuchat, the cdc ' s interim deputy director for public health, told reporters sunday that she was \" heartened \" by mexican authorities ' reports but still is \" very cautious. \" \" i know that influenza can be surprising, and the time course here in the united states is later. we believe we ' re just on the upswing here, and in several parts of mexico, cases began quite a while ago, \" schuchat said. \" from what i know about influenza, i do expect more cases, more severe cases and i do expect more deaths, \" she added. \" and i ' m particularly concerned about what will happen in the fall. \" acting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3663679428552926, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.000398"} {"text": "##huchat said. \" from what i know about influenza, i do expect more cases, more severe cases and i do expect more deaths, \" she added. \" and i ' m particularly concerned about what will happen in the fall. \" acting cdc director richard besser, also speaking on \" state of the union, \" said u. s. health officials are examining whether people who received flu shots for the swine flu in 1976 may have some level of protection from the current swine flu. \" that ' s going to play in very, very big as we move forward with our plans around vaccines, because that may help guide some of the issues around who is most at risk at getting this in the future, \" besser said. offering a general picture of the state of u. s. efforts to combat the virus, besser said \" there are encouraging signs. \" \" we ' re not out of the woods yet, \" he said. \" but what we ' ve learned about the virus itself - - it doesn ' t contain the factors that we know are seen in much more severe flu strains. \" while the new virus strain in the recent outbreak has affected humans, canadian officials said it has shown up at a pig farm in alberta, canada. officials said the pigs may have been infected by a canadian farmer who recently returned from a trip to mexico, the epicenter of the outbreak. the pigs have since been quarantined. \" we have determined that the virus h1n1, found in these pigs, is the virus which is being tracked in the human population, \" said dr. brian evans of the canadian food inspection agency. ireport. com : how should h1n1 be handled? evans and other officials said it is not uncommon for flu viruses to jump from humans to animals, and that it does not pose a risk for consuming pork. the number of pigs infected was not disclosed. the infected farmer had flu - like symptoms, but he is recovering, evans said. learn about the virus \u00bb | most viewed | | most emailed | | top searches |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3978708315006365, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.001190"} {"text": "bullying prevention information & resources it is the policy of the district that all of its students and school employees have an educational setting that is safe, secure, and free from harassment and bullying of any kind. the district will not tolerate bullying and harassment of any type. if you have any questions, or need more information please contact : department of student relations stomp out bullying \u2122 a national anti - bullying and cyberbullying program | bullying resources - pbs kids | | it gets better | | pacer center resources | | real - life stories about cyber - bullying | stop bullying now - what kids can do learn all about bullying and what you can do to stop it. provided by the u. s. department of health & human services. | stop cyberbullying now | | tell someone about bullying a video from the collier county sheriff ' s office | stop bullying now - what adults can do resources about bullying awareness, prevention and intervention. provided by the u. s. department of health & human services | tips for parents to help when your child is bullied provided by netsmartz. org. | bullying resources - pbs parents | | public service announcements : | | psas are in windows media player format. visit our help page for assistance obtaining windows media player. | wink news anchor fox - 4 news anchor provided by ucla ' s mental health in schools project. | florida ' s bullying prevention project the florida department of education has adopted u. s. department of health and human services, health resources and service administration ( hrsa ) the \u201c stop bullying now \u201d campaign to launch florida \u2019 s statewide campaign to stop bullying now! the fdoe will provide updates on campaign activities that are launched at the state level. | pacer center - national center for bullying prevention minnesota parent training and information center, funded by the u. s. department of education ' s office of special education programs. | national crime prevention council ' s information & resources on bullying information, training, publications, programs & downloadable resources", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44253056997161433, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.004527"} {"text": "an analysis of mineral grains from the bottom of the western grand canyon indicates it was largely carved out by about 70 million years ago - - a time when dinosaurs may have even peeked over the rim, says a study led by the university of colorado boulder. the new research pushes back the conventionally accepted date for the formation of the grand canyon in arizona by more than 60 million years, said cu - boulder assistant professor rebecca flowers. the team used a dating method that exploits the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium atoms to helium atoms in a phosphate mineral known as apatite, said flowers, a faculty member in cu - boulder \u2019 s geological sciences department. the helium atoms were locked in the mineral grains as they cooled and moved closer to the surface during the carving of the grand canyon, she said. temperature variations at shallow levels beneath the earth \u2019 s surface are influenced by topography, and the thermal history recorded by the apatite grains allowed the team to infer how much time had passed since there was significant natural excavation of the grand canyon, flowers said. \u201c our research implies that the grand canyon was directly carved to within a few hundred meters of its modern depth by about 70 million years ago, \u201d said flowers. a paper on the subject by flowers and professor kenneth farley of the california institute of technology was published online nov. 29 in science magazine. flowers said there is significant controversy among scientists over the age and evolution of the grand canyon. a variety of data suggest that the grand canyon had a complicated history, and the entire modern canyon may not have been carved all at the same time. different canyon segments may have evolved separately before coalescing into what visitors see today. in a 2008 study, flowers and colleagues showed that parts of the eastern section of the grand canyon likely developed some 55 million years ago, although the bottom of that ancient canyon was above the height of the current canyon rim at that time before it subsequently eroded to its current depth. over a mile deep in places, arizona \u2019 s steeply sided grand canyon is about 280 miles long and up to 18 miles wide in places. visited by more than 5 million people annually, the iconic canyon was likely carved in large part by an ancestral waterway of the colorado river that was flowing in the opposite direction millions of years ago, said flowers. \u201c an ancient grand canyon has important implications for understanding the evolution of landscapes, topography, hydrology and tectonics in the western u. s. and in mountain belts more generally, \u201d said flowers. the study was funded in part by the national", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45022254938575945, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.009421"} {"text": "\u201c an ancient grand canyon has important implications for understanding the evolution of landscapes, topography, hydrology and tectonics in the western u. s. and in mountain belts more generally, \u201d said flowers. the study was funded in part by the national science foundation. whether helium is retained or lost from the individual apatite crystals is a function of temperatures in the rocks of earth \u2019 s crust, she said. \u201c the main thing this technique allows us to do is detect variations in the thermal structure at shallow levels of the earth \u2019 s crust, \u201d she said. \u201c since these variations are in part induced by the topography of the region, we obtained dates that allowed us to constrain the timeframe when the grand canyon was incised. \u201d flowers and farley took their uranium / thorium / helium dating technique to a more sophisticated level by analyzing the spatial distribution of helium atoms near the margin of individual apatite crystals. \u201c knowing not just how much helium is present in the grains but also how it is distributed gives us additional information about whether the rocks had a rapid cooling or slow cooling history, \u201d said flowers. there have been a number of studies in recent years reporting various ages for the grand canyon, said flowers. the most popular theory places the age of the grand canyon at 5 million to 6 million years based on the age of gravel washed downstream by the ancestral colorado river. in contrast, a 2008 study published in science estimated the age of the grand canyon to be some 17 million years old after researchers dated mineral deposits inside of caves carved in the canyon walls. paleontologists believe dinosaurs were wiped out when a giant asteroid collided with earth 65 million years ago, resulting in huge clouds of dust that blocked the sun \u2019 s rays from reaching earth \u2019 s surface, cooling the planet and killing most plants and animals. because of the wide numbers of theories, dates and debates regarding the age of the grand canyon, geologists have redoubled their efforts, said flowers. \u201c there has been a resurgence of work on this problem over the past few years because we now have some new techniques that allow us to date rocks that we couldn \u2019 t date before, \u201d she said. for the full news release visit http : / / www. colorado. edu / news / releases / 2012 / 11 / 29 / grand - canyon - old - dinosaurs - suggests - new - study - led - cu - boulder.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46444632987936507, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.010393"} {"text": "- concurring opinions - http : / / www. concurringopinions. com - bill of rights day \u2013 1941 posted by gerard magliocca on january 25, 2013 @ 11 : 38 am in constitutional law, uncategorized | no comments as part of my research on fdr and the bill of rights, i came across a proclamation that he issued on the 150th anniversary of the ratification of the first ten amendments ( about two weeks before pearl harbor ). here are some excerpts : \u201c it is fitting that the anniversary of its adoption should be remembered by the nation which, for one hundred and fifty years, has enjoyed the immeasurable privileges which that charter guaranteed : the privileges of freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and the right to petition the government for redress of grievances. \u201d [ note that fdr only quoted from the first amendment ] \u201c it is especially fitting that this anniversary should be remembered and observed by those institutions of a democratic people which owe their very existence to the guarantees of the bill of rights : the free schools, the free churches, the labor unions, the religious and educational and civic organizations of all kinds, which, without the guarantee of the bill of rights, could never have existed ; which sicken and disappear whenever, in any country, these rights are curtailed or withdrawn. \u201d... \u201c those who have long enjoyed such privileges as we enjoy forget in time that men died to win them. they come in time to take these rights for granted and to assume their protection is assured. we, however, who have seen these privileges lost in other continents and other countries can now appreciate their meaning to those people who enjoyed them once and now no longer can. we understand in some measure what their loss can mean. and by that realization we have come to a clearer conception of their worth to us, and to a stronger and more unalterable determination that here in our land they shall not be lost or weakened or curtailed. \u201d article printed from concurring opinions : http : / / www. concurringopinions. com url to article : http : / / www. concurringopinions. com / archives / 2013 / 01 / bill - of - rights - day - 1941. html urls in this post : image : http : / / www. concurringopinions. com / archives / 2013 / 01 / bill - of - rights - day - 1941. html /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46246402886821913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.012831"} {"text": "the sun sets behind the christ the redeemer statue and the corcovado mountain dec. 28 in rio de janeiro, two days after the city recorded its hottest day since 1915 at 109. 7 degrees fahrenheit. / felipe dana, ap while the usa sweltered through its warmest year on record in 2012, the globe as a whole wasn ' t quite that toasty. last year was the 10th - warmest year on record globally, according to data released tuesday by the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ). another temperature analysis from nasa showed the year was the ninth - warmest on record. according to noaa data, 2012 marked the 36th consecutive year that the yearly global temperature was above average. all 12 years in the 21st century ( 2001a?? 2012 ) rank among the 14 warmest in the 133 - year period of record keeping. noaa and nasa independently produce a record of the earth ' s surface temperatures and changes based on historical observations over the land surface and oceans. the agencies ' final results can vary slightly, as they use different methods to analyze the data. both agencies reported the global temperature was about 1 degree fahrenheit above average in 2012. global climate records go back to 1880. why should we care about a temperature reading that ' s only 1 degree above average? \" a 1 - degree rise in surface temperature may sound small when considering only the temperature, \" said deke arndt, chief of the climate monitoring branch of noaa ' s national climatic data center. \" but that 1 - degree change can alter global circulation patterns, which control areas of heat and drought. \" a warmer atmosphere can ' hold ' more water vapor, which makes it more energetic and more prone to carry and deliver large precipitation in single doses, \" arndt said. \" a persistently warmer arctic and near - arctic puts more melting stress on ice sheets and sea ice... which accelerates the warming. an upper ocean that warms by a degree or so will expand, contributing significantly to sea - level rise. \" the north american warmth, which pushed the usa to its warmest year on record, was \" remarkable, \" said tom karl, director of the national climatic data center in asheville, n. c., during a news conference tuesday. \" we ' ve broken the record by more than 1 degree, that is quite impressive. it literally smashed the record. \" the global annual temperature has increased at an average rate of 0. 11 degree per decade from 1880 to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4550276676745927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.016295"} {"text": "a news conference tuesday. \" we ' ve broken the record by more than 1 degree, that is quite impressive. it literally smashed the record. \" the global annual temperature has increased at an average rate of 0. 11 degree per decade from 1880 to 2012, noaa reported. the long - term warming trend, including the continual warming since the mid - 1970s, \" has been conclusively associated \" with the production of human - made greenhouse gases, which began to grow substantially early in the 20th century, said nasa climate scientist james hansen. he said the global temperature has been essentially \" flat \" for the past several years and attributes that to a combination of factors, which could include solar variability, increasing atmospheric aerosols that help cool the atmosphere, the global economic downturn, and a dominant la nia\u00b1a over the past few years. la nia\u00b1a is a cooling of tropical pacific ocean water that tends to cool temperatures around the world, and 2012 marked the warmest la nia\u00b1a year since at least 1950, noaa reported. \" one more year of numbers isn ' t in itself significant, \" nasa climatologist gavin schmidt said in a news release. \" what matters is this decade is warmer than the last decade, and that decade was warmer than the decade before. the planet is warming. \" other weather and climate highlights of the year : copyright 2013 usatoday. com read the original story : globe warm in 2012, but not as hot as usa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5041567670252163, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.017193"} {"text": "michael said it has been a major effort to secure new research partners and funding, including support from host countries, as well as to persuade rivals novartis and sanofi to work together. the teams still need to retool the vaccines to work in south africa, where the strain of hiv is different. \" we ' re really working as fast as we can, \" said michael, who expects large - scale effectiveness studies to start in 2016. vaccine experts are equally excited about a vaccine that michael ' s team is developing with harvard university and johnson & johnson ' s crucell unit, which uses weakened versions of a common cold virus and a smallpox virus. a study published in february showed this vaccine protected monkeys from a virulent strain of hiv. animals that did become infected after repeated exposure also had low levels of virus in their blood. safety studies in human patients are just starting, with large - scale efficacy studies slated for 2016. the current crop of vaccines is largely designed to train immune system cells known as t - cells to recognize and kill cells already infected with hiv. while these trials progress, scientists are working on even more advanced vaccines that activate powerful antibodies to prevent hiv from infecting cells in the first place. both would be administered before a person becomes exposed to the virus. most modern vaccines use this antibody approach, but hiv ' s extreme skill at mutating makes it difficult for specifically targeted antibodies to identify and neutralize the virus. teams led by dr. dennis burton of the scripps research institute in la jolla, california, dr. michel nussenzweig at rockefeller university in new york, dr. gary nabel of niaid ' s vaccine research center, haynes at duke and others have focused on rare antibodies made by 10 to 20 percent of people with hiv that can neutralize a broad array of strains. researchers think a vaccine that can coax the body into making these antibodies before hiv exposure would offer a powerful foil to many forms of the virus. such antibodies seek out and latch on to regions of the virus that are highly \" conserved, \" meaning they are so critical to the virus that they appear in nearly every hiv strain. by attaching to the virus they make it incapable of infecting other cells. until 2009, scientists had identified only a few broadly neutralizing antibodies, but in the past few years teams have found dozens. so far, scientists have isolated the antibodies, identified what part of hiv they target and even know the exact shape they make, koff said. researchers are now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47486301957864985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.019983"} {"text": "( the book home page ) in particular, this is a book designed to teach programming using c + +, not a book designed to teach c + +. nevertheless, i expect students who use this book will be reasonably adept c + + programmers. object - oriented programming is not a programmer ' s panacea although it can make some jobs much easier. to mix metaphors, no matter how you slice it learning to program is a hard task - - - it takes time to master just as bread takes time to rise. the material here is grounded in the concept that the study of computer science should be part of the study of programming. it is also based on the idea that program design is a very difficult task for novices to master, but that program enhancement or modification ( a much more manageable skill ) permits beginning programmers to develop programming skills in the context of meaningful programs. most importantly, this book takes the view that the study of computer science should involve hands - on activity and should be fun. the study of programming must cover those areas that are acknowledged as fundamental to computer science, but should do so in such a way that the foundation that is constructed during this study can be used to study current trends that change and should do so in a way that enables students to want to learn more. support for this position can be found in several places, i offer two quotes that express my sentiments quite well. having surveyed the relationships of computer science with other disciplines, it remains to answer the basic questions : what is the central core of the subject? what is it that distinguishes it from the separate subjects with which it is related? what is the linking thread which gathers these disparate branches into a single discipline? my answer to these questions is simple - - - it is the art of programming a computer. it is the art of designing efficient and elegant methods of getting a computer to solve problems, theoretical or practical, small or large, simple or complex. it is the art of translating this design into an effective and accurate computer program. this is the art that must be mastered by a practising computer scientist ; the skill that is sought by numerous advertisements in the general and technical press ; the ability that must be fostered and developed by computer science courses in universities. c. a. r. hoare a supporting view is expressed in the following quote : programming is unquestionably the central topic of computing. john v. guttag in addition to being important, programming is an enormously exciting intellectual activity. in its purest form", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5709414430712032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.033657"} {"text": ". hoare a supporting view is expressed in the following quote : programming is unquestionably the central topic of computing. john v. guttag in addition to being important, programming is an enormously exciting intellectual activity. in its purest form, it is the systematic mastery of complexity. for some problems, the complexity is akin to that associated with designing a fine mechanical watch, i. e., discovering the best way to assemble a relatively small number of pieces into a harmonious and efficient mechanism. for other problems, the complexity is more akin to that associated with putting a man on the moon, i. e, managing a massive amount of detail. in addition to being important and intellectually challenging, programming is a great deal of fun. programmers get to build things and see them work.. what could be more satisfying? i believe that a one - semester course that attempts to cover programming to the same extent as is done in a traditional pascal, c, or c + + cs1 course and, at the same time, attempts to cover at even a superficial level the core areas of computer science is most likely doomed to failure. there is simply too much material to be covered. at the same time, there has been an unfortunate though well - motivated tendency in many colleges and universities to move from pascal - based courses to c - based courses. there are many good reasons for this change, but there is a fundamental pedagogical flaw in using c in a first course that more than counterbalances all the good reasons that so many have propounded : c is not designed to insulate the novice programmer from the machine - - - as such it is a disaster when used in a first course. ( it is possible to use c in a first course in a reasonable way, but the only example of doing this that i have seen is in a book by eric roberts, the art and science of c. using c + + is much simpler than using c. ) of course these statements not only border on hyperbole, they embrace it with open arms. nevertheless, watching students struggle with the many idiosyncrasies of c while trying to develop and master general principles of programming has not been a pretty sight - - - we did just this for several years before switching to c + + in our first course. at one level, the approach used in this book is the approach we adopted initially in our courses - - - c + + is simply a much better c. at a superficial level its i / o support", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5360002306310889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.035366"} {"text": "to c + + in our first course. at one level, the approach used in this book is the approach we adopted initially in our courses - - - c + + is simply a much better c. at a superficial level its i / o support and its support of more than one mode of parameter passing - - - by value and by reference - - - free students from worrying about pointers in the first week of the course. at a deeper level c + + and its support of objects and libraries allows students to make use of supplied code in a standard and useful way. introductory courses are evolving to take advantage of new and current trends in software - engineering and programming language design. one of these trends is object - oriented design and object - oriented programming or oop. some schools will adopt the approach that learning object - oriented principles should be the focus of a first programming course. although this approach certainly has some merit, students in the first course traditionally have a very difficult time with the design of programs. i believe that attempting to cover program design in addition to object design will not be as conducive to a successful programming experience as will using object - oriented concepts in the context of learning to program by reading programs before writing them. this may seem a subtle distinction, but if the focus of the course is on learning about the design and use of both objects and programs, there may be a tendency to delve too quickly and too deeply into the details of c + +. the approach taken in this book is that c + + and oop permit students with little or no programming background to make great strides towards developing foundational knowledge and expertise in programming. in subsequent courses students will hone the skills that are first learned in the study of the material in this book and will expand the coverage of computer science begun here. computer science is not just programming, and students in a first course in computer science must be shown something of what the discipline is about. at the same time, programming provides a means of relating the subdisciplines that comprise computer science. many of the examples and programs in this book rely on the use of classes, code, and libraries that are documented and supplied. it is possible that these examples could be studied using c rather than c + +, but this would be very cumbersome and difficult to do in anything but an ad - hoc manner specific to this book at best. a major tenet of the approach used here is that students should read, modify, and extend programs before designing and writing from scratch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5601175706247647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.036598"} {"text": "be very cumbersome and difficult to do in anything but an ad - hoc manner specific to this book at best. a major tenet of the approach used here is that students should read, modify, and extend programs before designing and writing from scratch. this is enabled to a large extent by using the object - oriented features of c + + whenever appropriate. however, neither i nor the book are compelled to delve into design methodologies and features of oop ; c + + is a tool to be used rather than studied. one of the most important ideas underlying the use of classes and objects in c + + and one of the most important concepts in computer science is the idea of abstraction. its [ computer science ] study involves development of the ability to abstract the essential features of a problem and its solution, to reason effectively in the abstract plane, without confusion by a mass of highly relevant detail. the abstraction must then be related to the detailed characteristics of computers as the design of the solution progresses ; and it must culminate in a program in which all the detail has been made explicit ; and at this stage, the utmost care must be exercised to ensure a very high degree of accuracy. at all stages the programmer must be articulate about his activity. the need for abstract thought together with meticulous accuracy, the need for imaginative speculation in the search for a solution, together with a sound knowledge of the practical limitations of the tools available for its implementation, the combination of formal rigour with a clear style for its explanation to others - - - these are the combinations of attributes which should be inculcated and developed in a student by any university academic discipline ; and which must be developed in high degree in students of computer science. c. a. r. hoare students and teachers of computer science are not obliged to understand the ieee standards for floating point numbers in order to write code that uses such numbers. although at one time a deep understanding of machine architecture was necessary in order to write programs, this is no longer the case. just as hoare exhorts the programmer to be articulate about his or her activity, this book is designed to bring the novice programmer and student of computer science to a point where such behavior is possible. the use of c + + provides a mechanism for doing this so that details can be revealed if and when it is appropriate to do so and hidden otherwise. many thought and programming exercises are integrated in the text, particularly in the pause and reflect sections. these exercises are designed to make students think about what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5535815825027095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.038002"} {"text": "doing this so that details can be revealed if and when it is appropriate to do so and hidden otherwise. many thought and programming exercises are integrated in the text, particularly in the pause and reflect sections. these exercises are designed to make students think about what they ' re doing, and to cover some of the messier language details in thought - provoking and interesting ways. online materials accessible via the world - wide web will provide supporting programming lab assignments. in addition, the following people have reviewed the material and offered many useful suggestions ( if i ' ve left someone out, i apologize ). educational testing service | clayton lewis university of colorado | bob noonan college of william and mary | richard prosl college of william and mary | stephen schach | andrew holey st. john ' s university | david teague western carolina university | robert plantz sonoma state university | arthur farley university of oregon | david mutchler | deganit armon | stuart reges university of arizona | jerry mead students in the fall 1994 cps 06 and 08 courses at duke suffered through a draft of the material here. several of them offered useful suggestions that appear in this draft. in particular travis pouarz and derek mims combed the material for errors and offered useful improvements. students in the spring, 1995 cps 08 course had to make do with a version of the book with no index. nevertheless, several students made useful suggestions. in particular, jay kamm found many errors, even looking at code that wasn ' t in the book and offering suggestions. students in the fall 1995 cps 06 course had a book with an index, but the pages fell out. these students persevered, and new books arrived. in the interim several students combed the book for typos. i cannot possibly thank them all enough, but one stands out for her diligence : christine hong found countless errors and made many suggestions for improvement. mackenzie steele offered several quotations in addition to finding errors. several schools used a beta - edition of the book, and the feedback from these schools has been incorporated into the final version. these schools include the university of iowa, rose - hulman institute of technology, gettysburg college, st. john ' s college ( minnesota ), mills college, and u. california, berkeley. versions of all the programs used in the book are available for mac, dos, and unix machines. the software is currently available via anonymous ftp in pub / ola / book / code. it is also accessible using", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5432367161133833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.039129"} {"text": "u. california, berkeley. versions of all the programs used in the book are available for mac, dos, and unix machines. the software is currently available via anonymous ftp in pub / ola / book / code. it is also accessible using your favorite browser ( or you wouldn ' t be reading this ) although beta - editions of the book have been through extensive classroom testing, there are undoubtedly errors that persist. occasional slips of the tongue ( or keyboard ) have almost certainly crept into the manuscript. nevertheless, all code has been compiled and executed and is reproduced in this work directly from the source, it is not retyped. the material here is intended to provide complete coverage for many different kinds of introductory computer science courses based on c + +. i am anxious to correct all the errors and fuzzy, incoherent, or otherwise incomprehensible passages for the first ( and hopefully not last ) edition of the book. i am not anxious to hear about misplaced commas and semi - colons. i haven ' t mastered comma placement and will leave this to experts. i would be ecstatic to hear about methods that might improve certain sections, or comments about sections that caused problems even without suggestions for improvement. please send all comments by electronic mail, i will try to acknowledge all mail received. materials for the book are also accessible via the world - wide web. a listserv is available for discussing any aspects of the book or course. to subscribe, send email with the message subscribe tapestry as the message body to firstname. lastname @ example. org, to unsubscribe send the message unsubscribe tapestry to the same address. to send mail to the listserv use the address email @ example. com. to paraphrase newton, the work in this book is not mine alone ; i have stood on the shoulders of giants. of course newton paraphrased robert burton who said ` ` a dwarf standing on the shoulders of a giant may see farther than a giant himself. ' ' the styles used in several books serve as models for different portions of this text. in particular eric roberts ' the art and science of c provided style guidelines for formatting ; the book a logical approach to discrete math ( by david gries and fred b. schneider ) motivated the biographies ; books by bjarne stroustrup : the c + + programming language ( 2nd edition ) and the design and evolution of c + + and scott meyers : effective c +", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5772711827044552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.040233"} {"text": "a roadmap for training engineers if you present in a way that matches how adults learn, then you can present for long - term retention, and for real action. by amy k. smith, phd, concordia university chicago, river forest, ill. providing opportunities for engineers to learn and apply new technologies is a tricky endeavor. after all, you don ' t always feel we have the time, money, or attention to devote to the next innovation, especially since innovation is so constant it ' s almost daunting. this is where the tricky part comes in : how do you design in - house training opportunities so that they are effective? more importantly, how do you train so that your listeners actually retain and use? good questions. you can present new technologies, products, and systems, but if those who are listening do not remember what you impart, then their thinking or behavior doesn ' t change. and after all, you give talks to inform, educate, and incite action. knowing how adults actually learn should guide your communications ; it will improve audience participation, thereby increasing the retention of new information. if you present in a way that matches how adults learn, then you can present for long - term retention, and for real action. for technical information, there are some general principles that researchers in the field of adult learning and cognitive science have proven time and again. this article addresses how to apply adult learning psychology to oral presentations for public speaking engagements, sales interviews and presentations, and internal training sessions. first, how do adults process information? to put it plainly : in bits of information. while this seems obvious, research has uncovered some interesting premises. as listeners, you are able to process information better if you can relate what is being said to your own situation. we call this \u201c schema. \u201d think about the last meeting, presentation, or conversation you were in. at what point did you begin to relate what the person said to your own work or to a question that ' s been on your mind? schema is the background information you bring to the table as listeners. schema is a combination of your work experience, education, and perspective on a given topic. as presenters, if you target your conversation to activate the background schema of your audience by relating your stories and knowledge to lived experience, they will retain more of what they hear. you can easily accomplish this by relating your stories and case studies to current work or projects. if you ' re a member of the audience, the minute you hear mention of that question", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5644274235570436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.059548"} {"text": "knowledge to lived experience, they will retain more of what they hear. you can easily accomplish this by relating your stories and case studies to current work or projects. if you ' re a member of the audience, the minute you hear mention of that question from the back of your mind, you get hooked and begin to really listen. that ' s because the speaker hit on your schema. and what really happens when adults are processing within their own schema? physically, as you listen and take in new information, the neurotransmitters in your brains chemically fire, aiming at a receptor ; transmitters land on receptors and a thought is born. as you have thoughts, your brain creates chemical pathways as transmitters seek receptors. when you have an original thought \u2014 something that is new \u2014 your brain makes a new pathway. as you hear the same information repeatedly, this pathway becomes etched in your minds. the more the pathway is etched, the more likely you are to have long - term retention. think of it like a river. as you have new thoughts, you create little trickles in your minds of water running downhill. as you learn information and hear and process it over and over, those trickles become small streams. and when you create activity around these repeated ideas, the streams merge to create rivers. the goal for long - term retention is to create deep rivers in the mind as channels to which information can attach. while effective lunch - and - learns have several key elements designed to help participants to retain new material, one aspect is more important than all others : interactivity. there are three parts to the interactivity formula : establishing a safe and comfortable environment, establishing the training session as an interactive one, and then keeping the interactivity going using research - based training tactics. part 1 : ensuring a conducive environment fostering interactivity begins with ensuring that the learning environment is conducive to the message of your presentation. what are the environmental needs of adults in training situations? interestingly, research tells us that safety and comfort are the cornerstones. safety in this case means safe for the participants ' ego and professional reputation ; you have to allow adults to protect their egos when they are learning new ideas. comfort means the usual suspects : temperature, relative humidity, acoustics, and lighting. you may not be able to control all of the comfort factors, but it certainly is part of your responsibility as the presenter to establish a safe environment early on for an interactive session to be successful. for a session to be interactive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.564363320231206, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.060773"} {"text": "why, so you can be more ready? the powerpoint is loaded, the lights are slightly dim, and our notes are in front of us. so why aren ' t you greeting new participants at the door? ask names. say hello. this opens your audience to the possibility of creating a relationship with you in an hour. research shows that when adults feel valued, they learn more quickly. second, within the first few minutes of your talk, make eye contact with everyone in the room ( with audiences of more than 50 people, this can get a little tough ). this means you ' ll have to walk around a bit, move from the front down the center or side aisles. your participants will be following your movement with their heads. this early movement sets the expectation that learning occurs in a community, more than just a passive audience. third, try to direct one comment or question to as many audience members as you can ; this allows the audience to avoid that \u201c waiting for something to happen to me \u201d fear. starting a lunch - and - learn this way establishes a sense of community \u2014 we ' re all safe to learn together. research suggests that for optimal participation, hence long - term retention, every audience member should talk with, look at, or touch at least six other audience members. sounds impossible, right? not if you have people in your audience talk to each other. so, for a 90 - minute session, build in movement and conversational activity during the first 20 minutes. for example, talk for 10 minutes, then pause and have participants turn to their neighbor and summarize for 2 minutes \u2014 the 10 - 2 rule. do this twice in the first 20 minutes. this sets the tone that this presentation will be interactive. part 3 : continuing interactivity after interactivity is underway, how do we build in audience participation that is purposeful and meaningful throughout the lunch - and - learn? cognitive research shows us that the more times we manipulate new information, the more we retain. the percentages below indicate how much a person retains by learning new information in a specific way. read information only \u2026 10 % hear information only \u2026 20 % see information only \u2026 30 % hear it and see it \u2026 50 % read it, hear it, and talk about it \u2026 70 % read or hear it, talk about it, and do it \u2026 90 % based on this principle, it ' s imperative that audience members process information while you speak. to create those deep rivers of understanding, you have to provide meaningful repetition and process time in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47103026223774314, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.063229"} {"text": "or hear it, talk about it, and do it \u2026 90 % based on this principle, it ' s imperative that audience members process information while you speak. to create those deep rivers of understanding, you have to provide meaningful repetition and process time in your presentations. one way to foster repetition is to have the audience hear the content, then visually read the content on a powerpoint slide, and finally write down the information in their own language to discuss with their neighbor. if you do this, then the content is processed not once but three times, resulting in 50 % better retention. this does not mean that what audience members see, hear, and write is identical. you should limit the number of slides and words per slide ; the material you convey should come primarily from your speaking. this gets us to an important point : what ' s an appropriate handout? passing out complete copies of your powerpoint slides actually hinders retention because audience members will try to read your handout, listen to you speak, and watch your actual slide simultaneously. research tells us that this is too much interactivity at once, so participants have a difficult time focusing. an outline of key points with room for notes is much more efficient for your audience. if you still feel a need to pass out full slide presentations, do so, just do it at the end of your talk. another way to foster interactivity is through the strategic use of questions. certainly this includes the final q & a after you finish our formal talk. but questioning can be incorporated throughout a talk in a variety of formats. recall the discussion on how listeners need a pause about every 7 to 10 minutes for optimal retention. rhetorical questions are a great way to create these pauses. questions allow your participants to think about the information you presented in light of their own work. don ' t solicit answers, just pose the question and wait 10 seconds for your audience to ponder the new information. questions also work well as \u201c whip arounds. \u201d a whip around is a tactic where you pose a question as the presenter, and every participant in the room thinks of a one - or two - word answer to your question. for example, ask aloud, \u201c what ' s the single most pressing issue you have to deal with today when designing a mechanical system? \u201d your participants will think \u201c energy efficiency, \u201d \u201c first cost, \u201d \u201c delivery date, \u201d \u201c schedule, \u201d and the like. pause a moment to give participants time to think, then open up the floor in an organized, linear fashion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48607392654236503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.064266"} {"text": "? \u201d your participants will think \u201c energy efficiency, \u201d \u201c first cost, \u201d \u201c delivery date, \u201d \u201c schedule, \u201d and the like. pause a moment to give participants time to think, then open up the floor in an organized, linear fashion for people to give their one - word answers. start with one person who utters his answer aloud, then move to the next, the next, and the next \u2014 all the way around the room. provide eye contact to each participant as you go to keep the pace and guide the answers. although you might think it would take a while, a good whip around takes less than 60 seconds. one last way to incorporate questioning into your lunch - and - learns is by using questioning cards. provide your audience with two or three blank 3x5 cards or sticky notes. as you talk, you can stop, pause, and solicit questions. why not do this orally? when adults have a moment to process their thoughts, most will come up with a question. then you are more likely to receive questions from all members of the audience. open the floor and ask for questions from those you haven ' t heard from. this will encourage quieter participants will speak up. have participants put their names and contact information on their questions, and collect them after the session for follow - up after the lunch - and - learn. you can also walk around and pick up questions while speaking. later, during an interactivity break, you can look through the cards and answer some of the questions. the questions will provide substantive feedback as to what the audience was expecting versus what you actually covered. grouping your participants a third way is to incorporate conversational interactivity that processes the content you are training is by briefly grouping your participants. these activities group your audience members into dyads ( two people ) or triads ( three people ) to have a short conversation about a question or issue posed. one activity, a think - pair - share, is where you pose a short scenario, issue, or question. you pause and allow your audience to think individually for one or two minutes, and jot notes on paper. then ask your audience members to partner with someone from another firm or organization. partners then \u201c share \u201d their answers or work out the scenario together. as the discussant, you can to open the floor and solicit one or two pairs ' reactions if time allows. not every pair has to give a summary. think - pair - shares are an easy six - minute addition to your presentation that provide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5226614795326883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.065303"} {"text": "the discussant, you can to open the floor and solicit one or two pairs ' reactions if time allows. not every pair has to give a summary. think - pair - shares are an easy six - minute addition to your presentation that provide processing interactivity for your audience. they enhance long - term retention and maintain that environment you established at the beginning. in technical lunch - and - learns you present content in narrative forms, such as case studies or war stories from the field. stories work very well for short - and long - term retention of material because they speak to the participants ' background information, to their sense of the familiar. in essence, stories have active background schema and, when told well, provide listeners with cues and schema to attach the new information to their existing understanding of the topic being presented. research shows that adults remember in story form. for these reasons, presentations delivered partially in story form do a great job of providing that balance between the active and passive, and the serious and whimsical, discussed earlier. beyond the storytelling of the presenter, the audience has its own stories. pairs of participants can share stories in think - pair - shares. we as the presenter can ask one central question about a story we posed, or ask for a solution to an issue in a case study, and then have pairs share their conclusions with the group as a whole. while this may seem to require a serious time commitment, in reality it takes about 10 minutes. in creating interactivity in your presentations, begin with the environment and the needs of your adult learners and open your talk with the expectation of movement and interactivity. then you can use a variety of training tactics to keep the interactivity purposeful and valuable. interactivity is the missing link between a good presentation and a great training session. smith is a nationally recognized expert in adult education, curriculum development, and cognitive research. she completed her doctorate at the university of denver and is currently an associate professor at concordia university chicago. the 10 - 2 rule if the goal is deep rivers of retention, how much information can adults process at one time? research indicates that after 20 minutes of passive listening, or 20 minutes of intense lecture, adults ' ability to assimilate new information into their schema, to deepen the rivers being created in their minds, falls off rapidly. back to that question or situation at work that ' s been bugging you. recall the last time you sat in a meeting, a darkened lecture room, or a webcast where you were there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5385606899990631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.066644"} {"text": "rivers being created in their minds, falls off rapidly. back to that question or situation at work that ' s been bugging you. recall the last time you sat in a meeting, a darkened lecture room, or a webcast where you were there, but your mind was wandering to the e - mails you really needed to answer, the phone call you had to make, or the present you had to buy for your child ' s birthday. basically, you hit that cognitive limit ; you phased out. as adults, you process 7 to 10 minutes of information very effectively. but if you fail to pause your attention after 10 minutes, even for a very brief respite, your ability to retain the next set of information diminishes. hence, a healthy pattern for your presentations is 10 minutes of information, a brief pause, and then 10 more minutes of information. researchers call this the 10 - 2 rule. present 10 minutes of new information by talking with visual aids, then pause and ask the participants to process the information by turning to their neighbor and answering a posed question on the content, or summarizing the information in a few words. the 10 - 2 pattern maximizes the potential retention of your audience. these pauses can be almost anything : rhetorical questions asked by the speaker, visuals or graphics as a reference without lengthy explanations, or just a moment where you get to collect your thoughts or make a few notes. this is important information about long - term retention, but what about short - term memory? doesn ' t it have a role here? it does. but not if you really want to change viewpoints or incite action. researchers define short - term memory in many ways, but for your purposes, you can think about it as the amount of information your mind can hold for the next moment and then repeat, like looking up a phone number or e - mail address to use it right away. short - term memory is when you retain about five minutes of information. after that, you have to transfer the new information into long - term memory for sustainability. so you looked up the phone number, got up for a cup of coffee, came back to dial, and had to look the number up again. to actually retain the number for the long - term, you would have had to create a river, repeating it over and over again in your mind while you were walking toward the coffee. linking short - term to long - term learning, taking ideas, and mapping them onto schema to create rivers are the keys", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5358393017362879, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.069541"} {"text": "would have had to create a river, repeating it over and over again in your mind while you were walking toward the coffee. linking short - term to long - term learning, taking ideas, and mapping them onto schema to create rivers are the keys to effective adult education. now, back to our presentations. this is where the brief pause in our presentation comes in. if we link the content of our presentation to real work situations within our audience, then we are attaching the new information onto their existing schema. as audience members process this new content in light of their own work, new information moves from short - to long - term memory and the rivers grow deeper ; resulting in deep understanding and retention. action can now happen. how to create powerpoint presentations the 10 - 2 rule is one aspect of an effective presentation that will enhance audience retention. presentation and seminars often use powerpoint as the key visual aid that helps deliver the talk. let ' s talk about how to structure the powerpoint presentation so the information presented creates deep rivers in the brain, where listeners map new information onto the previous experiences. themes matter. in drafting your presentation, think first in themes. research indicates that adults remember larger, more purposeful schematic concepts rather than collections of smaller, disparate facts. therefore, if you think about your talk in terms of the big ideas you are trying to convey and link those ideas to a person ' s schema, they will retain it better. it ' s a good rule of thumb to create a thematic slide with a graphic of the theme. this slide becomes our opening slide. then, close your talk by having that same opening thematic slide as the last slide to hone your point. think of the last time you saw a presentation that had one major message that was carried throughout all of the slides. for example, if you are presenting a case study of a chilled water system retrofit, you can use a simplified diagram of the resulting system as the opening thematic slide. you can talk about the system by keying off different subsystems from the thematic slide, and then close your presentation by running through the opening slide one more time. less is more. fewer slides lead to longer retention. the aim is to have about 20 slides for a 1 - hour presentation, which includes time for questions and answers. research shows that the mind identifies and recalls up to six items easily. adult learning studies have labeled this the \u201c rule of sixes. \u201d in terms of content, develop your slides in sets of sixes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5275219731072703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.070730"} {"text": ", which includes time for questions and answers. research shows that the mind identifies and recalls up to six items easily. adult learning studies have labeled this the \u201c rule of sixes. \u201d in terms of content, develop your slides in sets of sixes : six slides, which is 10 minutes of talking, with a pause, and then more slides. if you want information to go from short - to long - term memory, and you want to create rivers in the mind, fewer slides with breaks is the way to go. pauses could include stopping to take questions from the audience, asking the audience a rhetorical question, or building in some other type of audience interactivity. illustrate only the complex. when presenting technical information, you often have multiple illustrations, such as photos, diagrams, and charts. use these to tell a story only when you want to emphasize major points or simplify complex data or information. you can use illustrations to reinforce key ideas, to guide you through your talk, or to hold the audience ' s attention for shock or awe. and the cutesy powerpoint stick figure guys with question marks or light bulbs over their heads? just say no. use graphics to relay visual content. the entertainment should come from your talk, not prepackaged, overly used clip art that only clutters your messages. use the right kind of diagram. highly technical information often requires extensive visuals, such as graphs with weather data or control - point trend data. visually, adults have to choose a place to focus. that visual should be a form of content in your presentation, not just a talking point. in terms of charts and graphs, trends should be shown with continuous lines. cognitive science tells us that adults can process three lines at a time. so presentation graphs that have six different colored lines are too cumbersome to really learn from. if you are comparing two things in your talk, such as energy consumption before and after a retrofit, use a bar chart. our brain looks at bar charts in terms of relative magnitude, so we think comparatively with the bars. and lastly, pie charts are best for illustrating relative proportions. we ' d choose a pie chart for illustrating populations of building by type, for example. using the right graphic for our aim helps the audience think through the visual ; hence, they retain the information. let go of logos. and what about your company and sponsor logos on the bottom of all the sides during a presentation? do those count as illustrations? yes. it is more efficient for the learner if one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5128250933779992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.071758"} {"text": "; hence, they retain the information. let go of logos. and what about your company and sponsor logos on the bottom of all the sides during a presentation? do those count as illustrations? yes. it is more efficient for the learner if one of your opening slides includes all your necessary logos. remove those logos from subsequent slides ; focus on the content instead. sure, you can put one small logo on the bottom of a slide, in an unobtrusive place. but strings of logos on each slide hinder your audience from determining where to focus their attention. you want them focused on the information and, more importantly, on what you ' re saying. create topic slides. after you ' ve designed a thematic slide with a graphic to open the presentation, you will be reinforcing the main points more efficiently if you take the key words from the theme and use them to create topic slides. topic slides are those slides that provide a transition from major point to major point. now, here ' s where it all gets different from what you usually do. the topic slides are only title slides \u2014 they have almost no text. they carry the original thematic graphic and one major point or topic in very few words. this helps the audience create an outline of your presentation in their minds. this is where you are making rivers out of the streams because you are creating links in participants ' minds of your major points as you present. fewer bullets and fewer words per bullet. this is the toughest cognitive principle to follow. do you remember the last presentation you attended where the speaker had so many words on each slide it was difficult to read the slide and listen at the same time? if you help the adult focus on the words you are saying, you help them understand and remember information. fewer bullets on each slide with fewer words are better. go back to the rule of sixes. six bullets per slide is a good maximum, any more and you get too busy. adults can process approximately 15 words per slide. so do the math : six bullets max, two to three words per bullet. this effectively makes your powerpoint presentation an outline for you, not a script. you want people to be listening to you, not reading your slide. really, you want your audience taking notes while they listen ; that creates a pause, which fosters retention. animate for effect only. animations such as fancy transitions, flying text, and revealing bullets as you go are often overused. as adult learners, animation ties to our emotions. think about the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49953309472821655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.072787"} {"text": "preserving the past, informing the future | skip navigation links | miles tobey granger, son of james l. granger and abigail tobey, was born august 12th, 1817, in new marlborough, berkshire county, massachusetts, a town but little north of the connecticut line. from his earliest youth he had his own way to make, and the story of his fight for an education, told in the history of litchfield county, is illustrative of the times as well as of the man. he used to say : \" i never had but one dollar in my life except what i earned by hard work. my father once gave me a silver dollar - my whole inheritance and patrimony. \" we condense the following from the biographical sketch in question : at the age of ten he began to work in a woolen mill at twelve and a half cents a day. after two years thus employed, he hired out to a norfolk farmer at twenty - five cents a day, and continued to work for various farmers until he was eighteen. he then entered the office of dr. benjamin welch of norfolk, and began \" reading up \" to qualify himself to teach a common school. in the fall of that year ( 1835 ) he passed the examination and taught a district school at $ 12. 50 a month. after three years chiefly spent as a teacher, wishing to become better fitted for his work, he entered a seminary in amenia, n. y. his proficiency as a scholar had so impressed mr. davis w. clark, the principal of the amenia school, that, on his return in the fall of 1838, after one term ' s study, he called mr. granger up to his room and advised him to fit for college. following his teacher ' s advice, he began the studies required to enter the freshman class at wesleyan university, middletown. in 1839 after a year ' s preparation, he passed his examinations for the freshman class, and for the sophomore year in mathematics. his slender means, derived from the scanty earnings of his farm labor and teaching, were now about exhausted ; he therefore obtained a school at glastonbury where he taught at six months at $ 20 a month, and kept up with studies at the same time. at the opening of his junior year he not only obtained from the faculty the privilege of taking his junior and senior years together - of doing two years work in one, but taught school for three months besides ; and at its close passed his examination in both classes and received his diploma as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45178521600104793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.078155"} {"text": "year he not only obtained from the faculty the privilege of taking his junior and senior years together - of doing two years work in one, but taught school for three months besides ; and at its close passed his examination in both classes and received his diploma as a. b. in 1842, and the degree of a. m. three years after. while it must not be forgotten that such an achievement was then more easily accomplished than now - the demands, intellectual and pecuniary, being so much lighter then than they are now - nevertheless it was a remarkable feat, even in those days, for a young man to fit himself for, and work his way through college in four years, with but the slenderest means, and those laid by from his own hard earnings. in 1843 mr. granger went to louisiana as a preceptor in the family of mr. francis a. evans, reading law at the same time. he staid at the south about two years and was admitted to the mississippi bar in 1845. this visit was of importance, it is believed, as influencing mr. granger ' s political views to a considerable degree. he saw enough of southern life to convince him that the negroes were not, as a rule, unkindly treated, and that the tales of atrocity in \" uncle tom ' s cabin, \" though possibly founded on facts, gave an unfair idea of the usual workings of the system of slavery. hence, always a democrat, he became known as a very bitter opponent of anti - slavery opinion, and, during and after the war, of the emancipation policy of the republican party. returning north in the summer of 1845, he entered the office of leman church of canaan, then one of the most noted lawyers in the county, and was admitted to the litchfield county bar in october of that year. he remained in mr. church ' s office till the spring of 1847, when he opened an office at couch ' s \" hatshop, \" in the old village of \" canaan four corners, \" whence he shortly removed to the depot, where he continued to reside for the remainder of his life. at that time the northwestern corner of this county was a thriving business section, largely engaged in the manufacture of iron. some of the brightest lawyers were to be found there, and the heaviest cases in our courts came thence. mr. granger was never a \" hustler, \" but a cautious, candid, safe adviser. in the trial of cases he was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38824953046564536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.079165"} {"text": "of the brightest lawyers were to be found there, and the heaviest cases in our courts came thence. mr. granger was never a \" hustler, \" but a cautious, candid, safe adviser. in the trial of cases he was quick to discern pivotal points, shrewd to avoid pitfalls, a judicious cross - examiner, in argument sound, terse, and never tiresome. throughout he abounded in dry humor, one of his marked characteristics, but which opponents sometimes found more caustic than pleasant. he soon won the confidence of his townspeople, and in 1849 was elected judge of probate, an office which he continued to hold, one term excepted, until appointed a judge of the superior court. he was also town clerk and treasurer. with the bar he was not only popular, but his witty sayings were constantly flying about. one of these occurs to the writer. gen. charles f. sedgwick, for many years our state ' s attorney, used to drive over, every session of court, from sharon to litchfield. one term he arranged to take granger over from west cornwall to the county seat. the general was an elephant in size ; his horse, neither very young nor very fast. they slowly rose many hundred feet from west cornwall to goshen, and as they conquered the last hill the general cried triumphantly to his companion, \" now, granger, there is nothing between us and litchfield. \" \" no, general, nothing but the old mare. \" his doggerel was famous. a passage at arms in verse with a former clerk of the superior court got into print at the time, was re - discovered years after by some discriminating editor, and again went the rounds of our papers. in 1857 mr. granger was elected to the lower house of the legislature. then everything was republican ; but in 1867 the democratic party began to revive, elected its governor and sent mr. granger to the senate. in 1868 he was reelected senator, became chairman of the judiciary committee, and was appointed a judge of the superior court. he proved a good trier, keen of perception, patient, and, in the sometimes difficult application of the law to the facts, intuitive good judgment supplied the place of great legal learning. in 1876 he was appointed a judge of the supreme court of errors, an office he held until 1887, when, a few months before he would be disqualified by age, he resigned to become a member of congress", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39815024510484287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.080189"} {"text": "a battered 18th century native american boat believed to be the world \u2019 s oldest canoe has been lifted to the maritime museum in falmouth in a daring restoration bid which could see it repatriated to canada. curatorial experts at the national maritime museum in cornwall gave the vessel daylight for the first time in decades by removing it from a shed on the enys estate in penryn and transporting it to the nearby museum. the estate belongs to the family of lieutenant john enys, a soldier who was part of a battle to save canada from an american siege in the 1776 american war of independence and discovered the canoe while travelling during breaks from his regiment. \u201c moving the canoe is the beginning of a whole new journey back to canada for this incredible find, \u201d said andy wyke, the boat collections manager at the museum. \u201c for more than 200 years, the canoe has belonged to the enys family. it \u2019 s incredible to think its legacy has been resting in a barn in cornwall all this time. \u201d wendy fowler, a relative of enys, reported the canoe to the maritime museum after consulting her personal records from the 13th century. \u201c the estate is very special to us and holds many secrets, but i believe this is the most interesting to date, \u201d she suggested. \u201c the grounds hold a host of wonders, but this really is very special. the maritime museum are brilliantly ensuring and repatriating another element of our great family history and i \u2019 m most grateful that john \u2019 s travels have led to such a major chapter of boating history being discovered in cornwall. \u201d captain george hogg, an archivist at the museum, admits staff had \u201c no idea \u201d how important the find was when fowler called them. \u00a9 john buxton \u201c we knew we had something special, but having worked with the british museum on the artefacts and the canadian canoe museum in peterborough, ontario, we now believe that this is one of the world \u2019 s oldest birch bark canoes, \u201d he revealed. \u201c this is a unique survival from the 18th century. \u201d a team of investigators will conserve the wood, research the history and recreate the original look of the canoe before it heads to the canadian canoe museum in september 2011, where curators say they are \u201c especially excited \u201d to see it. organisers in falmouth are hoping to put the canoe on display in the main hall of the museum by the end of january.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3728164414087036, "token_count": 488, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.082768"} {"text": "as many as 1 in 133 americans may have celiac disease and an estimated 2 million people remain unaware that they are affected by it. celiac disease relates to gluten, a protein compound found in most grains, breads, and cereals. contrary to popular belief, celiac disease is not an allergy to wheat but a genetic autoimmune disorder that causes the body to attack itself when gluten is ingested. chicago healers practitioner dr. ian wahl, dac, lac, says celiac disease is difficult to diagnose without an accurate blood test and many people are misdiagnosed because it presents as such a wide range of seemingly common symptoms, which include : - bloating after gluten ingestion - chronic fatigue - chronic weight loss although there is no cure for celiac disease, sticking to a gluten - free diet will make life much better for those diagnosed. most supermarkets carry gluten - free products as do specialty stores, online stores and most restaurants. dr. wahl provides these tips for going gluten - free : - when baking, there are great substitutes for wheat flour now available. they contain a combination of rice flour, tapioca starch and potato starch, which can be substituted 1 : 1 for wheat flour in many recipes. - in order to accommodate those living with celiac disease, many restaurants now offer gluten - free menu options. however, when eating out, always inform the server that you are on a gluten - free diet when once seated. ask to speak to the manager and go over menu choices and preparation before ordering. the manager will alert the kitchen staff and chef to insure that your food is prepared safely. - when traveling, staying in a residence - type hotel with a kitchenette makes it easier to follow a gluten - free diet. - parties can be managed quite well by calling ahead and speaking with the host or hostess. this will enable you to determine the planned menu and bring a dish that is gluten - free. - wahl recommends these internet sites for more information : for more health news, go to www. dailypress. com / health", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.444187110605879, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.086455"} {"text": "photo credit : scott gravette scientific name : carphophis amoenus ssp. other name : none description : there are two subspecies of worm snakes, eastern worm snake carphophis amoenus amoenus and midwest worm snake carphophis amoenus helenae. worm snakes carphophis amoenus ssp. are small secretive snakes only reaching 13 inches in length. they have a pointed head and very noted tiny black eyes. they also have a prominent sharp tip on the tail which is probably used for digging. the color varies from a dark brown to a pinkish brown on the back and almost always with a pinkish belly. worm snakes greatly resemble earthworms which is how they got their name. distribution : the range of the worm snake is from georgia across to louisiana north to illinois and east to massachusetts. they are fairly common throughout most of alabama, though they are seldom encountered. habitat : worm snakes are fossorial in nature, in other words, they spend most of their life underground. they will also burrow into rotting logs and stumps, and can often be found under rocks. worm snakes prefer damp forested soils with abundant leaf litter. however they can be found anywhere earthworms are found including fields and backyards. feeding habits : the worm snake primarily eats earthworms. they will also feed on small salamanders, slugs, snails and insect larvae. life history and ecology : worm snakes spend the majority of their life underground or beneath rocks, logs and leaf litter. very little is known about the life history of worm snakes because of their fossorial nature. they probably breed in spring and fall. one to eight eggs are laid under rocks or logs. they hatch in approximately seven weeks. the young are about 4 inches long and become full grown in 3 years. predators include a variety of birds, small mammals, other snakes and even large salamanders and lizards. mirarchi, r. e., ed. 2004. alabama wildlife. volume 1. a checklist of vertebrates and selected invertebrates : aquatic mollusks, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. the university of alabama press. tuscaloosa, 209 pp. mount, robert h. 1975. the reptiles and amphibians of alabama. auburn printing company, auburn. author : jim schrenkel, certified wildlife biologist, alabama division of wildlife & freshwater fisheries.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42983514398561756, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.090176"} {"text": "- study at deakin - campus life - industry and community - about deakin 1 june 2009 with one of the world \u2019 s largest populations of consumers, mainland china is a potentially lucrative market for many advertisers, but to successfully communicate their message to chinese consumers advertisers need a visual strategy that does more than simply \u2018 stick a dragon on the box \u2019 according to deakin university lecturer in graphic design dr lisa scharoun. \u201c chinese consumers are open to western products and ideas, but if the wrong approach is used it can lead the audience to misinterpret the visual message and be highly offended as a result, \u201d she said. from 2003 to 2005, dr scharoun was a lecturer at the raffles design institute in shanghai and she said it was during this time she became particularly interested in the advertising western companies used in china. \u201c living there i realised how completely at odds western style advertising was with chinese culture. \u201d in her recent paper made for china : global collaboration and understanding in advertising design, dr scharoun refers to a number of examples where the misuse of culturally significant symbols in advertising offended chinese consumers \u2013 for instance dragons portrayed as sinister, frightening creatures. \u201c the western interpretation of a dragon as an \u2018 evil demon \u2019 doesn \u2019 t work in china because, while dragons are highly significant to the chinese and are seen as possessing great power, they are considered to be good - natured. it \u2019 s a bit like presenting a kangaroo as an evil protagonist to an australian audience, \u201d dr scharoun said. even the appropriateness of the research methods themselves need to be evaluated. \u201c often an advertising agency or a company will take a strategy that works well in the west and try and use it in china without researching whether it is suitable for that market. \u201c generally in the west, we have an individual mindset whereas in mainland china there is more of a collective mindset. for instance, if you were to run a focus group in mainland china, participants are less likely to express their own feelings and more likely to look to the group \u2019 s leader for their response, \u201d dr scharoun said. understanding the chinese market not only has implications for advertisers and their agencies, dr scharoun says, but also for the teachers of design. \u201c it \u2019 s very important that design students are given the opportunity to gain an understanding of the complexities surrounding advertising in china. \u201d dr scharoun believes cross - cultural collaboration at the undergraduate level could be one of the ways", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4662143193826421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.094172"} {"text": "electroencephalography ( eeg ) is a study of changing electrical potential of the brain. the apparatus used to measure this electric potential of the brain is called electroencephalograph, and the tracing or the printout of the measured brainwave forms is electroencephalogram. frequency is the number of complete repetitive waves that occur in a given unit of time. frequency is measured in hertz ( hz ) or cycles per second ( cps ). according to their frequency brainwaves are divided into 4 main groups, also referred to as \" brain states \" eeg brainwave sample state of consciousness | fully awake and alert generally associated with left - brain thinking activity - conscious mind | 8 - 13 cps | relaxed, daydreaming generally associated with right - brain thinking activity - subconscious mind - a key state for \" relaxation \" | | deeply relaxed, dreaming generally associated with right - brain thinking activity - deeper subconscious to superconscious access to insights, bursts of creative ideas - a key state for \" reality creation \" through vivid imagery | | dreamless generally associated with no thinking - unconscious / superconscious access to non - physical states of existence - a key state for \" regeneration \" and \" rejuvenation \" | some research has been done associated with the activities and benefits of other brainwave frequencies, such as super beta, gamma, etc. the lower your brainwave cps, the more is your awareness turned toward your subjective experience, toward your inner world and the more effectively are you able to use the power of your mind to create changes in your body. with each lower state you become more fully aligned with the source of power within you, with your unconscious, or if you prefer, with that part of you that is greater than you ( your body ). generally in beta state, your attention is focused outward. in alpha it begins to turn inward, and in theta and delta it goes further and further inward. the deeper you go, the more effectively are you able to enter your subconscious. you can imagine that at the borderline between beta and alpha states is a doorway to your subconscious mind, and the doorway consists of what is hypnosis referred to as your \" critical faculty \". and you can imagine that at the borderline between alpha and theta states is a doorway to your superconscious mind, where you begin to gain access to your \" supernatural abilities \", which for most people manifest as bursts of insight. the more time you spend in this state, even if you '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6564205887520738, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.125458"} {"text": "and theta states is a doorway to your superconscious mind, where you begin to gain access to your \" supernatural abilities \", which for most people manifest as bursts of insight. the more time you spend in this state, even if you ' re not intentionally attempting to create a change, the more of these \" abilities \" begin to become part of you - you may simply notice that the time - lag between what you think and it ' s manifestation in your outer world becomes shorter and shorter. and you can imagine that at the borderline that at the borderline between theta and delta, you ' re beginning to say \" good - bye \" to your physical experience of the world, as you ' re getting altogether into experiencing yourself as non - physical being. here your body is only a thought in your mind. if you are able to maintain your consciousness at this level, you can effect instant changes in the outer world. in this state, you can transcend the \" laws of the physical world \" because you ' re not bound by them any more. whenever you think, you expand energy. in deep, dreamless delta state, where your mind is fully resting, your body has the best opportunity to regenerate. with meditative practice and self - hypnosis, you develop ability to remain conscious while getting progressively into deeper and deeper states. for example, a person without any mind training will tend to fall asleep when getting into theta state, while a person who has undergone some form of meditative mind - training will be able to be very deeply relaxed, yet conscious. the more you are able to remain conscious while in deeper states of mind, the less sleep will your require. brainwave entrainment and synchronization | synchronized brainwave patterns enhanced ability | | incoherent brainwave patterns limited ability | brainwave synchronization technology provides a shortcut to experiencing deeper states of mind giving you an opportunity to access higher states of consciousness and extraordinary abilities in very short time through brainwave entrainment. this way you can experience almost immediately the effects that took someone years of meditation to achieve. and the process is effortless. all you need to do is use the headphones. here ' s how the principle of entrainment works. entrainment is the process of synchronization, where vibrations of one object will cause the vibrations of another object to oscillate at the same rate. external rhythms have a direct effect on the psychology and physiology of the individual. you can observe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.6170494328567282, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.126882"} {"text": "this way, is called a binaural beat. all deep trance now recordings are now enhanced with brainwave synchronization to help you entered the appropriate states of mind that would enable you to create desired changes effortlessly. excerpt from the research on the influence of brain wave synchronization on pain relief originally published : j neurol orthop med surg ( 1996 ) 17 : 32 - 34, the journal of neurological and orthopaedic medicine and surgery, vol. 17, no. 1, 1996 authors : richard h. cox, ph. d., md, c. norman shealy, md, ph. d., roger k. cady, md, saul liss, ph. d. this research was supported in part by a grant from the life science foundation. although it has been known since shortly after the development of the eeg that brain wave activity \" follows \" repetitive light and sound frequencies ', and experiments using brain wave synchronization ( boos ) as a tool to assist in relaxation and induction of the focused state of hypnosis were done as early as 1948, the first brain wave synchronizer ( boos ) was introduced commercially in 1958 by sidney a. schneider. schneider and coworkers specifically noted that over 90 % of approximately 2, 500 subjects treated by 1959 had had induced light to deep hypnotic trance with the use of the boos. his instrument consisted of a photic stimulator, controlled by the therapist or client, with variable frequencies ranging from low delta ( 0 - 1 hz ) to beta frequency ( above 13 hz ). schneider noted that each individual became entrained at a specific frequency which led to a \" a rainbow effect, fingers tingling, eyelids heavy, complete relaxation, \" \" a whirlpool effect, anesthesia, or dissociation \" - \" the point of least resistance \" for that individual to enter a trance state, assisted by audiotapes or a live hypnotic induction. the editor of hypnosis quarterly reported rapid induction of a deep trance in a previously unhypnotizable subject using boos, to the depth of cataplexy, analgesia and amnesia3. the journal of the american medical association in march, 1959, mentioned the \" hypnosis machine \" which could be used to speed up hypnotic induction and to \" help make labor and delivery a more gratifying experience by reducing discomfort and the need for excessive analgesia and anesthesia. \" 4 in june 1966", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.586561889318572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.129574"} {"text": "the \" hypnosis machine \" which could be used to speed up hypnotic induction and to \" help make labor and delivery a more gratifying experience by reducing discomfort and the need for excessive analgesia and anesthesia. \" 4 in june 1966, bernard s. margolis, d. d. s. 5, reported the bws was \" a valuable tool for allaying fears and apprehensions, \" and noted that coupled with hypnosis - 1. patients required less anesthesia. 2. some patients could have dental procedures without external anesthetics. 3. no physiologic depression occurred. 4. healing was more rapid. 5. gagging could be controlled. 6. the frequency could be controlled by the patient. dr. william a. phillips reported \" the reduction and control of high blood pressure of inorganic origin, \" with reduction of 10 to 40 mm. of mercury, using only bws without verbal hypnotic suggestion6. and sadove emphasized the use of bws to assist relaxation7. comparisons were made between cranial electrical stimulation ( the pain suppressoro ), several different models of light frequency boos, the hemi - sync tapes, and self - hypnosis audiotapes. patients were asked to grade their depth of relaxation and intensity of pain before and after 30 minutes of synchronization. blood pressure and pulse measurements were also done before and after boos. more recently we have also measured blood neurochemicals ( ne, mel, be, st, and che ) before and after brain shealy relaxmate indicate : wave synchronization coupled with the self - hypnosis audiotape in eight individuals. with hemi - sync tapes alone or self - hypnotic tapes alone, depths of relaxation were similar. relaxation music and cranial electrical stimulation were slightly less effective than bws ( 50 % to 60 % relaxation usually ). when brainwave stimulation was combined with self - hypnotic tapes, consistent relaxation depths of 70 % to 100 % were reported. in 72 patients in whom blood pressure, pulse, and pain intensity were measured, blood pressure and pulse were reduced 4 % to 10 % in 58 patients, and pain was decreased 30 % to 100 % in 60 patients ( average over 50 % ). almost invariably the combination of brainwave synchronization plus self - hypnosis was more effective than either alone. the blood pressure and pulse effects are compatible with the relaxation response. the degree of pain relief, however, is greater than that reported with the relaxation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.575937919131559, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.130620"} {"text": "combination of brainwave synchronization plus self - hypnosis was more effective than either alone. the blood pressure and pulse effects are compatible with the relaxation response. the degree of pain relief, however, is greater than that reported with the relaxation response alone. in eight individuals, blood neurochemicals have been measured before and after 30 minutes of alpha rhythm ( 10 hz ) boos. melatonin has been reduced 5 % to 20 % ( average 6 % decrease ) and beta endorphin has been increased 10 % to 50 % ( average 14 % increase ). interestingly, these same individuals have an average increase in serotonin of 23 % and an increase of norepinephrine by 18 %. our experience with bws coupled with guided mental relaxation exercises ( bws / sh ) confirm schneider ' s reports that at least 90 % of individuals achieve deepened levels of focused relaxation with those techniques. our results are also compatible with those of benson and others who indicated that the relaxation response is a major stress reducer and assists the process of homeostasis ' \u00b0. the increase in beta endorphins after bws / sh is associated with a sense of well - being and decreased pain. even though blood pressure and pulse usually decrease with bws / sh, the increases in norepinephrine and serotonin and the decrease in melatonin suggest an increased level of alertness. this may well be consistent with schultz ' s description of poised alertness reported with autogenic training \". decreases in melatonin, as found, are to be expected with exposure to light and suggest that bsw may be useful for seasonal affective disorders. it is interesting to speculate that various bws rates might affect neurochemicals differently. since most individuals choose the lowest theta rates, those rates might increase beta endorphins more without the increases in norepinephrine and / or serotonin. further study needs to be done to elucidate potential differences. it has been noted that bws for greater than 40 minutes often leaves individuals feeling groggy instead of alert immediately after a session. thus, we recommend 15 minute sessions most of the time. benson reported that two daily 20 minute deep relaxation sessions led to decreased insulin requirements and catecholamine production for up to 24 hours. finally, we have noted that bws even without self - hypnosis leads to enhanced sleep induction, especially at the self - selected low theta rate. and return to sleep is more rapid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5461486793310563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.131594"} {"text": "and catecholamine production for up to 24 hours. finally, we have noted that bws even without self - hypnosis leads to enhanced sleep induction, especially at the self - selected low theta rate. and return to sleep is more rapid with bws if one awakens during the night and uses bws to return to sleep. binaural beats are auditory brainstem responses which originate in the superior olivary nucleus of each hemisphere. they result from the interaction of two different auditory impulses, originating in opposite ears, below 1000 hz and which differ in frequency between one and 30 hz ( oster, 1973 ). for example, if a pure tone of 400 hz is presented to the right ear and a pure tone of 410 hz is presented simultaneously to the left ear, an amplitude modulated standing wave of 10 hz, the difference between the two tones, is experienced as the two wave forms mesh in and out of phase within the superior olivary nuclei. this binaural beat is not heard in the ordinary sense of the word ( the human range of hearing is from 20 - 20, 000 hz ). it is perceived as an auditory beat and theoretically can be used to entrain specific neural rhythms through the frequency - following response ( ffr ) - - the tendency for cortical potentials to entrain to or resonate at the frequency of an external stimulus. thus, it is theoretically possible to utilize a specific binaural - beat frequency as a consciousness management technique to entrain a specific cortical rhythm. uses of audio with embedded binaural beats that are mixed with music or various pink or background sound are diverse. they range from relaxation, meditation, stress reduction, pain management, improved sleep quality, decrease in sleep requirements, super learning, enhanced creativity and intuition, remote viewing, telepathy, and out - of - body experience and lucid dreaming. audio embedded with binaural beats is often combined with various meditation techniques, as well as positive affirmations and visualization. when signals of two different frequencies are presented, one to each ear, the brain detects phase differences between these signals. \" under natural circumstances a detected phase difference would provide directional information. the brain processes this anomalous information differently when these phase differences are heard with stereo headphones or speakers. a perceptual integration of the two signals takes place, producing the sensation of a third \" beat \" frequency. the difference between the signals waxes and wanes as the two different input frequencies mesh in and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6060447124376867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.132620"} {"text": "with stereo headphones or speakers. a perceptual integration of the two signals takes place, producing the sensation of a third \" beat \" frequency. the difference between the signals waxes and wanes as the two different input frequencies mesh in and out of phase. as a result of these constantly increasing and decreasing differences, an amplitude - modulated standing wave - the binaural beat - is heard. the binaural beat is perceived as a fluctuating rhythm at the frequency of the difference between the two auditory inputs. evidence suggests that the binaural beats are generated in the brainstem \u2019 s superior olivary nucleus, the first site of contralateral integration in the auditory system ( oster, 1973 ). studies also suggest that the frequency - following response originates from the inferior colliculus ( smith, marsh, & brown, 1975 ) \" ( owens & atwater, 1995 ). this activity is conducted to the cortex where it can be recorded by scalp electrodes. binaural beats can easily be heard at the low frequencies ( < 30 hz ) that are characteristic of the eeg spectrum ( oster, 1973 ). this perceptual phenomenon of binaural beating and the objective measurement of the frequency - following response ( hink, kodera, yamada, kaga, & suzuki, 1980 ) suggest conditions which facilitate entrainment of brain waves and altered states of consciousness. there have been numerous anecdotal reports and a growing number of research efforts reporting changes in consciousness associated with binaural - beats. \" the subjective effect of listening to binaural beats may be relaxing or stimulating, depending on the frequency of the binaural - beat stimulation \" ( owens & atwater, 1995 ). binaural beats in the delta ( 1 to 4 hz ) and theta ( 4 to 8 hz ) ranges have been associated with reports of relaxed, meditative, and creative states ( hiew, 1995 ), and used as an aid to falling asleep. binaural beats in the alpha frequencies ( 8 to 12 hz ) have increased alpha brain waves ( foster, 1990 ) and binaural beats in the beta frequencies ( typically 16 to 24 hz ) have been associated with reports of increased concentration or alertness ( monroe, 1985 ) and improved memory ( kennerly, 1994 ). passively listening to binaural beats may not spontaneously propel you into an altered state of consciousness. one \u2019 s subjective experience in response to binaural - beat stimulation may also be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5982480609656807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.133809"} {"text": ") and improved memory ( kennerly, 1994 ). passively listening to binaural beats may not spontaneously propel you into an altered state of consciousness. one \u2019 s subjective experience in response to binaural - beat stimulation may also be influenced by a number of mediating factors. for example, the willingness and ability of the listener to relax and focus attention may contribute to binaural - beat effectiveness in inducing state changes. \" ultradian rhythms in the nervous system are characterized by periodic changes in arousal and states of consciousness ( rossi, 1986 ; shannahoff - khalsa, 1991 ; webb & dube, 1981 ). these naturally occurring shifts may underlie the anecdotal reports of fluctuations in the effectiveness of binaural beats. external factors are also thought to play roles in mediating the effects of binaural beats \" ( owens & atwater, 1995 ). the perception of a binaural beat is, for example, said to be heightened by the addition of white noise to the carrier signal ( oster, 1973 ), so white noise is often used as background. \" music, relaxation exercises, guided imagery, and verbal suggestion have all been used to enhance the state - changing effects of the binaural beat \" ( owens & atwater, 1995 ). other practices such as humming, toning, breathing exercises, autogenic training, and / or biofeedback can also be used to interrupt the homeostasis of resistant subjects ( tart, 1975 ). brain waves and consciousness controversies concerning the brain, mind, and consciousness have existed since the early greek philosophers argued about the nature of the mind - body relationship, and none of these disputes has been resolved. modern neurologists have located the mind in the brain and have said that consciousness is the result of electrochemical neurological activity. there are, however, growing observations to the contrary. there is no neurophysiological research which conclusively shows that the higher levels of mind ( intuition, insight, creativity, imagination, understanding, thought, reasoning, intent, decision, knowing, will, spirit, or soul ) are located in brain tissue ( hunt, 1995 ). a resolution to the controversies surrounding the higher mind and consciousness and the mind - body problem in general may need to involve an epistemological shift to include extra - rational ways of knowing ( de quincey, 1994 ) and cannot be comprehended by neurochemical brain studies alone. we are in the midst of a revolution focusing on the study", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6169570395442747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.137066"} {"text": "need to involve an epistemological shift to include extra - rational ways of knowing ( de quincey, 1994 ) and cannot be comprehended by neurochemical brain studies alone. we are in the midst of a revolution focusing on the study of consciousness ( owens, 1995 ). penfield, an eminent contemporary neurophysiologist, found that the human mind continued to work in spite of the brain \u2019 s reduced activity under anesthesia. brain waves were nearly absent while the mind was just as active as in the waking state. the only difference was in the content of the conscious experience. following penfield \u2019 s work, other researchers have reported awareness in comatose patients ( hunt, 1995 ) and there is a growing body of evidence which suggests that reduced cortical arousal while maintaining conscious awareness is possible ( fischer, 1971 ; west 1980 ; delmonte, 1984 ; goleman 1988 ; jevning, wallace, & beidenbach, 1992 ; wallace, 1986 ; mavromatis, 1991 ). these states are variously referred to as meditative, trance, altered, hypnogogic, hypnotic, and twilight - learning states ( budzynski, 1986 ). broadly defined, the various forms of altered states rest on the maintenance of conscious awareness in a physiologically reduced state of arousal marked by parasympathetic dominance ( mavromatis, 1991 ). recent physiological studies of highly hypnotizable subjects and adept meditators indicate that maintaining awareness with reduced cortical arousal is indeed possible in selected individuals as a natural ability or as an acquired skill ( sabourin, cutcomb, crawford, & pribram, 1993 ). more and more scientists are expressing doubts about the neurologists \u2019 brain - mind model because it fails to answer so many questions about our ordinary experiences, as well as evading our mystical and spiritual ones. the scientific evidence supporting the phenomenon of remote viewing alone is sufficient to show that mind - consciousness is not a local phenomenon ( mcmoneagle, 1993 ). if mind - consciousness is not the brain, why then does science relate states of consciousness and mental functioning to brain - wave frequencies? and how is it that audio with embedded binaural beats alters brain waves? the first question can be answered in terms of instrumentation. there is no objective way to measure mind or consciousness with an instrument. mind - consciousness appears to be a field phenomenon which interfaces with the body and the neurological structures of the brain ( hunt, 1995 ). one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.6283652546886944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.138184"} {"text": "can be answered in terms of instrumentation. there is no objective way to measure mind or consciousness with an instrument. mind - consciousness appears to be a field phenomenon which interfaces with the body and the neurological structures of the brain ( hunt, 1995 ). one cannot measure this field directly with current instrumentation. on the other hand, the electrical potentials of brain waves can be measured and easily quantified. contemporary science likes things that can be measured and quantified. the problem here lies in oversimplification of the observations. eeg patterns measured on the cortex are the result of electroneurological activity of the brain. but the brain \u2019 s electroneurological activity is not mind - consciousness. eeg measurements then are only an indirect means of assessing the mind - consciousness interface with the neurological structures of the brain. as crude as this may seem, the eeg has been a reliable way for researchers to estimate states of consciousness based on the relative proportions of eeg frequencies. stated another way, certain eeg patterns have been historically associated with specific states of consciousness. it is reasonable to assume, given the current eeg literature, that if a specific eeg pattern emerges it is probably accompanied by a particular state of consciousness. as to the second question raised in the above paragraph, audio with embedded binaural beats alters the electrochemical environment of the brain. this allows mind - consciousness to have different experiences. when the brain is entrained to lower frequencies and awareness is maintained, a unique state of consciousness emerges. this state is often referred to as hypnogogia \" mind awake / body asleep. \" slightly higher - frequency entrainment can lead to hyper suggestive states of consciousness. still higher - frequency eeg states are associated with alert and focused mental activity needed for the optimal performance of many tasks. perceived reality changes depending on the state of consciousness of the perceiver ( tart, 1975 ). some states of consciousness provide limited views of reality, while others provide an expanded awareness of reality. for the most part, states of consciousness change in response to the ever - changing internal environment and surrounding stimulation. for example, states of consciousness are subject to influences like drugs and circadian and ultradian rhythms ( rossi, 1986 ; shannahoff - khalsa, 1991 ; webb & dube, 1981 ). specific states of consciousness can also be learned as adaptive behaviors to demanding circumstances ( green and green, 1986 ). synchronized brain waves synchronized brain waves have long been associated with meditative and hypnogogic states", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.6002003197865691, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.139144"} {"text": "webb & dube, 1981 ). specific states of consciousness can also be learned as adaptive behaviors to demanding circumstances ( green and green, 1986 ). synchronized brain waves synchronized brain waves have long been associated with meditative and hypnogogic states, and audio with embedded binaural beats has the ability to induce and improve such states of consciousness. the reason for this is physiological. each ear is \" hardwired \" ( so to speak ) to both hemispheres of the brain ( rosenzweig, 1961 ). each hemisphere has its own olivary nucleus ( sound - processing center ) which receives signals from each ear. in keeping with this physiological structure, when a binaural beat is perceived there are actually two standing waves of equal amplitude and frequency present, one in each hemisphere. so, there are two separate standing waves entraining portions of each hemisphere to the same frequency. the binaural beats appear to contribute to the hemispheric synchronization evidenced in meditative and hypnogogic states of consciousness. brain function is also enhanced through the increase of cross - collosal communication between the left and right hemispheres of the brain. rhythmic sound and the brain studies have shown that vibrations from rhythmic sounds have a profound effect on brain activity. in shamanic traditions, drums were used in periodic rhythm to transport the shaman into other realms of reality. the vibrations from this constant rhythm affected the brain in a very specific manner, allowing the shaman to achieve an altered state of mind and journey out of his or her body. brain pattern studies conducted by researcher melinda maxfield into the ( ssc ) shamanic state of consciousness found that the steady rhythmic beat of the drum struck four and one half times per second was the key to transporting a shaman into the deepest part of his shamanic state of consciousness. it is no coincidence that 4. 5 beats, or cycles per second corresponds to the trance like state of theta brain wave activity. in direct correlation, we see similar effects brought on by the constant and rhythmic drone of tibetan buddhist chants, which transport the monks and even other listeners into realms of blissful meditation. interesting tidbits - a look at the brain of somnambulist | somnambulist is a person who is sleep - walking. scientists have studied this interesting phenomenon for generations. recent studies have shown a burst of delta waves ( shown in yellow in the graphic to the right ) in the brain of someone who is sleep - walking. they theorize that the somnam", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6109365895048186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.140070"} {"text": "walking. scientists have studied this interesting phenomenon for generations. recent studies have shown a burst of delta waves ( shown in yellow in the graphic to the right ) in the brain of someone who is sleep - walking. they theorize that the somnambulist triggers a portion of the brain that deals with emotion, and then the body, which is normally at rest, becomes involved. a somnambulist is asleep the entire time he or she is moving about. | books on brainwave synchronization by michael mutchison scientists have learned more about the brain in the last decade than in all of previous history, and the implications of the latest research are clear : the human brain is far more powerful, and has the potential for immensely greater growth and transformation, than was ever before imagined. these discoveries may constitute the most significant development in learning since the invention of writing. each moment of our lives, from birth to death, our brains are engaged in an endless symphony of patterns. in awakening the mind, anna wise reveals how a careful understanding of the four types of brain waves, and the practice of carefully designed meditation exercises that lead to a mastery of each type, can vastly improve everyday focus, memory, concentration, and overall mental awareness. wise discusses and illustrates the four types of brain waves - - beta, alpha, theta, and delta - - with emphasis on what they do, how they work together, and whether we can use their power. harnessing human brain waves for heightened creativity, inspiration, and self - healing is the major goal. several pages of meditation exercises are included with tips on how to relax, all designed to trigger specific brain - wave patterns and achieve a high - performance mind. other research on brainwave synchronization adams, h. b. 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( 1990 ) \" hemispheric asymmetry and rest. \" in suefeld, p. turner, j. w., jr. & fine, t. h. ( eds. ), restricted environmental stimulation, new york : springer - verlag. cade, c. m. & coxhead, n. ( 1979 ) \" the awakened mind : biofeedback and the development of higher states of consciousness. \" new york : delacorte press. cheek, d. ( 1976 ). \" short - term hypnotherapy for fragility using exploration of early life attitudes. \" the american journal of clinical hypnosis, 18, 75 - 82. davidson, r. j., ekman, p., saron, c. d., senulis, j. a., & friesen, w. v. ( 1990 ). \" approach - withdrawal and cerebral asymmetry : emotional expression and brain physiology. \" journal of personality and social psychology, 58, 330 - 341. deikman, a. ( 1969 ). \" de - automatization and the mystic experience. \" in c. t. tart ( ed. ), altered states of consciousness. new york : john wiley & sons. deikman, a. 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( 1988 ). clinical behavioral medicine : some concepts and procedures. new york : plenum press.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6066507422873716, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.146219"} {"text": "- extremely low frequency ( elf ) radiation - radio frequency ( rf ) radiation - heat radiation - fertility issues - dna fragmentation - toasted skin syndrome, skin burns and rashes - other serious health risks - fcc certified lab tested - patent - pending technology - sleek & stylish - slim & lightweight see what all the buzz is about \u2026 \u201c anything you can do to limit your exposure to radiation is a good idea \u2026 i try not to put the laptop directly on my lap. \u201d - cnn \u2019 s dr. sanjay gupta so if dr. sanjay gupta doesn \u2019 t think it \u2019 s a good idea to put a laptop directly on his lap \u2026 should you? there is growing use of compact, portable electronic devices such as laptop computers and many of these are often used directly against the human body. this close contact exposes us to increased levels of electromagnetic fields ( emfs ) of extremely low frequency ( elf ) electromagnetic radiation ( emr ), radio frequency ( rf ) electromagnetic radiation ( emr ) and heat radiation. studies show that laptop radiation and heat exposure can negatively impact the body by causing : - fertility issues with both men and women - dna fragmentation ( irreversible changes to the genetic code ) - toasted skin syndrome ( erythema ab igne ), skin burns and rashes - other serious health risks so what do you do? here \u2019 s the good news. there is a solution. how does the defenderpad\u2122 work? the advanced, patent pending design of the defenderpad\u2122 virtually eliminates extremely low frequency ( elf ) electromagnetic radiation ( emr ) emitted as a by - product of electricity powering computer components such as processors, hard drives, memory and other computer parts. additionally the defenderpad\u2122 also blocks higher frequency radio frequency ( rf ) electromagnetic radiation ( emr ) emissions transmitted by the electronic devices that connect to wifi or cellular services for internet access. the defenderpad\u2122 deflects, diverts, and absorbs these potentially harmful emissions. why is this important? no other shielding solution protects from both elf emr and rf emr. how does this relate to health dangers? for example, body cells are affected and sometimes damage occurs from both of these electromagnetic fields ( emfs ). if your lap protection does not shield both emissions, you may only be protected from one, but still exposed to the health dangers of the other radiation. you need to shield yourself from both elf and rf radiation. the defenderpad\u2122 laptop emf shield has you covered. sound good to you? even better", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5338596971301255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.149102"} {"text": "if someone has a weak heart, that individual will require heart medication and that person ' s heart will not function properly, also an illness or ailment that is easy to understand, even though, like mental illness, it is not seen. but mental illness is different, even though the irrational behaviors of the mentally ill make perfect sense as the brain controls actions and thoughts and if it is not functioning properly, then people are going to behave in ways that do not appear normal to society. no one who is mentally ill asked for the illness, but it is the hand they were dealt and must live with. an estimated 26. 2 percent of americans \u2014 more than 57 million people \u2014 age 18 and older suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year, according to the national institute of mental health. mental disorders are the leading cause of disability in the united states. in 2004, 32, 439 people died by suicide in the united states. more than 90 percent of people who kill themselves have a diagnosable mental disorder. fewer than one - third of adults and one - half of children with a diagnosable mental disorder receive mental health services in a given year. organizations such as behavioral health services north are doing all they can to remedy the lack of prescribers in the area and ensure those suffering from mental illnesses receive the care they need. until that happens, people suffering from a mental disorder are going to have to live with the extra burden that lack in care results in. but the population as a whole can take a simple step that would relieve the burden caused by the stigma of mental illness by educating itself and providing the benefit of the doubt when coming across the possible symptoms of mental illness. it seems no one would pick on or judge or avoid an individual who was displaying symptoms from heart disease. then why would we do that to an individual displaying symptoms brought on by the brain not functioning properly? many of us do, but we shouldn ' t. comments may be directed to firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4736904721957406, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.153377"} {"text": "many tourists and residents were surprised to see traffic cut to allow the ovine parade to bleat its way across some of madrid ' s most upscale urban streets. the right to use droving routes that wind across land that was open fields and woodland before madrid grew from a rural hamlet to the great metropolis it is today has existed since at least 1273. every year, a handful of shepherds defend the right and, following an age - old tradition, on sunday paid 25 maravedis \u2014 coins first minted in the 11th century \u2014 to city hall to use the crossing. shepherds have a right to use 78, 000 miles ( 125, 000 kilometers ) of paths for seasonal livestock migrations from cool highland pastures in summer to warmer and more protected lowland grazing in winter. the movement is called transhumance and in spain up until recently involved close to a million animals a year, mostly sheep and cattle. modern farming practices are however increasingly confining animals to barns, because shepherding is costly, according to the ministry of agriculture, which has been promoting the colorful annual transhumance fiesta in madrid since 1994. madrid became an important urban center when king philip ii chose it as the capital of his vast empire in 1561. some paths have been used for more than 800 years and modern - day madrid has sprawled to engulf two north - south routes. one that crosses puerta del sol \u2014 madrid ' s equivalent of new york ' s times square \u2014 dates back to 1372. spaniards are proud of their centuries - old sheep rearing traditions and hold the native merino breed of sheep in particular esteem. merinos have gone on to form the backbone of important wool industries in places such as australia and south america.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.39225444546371846, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.155214"} {"text": "if gas prices reached $ 5, $ 6, or even $ 7 a gallon, would you respond by purchasing a hybrid? how about an electric car? some consumers are already contemplating their responses to those questions. and the news is that alternative fuel vehicles have apparently begun creeping into the mainstream consciousness. a consumer reports survey conducted this year proves that. the magazine didn ' t query its respondents about what they would do if gas prices skyrocketed. it merely asked what they would look for in their next vehicle. the responses showed that they are concerned about the future of gasoline - burning cars. gm ' s chevy volt : are more consumers willing to switch to alternative powertrains? ( source : general motors ) thirty - seven percent of the survey respondents told consumer reports that fuel economy was their most important consideration - - more important than quality, safety, value, performance, styling, or technological innovation. the majority of those surveyed said they expect to get better fuel economy from a gasoline - burning engine. many expressed a desire to buy a smaller car. but almost three - quarters of the respondents said they ' re ready to consider an alternative powertrain, and that ' s where the results got interesting. among those, the most popular alternative choice was electric / hybrid at 43 percent, followed closely by flex fuel engines ( which can run on e85 ) at 42 percent. other alternatives cited by respondents included natural gas ( 21 percent ), hydrogen fuel cells ( 18 percent ), and diesel engines ( 15 percent ). up until now, consumers haven ' t shown much interest in plug - in hybrids and pure electric cars. gm sold just 1, 462 volts in april, and nissan sold just 370 leafs. clearly, though, survey respondents were open to the idea of new powertrain technologies. among those willing to consider a hybrid / electric car, 58 percent expressed interest in a conventional hydrid powertrain ( like that of the prius ). twenty - one percent said they ' d consider a plug - in hybrid, and 13 percent were willing to look at a pure electric car. the bottom line is that many consumers have apparently reached a tipping point. about 80 percent of them said they support the idea of a government - mandated fuel standard of 55mpg, and an equal percentage said they would be willing to pay extra for a fuel - efficient vehicle if they could recoup that investment through lower operating costs. that ' s significantly different from what we ' re seeing in the marketplace. hybrids are hovering at around 3 percent of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4520798192309714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.158137"} {"text": "coralbots will be trained to distinguish coral fragments from other objects, such as sponges and other sea creatures, as well as rocks and trash. ( source : murray roberts / heriot watt university, edinburgh ) ann - have you seen a formal definition yet of \" swarming \"? there seems to be a number of companies working on this, but where is the line currently being drawin betweens \" swarms \" and coordinated operation? is it the fact that the individual members of a swarm have no independant control and the mission is simply given to the \" whole \" with some type of coordinated artificial intelligence giving commands to the individual? yes it is about time we help rather than just destroy, cadman - lt. i remember seeing the plane that was deliberately crashed for the movie catch 22 off the shore in isla mujeres, mexico. it wasn ' t intended to become a haven for small fish, but it did. chuck and others, the robots would piece together / transplant damaged bits of healthy and living, not dead, coral and re - cement them to the larger structure to help the entire structure regrow. here ' s a description from a different project attempting to do something similar via human hands in shallow -, not deep - water, coral reefs : http : / / coastal. er. usgs. gov / coral - transplant / the idea is to do this before a certain threshold is passed and massive, irreversible damage occurs. in scottish case, it ' s probably better described as maintenance than repair. this is a cool concept and some neat technology, but it does not restore the animals that actually build the reefs other than to give them substrate and structure. this process will not really restore a coral reef, except to create man - made structure to support sea life, and there is already ways to do this cheaper. yes, they ( coral ) need substrate to attach to and sea life needs reefs for protection, but if you want some lifeless structure to act as a nursery ( much needed in the oceans ), then i suggest sinking more de - commissioned ships to give some structure for sea life, certainly a lot cheaper, and proven to attract sea life and create new, large coral reefs relatively fast, and create eco - tourist traffic that boosts local economies. sunken ships are better, because trawlers will stay away from a sunken ship, allowing the sea life to flourish ( only to save their precious equipment ). they certainly don ' t care about coral reefs, and as these robots build up the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4822770212805188, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.161691"} {"text": ". sunken ships are better, because trawlers will stay away from a sunken ship, allowing the sea life to flourish ( only to save their precious equipment ). they certainly don ' t care about coral reefs, and as these robots build up the lifeless reefs, the bottom draggers will come along and continue to destroy them. additional concern : i would be curious to know how sensitive to any existing coral that are attached to the materials and structure they are creating. we looked at a number of sources to determine this year ' s greenest cars, from kbb to automotive trade magazines to environmental organizations. these 14 cars emerged as being great at either stretching fuel or reducing carbon footprint. healthcare might seem to be an unlikely target application for the internet of things technology, but recent developments show small ways that big - data is going to make an impact on patient care moving into the future. a quick look into the merger of two powerhouse 3d printing oems and the new leader in rapid prototyping solutions, stratasys. the industrial revolution is now led by 3d printing and engineers are given the opportunity to fully maximize their design capabilities, reduce their time - to - market and functionally test prototypes cheaper, faster and easier. bruce bradshaw, director of marketing in north america, will explore the large product offering and variety of materials that will help cad designers articulate their product design with actual, physical prototypes. this broadcast will dive deep into technical information including application specific stories from real world customers and their experiences with 3d printing. 3d printing is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4740416520598312, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.162331"} {"text": "eovations ' s mineral / thermoplastic composite has a modulus of elasticity between 500, 000 psi and 800, 000 psi, but a modulus of rupture of zero. it can flex extremely well, but does not have a catastrophic failure mode. ( source : eovations ) @ ann : okay, apparently you learned some highly non - standard definitions. according to instron ' s glossary of materials testing, modulus of rupture is synonymous with flexural strength. if you google \" modulus of rupture, \" you ' ll see that this is the most commonly used definition. clearly, \" the flexural strength is zero \" would not be a correct statement. the derivation of the most widely - used modulus of rupture formula assumes that the material deforms in a linear and elastic way, so the formula no longer applies after the yield point. however, this doesn ' t mean that \" the modulus of rupture is zero \" ; it just means that the formula no longer correctly predicts the stress. as far as \" catastrophic failure \" goes, the most common definition seems to be \" ( sudden ) failure from which recovery is impossible. \" give me any material, and i guarantee i can find a way to make it fail such that you ' ll never get it back into its original shape. hit it hard enough, and it will fail catastrophically. @ ann : the fact that something bends before it breaks doesn ' t mean that it doesn ' t have a catastrophic failure mode - - it just means that it bends first. if you continue to load it, it will fail catastrophically, sooner or later. ( steel bends before it breaks, too, but you can point to any number of catastrophic failures of steel structures ). and \" the modulus of rupture is zero \" is just plain wrong. as i said, modulus of rupture is a measure of the load - carrying capacity of a beam. if the load - carrying capacity were zero, it would be useless. modulus of rupture just isn ' t a useful number for something that yields before it breaks, since the equation assumes no yielding. tj, thanks for the clarification. determining that would probably take a detailed lifecycle analysis. although these are now voluntary, and not nearly as common as many of us would like, i hope that someday they ' ll be required as an item on the data sheet. the original question was worse for the environment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.551038909025866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.166557"} {"text": "take a detailed lifecycle analysis. although these are now voluntary, and not nearly as common as many of us would like, i hope that someday they ' ll be required as an item on the data sheet. the original question was worse for the environment - structural members made from wood or the composites described in the article. the lumber industry sells itself as renewable because the companies plant trees to replace the ones harvested, and the renewal process is pretty straight forward - cut down a forest, make lumber, plant seedlings in the now - cleared area, come back in 20 years or so and repeat. if the composites are made from organic feedstocks, they may be the equal of wood ' s impact on the environment. if they ' re made from petrochemicals, one would probably have to say they have a larger impact. lou, i thought the hurricane - resistance use was one of the most intriguing and unique about this material, aside from the more mundane uses like deck replacement. chuck, this is not aimed at high load - bearing structural components such as bridge beams : as we state, it ' s for lighter construction uses such as decks and pontoons. interesting development. nice to see these sort of efforts moving forward. they may not always be the most cost effective, but it ' s a step in the right direction. i wonder if this is one of those \" we can do it in the lab, so let ' s see if we can sell it \" sort of things or if they actually had a specific market in mind. we looked at a number of sources to determine this year ' s greenest cars, from kbb to automotive trade magazines to environmental organizations. these 14 cars emerged as being great at either stretching fuel or reducing carbon footprint. a quick look into the merger of two powerhouse 3d printing oems and the new leader in rapid prototyping solutions, stratasys. the industrial revolution is now led by 3d printing and engineers are given the opportunity to fully maximize their design capabilities, reduce their time - to - market and functionally test prototypes cheaper, faster and easier. bruce bradshaw, director of marketing in north america, will explore the large product offering and variety of materials that will help cad designers articulate their product design with actual, physical prototypes. this broadcast will dive deep into technical information including application specific stories from real world customers and their experiences with 3d printing. 3d printing is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5026333314040576, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.168055"} {"text": "on 10 november 1775, before the united states was yet a country, the continental congress created what became the united states marine corps, the resolution of that date providing for the raising of two battalions of marines. legend has it that the first marine recruiting post was in a bar ( most say tun tavern in philadelphia, although the precise identity of the hostelry is in dispute ). recruiting had produced five weak companies 300 strong by december 1775, and in march of 1776 the marines found themselves on ships headed for the caribbean for the first of their many amphibious expeditions ( raiding the bahamas ). the corps has been carrying our flags around the globe ever since, participating with distinction in every american war ( even in the civil war, on both sides - - there was once a confederate states marine corps ). us marines chased pirates and fought seminoles in florida, took a tour of mexico ( the halls of montezuma in the song ), and once even patrolled rivers in china. it is altogether typical that on their corps \u2019 236th birthday, america \u2019 s marines are carrying the fight to the enemy in afghanistan, just as their fathers, cousins and brothers did before them in iraq, kuwait, grenada, at hue city, the chosun reservoir, iwo jima, peleliu, tarawa, guadalcanal, corregidor, wake island, belleau wood, the argonne, peking, nicaragua, mexico city, tripoli and a million other places. happy birthday marines! thanks to all of you for your service, and may god be with you and your families, today and every day.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40941302397201007, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.169688"} {"text": "warfare in the byzantine world war and the need to wage it, the organisational constraints it imposes, its effects on society and economy as well as its ideological justification and the debates it engenders, can be a radical force for social and political transformation. however unpleasant the effects of war, it is an undeniable fact of human history that war has been on many occasions and in many different historical contexts a powerful stimulus both to technological innovation and social and political change. the crucial role of war and its concomitants cannot be ignored in the history of any culture. byzantium is no exception. indeed, in many respects the history of the byzantine state is also the history of its ability successfully to defend itself and to organise for war, for its military organisation was central both to the inflection of its social relations in general as well as to the ways in which the central government extracted and redistributed the resources available to it, whether in the form of agricultural produce or money taxes on agriculture and trade. in its thousand years of existence \u2014 from the reign of anastasius ( 491 \u2013 518 ) until that of the last emperor, constantine ( 1448 \u2013 1453 ) \u2014 the byzantine state was almost constantly at war with one or another of its neighbours. this reflected its geography and strategic situation, centred as it was on the southern balkans and asia minor. it had constantly to fend off challenges to its territorial integrity from the persian and then arab or turkish islamic powers to the east, or its balkan or central european neighbours to the north west and north. as the western and central european powers grew and matured \u2014 first in the form of the carolingian empire, then the german empire and the kingdom of hungary \u2014 so byzantine political pre - eminence came to be challenged, until by the end of the twelfth century the empire had become a second - rate state, subject to the power politics of powerful western kingdoms and the commercial strength of italian merchant republics such as venice, genoa and pisa. byzantium was a society in which the virtues of peace were extolled and war was usually condemned, certainly when taken for its own sake. fighting was to be avoided at all costs. yet the empire nevertheless inherited the military administrative structures and, in many ways, the militaristic ideology of the expanding pre - christian roman empire in its heyday. these tensions were overcome through the blending of christian ideals with the political will to survive and the justification of war as a necessary evil, waged", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.445118226002607, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.173571"} {"text": "how to print formulas in an excel 2007 worksheet a basic printing technique you may need in excel 2007 is how to print the worksheet formulas instead of printing the calculated results of the formulas. you can check over a printout of the formulas in your worksheet to make sure that you haven \u2019 t done anything stupid ( like replace a formula with a number or use the wrong cell references in a formula ) before you distribute the worksheet companywide. follow these steps to print formulas in an excel 2007 worksheet : excel displays the contents of each cell in the worksheet as they normally appear only in the formula bar or when you \u2019 re editing them in the cell. notice that value entries lose their number formatting, and long text entries no longer spill over into neighboring blank cells. excel widens the columns with best - fit so that the formulas appear in their entirety. with the formulas displayed, print the worksheet as you normally would any other report. return the worksheet to normal by clicking the show formulas button again or by pressing ctrl + ` ( the angled apostrophe next to the 1 key ). excel allows you to toggle between the normal cell display and the formula cell display by pressing ctrl + `. ( that is, press ctrl and the key with the tilde [ ~ ] on top. ) this key \u2014 usually found in the upper - left corner of your keyboard \u2014 does double - duty as a tilde and as a weird backward accent mark : ` ( don \u2019 t confuse that backward accent mark with the apostrophe that appears on a key below the quotation mark! ) you can include the worksheet column letters and row numbers as headings in the printout so that if you do spot an error, you can pinpoint the cell reference right away. to include the row and column headings in the printout, put a check mark in the print check box in the headings column on the sheet options group of the page layout tab before you send the report to the printer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4036140342617703, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.178700"} {"text": "napoleon for dummies part i : beginnings. chapter 1 : why remember napoleon? chapter 2 : raising a genius. chapter 3 : the french revolution : liberty, equality, fraternity. chapter 4 : moving into the limelight. chapter 5 : josephine! part ii : building an empire. chapter 6 : improvising an army in italy. chapter 7 : mixing art, science, and guns in egypt. chapter 8 : gaining control of france. chapter 9 : winning his greatest victories. chapter 10 : conquering a continent. part iii : losing an empire. chapter 11 : sailing into disaster with the british. chapter 12 : bleeding in spain. chapter 13 : reeling from russia. chapter 14 : defeat and resurrection. chapter 15 : waterloo. chapter 16 : st. helena : napoleon \u2019 s final island. part iv : a true revolutionary. chapter 17 : marshalling a great army. chapter 18 : sustaining support at home. chapter 19 : building a greater ( middle class ) france. chapter 20 : attempting a dynasty. part v : influencing nations : diplomacy and legacy. chapter 21 : boney times with the brits. chapter 22 : creating a new united europe. chapter 23 : religious freedom and jewish liberation. part vi : the part of tens. chapter 24 : ten interesting battlefields to visit. chapter 25 : ten pieces of advice for napoleon. chapter 26 : ten ( plus ) best sources for further information. appendix a : napoleonic timeline. appendix b : maps of napoleonic europe.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4002320342944167, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.181350"} {"text": "new study says organic food is not healthier - - is that really true? is organic food more nutritious than food produced via conventional methods? as a nutrition editor for eatingwell magazine, it \u2019 s my job to stay up on the studies that look at this very question. on july 29 researchers from the london school of hygiene & tropical medicine reported that there was no nutritional difference between organic and conventionally produced foods. end of story? i don \u2019 t think so. some studies show organics are more nutritious. consider these findings : - a 2008 review by the organic center of almost 100 studies on the nutritional quality of organic produce compared the effects conventional and organic farming methods have on specific nutrients. the report \u2019 s conclusion : \u201c yes, organic plant - based foods are, on average, more nutritious. \u201d - in 2007 a study out of newcastle university in the united kingdom reported that organic produce boasted up to 40 percent higher levels of some nutrients ( including vitamin c, zinc and iron ) than its conventional counterparts. - additionally, a 2003 study in the journal of agricultural and food chemistry found that organically grown berries and corn contained 58 percent more polyphenols \u2014 antioxidants that help prevent cardiovascular disease \u2014 and up to 52 percent higher levels of vitamin c than those conventionally grown. the jury is still out on whether organic food does or doesn \u2019 t contain more nutrients than conventionally produced foods. that said, there \u2019 s at least one more good argument for eating organic \u2014 fewer pesticides. while i \u2019 ve never been a purist about eating only organic, now that i \u2019 m a mom, there are some foods i feel more comfortable about buying organic. apples are one of these foods. so are strawberries. find out which 10 other foods you should buy organic and which 15 are considered the least commonly contaminated. - apples and strawberries are on the environmental working group \u2019 s ( ewg ) \u201c dirty dozen \u201d list of foods that have the highest pesticide residues. ewg, a nonprofit organization, identifies the types of fruits and vegetables that are most likely to have higher trace amounts of pesticides based on the results of tens of thousands of usda and fda tests for pesticides. - long - term exposure to pesticides has been associated with cancer, infertility and neurologic conditions, such as parkinson \u2019 s. ( so buying organic can help protect farm workers who are repeatedly exposed to pesticides. ) - small doses of pesticides are far more dangerous to children ( whose", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41169484245971566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.190143"} {"text": "with cancer, infertility and neurologic conditions, such as parkinson \u2019 s. ( so buying organic can help protect farm workers who are repeatedly exposed to pesticides. ) - small doses of pesticides are far more dangerous to children ( whose bodies are smaller and nervous systems are still developing ) than to adults. - you can remove some pesticide residues with washing but pesticides can be absorbed into fruits and vegetables, and leave trace residues. many of the pesticides stay in the peel, so discarding the skin can reduce residues significantly \u2014 by up to 98 percent, according to a 2008 journal of agricultural and food chemistry study. but ditch the peel and you lose out on a lot of fiber and many of the antioxidants. bottom line : i think that the most important thing you can do for your health is to eat lots fruits and vegetables \u2014 whether they \u2019 re organic or not, they \u2019 re full of helpful nutrients. i do think that if you \u2019 re shopping for a young child ( like i am ) buying some types of food organic makes good sense \u2014 from a pesticide perspective. and certainly buying organic is healthier for the environment because it mandates more sustainable farming practices and helps to reduce the amount of chemicals that leach into our soil and water. what, if anything, do you buy organic? tell us what you think below. nicci micco, food news blog, eating green, food & health news, healthy kids, nutrition nicci micco is co - author of eatingwell 500 - calorie dinners. she has a master ' s degree in nutrition and food sciences, with a focus in weight management. tell us what you think :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43231494479893073, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.190819"} {"text": "for most of 2008, my monthly columns in electrical contractor have been about fiber optic network design. the goal is to educate you on the process of designing fiber optic networks, and now it \u2019 s time for a pop quiz. the correct answers and explanations are in red. questions for this quiz are based on jim hayes \u2019 s columns on fiber optic design from april and may 2008. 1. fiber optic network designers should have an in - depth knowledge of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. a. fiber optic components and systems b. installation processes c. all applicable standards, codes and any other local regulations d. all of the above understanding all these is necessary for the designer to properly design a fiber optic network. 2. the first requirement that must be considered for a new fiber optic project is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. a. the customer \u2019 s communications system requirements b. where the cable plant will be run c. whether it will be multimode or single - mode fiber d. the customer \u2019 s budget everything in the network design depends on the customer \u2019 s communications needs. 3. fiber is the communications medium of choice for practically everything but _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. a. cell phone network backbones b. intelligent highway systems c. catv backbones d. premises cabling to the desktop premises cabling to the desktop still uses copper since every pc comes with a free copper port. 4. outside plant systems generally use single - mode fiber to support higher speed systems over longer distances, while shorter premises systems use multimode fiber. most outside plant links are too long for multimode fiber with it \u2019 s higher loss and lower bandwidth. however it works well in shorter premises applications even at speeds up to 10 gigabits per second. 5. multimode fiber optic systems are lower priced than single - mode systems because _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. a. multimode fiber is cheaper b. multimode cable is cheaper c. multimode electronics are cheaper d. all of the above multimode electronics use inexpensive leds or vcsel lasers that are much cheaper than the expensive lasers needed with singlemode fibers. 6. practically every cable in a telephone system is fiber except _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, and even they are being rebuilt with fiber. a. long - distance links b. undersea links c. metropolitan links d. connections to the home fiber is used exclusively in every telecom link except the home, where it is now making", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5417682704725357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.195652"} {"text": "_ _, and even they are being rebuilt with fiber. a. long - distance links b. undersea links c. metropolitan links d. connections to the home fiber is used exclusively in every telecom link except the home, where it is now making big inroads with systems like verizon \u2019 s fios. 7. copper cabling to the desktop in offices is being replaced by _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. a. wi - fi links b. bluetooth links c. multimode om3 fiber d. single - mode fiber users desires for \u201c mobility \u201d and the higher bandwidth of new wifi systems means that most users do not need cable connections at the desktop. 8. a fiber - to - the - desktop system in an office can be cost effective if designed properly since it _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. a. provides higher bandwidth needed for today \u2019 s faster pcs b. does not need costly telecom rooms with switches, uninterruptible power and grounds c. costs much less to install than cat 6 d. does not require special electronics centralized fiber systems only need electronics at the ends, not in telecom closets in the middle of the link to the user. 9. connecting two buildings across a highway or waterway may be more easily done with line - of - sight wireless systems using either optical or radio transmission. line of sight systems using radio waves or optical laser transmission are good choices when buildings are separated by roads or waterways that would require expensive construction. 10. the fiber optic network designer must be familiar with _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. a. electrical power systems b. uninterruptible power c. grounding electronic circuits d. all of the above electrical power, properly conditioned and uninterruptable and a data ground are essential to the proper operation of any communications system. hayes is a vdv writer and trainer and the president of the fiber optic association. find him at www. jimhayes. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49318950592024635, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.196499"} {"text": "don \u2019 t look down the poor like taxing the rich less than you would think in the 1939 classic western \u201c stagecoach \u201d, a villainous banker with a bag of embezzled cash in his lap frets about the state of the american economy : \u201c our national debt is something shocking! \u201d he complains. that year american public debt was just over two - fifths of gdp. this year, the imf reckons, it will be just over 98 %, rising to over 102 % in 2012. were he still around, the unscrupulous banker might have struggled to express his outrage, although he might have found solace in the fact that america ' s august 2nd deal to increase the debt ceiling envisages $ 2. 4 trillion in spending cuts but no tax hikes. this strikes many, both outside the united states and within it, as odd. a democratic congressman called the debt deal a \u201c sugar - coated satan sandwich \u201d. it does, however, loosely reflect longstanding differences between americans ' attitudes to taxation and those in much of the rest of the rich world. america is far less inclined than many of its rich - world peers to use taxation and redistribution to reduce inequality. the oecd, a think - tank, reckons that taxation eats up a little less than 30 % of the average american ' s total compensation, compared with nearly 50 % in germany and france. america ' s top federal income - tax rate of 35 % is lower than in many other advanced economies ( although most americans also pay state taxes ). britain ' s top tax rate is 50 %. swedes and danes acquiesce to tax rates that would outrage many americans : sweden ' s top rate is 57 % and denmark ' s is 55 %. unsurprisingly, the american state is also less generous to the poor. unemployment benefits in the united states replace a smaller share of income, and run out more quickly, than in most european countries. the differences in attitude towards redistributive taxes are not just between countries but also within them, and economists have several explanations as to why. when it comes to differences between countries, social cohesion plays a major role. broadly speaking, countries that are more ethnically or racially homogeneous are more comfortable with the state seeking to mitigate inequality by transferring some resources from richer to poorer people through the fiscal system. this may explain why swedes complain less about high taxes than the inhabitants of a country of immigrants such as america. but it also suggests that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41913069037865086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.205012"} {"text": "with the state seeking to mitigate inequality by transferring some resources from richer to poorer people through the fiscal system. this may explain why swedes complain less about high taxes than the inhabitants of a country of immigrants such as america. but it also suggests that even societies with a tradition of high taxes ( such as those in scandinavia ) might find that their citizens would become less willing to finance generous welfare programmes were immigrants to make up a greater share of their populations. immigration can also subtly alter the overall attitude towards such matters in another way. a 2008 study by economists at harvard found evidence that immigrants ' attitudes towards taxation and redistribution were rooted in the places they had left. social divisions also play a role in determining who within a society prefers greater redistributive taxation. in america blacks \u2014 who are more likely to benefit from welfare programmes than richer whites \u2014 are much more favourably disposed towards redistribution through the fiscal system than white people are. a 2001 study looked at over 20 years of data from america ' s general social survey and found that whereas 47 % of blacks thought welfare spending was too low, only 16 % of whites did. only a quarter of blacks thought it was too high, compared with 55 % of whites. in general ( though not always ), those who identify with a group that benefits from redistribution seem to want more of it. paradoxically, as the share of the population that receives benefits in a given area rises, support for welfare in the area falls. a new nber paper finds evidence for an even more intriguing and provocative hypothesis. its authors note that those near but not at the bottom of the income distribution are often deeply ambivalent about greater redistribution. economists have usually explained poor people ' s counter - intuitive disdain for something that might make them better off by invoking income mobility. joe the plumber might not be making enough to be affected by proposed hikes in tax rates on those making more than $ 250, 000 a year, they argue, but he hopes some day to be one of them. this theory explains some cross - country differences, but it would also predict increased support for redistribution as income inequality widens. yet the opposite has happened in america, britain and other rich countries where inequality has risen over the past 30 years. never mind the top, avoid the bottom instead of opposing redistribution because people expect to make it to the top of the economic ladder, the authors of the new paper argue that people don ' t like to be at the bottom. one paradoxical consequence of this \u201c last - place aversion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4897640484275767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.206118"} {"text": "instead of opposing redistribution because people expect to make it to the top of the economic ladder, the authors of the new paper argue that people don ' t like to be at the bottom. one paradoxical consequence of this \u201c last - place aversion \u201d is that some poor people may be vociferously opposed to the kinds of policies that would actually raise their own income a bit but that might also push those who are poorer than them into comparable or higher positions. the authors ran a series of experiments where students were randomly allotted sums of money, separated by $ 1, and informed about the \u201c income distribution \u201d that resulted. they were then given another $ 2, which they could give either to the person directly above or below them in the distribution. in keeping with the notion of \u201c last - place aversion \u201d, the people who were a spot away from the bottom were the most likely to give the money to the person above them : rewarding the \u201c rich \u201d but ensuring that someone remained poorer than themselves. those not at risk of becoming the poorest did not seem to mind falling a notch in the distribution of income nearly as much. this idea is backed up by survey data from america collected by pew, a polling company : those who earned just a bit more than the minimum wage were the most resistant to increasing it. poverty may be miserable. but being able to feel a bit better - off than someone else makes it a bit more bearable. \" group loyalty and the taste for redistribution \", by erzo f. p. luttmer last place aversion : evidence and redistributive implications \", by ilyana kuziemko, ryan buell, taly reich and michael i. norton. nber working paper 17234, july 2011 \" culture, context and the taste for redistribution \", by erzo f. p. luttmer and monica singhal. nber working paper 14268, august 2008", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49866576279416996, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.206917"} {"text": "organic eden wild blueberries are from low - bush wild blueberry fields called ' barrens ' in northern quebec that have been organically managed since 1996. formerly heavily forested, just a few years after logging they became filled with native wild low - bush blueberries. blueberries are handpicked in august, washed, cleaned, sorted, and quick frozen. later they are thawed and infused with organic apple juice concentrate to a targeted sweetness or ' brix '. infused blueberries are rinsed, slowly dried, and misted with organic sunflower oil to prevent clumping. they require no refrigeration. wild blueberries have been gathered from fields and forests by americans for at least centuries, used in stews, soups, cooked with corn, sweetened with maple syrup or honey, and worked into jerky. the blossom or calyx of each berry forms a five pointed star. native americans called it ' star berry ', and elders told stories of the great spirit bringing star berries to comfort children. blueberry juice was used to ease \" old coughs, \" and to dye rugs, blankets, and clothing. they made smoked berries, sun - dried berries, and blueberry powder to add to their meats and other dishes. leaves and roots where used to make tea. native americans taught pilgrims how to grow, store, and use native plants. wild berries were important food of early settlers. there are more than 450 plants in the blueberry family vaccinium, but just a few are native to north america : the wild low - bush sweet blueberry vaccinium angustifolium ; two high - bush varieties now used to cultivate blueberries vaccinium corymbosum and vaccinium ashei ; and the sour new england variety vaccinium myrtilloides. the wild low - bush blueberry is native to northeastern north america growing from minnesota to maine, and from southern canada to as far north as the arctic. it grows in cooler regions producing small blueberries on a dwarf plant 1 to 2 feet high. cultivated blueberries are a much taller bush grown in many areas and are planted like an orchard. wild blueberry plants are not planted. they develop from native stands and their habitat is simply protected. although both types of blueberries contain antioxidants, it is the wild, low - bush blueberry that is far higher in antioxidant activity. usda uses a system called oxygen radical absorbance capacity ( orac ). by testing the ability of foods", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4567475575043207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.210337"} {"text": "coming out day hailed national coming out day was hailed as an essential day of recognition and support in the wake of a rash of gltb youth suicides. an oct. 11 article at syracuse. com traced the day \u2019 s beginnings to 23 years ago, in 1987. the day was initially meant to bolster glbt visibility and mutual support in the face of the ongoing aids crisis. in 1987, an article about national coming out day that is posted at the human rights campaign \u2019 s website says, the names project quilt was shown for the first time. the quilt is a giant textile made from individual panels that bear the names of aids victims. the date for national coming out day commemorates the date of the 1987 march on washington for lesbian and gay rights. but this year \u2019 s observance in the lgbt community of national coming out day, which is commemorated each oct. 11, unfolds against an equally grim background : a plethora of suicides by gay teenagers who were reportedly the victims of anti - gay bullying and harassment. \" coincidentally, today \u2019 s annual celebration falls one day after republican gubernatorial candidate carl paladino stated his opposition to same - sex marriage during a speech before orthodox jewish leaders in brooklyn, \" the article notes. paladino, a catholic, cited the teachings of his faith on oct. 11 in defending comments he had made the previous day to an audience in a brooklyn synagogue. paladino said that children should not be \" brainwashed \" at school into thinking that to be gay is okay. on oct. 11, paladino backpedaled, saying on television that he has no problem with gays, outside of his conviction that marriage should be reserved as a special right for heterosexuals. paladino also echoed the catholic tenet that homosexuality is an inborn, innate characteristic and not a \" choice, \" although acts of same - sex physical intimacy are condemned by the church as \" inherently evil. \" glbt equality groups have condemned such rhetoric as possibly being a catalyst for tragedies in which glbt youths kill themselves. suyracuse. com reported that syracuse university \u2019 s lgbt resource center had scheduled films and discussions to address the topic of glbt youth and their plight in the homophobic culture of many high schools, and american culture at large. similarly, film screenings and other events were scheduled to take place at colorado college in colorado springs., colo., noted local newspaper the colorado springs independent in an oct. 11 article. the newspaper", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42398964785011944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.213840"} {"text": "many high schools, and american culture at large. similarly, film screenings and other events were scheduled to take place at colorado college in colorado springs., colo., noted local newspaper the colorado springs independent in an oct. 11 article. the newspaper noted that coming out day is \" a day not just for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and questioning individuals to speak out about who they are, but also a day for allies to step up and be active voices. \" the article also addressed the role of affirming churches and people of faith : \" with the large percentage of religious organizations in colorado springs, the topic is certainly worth discussing, \" the article said. colorado springs is home to anti - gay organizations such as focus on the family and the family research institute, but students at the college planned assorted activities in honor of national coming out day, including a \" spiritual journeys luncheon \" at the office of the school \u2019 s chaplain, and an \" ally workshop. \" moreover, college glbt equality group equal volunteered to make videos of anyone wishing to record a supportive video message aimed at reassuring gay teens that might be contemplating suicide. the videos were meant to be shown to local support groups and possibly added to the \" it gets better \" project, a series of messages posted at youtube in which celebrities and everyday people, gay and straight alike, appeal to gay youths not to despair. the village voice offered a selection of personal stories in observance of national coming out day. among those contributing brief essays about their own coming out stories are village voice columnist michael musto, queer rising founding member jake goodman, and new york times web producer mekado murphy.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39754612134993084, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.214536"} {"text": "pot o ' gold : 10 great irish children ' s authors ( page 2 ) - 10 great independent bookstores - choosing children ' s books - 10 great subtraction and addition apps for kids - 10 great kindergarten apps for your tiny learner - 10 great sand activities - 10 great family - friendly activities ireland \u2019 s written heritage is almost as legendary as its verdant hills and rich mythology. the giants of early 20th century irish authorship are household names \u2014 yeats, joyce, wilde \u2014 but the emerald isle has an equally strong ( though lesser known ) tradition of great children \u2019 s literature, too. with st. patrick \u2019 s day approaching, now is a great time to take advantage of the literary gold at the end of the proverbial rainbow with these ten irish authors. roddy doyle already an established novelist ( he is a 1993 booker prize winner for paddy clarke ha ha ha ) doyle \u2019 s foray into children \u2019 s literature promises to be as successful. the dubliner \u2019 s rover stories ( the giggler treatment, rover saves christmas and the meanwhile adventures ) chronicle the exploits of a hapless adventure - seeking dog, and his latest book, her mother \u2019 s face, is a poignant look at love and loss from a child \u2019 s perspective. doyle \u2019 s humor \u2014 from the crude to the charming to the whimsical \u2014 make him a great read for adults and children alike. best for grades 3 - 5. patricia lynch patricia lynch was a prolific writer \u2014 with 48 novels and hundreds of short stories. her western irish background colors the events and landscapes in many of her stories ; while her stories are relatively uncomplicated for her young audience, they are replete with delightful imagination. her best - known book is the turf - cutter \u2019 s donkey, celebrated for its romanticized portrayal of rustic ireland. her brogreen series is also a staple of mid - century children \u2019 s fantasy, and though some of her books are out of print they are well worth tracking down. best for grades 3 - 5. c. s. lewis belfast - born clive staples lewis rubbed shoulders with some of the biggest literary luminaries of his day at oxford, including j. r. r. tolkien, and it \u2019 s interesting to speculate how the two might have influenced the separate fantasy worlds for which they \u2019 ve each become famous. lewis \u2019 conversion to christianity informs much of his writing and is a motif throughout his most famous body of work, the chronicles of narnia. lewis \u2019 allegory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38439529997277627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.222906"} {"text": "might have influenced the separate fantasy worlds for which they \u2019 ve each become famous. lewis \u2019 conversion to christianity informs much of his writing and is a motif throughout his most famous body of work, the chronicles of narnia. lewis \u2019 allegory, however, is never heavy - handed ; he is very accessible to children and adults alike, making him a beloved cornerstone of children \u2019 s literature. don \u2019 t miss the lion, the witch and the wardrobe, the voyage of the dawn treader and the silver chair. best for grades 4 - 6. eoin colfer with tales that compare favorably to j. k. rowling \u2019 s harry potter books, wexford native eoin colfer has a lot going for him. the irish author and comedian is best known for his artemis fowl series, which he has jokingly summed up as \u201c die hard with fairies \u201d. the adventures and exploits of ( anti ) hero artemis fowl, adolescent criminal genius, are noted for their dark humor and are bestsellers on both sides of the atlantic. the six - book series has a movie deal in the works. artemis fowl, the arctic incident, and the eternity code round out the first three books in the sequence. best for grades 4 - 6. marita conlon - mckenna another bisto award winner, marita conlon - mckenna \u2019 s books have seen screen treatments and translation into several different languages. her fascination with irish history sparked her most widely known book, under the hawthorn tree. the book, a story about children left struggling to survive in the wake of the deadly 1840s famine, made the irish bestseller list two years running and is distinguished by its touching characterization and historical detail. under the hawthorn tree became the famine trilogy, with wildflower girl and fields of home completing the trio. best for grades 4 - 6. padraic colum padraic colum had a seemingly inexhaustible career as a novelist, a poet, a dramatist and a folklorist. despite fame at home and abroad, famous friendships and lucrative publishing and teaching contracts, colum never forgot his humble beginnings. he began his career in children \u2019 s writing by translating simple gaelic myths, and his first effort, the king of ireland \u2019 s son, was released to high praise in 1916. big tree of bunlahy : stories of my own countryside and the voyagers won him newberry honor awards in the 1920s and 1930s. best for grades 4 - 6. pat o \u2019 shea pat o \u2019 shea \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4246761704560097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.223857"} {"text": "to high praise in 1916. big tree of bunlahy : stories of my own countryside and the voyagers won him newberry honor awards in the 1920s and 1930s. best for grades 4 - 6. pat o \u2019 shea pat o \u2019 shea \u2019 s books, described by phoenix librarian jill detter as \u201c good fantasy for older children with lots of irish folklore, \u201d began her career as a dramatist. the galway - born writer took 13 years to complete her best - known book, the hounds of the morrigan, and she found herself a literary sensation in middle age. o \u2019 shea \u2019 s 2007 guardian obituary calls the book a \u201c combination of kindness, wisdom and irreverence \u201d ; it has been translated into several languages and remains popular in ireland today. best for grades 5 - 8. kate thompson though kate thompson was born in england, and her travels took her to america, wales and india, among other places, she has claimed irish residency since the early 1980s. some of her children \u2019 s stories touch upon themes as disparate as irish folk tales and genetic engineering. thompson has won the bisto children \u2019 s book of the year award four times, as well as the whitbread children \u2019 s book award and the guardian children \u2019 s fiction prize. she is best known and most celebrated for her book the new policeman, described as \u201c enthralling \u201d in several reviews ; other good bets include the alchemist \u2019 s apprentice and the beguilers. best for kids in middle school and up. james stephens james stephens, a contemporary of irish great james joyce, is best known for his fantasy work the crock of gold. with james joyce, he was part of the irish literary renaissance of the early 20th century and lived to see his work made popular through readings and radio broadcasts. while all his books are marked by his fanciful charm, his 1920 irish fairy tales has become a perennial children \u2019 s favorite. his lyric voice ( stephens was also a poet ) sets the perfect tone for these retellings of famous irish myths and legends. best for kids in middle school and up. siobhan dowd technically a londoner by birth, siobhan dowd \u2019 s parents were both irish and she was honored by irish - america magazine as one of the \u201c top 100 irish - americans \u201d. a swift pure cry is her first book, a stark portrayal of teenage issues ; her second, the london eye mystery, is a young adult thriller about a boy with asperger \u2019 s syndrome who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38610239070608177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.224791"} {"text": "of the \u201c top 100 irish - americans \u201d. a swift pure cry is her first book, a stark portrayal of teenage issues ; her second, the london eye mystery, is a young adult thriller about a boy with asperger \u2019 s syndrome who solves a kidnapping. one review went so far as to describe dowd \u2019 s sophomore effort as \u201c unputdownable \u201d, and it has won everything from the book sense children \u2019 s pick list to kirkus review \u2019 s best children \u2019 s books. her penultimate effort, bog child, was posthumously published in 2008 to acclaim. best for kids in middle school and up. today on education. com workbooksmay workbooks are here! we ' ve got a great round - up of activities perfect for long weekends, staycations, vacations... or just some good old - fashioned fun! get outside! 10 playful activities add your own comment - kindergarten sight words list - the five warning signs of asperger ' s syndrome - what makes a school effective? - child development theories - why is play important? social and emotional development, physical development, creative development - 10 fun activities for children with autism - test problems : seven reasons why standardized tests are not working - bullying in schools - a teacher ' s guide to differentiating instruction - first grade sight words list", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40427625135847356, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.225303"} {"text": "a treaty is a written agreement between nations. treaties provide information about relations between countries or groups, including agreements about land boundaries, natural resource use, and cooperation. below is part of a treaty between the united states and the nations of the iroquois confederacy, or haudenosaunee. a treaty between the united states of america and the tribes of indians called the six nations. the president of the united states having determined to hold a conference with the six nations of indians, for the purpose of removing from their minds all causes of complaint, and establishing a firm and permanent friendship with them \u2026 : now, in order to accomplish the good design of this conference, the parties have agreed on the following articles, which, when ratified by the president, with the advice and consent of the senate of the united states, shall be binding on them and the six nations : article 1. peace and friendship are hereby firmly established, and shall be perpetual, between the united states and the six nations. art. 2. the united states acknowledge the lands reserved to the oneida, onondaga, and cayuga nations, in their respective treaties with the state of new york, and called their reservations, to be their property ; and the united states will never claim the same, nor disturb them, or either of the six nations, nor their indian friends, residing thereon, and united with them, in the free use and enjoyment thereof ; but the said reservations shall remain theirs, until they choose to sell the same to the people of the united states, who have the right to purchase \u2026 done at canandaigua, in the state of new york, the eleventh day of november, in the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety - four. excerpt from the canandaigua treaty of 1794. the six nations of the iroquois confederacy, also known as the haudenosaunee, includes six tribes : the seneca, cayuga, onondaga, oneida, mohawk, and tuscarora. they live in upstate new york, as well as in some other states and canada. on november 11, 1794, representatives from these tribes and colonel timothy pickering, the united states commissioner to the indians, signed this treaty in canandaigua, new york. the treaty established a lasting friendship between the haudenosaunee and the united states.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5033417991444591, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.227463"} {"text": "frozen art : wall of ice most works of art long outlive their makers. but some artists like to watch their masterpieces melt away. they give new meaning to the term \u201c cool art. \u201d an ice wall in the desert? it sounds impossible. but that ' s not a word dale chihuly likes to hear. the american artist got the idea to build a wall of massive ice cubes as part of his jerusalem 2000 project. since water is scarce in jerusalem, chihuly imported his own huge ice bricks, cut from a frozen lake in alaska. then, the artist and his team stacked the cubes together to make a wall, aglow with colored lights, in the shadow of the ancient city gate. though the ice thawed quickly in the hot desert sun, its melting was all part of the plan. as the wall melted, big barrels collected the water, which was then used to irrigate a nearby hillside. you ' re walking down the street, minding your own business, when you see a snowball. no big deal, right? except the snowball is as tall as you are. and weighs about a ton. did we mention that it ' s june? that ' s the experience thousands of stunned londoners had when they crossed paths with \u201c snowballs in summer, \u201d the brainchild of artist andy goldsworthy. goldsworthy makes sculpture from all sorts of things he finds outside \u2014 leaves, earth, and rocks, as well as ice and snow. he wanted to find out how busy city people would react to an unexpected snowball melting in their midst. during the winter of 1999, he rolled 13 giant snowballs near his home in scotland. he filled each one with a surprise in the center \u2014 such as pebbles, berries, feathers, or sheep ' s wool \u2014 which would emerge as the snow melted. the finished snowballs were stored in a deep freeze until summer, then transported to london in refrigerated trucks. at midnight on june 21, 2000, while the city slept, goldsworthy and his co - conspirators rolled their snowballs into place. people walking to work or school must have thought the sky was falling when they stumbled across snowballs the size of baby elephants. some of them had never even seen snow in real life, and they couldn ' t resist poking the snowballs or even breaking off a chunk. as the snow started to melt, things got even more interesting. the perfectly round snowballs took on different shapes as the stuff inside", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4742426200242177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.230259"} {"text": "description from flora of china stems clustered, short and subterranean, mostly obscured by persistent leaf bases. leaves 6 - 20 per stem, pinnate, sometimes undivided, spiny ; leaf sheaths open, not forming crownshafts, sheaths and petioles elongate, covered with flattened spines often in short rows or sometimes arranged in whorls completely encircling sheaths and petioles ; pinnae sometimes silvery gray on abaxial surfaces, usually sigmoid, less often linear, regularly arranged and spreading in same plane or, more often, irregularly arranged and spreading in different planes, pinnae at apex usually joined in compound terminal pinna, sometimes this absent. plants dioecious, most iteroparous, some semelparous. inflorescences borne simultaneously in axils of reduced leaves on a short stem, this dying after flowering, in iteroparous plants inflorescences borne sequentially, emerging from a groove on outside of subtending leaf sheaths, inflorescences branched to 2 orders or sometimes spicate, covered with many persistent, sheathing bracts very short and spicate, short and branched, or very long, branched, and rooting at apex and forming new plants ; in male inflorescences flowers borne in densely arranged pairs on short, thick rachillae ; in female inflorescences flowers either solitary or borne in pairs with a sterile male flower, also densely arranged on rachillae. fruits reddish brown, ovoid, obovoid, or pear - shaped, usually 3 - seeded, covered with many overlapping scales, tips of scales turned up and giving fruit a spiny appearance ; endosperm homogeneous ; germination adjacent ; eophylls bifid. twenty - one species : borneo, china, ne india, indonesia ( java, sumatra ), malaysia ( peninsular ), myanmar, philippines, thailand ; one species in china.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46260826415500833, "token_count": 400, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.232064"} {"text": "from our 2010 archives high bpa levels may hurt sperm quality men with high levels of chemical bisphenol a ( bpa ) more likely to have low sperm count, motility, study finds by denise mann reviewed by laura j. martin, md oct. 27, 2010 - - men with high urinary levels of the controversial chemical bisphenol a ( bpa ) may have lower sperm quality, which could affect their ability to conceive a child. the new study, which appears in fertility and sterility, is the first to link bpa levels to sperm quality in humans. other studies with similar results were conducted in animals. exactly how bpa can affect sperm is not known, but animal studies have shown that bpa may have a negative impact on sperm production. \" the higher the bpa exposure, the worse the semen quality, \" says study author de - kun li, md, phd, a reproductive and perinatal epidemiologist at kaiser permanente ' s division of research in oakland. \" the findings add more weight to the evidence about the effects of bpa on sperm quality, \" he says. of 218 men who worked in a factory in china, those with higher levels of bpa exposure had two to four times the risk of poor semen quality, including low sperm count and motility ( the ability of the sperm to move toward the egg ), compared to their counterparts who had lower levels of urinary bpa or no detectable bpa in their urine. some of the factory workers were exposed to bpa on the job while others were not. bpa levels varied among the men, but occupational exposure to bpa was the most significant contribution to higher levels of bpa. evidence against bpa mounting many manufacturers have already taken steps to eliminate the bpa in baby bottles and cups, but the chemical is also found in the linings of canned foods, plastic containers, dental sealants, and cigarette filters. the fda has called for more study on bpa because of its \" potential health concerns, \" and the canadian government recently placed bpa on its list of toxic chemicals. the time is now to take steps to reduce bpa exposure, li says. \" you don ' t have to wait for regulatory agencies to ban bpa, \" he says. \" in most cases, avoiding bpa doesn ' t cost much. \" simple ways to steer clear of bpa involve not eating canned foods. \" this study clearly shows that bpa exposures adversely", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4711329047458482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.238062"} {"text": "to ban bpa, \" he says. \" in most cases, avoiding bpa doesn ' t cost much. \" simple ways to steer clear of bpa involve not eating canned foods. \" this study clearly shows that bpa exposures adversely affect men in a serious way : by influencing their semen quality, which could have obvious impacts on their ability to have children, \" laura n. vandenberg, phd, of the department of biology at tufts university in boston, says in an email. \" this study also shows that adult men are sensitive to bpa, and even small amounts of the chemical can have pretty drastic effects, \" she says. \" what remains to be seen is whether the effects of bpa on semen quality are permanent after the kinds of low, chronic exposures that most adults experience. \" findings may not apply to u. s. steven g. hentges, phd, of the polycarbonate / bpa global group of the american chemistry council, a trade group in washington, d. c., says the new findings are likely not generalizable to people in the u. s. \" this study wasn ' t designed to look at consumers, who in contrast to the chinese workers in this study are exposed to low levels of bpa, \" he says. \" in the u. s., worker safety programs limit exposure to bpa with proper personal protective equipment, \" he says. as a result, exposures are likely not as high among u. s. workers. and \" even with extreme high exposures in this study, most of the workers with poor sperm quality still did not meet criteria for infertility as designated by the world health organization, \" he says. sources : li, d. fertility & sterility, manuscript received ahead of print. de - kun li, md, phd, reproductive and perinatal epidemiologist, kaiser permanente ' s division of research, oakland, calif. laura n. vandenberg, phd, department of biology, tufts university, boston. steven g. hentges, phd, polycarbonate / bpa global group, american chemistry council, washington, d. c. toyama, y. archives of histology and cytology, 2004 : vol 67 : pp 373 - 381. find out what women really need. men ' s health resources health solutions from our sponsors pill identifier on rxlist - quick, easy, find a local pharmacy - including 24 hour, pharm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4437035852427963, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.239074"} {"text": "wednesday may 22, 2013 library hours : 7 : 30am to 10 : 00pm eastern michigan university library why use scholarly sources? because of the level of authority and credibility evident in scholarly sources they contribute a great deal to the overall quality of your papers. use of scholarly sources is an expected attribute of academic course work. in all disciplines, knowledge is built by responding to the ideas and discoveries of those who came before us. scholarly journal articles are unique in that they require authors to document and make verifiable the sources of the facts, ideas, and methods they used to arrive at their insights and conclusions. scholarly articles also strive to identify and discuss the merits of alternative explanations and viewpoints for the positions they espouse. this makes it easier to assess the truth, as well as the strengths and weaknesses, of the claims made in a paper. this is the case for those with knowledge of a subject ( for example, your professor ), as well as for those just beginning to learn about a subject ( for example, you ). as you know, anyone can say just about anything in articles posted on the web. while you might agree with the conclusions of a paper found on the web, you are often not given the chain of evidence you need to assess the truth of those conclusions. likewise, articles published in popular magazines, while they provide information and opinions, are not required to document evidence that either supports or negates their conclusions. scholarly journal articles, unlike web - based or popular magazine articles, are designed and structured to provide the elements necessary to most thoroughly evaluate the validity and truth of an author ' s position.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47345055857570895, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.240880"} {"text": "algae farm power algae fuel or algal biofuel is an alternative to fossil fuel that uses algae as its source. several companies and government agencies are funding efforts to reduce capital and operating costs and make algae fuel production commercially viable. harvested algae, like fossil fuel, release co2 when burnt but unlike fossil fuel the co2 is taken out of the atmosphere by the next generation of growing algae. as locations go, columbus, new mexico is hard to find but is a pretty good place to stage the first attempt, here on planet earth, to cultivate crude oil as an agricultural crop. to do so, three partners are attempting to do something else that has never been achieved before \u2014 using algae as a major, global crop platform \u2014 not on the scale that has produced vitamin and nutritional supplements, but on the scale and at the costs more closely associated with the dozen or so great staple crops around the world. it is turning a 300 - acre expanse of desert scrub into the world \u2019 s largest algae farm designed to produce crude oil. \" we take algae, co2, water and sunlight, and then we refine it, \" says cynthia warner, the chief executive of sapphire, who joined the company after working for more than 20 years at oil - company giants amoco and bp. algae, she says, has the potential to change the world, by reducing carbon dioxide emissions and enabling almost any country to make its own oil. \" this technology is so compelling \u2014 and it will make such a big difference \u2014 that, once it gets out of the gate, it will ramp up very quickly, \" warner says. a farm needs flattish land because then you have to move the water. flattish lands works, a slight grade as you find in much of agriculture. that way, you get a gravity assist in flowing water downhill. when it reaches the bottom of the farm, it can be pumped back to the top with very energy - efficient pump technology. like rice, the field is flooded. abundant water is at hand. there are several technical factors to consider. dry mass factor is the percentage of dry biomass in relation to the fresh biomass ; e. g. if the dry mass factor is 5 %, one would need 20 kg of wet algae ( algae in the media ) to get 1 kg of dry algae cells. lipid content is the percentage of oil in relation to the dry biomass needed to get it, i. e. if the algae lipid content is 40 %, one would need 2. 5 kg of dry algae to get", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5119293060582306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.245292"} {"text": "of dry algae cells. lipid content is the percentage of oil in relation to the dry biomass needed to get it, i. e. if the algae lipid content is 40 %, one would need 2. 5 kg of dry algae to get 1 kg of oil. algae requires nutrients, sunlight & water to grow, algae thrive on saline, brackish and waste waters. there have been proposals made where wastewater, human waste, animal waste & plant waste, along with c02 emissions from industrial processes can all be used as the nutrients in algaculture. after oil is extracted from the algae the algae residue is then used as an animal feedstock or as a soil fertilizer. other algae farms are under development in hawaii, by phycal, and in karratha, australia, by aurora algae, and in florida, by algenol. in europe, the swedish energy company vattenfall and italy \u2019 s enel group have been using algae, which is then made into fuel or food, to absorb greenhouse gas emissions from power plants. synthetic genomics is going a step further, studying natural algae in order to design, from scratch, a plant of its own. venter, the company founder, told scientific american last year : \" everybody is looking for a naturally occurring algae that is going to be a miracle cell to save the world and, after a century of looking, people still haven \u2019 t found it. we hope we \u2019 re different. \" venter noted that genetic tools \" give us a new approach : being able to rewrite the genetic code and get cells to do what we want them to do. \" so algae power is not yet here but the mechanics of successful production is being studied and tested. for further information see sapphire and us study. farm image via sapphire.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4843659639893551, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.246100"} {"text": "come with me on a plastic carpet ride! cities are often littered with trash and plastics on every street corner. the haphazard candy wrapper, bottle, or plastic bag blowing in the wind creates eyesores for locals and tourists alike. but what is the litter situation in the desert? you won ' t find too much garbage where there aren ' t any people, that is unless it ' s a piece of plastic artwork. dutch collective, we make carpets, was recently commissioned by the taragalte festival in southern morocco to turn ordinary plastics into a magic carpet piece of artwork. the taragalte festival is a yearly event that brings together the cultural exchange and sustainable development through tourism in the region. the focus of this year ' s november program was women ' s creativity and everyday life in the desert. moroccan carpets date back centuries and these tapestries that were once used for protection against cold weather are now also used for conveying local folklore, symbolism, and weaving techniques in their design. however, one temporary, contemporary \" rug \" on display this year was made out of a different kind of material : plastics. made of plastic bottles of different colors, shapes, and sizes, the bottle carpet is exquisitely designed into intricate patterns allowing viewers to see the waste in a different light. in a modern society where plastic bags and bottles are gaining more attention to become more environmentally friendly, the festival made an attempt to show patrons that while some moroccans are beginning to understand the importance of proper waste management, the lack of recycling infrastructure and proper education has left much of north african behind the times. plastic bottles not only clog waterways but can leaching harmful toxins into the ground and endangering wildlife. they also make up a large percentage of the litter and pollution we see along roadways and rivers. turning plastic trash into a treasure that looks like a carpet helps to convey the notion that all materials are both precious and valuable, especially when every carpet has a story to tell about one particular aspect of morocco culture and her people. in a nation with nomadic desert people, the plastic art installation is sure to inspire patrons and create discussion over the abundance of plastics and what can be done to minimize plastic waste. read more at green prophet. plastic carpet image courtesy of we make carpets.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47584917325676734, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.250121"} {"text": "the issue of global climate change was identified decades ago. in fact, it was first noted in the media in the 1930s, when a prolonged period of warm weather demanded explanation, yet interest in the matter disappeared as cooler temperatures returned. for the past decade, most experts have accepted climate change as a fact, making the issue difficult to ignore \u2014 yet many politicians, and the voters who elect them, have done exactly that. scientists, policymakers, and others have come up with good ideas to address climate change and other energy issues including oil, transportation, and electricity policies ; carbon capture and storage ; and the generation of innovative energy solutions ; many of the core aspects of these ideas were developed long ago. however, predictable cognitive, organizational, and political barriers prevent us from addressing energy problems despite clearly identified courses of action. this article borrows from the \u201c predictable surprises \u201d framework that harvard business school professor michael watkins and i developed to explain the human failure to act in time to prevent catastrophes. it also borrows ideas from a paper on cognitive barriers to addressing climate change. to focus the discussion, i treat climate change as the exemplar energy - related problem, but the ideas presented here are relevant to the enactment of wise policies across a range of issues, some of which i also discuss to demonstrate the dynamics of these barriers. as an example of the human failure to act in time to prevent foreseeable catastrophes, watkins and i argue that u. s. leaders had ample warning to act in time to prevent the events of september 11. we note that the u. s. government knew that islamic terrorists were willing to become martyrs for their cause and that their hatred and aggression toward the united states had increased throughout the 1990s. the american government knew that terrorists had bombed the world trade center in 1993, hijacked an air france airplane in 1994 and attempted to turn it into a missile aimed at the eiffel tower, and attempted to simultaneously hijack 11 u. s. commercial airplanes over the pacific ocean in 1995. high - ranking government officials also knew that it was easy for passengers armed with small weapons to board commercial airplanes. in fact, this information was presented in many government accountability office reports and was identified by then \u2013 vice president al gore \u2019 s special commission on aviation security in 1996. together, this information created what we called a predictable surprise, or a failure to act in time. watkins and i argue that the failure to act in time is an unfortunately typical pattern of human behavior, one that can also be seen in the persistent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5368174630735124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.256806"} {"text": ". together, this information created what we called a predictable surprise, or a failure to act in time. watkins and i argue that the failure to act in time is an unfortunately typical pattern of human behavior, one that can also be seen in the persistent failure to solve the problem of auditor independence, which contributed to the collapse of enron, arthur andersen, and many other firms at the start of the millennium. just as our government did not know how many planes the terrorists would take over on september 11 or what their targets would be, we do not know which energy crisis looms largest or which will hit first. we can be confident, however, that many energy issues will continue to grow and that large - scale disasters will occur if we fail to act in time. the creation and implementation of wise policy recommendations require us to anticipate resistance to change and develop strategies that can overcome these barriers. why don \u2019 t wise leaders follow through when the expected benefits of action far outweigh the expected costs from a long - term perspective? people typically respond to this question with a single explanation, a key error when explaining events. this tendency to identify only one cause holds true for social problems ranging from poverty to homelessness to teenage pregnancy. ann mcgill of the university of chicago \u2019 s booth school of business illustrates this cognitive bias by noting that people have argued endlessly over whether teenage promiscuity or lack of birth control causes teenage pregnancy, when the obvious answer is that both cause the problem. similarly, many people seek to identify one cause of climate change when it is abundantly clear that there are multiple causes. enacting legislation to act in time to solve energy problems requires surmounting cognitive, organizational, and political barriers to change. efforts targeted at just one level of response will allow crucial barriers to persist. as an example, many well - intentioned organizations focus on identifying the political barriers to enacting stronger campaign finance reform in the united states. such efforts overlook the fact that the issue of campaign finance reform is insufficiently salient in the minds of the public, for systematic and predictable reasons. true improvements in campaign financing will require changing the way citizens think about the topic and changing the political system that continually fights against meaningful reform. and, as explored later, current campaign financing plays a role in the political barriers to change in the realm of energy. drawing on this broad approach to reduce barriers to solving complex problems, the remainder of the article outlines three types of barriers \u2014 cognitive, organizational, and political \u2014 that confront the enactment of wise", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5332933105269659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.258382"} {"text": "earth & space week 2005 : celebrating our planet while reaching for the stars esa pr 07 - 2005. from 12 to 20 february, world leaders, policy makers and space experts will gather in brussels for a week packed with events organised with a view to the 3rd earth observation summit - taking place for the first time in europe - and a major conference on international cooperation in space. earth and space week 2005 is being organised by the european commission in collaboration with the european space agency. the international earth observation summit on 16 february will help shape future earth observation capabilities and applications and increase cooperation in space, especially vis - a - vis the developing world. better coordinated observation systems could save lives and preserve resources. the recent asian tsunami, which spread devastation across twelve countries and led to the loss of over 180 000 lives, tragically underlines the increasing importance of anticipation, planning and response. being able to survive such ordeals calls for systems that can forewarn decision - makers and the public, thus reducing the chances of natural hazards turning into major disasters. in all, 55 nations, 30 international organisations, the european commission and the european space agency are involved in a drive to establish a network of comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable systems for observing the earth and sharing scientific data. the foundations for a global earth observation system of systems will be laid on 16 february with the approval of a ten - year implementation plan to create a geoss. proponents believe the system could reduce famine, eliminate epidemics and save lives in future. on 16 february, the japan aerospace exploration agency will sign the international charter \" space and major disasters \". jaxa will thus become a backer of this initiative, which aims at providing a unified system of space data acquisition and delivery to those affected by natural or man - made disasters. each member has committed resources to support the provisions of the charter, helping to mitigate the impact of such disasters on human life and property. on 17 - 18 february, addressing the theme \u201c winning through cooperation : sharing the benefits of space \u201d, an international conference on cooperation in space will bring together space experts from all space - faring agencies. this event will highlight the shared gains from international cooperation on space programmes, assess the scope for new avenues for cooperation and consider the role the european space programme \u2013 currently being planned in the framework of the european space council ( see esa press release n\u00b0 62 - 2004 ) - could play in strengthening international cooperation. a live link - up with the astronauts currently on board the international space station will open the conference proceedings. this will be followed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4778353644016612, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.264315"} {"text": "framework of the european space council ( see esa press release n\u00b0 62 - 2004 ) - could play in strengthening international cooperation. a live link - up with the astronauts currently on board the international space station will open the conference proceedings. this will be followed by keynote speeches by esa director general jean - jacques dordain and ec vice president gunter verheugen. earth and space week 2005 will on 17 february also play host to a european international space station business club ( ibc ) workshop on \u201c iss & beyond \u201d. speakers from esa, national space agencies and industry will focus on the european space exploration programme and the opportunities it could open up for companies in this area. an earth and space exhibition will run from 12 to 20 february at autoworld. with entrance free of charge, the over 3000m2 of attractive exhibits and visual information will allow visitors of all ages to enjoy and share the most exciting successes of european space activities. a special media programme has been set up for journalists attending the various events. there will be extensive interview opportunities with policy makers, experts and european astronauts. a theme - based media briefing day on earth observation is also planned. - 11 february 2005 - inauguration, earth & space expo ( autoworld, parc du cinquantenaire, brussels ). join esa, the european commission and senior officials and dignitaries for a sneak preview. - 12 february, 10 \u2013 11 a. m. - \" planet earth seen from above \" a breakfast - time discussion ( earth & space expo, autoworld, parc du cinquantenaire ). european astronauts will share their experiences and bring to life the beauty and fragility of the planet as seen from the unique perspective of space. - 15 february 2005 - theme - based media briefings ( earth & space expo, autoworld, parc du cinquantenaire ). get insights into why earth observation is vital for the environment, world security and our daily lives. experts from european and international organisations working in the field will discuss their activities. at the end of each briefing, the floor will be open for a q & a session. - 16 february 2005 - earth observation summit ( palais d \u2019 egmont, brussels ). ministers and senior officials from around the world will meet for the historic approval and presentation of the global earth observation system of systems ( geoss ) ten - year implementation plan. - 16 february 2005 - ( 6 p. m., autoworld, parc du cinquantenaire ). jaxa to sign the international charter \" space and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49783321347054565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.265375"} {"text": "global earth observation system of systems ( geoss ) ten - year implementation plan. - 16 february 2005 - ( 6 p. m., autoworld, parc du cinquantenaire ). jaxa to sign the international charter \" space and major disasters \". - 17 - 18 february 2005 - international conference on cooperation in space ( charlemagne building, brussels ). senior space agency officials, space industry representatives and delegates from government agencies around the globe will discuss new avenues for international cooperation on space and major disasters, space and development, space science and how the future european space programme can play a role. - 17 february 2005, 2 \u2013 6 p. m. - ibc \" iss & beyond \" ( earth & space expo, autoworld, room mahy ). first european international space station business club. - 12 to 20 february - earth & space expo ( admission 9 : 30 a. m. to 6 p. m. weekdays, 10 a. m. to 8 p. m. weekends at autoworld, parc du cinquantenaire ). free, suitable for all ages. aimed at raising interest and awareness in terrestrial and space issues. the over 3000m2 exhibition area will offer a fascinating voyage of discovery across our planet and beyond. to register to attend the earth & space week 2005 media events, please visit the online press centre. for information on the media programme and activities : boris kandziora, press and information officer simonetta cheli, head of institutional relations tel + 39 06 9418 0350 franco bonacina, head of media relations tel + 33 1 5369 7713 to register to attend earth & space week media events, contact : monica vicente cristina ( print press only ) hill & knowlton international gerald alary ( audiovisual media only ) ddb focus europe - working under european commission contract for this event", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5038462389715354, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.267100"} {"text": "first published in eos / esd technology feb / march 1989 grounding of static controlled workstations although esd - protective grounding is often crucial, it is far from the only consideration in workstation grounding ; the avoidance of shock hazard to personnel is even more member, eos / esd assn. grounding standards subcommittee, and quality assurance specialist, santa barbara, ca the term \" grounding is often misunderstood ; it ' s used freely and often without the necessary modifying specifics. that ' s unfortunate because unless grounding is understood and its principles properly applied, an improperly grounded workstation not only can allow damage to sensitive parts, but can present a shock hazard to humans as well. there are various concepts of grounding. some authorities relate it to a connection with the earth, while others speak in terms of a common point to which all electrical returns are connected. in electronics, different grounds may exist. electromagnetic, electrostatic, signal, chassis and power grounds may be addressed separately in order to control noise, interference, and undesirable current flow. in geographic areas where electrical storms are intense, special rods are installed on buildings to divert lightning to earth through heavy gauge wire. a similar configuration is used in electrical power systems. the national electrical code recommends that the neutral circuit of all ac systems be terminated in some conducting body in the earth. here ' s why : such a grounding system... 1. maintains an an arbitrary zero voltage reference for the 2. protects a building from lightning. 3. drains equipment ' s static charge. fig 1 shows how earth grounding is configured in a typical 120 - v, 60 - hz electrical system. this type of system is the one most commonly used at workstations in industry today and is, therefore, a primary subject of this article. an esd ground? one might think that electrical system grounds should not be used for esd - protective grounding, but this is not necessarily the case. a frequent alternative to using the system ground for esd is a separate earth ground rod installed near the workstation for esd use, and this is indeed effective in draining away static charges. however, such a ground can be hazardous to personnel working near electrical equipment ; such a situation could allow a potential difference between equipment and the separate esd ground. in addition to personnel hazards, an electrical overstress ( eos ) hazard might exist between say, a soldering iron ( grounded through the power system ) and a worksurface using the separate es", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5037730015874993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.275753"} {"text": "between equipment and the separate esd ground. in addition to personnel hazards, an electrical overstress ( eos ) hazard might exist between say, a soldering iron ( grounded through the power system ) and a worksurface using the separate esd ground described above. fig 2 illustrates the potential problems. obviously, this is undesirable both for people and parts. however, a properly grounded piece of electrical equipment placed on a grounded worksurface reduces this hazard. however, there is still the possibility of ground current flowing through the worksurface itself, and static charges might not bleed off completely due to related effects. fig 3 shows how current flow through the worksurface this problem can be solved by bonding the two earth grounds together, eliminating the resistance between them. if electrical power is nearby or incorporated in workstations, worksurfaces and wrist - strap ground circuits should be connected only to the electrical - power - system ground to minimize potential differences. an equipment ground conductor is often used in case a fault develops in the primary power - system ground. fig 4 shows the relation between equipment ground ( also referred to as safety ground ) and earth ground. this methodology is designed to handle situations in which 120 - v power accidentally contacts the frame of electrical equipment. so - called fault current will flow through the equipment ground, triggering the local circuit breaker. installation of ground fault circuit interrupters, or gfcis, increases safety further. testing is a should always be tested before depending on a grounding system. accurate, reasonably priced and easily operated systems analyzers are available. the analyzer used should both detect flaws in the system and also verify the wiring configuration per the national electric code. electricians aren ' t needed for these tests unless discrepancies are noted. to maximize safety, the analyzer should be able to detect flaws such as an equipment ground shorted to neutral in the ac outlet box. it should also be capable of testing equipment - ground impedance by injecting ac current into the equipment ground conductor and measuring between it and the neutral conductor. ecos corp. ( oak park, il ), a consulant on ac distribution and grounding, recommends 1 ohm between ground and neutral. doing it yourself though it should rarely be necessary, there are adequate means of measuring earth - ground resistance in ac systems. install a 5 / 8 - in. by 6 - ft copper rod in the earth near an electrical circuit. using a specialized ground resistance tester, measure the earth ' s resistance between your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4963670340103426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.276739"} {"text": "adequate means of measuring earth - ground resistance in ac systems. install a 5 / 8 - in. by 6 - ft copper rod in the earth near an electrical circuit. using a specialized ground resistance tester, measure the earth ' s resistance between your auxiliary earth ground and the ax system ' s ground conductor. ordinary meters are not recommended for this measurement due to the possibility of invalid measurements ; ground - resistance testers can guard against earth currents ( and consequent measurement inaccuracies ) ; the typical the resistance will vary depending on the nature and moisture of the soil and the physical implementation of the system ground. for esd purposes, the maximum resistance allowable for rapid static decay is about 1 mohm ; however, if the ac system ground meets code requirements, the resistance should measure less than 100 ohms. ac power can be grounded to a common bus rod mounted near the workstations. their worksurfaces should be connected to the ground bus with wire of 20 - gauge minimum diameter and preferably larger. heavy stranded wire may be preferable to a less - durable solid - conductor. the end of this grounding bus should be bonded to a convenient ac - equipment - ground circuit. this type is shown in fig 5. equipment - ground conductors in workstations wired with 120 - vac can be used for grounding, provided the circuit has been tested and has passed. in addition, the equipment ground circuit should be bonded electrically to a workstation ' s metal frame if that frame is to be used as a common - ground point. continuity of less than 1 ohm can be measured with the wiring analyzer ( s ) previously described. if a workstatin frame ' s resistance is too high, an approach similar to that shown in fig 5 should be used. in any event frames should always be bonded securely to the equipment to ensure the continuing safety of people and esd - sensitive electronics, all static - controlled workstations should be periodically tested for ground integrity. however, even periodic testing can ' t detect an immediate break or degradation in a grounding circuit. when such a break is eventually uncovered, it is often too late for some parts, thus various constant monitoring systems are available. fig 6 shows a block diagram of such a monitor. these monitors sound an alarm if an open circuit or ground - circuit degradation occurs. unfortunately, some of these monitors are undependable, so it ' s good policy to periodically test not only ground integrity but the associated monitors as well. for more information on ground", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4947331025363579, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.277706"} {"text": "many students may need to use free dissertations for a variety of reasons. a dissertation is a formal academic document that a learner will create in order to graduate from a phd program. because there are so many different writing styles, levels, requirements, and more, the specific needs that a student has for a free dissertation may vary from student to pupil. in order for a learner to get the right kind of free project that meets his or her needs, the student should first make sure that he or she understands what the role of a report is. in most cases, a university report is the final document that a learner will write in order to complete his or her phd program. the student needs to research a particular subject in depth, write about his or her findings, and then defend the data in front of a panel of experts. after a student understands why he or she may need to use a free dissertation, the student should look for specific needs that may be covered by a review of the free reference project. for example, if the student wishes to know what type of research should be included in the report, the student may wish to review some free dissertations for a better idea of the breadth of coverage. students often use free dissertations in order to understand the basic format of a college report. by reviewing several different types of free dissertations, students may get a better idea of what sections would be most helpful to include in the report, especially if the student is not required to include all sections in his or her assignment. there are many different resources for free dissertations. some students look for free dissertations online through dissertation databases. other students may look for free dissertations from a writing center or even a professor. students should always be sure that the free dissertations they are using are accurate, high quality, and contain the correct formatting requirements. some students confuse free dissertations with pre - written reports. whenever a student wishes to use a project that someone else has created as the basis for his or her own dissertation, the student may wish to access pre - written reports, which may be free or they may come with a fee. however, just because a university report is free does not mean that the author intended for other students to be able to use it as the basis for their own dissertations. many academic articles are published and copyrighted, so they should not be used by other pupils. premium essays involving \" free dissertation \" tutorial videos on collegiate writing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4484901909003469, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.280231"} {"text": "iowa state university study examines farmer use of conservation loan programs ames, iowa \u2013 iowa is one of the most productive agricultural states in the u. s., but it also faces water quality challenges related to crop and livestock production practices. a number of conservation programs are in place to help farmers and landowners improve conservation practices ; however, demand for the programs often outweighs the funds available. to help address this issue, iowa introduced clean water state revolving fund nonpoint source pollution programs within the state in 2005. to see if the programs were making a difference, state cwsrf staff contacted iowa state university extension and outreach to help conduct an evaluation. results from an isu extension and outreach - led evaluation of the cwsrf \u2019 s local water protection program were published in the february 2013 issue of the journal of the american water resources association. extension sociologist j. gordon arbuckle jr. led the research team. congress established the cwsrf in 1987 to help communities fund infrastructure and other water - quality improvement projects. in 1992, some states ' cwsrf programs began providing loans for agricultural pollution projects. these programs use federal money to provide subsidized loans to help farmers and landowners fund conservation practices that improve water quality. in 2004 the iowa cwsrf established the local water protection program and the livestock water quality program. the programs are jointly administered by the iowa department of natural resources, the iowa finance authority and the iowa department of agriculture and land stewardship. the cwsrf nonpoint source loan programs were designed to increase the scope, scale and rate of best management practices adoption on iowa ' s agricultural land by relieving capital constraints and decreasing the financial burden associated with adopting the practices. while the programs gained traction in their first years, by 2007 they had not attained desired levels of participation and iowa cwsrf staff wanted to find out why. they also wanted to know if the programs were helping participants to increase investments in conservation practices. in 2008, arbuckle began working with idnr and idals staff to evaluate the programs. the research team surveyed farmers and landowners and conducted focus groups with agency field staff. \u201c we learned that farmers who had taken loans viewed them as effective and user - friendly. nearly all loan recipients believed that the loans had helped them to accomplish their conservation goals more rapidly then they would have otherwise. more than 90 percent agreed that they would recommend the programs to others and would take a loan again if needed, \u201d arbuckle said. \" our focus groups with agency field staff found that many of the staff", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46542499018597006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.286558"} {"text": "more rapidly then they would have otherwise. more than 90 percent agreed that they would recommend the programs to others and would take a loan again if needed, \u201d arbuckle said. \" our focus groups with agency field staff found that many of the staff who were not promoting the programs simply were not familiar enough with them to feel comfortable using them. the article published in the journal of the american water resources association focuses on the lwpp. the lwpp loans are not a replacement for cost - share funding of on - farm conservation projects, but rather, the loans leverage the cost - share and allow farmers to expand their conservation projects and complete them in a more timely manner, arbuckle said. based on results from the survey, farmers typically supplement their cost - shares with these loans. the loan program aids farmers in making larger investments in conservation. \u201c one of our main findings was that landowners who used the program thought it was very effective, \u201d arbuckle said. \u201c the program helped the participants implement more conservation practices more quickly than they could have without the loans. \u201d iowa state university extension and outreach provides many resources for farmers and landowners. for more information, visit http : / / www. extension. iastate. edu / topic / agriculture. [ photo ] j. gordon arbuckle jr. counties main menu - county home - about us - 4 - h & youth - agriculture & environment - business & community - families & healthy living", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3955213966977081, "token_count": 294, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.287337"} {"text": "what is aez the main system for land resource assessment is fao \u2019 s agro - ecological zoning ( aez ) methodology and supporting software packages for application at global, regional, national and sub - national levels. aez uses various databases, models and decision support tools. when to use aez useful as a tool of assessment of land resources for better planning and management and monitoring of these resources. aez can be used in various assessment applications, including : - land resource inventory ; - inventory of land utilization types and production systems, including indigenous systems, and their requirements ; - potential yield calculation ; - land suitability and land productivity evaluation, including forestry and livestock productivity ; - estimation of arable areas mapping agro - climatic zones, problem soil areas, agro - ecological zones, land suitability, quantitative estimates on potential crop areas, yields and production ; - land degradation assessment, population supporting capacity assessment and - land use optimization modelling ; - assessing and mapping flood and drought damages to crops ; - assessment of impact of climate change ; monitoring land resources development the agro - ecological zones methodology has been in use since 1978 for determining agricultural production potentials and carrying capacity of the world \u2019 s land area. an agro - ecological zone, as originally defined, is comprised of all parts of gridcells on a georeferenced map that have uniform soil and climate characteristics. the suitability of each of these zones for rainfed production of various crops, under different input and management scenarios is then evaluated. the yield potential of the crops most suited to each zone where rainfed crop production is possible, determines the overall agricultural production potential of that zone. crops evaluated originally include food, fibre and fodder crops and pasture grasses. the food and agriculture organization of the united nations ( fao ), in collaboration with the international institute for applied systems analysis ( iiasa ), has updated its agro - ecological zones ( aez ) methodology ( fao & iiasa, 2002 ). the updated version permits a more refined evaluation of biophysical limitations than the original, and takes into account the production potential of a larger number of crops. in conjunction with the updating exercise, a worldwide spatial land resources database has been created that contains both primary datasets and derived datasets for a large number of variables that affect the production potential of the world \u2019 s land area or reflect the choices that people have made about how to use the land. the aez framework incorporates the following basic elements : - a georeferenced land resources database", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4603070024654258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.293799"} {"text": "large number of variables that affect the production potential of the world \u2019 s land area or reflect the choices that people have made about how to use the land. the aez framework incorporates the following basic elements : - a georeferenced land resources database that contains some 2. 2 million gridcells, and includes ( i ) an environmental conditions component comprised of georeferenced global databases for climate, soils, terrain and elevation, and ( ii ) a spatial land use and land cover component covering forests, protected areas, irrigated areas, population distribution and density, land required for habitation and infrastructure, estimates of cropland, grazing land and sparsely vegetated or barren land, and farming systems ; - a standardized framework for the characterization of soil, terrain and climatic conditions relevant to agricultural production, and identification of areas with specific climate, soil and terrain constraints to rainfed crop production ; - selected agricultural production systems with defined input and management relationships, and cropspecific environmental requirements and adaptability characteristics ; these are termed land utilization types ( luts ) ; - procedures for calculating the potential agronomically attainable yield and for matching environmental requirements of individual crops and luts with the respective environmental characteristics contained in the land resources database, by land unit and gridcell, thus permitting estimation of crop - specific suitability indices for each gridcell in the database, under different levels of inputs and management conditions ; - quantification of crop and land productivity potential under different cropping pattern and lut assumptions ; - applications for estimating the land \u2019 s population - supporting capacity and for multiple - criteria optimization of land resource use for sustainable agricultural development, incorporating socioeconomic and demographic as well as environmental factors. the aez starts with climate and uses terrain and soil types as modifiers, that is climate is determining ; only if climate is suitable will the suitability of the terrain and the soil type be considered. a complete description of the methodology and results obtained for regions across the globe can be found in fao & iiasa, 2002 and 2003.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5298191451175484, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.296525"} {"text": "terrorism, philosophical and ideological origins eric v. d. luft terrorism is the systematic belief in the political, religious, or ideological efficacy of producing fear by attacking \u2014 or threatening to attack \u2014 unsuspecting or defenseless populations, usually civilians, and usually by surprise. terrorist attacks are desperate acts of those who feel themselves to be otherwise powerless. terrorism is self - righteous, absolutist, and exclusivist. in general, terrorist policy adherents are unwilling or unable to negotiate with their perceived enemies, or prevented by political, social, or economic circumstances from doing so. the philosophical underpinnings of terrorism have become well established worldwide. the terms \" terrorism \" and \" terrorist \" came into the language in the 1790s when british journalists, politicians, orators, and historians used them to describe the jacobins and other particularly violent french revolutionaries. the terms have evolved since then, and now typically refer to furtive acts by unknown, underground perpetrators, not overt acts by people in power. nevertheless, some terrorists are secretly harbored, underwritten, trained, or commanded by states that have vested interests against the terrorists ' targets. examples of state - sponsored terrorism include afghanistan ' s support of al - qaeda in 2001, libya ' s involvement in the destruction of pan am flight 103 over lockerbie, scotland, in 1988, and adolf hitler ( 1889 \u2013 1945 ) ordering the reichstag burned down in 1933 so that he could blame the communists. terrorism as we now understand it was not possible until the invention of gunpowder and subsequent explosives and incendiaries. before that, small cadres of insignificant conspirators generally lacked the means to achieve sudden massive destruction by stealth. gunpowder enabled weaklings to outmatch and regularly defeat strong warriors for the first time in history. in a historical sense, modern terrorism began with the unrealized november 5, 1605 \" gunpowder plot \" of guy fawkes ( 1570 \u2013 1606 ), who, had he lived in the twelfth century, could not have threatened king and parliament as he did in the seventeenth. but even with the ever - widening proliferation and availability of explosives since then, acts of terrorism remained rare until the middle of the nineteenth century, when anarchism arose as an ideological force. the systematic theory of modern political terrorism arose in germany during the vorma, i. e., the time between the accession of prussian king friedrich wilhelm iv ( 1795 \u2013 1861 ) in 1840 and the revolutions of 1848. edgar bauer ( 1820 \u2013 1886 ) and mikhail", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5703221963358948, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.307657"} {"text": "of modern political terrorism arose in germany during the vorma, i. e., the time between the accession of prussian king friedrich wilhelm iv ( 1795 \u2013 1861 ) in 1840 and the revolutions of 1848. edgar bauer ( 1820 \u2013 1886 ) and mikhail bakunin ( 1814 \u2013 1876 ), two of the three principal anarchists in the \" young hegelians, \" were among terrorism ' s earliest ideological proponents. the young hegelians were a loosely organized group of radical intellectuals influenced to various degrees by the dialectical logic of georg wilhelm friedrich hegel ( 1771 \u2013 1830 ), the dominant german philosopher of the first half of the nineteenth century. hegel could not have foreseen that his thought would be perverted in this way and would not have approved of terrorism in any form. almost every ideology that became important in the twentieth century arose from the young hegelians. these second - generation disciples of hegel ramified his allegedly self - unifying thought into many disparate movements : socialism and communism came from karl marx ( 1818 \u2013 1883 ) and friedrich engels ( 1820 \u2013 1895 ), socialism and zionism from moses hess ( 1812 \u2013 1875 ), secular humanism from ludwig feuerbach ( 1804 \u2013 1872 ), the \" higher criticism \" of sacred texts from david friedrich strauss ( 1808 \u2013 1874 ) and bruno bauer ( 1809 \u2013 1882 ), dialectical historicism from august von cieszkowski ( 1814 \u2013 1894 ), political liberalism from arnold ruge ( 1802 \u2013 1880 ), existentialism and anthropological materialism from karl schmidt ( 1819 \u2013 1864 ), individualistic anarchism from max stirner ( 1806 \u2013 1856 ), utopian anarchism from bakunin, and raw anarchism and political terrorism from edgar bauer. in chronological order of their earliest terrorist writings, the first six major theorists of terrorism were edgar bauer, bakunin, wilhelm weitling ( 1808 \u2013 1871 ), karl heinzen ( 1809 \u2013 1880 ), sergei nechaev ( 1847 \u2013 1882 ), and johann most ( 1846 \u2013 1906 ). edgar bauer became involved with radical groups in 1839 while a student at the university of berlin. by 1842 both he and his close friend engels were members of \" the free ones \" ( die freien ), the most notorious club of intellectual agitators in germany in the early 1840s. his first book, bruno bauer and his enemies ( 1842 ), defended his brother against government persecution, urged violence, and threatened the prussian regime with a return to the french revolution.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.501111550506214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.309024"} {"text": "notorious club of intellectual agitators in germany in the early 1840s. his first book, bruno bauer and his enemies ( 1842 ), defended his brother against government persecution, urged violence, and threatened the prussian regime with a return to the french revolution. his 1843 polemic, critique ' s struggle with church and state, advocated terrorism even more blatantly and earned him a prison sentence. bakunin, a russian noble by birth, studied hegelianism in russia from 1836 to 1840 and in berlin from 1841 to 1842. in october 1842, under the pseudonym jules elysard, he published \" reaction in germany, \" a revolutionary article in ruge ' s deutsche jahrbucher. this essay recommended insurgent violence with lines such as : \" the urge to destroy is also a creative urge. \" bakunin soon distanced himself from young hegelianism, but retained his mutinous attitude toward church and state. his extreme anarchism and nihilism were best expressed in god and the state, written in 1871 but published posthumously in 1882. weitling was a german tailor who became politically active in 1843. he wrote letters, broadsides, tracts, pamphlets, and books inciting the proletariat to all sorts of violent crimes to free themselves from their oppressors. even firebrands among the communist, socialist, anarcharist, or syndicalist movements who advocated guerrilla tactics to achieve their political goals were appalled by weitling ' s 1843 suggestion that revolutionaries could use arson, theft, and murder to their advantage. heinzen is sometimes regarded as the ideological father of modern terrorism, despite the prior writings of edgar bauer, bakunin, and weitling. heinzen wrote in 1848 and published in 1849 a powerful essay, \" murder, \" which claimed that not only the assassinations of leaders, but even the mass murders of innocent civilians, could be effective political tools and should be used without regret. he fled germany in 1849 and immigrated to america as a \" 48er, \" a refugee from the 1848 revolutions. he edited german - language newspapers, notably der pionier, in several american cities. although he never specifically recanted his terrorist beliefs, he became a relatively peaceful socialist. he and his wife lived the last twenty years of his life in roxbury, massachusetts, as tenants and friends of a prominent early woman physician, marie zakrzewska ( 1829 \u2013 1902 ), one of der pionier ' s most ardent supporters. nechaev, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.470879680687341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.310044"} {"text": "of his life in roxbury, massachusetts, as tenants and friends of a prominent early woman physician, marie zakrzewska ( 1829 \u2013 1902 ), one of der pionier ' s most ardent supporters. nechaev, the son of a former russian serf, learned early to hate government in general and the czarist regime in particular. as a student at the university of st. petersburg in 1868, his radical agitations soon forced him into exile. he met bakunin in geneva, switzerland, in march 1869, and became briefly his disciple. they co - wrote several inflammatory pamphlets, including the revolutionist ' s catechism ( 1869 ), an unrestrained exhortation to anti - government violence, urging relentless cruelty toward all enemies of the revolution and absolute devotion to the cause of destroying the civilized world. nechaev returned to russia in august 1869, murdered a political rival named ivanov in december 1869, and fled back to geneva. the swiss extradited him to russia in 1872. convicted of murder in 1873 and sentenced to twenty years of hard labor in siberia, he died in prison under mysterious circumstances. fedor dostoevskii ( 1821 \u2013 1881 ) based his character pyotr verkhovensky in the possessed ( 1871 ) on nechaev. most was a social democrat member of the reichstag who was forced to flee germany during otto von bismarck ' s ( 1815 \u2013 1898 ) \" red scare \" of 1878. in exile most became more radical, relinquished marxism for anarchism, and edited an inflammatory newspaper, die freiheit, first in london, briefly in switzerland, and after 1882 in america. embittered after serving eighteen months of hard labor in a british prison and after the german social democrat party expelled him in absentia, his motto became \" long live hate! \" he fell in love with dynamite and spent the rest of his career praising it, learning how to use it, and teaching his fellow revolutionaries how to steal it and the money needed to buy it. he probably invented the letter - bomb, though there is no evidence that he ever used one himself. american agents arrested him for sedition in 1901 because die freiheit quoted heinzen ' s line, \" murder the murderers, \" the same day that anarchist leon czolgosz ( 1873 \u2013 1901 ) killed president william mckinley ( 1843 \u2013 1901 ). further reading : breckman, warren. marx, the young hegelians, and the origins of radical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48122786090533326, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.311020"} {"text": "\" the same day that anarchist leon czolgosz ( 1873 \u2013 1901 ) killed president william mckinley ( 1843 \u2013 1901 ). further reading : breckman, warren. marx, the young hegelians, and the origins of radical social theory : dethroning the self. cambridge : cambridge university press, 1999. browning, gary k. hegel and the history of political philosophy. london : macmillan ; new york : st. martin ' s, 1999. calvert, peter. \" terror in the theory of revolution, \" terrorism, ideology, and revolution, edited by noel o ' sullivan. boulder, colo. : westview, 1986. confronting fear : a history of terrorism, edited by isaac cronin. new york : thunder ' s mouth, 2002. laqueur, walter. a history of terrorism. new brunswick, n. j. : transaction, 2002. luft, eric v. d. \" edgar bauer and the origins of the theory of terrorism, \" the left - hegelians : new philosophical and political perspectives, edited by douglas moggach and andrew chitty. albany : suny press, forthcoming. mah, harold. the end of philosophy, the origin of \" ideology \" : karl marx and the crisis of the young hegelians. berkeley : university of california press, 1987. marx, karl, and friedrich engels. the german ideology, translated by s. ryazanskaya. moscow : progress, 1964. \u2014 \u2014. the holy family, or, critique of critical critique, translated by r. dixon. moscow : foreign languages publishing house, 1956. nomad, max. apostles of revolution. boston : little, brown, 1939. origins of terrorism : psychologies, ideologies, theologies, states of mind, edited by walter reich. baltimore : johns hopkins university press, 1998. stirner, max. the ego and his own, translated by steven byington, revised and edited by david leopold. cambridge : cambridge university press, 1995. the terrorism reader, edited by david whittaker. london : routledge, 2001. wittke, carl frederick. the utopian communist : a biography of wilhelm weitling, nineteenth - century reformer. baton rouge : louisiana state university press, 1950.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4484467233995061, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.311888"} {"text": "africa / congo dr - \" to help child soldiers we need to build schools \" kinshasa ( agenzia fides ) - \" we found that children who voluntarily enter into armed groups are those who do not go to school. this is why it is important that in north kivu there are always more schools and educated youth. in class, students learn to live together peacefully : we train them so that tomorrow they are the builders of peace in congo, \" said esperance nsengimana, a teacher of general education in secondary schools in kanyangohe in mweso, built by the jrs ( jesuit refugee service ) in 2012. just yesterday, as every february 12th, we celebrated the day of the red hands, dedicated to the plight of child soldiers in conflict countries. on this occasion the jesuit service for refugees africa great lakes wanted to emphasize the importance of education and access to school as a privileged instrument to prevent the entry of minors among the rebels. according to the experience of jrs staff in north kivu, where today there are more than 900 000 displaced due to constant insecurity, going to school helps keep alive the hope for the future of children and young people. education is also essential because the adults of tomorrow will not take up arms and to form future leaders dedicated to peace and development of the country. but the difficult economic conditions of different families prevents them from sending their children to school. that is why, when the jrs builds a school in a village, the headmaster of the institute commits himself to receiving a free number of displaced students. in the area of mweso, in 2012, jrs built four schools. the continuing violence perpetrated by rebel groups still represent a major obstacle to the access to education by children. following the actions of the rebels of the movement of march 23 ( m23 ), which on november 20 had seized the provincial capital, goma, at least 240, 000 children lost several weeks of lessons. ( l. m. ) ( agenzia fides 13 / 02 / 2013 ) - 2013 - 04 - 17 africa / dr congo - congo caritas in charge of distributing the funds of the national collection for the east - 2013 - 04 - 09 africa / congo dr - the south african troops have withdrawn from bangui in the north of the congo. ready for revenge? - 2013 - 04 - 03 africa / congo dr - jesuits \u2019 initiative against weapons that fuel the crisis in the great lakes region - 2013 - 03 - 25 africa / dr congo -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38502105148372867, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.315117"} {"text": "it is known that calorie restriction increases stem cell capacity in aging, thereby helping to maintain tissues for longer. from extreme longevity, a recent commentary on the mechanisms involved : \" like it or not food lovers, the single most effective known means of extending animal lifespan is through reducing daily caloric intake. though not definitively proven in humans, the success of this intervention has been demonstrated in myriad species in more than 50 years of research.... a protein called mtor is responsible for this effect. mtor combines with two other proteins to mediate several important cellular processes. these include translation of mrna into protein, mitochondrial activity, and autophagy. caloric restriction inhibits mtor activity which leads to longer lifespan. the new studies [ convincingly ] demonstrate that reduction of mtor activity causes preservation of stem cell health. they increase in abundance and proliferative potential. one study shows this occurs in intestinal cells, and the other in muscle cells. in the instestinal cell study, the authors showed that it was actually supporter cells called paneth cells that aided the health of stem cells when they were taken from calorie restricted animals. they further showed this effect was mediated by mtor inhibition and that it was achieved by increasing the activity of another protein called bst1, important in cell proliferation. in the muscle study, calorie restricted animals had greater muscle stem cell proliferative capacity too. and this effect was also seen when the stem cells were transplanted into non calorically restricted animals, suggesting the microenvironment or niche around the stem cells was key.... taken together, the two studies indicate that preserving and enhancing stem - cell function in multiple tissues is one of the ways in which calorie restriction slows the ravages of aging. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.508314481868096, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.318366"} {"text": "this adventure book by armstrong sperry is published by simon & schuster children ' s publishing and is written for kids 8 to 12. the age range reflects readability and not necessarily content appropriateness. mafatu is a young boy living in the south seas. as a toddler, he was shipwrecked with his mother during a hurricane. she died. once he returns to his tribe, mafatu fears the sea and his people label him as a coward. at age 12, mafatu can no longer bear to live with the stigma. he sets out alone in a canoe to prove himself. on his journey, he battles the sea, a shark, an octopus and savages known as the eaters - of - men. he returns a hero, and his story is repeated for generations. tavana nui is mafatu ' s father and the chief of hikueru. the text says he grew \" silently grim \" over the years as he heard the villagers talk of his son ' s cowardice. he is full of joy in the end when his son courageously returns. mafatu ' s mother dies trying to save him in a hurricane. she grabs him just as the canoe overturns and saves his life. mafatu also views the hated sea god, moana, and the god of the fishermen, maui, as authority figures. he believes moana is after him because he wasn ' t able to claim mafatu as a child. mafatu thinks maui is saving him from moana ' s wrath. mafatu believes in gods including moana and maui. he prays frequently and fervently to maui for help on his adventure and attributes maui with his salvation from moana. the older villagers believe mafatu ' s cowardly behavior is the fault of tapapau, a spirit who possesses children at birth. the savages ( the eaters - of - men ) have a marae, a sacred place, with an idol. mafatu battles a shark and savages. newbery medal, 1941 if your children have read this book or someone has read it to them, consider these discussion topics : book reviews cover the content, themes and worldviews of fiction books, not their literary merit, and equip parents to decide whether a book is appropriate for their children. a book ' s inclusion does not constitute an endorsement by focus on the family.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.460905648930838, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.324528"} {"text": "tips on eating fewer empty calories posted on 12 / 3 / 2012 many of the foods and beverages americans eat and drink contain empty calories \u2013 calories from solid fats and / or added sugars. solid fats and added sugars add calories to the food but have few or no nutrients. for this reason, the calories from solid fats and added sugars in a food are often called empty calories. the foods and beverages that provide the emptiest calories for americans are : cakes, cookies, pastries, and donuts, sodas, energy drinks, sports drinks, and fruit drinks, cheese pizza, ice cream, sausages, hot dogs, bacon, and ribs. these foods and beverages are the major sources of empty calories, but many can be found in forms with less or no solid fat or added sugars. here are three ways to cut back on empty calories : - 1. choose foods and drinks with little or no added sugars or solid fats. - 2. select products that contain added sugars and solid fats less often. - 3. when you have foods and drinks with added sugars and solid fats, choose a small portion. for more tips about empty calories click here. for more tips and resources click here. for information about the behealthy school kids program call 336 - 703 - 3217, firstname. lastname @ example. org, or visit : be healthy school kids program.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.40604869362302803, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.327914"} {"text": "basics of photovoltaic systems the solar energy received globally is approx. 1, 540, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000 kwh / year ( 1, 540 peta kwh / year ). this is 15, 000 times more than the worldwide energy consumption. congratulations on your decision to actively use this largest energy pool worldwide. by the way, did you know that solar energy was first discovered in 1839 by the physicist alexandre - edmond becquerel? the somewhat strange - sounding term \" photovoltaics \" originates in the driving force behind this technology, the light beam. a light beam consists of unimaginably tiny particles, the photons. to simplify matters, let ' s start by explaining a pure silicon solar cell. if we recall what we learned in our physics lessons, silicon features 4 electrons in the outer electron shell of the atomic nucleus, the so - called valence electrons. the photons, i. e. the sunlight, bombard the solar cells and enrich the valence electrons with energy. the electrons are finally knocked off the silicon atom and leave a positive atom behind. for the free electrons to move into the right direction and to allow current to be generated, the front surface and the back surface of the cell need to be polarized differently. so the silicon atoms at the front surface are doped with a minor quantity of phosphorus atoms featuring an extra valence electron. on the back surface of the cell, however, boron atoms with only three valence electrons are added to the silicon atoms. this establishes a voltage difference between the positive and negative pole and allows electrons to flow, that ' s how current is generated. a large number of these solar cells put together and encapsulated with glass will then form one of your solar modules. dc generated in the solar modules can be used in the household or fed into the utility transmission grid, provided it is first converted into ac. this is the core task of the fronius inverter. your fronius inverter is a solar inverter of the most recent generation. it represents a highly complex link between the solar modules and the utility transmission grid. it is therefore expected to fulfill a series of highly demanding tasks. the fronius inverters convert dc, generated in the solar modules, into ac. synchronized with the supply voltage, this ac is then either fed into the circuit of your home or into the utility transmission grid. the fronius inverter were developed exclusively for application in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5584472836159993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.340379"} {"text": "convert dc, generated in the solar modules, into ac. synchronized with the supply voltage, this ac is then either fed into the circuit of your home or into the utility transmission grid. the fronius inverter were developed exclusively for application in utility interactive pv installations. for more information on circuit diagrams, please turn to the installation and service instructions. fronius inverters operate in a fully automated manner. after sunrise, as soon as there is sufficient output generated by solar modules, the control unit starts monitoring the utility line voltage and frequency as well as the energy offer. once enough sunlight is received, the solar inverter starts feeding the utility transmission grid. depending on the type of installation, a few watts of solar power will be enough do the job! the fronius inverter will now continue to work in a way to always draw the maximum of power from the solar modules. this function is called mppt ( maximum power point tracking ) and is carried out with a rate of accuracy of more than 99 %. after dark, when the energy offered is no longer enough to feed the utility transmission grid, the fronius inverter automatically cuts the connection to the grid and stops operating, of course with all settings and data being conserved. the fronius inverters are designed to be used in solar modules with a wide range of input voltage, which allows to use the most varied types of solar modules. consider that the indicated values for the maximum dc voltage ( total voltage of all solar cells connected ) must never be exceeded. thanks to its structure and its way of working, a fronius inverter provides a maximum of safety, from installation and mounting to operation. the fronius ig inverter is the first solar inverter to feature a hf transformer ( hf = high frequency ) that ensures a galvanic separation of the dc side from the utility transmission grid. in addition, the hf conception allows a radical reduction of the transformer ' s size, it therefore needs a lot less space and weighs much less. despite the complete galvanic separation, fronius inverters accomplish a high level of efficiency thanks to innovative circuit conceptions. inverters from fronius also assume the task of monitoring the grid. this term includes all measures required for the protection of people and devices in case of a utility outage. fronius inverters are programmed to immediately stop operating in case of irregular grid conditions ( e. g. utility outage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5179847473477122, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.341553"} {"text": "the grid. this term includes all measures required for the protection of people and devices in case of a utility outage. fronius inverters are programmed to immediately stop operating in case of irregular grid conditions ( e. g. utility outage, interruption ) and to interrupt feeding the grid. there is a series of possibilities for fronius inverters to identify a utility outage : - voltage monitoring - frequency monitoring - measuring the line resistance ( only with the fronius ig featuring ens ) - intended feeding of a slightly modified frequency or voltage in this context it is important to know that the fronius inverters are able to carry out the monitoring procedures applicable in each country by theirselves, without additional electronic measuring devices. this considerably reduces installation work and all related costs. the high technical complexity of novel solar inverters requires a perfect display design, which is actually the \" interface \" with the user. it is uncompromisingly designed for easy operation and permanent availability of the system data. fronius inverters already feature a fundamental logging function for recording data on minimum and maximum values directly on the display - on a daily, yearly and a total basis. as an option feature, the display also allows indicating the following weather related data : - 2 different temperature values ( e. g. temperature near the solar modules, outside temperature in the shade ) - wind velocity - atmospheric pressure - relative atmospheric humidity in addition to the functions implemented in the fronius inverters, a wide range of elements for data communication offered provides a large number of possibilities for data recording and visualizing. required system expansions are easy to install. the appealing box provides space for a large number of system expansions, with a focus on easy connection to all current and new media, such as remote inquiry via modem, e - mail, internet, sms, fax, etc. the more of the above tasks the photovoltaic inverter is able to do itself, the easier and cheaper the installation will be as there are no more additional peripherals needed. thanks to our experience and highly innovative technologies, the fronius inverters can handle all these tasks simultaneously. it furthermore meets a series of requirements for the protection of people, household appliances and the inverter itself. some of these requirements are : - grid monitoring - the type of current fed into the grid - response to interferences ( e. g. mobile phones ) - intended feeding of a slightly modified frequency or voltage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5314191857160598, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.342649"} {"text": "convergence of technologies has drastically changed the way that americans communicate and how they access goods, services, and information. consumers can use a single device to talk to friends, edit and send work documents, pay bills, read the news, watch videos, and listen to music. convergence also allows consumers to obtain service for those functions from many sources. in this way, convergence has blurred the bright lines dividing formerly compartmentalized industries. for example, consumers can get phone service from internet companies, video programming from phone companies, and internet services from cable television companies. consumers can benefit enormously from the convenience and choices, but convergence also presents many consumer protection challenges. some of these include the privacy and identity theft concerns raised by storing sensitive personal information in one do - it - all device, and the ease with which fraudsters may attack consumers. at the hearings, the commission asked panelists to explore both the benefits and challenges presented by convergence. this topic was considered during the following panels : see the tech - ade agenda for more information on these panels and for links to the panelists \u2019 presentations. - voice over internet protocol or \u201c voip \u201d : voip is the transmission of voice communication over the internet or another ip - based network. it allows consumers to make and receive telephone calls using a broadband internet connection instead of a phone line. other related materials anticipating the tech - ade hearings : convergence of media, november 2, 2006 if you would like to post a comment about this topic or if you have relevant written materials that you would like to share on this webpage, please send us an email. comments and other materials will be posted on this page, at the moderator \u2019 s discretion, but your personal information will not be shared. disclaimer : the views expressed on this webpage and in the referenced materials are those of the authors. they do not necessarily represent the views of the federal trade commission or any individual commissioner.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5080988715516412, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.344773"} {"text": "migratory bird day on saturday, may 14, with festivals, bird walks and boat tours for immediate release with the arrival of spring, the u. s. fish and wildlife service and several conservation organizations made an historic announcement on april 28. the ivory - billed woodpecker, a species that has been thought to be extinct for more than 60 years, had been rediscovered in \u201c the corridor of hope \u201d in eastern arkansas near cache river national wildlife refuge. the rediscovery gives americans a special reason to celebrate international migratory bird day this saturday, may 14, with festivals, bird walks, and birder \u2019 s boat tours throughout the southeast. \u201c international migratory bird day is celebrated annually on the second saturday in may to focus attention on migratory birds, their journey between their winter and summer homes, and the importance of their conservation, \u201d said sam d. hamilton, the service \u2019 s southeast regional director. \u201c we encourage people to visit their local national wildlife refuge or natural area to enjoy a bird walk or boat tour and learn more about the migratory birds they see in their area. \u201d the theme for this year \u2019 s international migratory bird day is \u201c collisions : clear the way for birds. \u201d to explore the human - related obstacles that birds may encounter in flight and the steps people can take to minimize the impact, please visit http : / / www. fws. gov / birds / imbd / 2005theme. html several refuges and communities are offering activities in recognition of international migratory bird day. here is a sampling of service activities in the southeast : the u. s. fish and wildlife service is the principal federal agency responsible for conserving, protecting and enhancing fish, wildlife and plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the american people. the service manages the 95 - million - acre national wildlife refuge system that encompasses 544 national wildlife refuges, thousands of small wetlands and other special management areas. it also operates 70 national fish hatcheries, 64 fishery resource offices, and 78 ecological services field stations. the agency enforces federal wildlife laws, administers the endangered species act, manages migratory bird populations, restores national significant fisheries, conserves and restores wildlife habitat such as wetlands, and helps foreign governments with their conservation efforts. it also oversees the federal aid program that distributes hundreds of millions of dollars in excise taxes on fishing and hunting equipment to state fish and wildlife agencies. can view our releases or subscribe to receive them - - via e - mail - - at the service ' s southeast regional home page at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3931376351663372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.347721"} {"text": "efficient solar cells may be one part of the puzzle for providing green energy in the future, but they currently suffer from a major problem. many of the most efficient solar cell solutions rely on very rare materials such as copper indium, gallium selenide, and cadmium telluride. as long as such materials are required wide - spread solar adoption and low pricing cannot happen. there is a light at the end of the solar tunnel, however. ibm claims to have created a new, efficient solar cell that only relies on materials that are abundant on earth. that means not only can we produce a lot of them, but they should be very cheap to manufacture. even better, the manufacturing process relies on techniques already widely in use meaning the cost savings will be available from day one. the new cells are made from a combination of copper, tin, zinc, sulphur or selenium, and manufacturing involves the use of established techniques including printing, dipping, and spray coating. the efficiency of the cells is 9. 6 % which is on a par with many of the best solar cells produced to date and much better than other solar cells created using similar materials. ibm now intends to patent and license the tech. that means any number of solar cell manufacturers can pick up and run with this and we may all get solar cells in the home that much quicker and cheaper. read more at greenbang i \u2019 d love to have a solar array in my garden or sitting on my roof, but it is cost that stops me even considering it. to recoup the cost of the purchase and installation takes many years with current solar solutions and therefore it just isn \u2019 t feasible as a form of power. i have little doubt that prices will come down and efficiency will go up to the point where solar isn \u2019 t just an option, it becomes the standard on all new house builds. prices should also fall to the point where replacing a cell is something you don \u2019 t really have to think about, you just go to the local hardware store and pick one up for a few dollars. as it states in the greenbang article : more energy from the sun strikes the earth in an hour than we currently use in a year. if we can harness that power cheaply and efficiently it solves the energy crisis before it ever has a chance to take root.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5191346365597724, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.355779"} {"text": "the first issue of the cherokee phoenix was published on february 21, 1828. in 1829 the name of the cherokee phoenix was changed to the cherokee phoenix and indians ' advocate to reflect the expanding scope of the publication. the impending removal of the cherokees from georgia was a closely watched issue nationally. as the focus of the newspaper shifted to the removal crisis, the paper ' s editor began to find himself at odds with the general council and the anti - removal principal chief john ross. in the years following the indian removal act ( 1830 ), boudinot had increasingly supported the voluntary removal of the cherokees to a territory west of the mississippi river. the paper was never intended to be a vehicle of free speech but an instrument of the official leadership of the cherokee nation, which vehemently opposed cherokee removal on any terms. in august 1832 boudinot was forced to resign, and elijah hicks, an anti - removal cherokee, became the editor of the phoenix. the cherokee phoenix and indians ' advocate was published weekly until may 1834, when the cherokee annuity was not paid and the presses came to a stop. in 1835 the georgia guard, a militia unit organized to police the cherokee territory that the state claimed, confiscated the printing press to prevent anti - removal sentiments from being voiced. that same year elias boudinot was one of several cherokees who signed the new echota treaty ( 1835 ). under its terms, the cherokee nation relinquished all remaining land east of the mississippi river. theda perdue, ed., cherokee editor : the writings of elias boudinot ( athens : university of georgia press, 1996 ). sam g. riley, \" the cherokee phoenix : the short, unhappy life of the first american indian newspaper, \" journalism quarterly 53 ( 1976 ). angela f. pulley, yale university, new haven, connecticut a project of the georgia humanities council, in partnership with the university of georgia press, the university system of georgia / galileo, and the office of the governor.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3607774687713796, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.360268"} {"text": "tanks are a basically mobile armoured fortresses, so - to - speak. they are the most heavily armored unit on the modern battlefield. given the large chassis, heavy armor, and a large calibre, a tank has the potential to deal large amounts of damage to the opponent if not dealt with right off the bat. the concept of the tank first appeared in the 19th century, well before world war i. a reader of the london united service magazine in 1833 imagined the concept that would not be realised for another 80 years \u201c the great forte of steam is its passiveness. secure the boiler and the machinery from the stroke of a cannon - ball, and you might drive a steam - chariot triumphantly through a regiment. imagine three or four of these machines driven at a galloping speed through a square of infantry ; the director might be seated in perfect safety in the rear of the engine, and a body of cavalry, about fifty yards in rear, would enter the furrows ploughed by these formidable chariots, and give the coup - de - grace to the unfortunate infantry. \" by 1916 the british and french had to find a way to breach the otherwise impregnable german trench defenses. this is where the concept of an infantry tank began. the british designed the mark i to combat, and while it wasn ' t a huge success, more than a third of the nearly 50 deployed made it through german lines. the mark i was basically a giant box with its guns mounted on the front or sides of the engine. the first tanks had many problems, the armor of the mark i had a terrible case of spalling, where razor sharp flakes would bounce around the inside even if the small calibre rounds from a pistol hit the armor of the tanks. they were also only able to move at walking speed, around 6kmh or 2mph. early tanks were meant to move with the infantry and attack strong points in the trench system. throughout the 30s and into ww2 tanks were gradually developed from several classes, tankette, light, cruiser, medium and heavy and again into the two current types by the 1950s. main battle tank and light tank. armor is the key to a tank ' s survival, being one of many features that separate armoured cars from tanks. a tank is a small fortress but when out on the battlefields, you have to depend on your \" shell \" to get you through the battle in one peice. there are different types of armor ; the most well known being rha", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5282127914606024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.366805"} {"text": "tanks. a tank is a small fortress but when out on the battlefields, you have to depend on your \" shell \" to get you through the battle in one peice. there are different types of armor ; the most well known being rha, or rolled hom. armor which acts as sort of a base build that many other systems build and compare there systems to, it is also a testing module for future tank guns. tank armor takes alot of influences back in the day, as you take a general look at tanks today, they all utilize sloped armour, this technique was developed by the russians back in world war ii, it was a simple idea, but a very effective and influential design that countered every tank the germans had, another technique is the cages armour with protects tanks from shaped charges, or rocket propelled grenades, another technique developed in wwii, this technique was used by the russians to counter the panzerfaust ( tank fist ) rockets that could decimate t - 34 ' s at 20m. speed and agility are not usually associated with tanks. early tanks in wwi could rarely move more than 5km / hr. tanks throughout the interbellum were redesigned for a multitude of roles, with most work being done in the ussr and germany. light and fast tanks were used often in germany ' s invasion of france and won there mostly because of their ability to bypass the french formations and get into the french rear areas. although vulnerable to the allied tanks of the day, the germans had better use of air support and after the initial breakthroughs the french were disheartened. soviet light tanks fared poorly during the invasion of finland in ' 39 - ' 40 and again when the soviets were invaded by germany. poor experiences with the other powers in ww2 led to the abandonment of the fast, light tank concept. mobility as it turned out is no substitute for firepower and armour. tank weapons have changed along with their mission during the century since their invention. early tanks used small artilery pieces as well as machine guns to support infantry in close assualts. throughout the inter war and second world war periods, tank armament changed rapidly along with the rest of their design. small calibre high explosive guns used on earlier tanks proved useless against enemy tanks and tanks moved from infantry support to being used to counter enemy armour ( along with specifically anti - tank vehicles ) and for spearheading attacks ahead of infantry, not with them. tanks that used multiple guns ( grant / lee ) faired very poorly against", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5422944653095381, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.372169"} {"text": "tanks moved from infantry support to being used to counter enemy armour ( along with specifically anti - tank vehicles ) and for spearheading attacks ahead of infantry, not with them. tanks that used multiple guns ( grant / lee ) faired very poorly against the german armour which had always single more powerful gun, and sponsons were phased out completely in favour of a turret. the single powerful gun is still a feature of tanks today. the arms / armour race between the warsaw pact and the nato allies nations culminated in steel / ceramic laminates that were all but immune to large calibre 125mm shells from tanks only fifteen years earlier. in the gulf war of 1991, m1a1 abrams tanks were able to defeat superior numbers of iraqi t - 72s and taking no losses. the smaller calibre but incredibly high penetration of the depleted uranium rounds used proved lethal to the opposing tanks. use in video games tanks appear in a wide variety of games in various capacities. in simulations and rts titles they are fulfilling roles close to their real life counterparts, mobile gun platorms that are generally expensive, strong against infrantry and light vehicles, but vulnerable to aircraft and uneven terrain. the game men of war features tanks realistically modeled with armour deflecting shots instead of a health bar, it also shows that a heavy tank can be knocked out by a single man with a lucky at grenade or molotov cocktail. action games and fps may also feature tanks in these realistic situations, but just as often they will constitute a boss fight with a health bar. vulcan raven is piloting a tank in an exaple of such a battle in metal gear solid. but it is metal gear solid : peace walker that features the most metal gear - y tank, which is also a cardboard box. - often in sci - fi rts there will be at least one tank with dual cannons - the most common tanks found in games are the t - 72, m1 abrams, panzer iv, panther tank, and tiger tank. - the most produced tank of all time is the soviet t - 54. an estimaed 86 000 - 100 000 were built, and its still in service today.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4607404454975119, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.373489"} {"text": "best viewed as a pdf download this chapter as a pdf please ensure you have the latest adobe reader broadly speaking, four models of social - political structures for a sustainable future have been proposed, whether by environmentalists or by branches of the left. each of these can be regarded as an ideal type so authors of actual proposals may draw on one or more models. model one : regulating the capitalist economy in this model, environmental sustainability is achieved by regulating the mechanisms of the capitalist market place. one method is interdiction - rules, laws, administrative principles which ban certain kinds of conduct. another is adjustments to incentives - systems of taxation, subsidies and tariffs. amory lovins is widely known for this position ( hawkens, lovins, lovins 2000 ) but many others propose some version ( andersen 1994 ; beck 1995a ; 1995b ; goldsmith 1988 ; pearce, markandya, barbier 1989 ; sachs, loske & linz 1998 ). the structure of capitalism as an economy based on competitive private ownership is a problem for this model ( mclaughlin 1993 ). managers of any business are required to maximise profitability. they can do this by expanding markets, cutting costs, bringing in new technology, saving on labour costs. in a competitive environment, any failure to maximise profitability may result in the collapse of the business. accordingly, every manager tries to externalise environmental costs. they will do their utmost to avoid environmental regulation. adding to this, shareholders and managers of private firms are the most wealthy people, the ones who can most readily afford political campaigns and control most media. they can well afford political and media campaigns to pressure governments for non - binding and minimal regulations in efforts to retain profits. all this makes it very hard to get the political will to regulate the capitalist economy. the structure of the economy itself works against what this model proposes. this economic structure also creates galloping and inevitable growth \u2014 firms compete to reduce labour costs by bringing in more productive technology and increasing markets. the result is constant expansion and the threat of growing unemployment if growth slows. another problem for the regulated capitalist economy is the political interests of consumers. when marxists say that labour in a capitalist society is ' alienated ' they mean that people do not take creative pleasure in their paid work, what they do at work is dictated by those who own the company or direct the public body in which they work. in capitalism, to have access to goods and services, ordinary people must sell their labour power ( marx 1978, 66 - 125 ; 203", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5293005681883958, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.395992"} {"text": "what they do at work is dictated by those who own the company or direct the public body in which they work. in capitalism, to have access to goods and services, ordinary people must sell their labour power ( marx 1978, 66 - 125 ; 203 - 217 ). hence the cultural dominance of consumerism. material consumption is an arena of choice and power that is valued precisely because of the absence of choice, creativity and power in the world of paid work.. in turn the capitalist economy has come to depend on the expansion of the market in consumer goods that comes from continuous pressure on wages ( cardan 1974 ). any serious regulation of the capitalist economy would mean increasing regulation of leisure and consumer choice with lower real wages and fewer consumer goods. this would be experienced as a strangling of freedom of expression. in the regulated capitalist economy, people would still have little control over their work. as today, this experience would provide a powerful motive for the accumulation of private consumer goods as a compensation for paid work. as in the present economy, consumers would have lots of reasons to resist environmental policies. summarising these objections to the first model ; the model leaves intact the key structures of ownership and paid work which are at the heart of capitalism. yet it is these very structures which are the wellsprings of the resistance to environmental regulation and explain the political force of this resistance. any serious attempt to implement this model could either founder on this resistance - with a return to business as usual - or be forced to move on to deeper attacks on the structures of capitalism, thereby changing into one of the other models i will consider. model two : the mixed economy model in the mixed economy model, the problems of regulating capitalism have been overcome. there is popular support for very radical changes. in this model a democratic government supervises three economic arenas. it regulates the private sector which produces consumer goods and provides inputs to public works. second, the government handles environmental repair and public infrastructure. third, the government funds ( through a \" guaranteed adequate income \" and direct grants of equipment ) an \" autonomous \" sector of the economy. people in this sector are not employed by the government but may engage in voluntary work. in this autonomous sector, products of the other two sectors are used in community projects such as community gardens or childcare. this attractive model has been very popular both with environmentalists ( see goodin 1992 ; leahy 2001 ; porritt 1990 ; tokar 1987 ; trainer 1995 ) and before that with the new left ( gorz 1982 ). it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5098647301773546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.397245"} {"text": "childcare. this attractive model has been very popular both with environmentalists ( see goodin 1992 ; leahy 2001 ; porritt 1990 ; tokar 1987 ; trainer 1995 ) and before that with the new left ( gorz 1982 ). it is expected in this model that many firms currently operating would not be able to survive strong environmental regulation. however the government sector would expand. unemployment would not be a problem. the government would find people a job in a government owned industry, fund them on a \" guaranteed adequate income \" or shorten the working week. some early criticisms of this model still seem apt. frankel ( 1982 ; 1987 ) points out that capitalist companies could not easily cope with the higher taxes and greater controls that the model proposes. for example, even in today \u2019 s capitalist world, companies are faced by problems of international competition and overproduction. the most likely result of the mixed economy model would be bankruptcy for most companies, with capital flight likely. while displaced workers could be employed by the government, it is probable that taxation of a struggling private sector could not provide sufficient funds for this. sustainability requires zero or negative growth. given increasing productivity, the only way to achieve zero growth would be to continually reduce employment in the private economy. however, this private economy would be the source of consumer goods and inputs to the other sectors of the economy. so the number of people fully employed in the private economy falls - at the same time as the distribution of its products, to people who are not part of its paid workforce, must continually increase. this situation would be very difficult to handle politically. another problem with the mixed economy model is the role of the guaranteed adequate income or voluntary sector. while people receiving the guaranteed adequate income could be expected to volunteer for socially useful work, they are not supervised or made to work. the problem can be viewed as a dilemma. the guaranteed adequate income enables a comfortable lifestyle and people are provided with tools and resources to help them make a useful contribution. - the gai draws people out of the consumerist lifestyle and soaks up unemployment - as is intended. - yet many people leave paid employment and take up the gai to escape hierarchical supervision - draining the other two economic sectors of employees. - the experience of the democratic control in gai community groups undermines discipline in the paid workforce. the guaranteed adequate income is less than the lowest wage and does not allow a comfortable lifestyle. - those forced onto the gai through contractions in the private economy remain disaffected. - the ga", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5106137534627212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.398411"} {"text": "groups undermines discipline in the paid workforce. the guaranteed adequate income is less than the lowest wage and does not allow a comfortable lifestyle. - those forced onto the gai through contractions in the private economy remain disaffected. - the gai is experienced as low status. - there is insufficient funding for the voluntary sector to make a meaningful contribution. while strong commitment may lead to progress in resolving these concerns, a central problem remains. at least two thirds of people \u2019 s experience of work in this model is still an experience of taking orders, whether within private firms or government bureaucracies. because consumer spending is always the legitimate reward for alienated work, the pressure to expand spending and growth would continually plague the model in practice. model three : the nationalization plus democracy model in the nationalization plus democracy model, democratic control guides a soviet style economy ( 1993, see also ( commoner 1990 ; martell 1994 ; pepper 1993, resistance 1999 ; weston 1986 ). government would own most businesses, but they would not be organised completely by government direction. workers would also participate through some degree of control in their own workplaces. whereas representative democracy was quite nominal in the soviet union, current proponents of this model envisage representative democracy as substantial and central. the community at large democratically directs major production decisions and environmental planning. in this model there would be no problem with businesses going broke and laying off employees or with capital flight. while some industries would be abandoned, others would be taken over by government ownership. industries which were not socially useful would be abandoned. new government owned enterprises would create environmentalist infrastructure. taxes would not come from private businesses \u2014 as in the mixed economy model. instead the government would use its control over the money supply to ensure the funding of central planning decisions. the problems of the guaranteed adequate income in the mixed economy would vanish as there would be employment for community tasks, not voluntary work on a guaranteed income. most people today believe a nationalized economy cannot work efficiently and would curtail political freedom. every productive organisation that could disseminate ideas would be owned by the state. a more central problem is whether it is actually politically viable to mix local democratic control of production with national control of the economy. as cardan ( 1974 ) castoriadis ( 1987 ) and hardt & negri ( 2000 ) have pointed out, capitalism faces a problem like this continuously. modern production requires producers to constantly make decisions and participate responsibly. yet these elements of workers ' control have to be continually monitored and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.518460877781832, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.399740"} {"text": "and hardt & negri ( 2000 ) have pointed out, capitalism faces a problem like this continuously. modern production requires producers to constantly make decisions and participate responsibly. yet these elements of workers ' control have to be continually monitored and squashed lest they get out of hand - calling the necessity of management control into question. the nationalisation plus democracy model merely replicates and intensifies this problem, presenting its own dilemma. - local democracy really means something. workers use their discretion to subvert and sabotage government directives - getting extra income through corruption or making their own decisions about what is useful production. - government control is sufficiently far reaching to prevent any sabotage or subversion. it also prevents any significant workers ' control. there is the same disaffection that plagued the soviet economy. another issue is that the economic problems of the soviet union would be replicated by any form of nationalisation. feher, heller and marcus discuss the problems of eastern europe in the soviet era ( 1983 ). at the local level, each management unit tries to increase their share of national resources, in de facto competition with other units \u2014 to make sure they can carry out the tasks government has set them. they inflate their estimation of the necessity and importance of their projects. they understate the costs of their intended projects. the aim is to get central government to become committed. then later, it will make sense to put more into the project. the bureaucrats respond by discounting all claims. but by how much? the end result is massive inefficiency in the allocation of raw materials, the determination of markets and the estimation of social needs. systematic hoarding becomes the norm - government may not be able to supply resources when needed. as in the soviet societies, a common tendency would be for top planning authorities to favour projects which they could most easily monitor and were guaranteed to work out as predicted. this would work against local democracy, which would introduce an unpredictable element. producer goods and large state projects would get most funding because success would be easier to predict than in the case of consumer goods. the quality and durability of all goods and services would suffer without marketplace competition. none of this would help to reduce waste - a key issue for any environmentalist utopia! in this model, control over labour through the wage would be the key to reliable implementation of central planning decisions. people would be working for a wage to get access to goods and services produced by other units. wages, private income, or income from corruption", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5093655796136911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.402117"} {"text": "in this model, control over labour through the wage would be the key to reliable implementation of central planning decisions. people would be working for a wage to get access to goods and services produced by other units. wages, private income, or income from corruption would still be seen as the main compensation for the submission that goes with paid labour. environmentally, this would be disastrous. each individual worker would aim to consume more while the government would want to cut back to attain environmental goals. more responsible and trusted managers of the economy would have to be rewarded for their loyalty by being paid higher wages, sending the message that the consumer lifestyle is desirable and a mark of social status, power and community trust. model four : the gift economy model. in a gift economy people do not work to get money to buy things. what people get in the way of goods and services is either what they make themselves or what is given to them free of charge. so why would people work? people would volunteer their work because they realised that some job needed to be done and they could help to do it. they would work on something because they thought it was enjoyable and interesting work. they would do work to get the social status that goes with giving something to other people. in the gift economy, the economy is not owned by private shareholders or by a government. it is owned by a patchwork of clubs, societies and federated hobby groups. the gift economy model is one kind of anarchist stateless utopia ( guerin 1970 ). this use of the term gift economy comes from the writings of the situationists ( debord 1977, vaneigem 1983, plant 1992. for more recent authors in this vein see p. m. 1985, wilson 1998 and bey 1991, 1994 ). in relation to environmentalist thinking the writers whose thinking is most close to this model are bookchin ( 1971 ) and purchase ( 1994 ). however, other anarchist models favour a more decentralised commune based society ( bahro 1986 ; allaby & bunyard 1980 ) or a return to a hunting and gathering existence ( zerzan 1994 ). these latter perspectives are usually addressed in critiques of anarchist utopias ( pepper 1993, dobson 1990, plumwood 2002 ) the gift economy model would occur if the mixed economy or the nationalised economy was attempted but, unable to contain its contradictions, moved to new ground rather than back to capitalism. a gift economy could be more compatible with ecological imperatives than capitalism or nationalization for several reasons. - useless production would be reduced by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49491528853440403, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.403383"} {"text": "is the stock in trade of capitalist ideology. to consider just a few issues. a common objection to stateless utopias is that coordination in a modern industrial economy requires authoritative and coercive centralised organisation of production ( pepper 1993 ). the gift economy achieves coordination through two factors. first, independent and multi - pronged collectives of media, research and administrative workers keep other producers ' collectives up to date with what is required and by whom. second, the aim of the producers ' collectives is to ensure an equitable outcome for society as a whole. another critique of stateless utopias is that they imply a socially divided populace ( frankel 1983 ) where an insular and smug parochialism would prevent an even handed distribution. the gift economy is not a communalist utopia of this type. it is not \" bioregionalism \" as that term has been explained by sale ( 1991 ). in the gift economy model, society is organised into networks of producers ' collectives which are geographically overlapping. together, these collectives would secure a fair share and sort out problems. it is argued that only a democratic state can ensure the rights and well being of minorities. however, in today \u2019 s liberal democracies these rights are supported by the majority. a gift economy would do no worse. in a gift economy the same majority would be implementing these same policies : through their participation in producers ' collectives to ensure just distribution ; through the defence of minorities from violence through voluntary organisations of peace keepers ; and through community processes of justice and social work. critiques of the gift economy in terms of human nature are common. many people assume that a competitive human nature would destroy any society that had to depend on egalitarian generosity to work. we can accept that human nature as it is now socially constructed operates to prevent a gift economy. for a gift economy to work, a cultural shift must take place. socialisation for the gift economy 1. as hamilton ( 1981 ) argues, being indulged one ' s infant and childhood needs is the prerequisite for becoming a generous adult who feels confident that their needs will be met by other people. western child raising practices have emphasised the practice of denial as a preparation for adulthood and a lesson in self control : separation from the mother for days after birth in hospital wards ; scheduled infant feeding ; prohibitions on dummies or even thumb sucking ; children left to cry because picking up a child is supposed to encourage them to manipulate adults ; ruthless childhood competition over toys. hamilton concludes from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5418229233489167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.405680"} {"text": "for days after birth in hospital wards ; scheduled infant feeding ; prohibitions on dummies or even thumb sucking ; children left to cry because picking up a child is supposed to encourage them to manipulate adults ; ruthless childhood competition over toys. hamilton concludes from this that western adults grow up to be extremely and continuously anxious about their needs being met by other people. they amass and hoard consumer goods and property in an attempt to stave off these anxieties. what we are currently seeing in the culture at large is a gradual process of reversal of these aspects of socialisation in western societies. 2. the involvement of men in the care of young children is necessary to prevent boys from becoming anxious, competitive and insecure adults who seek to gain advantage to establish their masculinity. chodorow ( 1974 ) has argued that a universal feature of patriarchies is that men avoid most care of young children - while mothers and other adult women relate closely to young children. initially, boys identify with their mothers and have a close emotional link with women. as patriarchal society increasingly insists that they are to ' become ' men, they try to develop their masculinity in a situation where adult males are not intimate company in their daily lives. they solve this problem in three main ways - by denying their ties to women and their identification with women ; by rejecting the qualities of nurturance associated with adult female role models ; by developing the ability to compete with other men and prove their masculinity competitively in relationship to adult males. this becomes the basis of status competition between men and a psychological prerequisite for all hierarchical social structures. so, these psychological conditions work against a gift economy. this competitive masculinity could be undone if men were to develop a close nurturing relationship with their children. 3. an experience of family life in childhood in which close familial adults are equal partners negotiating daily life is necessary if people are to grow up without expecting someone to always be the boss. following the arguments of freud and his radical follower, reich, firestone ( 1972 ) suggests a connection between authority in the family and the widespread acceptance of authoritarian structures in society. the father in the family becomes the psychological model for a figure who demands love and obedience, and whose authority must be accepted. in class societies, the leaders of society find it easy to represent themselves as the ' fathers ' of society, this becomes an ideology behind which exploitation is concealed. to overturn this mass psychology of hierarchy and submission it is necessary to support", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5382251008359409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.406713"} {"text": "be accepted. in class societies, the leaders of society find it easy to represent themselves as the ' fathers ' of society, this becomes an ideology behind which exploitation is concealed. to overturn this mass psychology of hierarchy and submission it is necessary to support the feminist goals of equal power to men and women in the interrelated realms of domestic life and the wider economy. these keys to socialisation for the gift economy can be regarded as practices which are being gradually implemented now as part of a current cultural transition. getting to the gift economy organisations and practices which include aspects of the gift economy operate today - and these modifications to capitalism are indeed the embryo of a new social order. yet it is not helpful to see these as pure enclaves of the gift economy or even to hope and expect that they will be. capitalist culture, as well as the economic requirements of effective operation within a capitalist economy, produce a variety of hybrid situations. in these, some aspects of a gift economy operate to further the goals of the left social movements while other aspects of the capitalist authoritarian mode of production are also present ( leahy 2004 ; mollison 1988 ; trainer 1995 ). allaby, m. & bunyard, p. ( 1980 ). the politics of self - sufficienc., oxford university press. andersen, m. s. ( 1994 ). governance by green taxes. manchester university press. bahro, r. ( 1986 ). building the green movement. london : heretic books. beck, u. ( 1995a ). ecological politics in an age of risk. cambridge : polity press. beck, u. ( 1995b ). ecological enlightenment : essays on the politics of the risk society. new jersey : humanities press. bey, h. ( 1991 ). t. a. z. the temporary autonomous zone, ontological anarchy, poetic terrorism. new york : autonomedia. bey, h. ( 1994 ). immediatism. edinburgh : ak press. bookchin, m. ( 1971 ). post scarcity anarchism. san francisco : ramparts press. cardan, p. ( 1974 ). modern capitalism and revolution. london : solidarity. castoriadis, c. ( 1987 ). the imaginary institution of society, k. blamey ( trans. ). london : polity press. chodorow, n. ( 1974 ). ' family structure and feminine personality ', in m. z. rosaldo & l. lamphere ( eds. ), woman", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.528414387403158, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.407627"} {"text": "morning herald, january 10th, 1992, p 7. hawken, p., lovins, a. b. & lovins, h. ( 2000 ). natural capitalism : the next industrial revolution. london : earthscan. jacobs, m. ( 1991 ). the green economy : environment, sustainable development and the politics of the future. london : pluto. leahy, t. ( 2001 ). on the edge of utopia : a letter to the green parties, www. octapod. org / gifteconomy leahy, t. ( 2004 ). anarchist and hybrid strategies, www. octapod. org / gifteconomy marx, k. ( 1978 ). the marx - engels reader. r. c. tucker ( ed. ), new york : w. w. norton. martell, l. ( 1994 ). ecology and society, an introduction. amherst : university of massachusetts press. mclaughlin, a. ( 1993 ). regarding nature : industrialism and deep ecology. albany : state university of new york. mollison, b. ( 1988 ). permaculture, a designers ' manual. tyalgum, australia : tagari publications. pearce, d., markandya, a. & barbier, e. ( 1989 ). blueprint for a green economy. london earthscan. pepper, d. ( 1993 ). eco - socialism : from deep ecology to social justice. new york : routledge. plant, s. ( 1992 ). the most radical gesture. london : routledge. plumwood, v. ( 2002 ). environmental culture : the ecological crisis of reason. london : routledge. p. m. ( 1985 ). bolo ' bolo. new york : semiotext ( e ). porritt, j. ( 1990 ). seeing green : the politics of ecology explained. oxford : blackwell. purchase, g. ( 1994 ). anarchism and environmental survival. tucson, arizona : see sharp press. resistance books ( 1999 ). environment, capitalism and socialism, sydney : resistance books. roszak, t. ( 1992 ) the voice of the earth. new york : simon and schuster. sachs, w., loske, r. & linz, m. ( 1998 ). greening the north : a post - industrial blueprint for ecology and equity. london : zed books. sale, k. ( 1991 ). dwellers in the land : bioregional vision,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48767057372458844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.409515"} {"text": "& linz, m. ( 1998 ). greening the north : a post - industrial blueprint for ecology and equity. london : zed books. sale, k. ( 1991 ). dwellers in the land : bioregional vision, philadephia : new society. sennett, r. & cobb, j. ( 1973 ). hidden injuries of class. new york : vintage. tokar, b. ( 1987 ). the green alternative : creating an ecological future, san pedro, calif. : r & e miles. trainer, t. ( 1995 ). the conserver society ; alternatives for sustainability. london : zed books. vaneigem, r. ( 1983 ). the revolution of everyday life. london : left bank books and rebel press. weston, j. ( ed ) ( 1986 ). red and green. london : pluto. willis, p. ( 1990 ). common culture : symbolic work at play in the everyday cultures of the young, boulder, colorado : westview press. wilson, p. l. ( 1998 ). escape from the nineteenth century and other essays. new york : autonomedia. zerzan, j. ( 1994 ). future primitive. new york / columbia mo : autonomedia and anarchy, c. a. l. press.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49412185799823694, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.410068"} {"text": "ntrip ( networked transport of rtcm via internet protocol ) ntrip is a protocol for streaming global navigation satellite system ( gnss ) data over the internet. based on the hypertext transfer protocol http / 1. 1. ntrip began as an rtcm standard designed for disseminating differential correction data ( e. g in the rtcm - 104 format ) or other kinds of gnss streaming data to stationary or mobile users over the internet, allowing simultaneous pc, laptop, pda, or receiver connections to a broadcasting host. ntrip is designed to be an open non - proprietary protocol and has gained wordwide recognition as a useful means of transporting gnss data. wireless internet services and mobile ip networks like gsm, gprs, edge, or umts are all quite capable of carrying ntrip streams. major characteristics of ntrip \u2019 s dissemination technique are : - based on the popular http streaming standard ; comparatively easy to implement when having limited client and server platform resources available. - application not limited to one particular plain or coded stream content ; ability to distribute any kind of gnss data. - potential to support mass usage ; disseminating hundreds of streams simultaneously for up to thousand users possible when applying modified internet radio broadcasting software. - considering security needs ; stream providers and users don \u2019 t necessarily get into contact, streams often not blocked by firewalls or proxyservers protecting local area networks. - enables streaming over any mobile ip network because of using tcp / ip.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5367338180048371, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.413942"} {"text": "saber para reagir according to a survey of 600 adolescents from the impoverished sao jorge community in the brazilian city of londrina, 60 % do not use contraceptives and 30 percent have used illegal drugs. to protect these vulnerable teens from infectious diseases, alia began the saber para reagir ( to know is to react ) program. the program ' s workshops educate 80 participants at a time about sexually transmitted diseases ( including hiv / aids ), early pregnancy, correct use of male and female contraceptives, and citizen rights. in addition, monthly meetings with families in the community spark dialogue and empower their involvement in the education process. \" saber para reagir is just one of 18 projects run by alia, which was established in 1989 by hiv - positive professionals working in several fields. now the largest hiv / aids - related organization in brazil, its mission is to protect the civil rights of people living with hiv / aids and to prevent the spread of hiv / aids through the creation and implementation of scientific and social programs. alia is considered an authority in combating hiv / aids and actively participates in formulating policies related to public health, social assistance and education. since the partnership with johnson & johnson began in 2005, alia ' s saber para reagir program has reached more than 240 teens at high risk for hiv / aids infection.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4626457341918359, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.415384"} {"text": "mental mondays : adjust for the wind the general rule for dealing with breezes is to add or subtract one club for each 10 mph of wind. the trick is knowing just how fast the wind is blowing. the beaufort wind speed scale can give you an idea of wind speed : wind speed : indicators 4 - 7 mph : win felt on exposed skin. leaves rustle, vanes begin to move. 8 - 12 mph : leaves and small twigs constantly moving, light flags extended. 13 - 17 mph : dust and loose paper raised. small branches begin to move. 18 - 24 mph : branches of a moderate size move. small trees in leaf begin to sway. 25 - 30 mph : large branches in motion. whistling heard in overhead wires. umbrella use becomes difficult. empty plastic garbage cans tip over 31 - 38 mph : whole trees in motion. effort needed to walk against the wind. anything faster : you shouldn \u2019 t be on the course. so, with twigs and small branches moving, add one club. if larger branches are swaying add two. it \u2019 s important to notice not only how things are on the ground, but also what \u2019 s happening up in the air. on tree lined fairways, there are dead zones where the wind is screened. high flying golf shots, however, still can be caught up in the breezes. while assessing the situation, notice how the wind is affecting the upper branches of the trees. hitting the ball harder into the wind isn \u2019 t a solution. a harder shot will increase the spin and exaggerate the wind conditions. take more club. estimating what to do in a crosswind is a lot more tricky. in a crosswind, your ball will not only lose distance ( though likely not as much as directly into the wind ), but also drift in the direction it \u2019 s blowing. if you \u2019 ve got the game, you can try to spin the ball into the wind to hold the line. for most of us, though, the solution is to try to compensate for the drift by aiming more left or right. a rule of thumb is to aim five yards left or right for every 10 mph of wind speed. crosswinds will exaggerate your ball \u2019 s natural flight. if you \u2019 re a slicer, a wind blowing to the right will carry your ball right off the course. remember to compensate for that, also. this all creates some very interesting calculus as you \u2019 re not only trying to figure how much club, but also how far left and right", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44482550553183486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.421234"} {"text": "question : \" what does the bible say about satire and / or sarcasm? \" answer : sarcasm is the use of irony ( saying one thing while meaning another ) or other rhetorical devices in a biting, hurtful way. there is a difference between sarcasm and satire, although they are related. satire is the use of irony or ridicule to expose foolishness, but without the \u201c bite \u201d of sarcasm. satire is gentler ; sarcasm is more derisive and sneering. the question is, is satire or sarcasm ever appropriate? this would be easy enough to resolve if not for the fact that god uses satire in several places in scripture. for example, paul ' s words in this passage : you are already filled, you have already become rich, you have become kings without us ; and indeed, i wish that you had become kings so that we also might reign with you. for, i think, god has exhibited us apostles last of all, as men condemned to death ; because we have become a spectacle to the world, both to angels and to men. we are fools for christ \u2019 s sake, but you are prudent in christ ; we are weak, but you are strong ; you are distinguished, but we are without honor. to this present hour we are both hungry and thirsty, and are poorly clothed, and are roughly treated, and are homeless ; and we toil, working with our own hands ; when we are reviled, we bless ; when we are persecuted, we endure ; when we are slandered, we try to conciliate ; we have become as the scum of the world, the dregs of all things, even until now. 1 corinthians 4 : 8 - 13 is paul ' s language ironic here? absolutely. was it hurtful? intentionally so. yet, because his intent was to lead the stubborn corinthians to the truth, it can still be considered loving. in fact, paul followed this passage with, \" i do not write these things to shame you, but to admonish you as my beloved children. \" the corinthians would not have considered paul \u2019 s language intentionally cruel. instead, they would have recognized paul was using rhetoric to make a point. the corinthians felt superior to paul, casting judgment on him. so he calls them spiritual kings and says, ironically, that god considers his apostles \u201c scum \u201d and \u201c dregs. \u201d the passage sounds sarcastic. it says one thing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4571639800629099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.424893"} {"text": "corinthians felt superior to paul, casting judgment on him. so he calls them spiritual kings and says, ironically, that god considers his apostles \u201c scum \u201d and \u201c dregs. \u201d the passage sounds sarcastic. it says one thing while meaning another in a way that makes the hearers look foolish. but paul \u2019 s method was not meant as a personal insult. the goal was to grab the readers \u2019 attention and correct a false way of thinking. in other words, paul \u2019 s words are satirical, but not sarcastic. they are spoken in love to \u201c beloved children. \u201d other passages in the bible that use satire include isaiah \u2019 s ridicule of idol - makers ( isaiah 40 : 19 - 20 ), god \u2019 s taunting of egypt ( jeremiah 46 : 11 ), and elijah \u2019 s gibes directed at the prophets of baal ( 1 kings 18 : 27 ). jesus himself used satire in the form of hyperbole when he told his hearers to \u201c take the plank out of your own eye \u201d ( matthew 7 : 5 ). therefore, we can say that irony is fine ; irony is a figure of speech that can bring attention and clarity to a situation. sometimes, irony can be painful because the truth it reveals is convicting. satire, which uses irony to gently deride and prompt needful change, can be appropriate on occasion ; we have examples of satire in scripture. sarcasm, on the other hand, is not appropriate. sarcasm has at its core the intent to insult or to be hurtful with no corresponding love or wish for well - being. instead, the goal of sarcasm is to belittle the victim and elevate the speaker. jesus warned against such harsh, unloving words in matthew 5 : 22. our words should be helpful and edifying, even if they are uncomfortable to the hearer. we should speak the truth with loving intent ( ephesians 4 : 15 ), avoiding \u201c foolish talk or coarse joking \u201d ( ephesians 5 : 4 ). we should speak in such a way that the hearer will understand our motivation. and we should never be malicious or cruel. carefully worded irony may be fitting, but malicious sarcasm is not. \u00a9 copyright 2002 - 2013 got questions ministries.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43378642065337436, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.425735"} {"text": "langley \u2013 the temperatures and the shoreline scenery may be different in the winter months, but many still consider this time of the year to be perfect for a visit to grand and hudson lakes. in fact, boating, fishing and hunting take place all around the lakes, all around the year. safe boating is also something that should be practiced year - round, and when you are on the water in the winter, there are some extra precautions you should keep in mind. the grand river dam authority police department says a december 29 incident on grand lake \u2013 when two duck hunters were saved from the frigid lake waters by two other hunters \u2013 should serve as a reminder of those special winter boating precautions. \u201c cell phones are of greater importance in the winter, \u201d said grda superintendent of homeland security chris carlson. \u201c there are just fewer boaters around to flag down for emergency and non - emergency help. \u201d a whistle \u2013 attached to your life jacket \u2013 is also an important for winter - time boaters. carlson added that producing a loud and effective call for help with a whistle takes less energy than shouting for help and waving your arms. also, because cold water can rob the body of its heat 25 times faster than cold air, it drastically reduces the time of exposure needed to experience hypothermia. \u201c so if your boat does capsize, your main priority is to get as much of your body out of the water as possible, \u201d said carlson. \u201c if you can, climb on to the overturned vessel or nearby debris or get to the nearest shore or dock. \u201d also, in cold winter temperatures, wet clothing is actually colder than less clothing and can lead to hypothermia more quickly. \u201c so you should remove as much of the wet clothing as possible as soon as possible, \u201d said carlson. \u201c you will be warmer with less clothing than with wet clothing. \u201d in fact, dressing properly for winter boating is a very important step that should not be overlooked. while many people dress in additional layers to guard against the cold temperatures, they need to know that those layers can present a hazard if you do accidentally go into the water. when other clothing is tucked into bibbed overalls or wading pants it can actually cause the water to be trapped. that can cause the amount of energy needed to stay afloat to increase considerably at a time when muscles are cramping and movements are increasingly more difficult. it is very important that life jackets must have sufficient flotation to support heavy, water - logged clothing. of course,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.41695000736254184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.430252"} {"text": "energy needed to stay afloat to increase considerably at a time when muscles are cramping and movements are increasingly more difficult. it is very important that life jackets must have sufficient flotation to support heavy, water - logged clothing. of course, the other option is to simply dress for the outing in proper winter boating attire, said carlson. \u201c there is a wide range of flotation - equipped cold weather gear available. it is designed to provide an individual with all the warmth they need without sacrificing safety. \u201d whether you are boating in january or july, it is also important to file a \u201c float plan \u201d any time you visit the water. let someone know where you intend to be boating, who is going with you and when you expect to return. providing a description of the vessel and the number of occupants is also important. having a vessel that is in good working order is also very important. finally, when lake waters turn to ice patches, its best to stay clear of the area, whether you are in a boat or just walking along the shore. typically oklahoma does not get those below freezing periods that generate ice that is thick enough to safely stand on. \u201c with that being said, it is possible for the ice to be weak enough to fall through in one area and thick enough to trap you underneath if you didn \u2019 t come right up to the top of the water in the same location, \u201d said carlson. \u201c with no leverage in the water, and no chance of getting a gasp of air between the ice and water, this could prove deadly fast. \u201d by taking proper winter - time precautions, wearing proper gear and practicing the common sense boating safety tips that are applicable year - round, boaters can still enjoy the waters of grand and hudson lakes no matter what the calendar is showing. headquartered in vinita, grda is oklahoma \u2019 s state - owned electric utility ; fully funded by revenues from electric and water sales instead of taxes. directly or indirectly, grda \u2019 s low - cost, reliable ; electricity serves nearly 500, 000 homes in oklahoma and stretches into 75 of 77 counties in the state. at no cost to oklahoma taxpayers, grda also manages 70, 000 surface acres of lakes in the state, including grand lake, lake hudson and the w. r. holway reservoir. today, grda \u2019 s 500 employees continue to produce the same \u201c power for progress \u201d that has benefited the state for 75 - plus years. # # #", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42618388454753986, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.431149"} {"text": "glossary of green power terms | what is green power? | | what are the benefits of green power? | | what is renewable energy? | | glossary of green power terms | annual consumption \u2013 annual consumption refers to the amount of electricity used by a consumer in one year and is typically measured in kilowatt - hours ( kwh ). this information is available on your electricity bill or by contacting your energy provider. carbon dioxide \u2013 carbon dioxide ( co2 ) is an atmospheric gas that is a major component of the carbon cycle. although produced through natural processes, carbon dioxide is also released through human activities, such as the combustion of fossil fuels to produce electricity. carbon dioxide is the predominate gas contributing to the greenhouse effect, and as such is know to contribute to climate change. commodity electricity \u2013 is physical electricity in the absence of the technological, environmental, social and economic benefits associated with a specific generation source. these benefits are transferable over geographic distance through a tradable instrument called a renewable energy certificate ( rec ) and can be re - associated with the physical electricity at the point of use. conventional power \u2013 power that is produced from non - renewable fuels, such as coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear material. conventional fuels are finite resources that cannot be replenished once they are extracted and used. distributed generation \u2013 small, modular, decentralized, grid - connected or off - grid energy systems located in or near the place where energy is used. electricity supplier \u2013 as states restructure their electricity markets, an increasing number of customers will be able to choose from a range of electricity suppliers who market different types of power products, including green power. in states without restructured electricity markets, local utilities may offer green pricing programs that enable customers to elect to have their utility generate a portion of their power from renewable sources. to find out about green power products in your area, visit the green power locator. energy efficiency \u2013 refers to products or systems using less energy to do the same or better job than conventional products or systems. energy efficiency saves energy, saves money on utility bills, and helps protect the environment by reducing the demand for electricity. when buying or replacing products or appliances for your home, look for the energy star\u00ae label \u2014 the national symbol for energy efficiency. for more information on energy star\u00ae labeled products, visit the energy star\u00ae web site. energy marketers \u2013 see electricity supplier. executive order 13423 : strengthening federal environmental, energy and transportation management \u2013 executive order 13423 calls for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5987193393774517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.444271"} {"text": "for energy efficiency. for more information on energy star\u00ae labeled products, visit the energy star\u00ae web site. energy marketers \u2013 see electricity supplier. executive order 13423 : strengthening federal environmental, energy and transportation management \u2013 executive order 13423 calls for federal agencies sets goals in the areas of energy efficiency, acquisition, renewable energy, toxics reductions, recycling, sustainable buildings, electronics stewardship, fleets, and water conservation. fossil fuels \u2013 fossil fuels are the nation \u2019 s principal source of electricity. the popularity of these fuels is largely due to their low costs. fossil fuels come in three major forms \u2014 coal, oil, and natural gas. because fossil fuels are a finite resource and cannot be replenished once they are extracted and burned, they are not considered renewable. generation \u2013 the act of transforming energy into electricity. global climate change \u2013 climate change refers to any significant change in measures of climate ( such as temperature, precipitation, or wind ) lasting for an extended period ( decades or longer ). climate change may result from : - natural factors, such as changes in the sun ' s intensity or slow changes in the earth ' s orbit around the sun ; - natural processes within the climate system ( e. g. changes in ocean circulation ) ; - human activities that change the atmosphere ' s composition ( e. g. through burning fossil fuels ) and the land surface ( e. g. deforestation, reforestation, urbanization, desertification, etc. ) greenhouse gases ( ghg ) \u2013 gases in the earth \u2019 s atmosphere that produce the greenhouse effect. changes in the concentration of certain greenhouse gases, due to human activity such as fossil fuel burning, increase the risk of global climate change. greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, halogenated fluorocarbons, ozone, perfluorinated carbons, and hydrofluorocarbons. green power \u2013 renewable energy resources such as solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, biomass and low - impact hydro generate green power. a green power resource produces electricity with zero anthropogenic ( caused by humans ) emissions, has a superior environmental profile to conventional power generation, and must have been built after the beginning of the voluntary market ( 1 / 1 / 1997 ). green power marketers \u2013 due to increased customer awareness of the environmental implications associated with conventional power generation, a growing number of utilities and other types of energy service providers have begun offering green power products. the term \u201c green power marketers \u201d usually refers to energy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5444236221018828, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.445500"} {"text": "power marketers \u2013 due to increased customer awareness of the environmental implications associated with conventional power generation, a growing number of utilities and other types of energy service providers have begun offering green power products. the term \u201c green power marketers \u201d usually refers to energy providers operating in states that permit retail competition in the electricity markets. in states that do not allow this retail competition, many utilities have begun offering green power options under what are typically referred to as green pricing programs. to learn more about green power products in your area and whether your utility offers a green pricing program, visit the green power locator. green power product \u2013 green power electricity products are supplied from renewable energy resources that provide the highest environmental benefit. green power sold by regulated utilities is called green pricing, and when sold in competitive electric markets green power is called green marketing. green pricing \u2013 some power companies are now providing an optional service, called green pricing, which allows customers to pay a small premium in exchange for electricity generated from green power resources. the premium covers the increased costs incurred by the power provider ( i. e. electric utility ) when adding green power to its power generation mix. to find out if your utility offers a green pricing program, refer to the green power locator. green power purchasing \u2013 green power can be purchased nationwide from several sources. green power marketers offer green power products to consumers in deregulated markets \u2014 such as new jersey, pennsylvania, and new england. in states that do not allow retail competition in the electricity markets, many utilities offer green power products through green pricing programs. in addition, all customers nationwide have the opportunity to buy green power and stimulate the development of renewable generation sources through renewable energy certificates. finally, customers can choose to install on - site generation, such as solar panels. kilowatt - hour \u2013 a kilowatt - hour ( kwh ) is a standard metric unit of measurement for electricity. the average home in the united states uses approximately 900 kwh / month or 10. 8 mwh / year of electricity. - one kilowatt - hour ( kw ) is equal to 1, 000 watt - hours ( wh ). - one megawatt - hour ( mwh ) is equal to 1, 000 kilowatt - hours. - a watt - hour is the amount of energy delivered at a rate of one watt ( w ) for a period of one hour. - one watt is the amount of power rate of one joule of work per second of time. - example : a 100 watt light bulb", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5356568745208179, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.446528"} {"text": "is the amount of energy delivered at a rate of one watt ( w ) for a period of one hour. - one watt is the amount of power rate of one joule of work per second of time. - example : a 100 watt light bulb in use for 10 hours uses 1000 watt - hours, or 1 kilowatt of electricity. ( 100 watts x 10 hours = 1000 watt - hours = 1 kwh ) megawatt - hour \u2013 a megawatt - hour ( mwh ) is equal to 1, 000 kwh. net metering \u2013 a method of crediting customers for electricity that they generate on site in excess of their own electricity consumption. customers with their own generation offset the electricity they would have purchased from their utility. if such customers generate more than they use in a billing period, their electric meter turns backwards to indicate their net excess generation. depending on individual state or utility rules, the net excess generation may be credited to their account ( in many cases at the retail price ), carried over to a future billing period, or ignored. \u201c new \u201d renewables \u2013 the voluntary green power market came into existence in the late 1990 \u2019 s. january 1, 1997 is considered a definitive point in time when green power facilities could be adequately identified as having been developed to serve the green power marketplace. green power facilities placed into service after january 1, 1997 are said to produce \u201c new \u201d renewable energy. the \u201c new \u201d criterion gets at the additionality requirement for the voluntary market. on - site renewable generation \u2013 electricity generated by renewable resources using a system or device located at the site where the power is used. on - site generation is a form of distributed energy generation. for more information about distributed energy technologies that are renewable and non - renewable, visit the department of energy ' s distributed energy resources web site. renewable energy resources \u2013 see what are renewable energy resources? renewable energy certificates \u2013 also known as recs, green tags, green energy certificates, or tradable renewable certificates, certificates represent the technology and environmental attributes of electricity generated from renewable sources. renewable energy credits are usually sold in 1 megawatt - hour ( mwh ) units. a certificate can be sold separately from the mega - watt hour of generic electricity it is associated with. this flexibility enables customers to offset a percentage of their annual electricity use with certificates generated elsewhere. renewable portfolio standard \u2013 - the requirement that an electric power provider generate or purchase a specified percentage of the power it supplies / sells from renewable energy resources, and thereby guarantee a market for electricity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5737180620513629, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.447817"} {"text": "are a glass - like surface derived from sand. some manufacturers offer tiles containing recycled glass light bulb waste, automobile windshield waste and a waste product from feldspar mining. tiles are growing in popularity for many reasons. they are highly durable, freeze - proof and easy to clean and maintain. they also have a high thermal storage capacity which means they retain their heat and emit it slowly especially good in climates which are warm during the day and cool at night. are available in many varieties, glazed and unglazed, mosaic and quarry tile and in various sizes, surface textures and colors. unglazed, often called mexican pavers, are all clay usually requiring a coat of protective sealant before or after installation to prevent soiling and bacterial growth. they are usually less expensive than glazed. glazed tiles are water - resistant, require no sealant and permanently retain both their hard quality and their surface issues can include the mining of raw materials which can produce soil erosion, pollutant runoff and habitat loss. although relatively abundant resources, clay and sand are nonrenewable. tile manufacturing is energy - intensive, but the industry is making many improvements in this area. some glaze pigments are obtained from heavy metals and some conventional tiles can have radioactive glazes, particularly cobalt blue and some yellows. radiation detectors are available to test the levels. still, when chosen carefully, tile can be a good sustainable choice. installation involves adhesives and grout which are typically derived from petrochemicals and can contain plastic additives, considered inert when cured, but can emit vocs while curing. when making your choice of tiles, remember that larger tiles require less grouting joints to fill.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4742945819744112, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.450548"} {"text": "flossing and childrenuso del hilo dental flossing and children flossing should begin when your child is around ages 2 to 3, under the direction of your child ' s dentist. prior to this age, flossing is not necessary. children usually need assistance with flossing until they are ages 8 to 10. the importance of flossing brushing teeth properly and consistently helps to remove most dental plaque ; however, brushing alone cannot remove plaque that is located in places that a toothbrush cannot reach, particularly in between teeth. in addition to removing plaque, flossing also helps to : flossing should take place at least once a day for two to three minutes each time to be most effective. types of dental floss regular, consistent flossing is the single most important weapon against plaque, perhaps more important than the toothbrush. the different types of dental floss include the following : waxed and unwaxed flavored and unflavored wide and regular textured and smooth your child ' s dentist or other oral health care provider can provide a demonstration of any of the following flossing techniques. they include : spool method ( also called the finger - wrap method ) cut off a piece of floss that is approximately 18 to 20 inches in length. lightly wrap each side of the piece of floss several times around each middle finger. next, carefully maneuver the floss in between the teeth with your index fingers and thumbs in an up and down, not side - to - side, motion. it is best to bring the floss up and down, making sure to go below the gumline, bending it to form a \" c \" on the side of each tooth. loop method ( also called the circle method ) cut off a piece of floss that is approximately 18 inches long, and tie it securely in a circle. next, place all of the fingers, except the thumb, within the loop. then, use your index fingers to guide the floss through the lower teeth, and use your thumbs to guide the floss through the upper teeth, making sure to go below the gumline, bending it to form a \" c \" on the side of each tooth. other flossing techniques flossing tools, such as a prethreaded flosser or floss holder may be helpful for people who are just learning how to floss, individuals with limited dexterity in their arms and / or hands, or persons who are flossing the teeth of someone else (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4374628867761697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.454207"} {"text": "bakari kitwana kicked off martin luther king jr. week events at grand valley with a speech monday that drew connections between activists from the civil rights era and activists from the hip - hop era. kitwana \u2019 s latest book is hip - hop activism in the obama era. he is a senior media fellow at the jamestown project, a harvard law think - tank, and ceo of rap sessions, a company that conducts townhall meetings around the country on difficult topics facing the hip - hop generation. kitwana told an audience in the kirkhof center that hip - hop music emerged from generations of artists who sought ways to convey their political messages. \u201c in the 1970s, hip - hop \u2019 s political message was found in songs about how globalization had impacted urban communities, \u201d kitwana said. he continued describing the decades and said by the 1990s established artists like public enemy and queen latifah were using music as tools to mobilize young people to activism. kitwana said the 2008 election of president obama was the first political victory for young people. he projected that the political apathy and unrest that followed years later occurred because the young voters who helped elect obama into office stopped being political activists, although there is a resurgence in activism with occupy wall street. \u201c the issues surrounding occupy wall street have been channeled by young people and brought them back into activism, \u201d he said. he suggested to students in the audience that they do not need to wait for an invitation to be an activist. \u201c just jump in, \u201d kitwana said. \u201c to be inspiring to others, the most important thing is to be engaged yourself. \u201d * kitwana said there was a surge of political messages in music in the 1970s ( audio ). * kitwana said the term raptivist described hip - hop performers who were also activists ( audio ). * kitwana said by 2004 hip - hop was used to mobilize young people ( audio ). * kitwana said the election of obama was considered the first real victory but then people were discouraged ( audio ). mlk commemoration week events continue through saturday ; see details below. \u2022 tuesday, january 17 : 1 p. m. : melanie shell - weiss, assistant professor of liberal studies, will discuss \u201c race, migration and social justice : what would mlk say today? \u201d in the kirkhof center, pere marquette room. \u2022 wednesday, january 18 : 5 p. m. : michelle alexander, civil rights advocate and author of the new jim crow, presentation in kirkhof center, grand river room.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.453698595743566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.457361"} {"text": "tuesday, sept. 28 ( healthday news ) - - when taken shortly after the onset of symptoms, the antiviral drug tamiflu seems to have protected otherwise healthy swine flu patients from contracting pneumonia during the 2009 h1n1 pandemic, chinese researchers tamiflu may also have shortened the period that patients were contagious and reduced the duration of their fevers, the research however, reporting in the sept. 29 issue of bmj. com, the study authors stressed that their findings should be interpreted with caution given that the conclusions are based on an after - the - fact analysis and on a pool of patients not uniformly given chest x - rays at the time of illness. the study team, led by dr. weizhong yang and dr. hongjie yu from the chinese center for disease control and prevention in beijing, note that in 2009 the fast - spreading influenza a ( h1n1 ) virus killed more than 18, 000 people in over 200 countries. prior research has suggested that patients who take antiviral medications within two days of experiencing seasonal flu symptoms may develop a less severe and shorter - lasting illness and may also reduce their risk for complications. to gauge to what degree this might be true for healthy patients with a mild form of h1n1, the research team reviewed the medical records of nearly 1, 300 chinese patients diagnosed with the infection in 2009. the average age of the patients was 20. more than three - quarters were given tamiflu within a median of three days following the onset of symptoms, and 920 of the patients underwent follow - up just 12 percent of those x - rayed had signs of pneumonia, the researchers observed. none of them needed admission for intensive care, and none required mechanical ventilation. even after accounting for age, gender, influenza vaccine and antibiotic treatment history, the authors concluded that tamiflu treatment appeared to offer significant protection against this protective effect was apparent in all patients who took tamiflu, even those who took it more than 48 hours after symptom onset, but those who took the medication within 48 hours experienced shorter fevers and were contagious for a shorter the chinese team nonetheless called for more follow - up research to investigate the potential benefits of tamiflu for swine flu. for more on swine flu, visit the for disease control and prevention.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4473995867207652, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.459881"} {"text": "tuesday, sept. 6 ( healthday news ) - - many first - year medical students in the united states may have an unconscious preference for white and upper social class people, but these biases don ' t appear to affect patient care, according to the results of a survey at one medical school. johns hopkins school of medicine researchers analyzed the responses of 202 first - year medical students who took part in a web - based survey that included the implicit association test ( iat ), used to assess unconscious ( or \" implicit \" ) preferences. the survey also included direct questions about the students ' race and class preference, and eight hypothetical patient assessments, focusing on pain evaluation, informed consent, patient reliability and patient trust. the iat results showed that 34 students ( 17 percent ) had no implicit race preference, 140 ( 69 percent ) had a white preference, and 28 ( 14 percent ) had a black preference. the test also showed that 174 students ( 86 percent ) had an implicit upper - class preference, 22 ( 11 percent ) had no preference, and six ( 3 percent ) had a lower - class preference. however, there was no link between implicit race or social preferences and the students ' performance on the patient assessments, according to the study published in the sept. 7 medical education theme issue of the journal of the american medical association. race and socioeconomic status are associated with health care disparities among patients in the united states, dr. adil haider and colleagues noted in a journal news release. they said that medical school could offer a good opportunity to decrease implicit biases and possibly reduce doctor - related health care disparities, although discussions with students suggest that may not be \" it has been recommended that medical education curricula focus on integrating cross - cultural education to reduce disparities ; however, students have noted the existence of a ' hidden curriculum ' in which what is taught about bias in the classroom differs starkly from in - hospital training experiences, \" haider ' s team concluded. the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention has more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47329541344837034, "token_count": 417, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.462267"} {"text": "the ummah \u2019 s sole way to salvation : al - firqah al - najiyyah our prophet ( saas ) stated, \u201c my ummah will divide into seventy - three sects. and all of them will belong to hell except for one ( which will belong to paradise ) : the one that will follow the path on which i walk and my companions walk \u201d ( al - tirmidhi ). this hadith carries a special importance today, as it guides the believers. if we look at human history, we see that when the words of allah \u2019 s ( swt ) messengers were ignored, the result was always pain, privation, and failure. so long as muslims do not fully adhere to the qur \u2019 an and the sunnah, which shows how to apply the qur \u2019 an to one \u2019 s life, the islamic world will have failures and helplessness. in order not to be among those whose faces will turn black and bitter on the day of judgment, but among those whose faces will gaze full of light upon our lord, muslims have to follow the qur \u2019 an and the path taken by the messenger of allah ( saas ). prophet muhammad ( saas ) said that our time, called the \u201c end times, \u201d will be a period when, at first, corruption will prevail. however, after that time will come the days of blessed tidings. he described this period as one during which islamic morality will be widespread and islam \u2019 s beauties will be dispersed throughout the world. the fact that the islamic world is currently going through a difficult time is nothing but an indication that we are on the brink of those days of blessed tidings. the hadiths and accounts of the end times, which is an important matter in the ahl al - sunnah \u2019 s creed, and the events to take place at that time all point at today.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4308756729448025, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.464472"} {"text": "although all ants may seem alike, they are divided into many different species based on their lifestyles and physical attributes. these living beings in fact have approximately 8800 species. each species also has special admirable attributes. now, let us discuss some of these species, their lifestyles and characteristics. leaf cutter ants the specific characteristic of the leaf cutter ants also called \" atta, \" is their habit of transporting the leaf pieces that they cut out on their heads. the ants hide under leaves that are quite large compared to their own sizes. these they secure in their closely shut chins. therefore, the return voyage of worker ants after a day ' s work presents a very interesting picture. anyone who sees this happening would feel as if the floor of the forest were alive and walking. in rain forests their actions remove about 15 percent of leaf production. 19 the reason for their carrying leaf pieces is, of course, not protection from the sun. ants do not utilize these leaf pieces as food either. then, in what way do they use so many leaves? it has been discovered that, surprisingly, attas use these leaves in fungus culturing. ants cannot eat the leaves themselves, because they do not have enzymes in their bodies that could digest the cellulose in the leaves. worker ants make a heap of these leaf pieces after chewing them and insert them into the garden substratum. in these chambers, they grow fungus on the leaves. this way, they obtain the required protein from the shoots of the fungus. 20 however, when attas are removed, the garden would normally begin to deteriorate and would soon be overwhelmed by weed fungi. then, how can the attas, who clean their gardens only before \" planting, \" be protected against weed fungi? the trick of maintaining a pure fungus culture without constant weeding seems to depend upon the saliva the ants work into the compost as they chew it up. it is thought that the saliva contains an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of undesirable fungi. it probably contains a growth - promoter for the right fungus, too. 21what one has to ponder upon is the following : how have these ants learned to cultivate fungus? is it possible that one day one of the ants took a leaf in its mouth by coincidence and chewed it, and then again by chance, it placed this liquid that had become porridge - like on a dry leaf floor which, by sheer coincidence is a totally appropriate place, and other ants brought pieces of fungus and planted them there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48367104870326694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.499436"} {"text": "by coincidence and chewed it, and then again by chance, it placed this liquid that had become porridge - like on a dry leaf floor which, by sheer coincidence is a totally appropriate place, and other ants brought pieces of fungus and planted them there and, finally, the ants which had anticipated that some sort of food that they could eat would grow there, started cleaning the garden, throwing out unnecessary material, and harvesting? and then they went over and conveyed this process to the whole colony one by one? also, why would they have carried all those leaves to their nests although they could not eat them? furthermore, how could these ants have created the saliva that they use while chewing the leaves for the production of fungi? even it is thought that they may form this saliva, one way or the other, with what information could they produce an antibiotic in their saliva which prevents the formation of weed fungi? does it not require having a significant knowledge of chemistry to achieve such a process? even if they did have such knowledge - which is impossible - how could they apply it and get their saliva to have this antibiotic substance characteristic? when one thinks about how ants could realize such a miraculous event, hundreds of similar questions come up to none of which there are any answers. on the other hand, if a single explanatory answer could be given, all these questions would have been answered. ants have been designed and programmed to achieve the job they are performing. the observed event is sufficient to prove that ants are born or rather caused to be born knowing farming. such complex behavioural patterns are not phenomena which may develop in stages and with time. they are the work of a comprehensive knowledge and a supreme intellect. thus the claims by evolutionists that beneficial behaviour is selected in time and the required organs develop through mutations seem totally illogical. it is, of course, no one other than allah who gives this knowledge to the ants from day one, and who creates them with all these astonishing features. it is allah who is the \" creator \" ( sani ). the features of the atta ants we mention above set forth a picture we shall face frequently all throughout this book. we are talking about a living being without the ability to think, but which nevertheless achieves a great task displaying a tremendous intellect. this is hard for man to conceive of. then, what does this all mean? there is only one answer and it is a simple one : if this animal has no capacity to think in order to enable it to do what it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5190238787465549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.502295"} {"text": "intellect. this is hard for man to conceive of. then, what does this all mean? there is only one answer and it is a simple one : if this animal has no capacity to think in order to enable it to do what it is doing, then its show of intellect, in fact, introduces us somebody else ' s wisdom. the creator who has caused the ant to exist is letting this animal do things beyond its capacity to show his existence and superiority in his creation. the ant acts under allah ' s inspiration and the intellect it displays is in fact, the wisdom of allah. actually, a similar situation exists in the whole of the animal world. we meet creatures who display a very superior intellect, although they have neither an independent mind nor the capacity for judgement. the ant is one of the most striking of these and like other animals, acts, in fact, in accordance with the programme it has been given by the will that trains it. it reflects the wisdom and power of possessor of that will, that is, allah. the attas ' interesting defence methods medium - sized workers of the leaf cutter ant colony spend almost all their days in carrying leaves. it becomes difficult for them to protect themselves during this process, because they secure the leaves with the chins that they use for protecting themselves. then, if they are not able to protect themselves, who does? it has been observed that leaf cutter worker ants walk around with smaller size workers all the time. at first, it was thought that this was accidental. then, the cause for this was researched and the finding, which was the result of a long analysis, was an astonishing example of cooperation. medium - sized ants, given the task of carrying leaves use an interesting defence system against a hostile type of fly. this hostile fly has chosen a special place to lay its eggs - the head portion of each ant. the maggot hatching from the egg would feed on the ant ' s head, eventually decapitating the ant. without their smaller assistants, the worker ants are defenceless against this fly species that is always ready to attack. under normal circumstances, the ants who, with their scissors like sharp mandibles, are able to chase away the flies trying to land on them, cannot do this while carrying leaves. therefore, they place another ant to defend them, on the leaf that they carry and during the attack, these small guards fight against the enemy. 23 highways of attas the road that attas use, while carrying the leaves they cut back", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5269129745664582, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.503439"} {"text": "leaves. therefore, they place another ant to defend them, on the leaf that they carry and during the attack, these small guards fight against the enemy. 23 highways of attas the road that attas use, while carrying the leaves they cut back to home, seems like a miniature highway. ants who crawl slowly on it collect all twigs, small gravel, grass and wild plants and put them to one side. thus, they make a clear path for themselves. after a long period of intensive work, this highway becomes straight and smooth as if built with a special device. the atta colony consists of workers the size of a single grain of sand, soldiers who are many times larger and medium - sized \" marathon runners \". marathon runners run around to bring leaf pieces to the nest. these ants are so industrious that, scaled to human dimensions, each worker runs the equivalent of four - minute mile for 30 - some miles ( 48 km. ), with 500 pounds ( 227 kg. ) slung over her shoulders. 24 in an atta nest, fist - sized galleries may be found that may go 6 metres deep. the miniature workers may move some 40 tons of soil while digging the many chambers of their huge nests. 25 the building of these nests in a few years by ants is comparable in difficulty and high standard of professionalism to man ' s construction of the great wall of china. this is proof that the attas may not be regarded as ordinary simple creatures. these ants, who are extremely hard working, are able to achieve complex tasks that a man would find difficult to do. indeed, the only possessor of might who could have given them such skills is allah. to say that they have acquired all these skills on their own and of their own accord would be illogical. leaf cutting technique of attas when the ant cuts the leaf with its mandibles, its whole body vibrates. scientists have observed that this shaking fixes the leaves, thus facilitating the cutting. at the same time, the sound serves to attract other workers - all females - to the site to finish off the leaf. 26 the ant rubs two small organs on his belly to produce this vibration that may be heard as a very slight sound by human beings. this vibration is sent through the body until reaching the sickle - like mandibles of the ant. by rapidly oscillating her hind end, this ant cuts out a crescent of leaf with vibrating mandibles in much the same manner as an electric carving knife. this technique facilitates the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5047979010383548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.504436"} {"text": "the sickle - like mandibles of the ant. by rapidly oscillating her hind end, this ant cuts out a crescent of leaf with vibrating mandibles in much the same manner as an electric carving knife. this technique facilitates the cutting of the leaf. yet, it is known that such vibrations serve another purpose as well. seeing a leaf - cutting ant attracts others to the same place because many other plants in the regions where attas live are poisonous. the testing of each leaf by an ant being such a risky procedure, they always go to locations where others have successfully completed their tasks. weaver ants live in the trees building themselves nests out of leaves. by combining the leaves, they are able to form nests over a few trees, thus supporting a much larger population. the stages of building are interesting. first, workers individually seek locations in the colony territory that are suitable for expansion. when they find a suitable branch, they disperse over the leaves of the branch and start pulling in the leaves from the sides. when an ant succeeds in bending a portion of a leaf, the workers close by also move towards it and start pulling the leaf together. if the leaf is wider than the size of the ant, or if it is necessary to pull two leaves together, the workers make suspension bridges between the points to be joined. later on, some of the ants in the chain climb on the backs of the ants beside them, thus shortening the chain, and the joining of the ends of the leaf is achieved. when the leaf takes a tent - like shape, some of the ants keep holding the leaf with their legs and mandibles and others go back to the old nest and carry specially raised larvae to this region. workers rub the larvae back and forth over the joints of the leaf, using them as a source of silk. with the silk secreted from an opening right below the mouths of the larvae, the leaves are fastened at the required locations. that is, the larvae are used as sewing machines. 27 the silk glands of these spinning larvae are much larger, but they may be carried easily because they are smaller in size. the larvae give all their silk for the needs of the colonies instead of using them for themselves. instead of producing silk slowly from their silk glands, they expel a broad thread of silk, and they do not even try to build their own cocoons. in the remaining portion of their lives, worker ants will do everything the larvae have to do for them. as is evident, these larvae live only as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5057864687872748, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.505538"} {"text": "now known that the abundant saliva they secrete while chewing accomplishes this transformation. 29 the ants we speak of here have not, of course, had any education in chemistry. neither can they anticipate that their saliva will transform the seeds they collect randomly into sugar that they can eat. yet, the lives of these ants depend on a series of chemical transformations that they do not know about and cannot know about. when even men do not know of such a transformation process taking place in the bodies of the ants \u2013 and they have just learned the details in the last few years \u2013 how have the ants managed to be fed by this method for millenniums? many types of ants are fed with the digestive wastes of aphids called \" honey \". this substance in fact bears no relation to real honey. however, the digestive waste of aphids, which have fed on plant sap, is given this name because it contains a high proportion of sugar. thus, the workers of this species, called honey ants, collect honey from aphids, coccidae, and flowers. the ants ' method of collecting honey from the aphid is very interesting. the ant approaches the aphid and starts shoving its belly. the aphid gives a drop of digestive waste to the ant. the ant starts shoving the belly of the aphid more and more to get more honey and sucks the liquid that comes out. then how do they utilize this sugared food and what good is this food for them later on? there is a great division of labour among honey ants in this phase. some ants are used as \" jars \" to keep the nectar collected by other workers! \u2026 in every nest, there is one queen, workers and also honey carriers. the colonies of these ants are usually located near the dwarf oak trees the workers can extract nectars from. after the workers carry the nectar, once having swallowed it, to their nests, they take it out of their mouths and pour it into the mouths of young workers who will keep the honey. these workers, nicknamed honeypots, use their own bodies to store the sweet liquid food the colony often needs to get through hard times in the desert. they are fed until they swell up to the size of blueberries. then they dangle like amber globes from the ceilings of their chambers until called upon to regurgitate nectar to hungry sisters. 30 while attached to this ceiling, they look like a small and translucent bunch of grapes. if any of them falls down, the workers return it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47111088695470205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.507724"} {"text": "amber globes from the ceilings of their chambers until called upon to regurgitate nectar to hungry sisters. 30 while attached to this ceiling, they look like a small and translucent bunch of grapes. if any of them falls down, the workers return it to its previous position right away. honey in the honey pots weighs almost 8 times as much as an ant. in winter, or in the arid season, ordinary workers visit the honey pots to meet their daily food demands. the worker ant places its mouth on to the \" pot ' s \" and the pot exudes a small drop of honey from its store by contracting its muscles. the workers consume this honey of high nutritional value as food in adverse seasons. it is an interesting and awe - inspiring situation for a living being to reach a weight 8 times its own, having decided to serve as a honey pot, and to be able to live hanging from its feet without any harm coming to it. why have they felt the need to accept such a difficult and dangerous position? have they thought about this unique storage technique themselves and controlled their bodily developments accordingly? just think, while a man cannot even control the slightest development in his body, how can an ant, who does not even have a brain in the real sense, do this on its own? honey ants display behavior that the evolution theory cannot explain. it is totally illogical to maintain that they have developed the honey storage method and the organs required for it by chance. in fact, in scientific sources, we meet many realistic statements on this and similar subjects. take, for instance, the explanation of prof. etienne rabaud, director of the institute of biology of the paris university : these explanations given by professor rabaud show us clearly a conclusion that anyone may arrive at by thinking with his conscience for just a very short time. a sole creator who is the real source of knowledge and intellect has created all living beings with their faultless organs and perfect behaviour. this truth has been expressed in the qur ' an as follows : he is allah, the creator, the maker, the giver of forms. to him belong the most beautiful names : everything in the heavens and earth glorifies him. he is the almighty, the all - wise. ( surat al - hashr, 24 ) wood ants are famous for the hills they build from pine needles and thin branches on top of their underground nests. the nest is usually founded around a tree log. the portion of the nest above ground, made up of twigs, leaf stems, and pine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.520732034762017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.508686"} {"text": "wood ants are famous for the hills they build from pine needles and thin branches on top of their underground nests. the nest is usually founded around a tree log. the portion of the nest above ground, made up of twigs, leaf stems, and pine needles, is the roof of the nest. this roof may reach up to 2 metres in height, it prevents seepage of rain inside and regulates the temperature of the nest in very hot or very cold weather. 32 wood ants, like the others, are also very hard working. they keep re - decorating their nests continuously. they transfer the original surface layer to the lower layers in stages and they bring up material from the lower layers to replace the upper level. an interesting observation was made of the changes the ants make in the nest. blue dye was sprayed on top of the hill of the nest and in four days it was observed that the top of the hill was again brown. blue particles were found 8 - 10 cms below the surface. within one month these particles went down to a depth of 40 cm. subsequently, these blue particles have reached the surface once again. well, do these ants perform this continuous transportation process just for the sake of doing it? no. researchers explain why wood ants engage in this perpetual act as follows : the perpetual motion dries the humid substances inside at the surface and prevents the formation of fungi. otherwise, the ants would have a nest occupied by harmful fungi. in such a situation there are two possibilities. one is that very long ago the ants, by their own research, discovered the fact that fungi develop in a humid environment, ( something which man discovered as a result of long term scientific research ) and developed the most rational method to eliminate this problem! the other possibility is that the conception and implementation of this perfect process can only be through inspiration by a supreme intellect. the impossibility of the first case is obvious. the one who has inspired the ants to protect themselves from the fungi and shown them how to do so is, of course, the almighty allah. different reproduction methods of wood ants the males and queens of wood ants are winged. however, they do not fly by a nuptial flight as other small ant species do. mating is realized on the surface of the nest or some place nearby. after mating, the queen picks off its wings and does one of the following three things : 1. she returns to the nest where she has previously lived as a larva and leaves her eggs there. 2. sometimes she leaves the nest with workers carrying", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4923536751807445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.509999"} {"text": "after mating, the queen picks off its wings and does one of the following three things : 1. she returns to the nest where she has previously lived as a larva and leaves her eggs there. 2. sometimes she leaves the nest with workers carrying her and looks for a new place to build a nest. 3. if she leaves on her own, she enters the nest of smaller related species, like the black ant formica fusca, and replaces the queen there. the queen leaves her eggs to be looked after by the fusca workers in there. for a while there are both guest workers and host workers in the nest. however, since the hosts do not have a queen, after a while the workers die and the wood queens acquire an established nest without doing anything. 33 he to whom the kingdom of the heavens and the earth belongs. he does not have a son and he has no partner in the kingdom. he created everything and determined it most exactly. ( surat al - furqan, 2 ) in the tactics of queen wood ants discussed in section 3, a clear consciousness is observed. however, it is obvious that such consciousness may not belong to the ant itself. the queen ant has never seen any place other than the few square metres within her nest. she goes inside a colony which she has never seen or has not known of before, and knows who she should eliminate in that colony. she achieves this by overcoming all obstacles. all these factors prove beyond doubt that the queen ant is acting under inspiration. the above mentioned phenomena are clear proof of the power and sovereignty of allah over all living creatures. one of the most feared animals of the forests is the legionary ant the reason for the name \" army \" being given to this ant community is their acting u. nder a true military discipline. legionary ants are carnivores and they eat up everything in sight. each ant is 6 to 12 millimetres long, but their incredible number and discipline make up for the disadvantage of their small size. direct sunlight may kill the legionary ants in a short time. therefore they travel either at night or in the shade. due to their sensitivity to light, they dig long tunnels while advancing. most of the ants run in these tunnels without going outside. this does not decrease their speed, because they can dig the tunnels very fast with their strong mandibles. thus, running is both fast and secret. legionaries move as very large armies, going over all obstructions except fire and water, although they are totally blind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4754556433908276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.511210"} {"text": "their speed, because they can dig the tunnels very fast with their strong mandibles. thus, running is both fast and secret. legionaries move as very large armies, going over all obstructions except fire and water, although they are totally blind. 34 legionary ants tear their prey apart where they find it and carry small pieces of it to their temporary nests. quite a lot of food is needed for a legionary ant colony. the approximate daily need of a medium size colony, consisting of 80, 000 adult ants and 30, 000 larvae, is about half a gallon ( 2. 27 litres ) of animal product food. 35 since legionary ants do not have a fixed nest, they are always moving. the movements and migrations of the colonies depend on the production cycle. the queen produces approximately 25 - 35, 000 eggs during two days each month. a few days before the laying of the eggs, the colony halts and gathers in a wide area. the ants hang on to each other by their hook shaped legs and form a temporary nest. the empty space in the middle acts as a chamber ready for the queen and the new generation. here, naturally, the legs and joints of the ants at the very top are subject to excessive loading. yet, since they are built to endure weights several hundred times more than their own weights, they can hold the whole colony without much problem. 36 to hunt most efficiently, the ants time their movements to the needs of a developing brood, alternating between sedentary and nomadic phases. during the resting period of about 20 days, the fat, immobile queen produces 50, 000 to 100, 000 eggs while other offspring lie in the quiescent pupal stage. on most days, workers, foraging only for themselves and the queen, make short raids from the nest in a rosette pattern. on each raid they vary their direction by an average of 123 degrees, thus avoiding recombing the same ground. 37 ants can unerringly calculate the 123\u00b0 by themselves, something which man cannot calculate without an instrument. this would appear to indicate a thorough knowledge of mathematics. yet ants do not know math, they cannot even count. so this shows that what they do is done by special inspiration, and not consciously. when the first larvae hatch, workers collect food and, in the meantime, the community stays stationary. pieces of food are fed directly to the larvae. the queen ' s being ready for laying again usually coincides with earlier larvae ' s transition into the pupa stage. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47909137410642977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.512308"} {"text": ", workers collect food and, in the meantime, the community stays stationary. pieces of food are fed directly to the larvae. the queen ' s being ready for laying again usually coincides with earlier larvae ' s transition into the pupa stage. in this stage, the community stops once again. the coinciding of the laying of eggs by the queen and the larvae going into the pupa stage indicates a conscious planning since it decreases the time for which the army stops. the development of larvae prompts the older ants to start a new migration cycle. this is how it works : larvae give out a secretion when they are licked and cleaned by the workers. research has shown that this fluid is effective in the decision to migrate. 38 it would be a weakness of logic to claim that larvae which have not even gained the identity of an ant yet, have thought of secreting such a fluid and have directed the whole colony towards fulfilling their needs. the only thing that a smart observer can spot is the existence of a supreme creator and his information and sovereignty that are all around us. velvet ants, which lead their lives in deserts, have excessively hairy bodies. their natural coat serves as a heat - isolating layer. it preserves the heat in during the cold nights of the desert, and protects them from the heat during the day. male velvet ants, because of their wings, are able to avoid the heat of the sand by flying. yet female velvet ants have to walk around on hot sand, because they have no wings. they need this coat to be protected from the heat coming from ground as well as from the sun. then, what is the explanation for the insect having such a \" coat \" to protect it from adverse weather conditions? it is impossible to claim that the animal has acquired it by adapting to nature as part of the process of evolution, because this would lead to many questions remaining unanswered : did the female velvet ants die due to high temperatures before having such a coat? if this was the case, how did they wait for generations to have a coat \" by coincidence \"? through what kind of a coincidence did they get this body? these questions are, of course, without answers, because these insects could not have obtained their \" coats \" that protect them from the heat by the mechanisms evolutionists keep suggesting, because these ants cannot live without this coat, and they have no time to wait for mutations which occur very seldom - and which are all harmful. it is clear that the animals have been designed from the outset to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49923071740343816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.513362"} {"text": "by the mechanisms evolutionists keep suggesting, because these ants cannot live without this coat, and they have no time to wait for mutations which occur very seldom - and which are all harmful. it is clear that the animals have been designed from the outset to withstand the climate they live in. female velvet ants look for any type of insect nest or bee hive that they can use after leaving their place of mating. when they do, they go inside the nest. they are equipped to fend off any eviction attempts and eventually they stay on in the nest, because the velvet ants have strong arms and a shield which allow them to go inside even bee hives. their outer shells are exceptionally thick and hard. zoologists claim that they have difficulty in piercing the chest of the velvet ant with a steel pin. 39 once inside, the velvet queen ant, which has all kinds of equipment with which to settle in the bee hives, starts feeding on the honey stock. also, it leaves its eggs in the pupa cells of the bees or their cocoons. the ant larvae that hatch, feed on host pupae and later on they become pupae also. bees leave the nest at the end of summer. velvet ants spend the winter in this nest as pupae. according to one record, in a bee nest, there have been found 76 velvet ants and only two bees. 40 this example shows how effective and successful the female velvet ant is in dealing with the female bee. the queen velvet ant, using subtle tactics, captures the nest from within and gains control of the nest herself. what can be said here is that the velvet ant knows the bees very well and, moreover, knows very well how to deceive them, too. then can it be anybody other than the creator of the bee who inspires her with the physical characteristics of the bee, its life style and nest structure? the only logical explanation is the acceptance of the existence of a sole creator who has created ants, bees and, in fact, all living beings. fire ants are red insects of diminutive size. yet they can achieve great things in spite of their smallness. the queens of these ants, which have 20 varieties in america alone, may produce as many as 5, 000 eggs a day. while many ant species colonies have a few hundred workers, the colonies of this species have about half a million workers. a single mated fire ant queen can produce a colony of 240, 000 workers. 41 fire ant workers very aggressively attack their prey with poisonous needles. it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4941990144078968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.515776"} {"text": "species colonies have a few hundred workers, the colonies of this species have about half a million workers. a single mated fire ant queen can produce a colony of 240, 000 workers. 41 fire ant workers very aggressively attack their prey with poisonous needles. it has been recorded that young fire ants have injured or even killed reptiles or baby deer. also these aggressive ants may cause power failures by tearing up electricity cables. for a while they invaded south america and caused frightening damage. the journals and magazines of that year tell us that these ants have chewed through electrical cables and caused power cuts ; they have caused damage to crops worth billions of dollars ; they have caused motorways to collapse and have stung people, causing allergic shocks that have rendered them helpless. they have done all this with their powerful mandibles, even digging tunnels under roads causing motorways, roads to collapse and also causing other kinds of havoc in the environment. protection from germs american experts have tried various methods to prevent the above - mentioned damage done by fire ants. they considered spreading a contagious disease inside the colony by injecting germs into the flies the ants eat. yet, astonishingly, it was seen that such flies with germs in no way hurt the ants. in the analysis it was found out that the ants have one of the most interesting defence systems in the world of living beings : a structure in their throats which protect them from germs \u2026 because of this structure, the bacteria in anything that the ants eat were held at the throat without entering into the body. but we have not come to the end of the protection systems of the fire ants that are the product of a superior intellect. they also spurt an anti - microbial fluid produced in their venom sacs around the nest and on the larvae. thus, they achieve total disinfection of the nest and the larvae. 42 these ants, equipped as they are with an extraordinary defence system, are certainly not aware of it. can any person with a conscience claim that such a system has evolved by chance? neither may it be claimed that the ants have founded such a system on their own. then who is it that placed this filter in the throats of the ants, and who inspired them to produce an anti - microbial fluid? without doubt, the creator of such characteristics as man, ants and random luck cannot produce is allah, who is all - knowing. hard working ants the defense specialist fire ants are also highly skilled and hard working. they may build hills 30 cm high", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4214077517168331, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.517487"} {"text": "? without doubt, the creator of such characteristics as man, ants and random luck cannot produce is allah, who is all - knowing. hard working ants the defense specialist fire ants are also highly skilled and hard working. they may build hills 30 cm high and 60 cm wide, or they can dig labyrinthine tunnels that can go 1. 5 m deep under ground. in certain areas, fire ants have built small hills numbering up to 350. the capacity of such small beings to set up such huge nests, of course, depends on their industriousness. then what is the power that makes the ants one of the most industrious living beings in the world? it is truly astonishing that they work all day long without stopping or resting, and build nests dispersed over vast areas. not a single one says, \" i worked too hard today, let me rest a bit, \" or \" i don ' t want to work today. let me sit in a corner. \" this is a subject that must be carefully considered. it must not be forgotten that there are times when human beings give in to exhaustion, even when they know they have to conclude a task, and there are times when they do not apply their will, because they are tired or they feel lazy. yet ants display great effort and the will to bring any job they start to fruition. he who gives the ants this will and resolve, that is even stronger than that of man ' s, is of course the sole master of all beings \u2013 allah. master of tactic who can penetrate defence systems the most frightening enemy of fire ants is solenopsis davgeri, which is a parasitic ant species. this living being which can penetrate their multi - leveled defence system, which even man has difficulty in understanding, is yet another ant species. it is not known how this parasite ant can \" seep into \" the nest of the fire ant. yet once it is in, the parasite ant immediately attacks the queen and clamps on to her antenna, legs or thorax. while the worker ants normally have to destroy any aggressor, why they do nothing against this particular creature seems hard to explain. yet there is a simple answer. in itself attaching to her throat, the parasite mimics the queen ' s pheromones. subsequently, the workers devote their efforts to feeding the parasites, half a dozen of which might yoke the queen, because they think that this parasite imitating her pheromones, is their queen. their queen on the other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4839692475815814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.519935"} {"text": "30 and 38. 3 degrees. these cooling breaks make it possible for the ant to look for food in burning heat, albeit intermittently. in high temperatures, if the ant cannot find a cool place within a few seconds, it is going to die from heat. in fact, in sand temperatures of over 52. 2 degrees, they take such a risk every time they leave their nests. then how have desert ants escaped this inevitable end? since they do not measure the temperature with a thermometre, we can safely say that they came into existence knowing what to do at what temperature \u2013 and knowing these things from the very first time they left the nest. yes, the desert ant has been created and equipped with special features to live in the desert. allah, who has created a sharp mandible for leaf cutter ants has inspired in the desert ants the knowledge of how to protect themselves. 19 national geographic, july 1995, p. 100. 20 bert holldobler - edward o. wilson, the ants, harvard university press, 1990, p. 597 - 598. 21 the insects, peter farb and the editors of time - life books, p. 164. 22 national geographic, july 1995, p. 104. 23 national geographic, july 1995, p. 100. 24 national geographic, july 1995, p. 104. 25 national geographic, july 1995, p. 100. 26 national geographic, july 1995, p. 104. 27 harun yahya, for men of understanding, ta - ha publishers, 1999, p. 148 - 149 28 bert holldobler - edward o. wilson, the ants, harvard university press, 1990, p. 626. 29 the insects, peter farb and the editors of time - life books, p. 163. 30 national geographic, june 1984, p. 803. 31 bilim ve teknik dergisi ( journal of science and technics ), june 1978, no : 127, p. 44. 32 national geographic, june 1984, p. 813. 33 bert holldobler - edward o. wilson, the ants, harvard university press, 1990, p. 176 - 177, 450. 34 the insects, peter farb and the editors of time - life books, p. 164. 35 encyclopaedia of animals, maurice - robert burton, c. p. b. c publishing ltd., p. 14. 36 national geographic, june 1984, p. 797. 37 national", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47034111682850566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.522466"} {"text": "an introduction to haunted scotland by richard jones a variety of ghosts are to be found in the houses, castle, inns, moors, lochs and ruins of haunted scotland. a divided nation scotland has always been a divided nation and its history is spattered with the blood of countless conflicts, many of them fought between the highlanders and the lowlanders. only very occasionally did the two sink their differences to unite against a common enemy, as successive english kings strove to invade and conquer. these english invaders met with an indomitable fighting spirit, as the likes of william wallace and robert the bruce inspired their kinsmen to stand firm against their english adversaries. bruce \u2019 s daughter, marjorie, would marry walter, high steward of scotland, whose title created the long, and ill - fated, stuart line from which came mary queen of scots, whose tragic reign ended with her forced abdication and subsequent execution in england. uniting of the scottish and english thrones it was her son, james v1 of scotland, who succeeded elizabeth 1st in 1603 and, as james 1st of england, united the two nations. scotland ' s independence is lost although the scots kept their own government for another hundred years, this last vestige of independence was lost when, in 1707, despite the protests of most of the people, the scottish parliament signed away its independence and scotland joined the united kingdom. the old and young pretenders it was the dissatisfaction with the union, coupled with a fervent desire to choose their own destiny, which rallied the highlanders to the stuart cause in the 1715 and 1745 uprisings as the \" old \" and \" young \" pretenders attempted to seize the throne from the hated hanoverian \u2019 s. the battle of culloden but their hopes were shattered at the battle of culloden on april 16th 1746, when the english army inflicted a decisive defeat upon bonnie prince charlie and thereafter independence would exist only in men \u2019 s dreams and imaginations. unsurprisingly, given the horrendous bloodshed and loss of life at culloden, the ghosts of several of the combatants are still said to roam the battlefield and it is, without doubt, one of haunted scotland ' s most poignant locations. the haunted castles of scotland but vestiges of scotland ' s stormy past are to be found all over the country and nowhere is it more apparent than in the haunted, ruined castles of scotland. these ruined fortresses - silent reminders of old and bitter conflicts - stud the scottish landscape. from the gentle farmlands", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.39773672125293097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.529042"} {"text": "stormy past are to be found all over the country and nowhere is it more apparent than in the haunted, ruined castles of scotland. these ruined fortresses - silent reminders of old and bitter conflicts - stud the scottish landscape. from the gentle farmlands of the central lowlands to wild empty lands of europe \u2019 s last great wilderness in the country \u2019 s northwest, scotland ' s abandoned castles stand as sullen witnesses to centuries of conflict and bloodshed, and the ghosts that wander their timeworn corridors and historic rooms are perpetual reminders of a violent and stormy past. behind the sombre walls of these impressive bastions, kings and queens, lairds and ladies, highlanders and lowlanders, the famous and the long forgotten, continue to inhabit an ethereal domain where old feuds and differences have never died, and where dastardly deeds and ancient discords occasionally cross the centuries to baffle and astonish those who happen to stumble upon their ghostly re - enactments. haunted scottish inns equally as impressive, though with less blood - thirsty pasts, are the haunted inns of scotland. the majority of scottish inns date from the era of the stagecoach, when the opening of new routes across the countryside and on into the highlands led to an increased level of travel. to accommodate this new clientele, a plethora of wayside hostelries sprang up - many of them resulting from a government - sponsored inn - building initiative that was unique to scotland. lairds too got in on the act, and built inns on their estates, the size and grandeur of which were often intended to advertise their personal wealth and status. as a consequence, scotland offers a vast selection of old inns and the ghosts that wander them are, to say the least, intriguing. from the ghost of robert burns ' mistress at the globe inn in dumfries, to the poignant shade of the shivering blue boy who haunts the coylett inn on the tranquil shores of loch ech, they are a varied and tantalizing bunch, whose stories \u2013 be they happy or sad \u2013 often touch upon the lives of some of the more famous figures of scottish history. a mystical, mysterious and mythical landscape in addition to its spectral landscape, scotland also possesses an ethereal landscape that is home to an array of heroes, giants, earth goddesses, fearsome monsters and the wee folk, or fairies. the sacred island of iona no more is this more apparent than on the island of iona, once one of the holiest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42373466856506536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.530343"} {"text": "that is home to an array of heroes, giants, earth goddesses, fearsome monsters and the wee folk, or fairies. the sacred island of iona no more is this more apparent than on the island of iona, once one of the holiest places in christian britain, and even today a place that seems imbued with an aura of pure spirituality. but scotland was a sacred place long before the coming of christianity. standing stones and mystical places some of the most remarkable standing stones and burial cairns in britain are to be found scattered across its lonely moors, or standing silently in tranquil glens. indeed so rich is scotland in prehistoric remnants that to stand by its holy wells, or gaze across surrounding countryside from the lofty heights of ancient crags. is to feel yourself standing amongst the gods, where anything and everything seems possible. it is this combination of brutal history and otherworldly enchantment that have made scotland a land of legend. one moment you can be gazing into the serene waters of a tranquil loch, or sitting amidst brooding hills pondering a tale of ancient magic, the next you can be crossing a field where thousands once died in a long ago bloody battle or brutal massacre. famous and legendary scottish figures added to this rich brew of history and mystery are such famous and legendary figures as william wallace, robert the bruce and bonnie prince charlie, from which storytellers down the ages have woven a rich tapestry of inspired folklore and legend. haunted scotland will not disappoint there can be no doubt that the sheer and abundant variety of scotland ' s scenic delights can inspire feelings of awe, wonderment and sheer enchantment. these, when coupled with the possibility of encountering the ghosts that inhabit the ethereal plain of haunted scotland, ensure that few who come here in search of mystical and mysterious experiences leave disappointed. indeed, how can it be otherwise in a land whose history is, literally, written in blood?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4359826702212229, "token_count": 391, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.531226"} {"text": "researchers finally know why people with diabetes are more likely to get alzheimer ' s disease. that alone would be big news. the huge news is that we now know what we have to do to break the link. did you miss the growing number of reports in the past few years about how those of us who have diabetes are more likely to get alzheimer ' s as we age? i can understand, because until last year i ignored the evidence myself. we have enough on our plate already without worrying about a possible complication many years down the road that until now nobody knew how to prevent anyway. lately many of our diabetes journals are reporting the link. for example, the january 2009 issue of diabetes care reported the french three - city study of \" metabolic syndrome and risk for incident alzheimer ' s disease or vascular dementia. \" the january 2009 issue of diabetes reported the results of a study of twins, finding that, \" diabetes increases the risk of alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. \" cerebral blood volume in a person with diabetes ( warmer colors = more activity ) courtesy : taub institute but now researchers at the taub institute for research on alzheimer ' s disease and the aging brain at columbia university medical center have some great news for all of us. their study, \" the brain in the age of old : the hippocampal formation is targeted differentially by diseases of late life, \" just appeared in the december issue of annals of neurology. this study was built upon an extensive, ongoing epidemiological imaging study that evaluated 240 healthy elders in manhattan. only the abstract of the study is free online. but recently a spokesperson for the authors sent me the full - text of the study under embargo. the key for everyone to prevent alzheimer ' s is to control blood glucose levels, the study concludes. \" maintaining glucose control, even in the absence of disease, should be strongly recommended to preserve cognitive health \" is the way that lead author scott small, m. d., associate professor of neurology at columbia university medical center, phrases it in the study. that ' s such good news for us because that ' s exactly what we have to do anyway to control diabetes! the study emphasizes physical exercise. \" by improving glucose metabolism, \" it says, \" physical exercise also reduces blood glucose. \" that ' s the point that the new york times picked up on in its review of the study. the times even quoted my friend sheri colberg, ph. d., whose new book, diabetic athlete ' s handbook,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45805707573182636, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.536487"} {"text": "dengue fever is a disease spread by the aedes aegypti mosquito and caused by one of four dengue viruses that are closely related. the viruses that cause dengue fever are related to those that cause yellow fever and west nile virus infection. every year, it is estimated that at least 100 million cases of dengue fever occur across the globe. tropical regions remain heavily affected. areas that have the greatest risk of infection include : - sub - saharan africa - central america - the caribbean ( except the cayman islands and cuba ) - pacific islands - south america ( except argentina, chile, and paraguay ) - southeast asia - southern china - northern parts of australia very few cases occur in the united states. most of the cases that are diagnosed occur in individuals who contracted the disease while traveling abroad. however, risk of infection is increasing for residents of texas that live in areas that share a border with mexico. additionally, cases have been on the rise in the southern united states. as recently as 2009, an outbreak of dengue fever was identified in key west, florida. dengue fever is transmitted via the bite of a mosquito harboring the dengue virus. person - to - person transmission does not occur. if you contract dengue fever, symptoms usually begin about four to seven days after the initial infection. in many cases, symptoms will be mild. they may be mistaken for symptoms of the flu or another infection. young children and people who have never experienced infection may have a milder illness than older children and adults. symptoms generally last for about 10 days and can include : - sudden, high fever - severe headache - swollen lymph glands - severe joint pain and muscle pain - skin rash ( appearing between two and five days after the initial fever ) - mild to severe nausea - mild to severe vomiting - mild bleeding from the nose or gums - mild bruising on the skin - febrile convulsions a small percentage of individuals who have dengue fever can develop a more serious form of disease, dengue hemorrhagic fever. dengue hemorrhagic fever the risk factors for developing dengue hemorrhagic fever include : - having antibodies to dengue virus from a previous infection - being under the age of 12 - being female - caucasian race - weakened immune system this rare form of the disease is characterized by : - high fever - damage to the lymphatic system - damage to blood vessels - bleeding from the nose - bleeding from the gums - liver enlargement - circ", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49800997422732274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.541988"} {"text": "- weakened immune system this rare form of the disease is characterized by : - high fever - damage to the lymphatic system - damage to blood vessels - bleeding from the nose - bleeding from the gums - liver enlargement - circulatory system failure the symptoms of dengue hemorrhagic fever can trigger dengue shock syndrome. dengue shock syndrome is severe, and can lead to massive bleeding and even death. doctors use blood tests to check for viral antibodies or the presence of infection. if you experience dengue symptoms after traveling outside the country, you should see a healthcare provider to check if you are infected. there is no medication or treatment specifically for dengue infection. if you believe you may be infected with dengue, you should use over - the - counter pain relievers to reduce your fever, headache, and joint pain. however, aspirin and ibuprofen can cause more bleeding and should be avoided. your doctor should perform a medical exam, and you should rest and drink plenty of fluids. if you feel worse after the first 24 hours of illness \u2014 once your fever has gone down \u2014 you should be taken to the hospital as soon as possible to check for complications. there is no vaccine to prevent dengue fever. the best method of protection is to avoid mosquito bites and to reduce the mosquito population. when in a high - risk area, you should : - avoid heavily populated residential areas. - use mosquito repellent indoors and outdoors. - wear long - sleeved shirts and pants tucked into socks. - use air conditioning instead of opening windows. - ensure that window and door screens are secure, and any holes repaired. - use mosquito nets if sleeping areas are not screened. reducing the mosquito population involves getting rid of mosquito breeding areas. these areas include any place that still water can collect, such as birdbaths, pet dishes, empty planters / flower pots / cans or any empty vessel. these areas should be checked, emptied, or changed regularly. if a family member is already ill, it is important to protect yourself and other family members from mosquito bites. to help prevent the disease from spreading, consult a physician anytime you experience symptoms of dengue fever.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4337210701730446, "token_count": 448, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.542974"} {"text": "has rover been limping around your house lately? is he having trouble making it up the stairs? does he seem sluggish and reluctant to stand up? if so, your pet may be suffering from hip dysplasia, which affects the connection between the ball and socket of the hip joint. even if your pet is free of these symptoms, he may still develop the disease. this issue of pet planet will help you identify signs of hip dysplasia and teach you how to care for your ailing friend. what is hip dysplasia? in basic terms, hip dysplasia means \" badly formed hip. \" in unaffected animals, the ball at the end of the leg bone fits smoothly into a pocket in the hip, just as pieces of a puzzle fit together. in affected dogs, the \" pieces \" don \u2019 t come together as well. the ball may roll around loosely in the socket, making for a rather uncomfortable fit. this looseness is what may cause your pet to limp or seem pained during certain activities. who gets it? the joint disease is common in large dogs ; about 50 percent of some larger breeds are affected. less commonly, the disease also can occur in medium - sized breeds and even in small breeds. it primarily strikes purebreds, but it can develop in mixed breeds, particularly when both parents are prone to the disease. dogs with a higher incidence of hip dysplasia are german shepherds, labrador retrievers, rottweillers, great danes, golden retrievers, doberman pinschers, mastiffs, and st. bernards. greyhounds and borzois have a lower incidence. cats may develop dysplasia, but they rarely have severe symptoms because they weigh less and put less strain on their joints. how can you screen for hip dysplasia? because dysplasia is passed down from dogs to their puppies, breeding symptom - free dogs is important. you should look back three or four generations to check for carriers in the bloodline. the orthopedic foundation for animals ( www. offa. org ), a nonprofit organization that consults with breeders and purebred dog owners, will review dogs \u2019 hip x rays and provide ofa certification for dogs that have normal hips. if you have questions about ofa certification, your veterinarian can give you more information. breeding two animals with excellent hips still won \u2019 t guarantee that all of the puppies will be free of hip dyspl", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4808440543395848, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.549341"} {"text": "dogs that have normal hips. if you have questions about ofa certification, your veterinarian can give you more information. breeding two animals with excellent hips still won \u2019 t guarantee that all of the puppies will be free of hip dysplasia, but you \u2019 ll have a better chance of getting a dysplasia - free pup than if you breed two animals with fair or poor hips. when do signs show up? dogs of all ages are subject to the symptoms of hip dysplasia, but in most cases, they don \u2019 t begin to show up until the middle or later years. if you want to check your pet for hip dysplasia at a younger age, schedule an x ray and physical with your veterinarian. if you are able to nip the problem in the bud at an early stage, you will prevent your dog from experiencing even greater problems down the road. dogs that show physical symptoms may walk or run with an altered gait, often resisting movements that require full extension or flexion of their hind legs. many times, they run with a \" bunny hopping \" gait because their legs are stiff and painful after exercise or first thing in the morning. dysplasia also may cause arthritis, which affects movement in affected dogs. some pets will warm up nicely after they \u2019 ve been moving for a while. other dogs \u2019 gait will worsen with exercise, and they may resist extended activity. as dysplasia progresses, dogs may lose muscle tone and even need help getting up. many owners attribute the changes to normal aging, but once their pets are treated for dysplasia, owners may be shocked to see more normal, pain - free movement. what can be done to prevent hip dysplasia? because hip dysplasia has a genetic basis, you can \u2019 t determine whether your puppy will get dysplasia by how you raise him, but you may influence when he begins to develop symptoms. if your pup has genes for hip dysplasia, it \u2019 s a good idea to prevent overly rapid growth while rover is an adolescent because the additional weight puts strain on the hip, further loosening the ball - and - socket fit. if your young furry friend is at the high end of the weight scale or is a large breed, you should begin feeding him an adult dog food or a puppy food specifically developed for bigger dogs. dysplasia also may be aggravated by rough play, jumping, climbing stairs, sliding on slick floors,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42110946741746014, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.551479"} {"text": "the weight scale or is a large breed, you should begin feeding him an adult dog food or a puppy food specifically developed for bigger dogs. dysplasia also may be aggravated by rough play, jumping, climbing stairs, sliding on slick floors, calcium supplementation ( which can increase the rate of bone formation ), or forced running for any distance, especially on hard surfaces. you can keep your canine buddy \u2019 s joints healthy by avoiding these situations as much as possible. how do you treat a pet with hip dysplasia? dogs with hip dysplasia may be treated surgically or nonsurgically, depending on your veterinarian \u2019 s recommendations and the severity of the problem. nonsurgical treatment to improve mobility and reduce pain includes the use of drugs like aspirin, phenylbutazone, nsaids ( nonsteroidal anti - inflammatories ), and steroids. these drugs should be administered only under the supervision of your veterinarian. your veterinarian also might ask you to restrict your pet \u2019 s exercise. an ideal exercise for dysplastic dogs is swimming, which doesn \u2019 t stress their aching joints. surgery can correct current problems and / or keep the condition from progressing. several surgical procedures are common ; your veterinarian will recommend one depending on your dog \u2019 s age and the state of his joints. triple pelvic osteotomy ( tpo ) often is used for dogs younger than 10 months that show signs of dysplasia on x rays but that haven \u2019 t yet developed symptoms. surgeons will break the pelvic bone and realign the ball and socket correctly. as the bones heal, they will begin to fit together normally. total hip replacement is another option. this procedure involves removing the bad hip and replacing it with a prosthesis. in order to qualify for this procedure, your dog must be full - grown and weigh at least 35 pounds. your veterinarian also may recommend other surgical options. if you suspect your dog may have hip dysplasia, arrange for an x ray and physical exam. if your pet is diagnosed with the disease, she ( or he ) should be spayed ( or neutered ) so the disease isn \u2019 t passed on. you should also notify your dog \u2019 s breeder so that he can take steps to improve his breeding program. with help from you and your veterinarian, your dog can live a long and happy life with hip dysplasia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4179218274361006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.552701"} {"text": "what is ayurveda? ayurveda, a natural system of medicine, originated in india more than 5, 000 years ago. the term ayurveda is derived from the sanskrit words ayur ( life ) and veda ( science or knowledge ). thus, ayurveda translates to knowledge of life. based on the idea that disease is due to an imbalance or stress in the individual ' s consciousness, ayurveda encourages certain lifestyle interventions and natural therapies to regain a balance between the body, mind, and the environment. ayurveda treatment begins with an internal purification process, followed by a special diet, herbal remedies, massage therapy, yoga, and meditation. studies have shown reductions in blood pressure, cholesterol, and reaction to stress in people who practiced ayurvedic methods. the concepts of universal interconnectedness, the body ' s constitution ( prakriti ), and life forces ( doshas ) are the primary basis of ayurvedic medicine. goals of treatment aid the patient by eliminating impurities, reducing symptoms, increasing resistance to disease, reducing worry, and increasing harmony in life. herbs and other plants, including oils and common spices, are used extensively in ayurvedic treatment. in india, ayurveda is considered a form of medical care, equal to conventional western and homeopathic medicine. practitioners of ayurveda in india undergo state - recognized, institutionalized training. currently, ayurvedic practitioners are not licensed in the united states, and there is no national standard for ayurvedic training or certification. however, ayurvedic schools have gained approval as educational institutions in some states. ayurveda can have positive effects when used as a complementary therapy in combination with standard, conventional medical care. many ayurvedic materials have not been thoroughly studied in either western or indian research. some of the products used in ayurvedic medicine contain herbs, metals, minerals, or other materials that may be harmful if used improperly or without the direction of a trained practitioner. ayurvedic medications are regulated as dietary supplements rather than as drugs in the united states, so they are not required to meet the safety and efficacy standards for conventional medicines. these medicines can interact, or work against, the effects of western medicines. you should investigate the training and background ot ayurvedic practitioners whom you intend to use. you should discuss any a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5287662385193089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.555364"} {"text": "most of our learning is non - conscious. schools make use of displays to communicate information to children. this kind of information immersion is used to good effect by advertisers. just think how easily children learn a tune or pop - song. at this stage we are making no conscious attempt to memorise facts and will not attempt to do so. nevertheless your child will by now have made certain discoveries about the rods independently. these unconscious discoveries will have occurred while he / she was ' playing ' with the rods. at the risk of becoming a bore i will repeat the mantra that play is an absolutely fundamental prerequisite for success. it is the source of rich experience that children will draw upon increasingly as new concepts are introduced. by now your child will have discovered that : - rods of the same color are also equal in length. - rods of equal length are the same color. - rods of different colors have different lengths. - it is possible to make equal lengths by puttingcertain rods end to end. your child will also have begun to acquire an unconscious understanding of number bonds to 10. to ' know ' that blue is the same length as pink and yellow placed end to end is to ' know ' that b = p + y or that 9 = 4 + 5 thus your child will also have begun to acquire an unconscious understanding of number bonds without even realising it! at a later stage of the program when they are asked what two numbers make ten children will be able to visualise the pattern for 10. fingers will definitely not be needed. if you observe children you may find them beginning to try and organise their work. the pattern below reveals an understanding of the commutative property of addition. researcher paul torrance tested 182 students, aged 10 - 21, half of whom were sighted and half of whom were blind. using words to stimulate their imaginations he tested their response and found that the blind learners scored significantly higher in creative imagery. in the next post we look at an interesting and powerful arrangement of the rods you may well have seen your child construct. the program is available at www. helpyourchildsucceed. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5756216994217784, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.557500"} {"text": "you know what they say about success having a thousand fathers. those who sired the original ford mustang would certainly liven up any cocktail hour with their brains and ego. the folk legend creator of ford ' s sporty compact is lee iacocca, who more accurately deserves credit for believing that people would buy it ; hal sperlich was dearborn ' s interpreter of youthful trends. meanwhile, ford ' s global director of racing, jacque passino, was also redirecting the company ' s image. all were irreplaceable in the mustang ' s gestation. but the guy who did the most to make the mustang a functional, profitable reality was donald frey. starting around 1960, when the ford motor company was embarking on its total performance reinvention, frey was best known around the management suite as a scientifically trained engineer with a stout academic bent. in a different life, he might have been a concert pianist or even a theology professor, since he was bestowed with generational knowledge within his family. instead, frey was a second - generation prodigy in metallurgy. his father had been so tasked in the top management of a john deere factory in st. louis, where frey was born in 1923, and later went on to allis - chalmers. frey was a michigan state undergrad when world war ii broke out, and had also been working at packard, in the department that was assembling rolls - royce merlin aero engines under license. following army service, he obtained baccalaureate, master ' s and doctoral degrees in metallurgy from the university of michigan, where he then became a teaching fellow. he had to make ends meet by working summers in a steel mill. then, in 1951, ford hired him as an analyst in its research laboratories. by 1957, he was named chief engineer for passenger - car design. that was when the roof fell in. the new edsel was quickly condemned as a flop. before long, ford president robert mcnamara left the company to become john f. kennedy ' s secretary of defense. a new power center in the company began to coalesce around iacocca, who by then was head of the ford division. he established a somewhat covert, ad hoc group to brainstorm the brand ' s future direction, named the fairlane committee - - not after the car, but instead for the dearborn motel where the crew met clandestinely. one member of that group was frey. shortly thereafter, ford rolled out a lithe two - seat concept called the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43894031735132927, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.561948"} {"text": ", named the fairlane committee - - not after the car, but instead for the dearborn motel where the crew met clandestinely. one member of that group was frey. shortly thereafter, ford rolled out a lithe two - seat concept called the mustang i, a mid - engine two - seater with v - 4 power borrowed from the cardinal, a front - drive world car championed by iacocca ' s predecessor, mcnamara. iacocca wrung the cardinal ' s neck, dismissing it as contradictory to total performance. the mustang i never saw showroom daylight, though it did become a template of sorts for the all - conquering gt endurance racer. on the ground, however, ford had just shrugged off the lingering debt load associated with the edsel debacle, and had committed to spending a quarter - billion dollars on revamping its already - approved 1965 models. no money was left for ford to take a flyer on any kind of radical halo car. chevrolet had already shown the corvair, and henry ford ii had gunned down four straight sporty car proposals. iacocca tried again in 1962 ; this time, ford ii gave the project his blessing, and a paltry budget of $ 40 million. working within those restrictions was where frey, who by then was in charge of ford division product planning, truly shone. it was frey who determined that the production mustang would be built on donor falcon technology, ensuring that both the cost and impossibly short development - cycle targets could actually be met. those goals assured, the styling team, led by gene bordinat and including john najjar ( who gave the car its name, after the world war ii fighter, not the horse ) had a freer hand to be creative. and lo, the mustang became reality, blowing ford ' s original break - even and sales projections into shrapnel. frey was promoted again and placed in charge of north america vehicle development, earning a piece in time magazine that called him \" the thinker. \" he left ford in 1968, advanced early home - video technology while later serving as chairman of bell & howell, and taught engineering at northwestern university in chicago for more than 20 years. thanks in great part to frey ' s intelligent grasp of product realities, the mustang became a franchise, a \" forever \" thing and genuine american touchstone. while a top ford executive, frey also gave the production go - ahead to other memorable advances, among them the original two - way doorgate for ford station wagons. the people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4402680859537299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.562919"} {"text": "- hhmi news - scientists & research - janelia farm - science education - resources & publications browse all resources by typeanimation ( 3 ) book / manual ( 4 ) cd ( 1 ) classroom activity ( 12 ) college course ( 6 ) curriculum ( 11 ) game ( 1 ) kit ( 1 ) lab ( 9 ) lesson plan ( 5 ) publication ( 23 ) software ( 3 ) tutorial ( 5 ) video ( 24 ) website ( 47 ) wiki ( 2 ) by topicbiochemistry ( 14 ) biodiversity ( 3 ) bioengineering ( 3 ) bioethics ( 3 ) bioinformatics ( 8 ) biology ( 104 ) biotechnology ( 9 ) cell biology ( 3 ) chemistry ( 17 ) earth science ( 1 ) ecology ( 9 ) engineering ( 1 ) evolution ( 10 ) general science ( 15 ) genetics ( 29 ) genomics ( 13 ) immunology ( 2 ) infectious diseases ( 1 ) life science ( 65 ) mathematics ( 9 ) medicine ( 6 ) microarrays ( 5 ) microbiology ( 3 ) molecular biology ( 34 ) neuroscience ( 7 ) physics ( 5 ) plants ( 2 ) professional development ( 35 ) research methods ( 12 ) science communication ( 2 ) systems biology ( 1 ) by grade levelk - 16 ( 1 ) 4 - 8 ( 1 ) k - 5 ( 6 ) medical school ( 6 ) k - 3 ( 2 ) k - 8 ( 2 ) k - 12 ( 9 ) 6 - 8 ( 18 ) 9 - 12 ( 52 ) college ( 101 ) graduate ( 21 ) minute sketches, a tool for learning this article, from professor of biology paul heideman of the college of william and mary, describes how and why to create a \u201c minute sketch, \u201d a tool to improve science learning. a minute sketch is a simple drawing that captures an essential concept, event, or structure in less than a minute. using examples, the author explains the four steps in the minute - sketch process : identify an important concept or process ; write down the term and key words from the definition or explanation ; create or find symbols for each key word or event ; and combine the symbols in a sketch that captures the definition or concept. minute sketches involve motor or kinesthetic memory ; they provide a second way of learning that is independent of word learning but is far more permanent, as the sketches can be easily practiced and recalled. dr. heideman contends that the process forces users to learn topics, not just to memorize them, and helps them solve problems and make", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.580407618796644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.567842"} {"text": "independent of word learning but is far more permanent, as the sketches can be easily practiced and recalled. dr. heideman contends that the process forces users to learn topics, not just to memorize them, and helps them solve problems and make predictions. he also says that it trains students to think like scientists, who work by creating their own minute sketches \u2014 called models \u2014 that look like the figures, flow charts, and diagrams found in textbooks. minute sketches are most useful, he writes, when used in conjunction with folded lists, another resource available within this database. program director : margaret somosi saha, ph. d. award years : 1989, 1998, 2002, 2006 summary : the college of william and mary is a public research university in williamsburg, virginia. its hhmi - funded educational initiatives emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary and integrative approaches to education and research. they include : - the development of a biological mathematics program ( which includes substantial curricular changes and the addition of new faculty positions ), the strengthening of the interdisciplinary neuroscience major, and the establishment of a new undergraduate applied science minor. - the enhancement of both introductory biology and chemistry and upper - level immunology, molecular genetics, physiology, and neurophysiology laboratories through new equipment and expanded laboratory exercises. - the hhmi freshman research program in biology and chemistry and related sciences, which allows participating students to conduct independent research with a faculty mentor very early in their college careers \u2014 as freshmen. many of these students have the opportunity to continue their research during the following summer and throughout the next three years. - student participation in the national genomics research initiative ( ngri ), a national experiment in both research and education sponsored by hhmi \u2019 s science education alliance. through this initiative, groups of freshmen at selected colleges participate in an authentic research experience \u2014 integrated into an introductory laboratory course \u2014 on the genetics of phages or bacteriophages ( viruses that infect bacteria ). freshmen in the college of william and mary \u2019 s program discovered a new life form, a bacteriophage they named crimd. - the expansion of a summer fellowship program to include students at thomas nelson community college and three neighboring hbcu \u2014 hampton university, norfolk state university, and virginia state university. students in this program have the option of continuing their research project throughout the academic year and receive an hourly stipend and weekend transportation and carpooling. - partnerships with hampton university, norfolk state university, and virginia state university to enable faculty to work", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5994660823642785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.568889"} {"text": "students in this program have the option of continuing their research project throughout the academic year and receive an hourly stipend and weekend transportation and carpooling. - partnerships with hampton university, norfolk state university, and virginia state university to enable faculty to work together with research students at both the home campus and the college of william and mary. the objective and anticipated outcomes are to establish lasting collaborations that improve opportunities for publication and the development of ideas for competitive grant proposals, either independently or in collaboration with faculty from the college of william and mary. - the saturday and summer enrichment programs, which allow young children with high abilities to explore specialized areas of science, mathematics, and the arts and humanities. - the science training and research program ( star ), a four - week residential summer enrichment program that serves high - school juniors from disadvantaged backgrounds. the program, which offers core science and mathematics courses and an opportunity to visit research centers and laboratories, is designed to introduce students to the world of science, research, and technology. - a series of \u201c update courses \u201d tailored to help middle and high - school teachers develop both a knowledge base and practical experience with topics \u2014 such as microbiology and molecular biotechnology \u2014 that are the stated components of the standards of learning for the commonwealth of virginia. participants also help design teaching modules that help integrate the science topics into the classroom.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5129585397977148, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.569535"} {"text": "january 07, 2010 researchers reveal molecular origin of a spectrum of human axon guidance disorders scientists who searched across five continents for patients who have a rare eye movement disorder have finally identified its genetic root. in the process, they have found that specific mutations in this new disease gene can cause additional errors in neurodevelopment and neuronal survival, leading to the definition of a new series of neurological disorders that interfere with nerve cells ' ability to wire up properly. they now refer to these as the tubb3 syndromes. the study, which is published in the january 8, 2010, issue of the journal cell, reveals these syndromes can be caused by any one of eight mutations in the tubb3 gene, which encodes a structural protein in neurons. the collaborative effort was led by howard hughes medical institute ( hhmi ) investigator elizabeth engle of children \u2019 s hospital boston. \u201c the clinical and mri findings in these participants suggested that the primary error was in the guidance of axons, the long projections of neuronal cell bodies that connect one neuron to another or to a muscle. \u201d elizabeth c. engle engle, a physician trained in pediatrics, neurology, and neuropathology, has previously published pivotal studies identifying genes underlying other eye movement disorders. she found that these resulted from errors in the development of motor neurons or their long processes, called axons, that connect the eye muscles to the brain. in the new study, engle \u2019 s team focused on children born with congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles type 3 ( cfeom3 ), who have drooping eyelids and are unable to move their eyes fully. cfeom3 can be inherited as a dominant disorder. to begin the search for the cause of cfeom3, engle says, it was essential to find and characterize the families of patients with the rare disorder, and that required a major international effort. \u201c this paper includes 29 families who harbor tubb3 mutations, \u201d says engle, whose collaborative team compiled detailed family histories of study participants from the usa, europe, turkey, venezuela, and australia. \u201c we had a rare opportunity to collaborate with 36 clinicians around the world for this particular study, which was a key to its success. the clinical collaborators identified the families, enrolled participants in the study, and provided us with essential clinical data that permitted us to later correlate specific mutations with specific clinical findings. \u201d the clinical data revealed that while some children with cfeom3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5255386443111361, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.575304"} {"text": ". the clinical collaborators identified the families, enrolled participants in the study, and provided us with essential clinical data that permitted us to later correlate specific mutations with specific clinical findings. \u201d the clinical data revealed that while some children with cfeom3 are otherwise normal, others had social, behavioral or intellectual impairments, and some went on to develop nerve degeneration that resulted in weakness and numbness in their arms or legs. in addition, mri analysis showed that nerve bundles beyond those that help control eye movement had not formed correctly, particularly nerve bundles that connect the left and right sides of the brain. these mri findings correlated with developmental disabilities in affected individuals. engle \u2019 s lab had previously discovered that a region spanning about 50 genes at the tip of human chromosome 16 contained an unknown gene that caused cfeom3. in the current study, her group evaluated dna from these 29 affected families to pinpoint eight different mutations in the tubb3 gene as the culprit. \u201c what we found to be particularly remarkable was that multiple unrelated families could share the same mutation in the tubb3 gene, and the affected members in those families had similar clinical presentations, \u201d says engle. \u201c while some mutations caused isolated cfeom3, others caused cfeom3 with a peripheral axonal neuropathy, or cfeom3 with developmental disorders. thus, given a particular individual \u2019 s clinical presentation, we could often accurately predict the mutation he or she harbored. moreover, the clinical and mri findings in these participants suggested that the primary error was in the guidance of axons, the long projections of neuronal cell bodies that connect one neuron to another or to a muscle. \u201d tubb3 encodes a protein called \u03b2tubulin isotype iii. tubulins make up the intracellular scaffold known as the microtubule network. the specific \u03b2tubulin that is impaired in these human syndromes is found exclusively in nerve cells, where microtubules form tracks on which proteins are moved from the cell body out through long projections called axons. growing axons must navigate past neighboring neurons as they form connections with other cells. this requires that the microtubule track inside the axon, particularly at its leading tip, be continuously laid down, ripped up, and laid down again. with the gene identified as tubb3, engle \u2019 s group forged ahead with experiments in mice and yeast to try to determine why specific mutations in this particular \u03b2tubulin gene produced cfeom3 and associated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.542510497418911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.576272"} {"text": "up, and laid down again. with the gene identified as tubb3, engle \u2019 s group forged ahead with experiments in mice and yeast to try to determine why specific mutations in this particular \u03b2tubulin gene produced cfeom3 and associated neurological symptoms. engle says first author max tischfield, a graduate student in her lab, was a driving force behind the tubb3 experiments that built on the study \u2019 s initial genetic steps. first, in a mouse model mimicking the most common human cfeom3 mutation, they observed that neuronal cell bodies were in the right place anatomically in the brains of embryonic mice but that those cells did a poor job of projecting axons to eye muscles or to other regions of the brain. \u201c similar to the human mri data, these mouse experiments supported a defect not of neuron migration, \u201d says engle, \u201c but of axon guidance \u201d - - the biochemical activities that allow nerve cells to wire up to the right target cells. \u201c the microtubule network must be dynamic to allow an axon to navigate through a three - dimensional space, \u201d explains tischfield. \u201c we found that the primary effect of tubb3 mutations was to alter those dynamic properties and compromise the ability of microtubules to grow or shrink. \u201d the clincher came when tischfield mutated the gene encoding yeast \u03b2tubulin in ways mimicking the eight tubb3 mutations the researchers had found in humans, studies greatly aided by collaboration with david pellman, an hhmi investigator at dana - farber cancer institute, and pellman \u2019 s former postdoctoral fellow mohan gupta, now an assistant professor at the university of chicago. the experiments demonstrated that all of the human mutations resulted in more stable yeast microtubules that were often stuck in persistent pausing states, rather than growing or shrinking as they did in normal cells. based on how several mutations were likely to alter the topography of the \u03b2tubulin protein, the team predicted that microtubule interactions with other proteins might be interrupted. among those potential disruptions were interactions with so - called kinesin motor proteins, which latch on to microtubules and ferry cargo in nerve cells. indeed, using time - lapse imaging of microtubules in yeast cells, tischfield showed that another subset of the mutations significantly diminished interactions with yeast kinesin motor proteins. these mutations all result in the degeneration of motor and sensory axon tracts in patients. \u201c what we saw in yeast was in agreement with the disease mouse", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5291174296884933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.577366"} {"text": "showed that another subset of the mutations significantly diminished interactions with yeast kinesin motor proteins. these mutations all result in the degeneration of motor and sensory axon tracts in patients. \u201c what we saw in yeast was in agreement with the disease mouse model and showed that we could faithfully measure the properties of neuronal microtubules using this simpler organism, \u201d says tischfield, noting that the overly stable mutant microtubules could indeed lack the fluidity necessary for proper axon growth and remodeling. \u201c these studies provided us with a way to explain the kind of defects we saw in humans. \u201d they also provide a potential link to cfeom1, an eye movement disorder closely related to cfeom3 that the lab previously showed to result from mutations in a kinesin called kif21a. engle believes that cfeom and the tubb3 syndromes can now serve as paradigms for human disorders of axon guidance. in addition, the team hopes that these findings will lead to improved care for affected individuals. \u201c we can now provide genetic testing and counseling for affected individuals. and the more we understand the specific disorders and disease spectrum, the easier it will be \u2013 over time - to develop targeted therapies for these disorders, \u201d engle says.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.503051769142925, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.577904"} {"text": "every minute of its existence, a living cell must assess and analyze myriad bits of information \u2014 everything from the temperature of its environment to the chemical makeup of its surroundings. sometimes, these inputs cause a cell to change how it functions, but other times, the information may not lead to a measurable change in the cell \u2019 s activity. now, howard hughes medical institute researchers have discovered how a single molecule in a cell can tune its response to different strengths of an input, an important advance in understanding how a whole cell varies its behavior in different situations. \u201c this signal processing ability is something that \u2019 s normally associated with collections of molecules or manmade devices, \u201d says hhmi investigator erin k. o \u2019 shea of harvard university, who led the new research, published january 25, 2013, in the journal science. \u201c here, the surprise is that we have one molecule that has evolved to do it. \u201d o \u2019 shea was recently named hhmi vice president and chief scientific officer, a position that she will begin full - time in july. \u201c this signal processing ability is something that \u2019 s normally associated with collections of molecules or manmade devices. \u201d erin k. o ' shea o \u2019 shea studies transcription factors, which control when genes in a cell are turned on or off. scientists know that cells manage transcription factors by moving them in and out of the cell \u2019 s nucleus, where genes are located. when the transcription factors are inside the nucleus, they can act on their associated genes \u2014 either as an on or off switch. o \u2019 shea has previously discovered that shuttling of some transcription factors in and out of the nucleus is controlled by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation \u2014 the addition or subtraction of phosphates to the transcription factors. o \u2019 shea \u2019 s lab group was studying msn2, a transcription factor in yeast cells that helps the cell respond appropriately to stress. in order to study msn2 \u2019 s response to stresses such as heat, uv light, or toxic chemicals, the researchers selectively controlled pka, the protein that adds phosphates to msn2. the response of transcription factors to phosphorylation and dephosphorylation is normally strength - dependent : if a stronger signal is delivered, this usually means a stronger response by the cell. consistent with that observation, when they delivered a strong, oscillating signal that completely inactivated pka, msn2 activity followed or \u201c tracked \u201d the pka signal. \u201c but when we applied a periodic weaker signal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5633673149645789, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.582214"} {"text": "response by the cell. consistent with that observation, when they delivered a strong, oscillating signal that completely inactivated pka, msn2 activity followed or \u201c tracked \u201d the pka signal. \u201c but when we applied a periodic weaker signal, it was pretty much entirely filtered out ; the cell just didn \u2019 t respond, \u201d says o \u2019 shea. \u201c we wanted to know how the cell could respond to a strong, periodic signal but not to a weaker, periodic signal. \u201d the team began studying the differences between the msn2 molecules in each case. they found that there are two different sites where the protein can have phosphates added or subtracted \u2014 one that slows the import of msn2 into the nucleus, and another that stimulates export. but the sites aren \u2019 t phosphorylated equally. when the signal is weak, the import sites are phosphorylated preferentially to the export sites and msn2 enters the nucleus only very slowly. as a result, during the time the weak pulse is being applied, not much msn2 enters the nucleus, effectively filtering out the weak signal. it is only when a stronger signal is delivered that pka is completely inactivated, msn2 is not phosphorylated at all, and it enters the nucleus rapidly, accumulates there and turns on genes. \u201c what this does is create a situation where depending on the strength of the input, it can create different patterns of gene activation, \u201d says o \u2019 shea. some genes are activated when msn2 spends a short period of time in the nucleus \u2014 which could happen by a weak pulse of pka. other genes, however, are only activated when msn2 bursts into the nucleus in stronger pulses, requiring more inactivation of pka. if the mechanism of signal filtering is shared by other transcription factors, o \u2019 shea says, it explains how a limited number of transcription factors can create incredibly complex patterns of genes. now that the scientists understand how the two distinct phosphorylation sites on msn2 function to control the nuclear import and export signals, they can use the information to design artificial transcription factors and have control over how fast they move in and out of the nucleus, effectively controlling how they respond to signals and control gene expression. \u201c these sites are very modular, \u201d says o \u2019 shea, \u201c so it \u2019 s really not hard to imagine cutting them out of one protein and adding them to another. \u201d her lab next plans to understand how widespread the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.531680118420993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.583185"} {"text": "dr. katz was also james b. duke professor of neurobiology at duke university medical center. he received his b. a. degree in biology from the university of chicago and his ph. d. in neurobiology from the california institute of technology, where he worked with masakazu konishi. before moving to duke, he did postdoctoral work with torsten wiesel at the rockefeller university. dr. katz was a lucille p. markey foundation scholar, a mcknight foundation scholar, and a recipient of the young investigator award from the society for neuroscience and the charles judson herrick award from the american association of anatomists. he was a fellow of the american association for the advancement of science. research abstract summary : while humans interpret the world primarily through their well - developed visual and auditory senses, most other mammals use their acute sense of smell to detect predators, defend territory, recognize other individuals, and find food and mates. to accomplish these myriad functions, mammals are equipped with two distinct chemosensory organs : the main olfactory system, which detects airborne odors, and the vomeronasal system, which detects species - specific signals called pheromones. until his recent death, lawrence katz ' s lab used the mouse as a model to examine how olfactory signals important for basic, built - in behaviors are encoded by these two distinct systems, and how the neural circuits they activate elicit species - specific behaviors. view research abstract photo : jim wallace, duke university photography", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48256599172908193, "token_count": 308, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.585014"} {"text": "skin and hair this site is provided for informational purposes only. the information here is not intended to diagnose or treat any condition, and should not replace the care and attention of qualified medical personnel. use the information on these pages at your own risk, and, as with any information pertaining to health, nutrition, mental health, or fitness, consult your physician before making any changes that might affect your overall health. and growing plants at high altitude some things grow with difficulty. some things grow better... for a while. some things don ' t grow at all. grew a garden one year. we live at 6000 ft, which is technically too high for traditional gardening. even so, some things still grow amazingly well. have an apple tree in our back yard. it grows very small apples, that ripen in september. they are less than 2 \" around, and not really usable for much other than novelty. the tree only produces about 30 of them a year, so there is never enough of the tiny things to make more than one small pot of applesauce. people here grow very good crab apples, and turn them into very good jelly. chokecherries also grow well here, as do a particular strain of wild raspberry. currents survive and thrive also. many fruit bearing trees and bushes which should survive here, do not. found that in our garden, certain things grew very well - tomatoes never really got going well, but potatoes did quite well. a surprise since they had done poorly in the previous states we had lived in. in fact, all of the root crops we planted grew and produced well, as did the peas, and lettuce. spinach did not do so well. people grow gardens here in a greenhouse. and people who have greenhouses have big ones - they put them into old house foundations and build a greenhouse roof over that. the problems with growing things seem to be more a matter of soil and growing season than of altitude in particular. areas that are high altitude have poor soil. it may be sandy clay, alkaline, or hard clay. improving the soil can help, but is not the total solution. growing season is very short. you cannot really put anything out until mid - june. and by mid - september, the garden is pretty well finished. you can start a lot of plants indoors, but some do not do well when hardened off and transplanted, so it is not a solution for everything. plants simply grow smaller at higher altitudes. if you take a tex", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46775691376704553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.590556"} {"text": "garden is pretty well finished. you can start a lot of plants indoors, but some do not do well when hardened off and transplanted, so it is not a solution for everything. plants simply grow smaller at higher altitudes. if you take a texan prickly pear cactus and transplant it to wyoming, it will grow. but it will grow much smaller. it tends to have the same number of spines, but just grows small, like a little wrestler built cactus. many things are like that. higher altitude areas are often desert, you really have to water your garden. the problem with that is, in most deserts, there are a tremendously high number of dormant seeds in the soil, just waiting for their chance to grow at the least amount of water. those plants are genetically designed to grow rapidly whenever water is present. a tumbleweed plant that may grow no more than 2 ft tall in the wild will grow 8 to 10 feet tall in a garden. and they grow very fast. one day you ' ll go out and find a solid carpet of tumbleweed sprouts, so small you cannot yet even grab them to weed properly. two days later they ' ll be big enough to grab, but there are so many of them that getting them all is nearly impossible. they grow a long taproot, which is very tough to pull within just a short time, and the stalk goes woody pretty fast also. even a small garden plot can be very difficult to weed. and clearing it one year won ' t help, because through the fall and winter, new seeds blow in, and you start all over the next year. last factor at higher altitudes is wind. it can be very difficult to grow certain types of plants in high wind, especially those that would need trellising. trees need staked early on, and still end up growing straight only as long as you stake them. the lower trunk will end up straight, and the tops will have a nice graceful curve away from the wind! can interfere with pollination for certain types of trees, shrubs, and flowers also. because the wind blows so hard, if the blossoms are delicate, such as apple blossoms, they can be blown off before they are pollinated. we got a pretty good crop from our crab apple tree, though the fruits were spite of all that, gardening can be done. many people in the town i live in grow lovely irises, crocuses, and tulips in the spring ( ok, summer! ), and there are some nice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.445918474503493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.593370"} {"text": "upvaas, or fasting, in hinduism is mainly observed for the fulfillment of a vow. upvas is also referred as ' vrats. ' but ' vrat ' has a wider meaning and it is not just curtailed to the fasting observed for material or other gains. each day in a week is dedicated to one or more of the gods in the hindu pantheon. a particular deity is appeased by the devotee on a particular day. thus monday is usually dedicated to lord shiva. upvass, or fasting, on mondays begins at sunrise and ends at sunset. on the day, food is only eaten after evening prayer. lord shiva and goddess parvati are worshipped on the day. of course, no worship begins without remembering lord ganesha. the fasting on mondays in the shravan month is considered even more auspicious. it is believed that those people who observe upvaas on monday will have their desires fulfilled and will be blessed with wisdom. in some areas, fasting on mondays is observed by unmarried women to get an ideal husband. the reason for fasting on a day is usually traced back to a particular incident in one of the hindu puranas or folk tradition. there are numerous myths associated with a particular fast. the stories vary from region to region and from community to community. somvar vrat, or monday fasting, dedicated to lord shiva too has numerous stories. among the several myths, three have gained popularity \u2013 the first is the story of a poor brahmin gaining wealth due to monday fasting, second is the story of a rich merchant begetting a son after long wait and the subsequent death of the son and his rebirth due to the grace of lord shiva and parvati and the third story is the most famous involving the game of dice played between shiva and parvati. any upvaas or vrat is directly or indirectly connected with some sort of material comfort. this is a sweet lure used by ancient saints to attract a devotee to the concept of brahman. the concept of brahman in sanatana dharma is not easily digestible to many people. and they are least bothered about brahman concept all they need is material comfort. for this many devotees are ready to go to any extend. they are ready to observe any harsh vow. ancient wise men used this tendency among the common people to spread the awareness of brahman. during each upvas there are occasional flashes when a person thinks beyond material comforts. this is a realization of bra", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4977161407337645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.597480"} {"text": "despite a growth in the number of hispanics in the fields of science, technology, engineering and math ( stem ), recent studies show latinos are still underrepresented in these critical professions. to help reverse this situation, the u. s. army announced today its continued support of great minds in stem ( gmis ). gmis is a leader in promoting stem careers especially in underserved communities. as part of its efforts, the army will partner with gmis at the annual henaac conference, oct. 6 - 8 in orlando, fla., which provides hispanic youth with information and resources related to education and careers in stem. the u. s. bureau of labor statistics projects that employment in stem occupations will grow by more than 21 percent by 2018, more than double the growth of other occupations. because latinos are the fastest growing demographic group, projected to be 25 percent of the u. s. population by 2025, it is critical that hispanic students are prepared to contribute to the growing demand for a highly skilled stem workforce. organizations such as the army and great minds in stem provide students with information and resources that support academic achievement and career training. the army, for example, offers more than $ 270 million in merit - based rotc scholarships for youth to complete their college education. further, the u. s. military academy at west point \u2013 rated one of the nation \u2019 s top undergraduate engineering programs \u2013 provides free tuition to all cadets, who then are commissioned as second lieutenants in the army upon graduation. stem - related career opportunities in the army include civil, chemical and mechanical engineering careers with the u. s. army corps of engineers ( usace ) or working with the army \u2019 s research, development and engineering command ( rdecom ) to create break - through innovations for what soldiers wear, fire, fly or drive. both usace and rdecom also offer civilian career opportunities.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4769045494225543, "token_count": 388, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.613888"} {"text": "pythons are thought to be slithering around southern florida like crazy but so far a contest to catch them has produced a paltry 21 of the invasive snakes. the first week of the state ' s 2013 python challenge ended friday with fewer than two dozen burmese pythons received by the university of florida even though 777 people signed up. wildlife experts say burmese pythons are a threat to the everglades ecosystem and are looking to whittle down their population, thought to number in the thousands on state lands alone. burmese pythons, native to asia, are constrictors that can grow to 26 feet long and are known to be voracious predators of mammals, birds and reptiles. that diet makes it hard on the state ' s native predators such as foxes and bobcats. the non - venomous burmese pythons have been reported in extreme south florida since the 1980s, and now are established mainly within the bounds of everglades national park. the python - catching event runs through feb. 10. the person who kills the most burmese pythons by that date will receive a check for $ 1, 500. most popular stories - seo traffic lab celebrate wins at digital marketing event ' internet world 2013 ' in london - social media initiatives should follow customers ' lead - apple ceo : offshore units not a ' tax gimmick ' - u. s. senate accuses apple of large - scale tax avoidance - utep water recycling project wins venture titles - marketo makes a mint in ipo : stock shoots up more than 50 percent - bieber booed at billboard awards - crude oil up, gasoline down - austin startup compare metrics raises $ 3. 5 million for expansion - why so many top ' car guys ' are actually women", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3732835330949048, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.616108"} {"text": "nowadays, whether it \u2019 s for a sandwich or a 10 - course tasting menu, many people don \u2019 t think twice about getting a bite to eat at a restaurant. in fact, nearly every street corner presents a new opportunity to enjoy a meal without the hassle of messing up our own kitchens. of course, it wasn \u2019 t always this way, and our ancestors survived quite well for millennia long before the birth of taco tuesdays. but the restaurant as we know it is nearly unrecognizable from the earliest eateries of ancient rome and china \u2014 and even a far cry from the first dining establishments in paris and new york. when romans didn \u2019 t feel like cooking, they could stop by their local thermopolium, a precursor to today \u2019 s fast food joints. there, deep stone bowls inlaid in l - shaped counters are believed to have held such delicacies as cheese baked with honey and herbs, savory lentil dishes and mulled wine. the ruins of pompeii feature many well - preserved examples of thermopolia, and experts think much of the population regularly patronized them ; indeed, the majority of homes in the town lacked cooking facilities. for all their convenience, thermopolia could apparently draw a rough crowd and were often the scenes of crimes. claudius once demanded their closure, and caligula had a man killed who dared sell food at a thermopolium during a mourning period for the emperor \u2019 s sister. the closest ancestor to today \u2019 s restaurant originated in hangzhou, a city in eastern china. beginning in 1123, hangzhou was the seat of the southern song dynasty, and it quickly became home to well over a million people. ( by contrast, london and paris counted just tens of thousands of inhabitants at the time. ) hangzhou \u2019 s flourishing economy and bustling population set the stage for a restaurant revolution. industrious cooks rolled up their sleeves in tents, taverns and tea shops along hangzhou \u2019 s broad imperial way, lined with street performers, rice wine vendors and cafes specializing in roast pork, noodle soup and other snacks. unlike at a thermopolium, where diners simply ate whatever was being served that day, patrons received menus from which to choose their meals. marco polo visited hangzhou and reported that delicacies like silkworm pie, bean curd soup and pork - stuffed dumplings were enjoyed by many a weary merchant or traveler. but what of the first american", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4190636735460427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.622671"} {"text": "when francis gary powers took off from peshawar, pakistan, in may 1960, there was no reason to think his flight above moscow would differ from any of the other missions conducted by the cia over the metropolis since 1956. powers \u2019 u - 2 spy plane flew at 80, 000 feet, an altitude believed to be out of reach of any soviet anti - aircraft threat. that belief was shattered over the city of sverdlosk when a surface - to - air missile hit the plane, forcing powers to eject before he could arm the self - destruct charge on the aircraft. in the wake of the crash, the united states initially claimed that the u - 2 was a weather plane, but the aircraft \u2019 s wreckage suggested otherwise. after a lengthy interrogation and show trial at the hands of the kgb, powers was sentenced to 10 years in a soviet prison for committing \u201c crimes against the soviet people. \u201d two years later, a prisoner swap was negotiated in which washington would free convicted soviet agent colonel rudolph abel in exchange for powers. abel \u2019 s 30 - year sentence was commuted by attorney general robert kennedy to enable the trade. at 8 : 52 a. m. on february 10, 1962, powers walked across the glienicke brucke from potsdam toward west berlin in a carefully orchestrated handover ; abel crossed in the opposite direction. while the deal was expected to ease tensions between the americans and soviets, the cuban missile crisis soon erased the memory of the diplomatic overture and brought the two superpowers to the brink of nuclear conflict. april 22, 1964 : greville wynne and konon molody by the time the soviets caught up with greville wynne outside of budapest in 1963, the agent had spent 25 years working for different organs of the british secret service. wynne was supposedly an exporter, but in reality he was a spy who scored one of the largest coups in cold war espionage. for years greville received secrets from soviet colonel oleg penkovsky, an intelligence officer who revealed information about russian ballistic missile programs to the west. the colonel \u2019 s disclosures proved vital during the height of the cuban missile crisis in october 1962 and may have helped avoid nuclear war. shortly thereafter, both wynne and penkovsky were arrested for their clandestine activities. penkovsky was sentenced to death but is believed to have taken his own life in may 1963 in a soviet prison, while wynne served 18 months before crossing the havel on the glienicke brucke. june 12, 1985 : marian zacharski and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49593167542847466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.627130"} {"text": "to death but is believed to have taken his own life in may 1963 in a soviet prison, while wynne served 18 months before crossing the havel on the glienicke brucke. june 12, 1985 : marian zacharski and 25 american agents a polish - born spy, marian zacharski adopted the guise of a legitimate businessman in the united states in the late 1970s. the reportedly handsome and resourceful agent befriended william holden bell, an engineer at hughes aircraft. over the course of three years, zacharski persuaded bell to pass along plans for secret radar systems and some of the technology behind early stealth aircraft. zacharski \u2019 s tactics in recruiting bell were so impressive that they are still studied by the fbi decades later. in 1981 a u. s. federal judge sentenced zacharski to life in prison. four years later he wound up across the havel from 25 american agents ready to be traded for him. along with three other eastern bloc spies, zacharski traversed the bridge of spies into potsdam and east germany, eventually making his way back to his native country. after the fall of the communism in poland, zacharski found success in the private sector before unsuccessfully attempting to return to espionage. in 1994 he was tapped to head poland \u2019 s intelligence service, but was later removed due to international criticism of the pick. february 11, 1986 : anatoly shcharansky and karl koecher the last transaction at the \u201c bridge of spies \u201d arguably garnered more international attention than any other. a direct result of a 1985 meeting between president ronald reagan and soviet leader mikhail gorbachev, the swap involving anatoly shcharansky and karl koecher was years in the making. shcharansky had first run afoul of soviet authorities in 1973 when he was refused permission to emigrate to israel. five years later, after vocally criticizing moscow and joining an international dissident group, shcharansky was tried and convicted of spying for the united states ; he and president jimmy carter denied the charge. shcharansky was sentenced to 13 years of prison and hard labor. after almost a decade of negotiations, the soviets and americans agreed to a prisoner trade that would free the soviet jewish activist. as officials kept media at a distance from the glienicke, shcharansky traveled across the snow - covered bridge in a mercedes. the u. s. ambassador to west germany greeted him as he approached west berlin, saying, \u201c president reagan and others worked and prayed for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4985572763946188, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.628185"} {"text": "anne of denmark was the wife of james i, the first of the stuart monarchs. anne was born on october 14th, 1574 at skanderborg castle in denmark. she married james by proxy in august 1589 though the actual marriage took place in oslo on november 23rd, 1589. james thought of himself as an intellectual and academic. it is said that he found anne frivolous and less than academic. with little to bond them, james preferred the company of his favourites though he always ensured that anne lived the life as befitted a queen. anne shared her husband ' s view that monarchy should live the lifestyle of monarchy. she spent large sums of money on clothes and jewels. anne also ensured that her eldest son, henry, heir to the throne, was equally lavished with gifts and symbols of what james called ' magnificence '. anne spent large sums of money on somerset house ( her residence in london ) and re - named it denmark house. neither anne nor james had any real understanding of finance - both believed that if they needed something, they should have it. the early death of henry in 1612 meant that anne ' s second son, charles, became the heir to the throne. anne died on march 4th, 1619 aged 44. she was buried in westminster abbey.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.43361359206310124, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.629793"} {"text": "creating heat and light a canadian program tests the efficiency and future potential of residential combined heat and power systems at its residential building test center. combined heat and power systems ( chp ), which jointly produce heat and electricity from a single fuel source, can be up to 90 % efficient, compared with conventional u. s. power production, which converts only 35 % of fuel energy into delivered electricity. the rest of the fuel energy is normally lost in the form of heat. by using this heat to produce space heat and hot water, chps can decrease energy costs and increase fuel use efficiency. currently, chp units in the united states are used almost exclusively for commercial and industrial buildings. however, there is tremendous potential for using this technology in residences as well. recently, the department of energy ( doe ) assembled a team of appliance industry leaders to develop a chp system to provide more reliable and less costly energy for residential use. projects like this show that residential chp systems are a likely reality in the future of home heating and power. advancing the home chp cause chp isn \u2019 t just a future reality \u2014 residential systems already exist. one such system for individual residences was recently tested through a joint effort of natural resources canada, national research council canada, and canada mortgage and housing corporation at their canadian centre for housing technology ( ccht ). prototype canadian fuel cell chp plants are currently undergoing laboratory testing by manufacturers. discussions with several fuel cell companies have indicated that field testing of first - generation prototypes in a well - controlled but realistic residential setting such as the ccht would significantly accelerate development and residential integration of these systems ( see \u201c canadian centre for housing technology, \u201d p. 37 ). the ccht offers an intensively monitored real - world environment, with simulated occupancy, to assess the performance of residential chp systems in secure premises. simulated occupancy included such measures as turning lights, showers, and appliances on and off daily. separate lights in several locations were also turned on to simulate heat from occupants. residential chp systems that are currently available or are being developed are based on internal combustion engines ( ice ), on stirling engines, or on fuel cells. ice is a proven technology, but it creates noise, odors, and pollution. fuel cells hold great promise, but they are still in the prototype stage. for this project, we integrated into a residential building and tested a near - commercially available, natural gas fired, stirling engine chp that is sized for individual residences. home chp basics a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6095729465517029, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.641815"} {"text": "great promise, but they are still in the prototype stage. for this project, we integrated into a residential building and tested a near - commercially available, natural gas fired, stirling engine chp that is sized for individual residences. home chp basics a residential chp system must be integrated into the house \u2019 s electrical, space - heating, and domestic hot water ( dhw ) systems. the most common space heating system in homes is a natural gas furnace with forced air. for the chp project, an air handler ( fan plus heat exchanger ) was used to supply heated air through the same ductwork. other issues that were raised included sizing the chp system relative to average and peak electrical and thermal loads ; deciding whether the chp system is controlled by demands for electricity ( electrical lead ) or heat ( thermal lead ) ; dealing with the simultaneous production of heat and electricity ; optimizing chp system operation and run time ; determining the need for, and the sizing of, thermal and electrical storage ( especially for off - grid systems ) ; dealing with the handling and use of possible excess heat in summer ; and specifying grid connection techniques. the primary objective of our project was to develop and demonstrate a test facility at the ccht that could assess residential chp systems, and their integration into houses, under real - world conditions. a secondary objective was to assess the performance of various residential chp systems under realworld conditions. to integrate the chp system into the house \u2019 s various existing systems, we made numerous modifications to accommodate residential chp systems. these included electrical modifications to integrate the chp system into the house \u2019 s electrical system and to allow the chp to export electricity to the grid ; the design and installation of a thermal utilization module ( tum ) to integrate the chp system into the house \u2019 s spaceand water - heating systems ; the design and installation of a combined monitoring and control system for the chp and tum ; and the installation and connection of the chp unit. the electrical modifications accommodated the installation of chp systems with a generating capacity of up to 40 kw for either griddependent operation or stand - alone, grid - independent operation. although only one of the two ccht houses was used in this project, the electrical modifications were made to both of them, so that in the future, two chp units can be tested simultaneously. the cost of these wiring modifications was $ 5, 068 ( can $ 6, 450 ) for each house. because these houses were modified to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5805146309180161, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.643360"} {"text": "made to both of them, so that in the future, two chp units can be tested simultaneously. the cost of these wiring modifications was $ 5, 068 ( can $ 6, 450 ) for each house. because these houses were modified to allow for various types of chp system, both connected and offgrid, and sized up to 40 kw, the wiring scheme is more elaborate than would be the case for a normal residential installation. it is estimated that the cost to retrofit a typical residence would range from $ 1, 500 to $ 2, 500 ( can $ 2, 000 to can $ 3, 000 ). this cost could be lower if simpler installations, such as the elimination of the external disconnect switch, were acceptable to electrical authorities. the stirling engine combined heat and power system natural resources canada purchased the natural gas - fired stirling engine before the start of this project for $ 12, 000 ( current models are $ 7, 500 ). a stirling engine is an externalcombustion device, which can burn many different fuels \u2014 diesel, natural gas, propane, biogas, kerosene, and solid fuels \u2014 provided that the heat exchanger is specifically designed for the selected fuel. it has an induction motor / generator that automatically synchronizes the frequency of its alternating - current output to the grid, and cannot operate unless it is connected to an active grid. the stirling chp unit is a heat - led device ; it is turned on when there is a need for heat in the tum. the tum controls turn the circulation pump on and off according to the temperatures in the storage tank and the hot water tank. the pump is turned on if the hot water tank needs heat and can get it from the storage tank, and if the bottom of the hot water tank is between 116\u00ba and 158\u00baf. the house thermostat controls the operation of the air handler pump and fan, and the demand for hot water is controlled by the house \u2019 s simulated - occupancy system. each heat transfer loop of the tum has two thermocouples and a flowmeter. as shown in figure 2, the loops run from the chp unit to the storage tank ; from the storage tank to the hot water tank ; from the hot water tank to the air handler ; and from the hot water tank to hot water taps. data were collected, and heat flows were calculated, every ten seconds. these heat flows were averaged and saved every minute. two existing natural gas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5713712386730342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.645611"} {"text": "; from the hot water tank to the air handler ; and from the hot water tank to hot water taps. data were collected, and heat flows were calculated, every ten seconds. these heat flows were averaged and saved every minute. two existing natural gas meters were used to monitor the gas consumption of the chp unit and that of the hot water tank backup burner. reviewing the data monitoring took place between march 13 and june 10, 2003. during the review and analysis of results, we realized that the amount of heat required by the house for space and water heating would affect each component of the chp system. accordingly, each of the efficiencies was plotted against the thermal output of the tum ( see figures 3 and 4 ). the performance of the chp unit and the performance of the tum both depend, to varying degrees, on the tum output. the same daily pattern of hot water demand ( 260 liters per day ) was used for all 27 runs monitored. when there was no demand for space heating, ( hot water demand only ), the average demand on the tum is 0. 48 kw. for the ten runs with no space heating, thermal utilization module output varied from 0. 39 to 0. 62 kw. this variation was due to different start and end times caused by hot water demands, and to different chp unit run time patterns. all curves in figures 3 and 4 are projected to reach close to the tum output capacity of 4. 40 kw. chp unit efficiency increased only slightly with system output. the two factors that could affect unit efficiency are the temperature of the inlet water and the length of time the unit runs. inlet water should have been cooler, on average, when demand for space heating and hot water was higher, but we did not analyze inlet water temperature, and apparently the unit is not very sensitive to it. internal temperatures are around 750\u00baf, so a difference of a few tens of degrees in the inlet should not make much difference. as the length of time that the unit runs before shutting off decreases, the efficiency of the unit should drop, due to the use of electricity and natural gas in start - up and of electricity in shutdown. but even with no space heating, the runs were at least 70 minutes long, so the efficiency drop was not significant. it might be greater in a unit with a smaller storage capacity. chp unit heating efficiency varied from 74 % for hot water only to about 79 % at system capacity. chp unit electrical efficiency varied from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5677939925351461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.647623"} {"text": ", so the efficiency drop was not significant. it might be greater in a unit with a smaller storage capacity. chp unit heating efficiency varied from 74 % for hot water only to about 79 % at system capacity. chp unit electrical efficiency varied from 5. 5 % to about 9 % at system capacity, and the unit \u2019 s total efficiency varied from 79. 5 % to about 88 % at system capacity ( see figure 3 ). system energy efficiency depends significantly on thermal load ( see figure 4 ). this is because the standby losses from the tum are relatively constant, while the useful heat varies mainly with space heat load. system efficiency varies from 41 % for hot water only to over 70 % at chp capacity. system efficiency compares favorably with the efficiency ( energy factor ) of domestic water heaters, while generating by - product electricity. these efficiencies could be improved by improving the design of the tum. as shown in tables 1 and 2, there were only small differences between the two setups investigated, although setup 2 appeared to generate a slightly better electrical efficiency than setup 1. improvements to the tum efficiency could be based on modeling to determine whether two tanks are needed, or whether one larger one would do. if two are needed for some applications, one tank could be left unheated during seasons when no heating is needed, thus reducing heat losses by approximately one - half. similarly, a single stratified tank could have only its top half heated during warm seasons. control of the hot water tank burner should be integrated into the tum control, rather than being left to the aquastat on the original tank. the tum includes three pumps that consume between 73 and 86 watts each. the chp pump uses an average of 1. 19 kwh per run, or 7. 8 % of the chp net electrical output, per run. all three pumps together average 1. 95 kwh, per run, which is 12. 4 % of the chp net output, or 0. 4 % of the system output ( heat plus net chp electric ). the pump energy is therefore low compared to chp electrical generation, and insignificant compared to total output. furthermore, pump energy could be reduced if the pumps were optimized in terms of size, efficiency, and control, and would be even lower if the electrical output of the chp were higher, as it would be with a fuel cell sized for a house. two examples were selected to highlight how much electricity the chp generates", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5614788907350328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.651590"} {"text": "of size, efficiency, and control, and would be even lower if the electrical output of the chp were higher, as it would be with a fuel cell sized for a house. two examples were selected to highlight how much electricity the chp generates relative to house electricity demand, and to show where that electricity goes. the first example represents one of the colder periods of testing, while the second run represents a milder day ( see figure 5 and table 3 ). figure 5 shows house demand, supply by the chp unit, and net house demand from the grid. the reduction in electrical requirements from the grid due to the chp unit is apparent, as are periods of electricity being exported to the grid ( negative grid supply ). table 3 summarizes the electricity balance for these two runs. while most of the electricity produced by the chp unit goes to the house ( 94 % and 98 % in these examples ), there are still instances of export to the grid ( 6 % and 2 % ), even with this small heat - led generator. the chp unit supplies important percentages of the house \u2019 s electricity requirement ( 43 % and 25 % in these examples ). the future of chp use we believe that this technology has a high potential for use both in new houses and as a retrofit in existing houses. that \u2019 s why we will soon be starting a demonstration project that will test the ability of a newer version chp to run unattended for a year. the project will monitor the new unit \u2019 s gas use and its heat and electrical output. the high initial cost for homeowners may require utility sponsorship, as is happening in the united kingdom. utilities should be interested, because having large numbers of chp units in their area would reduce their peak demands, at least in the winter. restaurants and cafeteria, with their large, more or less continuous, and yearround demand for hot water for dishwashing, represent another potential market for chps. - first page - previous page enter your comments in the box below : ( please note that all comments are subject to review prior to posting. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5938523251717569, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.652735"} {"text": "adhd is a neurochemical brain disorder that affects behaviors related to attention, activity and impulsivity. hope haven provides expert evaluation, treatment, therapy, summer camps and tutoring to address the special challenges adhd poses for children, their families and their teachers. the first step in evaluating adhd is gathering basic medical, educational and background information. before the first appointment, professional staff review all medical and educational history forms. subsequent steps in the evaluation process include : - psychological consultation. parent ( s ) and child meet with an adhd specialist for an in - depth assessment and interview. - medical evaluation. parent ( s ) and child meet with hope haven physician for a specific neurological screening and medical evaluation. - psychological - educational evaluation. this step is optional but may be needed to evaluate learning problems often related to adhd. - school visit. an observation of the child in a school setting and a teacher conference provide important diagnostic information. - staff conference. the professionals involved in the child \u2019 s care meet to discuss their results and recommendations. - family conference. a meeting is held to discuss evaluation results, recommendations and treatment options described in the written evaluation report provided at that time. children with adhd frequently exhibit the following behaviors : - inability to follow a plan - difficulty sequencing and completing steps to accomplish specific tasks - shifting from one uncompleted activity to another without closure - difficulty following through on instructions - difficulty prioritizing from most to least important - challenges sustaining effort and accuracy over time - problems completing assignments - difficulty with tasks that require memory and with test taking - inability to interpret nonverbal cues - confusion from written material as well as spoken material, lectures and audiovisual material - difficulty sustaining attention to tasks or other activities - frequent messiness or sloppiness - poor handwriting, often slow and laborious - inappropriate responses in class often blurted out - agitation under pressure and competition - frequent involvement in physically dangerous activities without considering consequences - poor adult interactions ( often defiant, manipulative ) - poor personal care and posture, negative comments about self, lack of self - esteem - difficulty using unstructured time - losing things necessary for a task - poor use of time. adhd treatment options are individualized but may include medication therapy, counseling, tutoring, and outside referrals for related services. the most effective treatment of adhd requires full cooperation of teachers and parents working closely with other professionals such as physicians, psychologists, psychiatrists, speech and other educational specialists.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49364963184330407, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.658017"} {"text": "graduates need to understand credit published : saturday, september 8, 2012 at 8 : 17 p. m. last modified : saturday, september 8, 2012 at 8 : 17 p. m. if you ' ve got a recent high school graduate who ' s getting ready to head off to college or join the workforce, let me share a few lessons i learned the hard way about managing personal finances that you can pass along to your kids. young adults are just starting to build their credit history. in the coming months they ' ll probably encounter many unfamiliar expenses \u2014 and many financial temptations. if they ' re not careful, a few ill - thought decisions made now could damage their credit for years to come. here are several actions your kids can take to build good financial habits and strong credit \u2014 and a few minefields to watch out for : probably the most fundamental tool for young adults to help manage their finances is a basic checking account and debit card. a few tips to pass along : n look for a bank / credit union that charges no monthly usage fee, doesn ' t require minimum balances and has conveniently located atms so you don ' t rack up out - of - network atm charges. n enter all transactions in the check register, and review your account online regularly to know when deposits, checks, purchases and automatic payments have cleared. n don ' t write checks or make debit card purchases unless the current balance will cover them \u2014 many transactions now clear instantaneously. n banks must ask whether you want overdraft protection. if you opt for coverage, understand that overdrafts can be expensive \u2014 up to $ 35 or more per transaction. n request text or email alerts when your balance drops below a certain level, checks or deposits clear, or payments are due. credit cards for young adults can be a useful tool, but they must be used responsibly. by law, people under 21 must have a parent or other responsible adult co - sign credit card accounts unless they can prove sufficient income to repay the debt. if you allow your child to become an authorized user or joint account holder on one of your accounts, remember that any account activity, good or bad, goes on both your credit reports, so careful monitoring is critical. another way to build credit history is to start out with a \u201c secured \u201d credit card \u2014 a card linked to an account into which you deposit money. typically you can charge up to the amount you ' ve deposited and then replenish the account with more funds. after they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38969954658728545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.662146"} {"text": "history is to start out with a \u201c secured \u201d credit card \u2014 a card linked to an account into which you deposit money. typically you can charge up to the amount you ' ve deposited and then replenish the account with more funds. after they ' ve made several on - time payments, have your kids ask the lender to convert it to an unsecured card, or to at least add an unsecured amount to the account. just make sure the lender agrees to report your payment history to at least one of the three credit bureaus ; otherwise, the account does nothing to improve your credit. if they qualify for an unsecured credit card, have your kids follow these guidelines : n always make at least the minimum payment \u2014 on time \u2014 each month. n strive to pay off the full balance each month ; otherwise, the accumulated interest will add significantly to your repayment amount. n avoid using credit cards for cash advances, which often incur upfront fees and begin accruing interest immediately. n look for a card with no annual fee and also compare cash advance, late payment, balance transfer, over - the - limit and other fees. jason alderman is a senior director at visa inc. and runs the company ' s global financial - literacy initiative, which includes the award - winning practical money skills for life and what ' s my score? programs. reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. all rights reserved. this copyrighted material may not be re - published without permission. links are encouraged.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40357201902635154, "token_count": 313, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.662958"} {"text": "evolution of physical activity guidelines reflects changing body of evidence scientific knowledge about physical activity and health is of little value if people cannot understand it and apply it to their lives. for the past three decades, there has been a gradual but steady development in the effort to present information on physical activity and health to the general public. research has repeatedly shown that exposure to regular, frequent bouts of physical activity stimulates physiological and metabolic changes that benefit health. it is helpful to classify these as either ( a ) chronic effects, that is, adaptations to training acquired over weeks or months, or ( b ) short - term, acute responses to each individual session of activity. while psychological, social, and environmental factors contribute significantly to physical activity behavior, it is important to recognize that activity behavior also has a biological basis and that genetic variation could affect individuals \u2019 propensity to be physically active or sedentary. you can read human kinetics e - books on desktop, laptop, and various mobile devices, as long as you have authorized the device or e - reader app to read e - books protected by adobe ' s digital rights management ( drm ). the human body is designed for activity. for most of our history, physical activity was required for survival, but technological advances have eliminated much of the need for hard physical labor. as our activity levels have dropped, it has become clear that a physically inactive lifestyle can lead to a host of health problems. physical activity and health, second edition, provides a comprehensive treatment of the research on the benefits of a physically active lifestyle in comparison with the harmful consequences of physical inactivity. written by leading scientists from the united states, canada, europe, and australia, physical activity and health, second edition, brings together the results of the most important studies on the relationship between physical activity, sedentarism, and various health outcomes. the second edition has been fully updated based on the latest advances in this rapidly changing field and expanded to include the following new content : a chapter on the physiology of inactivity and the effects of sedentary behavior even in people who engage in appropriate amounts of physical activity, which is an area of growing interest more extensive coverage of physical activity, aging, and the brain, including a new chapter on the relationship between physical activity and brain structures and functions a chapter on the development of national and international physical activity and health guidelines, which will help readers better understand how scientific findings are converted into practical recommendations physical activity and health, second edition, offers a detailed yet concise presentation of key concepts as well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5040760642739799, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.681640"} {"text": "functions a chapter on the development of national and international physical activity and health guidelines, which will help readers better understand how scientific findings are converted into practical recommendations physical activity and health, second edition, offers a detailed yet concise presentation of key concepts as well as a framework to help readers relate results from single studies or collections of studies to the overall paradigm linking physical activity and physical fitness to health. for each of the topics covered, the text provides an overview of the most important research findings, discusses the limitations of the current knowledge base, and identifies directions for future investigation. at the core of the text is a review of our current understanding of how physical activity affects health concerns such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and obesity as well as aging and mental health. the text identifies sedentary living habits and poor fitness as major public health problems and examines the potential of physical activity to prevent disease and enhance quality of life. this complete resource also looks at the evolution of the field of physical activity and health ; variations in physical activity levels across age, sex, and ethnic groups ; the body \u2019 s physiological responses to physical activity ; dose - response issues ; and the influence of genetics on physical activity, fitness, and health. the book ends with an integration of the issues covered and discusses new opportunities for research. the second edition of physical activity and health continues to offer clear, user - friendly coverage of the most important concepts and research in the field. numerous special features will aid readers in their comprehension of the material. chapter outlines and callout boxes help readers key in on important topics and focus their reading, and chapter summaries, definitions of key terms, and study questions provide tools for review and self - testing. commonly used acronyms and abbreviations are found on the interior covers for handy reference. where other books have simply promoted physical activity for the individual or a population, physical activity and health, second edition, completely integrates current knowledge of the relationship between physical activity and health. with contributions from some of the finest scientists in the field, this comprehensive text offers information unmatched in accuracy and reliability. part i : history and current status of the study of physical activity and health chapter 1 : why study physical activity and health? claude bouchard, phd ; steven n. blair, ped ; and william l. haskell, phd human evolution, history, and physical activity burden of chronic diseases health and its determinants aging and health defining physical activity and physical fitness physical inactivity versus physical activity chapter 2 : historical perspectives on physical activity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5583086659540781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.683082"} {"text": "and william l. haskell, phd human evolution, history, and physical activity burden of chronic diseases health and its determinants aging and health defining physical activity and physical fitness physical inactivity versus physical activity chapter 2 : historical perspectives on physical activity, fitness, and health russell r. pate, phd early beliefs about physical activity and health scientific inquiry on exercise and health evolution of physical activity guidelines chapter 3 : physical activity and fitness with age, sex, and ethnic differences peter t. katzmarzyk, phd, facsm chapter 4 : sedentary behavior and inactivity physiology marc hamilton, phd ; and neville owen, phd sedentary behavior, physical activity, and public health inactivity physiology : the underlying biology of acute and chronic muscular inactivity sedentary behavior and metabolic health : emerging epidemiological evidence humans may not have reached the pinnacle of physical inactivity a comprehensive sedentary behavior research agenda public health implications part ii : effects of physical activity on the human organism chapter 5 : metabolic, cardiovascular, and respiratory responses to physical activity edward t. howley, phd relationship of energy to physical activity oxygen consumption and cardiovascular and respiratory responses to exercise effect of training, age, and gender on maximal oxygen uptake application to exercise training and physical activity interventions chapter 6 : acute responses to physical activity and exercise adrianne e. hardman, msc, phd lipids and lipoproteins immune function and inflammation responses related to energy balance augmentation of acute effects by training chapter 7 : hormonal response to regular physical activity peter a. farrell, phd importance of hormonal regulation regular physical activity and hormonal adaptations chapter 8 : skeletal muscle adaptation to regular physical activity howard j. green, phd skeletal muscle and human survival muscle cell : composition, structure, and function muscle fiber types and subtypes muscle adaptation and functional consequences aging muscle : the role of training chapter 9 : response of liver, kidney, and other organs and tissues to regular physical activity roy j. shephard, mb, bs, md ( london ), phd, dpe, dll acute effects of physical activity chronic effects of physical activity strengths and limitations of the current evidence part iii : physical activity, fitness, and health chapter 10 : physical activity, fitness, and mortality rates michael j. lamonte, phd, mph ; and steven n. blair, ped physical activity and mortality fitness and mortality activity or fitness and mortality in adults with existing diseases quantifying the population mortality burden of inactivity chapter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5109597960803192, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.687075"} {"text": "and mortality rates michael j. lamonte, phd, mph ; and steven n. blair, ped physical activity and mortality fitness and mortality activity or fitness and mortality in adults with existing diseases quantifying the population mortality burden of inactivity chapter 11 : physical activity, fitness, and cardiac, vascular, and pulmonary morbidities ian janssen, phd low physical activity and low cardiorespiratory fitness as risk factors for cardiovascular morbidities low physical activity and low cardiorespiratory fitness as risk factors for pulmonary morbidities role of physical activity in patients with cardiac, vascular, and pulmonary morbidities chapter 12 : physical activity, fitness, and obesity robert ross, phd, facsm ; and ian janssen, phd definition and problem of overweight and obesity relationships among excess weight, physical activity, and fitness role of physical activity in prevention and treatment of excess weight chapter 13 : physical activity, fitness, and diabetes mellitus roeland j. middelbeek, md, ms ; and laurie j. goodyear, phd diabetes : definitions and prevalence epidemiology, etiology, and complications of type 2 diabetes impact of physical activity on insulin and glucose metabolism epidemiological evidence indicating benefits of physical activity in preventing type 2 diabetes summary of randomized controlled trials on the prevention of type 2 diabetes importance of regular physical activity for people with type 2 diabetes chapter 14 : physical activity, fitness, and cancer i - min lee, mbbs, mph, scd importance of cancer how physical activity and physical fitness decrease the risk of developing cancer how we study whether physical activity and physical fitness decrease the risk of developing cancer physical activity, physical fitness, and site - specific cancers physical activity and cancer survivors chapter 15 : physical activity, fitness, and joint and bone health jennifer m. hootman, phd, atc, facsm, fnata strengths and limitations of the evidence chapter 16 : physical activity, muscular fitness, and health neil mccartney, phd ; and stuart m. phillips, phd history of resistance training and its role in health fundamental aspects of resistance training resistance training throughout the life span resistance training in disease and disability chapter 17 : physical activity, fitness, and children thomas rowland, md understanding the exercise \u2013 health link in children measurement of physical activity in youth defining the kinds and amount of physical activities for health optimal intervention strategies biological effects on physical activity in youth chapter 18 : risks of physical activity evert a. l. m. verhagen, phd, fecss ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5131149089815424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.688327"} {"text": "physical activity in youth defining the kinds and amount of physical activities for health optimal intervention strategies biological effects on physical activity in youth chapter 18 : risks of physical activity evert a. l. m. verhagen, phd, fecss ; esther m. f. van sluijs, phd ; and willem van mechelen, md, phd, facsm, fecss risks of physical activity and sport participation minimizing risk and maximizing benefits recommendations for future research part iv : physical activity, fitness, aging, and brain functions chapter 19 : physical activity, fitness, and aging loretta dipietro, phd, mph the aging process methodological considerations in aging research demographics of physical activity among older adults dimensions of physical activity and their relationship to health and function in aging programmatic issues in promoting physical activity in older populations chapter 20 : physical activity and brain functions kirk i. erickson, phd applied questions : populations benefiting from physical activity moderating questions : factors moderating the effect of physical activity chapter 21 : exercise and its effects on mental health john s. raglin, phd ; and gregory s. wilson, ped, facsm research paradigms of exercise and mental health research exercise and depression exercise and anxiety exercise and schizophrenia putative mechanisms for the psychological benefits of exercise detrimental psychological responses to exercise : the overtraining syndrome part v : how much is required and how do we get there? chapter 22 : dose \u2013 response issues in physical activity, fitness, and health william l. haskell, phd principles guiding the body \u2019 s response to activity components of the physical activity dose factors determining optimal activity dose physical activity and fitness : dose for health benefits chapter 23 : from science to physical activity guidelines mark s. tremblay, phd ; and william l. haskell, phd stages of physical activity guideline development strengths, limitations, and challenges part vi : new challenges and opportunities chapter 24 : genetic differences in the relationships among physical activity, fitness, and health tuomo rankinen, phd ; and claude bouchard, phd basics of human genetics events in human genes and genomes genetic variation in exercise traits among sedentary people genetics of physical activity level individual differences in response to regular exercise genes and responses to exercise trait - specific response to exercise personalized exercise medicine chapter 25 : an integrated view of physical activity, fitness, and health william l. haskell, phd ; steven n. blair, ped ; and claude bouchard, phd physical activity versus inactivity : universal value versus damaging consequences developing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5454949362015689, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.689501"} {"text": "chapter 25 : an integrated view of physical activity, fitness, and health william l. haskell, phd ; steven n. blair, ped ; and claude bouchard, phd physical activity versus inactivity : universal value versus damaging consequences developing and implementing physical activity plans research questions and issues about the contributors about the editors a textbook for upper - undergraduate and graduate students in kinesiology, exercise science, physical education, public health, health promotion, preventive medicine, and human biology. a reference for professionals. claude bouchard, phd, is the director of the human genomics laboratory at pennington biomedical research center, a campus of the louisiana state university system, where he also holds the john w. barton sr. chair in genetics and nutrition. he was director of the physical activity sciences laboratory at laval university, quebec city, canada, for over 20 years. dr. bouchard holds a bped from laval university, an msc in exercise physiology from the university of oregon at eugene, and a phd in population genetics from the university of texas at austin. for four decades, his research has dealt with the role of physical activity, and the lack thereof, on physiology, metabolism, and indicators of health, taking into account genetic uniqueness. he has performed research on the contributions of gene sequence variation and the benefits to be expected from regular activity in terms of changes in cardiovascular and diabetes risk factors. dr. bouchard has served as program leader for four consensus conferences and symposia pertaining to various aspects of physical activity and health. he has published more than 1, 000 scientific papers and has edited several books and monographs dealing with physical activity and health. dr. bouchard is the recipient of the willendorf award from the international association for the study of obesity, the sandoz award from the canadian atherosclerosis society, the albert creff award of the national academy of medicine of france, and four honoris causa doctorates ( katholieke universiteit leuven, university of south carolina, university of guelph, and brock university ). he is a foreign member of the royal academy of medicine of belgium and a member of the order of canada. dr. bouchard is former president of the canadian society for applied physiology, the north american association for the study of obesity, and the international association for the study of obesity. he is a fellow of the american college of sports medicine, the american heart association, the american society of nutrition, and the american association for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5227505860411975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.690825"} {"text": ", the north american association for the study of obesity, and the international association for the study of obesity. he is a fellow of the american college of sports medicine, the american heart association, the american society of nutrition, and the american association for the advancement of science. steven n. blair, ped, is a professor at the arnold school of public health at the university of south carolina in columbia. his research focuses on the associations between lifestyle and health, with a specific emphasis on exercise, physical fitness, body composition, and chronic disease. as one of the most highly cited exercise scientists currently active in research, dr. blair has published more than 550 articles, chapters, and books in scientific and professional literature. he also was the senior scientific editor for the u. s. surgeon general ' s report on physical activity and health. dr. blair has received numerous awards, including the honor award from the american college of sports medicine, population science award from the american heart association, u. s. surgeon general \u2019 s medallion, folksam epidemiology prize from the karolinska institute of stockholm, and a merit award from the national institutes of health. he also has received honorary doctoral degrees from universities in the united states, belgium, and england. dr. blair is a fellow of the american college of epidemiology, society of behavioral medicine, american college of sports medicine, american heart association, and american academy of kinesiology and physical education. he was also elected to membership in the american epidemiological society. he was the first president of the national coalition for promoting physical activity and is a past president of the american college of sports medicine and the american academy of kinesiology and physical education. william l. haskell, phd, is emeritus professor of medicine in the stanford prevention research center and the division of cardiovascular medicine, stanford school of medicine. he holds an honorary md degree from linkoping university in sweden. for more than 40 years, his research has investigated the relationships between physical activity and health. he has been involved at the national and international levels in the development of physical activity and fitness guidelines and recommendations for physical activity in health promotion and disease prevention. dr. haskell has served as principal investigator on major nih - funded research projects demonstrating the health benefits of physical activity. for the past 17 years, he has been a member of the planning committee and faculty for the cdc - sponsored research course on physical activity and public health. from 1968 to 1970, he was program director for the president ' s council on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47453940676808737, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.691969"} {"text": "moved from the city. northwest railroad built 6 kilometers away from polna caused another economical decline. railroad dobronin - polna was built in 1903 without passenger service. the most significant incident of the 19th century was the murder of a 19 - year - old anezka hruzova in the brezina forest. a polna jew, leopold hilsner *, was wrongfully accused of the crime. tomas garrigue masaryk, later the first president of czechoslovakia engaged himself in this affair. * ( see below and here for hilsner affair ) in 1906, the telephone network were installed. a power plant was built in 1911. by l930, there were only 51 jews left. only three polna jews survived wwii ' s deportations to concentration camps. by the late l980 ' s, the synagogue was abandoned and crumbling and slated for demolition, a common occurance under soviet rule. the l990 ' s brought intense activity - it was urgent to repair these sites before they crumbled. the polna synagogue was saved and reopened in september 2000. in 1949 polna became part of the havlickuv brod okres. in 1960, after another territorial reorganization it became part of the jihlava okres. wikipedia and other sources [ february 2009 ] the jewish cemetery is700 metres nw of hus\u00b4 square, behind the street \" pod kalvarii \". since 16th century, it had been enlarged several times. with valuable baroque, classicistic, and new gravestones, the cemetery has been preserved by the group of local enthusiasts since 1988. in the last decade, the attention of some newspapers and magazines was attracted by the rumour about the possible origin of adolf hitler\u00b4s ancestors in polna. especially the gravestone of rosalia muller, nee huttler, in the right part of the cemetery, attracted attention. the oldest gravestones are from the 17th century, the newest from 1940. + 420 567212102 or 737937350. http : / / www. ipa. cz / polna synagogues without jews : [ see photos, maps, history! ] \" just off the main cobblestone town square in polna, a town between prague and brno an ancient arched passageway leads to the old ghetto complex. the ghetto has been relatively undisturbed since the jews were moved in, in 1681, and it had a jewish community until ww ii. the complex, now a national heritage zone, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.39097180728046277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.705742"} {"text": "ancient arched passageway leads to the old ghetto complex. the ghetto has been relatively undisturbed since the jews were moved in, in 1681, and it had a jewish community until ww ii. the complex, now a national heritage zone, but nevertheless a proletarian neighborhood, is on a sloping meadow. there are 32 houses in an upper, triangular court and a lower, smaller, rectangular one. the synagogue, once a dilapidated, stone building between the two courts, has been restored as a concert and exhibition hall. a small section houses polna ' s judaica, formerly hoarded by the nazis to prague. by 1532, there was a significant jewish community in polna, then a thriving market town for the textile industry. the jews, as merchants and moneylenders, settled among christian neighbors but were never free from discrimination, humiliation and disdain. through the centuries, decrees in polna ' s legal patent book show that jews did not have to perform certain civic duties such as army service or night guard, but engaging in trade was restricted, whereas king, nobility and church extracted gold. they were forbidden to sell meat to christians, or to testify against christians in court. the feudal lord, cardinal dietrichstein excluded non - catholics from his diocese in 1654, but, oddly, allowed jews in, because he regarded them as witnesses to the miracles and prophecies of the old testament. in response to complaints from the gentiles, during the cardinal ' s visit to polna in 1676, he established a ghetto at dolni ulice ( lower street ) near the small jewish cemetery on the edge of town. but local landowners resented the jewish presence, and the area suffered from poor sanitation. the ghetto was moved in 1681 to its present location. in their new environment, the jews were permitted an autonomous municipal unit with a jewish judge. they could build a tannery and dig a well. the town register lists magistrates izak michl, izak herschl, abraham ahron, jakob giml and elias wolf as some of the earliest community leaders. for the first few years, the kehillah met and prayed in a wooden hut in a member ' s yard. in 1682, the parnassim and the town magistrate signed an agreement to have the town build a new, furnished synagogue, a vaulted well and a mikveh. the jews paid construction costs over time and an additional annual fee. the synagogue was completed two years later. the kehillah continued to grow.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4033881619328121, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.706860"} {"text": "to have the town build a new, furnished synagogue, a vaulted well and a mikveh. the jews paid construction costs over time and an additional annual fee. the synagogue was completed two years later. the kehillah continued to grow. there were 50 families by 1714 and a permit to build a community hall was secured. by the end of the 18th century, there were 87 families and 16 new houses were added. in the mid 19th century, the kehillah ' s membership peaked at 770 people, constituting 128 families, causing some of the more affluent members to move out of the crowded ghetto. the interior of the synagogue was refurbished in 1861 with the financial help of a descendent of count dietrichstein only to burn down tragically two years later in the worst fire of polna ' s history. the torah scrolls were rescued but the jews ' homes were destroyed and the synagogue had to be completely rebuilt. * the \" hilsneriade \" brought polna to the attention of all europe. in april 1899, a simple - minded but guiltless jewish man, leopold hilsner, was tried for the murder of a christian girl living in veznicka, a village two miles from polna, and sentenced to death. anti - semitic feelings surfaced quickly, a pogrom was initiated and jewish stores were boycotted for a long time. thomas masaryk, highly regarded as a symbol of national independence and justice, demanded a retrial - not to defend the accused but to \" defend the christians against superstition \". hilsner ' s sentence was changed to life imprisonment but he was freed in 1916, in the broad amnesty following the death of emperor franz josef i. in 1961, as the woman ' s brother lay dying at the age of 93, he confessed to killing his sister to save himself the cost of her dowry. the last rabbi of polna, rabbi david alt, emigrated in 1920 after most of the ghetto houses had been sold to christians and only 85 jews remained. nazis confiscated all jewish property and, of the 40 jews deported from polna, only 2 adults and 2 children returned. \" [ february 2009 ] | last updated on sunday, 14 june 2009 20 : 18 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3634170875371451, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.707780"} {"text": "the civilian economy the lean years by the time pearl harbor was attack, civilian claims upon the war economy had been severely reduced. the national store of capital equipment employed in purposes other than those directly concerned with the war was diminishing through under - maintenance and lack of replacement. 1 the civilian standard of living had fallen considerably. after 1941 there was no scope for further dramatic reductions in the civilian share of the national output. although it was still necessary further to constrict civilian demands whenever possible, it was no less necessary to make sure that the standard of living and the maintenance of capital equipment did not fall below the minimum compatible with efficiency and high morale. there was of course no simple definition of this minimum ; policy was necessarily built up by a long - continuing series of particular decisions. as regards capital equipment, every application for a licence for machinery or building could be judged on its merits. it was much more difficult to decide where the minimum standard of living lay. as the prime minister once reminded his colleagues, great britain was ' a modern community at war, and not hottentots or esquimaux '. there was no certainty even in calculating the number of calories needed for bodily strength, let alone the indispensable minimum quantity of clothing or the quantity of fuel needed for minimum warmth. still less could the government decide in advance how low the production of essential consumer goods \u2014 cups for example, or needles or saucepans \u2014 should be allowed to fall. for a time, production could be cut drastically without serious results. but, as the war dragged on year after year, household and trade stocks were used up and the search for crockery or something to cook in \u2014 both indispensable needs in modern life \u2014 consumed more time and temper than the economies in labour or raw materials justified. it was important to keep supplies of such essentials at an adequate, even if a modest level. nor was it possible to eliminate ruthlessly all those goods which, by the strictest standards of austerity, might be called unessential in a war economy. long wars are full of anxiety, tedium and exhaustion and workers cannot give their best over a stretch of years if they have no relaxations. opinions could indeed differ widely about the desirable level of the supply of ' unessentials '. the zealots of efficiency and sacrifice could always make a strong case for decisions that would free some extra shipping space or release some extra labour for the munitions industries. but might not the war effort be better served", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4606868530693769, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.751327"} {"text": "of ' unessentials '. the zealots of efficiency and sacrifice could always make a strong case for decisions that would free some extra shipping space or release some extra labour for the munitions industries. but might not the war effort be better served by maintaining the supply of tobacco, horse - racing, cinemas, ice - cream or flowers \u2014 things which would strengthen the will to work or brighten dreary lives? to such a question it could be answered that this was a hard war, that victory was still in doubt and since the major economies that additional resources could be released for direct war purposes. the reduction in the standard of living was throughout determined largely by a process of trial and error and by the prevailing balance of opinion about public psychology. after the disasters in the early months of 1942, for example, the mood was a strong desire for sacrifice. in march, the lord president ' s committee called for a more drastic curtailment of activities not essential to the war effort. but the ' civilian ' purposes which used scarce resources such as shipping in the greatest quantities were not deemed to come with this category. food was the outstanding example : in essentials, food standards did not suffer from the shipping vicissitudes of 1942 and 1943. 2 significant reduction in the quantity or the variety of diet \u2014 even temporary reductions \u2014 were strenuously resisted on the grounds that they would impair health and the ability to work. rations had their ups and downs, but in general they remained adequate and reasonably palatable and varied. civilians could, moreover, not only eat rations at home but also unrationed meals in canteens or restaurants. early in 1942, the government reconsidered the rationing of restaurant meals \u2014 a proposal hitherto rejected because the economy in food would be small in relation to the administrative difficulties. once more it was dropped, mainly because can teen meals could not be excepted. all that emerged from much anxious thought was some new regulations for restaurant meals \u2014 in particular, the restriction of courses and a 5s. maximum charge. 3 this was a response to public uneasiness about luxury feeding in war time. the government had concluded that it would harm the war effort to impose further cuts on food supplies. they came to the same conclusion about tobacco. in march 1942, the president of the board of trade informed the lord president ' s committee that in order to meet current consumption and prevent stocks from falling below the danger level 112, 000 tons of tobacco must be imported during the year. tobacco imports, it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4757360758436509, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.752490"} {"text": "march 1942, the president of the board of trade informed the lord president ' s committee that in order to meet current consumption and prevent stocks from falling below the danger level 112, 000 tons of tobacco must be imported during the year. tobacco imports, it was clear, could be increased only at the expense of other cargoes, but the government felt that in the interests of efficiency and morale, tobacco supplies should be maintained at the level of demand. on the other hand, the abolition of the basic civilian petrol ration, which had been strongly opposed in 1942 for social and political reasons, was accepted in march 1942. the most significant changes affecting civilian standards during the last years of war were those in the range of goods covered by the board of trade. before pearl harbor, supplies of all goods had already been steadily reduced in order to release shipping and labour ; in the opinion of the president of the board of trade, some of the restrictions had gone almost too far. nevertheless, the screw could still be turned tighter. in the spring of 1942, for example, it was decided to cut the general clothing ration for the year 1942 \u2013 43 by about a quarter. this brought the volume of adults ' clothing purchases down to something like half of pre - war ; the volume of children ' s clothing was down to about sixty percent. 4 wherever possible, the board of trade was still zealous in cutting its demands. it was always anxious to eliminate unessential production. but it was also increasingly concerned with maintaining supplies of essential consumer goods to meet maximum requirements. the old methods of control by limitation of supplies orders were not suitable for the new times. 5 although a certain flexibility had been introduced into the orders, they still covered broad classes of goods and could not discriminate sufficiently between the essential and unessential products in any class. moreover, they controlled the disposal of supplies and not actual production. more direct methods of control were therefore necessary. they were not possible, however, without certain change of heart in the board of trade. when the board had first discussed utility clothing in the summer of 1941, there had been a strong feeling that the government could not hope to force large numbers of firms to making something they did not want to make. policy, therefore, had been based at that time on the provision of incentives rather than on control and directions. the first departure from this general policy occurred in the autumn of 1941 with hollow - ware production. an acute shortage of pans, kettles, buckets, etc. had developed. in order", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4514384801047169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.753518"} {"text": "the provision of incentives rather than on control and directions. the first departure from this general policy occurred in the autumn of 1941 with hollow - ware production. an acute shortage of pans, kettles, buckets, etc. had developed. in order to ensure that the limited supplies of labour and material remaining to the industry were used to the best advantage, production was permitted henceforward only under licence ; licences were granted for nothing except essential articles made to approved specifications. 6 it soon became clear that some such direct control was needed also for clothing. hitherto, the policy of inducements had regulated the proportions of utility and non - utility production. it had failed to secure a balanced production of different garments. clothing is, after all, interchangeable only within narrow limits ; an abundance of stockings is no compensation for a lack of shoes and it is useless to offer stock - size garments to outsize people or adult clothing to children. producers faced with artificial market conditions and with demand muffled and distorted by price control, could neglect essential goods in favour of others that were more profitable or for other reasons more attractive to them. the board of trade, therefore, realised that it must take new measures to ensure real economy and a fair deal to the majority of consumers. in the early summer of 1942 the control of textile and clothing by quotas was dropped and a new apparel and textiles order7 required manufacturers to comply with any directions regulating or prohibiting manufacture or supply. with this order behind it, the board of trade could do much more to equate the demand and supply for particular types of clothing. it collected estimates of demand through consumer surveys and by watching statistics of stocks and sales. production was then organised to meet demand. these planned budgets, moreover, proved themselves to be a much more authentic basis for assessing claims upon raw materials ands labour. 8 these new methods of control spread further. towards the end of april 1942, the president of the board of trade submitted to the lord president ' s committee proposals to control production in a much wider range of consumer goods, in some cases to prohibit manufacture altogether and in other to limit production as far as possible to price - controlled utility goods in quantities sufficient for essential civilian needs. the president made it clear that widespread prohibition of manufacture would be involved. it might prove impossible to absorb some of the elderly workers thus released and in many small industries, businesses might be closed down completely. the lord president ' s committee was not in a less drastic mood and was inclined to think that the price of the board ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47603052968773285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.754801"} {"text": "prove impossible to absorb some of the elderly workers thus released and in many small industries, businesses might be closed down completely. the lord president ' s committee was not in a less drastic mood and was inclined to think that the price of the board ' s proposals would be too high ; nevertheless discussions were begun with the industries concerned and the new policy was launched in the summer of 1942. in june of the same year, the manufacture of pottery9 and of pencils10 was controlled, and in august control of manufacture and supply was extended to a long list of consumer goods11 \u2014 floor coverings, metal furniture, domestic electric appliances, sports gear, mechanical lighters, fountain pens, umbrellas, musical instruments and furniture. there was no uniform control. the purpose and the detailed method varied from product to product. with pottery, as with hollow - ware, the aim was to produce as many essential articles as possible with labour force that had already been depleted quite enough or even perhaps too far ; only specified articles made in plain undecorated ware were licensed. with musical instruments, on the other hand, the aim of control was rather to squeeze still more resources out of the industry. under the limitation of supplies orders a small general quota had been allowed ; but under the new controls manufacture of musical instruments was licensed only for supply to organised bodies connected with the forces, schools and so on ; the one exception was a small supply of gramophone records and needles for the ordinary civilian. in some of the controlled industries, the products \u2014 for example, pencils and cigarettes lighters \u2014 were standardised ; in others they were not. in some cases, licenses to manufacture clearly specified the people to whom the goods were to be supplied ; this principle applied to musical instruments and also to sports gear, metal furniture and some kinds of electrical appliances. in other cases, however \u2014 umbrellas, or cigarette lighters or fountain pens \u2014 the supply had obviously to be an open one. one of the most interesting and comprehensive control was that over furniture. 12 for most people, new furniture in wartime was quite unnecessary. but the severe shortage of cheap furniture hit certain class, such as newly married couples and bombed out people, very hard. the furniture control was designed to meet these special needs. an advisory committee drew up, for the essential pieces of furniture, specifications which combined good, simple design with the maximum economy of materials and labour. manufacture was restricted to these models and a distribution scheme confined purchases to those whose needs were greatest. it is clear that since the orders controlling manufacture", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4817113431526683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.755860"} {"text": "the essential pieces of furniture, specifications which combined good, simple design with the maximum economy of materials and labour. manufacture was restricted to these models and a distribution scheme confined purchases to those whose needs were greatest. it is clear that since the orders controlling manufacture wand supply licensed only essential types of production, they involved prohibitions on all the rest in the same class. some classes of goods, however, still remained under control by limitation of supplies. others had never been effectively controlled. in its efforts to eliminate unessential production and transfer material and \u2014 more particularly \u2014 labour to war purposes, the board of trade made an order13 in the summer of 1942 prohibiting the manufacture of a long list of fripperies ranging through jewelery, metal toys, ornamental glassware, fancy goods, bird cages and a miscellany of household gadgets. for some time, no materials had been issued for the manufacture of these goods ; but the prohibitions were needed to buttress raw material control by making it impossible \u2014 for example \u2014 to use existing stocks of material. to avoid harshness towards elderly or disabled workers, licences to manufacture goods on the prohibited lists were granted if materials were not scarce and if the ministry of labour testified that the workers could not be absorbed into some useful alternative employment. as the war went on, the distinction between essential and unessential civilian goods became more and more marked. as repeated calls were made upon civilian industries to release still more labour, the unessential industries declined still further ; on the other hand, the board of trade fought to maintain and sometimes to increase the labour necessary for producing essential civilian goods. its efforts were not always successful. it proved almost as difficult to expand the over - contracted textile industries as to resuscitate the coal industry. ad many essential goods remained too scarce throughout the war. the shortage of necessities for children \u2014 perambulators, rubber teats and footwear for example \u2014 was particularly acute, for the wartime rise in the birth rate had taken the government unaware. 14 another example was the laundry services ; there was anxiety that they might break down under the combined pressure of civilian and forces ' work. bus services were also inadequate. trouble had begun in 1941 with a shortage of buses and, in spite of the allocation of new buses and, in spite of the allocation of new buses to civilian transport, the difficulties persisted throughout the war. the prime minister himself was emphatic about the need to improve bus services and so lessen general fatigue. housing was perhaps the most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4957427260352411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.757163"} {"text": "new buses and, in spite of the allocation of new buses to civilian transport, the difficulties persisted throughout the war. the prime minister himself was emphatic about the need to improve bus services and so lessen general fatigue. housing was perhaps the most serious of all the civilian shortage in the last years of the war. by the end of 1942 conditions were already very bad. about 300, 000 families were living in houses that had been or would in ordinary times have been condemned as slums ; 2\u00bd million families were first living a spartan existence in bombed houses which had only received first - aid repairs ; another vast number was living in overcrowded conditions. air raid damage and destruction, living in overcrowded conditions. air raid damage and destruction, military requisitioning, the evacuation of coastal areas and, most of all, the virtual cessation of new housebuilding since 1939, had all played their part. the minister of health insisted that morale would suffer if housing conditions were not improved. early in 1943, therefore, the war cabinet agreed that repairs should begin on some of the 97, 000 houses made uninhabitable by bombs and that 3, 000 cottages should if possible be built in rural areas. but the work went very slowly and by mid - 1943 housing conditions were worse than ever. the lord president ' s committee agreed therefore that, after the demands for war building had been met, housing should have first call on any immobile building labour. a few months later the government authorised some conversion of large houses into flats and the completion of partly finished houses. in the spring of 1944, the government was anticipating that all repairable bomb - damaged houses would be repaired by the end of the year ; but the flying - bombs and rockets extinguished such hopes. bad housing was left as one of the worst social and economic legacies of the war. 15 measures to reduce the nation ' s domestic capital and standard of living were frequently accompanied by controversy ; some people thought successive cuts went too far, others that they could go considerably further. it is important to understand the basis of this controversy. the arguments for or against these sacrifices scarcely ever hinged upon the question whether the united kingdom could, in the long run, afford them ' nobody doubted that the full price of victory must be paid, whatever might be its final cost to the national economy. opinions differed, not on the sum but on the means of achieving it. would the indirect ill effects of any individual cut outweigh the direct benefit to the war effort? would", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45369302545449125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.758247"} {"text": "be paid, whatever might be its final cost to the national economy. opinions differed, not on the sum but on the means of achieving it. would the indirect ill effects of any individual cut outweigh the direct benefit to the war effort? would efficiency and morale suffer? would the administrative costs by too heavy? even in retrospect, it is not easy to find the right balance. as far as the standard of living is concerned, it is probably that the degree of austerity achieved was about right \u2014 a great contribution was made to the country ' s war needs and the morale of the population remained high right to the end of the six hard years of war. on the other hand, since the war lasted six, not three years, 16 some of the cuts in capital formation proved to have gone too deep. the great transfer of resources from civilian to direct war purposes would have been impossible without the country ' s approval. people were ready for lower standards of life and most industries accepted reduced standards of capital equipment. there were however some instances in which the surrender of resources was limited by the unwillingness to cooperate of the people adversely affected. this was a contributory reason for the government ' s decision in the summer of 1942 to drop the proposals for fuel rationing. 17 opposition also deterred the government from enforcing drastic economies in many of the distribution services. this was true of some of the schemes for transport economy through ' zoning '. 18 the same was to some extent true of local retail deliveries. for example, whereas milk deliveries were drastically reorganised in order to save labour, the only restriction on bread distribution was a limitation of deliveries to three a week : as many bakers as wished to could still deliver in the same street. similarly, coal distribution was never rationalised. the government was not ready to force the 20, 000 or so coal merchant even to pool their orders to collieries in order to save transport ; 19 much less would they compel the pooling of supplies, stocks, labour and vehicles at the merchants ' depots. other failures or disappointments must be recorded. there had been discussion about the concentration of non - food retail trades ever since the concentration of industry proposals were formulated. 20 a policy was needed which would extract from these trade as much labour and storage space as possible while maintaining essential shopping facilities. it was desirable to reduce the number of retail outlets without causing unnecessary hardship amongst shopkeepers. in the hope of finding some such policy, the board of trade had set up at retail trade committee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47252717774995745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.759474"} {"text": "labour and storage space as possible while maintaining essential shopping facilities. it was desirable to reduce the number of retail outlets without causing unnecessary hardship amongst shopkeepers. in the hope of finding some such policy, the board of trade had set up at retail trade committee in may 1941. the extreme inadequacy of statistics about retail trade, the acute differences between different sections such as the cooperative societies, big department stores, multiple stores and small traders, and the vaguenesss of the committee ' s terms of reference were some of the main reasons for its delay in producing any concentration proposals. 21 at length, in june 1942, the committee recommended voluntary withdrawals from the trade, to be compensated by a compulsory levy on continuing trades. these proposals were not very helpful \u2014 voluntary withdrawals would not yield sufficient labour \u2014 and a storm of opposition in the press, the trades and the house of commons22 greeted the suggestion of a levy. small retailers, after all, constituted only one example of a very large category of people equally valuable to society, equally hit by war conditions and with an equal claim to assistance. the government turned down the proposals of the retail trade committee. henceforward, the board of trade in its retail trade policy was increasingly concerned with the survival of the small traders. supplies to them were to be safeguarded and the demands for labour and storage space were to be met as far as possible from the big shops. it is possible to measure the changes in the civilian economy during the last years of the war? some of the tables in the statistical summary give a broad guide. even though the figures in table 1 ( a ) on p. 347 do not allow for changes in prices, it is quite clear that ' civilian ' capital equipment continued to diminish at an uncomfortably high rate through 1942, 1943 and 1944. on the other hand, table 1 ( b ) shows that the total volume of purchases of consumers ' goods and services did not change significantly after 1941. in 1942 and 1943 purchases were a little lower than in 1941 and in 1944 a little higher. the figure for total purchases, however, conceals important fluctuations between individual categories of goods and services. for example, the nation had more travel, more entertainment, more smoking \u2014 though some of this increase was due to the large numbers of allied servicemen stationed in the united kingdom. on the other hand, far fewer household goods were bought and private motoring dwindled almost to nothing. these figures do not pretend to be more than than the very crudest guide to changes in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4839031438530051, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.760679"} {"text": "of allied servicemen stationed in the united kingdom. on the other hand, far fewer household goods were bought and private motoring dwindled almost to nothing. these figures do not pretend to be more than than the very crudest guide to changes in the standard of living. they cannot take full account of changes in quality and they make no allowance for restrictions in consumers ' choice nor for the general conditions of wartime life. moreover, the figures show total national consumption, and at a time when the size and composition of the population is changing there are bound to be great variations of individual experience. but in spite of all their inadequacies there figures help to give some idea of the contribution that the war effort exacted from civilian standards in britain. the experience of the united states and canada was very different. in these countries, too, additions to the stock of ' non - war ' buildings and capital equipment ceased, many capital goods were not replaced as they wore out and stocks of civilian goods were run down. but when peacetime uses of war property ( munitions plant, army trucks, merchant ships, etc. ) are taken into account, the united kingdom alone suffered a net reduction in national capital. 23 as for consumer goods and services, the table on p. 500 shows the differences of expenditure in the three countries. in part, this table underlines the conclusions drawn from the international study of manpower figures ; 24 increase in total output in the united states and canada was much greater than in the united kingdom ; the diversion of production from civilian purposes was much less. the table also reflects the effects of the shipping shortage upon the united kingdom with its dependence upon imported food and materials. in all three countries, consumer goods using materials for which there were directly competing demands from the munitions industries became scarce \u2014 metal household goods, for example. in the united kingdom in addition, all goods depending on imports became scarce. finally, because civilian production was cut two years earlier in the united kingdom than in canada and the united states, the united kingdom ran down its stocks much sooner. in canada and the united states this unused reserve helped, even in 1944, to maintain the level of consumer purchases. all consumer goods and services percentage changes in per capita purchases by groups ( valued as far as possible at pre - war prices ) 1. food ( a ) 2. alcoholic beverages and tobacco 3. clothing and footware + 2325 + 925 + 222 4. housing ( b ) 5. fuel and power 6. household goods ( mainly electrical and metal ( d ) ) 7", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4724433025032806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.761868"} {"text": ". food ( a ) 2. alcoholic beverages and tobacco 3. clothing and footware + 2325 + 925 + 222 4. housing ( b ) 5. fuel and power 6. household goods ( mainly electrical and metal ( d ) ) 7. household goods ( other ) ( d ) + 2625 + 325 + 15 8. other personal effects ( d ) + 4325 + 1825 ( c ) 9. reading matter ( d ) + 2425 + 725 + 22 10. amusements ( d ) + 1025 + 625 + 53 11. motor vehicles and their operation - 5225 - 6125 - 52 12. public transport ( d ) + 8725 + 5925 + 95 13. postal telephone and telegraph services ( d ) + 3325 + 1725 ( c ) 14. miscellaneous services + 1925 + 825 + 1125 + 525 15. total consumption + 1625 + 425 + 1625 + 525 source : the impact of the war on civilian consumption in the united kingdom, the united states and canada ; this book and its appendices give a detailed analysis of the table. it also reconciles the u. k. figures with those appearing in the white papers on national income and expenditure the population base used for calculating per capita expenditure in total and for most individual categories is the total civilian population. in groups 9, 10, 12, 13, the population base is the total civilian population plus the armed forces stationed in the country ; in group 2 it is civilians aged fourteen and over plus the armed forces stationed in the country. ( a ) including non - alcoholic beverages. the changes shown represent changes in the value of food consumption rather than of purchases. ( b ) rent, rates ( in the u. k. ) and water charges. ( c ) these items are included in miscellaneous services ; so are some household goods, some amusements and the value of room and board furnished to commercial employees. the percentage change is to 1943. ( d ) the change is to 1943. ( e ) the pre - war year is 1935. thus the country ' s standard of living fell heavily. it was a chief aim of financial policy to distribute the burden of this fall as fairly as possible. another chief aim was so to arrange financial incentives that the transfer of resources to war purposes would be eased and encouraged. intensive study of these ends and of the means to fulfil them had occupied much time and thought within the government since the first days of war. the rearrangement of incentives involved no single decision of policy but was rather", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4879644523342141, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.762907"} {"text": "be eased and encouraged. intensive study of these ends and of the means to fulfil them had occupied much time and thought within the government since the first days of war. the rearrangement of incentives involved no single decision of policy but was rather a general aim to be remembered in a whole range of discussions at ministerial and administrative levels. to spread the cost of the war fairly, and to control the inflation that was inherent in such an immense war effort, demanded more specific action. a network of firm policies was needed. by the time pearl harbor was attacked, all the main threads of this network were woven. 26 the gap between spendable incomes and available goods had been narrowed not merely by a great campaign for voluntary savings but by resolute taxation. direct taxation had been increased up to the limits beyond which incentives to all - out production might be stifled, or hardships in individual cases become intolerable ; indirect taxation on all but the minimum essential of lits had mopped up more purchasing power. on the other hand, the cost - of - living index was stabilised. the index was pegged mainly by manipulating food subsidies, although a beginning had also been made with the production to strict specification of essential goods whose prices could be strictly controlled. stabilisation was designed both to prevent claims for increased wage rates and to ensure that essential goods that were scarce did not go simply to those who could pay the highest price. price control by itself was not of course enough ; it had to be buttressed by rationing over as wide a field as possible. by the beginning of 1942, all these principles were accepted and in practice. apart from a brief resurrection of the problem of wages policy in the late summer of 1942, 27 all the main elements of financial policy remained settled. for the rest of the war they were not called into question. the ever - increasing strain on the civilian economy mean of course that taxation needed to become even more drastic and strict price control and rationing more extensive. direct taxation was thought to have reached its practical limit ; but in 1942 and again in 1943 indirect taxation on tobacco, alcohol, entertainments and luxury goods was raised. the percentage of expenditure borne out of revenue increased, in fact, throughout the war \u2014 from thirty - nine percent in 1940 to fifty - five percent in 1944. this steady rise, and the actual height of the percentage, were indeed notable landmarks in the financial history of modern wars ; in 1918 a percentage of twenty - nine had been thought a fair performance. moreover, control of the loan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4990180772407342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.764032"} {"text": "five percent in 1944. this steady rise, and the actual height of the percentage, were indeed notable landmarks in the financial history of modern wars ; in 1918 a percentage of twenty - nine had been thought a fair performance. moreover, control of the loan markets made it possible for the government to borrow at low and steady rates of interest the sums still necessary after taxation to finance its immense expenditures. as for prices, stabilisation of the cost - of - living index continued. rising costs at home and abroad made it increasingly expensive ; government subsidies rose from \u00a372 millions in 1940 to \u00a3215 millions in 1944. the stabilisation policy was undoubtedly of the greatest value in keeping the economy steady. but, although it put a greatest value in keeping the wages - level somewhere near the level of the spring of 1941. when the stabilisation policy was first introduced, wage rates had risen six percent less than the cost of living ; but by the spring of 1944 they had risen eleven percent more than the cost of living. some of the increases were indeed necessary to remedy anomalies in particular industries, and others were justified by increases in productivity ; others however had been granted for much less satisfactory reasons. in these circumstances, the chancellor of the exchequer, in his 1944 budget speech, contemplated a range of the cost - of - living index of 30 \u2014 35 percent over pre - war, instead of the 25 \u2013 30 percent laid down in 1941. 28 the cost - of - living index was stabilised largely through subsidies ; most of them were on food but some of them were on raw materials and a few on manufactured articles \u2014 for example, woollen and cotton utility cloth. from 1942 onwards, means were increasingly found for keeping the cost of living steady without subsidies. closer control over the production of many consumer goods made is possible to fix their prices more strictly and in some cases actually to reduce costs by longer productions and so forth. 29 the price control legislation of 194130 had opened the way to fixing precise ceiling prices at every stage of production and distribution. this was by far the best method of price control since it alone could be properly enforced. but these maximum prices could only be fixed for articles that were clearly defined and unidentifiable. for these reasons, the government had launched the utility clothing scheme and the arrival in 1942 of good quantities of utility clothes on the market, together with the remission of purchase tax on them, at last sent the clothing items in the cost - of - living index down. 31 the board of trade was anxious", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48690387777541366, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.765114"} {"text": "scheme and the arrival in 1942 of good quantities of utility clothes on the market, together with the remission of purchase tax on them, at last sent the clothing items in the cost - of - living index down. 31 the board of trade was anxious to control not only the significant items in the official cost - of - living index but also the actual wartime cost of living. from 1942, therefore, the utility principle spread over a much wider field. for the purposes of price control, it may be noted, the existence of a formal utility scheme was not the essential condition ; what mattered was that there should be some workable identification. in general, the closer the specification the more effective was the price control. the arrangements for producing utility goods very seldom achieved anything approaching complete standardisation. nor were the specifications often close enough to guard against deterioration in quality. a bigger obstacle to rigid price control was the difference between manufacturers ' costs. the accounting systems of many firms were indeed so imperfect that it was difficult to determine their costs, and even when accounts were satisfactory, different firms used many different methods of costing. when costs were ascertained, the board of trade was faced with the familiar quandary. ceiling prices had to be fixed at a level that would cover high - cost manufacturers without additional restraint, these ceiling prices would tend to become minima, or quality would deteriorate ; the low - cost manufacturer would then reap excessive profits. the board of trade usually stipulated, therefore, that manufacturers should charge either the fixed ceiling price or their costs plus a percentage, whichever was the lower. this arrangement, however, was difficult to police among a host of manufacturers and it also bore the usual disadvantages of the cost plus system. price control under the 1941 legislation was, with all its imperfections, a great improvement on what had gone before. but it must be remembered that it never covered the whole field. except in a very few industries such as furniture and hosiery it was not considered practicable to achieve anywhere near 100 percent utility production. goods outside utility and ' near - utility ' schemes were covered only be ineffective price controls \u2014 the old prices of goods act or later ' standstill ' orders. the inefficiency of price control over non - utility or unessential goods, the imperfections even of the ceiling price methods and the tendency of distributors to deal in more expensive goods \u2014 all these reinforced the need for strong production controls to ensure that firms did not divert their efforts away from cheap or essential goods. 32 price control", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4941426824127813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.766692"} {"text": ", the imperfections even of the ceiling price methods and the tendency of distributors to deal in more expensive goods \u2014 all these reinforced the need for strong production controls to ensure that firms did not divert their efforts away from cheap or essential goods. 32 price control, on the whole, kept scarce essential goods with the reach of the general public. unless it was combined with rationing, however, shop shortages and queues were substituted for high prices as a method of distribution. unfortunately, there were all kinds of limitations on the extension of rationing. food did not cause much difficulty ; more and more foods were brought within the points scheme, other foods were reserved for priority classes such as children and expectant mothers, sweets and chocolates were rationed from the middle of 1942. but there were other essential goods and services which proved more troublesome. as we have seen, administrative difficulties were too great to permit the rationing of travel ; difficult problems of administration and enforcement were a main reason for abandoning fuel rationing. tobacco could probably have been combined with sweets in a personal points scheme, but, in the interests of morale, it has been decided instead to maintain imports at the level of demand. there was increasing concern over the distribution of household goods \u2014 the pans, crockery, brushes, bed clothes and so forth \u2014 which were so elusive in the shops. from time to time in 1942 and 1943, various points schemes for these goods were discussed. the difficulties, however, always proved too great. problems of equity would be particularly acute because of the infrequent intervals at which most household goods were bought, the great importance of a household ' s initial stocks, and the different sizes of households. special cases and businesses and institutional users would produce administrative nightmares, to say nothing of the technical difficulties of drawing up a pointing list and collecting coupons. and, after all, the ration could only be minute. if rationing covered bed linen, bedding, hollow - ware, crockery, glassware, and cutlery, the total retail value of the goods available for domestic users would only be about \u00a320 millions a year \u2014 less than half the value of the sweets ration. after allowing for the special claims of new households, the general ration might be about 1\u00bed. a head a week. 33 the idea was inevitably turned down as impracticable. for some goods, however, special distribution schemes were worked out. permits to but utility furniture, for example, were granted only to priority classes such as newly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4992644607381558, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.768475"} {"text": ". a head a week. 33 the idea was inevitably turned down as impracticable. for some goods, however, special distribution schemes were worked out. permits to but utility furniture, for example, were granted only to priority classes such as newly married couples, bombed - out people, parents setting up house because they were expecting children, or parents needing beds for growing children. a system of priority dockets ensured that the same people had first call on the limited supplies of bed clothes and floor coverings. or again, specific clothes in very short supply such as rubber boots were reserved by the device of buying permits for the people who needed them most. many goods, too, were confined to special classes of users by the controls over manufacture and supply \u2014 metal beds for hospitals or sports goods for schools and the forces. all these measures supported price control and were also the extension of a well - grounded social policy. there was little dispute about them. the difficult questions of financial policy in these last years of the war arose rather over particular discrepancies in standards of life or particular industrial problems. one of the sharpest issues raised in the press and parliament was over differences of pay between civilians and the fighting services. it was this public criticism which spurred the government to action. a debate in the house of commons at the end of 1941, the prospect of a debate in the autumn of 1942 and again in the spring of 194434 set ministerial discussion afoot and produced revisions of pay. the subject was difficult and the habit of comparing civilian and service rates of pay could be misleading, since the systems of pay differed so fundamentally. payments in kind, dependents ' allowances, relief from income tax and the chances of proficiency pay, tradesmen ' s pay and promotion had all to be taken into account. 35 but although when all this was taken into account the total pay of a private seemed near the average industrial earnings, many privates had been earning more than the average civilian in civilian life, and there were innumerable cases of servicemen ' s families living near the families of workers earning much more than the industrial average. before the 1942 revisions, the government admitted that there was a general discrepancy between civilians ' and servicemen ' s families. for example, the allowance for the wife and two children of a private, including his own compulsory allotment of pay for their support, was only 38s. a week. war service grants could be made to prevent excessive hardship, but they did not prevent the smaller continual hardships of life nor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48993693904944197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.769630"} {"text": "children of a private, including his own compulsory allotment of pay for their support, was only 38s. a week. war service grants could be made to prevent excessive hardship, but they did not prevent the smaller continual hardships of life nor exclusion from the minor luxuries of wartime existence \u2014 entertainments, the more expensive points foods and so forth. the pay revisions of 1942 concentrated on improving children ' s allowances ; at the same time compulsory allotments of pay to families were reduced and postwar credits introduced in the first review of that year, and int he second review there was a basic increase in pay for other ranks and improved promotion prospects for officers. the 1942 revisions were intended as final. but civilian wages went upwards and by 1944 the gap between service and civilian pay seemed even wider than before. again there was parliamentary criticism and again a government review. large increases in allowances were made36 \u2014 a private ' s wife with two children would now receive 60s. instead of 43s. by this stage in the war the serviceman was pretty well off compared with his civilian counterpart. among civilians, too, there were considerable differences in the standard of living. across the gulf which separated them, workers of the badly paid industries eyed with resentment neighbours and relations with higher wages earned, probably, in less dirty and arduous occupations. l the bitterness was greatest among the coalminers. the wages and finances of coalmining were the most difficult individual problem of financial policy in the last years of the war. we have seen how total coal production and productivity were both falling rapidly in the first half of 1942. not least among the causes was the fierce discontent in the coalfields and the awakening of the old antagonisms which had been sleeping fitfully during the first two years of war. 37 the causes of this ill - feeling were complex and many of them were immovably rooted in the memories of the years between the wars. but early in 1942 the most important single and immediate grievance was undoubtedly wages. on a list of the earnings of some hundred industries, coalminers than stood about fifty - ninth. 38 tied by the essential work order to a risky, dirty and exhausting occupation which they have always regarded with a strange mixture of pride and disgust, the miners saw neighbours from their villages and towns earning higher wages in the nearby munitions factories. in the first half of 1942, moreover, more than 36, 000 ex - miners were brought back to the mines from other industries at a great loss of wages", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45575787294387776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.770770"} {"text": "the miners saw neighbours from their villages and towns earning higher wages in the nearby munitions factories. in the first half of 1942, moreover, more than 36, 000 ex - miners were brought back to the mines from other industries at a great loss of wages to themselves. 39 at the same time, coal earning threatened an actual fall. for an important part of mining wages was settled by the division of the disposable proceeds of the industry ( that is, total proceeds less all other costs other than wages ) between profits and wages in settled proportions : and now, since individual costs other than timber were rising, disposable proceeds tended to fall and wages with them. the mineworkers ' federation presented a claim for a wage improvement which would be more than a mere adjustment to the cost of living \u2014 a national minimum wage for adults of 85s. a week and considerable increases in shift payments. the owners ' counter - proposal was that any wage increase should be partly a bonus on attendance and partly a bonus on output. at the beginning of june 1942, the government submitted these proposals and counter - proposals to a board of investigation, generally known as the greene board. the recommendations were ready in a fortnight40 and were accepted. the miners ' claim for a national minimum wage was agreed and the figure was put at 85s. for all adult underground workers. the claim for an unconditional wages increase was also approved, but the increase was put at 2s. 6d. a shift for adult workers, instead of the 4s which the miners asked. the greene award aimed primarily at improving the conditions of the adult mineworkers. it was indeed the first major installment of general revision of mining wages and raised the miner from fifty - ninth to twenty - third on the list of industrial earnings. the miners accepted the solution and the industrial troubles died away. this award did not attempt to relate wages directly to production. but to encourage increased production, the committee also recommended a bonus for any increase in output beyond a certain standard. should the bonus be based on output of the pit or of the district? a pit scheme would relate the bonus most nearly to efforts of individuals. output at individual pits, however, often varied through underground conditions outside of workers ' control, and a bonus influenced by these variations might be fruitful in disputes. the choice went, therefore, to the district bonus. it began to operate in september 1942. when the greene board reviewed it after a year ' s working, they could but pronounce it a failure.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44980470374561676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.772138"} {"text": "variations might be fruitful in disputes. the choice went, therefore, to the district bonus. it began to operate in september 1942. when the greene board reviewed it after a year ' s working, they could but pronounce it a failure. 41 in the later months of 1942 a fair number of districts had earned the bonus, but during 1943 only two or three districts out of the twenty - five had qualified. though a failure, the output bonus could not be abolished without difficulty. negotiations for a new kind of bonus, therefore, began and dragged on into 1944, when they were caught up into national wage settlements. in 1942, the green board had been asked to consider not only the immediate wages issues but also the establishment of some permanent machinery in the coal industry for national conciliation over wages and conditions of work. the discontent of 1942 had shown that existing loose methods to be wholly inadequate. by the spring of 1943, a new scheme had been devised with proper machinery, at the three stages of negotiation \u2014 nationally, in the districts and in the pits. above the national negotiating committee of both sides of the industry was established a national tribunal whose three members were drawn from outside the industry ; this tribunal was to be the final arbiter when agreement in the industry proved impossible. 42 the new machinery was soon tested. for, but the autumn of 1943, the coalfields were once more turbulent. again the reasons were many and involved. again, wages were prominent among the immediate grievances. 43 the miners claimed a new minimum wage of \u00a36 for adult workers underground, with appropriate revisions for other workers, and an adjustment of piece - work rates throughout the industry to preserve the conventional wage relations between one worker and another. in due course the claim went to the national tribunal, 44 which awarded a minimum rate of \u00a35 for adult workers underground with revisions for other workers ; the claim for increased piece rates was still refused. this award of january 1944 made arguments and passions still stormier. for in the worst paid fields, minimum rates were now raised to the point where they overlapped those of some of the better paid mineworkers ; men whose rates were previously different now found themselves receiving the same rates, sometime for entirely different work. miners and owners began negotiations for the removal of the ' anomalies ' caused by the award. these negotiations portended that general raising of wage rates which the tribunal had tried to avoid, unaccompanied by the overhaul of the whole wage structure which it had declared to be necessary. moreover,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47353052021857756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.773276"} {"text": "anomalies ' caused by the award. these negotiations portended that general raising of wage rates which the tribunal had tried to avoid, unaccompanied by the overhaul of the whole wage structure which it had declared to be necessary. moreover, the negotiations went ahead on the assumption that the cost of these new rates would be met by an increase in the price of coal, despite categoric refusals by the ministry of fuel and power to give any such assurance. the situation was made more difficult by the hesitancy of the ministry of fuel and power. under the 1942 scheme of control, the ministry was not intended to interfere with wages. however, as district settlement of wage increases proceeded apace, some more precise statement was needed from the government about price increases to cover the rise in wages. the lord president ' s committee approved an announcement that the price of coal would be raised only to meet the tribunal ' s various awards and the most obvious anomalies arising from them. this announcement, if left by itself, would merely have prolonged the trouble in the coalfields just as d - day preparations were growing feverish. there was only one thing to do \u2014 the ministry of fuel had to step boldly into the wages field and take the lead in the long - overdue radical overhaul of the structure of mine wages. the minister of fuel and power ' s proposals were approved by the war cabinet and six weeks later the final agreement between owners and miners was signed. the main object of the agreement was to simplify the composition of the total wage and restore some clear line of connection between earnings and output. the main trouble arose from the wartime flat - rate advances, now amounting to some 7s. 2d. a shift, payable to all workers in and around the pit. these flat - rate additions reduced that proportion of the piece - worker ' s wage which depended on his personal efforts and lessened the ratio of his wage to that of the day - wage men, although his work was the real key to coal output. the new agreement therefore abolished all flat - rates payable to piece - workers, except the wartime cost - of - living bonus, and merged them into the piece - work rates ; the output bonuses also disappeared. while the day - wage men continued to receive flat - rate additions, the piece - worker now depended for his earnings upon his efforts. the agreement, moreover, gave some security to the miners, for it was to last four years. this reform of mining wages was of great importance in the history", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4945911586931815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.774220"} {"text": "flat - rate additions, the piece - worker now depended for his earnings upon his efforts. the agreement, moreover, gave some security to the miners, for it was to last four years. this reform of mining wages was of great importance in the history of coalmining. it was not, however, a complete overhaul of wages ; it did not seek, for example, to alter classifications. it had, after all, been designed mainly for wartime ends \u2014 to check the prevalent unrest and to stop output from falling below essential wartime requirements. in these immediate aims it was successful. the war had brought great changes in the miners ' earnings \u2014 the average rose from \u00a32 15s. 9d. in 1935 to \u00a35 9s. 4d in 1944. by the autumn of 1944 the mineworkers ' earnings were inferior only to those in some highly paid munitions trades where earnings were increased by extensive overtime. coal was never subsidised and the wage increases were fully reflected in the rise in coal prices. a typical household cost 77s. 9d. a ton in april 1945 against 51s 6d. in 1938. increases in the price of coal, however, by no means solved all the financial problems of the industry. for within the coal industry there were the widest variations in cost from pit to pit and from district to district \u2014 variations which had been petrified by the pre - war system of minimum prices and maximum output quotas in the districts. in 1938, for example, the average cost per ton of coal in the lowest priced district, leicestershire, was 13s 8d. and in the highest priced district, cumberland, 20s. 3d., the average for all districts being 16s. at the beginning of the the government had hoped to maintain the financial status quo in the industry and, in view of the unfortunate experiences in and after the 1914 \u2013 18 war, to keep its control of prices as remote as possible. before long, it seemed clear that such a hope rested on faith rather than on reason. the outbreak of war upset coal marketing arrangements and it was necessary to meet certain extra costs and assist collieries in danger of financial ruin by levies on each ton of coal. at first these were manged by the industry, but in jun 1942 the government took the levies over. they were paid into a coal charges account which was to be used with approval of the treasury for any purpose connected with the production of marketing of coal. 45 the government thus became openly and directly implicated in coal finances in spite of its original", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45442661570664133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.775137"} {"text": "who remembers that it was this industry which first confronted the government with the problems of wages policy and the threat of a vicious inflationary spiral. 47 there continued throughout the war, in consequences no less than in causes, a significant relationship between the relationship between the coal industry and the general financial trends of british war economy ; the rise in the price of coal was, indeed, one of the biggest changes that the war brought to british industrial costs. in a degree only less marked, the structure of wages, profits and prices in other particular industries \u2014 agriculture was a notable example \u2014 had throughout the war to be adjusted continually to the general design of the government ' s financial policy ; or vice versa. the same continuous adjustment was no less necessary in the social sphere ; that is why so much attention has been given in this section to questions of soldiers ' pay, the rationing problems which were entangled inextricably with price control, and even humdrum difficulties about the production and distribution of furniture or pots or pans. the financial policies of the government throughout the war were always ' impure ' in the sense they were interwoven with the manifold intricate threads of the nation ' s economic and social life. nevertheless, it is essential in summing up to emphasise the fact that the government ' s financial policy had a very clear design and that it achieved very great success. if in this section attention has been concentrated upon special problems, and these the more difficult ones, this is because the main principles were no longer a matter of debate ; they had long since been established and vindicated. that ' level economy ' which had been sought at the beginning of the war had been achieved \u2014 not statistically, but as a balance regulating and facilitating the unprecedented thrust and drive of the nation ' s economic energies. the government succeeded in its efforts to hold the economy steady under immense inflationary pressure. inevitably, the symptoms of inflation were visible in the months before pearl harbor48 grew more evident as the war effort grew. wage rates and prices outside the subsidised cost - of - living index continued to rise. personal expenditure still spilled over on to tobacco, drink and entertainments. stocks were depleted. there were queues, sales ' under - the - counter ' and black markets. but these symptoms never became really alarming. they never threatened serious obstruction to the war economy nor did they engender the social bitterness that had marked the first world war. there was general recognition that the cost of the war, in terms of reduced civilian standards, was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47081915418818954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.777453"} {"text": "became really alarming. they never threatened serious obstruction to the war economy nor did they engender the social bitterness that had marked the first world war. there was general recognition that the cost of the war, in terms of reduced civilian standards, was being spread justly \u2014 or at least with that rough justice which was the most the nation expected. the achievement was great ; but it must be remembered how complicated was the system on which it rested. no simple formula had been found for keeping the economy steady. very high taxation, new forms of taxation, price control, many forms of production control over finished goods, labour and raw materials, many forms of rationing and distribution schemes were all essential parts of the system. yet the structure was not so rigid as to stifle the will to produce. in spite of the complexities of control, much was still left to the restraint and goodwill of the citizens. they saved, they practised the principle of ' fair shares ' which they preached and they worked very hard without examining too grudgingly their rewards. contents * previous chapter ( xvi ) * next chapter ( xviii ) 1 i. e. the total store of capital equipment : there were a few ' civilian ' industries which ended the war with improved equipment ; agriculture was the outstanding example, though the number of livestock \u2014 an important part of agricultural capital \u2014 fell. 2 chapter xiv has discussed food policy in the context of the shipping shortage. 3 except in the case of establishments with high overheads, where an extra ' house charge ' was permitted. 4 this rate was maintained until february 1941, when pressure of demand for clothing for demobilised men, combined with a lower textile labour force, reduced the ration still further. 5 see pp. 321 \u2013 325 above for earlier board of trade policies in limiting consumer goods. 6 s. r. & o. 1941, no. 1345. 7 s. r. & o. 1942, no. 1000. 8 minor measures to secure economy in production were the austerity restrictions on clothing styles which, among other things, abolished turn - ups on men ' s trousers, limited the length of men ' s socks, the number of trimmings, pleats, pockets, etc. 9 s. r. & o. 1942, nos. 1038 and 1039. the definition of ' essential ' crockery was perhaps a little wide : it included, for example, sauceboats. 10 s. r. &. o. 1942, nos. 984, 985", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42684608195356993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.778394"} {"text": "nos. 1038 and 1039. the definition of ' essential ' crockery was perhaps a little wide : it included, for example, sauceboats. 10 s. r. &. o. 1942, nos. 984, 985, 1256. 11 s. r. &. o. 1942, nos. 1452 \u2013 61m 1620. 12 s. r. & o. 1942, nos. 2214, 2580, 2581, 2589, 2641, 2650. 13 s. r. &. o. 1942, no. 1451. 14 this will be referred to in war and social policy by mr. r. m. titmuss, to be published later in this series. 15 the same was true even for countries which fought a shorter war and did not suffer great destruction of house property by bombing. 16 for the concept of a three years ' war as held in 1939 see p. 95 above. 17 see p. 472 above. 18 see p. 485 above. 19 see above, p. 486. 20 e. g. speech of the president of the board of trade, h. of c. deb., vol. 370, cols. 740 \u2013 742. 21 the committee produced two interim reports. the first recommended the restriction of new entrants ; this principle was adopted in the location of retail businesses order, s. r. & o. 1941, nos. 1784, and 1933. the second surveyed \u2014 with undue gloom \u2014 the restrictions affecting retail trade. the third report was the one on concentration. all these were published by h. m. stationery office. 22 h. of c. deb., vol. 382, debate of 23rd july 1942. 23 the impact of the war on civilian consumption, pp. 15 \u2013 20. 24 see above, pp. 370 \u2013 73. 26 see chapter xii. 28 h. of c. deb., vol. 399, col. 663 ( 25th april 1944 ). 29 the reduction of advertising cots and the austerity and the austerity style restrictions also helped to reduce costs. 30 see above, p. 336. 31 the remission of purchase tax was in august 1942. this threatened actually to reduce the cost - of - living index. since a fall in the index would be almost as embarrassing as a rise, food prices were increased. 32 on price control generally, see e. l. hargreaves, '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4710163099972536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.779269"} {"text": "this threatened actually to reduce the cost - of - living index. since a fall in the index would be almost as embarrassing as a rise, food prices were increased. 32 on price control generally, see e. l. hargreaves, ' price control of ( non - food ) consumer goods ', oxford economic papers, no. 8, november 1947. 33 for example, the annual output of sheet per person in 1943 was. 025. 34 h. of c. deb., vol. 374 ( 16th october 1941 ) ; vol. 376 ( 17th december 1941 ) ; vol. 383 ( 10th september 1942 ). 35 the government set forth these considerations in cmd. 6385 ( august 1942 ) : pay and allowances of the armed forces. 36 cmd. 6521 : increased financial provision for members of his majesty ' s forces and their families with certain changes in war pensions. 37 685, 000 working days were lost by dispute in the first half of 1942 against 336, 700 days in the whole of 1941. 38 in 1938 they were eighty - first. 39 h. of c. deb., vol. 380, col. 785 ( 4th june 1942 ). 40 report of the board of investigation into the immediate wages issue in the coalmining industry, june 1942. 41 fourth and final report of the board of investigation into wages and machinery for determining wages and conditions of employment in the coalmining industry. 42 third report of the board of investigation into wages and machinery for determining wages and conditions and employment in the coalmining industry. 43 the miners had slipped back to about fortieth on the list of industrial earnings. 44 national conciliation board for the coalmining industry, national reference tribunal fourth award ( 22nd january 1944 ). 45 coal charges account, cmd. 6617. april 1945 coal ( charges ) order, 1942. 46 they varied from 6d. to 2s. 9d. and averaged out at 1s. 9d. for the industry as a whole. 47 see chapter vi, section ( ii ), especially, pp. 163, 164. 48 see p. 343 above.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44848085585271236, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.780208"} {"text": "spewing hot rocks on old ideas by david f. coppedge * the most volcanically active body in the solar system is a little moon of jupiter named io. this moon is pumping out the hottest lavas known, from equator to pole, 24 / 7. that a small body could be this hyperactive is one of the major mysteries for adherents to the billions - of - years - old universe hypothesis. scientists at the jet propulsion laboratory stood astonished when voyager 1 transmitted the image of a volcanic plume rising above the limb of io in 1979. these volcanoes have not ceased in the 28 years since. io ' s pizza - like surface, devoid of impact craters, suggests this activity has continued much longer. every square inch of the moon has been resurfaced by volcanic ejecta. in comparison, the surface of io emits five times more energy than yellowstone ' s thermal basins : 13. 7 watts per square meter. when the new horizons spacecraft passed io on march 1, 2007, it photographed a plume shooting 200 miles high near io ' s north pole. this area sported a bright lava fountain when the galileo spacecraft photographed it in 1999. now, eight years later, the lava lake remained visible as a bright spot. galileo observed one plume 370 miles high. material from these eruptions forms a large donut - shaped ring, or torus, around jupiter. this little moon has mountain ranges rivaling the rockies and himalayas. spectra of the lavas show them to be much hotter ( 2000\u00b0 k ) than earth lavas ( 1200\u00b0 k ). these ultramafic lavas contain the heavy elements iron and magnesium. if io were as old as claimed, the heaviest elements should have sunk to the core, leaving a light crust 50km thick that heavy elements could not penetrate. yet if the interior were mushy, it could not support the high mountains. and what generates all that heat? the usual explanation is that io is squeezed by the gravity of jupiter and its neighboring moon europa. calculations show, however, that the tidal energy is an order of magnitude too low to produce the observed heat flow. a series of papers on \" io after galileo \" in the may 2004 issue of icarus could not solve these problems. one scientist calculated in 2003 that if io has been erupting over \" geologic time \" at 10 % its current rate, it would have erupted its entire mass 40 times over by now. meanwhile, io continues to sneeze at old - age beliefs. a record outburst on february 22", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5141762966899187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.785800"} {"text": "the impact of evolution on the humanities and science by john n. moore, m. s., ed. d. the novels of jack london, the plays of george bernard shaw, and even the poetry of alfred tennyson contain a seemingly convincing basis for belief in the \" evolution \" of humankind. 1 tennyson had expressed an evolutionary viewpoint actually some time before darwin ' s book appeared in 1859. but the writings of these \" greats \" of literature, and authors of other belles lettres as well, were strongly instrumental in adding to the impact of darwin ' s second book, the descent of man, in converting nineteenth century intellectuals to acceptance of the concept of the so - called evolution of human beings. actually both london and shaw were english socialists and followers of the thinking of the fabian society, which came into existence due to the work and effort of beatrice and sidney webb, who in turn were followers in england of karl marx. thus the \" web \" of selected indoctrination and inter - relationship of propagandists for an evolutionary viewpoint or world outlook can be extended. and both london and shaw used their literary works to present marxian socialistic views as most plausible and to illustrate the struggle for existence concept. london especially popularized the \" red tooth and claw \" phrase through the struggles he wrote about in white fang and the call of the wild. the latter book has been repopularized by way of television dramatization in the late 1970 ' s. continued use of evolutionary thinking by novelists can be shown in the works of veblen, norris, dreiser and michener, whose centennial is a par excellence example of misapplication of \" historical \" geology in early chapters. in philosophy the impact of evolutionary thought can be traced through the increasingly broad application of criticism of nineteenth century classification systems involving archetypes as possible created kinds of plants or animals. according to the evolutionist ' s position there has been a slow, gradual change between organisms as one kind supposedly had joint ancestry with another kind and all present kinds that are known today gradually came into existence over a great expanse of time. as if that position were grounded in proper, orderly science, philosophers have mistakenly accepted that viewpoint and used it as a basis for their attitude that categories cannot be clearly defined and that absolutes are not identifiable, that is, all things are relative. hence confusion has been introduced into logic as basic aristotelian principles of thinking have been challenged by systems of multivalued logic. further confusion has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5471034621523346, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.793845"} {"text": "be clearly defined and that absolutes are not identifiable, that is, all things are relative. hence confusion has been introduced into logic as basic aristotelian principles of thinking have been challenged by systems of multivalued logic. further confusion has been fostered in ethics and aesthetics also by acceptance of evolutionary thinking in philosophy. mention must be made especially of the importance of the writings of john dewey, who fully accepted evolutionary thinking, because his views2 were very influential in development of the \" new \" philosophy of the twentieth century that has strongly contributed to the despair of existentialism, the new consciousness, and \" openness \" to mysticisms of eastern religions. 3 by tracing acceptance of the concept of inheritance of acquired characteristics by sigmund freud, a good beginning is made toward showing the impact of evolutionary thinking in psychology and psychiatry. in the late edition of his book, the origin of species, darwin utilized the concept of inheritance of acquired characteristics fostered by lamarck, who believed that characteristics acquired during the lifetime of an individual were transmitted somehow to offspring. though this idea is now fully discredited and completely rejected by leading biologists and geneticists, when freud accepted the idea, he gave significant impetus to the environmentalist inclination so prominent in psychology. according to environmentalists, an individual ' s behavior is the consequence of the environment in which growth and development have occurred. today, b. f. skinner, and also robert ardrey, konrad lorenz, and desmond morris, reflect broad acceptance of the environmentalist approach which is based upon the unscientific idea of an evolutionary origin of humankind. 4 in the multiple sub - fields of the scientific discipline the impact of evolutionary thought has been almost complete. the influential writings of such leaders as the late julian huxley, theodosius dobzhansky, and pierre teilhard de chardin in support of the infusion of evolutionary thinking into all facets of biology and associated sciences still have great impact in the training programs of young scientists and in the mass communications media as well. in addition to their influence, g. g. simpson still serves as a strong guide to almost ubiquitous application of evolutionary thought. however, weaknesses and deficiencies in darwinism, neo - darwinism, and even the modern synthetic \" theory \" of evolution have been published by scientists5 in every decade since the origin of species was published in 1859. yet such criticisms have not been included to any significant extent in science textbooks. actually specific impetus inaugurated in the 1960 ' s to expand and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6016172622050876, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.794918"} {"text": "theory \" of evolution have been published by scientists5 in every decade since the origin of species was published in 1859. yet such criticisms have not been included to any significant extent in science textbooks. actually specific impetus inaugurated in the 1960 ' s to expand and augment the teaching of evolutionary origins in the secondary schools in the united states has really been an important cause in the 1970 ' s for the development of creationism teaching, that is, explanation of the scientific basis or support of the creation account of origins. 6 the \" prime mover \" of modern education, john dewey, showed a broad acceptance of darwinism in his extensive writings. he viewed the human being as an \" evolved \" creature that was slowly improving physically and mentally. according to dewey, the environment in which schooling occurred was most important. because dewey stressed an evolutionary outlook in many if not all of his books, and since several generations of educators have followed dewey ' s thinking in one form or another, environmentalism has become a strong viewpoint in the development of educational principles and policies in the public schools in the united states. the human being has been treated as an intelligent animal developing as a consequence of interaction with the environment, as a \" survivor \" by use of its wits. 7 finally, even the modern - day study of theology has been largely controlled by evolutionary ideas. wherever acceptance of the graff - wellhausen \" hypothesis \" regarding criticism of biblical texts can be shown, then evidence is gained for broad impact of evolutionary thinking. according to that view the bible content has \" evolved. \" a most influential spokesman for the view of \" evolution \" of the bible was harry emerson fosdick. 8 he wrote extensively on the theme that man ' s worship of god \" evolved \" from the worship of a sun god and moon god, to a mountain god and river god, to a crop god, to a tribal god, to an omnipotent god. actually polytheistic worship has been a degenerate derivation of ancient, initial monotheism in all groups of peoples on the earth as can be shown by reference to outstanding present - day scholarships. 9 the whole position of higher criticism and form criticism of the twentieth century is rooted in an evolutionary viewpoint. 1 conner, frederick w., 1949, cosmic optimism ( a study of the interpretation of evolution by american poets from emerson to robinson ), gainesville, florida : university of florida press ; leo j. henkin 1940. darwinism in the english novel. n. y. : corporate press, inc. ; bert j", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5107887386977545, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.795903"} {"text": "the interpretation of evolution by american poets from emerson to robinson ), gainesville, florida : university of florida press ; leo j. henkin 1940. darwinism in the english novel. n. y. : corporate press, inc. ; bert j. loewenberg 1964. darwinism : reaction or reform? n. y. : holt, rinehart and winston ; stow parsons ( editor ) 1956. evolutionary thought in america, n. y. : george braziller, inc. ; georg roppen 1956. evolution and poetic belief. oslo, norway : oslo university press ; lionel stevenson 1963. darwin among the poets. n. y. : russell and russell. see also zirkle, conway 1959. evolution, marxian biology and the social scene. philadelphia : university of pennsylvania press, especially chapter 10, \" marxian biology in the communist world. \" 2 see various dewey books such as reconstruction in philosophy ( 1920 ) and the quest for certainty ( 1929 ). 3 schaeffer, francis a. 1968. escape from reason. chicago : inter - varsity press ; and james w. sire 1976. the universe next door ( a basic world view catalog ). downers grove, illinois : inter - varsity press. 4 skinner, b. f. 1971. beyond freedom and dignity. toronto, n. y. bantam books, n. y. : vintage books ; robert ardrey 1970. the social contract. n. y. : atheneum and african genesis. 1962. n. y. : atheneum ; konrad lorenz 1966. on aggression. n. y. : harcourt, brace and world ; desmond morris 1967. the naked ape. london : cape. see francis a. schaeffer 1972. back to freedom and dignity. downers grove, illinois : intervarsity press in which he responds to the skinner book as well as to jacques monod ' s 1971 chance and necessity. n. y. : knopt and to francis crick ' s 1966 of molecules and men. seattle : university of washington press. 5 an accumulative computerized bibliographic compilation is available for one dollar upon request to dr. moore. these materials were gathered while using six research grants from michigan state university over twelve years under the title, \" library search for representative statements by scientists on organic evolution, natural selection, and related topics since 1859. \" 6 books published by creation - life publishers, such as origins : two models by richard bliss ; streams of civilization,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5658209813372076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.796879"} {"text": "years under the title, \" library search for representative statements by scientists on organic evolution, natural selection, and related topics since 1859. \" 6 books published by creation - life publishers, such as origins : two models by richard bliss ; streams of civilization, vol. one. ancient history to 1572 a. d. by albert hymn and mary stanton ; scientific creationism by henry m. morris, editor ; or biology : a search for order in complexity edited by john n. moore and harold s. slusher. 1974. grand rapids, michigan : zondervan publishing house. 7 white morton. 1943. the origins of dewey ' s instrumentalism. n. y. : columbia university press. among many books by john dewey see his essays in experimental logic ( chicago : university of chicago press, 1916 ) and logic : the theory of inquiry ( n. y. : henry holt & co., 1938 ). see also zirkle, op. cit., reference 1. 8 mcdowell, josh. 1972. evidence that demands a verdict ( historical evidence for the christian faith ). san bernardino : campus crusade for christ, international. also excellent on the graff - wellhausen thesis is oswald t. allis, 1943. the five books of moses. philadelphia : presbyterian and reformed publishing company ; and clifford wilson, 1977. ebla tablets : secrets of a forbidden city. san diego : master books.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5365140613221868, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.797505"} {"text": "wartime violence against women : states must do more to end it millions of women and girls bear the brunt of today ' s wars. they are particularly exposed to sexual violence and other injury. on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the un security council resolution on women, peace and security, christine beerli, vice - president of the icrc, calls for better protection of women in wartime. ten years ago, the hopes and aspirations surrounding the birth of a new millennium found voice in various global initiatives aimed ultimately at righting some of the world ' s most glaring wrongs. the un security council ' s resolution 1325 on women, peace and security was one of them. it put the international spotlight on the disproportionate and distinct impact of armed conflict on women, and called for women ' s full engagement in conflict resolution and peace building. it also signalled political recognition that women and gender are key to international peace and security. the tenth anniversary of the resolution this october is an opportune time not for unreserved celebration, but more for sober reflection on what more must \u2013 and can \u2013 be done to translate good intentions into reality, words into meaningful action. be it in the democratic republic of congo or colombia, afghanistan, or iraq - to name but a few \u2013 millions of women and girls bear the brunt of today ' s wars. this is often because they are deliberately targeted as a tactic of warfare. they are particularly exposed to sexual violence and other injury. war often results in them being displaced and separated from family members, and hampers their access to food, safe drinking water and healthcare. it may also leave them as the sole breadwinner and with the responsibility of supporting their families on their own. international humanitarian law provides a solid basis for the protection of women in wartime \u2013 primarily through the geneva conventions and their additional protocols. sexual violence, to take just one example, is unequivocally a war crime in both international and non - international armed conflicts. yet the continuing atrocities committed against women in eastern dr congo are but one grim reminder that the existing rules are violated flagrantly, and often with total impunity. ensuring respect for the rules is a perennial challenge. primary responsibility for this lies squarely on states, which have universally ratified the geneva conventions. not only must they ensure that the law is implemented, they must also ensure that it is properly enforced. true, some progress has been made in terms of states ' domestic legislation recognising the criminal responsibility of those who violate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40824105056568394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.808428"} {"text": "the geneva conventions. not only must they ensure that the law is implemented, they must also ensure that it is properly enforced. true, some progress has been made in terms of states ' domestic legislation recognising the criminal responsibility of those who violate international humanitarian law, and actually holding them accountable for their crimes. various international tribunals and the international criminal court have further strengthened accountability for war crimes. but there is still a long way to go. armed forces and armed groups alike must understand that sexual violence is a war crime and that violators face punishment. here the international committee of the red cross ( icrc ) plays a role in training and dissemination of international humanitarian law. but states and their judicial apparatus must play their role too. what better deterrent to potential war criminals than seeing that the law is actually enforced? prevention is undoubtedly better than cure. the consequences of sexual violence as a weapon of war go further than the terrible hurt and trauma suffered by its direct victims : they can profoundly destabilise societies even longer after the conflict ends. stigmatisation and rejection of the victims, breakdown of societal and cultural norms, and economic instability may ultimately ensue. addressing these consequences requires a multidimensional response that \u2013 crucially \u2013 directly engages the victims of sexual violence themselves as well as other concerned women. women must be fully involved in the search for solutions to their problems if those solutions are to have any chance of success. aid organisations and donors, including states, must strive to ensure this in their programmes in all phases of an armed conflict \u2013 from prevention to protection and post - conflict recovery. consigning women to the category of passive victim is disempowering and counterproductive, excluding them yet further from humanitarian and peacekeeping efforts. as a woman, it is my wish that this tenth anniversary of the un resolution on women, peace and security be remembered for heralding even one measurable achievement : that states not only take concrete steps to criminalise sexual violence in armed conflict in their national legislation, but that violators face justice accordingly. then women everywhere would have real cause for celebration.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4480656407813317, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.810021"} {"text": "ihc history : part 1 the history of ihc starts in the wheat fields of virginia during the 1830s on the farm of robert mccormick. farming at that time was hard work using only the power and sweat of the farm workers aided by horses. one of the most backbreaking and important jobs was reaping the standing grain, a job done in the hottest part of the year. a mechanized reaper was the dream of many a farmer and many experiments were underway both in the us and europe. the farmer working as a reaper used a scythe with a cradle to cut the wheat and lay it in bundles. a binder followed the reaper and tied the bundles into shocks with twists of wheat. a good scythe - man could cut 2 - 3 acres per day. between 1810 and 1830 robert mccormick experimented with mechanical harvesting of wheat and demonstrated a working version in 1831. cyrus mccormick ( b. 1809 ) continued his father ' s experiments and eventually developed a working model of a practical reaper. the mechanical reaper had several important components. straight reciprocating knife to cut the standing wheat. fingers to guide the wheat stalk to the knife. reel to pull the wheat stalk against the knife. platform to catch the falling wheat. single main power wheel. cutting to one side of the draft. divider bar to separate cut and standing grain. in 1931 a reproduction of the first reaper was built by the international harvester company to celebrate the century of the reaper. one is on display at the ardenwood farms museum is occasionally loaned to other tractor shows. if you have a chance to see this remarkable machine, do so. it took a while for the mechanical reaper to be accepted by farmers of the day and the first machines were not sold until 1840 and full production started in 1846. meanwhile other inventors were working on the mechanical reaper and many public trials were held between competing designs. one inventor in particular was obed hussey whose machines faced off the mccormick machines in several field trials. both machines had strengths and weaknesses and both introduced refinements to the design of reapers. for many years the origins of the reaper were in dispute and countless hours of court testimony has done little to clear the air. in the late 1840s, cyrus moved his reaper company to chicago to be near the center of us farming then moving into the plains of illinois and iowa. chicago also provided ready access to ship transportation to support a growing export business. with cyrus running the business and his brother leander directing manufacturing operations, the company continued to grow. eventually in 1879 the mccormick", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46684817479867863, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.817442"} {"text": "vol. 13 no. 133 summary of the fifth session of the united nations forum on forests : the fifth session of the united nations forum on forests ( unff - 5 ) was held from 16 - 27 may 2005, at un headquarters in new york. the main task before unff - 5 was to review the effectiveness of the international arrangement on forests ( iaf ) and redesign the arrangement, if necessary. during the two - week session, delegates : reviewed progress and considered future actions ; reviewed the effectiveness of the iaf ; considered the parameters of a mandate for developing a legal framework on all types of forests ; and considered enhanced cooperation and policy and programme coordination. during the course of the meeting, there was a panel discussion on forest issues in the asia and pacific region. unff - 5 also convened a high - level segment and policy dialogue with heads of the collaborative partnership on forests ( cpf ) organizations, during which delegates considered three main issues : forest law enforcement and governance and sustainability ; restoring the world \u2019 s forests ; and actions for the future. a multi - stakeholder dialogue was also held immediately following the high - level segment. in the end, unff - 5 was unable to reach agreement on strengthening the iaf and could not produce either a ministerial statement or a negotiated outcome. by thursday, 26 may, delegates had agreed ad referendum to four global goals on : significantly increasing the area of protected forests and sustainably managed forests worldwide ; reversing the decline in official development assistance ( oda ) for sustainable forest management ( sfm ) ; reversing the loss of forest cover ; and enhancing forest - based economic, social and environmental benefits. they also agreed in principle to negotiate, at some future date, the terms of reference for a voluntary code or international understanding as well as means of implementation. on friday afternoon, delegates decided to forward the draft negotiating text to unff - 6, to be held from 13 - 24 february 2006, at un headquarters in new york. a brief history of the unff the unff followed a five - year period ( 1995 - 2000 ) of forest policy dialogue facilitated by the intergovernmental panel on forests ( ipf ) and the intergovernmental forum on forests ( iff ). in october 2000, the united nations economic and social council ( ecosoc ), in resolution e / 2000 / 35, established unff as a subsidiary body with the main objective to promote the management, conservation and sustainable development of all types of forests. to achieve its main objective, principal functions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4515925440400763, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.892299"} {"text": "social council ( ecosoc ), in resolution e / 2000 / 35, established unff as a subsidiary body with the main objective to promote the management, conservation and sustainable development of all types of forests. to achieve its main objective, principal functions were identified for unff, namely to : the ipf / iff processes produced more than 270 proposals for action towards sfm, known collectively as the ipf / iff proposals for action. these proposals served as the basis for the unff multi - year programme of work ( mypow ) and plan of action and have been discussed at annual unff sessions. country - and organization - led initiatives also contributed to the work of the unff. organizational session : the unff organizational session and informal consultations on the mypow took place from 12 - 16 february 2001, at un headquarters in new york. delegates agreed that the unff secretariat would be located in new york and addressed progress towards the establishment of the cpf, a partnership of 14 major forest - related international organizations, institutions and convention secretariats. unff - 1 : the first session of unff took place from 11 - 23 june 2001, at un headquarters in new york. delegates discussed and adopted decisions on unff \u2019 s mypow, a plan of action for the implementation of the ipf / iff proposals for action, and unff \u2019 s work with the cpf. they also recommended establishing three ad hoc expert groups to provide technical advice to unff on : approaches and mechanisms for monitoring, assessment and reporting ; finance and transfer of environmentally sound technologies ; and consideration with a view to recommending the parameters of a mandate for developing a legal framework on all types of forests. unff - 2 : the second session of unff took place from 4 - 15 march 2002, at un headquarters in new york. delegates adopted a ministerial declaration and message to the world summit on sustainable development and eight decisions on : unff - 3 : unff - 3 met in geneva, switzerland, from 26 may \u2013 6 june 2003. unff - 3 adopted six resolutions on : unff - 3 also finalized the terms of reference for the three ad hoc expert groups, a task that had been carried forward from unff - 2. also adopted was a decision on the voluntary reporting format. unff - 4 : unff - 4 convened in geneva, switzerland, from 3 - 14 may 2004. unff - 4 adopted five resolutions on : unff - 4 attempted but could not agree on resolutions on traditional forest -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47416512017601725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.893315"} {"text": "voluntary reporting format. unff - 4 : unff - 4 convened in geneva, switzerland, from 3 - 14 may 2004. unff - 4 adopted five resolutions on : unff - 4 attempted but could not agree on resolutions on traditional forest - related knowledge and enhanced cooperation and policy and programme coordination. chair manuel rodriguez becerra opened the session on monday, 16 may 2005, by reporting progress in institution building and policymaking at the global level, but identified significant gaps between goals and achievements. he highlighted continued deforestation, urged delegates to decide on future actions, and expressed hope that the unff - 5 high - level ministerial segment would produce strong recommendations to ecosoc and the un general assembly. noting a positive climate for decision making, he called on unff - 5 to produce a strong body of regulations on sustainable forest management. pekka patosaari, coordinator and head of the unff secretariat, highlighted the important role of unff processes such as the multi - stakeholder dialogue. he called for outcomes that would reinvigorate commitment and provide guidance for the future iaf, and stressed the need for additional funding. he indicated the importance of continued cpf support for the unff, and suggested that the work of the new iaf could contribute to achieving the millennium development goals ( mdgs ). on tuesday, 17 may, nobel laureate wangari maathai addressed unff - 5. she recounted the replacement of a natural forest ecosystem in kenya by monoculture plantations, which has caused land degradation and water shortages, and underscored that the foundations of a secure state are a sustainably managed environment, democracy and a culture of peace. she appealed for support for a congo river basin forest ecosystem convergence plan for forest protection that has been formulated by central african heads of state, noting that, while many consultations have taken place concerning the congo basin, little action has occurred on the ground. maathai called for the creation of an efficient, accountable and transparent trust fund managed by international bodies, and suggested that the food and agriculture organization play a central role in the convergence plan. organizational matters : on monday, delegates elected to the bureau manuel rodriguez becerra ( colombia ) as chair, vasile lupu ( romania ), francis k. butagira ( uganda ), denys gauer ( france ) as vice - chairs and rezlan ishar jenie ( indonesia ) as vice - chair - cum - rapporteur. delegates adopted the agenda ( e / cn. 18 / 2005 / 1 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41295616290869386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.894325"} {"text": "), denys gauer ( france ) as vice - chairs and rezlan ishar jenie ( indonesia ) as vice - chair - cum - rapporteur. delegates adopted the agenda ( e / cn. 18 / 2005 / 1 ). patosaari reported that an itemization of trust fund contributions would be made available but that there is no written report on the status of the secretariat. on tuesday, 17 may, delegates elected simeon a. adekanye ( nigeria ) as vice - chair to replace butagira who had to return home. the following report is organized by agenda item. the section entitled \u201c future of the international arrangement on forests \u201d contains a detailed account of the negotiations on the future international arrangement. enhanced cooperation and policy and programme coordination on monday, 16 may, hosny el - lakany, food and agriculture organization ( fao ), presented the cpf framework 2005 ( e / cn. 18 / 2005 / inf / 1 ). he noted that the document recounts the cpf \u2019 s progress since its inception, including work on streamlining national reporting, harmonization of requests for information and definitions, creation of a database on sfm funding sources, information - sharing, technical and financial assistance, capacity building and awareness raising. he noted the need for strengthening external funding for implementation of the ipf / iff proposals for action, work at the regional and national levels, and interaction with the millennium development goals ( mdgs ). a large number of countries responded to this with a renewed call for greater political will and implementation of internationally - agreed sfm commitments taking a cross - sectoral approach, and to back this with predictable funding, transfer of environmentally - sound technologies, capacity building, and utilization of traditional forest knowledge. many suggested the development of a smaller number of high - priority goals, particularly those linked to reducing deforestation, forest degradation, and linking these to poverty reduction and the mdgs. countries also expressed the need for a cpf seed fund that would facilitate enhanced coordination, and focus on avoiding duplication and excessive bureaucracy. some stressed the need for regional approach supported by the private sector and civil society, and discussed the possible role of the unff secretariat beyond unff - 5. several expressed their preference for or against the development of an lbi. asia and pacific day on wednesday, 18 may, delegates convened in a morning panel discussion that focused on forests in the asia and pacific regions. the panel and ensuing discussion focused on issues relating to china \u2019 s high demand for forest products", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41960872929195114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.895486"} {"text": "an lbi. asia and pacific day on wednesday, 18 may, delegates convened in a morning panel discussion that focused on forests in the asia and pacific regions. the panel and ensuing discussion focused on issues relating to china \u2019 s high demand for forest products, timber certification, empowerment of women in rural nepal, japan \u2019 s contribution to sfm in the region, sfm in india, and the millennium development goals. a chair \u2019 s summary of the asia and pacific day panel discussion was appended to the draft decision that was forwarded to ecosoc for adoption. a summary of the presentations and the discussion can be found at : http : / / www. iisd. ca / vol13 / enb13126e. html on wednesday morning, 25 may, delegates met in a high - level segment ( hls ). the hls focused on the linkages between forests and the international development goals, including those in the millennium declaration. it was also an opportunity for ministers and other high - level delegates to express their views on the future of the iaf. a summary of this portion of the hls can be found at http : / / www. iisd. ca / vol13 / enb13131e. html on wednesday afternoon, the hls broke into two roundtables. roundtable i discussed themes relating to restoring the world \u2019 s forests. roundtable ii discussed forest law enforcement and governance. summaries of both discussions can be found at : http : / / www. iisd. ca / vol13 / enb13131e. html on thursday, 26 may, delegates resumed the hls to discuss actions for the future. this discussion represented a final opportunity for ministers and other high - level delegates to restate their positions on the future arrangement on forests. a summary of this portion of the hls can be found at http : / / www. iisd. ca / vol13 / enb13132e. html immediately following the hls on wednesday, 25 may, the multi - stakeholder dialogue ( msd ) was held. representatives of the major groups read a series of prepared statements. there was no discussion of these statements. brief summaries of the statements can be found at http : / / www. iisd. ca / vol13 / enb13131e. html future international arrangement on forests on monday, 16 may, patosaari proposed and delegates agreed to consider jointly the following agenda items : review of the effectiveness of the ia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4579303184126159, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.896500"} {"text": ". iisd. ca / vol13 / enb13131e. html future international arrangement on forests on monday, 16 may, patosaari proposed and delegates agreed to consider jointly the following agenda items : review of the effectiveness of the iaf ( e / cn. 18 / 2005 / 6 ) ; review of progress and consideration of future actions ( e / cn. 18 / 2005 / 8 ) ; and consideration with a view to recommending the parameters of a mandate for developing a legal framework on all types of forests ( e / cn. 18 / 2005 / 9 ). these agenda items were discussed in plenary sessions, working groups, and thereafter in a contact group and an informal group. on wednesday, 18 may, delegates were presented for the first time with the chair \u2019 s draft decision and a draft ministerial statement. the bureau prepared the chair \u2019 s draft decision, which was based on country statements made during the plenary discussions on monday, 16 may and tuesday, 17 may. on thursday, 19 may, working group i ( wgi ) discussed the chair \u2019 s draft decision on the iaf, while working group ii ( wgii ) considered the ministerial declaration and the global goals and financial matters in the chair \u2019 s draft decision. on wednesday, 25 may a contact group was formed to discuss all aspects of the chair \u2019 s draft decision together. delegates delivered their opening statements in plenary on monday and tuesday, 16 - 17 may. jamaica, on behalf of the group of 77 and china ( g - 77 / china ), supported by indonesia, nigeria, cuba, ghana, gabon, kenya, india, south africa, senegal, namibia, guyana, and argentina, reiterated the need to implement internationally - agreed commitments to sfm, and stressed the importance of identifying appropriate financial mechanisms and predictable funds for sfm. she urged developed countries to assist in the transfer of environmentally - sound technologies and capacity building in support of best practices and utilization of traditional forest knowledge. finally, she called for a comprehensive approach to address the links between sfm and socioeconomic development. luxembourg, on behalf of the eu, supported by canada, the us, and switzerland, stated that the present iaf has not achieved its full potential, and, supported by australia, said that civil society and the private sector have not been adequately engaged. supported by canada, switzerland, and iran, he stated that clear, quantitative targets and goals were essential for securing political commitment and accountability. he suggested the following targets, each to be achieved by 2015 : doubling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46430843665493104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.897527"} {"text": "the private sector have not been adequately engaged. supported by canada, switzerland, and iran, he stated that clear, quantitative targets and goals were essential for securing political commitment and accountability. he suggested the following targets, each to be achieved by 2015 : doubling the area of forests under sustainable management ; reducing by half the number of people in extreme poverty of those whose livelihoods are dependent on forests ; and reducing by half the global deforestation rate. supported by the republic of korea, he advocated the creation of an lbi. australia, supported by iran, recommended creating regional forest fora that would focus on region - specific action plans and targets, but would share a limited number of overarching global goals. iran emphasized the importance of capacity building to enhance reporting and monitoring. indigenous peoples called for the consideration of indigenous and tribal rights to land and resource tenure in any future iaf. report of the ad hoc expert group on parameters : andrea alban duran ( colombia ) and tim rollinson ( uk ) presented the report of the ad hoc expert group on consideration with a view to recommending the parameters of a mandate to develop a legal framework on all types of forests ( aheg - param ) ( e / cn. 18 / 2005 / 2 ), including an analysis of existing institutions and the identification of options for the future iaf. they noted that both non - lbi and lbi options would require common \u201c building blocks, \u201d but that an lbi would add the legal obligation to report on forests and send a stronger signal that forests are a global priority. rosalia arteaga serrano, amazon cooperation treaty organization, supported by guyana called for strengthening unff to promote implementation. she opposed an lbi and quantifiable targets, and said a future iaf should seek to increase sfm areas, integrate forest management and development, and promote long - term political commitment and implementation of regional agendas. canada stressed that forests \u2019 potential to serve development goals remains unfulfilled. he favored an lbi and stated that a future iaf should, inter alia : be performance - based ; incorporate a strengthened unff and cpf ; integrate forest policy and development ; include a voluntary review mechanism based on national commitments ; utilize regional processes ; and include a voluntary code of conduct. norway said the iaf has not met expectations, noting unabated rates of deforestation. he said an lbi would strengthen political commitment and attract financial resources, and called for an iaf based on a limited number of objectives, regional processes to facilitate country", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4646395566083347, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.898635"} {"text": "the iaf has not met expectations, noting unabated rates of deforestation. he said an lbi would strengthen political commitment and attract financial resources, and called for an iaf based on a limited number of objectives, regional processes to facilitate country implementation, linkage between sfm and development goals, and a strengthened cpf. the us noted that the iaf had failed to place forests high on the political agenda, and called for a more focused and structured, but non - legally binding, arrangement. she proposed strengthening the cpf, involving major groups in an advisory capacity, and holding regional subsidiary body meetings on implementation. cuba stated its willingness to consider all options, including an lbi. he stressed defining goals as well as the means for obtaining sfm in terms of financial resources and technology transfer. switzerland queried why country reporting and use of the questionnaire format developed at unff - 4 were so limited. he identified obstacles to the current iaf, including a lack of focus, a coherent framework, and political will. he advocated a voluntary code and, supported by new zealand, global goals and targets, regional processes, and provision of financial resources for implementation. new zealand expressed frustration with the limited progress of the current iaf, and expressed concern over the cpf \u2019 s effectiveness. he noted the unwieldiness of implementing the ipf / iff proposals for action, and called for helping countries determine their priorities. he noted insufficient support for an lbi, and called for high - level political engagement in order to mobilize international support and resources, with emphasis placed on regional - and national - level implementation. youth and children, on behalf of six other major groups, noted gains made in increasing major group participation in the forest policy dialogue but called for, inter alia, formalized roles for major group focal points, financial support for major group participation, and an assignment of staff to work with major groups. china expressed support for an lbi that would balance the principle of national sovereignty with the fulfillment of international obligations and enhance cooperation and participation. the russian federation noted the achievements of unff, and called for strengthening the iaf. he suggested that unff provide clear guidance to the cpf and regional processes, integrate sfm goals with the mdgs and formulate specific targets and timetables. nigeria noted that unff has yet to fulfill its commitments with regard to capacity building, transfer of technology, and provision of financial assistance. he opposed an lbi and supported strengthening unff. guatemala noted that some experts at the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45828541237176285, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.900681"} {"text": "targets and timetables. nigeria noted that unff has yet to fulfill its commitments with regard to capacity building, transfer of technology, and provision of financial assistance. he opposed an lbi and supported strengthening unff. guatemala noted that some experts at the zapopan - guadalajara country - led initiative in january 2005 had expressed interest in an lbi containing clear goals capable of contributing to broader social agendas and regional initiatives. mexico recommended a high - level political framework with a new mandate, specific tasks, and capacity to provide funding and define a future legal framework. ghana, on behalf of the africa group, supported by namibia, gabon, senegal, kenya and south africa, stressed the importance of linking forests with the mdgs and balancing social, economic and environmental interests, and noted that lack of funding has hindered national reporting. south africa emphasized that implementation must replace dialogue and, supported by indonesia and argentina, take into account developing countries needs. she recommended accessing existing structures such as the african union and the economic community of west african states, and existing strategies such as the new partnership for africa \u2019 \u2019 s development. she advocated engagement with civil society, strengthening the cpf and global environment facility ( gef ) funding, and a global forest fund ( gff ). mozambique urged delegates to design a future arrangement that will improve implementation and address institutional weaknesses, the inadequate international legal framework, and lack of human and financial resources. noting his country ' s implementation efforts, he urged unff to assist countries in improving domestic legal frameworks and in implementing programmes with immediate impact. indonesia noted its work on decentralization, protected areas and national parks and called for institutional capacity, financial resources, and human capital to meet the challenges of sfm. he called for a high - level iaf to play a central role in catalyzing regional cooperation on implementing the ipf / iff proposals for action, such as through partnership and governance initiatives. he supported financially strengthening the cpf, increasing oda in the context of forest development and the mdgs, and innovative financing such as a global environment facility ( gef ) operational programme on forests. he said regional processes should utilize existing un regional economic commissions and development institutions. argentina favored an international legal instrument, preferably binding, for forest protection, noting that such a system should respect national sovereignty, reflect common but differentiated responsibilities, and ensure developing countries \u2019 capacity for forest protection and sustainable management. he recommended leaving open the option of establishing an lbi in the future. brazil rejected proposals for an lbi, quanti", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4583625642009975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.902111"} {"text": "system should respect national sovereignty, reflect common but differentiated responsibilities, and ensure developing countries \u2019 capacity for forest protection and sustainable management. he recommended leaving open the option of establishing an lbi in the future. brazil rejected proposals for an lbi, quantifiable targets, and a voluntary code of conduct, and stressed the importance of the non - binding 1992 forest principles and chapter 11 of agenda 21. he said a future iaf should center on a strengthened unff and pursue, inter alia : financial resources channeled through a global forest fund ; national policies to promote sfm ; international cooperation, including south - south cooperation ; capacity building ; transfer of environmentally sound technology ; stakeholder participation ; criteria and indicators ( c & i ) ; and market transparency. he said an ideal outcome of unff - 5 would strengthen existing instruments and ensure long - term political commitment. the ministerial conference on the protection of forests in europe ( mcpfe ) said that global efforts should be translated to regional, national and local levels. he stressed the value of regional cooperation, the role of national forest programmes ( nfps ), the importance of linking sfm and the cbd ecosystem approach, and the compatibility of ecological and economic priorities. colombia rejected quantifiable goals, and said a strengthened iaf should eliminate the gap between dialogue and action. she stressed the need to, inter alia : pursue goals previously agreed to at other fora ; implement actions that benefit indigenous peoples and local communities ; hold regional meetings to facilitate national - level implementation ; and ensure adequate means of implementation. costa rica said that the central american forest strategy has been influential in improving nfps, and emphasized that payments for ecological services should be viewed as an investment. kenya called for a strengthened iaf and predictable funding to address obstacles to sfm. india recommended further work to facilitate forest - related institutions, and stated that food security and health will take precedence over nfp funding. he stated that developing an lbi is premature and that the focus should be on capacity building. malaysia said the iaf should play a more significant role, assess the means of implementation for the proposals for action, and increase major group involvement. victoria tauli - corpuz, chair of the un permanent forum on indigenous issues ( unpfii ), advocated strengthening the relationship between unpfii and unff and ensuring full participation of indigenous peoples in decision making. japan stated that promotion of regional initiatives, such as the asia forest partnership ( afp ), is essential for achieving sfm. he said the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.446124853701433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.903213"} {"text": "strengthening the relationship between unpfii and unff and ensuring full participation of indigenous peoples in decision making. japan stated that promotion of regional initiatives, such as the asia forest partnership ( afp ), is essential for achieving sfm. he said the afp agreed to : harmonize existing initiatives to combat illegal logging ; review measures for the rehabilitation of degraded lands ; develop minimum standards of legality, timber tracking and chain of custody systems ; and create a cooperative customs framework. he encouraged countries to establish a code as a means of strengthening political commitment to sfm. the uk encouraged the development of clear objectives, building upon elements such as the cpf and country - led initiatives, such as the global workshop on forest landscape restoration implementation. namibia reported its progress in adopting c & i for sfm and developing its nfp, and noted that adoption of obligatory responsibilities needs to be matched by a financial mechanism. guyana noted major implementation shortcomings, and stated that any future iaf must address social issues and acknowledge regional initiatives. gabon highlighted the importance of debt relief for poor countries, and called for strengthening the iaf through precise objectives, clear deadlines, and permanent funding. workers and trade unions stated that combating illegal logging must take precedence over free trade. she also pointed out that as long as social justice issues are ignored forests will remain at risk, and that any future arrangement must incorporate international labor organization core labor standards. scientific and technological communities noted that constraints in stopping forest degradation include : lack of awareness of the ipf / iff processes ; insufficient research capacity in poor countries, including lack of access to data and research funding ; and erosion of human resources due to hiv / aids. he recommended an international research management fund, funded by developing countries through external debt repayments and by developed countries according to their contributions to global warming, and low - interest loans from bretton woods institutions for research on implementation of the ipf / iff proposals for action. farmers and small forest landowners called for, inter alia, establishing clear ownership structures favoring family and community forest owners. youth and children called for transfer of knowledge to the younger generation. he advocated forests as a theme for unesco \u2019 s decade of education for sustainable development and strengthening the participation of youth partners for implementation of the ipf / iff proposals for action through fund - sharing. non - governmental organizations favored addressing forests under the cbd. she criticized unff ' s promotion of monoculture forest plantations, including genetically modified species. women said that, despite commitments made in 1992 and 2002, mainstream", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48306315318278364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.904375"} {"text": "for action through fund - sharing. non - governmental organizations favored addressing forests under the cbd. she criticized unff ' s promotion of monoculture forest plantations, including genetically modified species. women said that, despite commitments made in 1992 and 2002, mainstreaming gender equity in the environmental sector has been fragmented, superficial and inconsistent. she called on a future iaf to ensure women are viewed as central to achieving sfm. working group i : the first meeting of wgi convened on thursday, 19 may, during which a number of delegations said the chair \u2019 s draft text was a good basis for discussion. the g - 77 / china requested additional time to examine the text, and the eu, australia and the us said it was important to give them the time requested. the democratic republic of congo and cuba requested translations of the chair \u2019 s text. vice - chair ishar jenie suspended the meeting. wgi reconvened on friday, 20 may, and continued its discussion of the chair \u2019 s draft text on monday, 23 may. the eu asked for stronger language on objectives, goals, institutional arrangements, the cpf and regional processes. switzerland said language on a voluntary code should appear earlier in the text. the russian federation urged the promotion of forests within the un system. on the preamble, the g - 77 / china requested language on, inter alia : sovereign use of natural resources ; common but differentiated responsibilities ; and means of implementation. the eu proposed text on long - term political commitment and a strengthened cpf. switzerland, supported by indonesia, iran, and peru, suggested that the chair \u2019 s draft decision refer to ecosoc resolution 2000 / 35, which established the unff. the russian federation requested language stressing the cpf \u2019 s role in coordinating sfm implementation at all levels. the eu, supported by switzerland and japan, proposed eliminating a section on complementing iaf priorities but retaining a paragraph on multi - stakeholder partnerships, with japan adding \u201c regional \u201d partnerships. australia opposed deleting text on clustering the ipf / iff proposals for action. switzerland added a paragraph on strengthening the regional approach. the us proposed a paragraph reaffirming the relevance of the johannesburg declaration from the world summit on sustainable development and the forest principles, as well as references to the importance of forests to \u201c social and economic well - being \u201d rather than \u201c livelihoods, \u201d the role of the cpf \u201c at the center of the iaf, \u201d and the importance of a high - level body", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4910381478656159, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.905420"} {"text": "as well as references to the importance of forests to \u201c social and economic well - being \u201d rather than \u201c livelihoods, \u201d the role of the cpf \u201c at the center of the iaf, \u201d and the importance of a high - level body on forests, subsidiary to ecosoc. the us also proposed language on strengthening the iaf through existing resources and voluntary contributions, and establishing a regional approach to improve the linkage between high - level dialogue and implementation. japan preferred a reference to \u201c illegal logging and associated trade \u201d instead of \u201c trade from illegal logging. \u201d cambodia added a reference to forest land encroachment as a cause of deforestation. morocco, supported by syria, iran, indonesia and cuba, added text emphasizing the importance of economic growth and achievement of the mdgs for the conservation, management and sustainable development of all types of forests. syria, supported by saudi arabia, iran and indonesia, suggested text referring to the special requirements of low - forest - cover - countries. on enhanced cooperation, the g - 77 / china stressed that sfm policies should remain within national discretion. the eu and the us suggested different language on enhancing the contribution of forests to the achievement of internationally agreed development goals. the eu, with switzerland, suggested including policy and programme coordination. the russian federation, with the eu, proposed text on coordination within the un system. the us proposed that the cpf be the central focus of coordination on forest - related matters, while the eu, supported by mexico and switzerland, suggested deleting reference to a central focus. the g - 77 / china, supported by indonesia and iran, suggested referring to multilateral environmental agreements ( meas ) rather than specific conventions. the eu, the g - 77 / china, the us and new zealand expressed concern with complementarity, while new zealand suggested alternative language on collaboration. brazil advanced text on promoting research through a network of established institutes of excellence, establishing a clearinghouse mechanism for information sharing on national experiences, and facilitating developing country access to sfm technology. china preferred to \u201c help \u201d instead of \u201c urge \u201d countries to promote collaboration in implementing nfps. on working modalities, the eu, opposed by switzerland, suggested separate sections on a high - level forum and regional processes. the russian federation suggested that unff meet annually and maintain a flexible work cycle. switzerland supported a two - year work cycle, but suggested meeting regionally in year one and globally in year two. he suggested that regional meetings be hosted by the un regional economic commissions and the fa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4818424593138937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.906522"} {"text": "unff meet annually and maintain a flexible work cycle. switzerland supported a two - year work cycle, but suggested meeting regionally in year one and globally in year two. he suggested that regional meetings be hosted by the un regional economic commissions and the fao regional forestry commissions, and should, inter alia : address issues identified in the multi - year programme of work ( mypow ) ; be open to cpf members and other groups ; report to global unff meetings ; and be financed through the regular un budget. the us proposed week - long biennial meetings at the global level and biennial regional meetings, sponsored by either the fao \u2019 s regional forestry commissions, or the un economic commissions, or both. on regional meetings, indonesia, with china, said the forum should ensure the full and effective participation of developing countries. on the mypow, switzerland said unff should first meet globally in 2007 to adopt, inter alia, a 2008 - 2015 mypow. the us suggested the mypow should be organized by the seven thematic elements for sfm. he preferred a \u201c revised \u201d instead of \u201c focused \u201d mandate for the secretariat, while indonesia preferred a \u201c function \u201d instead of a mandate. on monitoring, assessment and reporting ( mar ), the us, supported by the g - 77 / china, the russian federation, brazil and india proposed deleting text on third party assessments, peer reviews and independent evaluations. the eu, with switzerland, proposed developing mar processes, while australia stressed harmonizing existing processes. china proposed inviting the cpf to coordinate existing processes. on reviewing effectiveness, the us proposed a 2015 review. the eu and switzerland said the review date would depend on the unff mandate and, opposed by the russian federation, objected to strengthening the secretariat and enhancing its mandate. on voluntary contributions to trust funds, the us and the russian federation specified \u201c the unff \u201d trust fund. on the cpf, the eu and switzerland suggested emphasizing the importance of the cpf by strengthening its role in facilitating and reporting on implementation of the forum \u2019 s recommendations. switzerland recommended adding language on ensuring funding for the work of the cpf, for example through the world bank \u2019 s programme on forests ( profor ) or nfp facility trust fund arrangements. the us, supported by the eu, requested the addition of text calling for the proactive involvement of major groups to advise on implementation, with the latter opposing reference to an advisory group. norway, supported by australia, requested the addition of text calling for the cpf to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47282540073373247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.907757"} {"text": "by the eu, requested the addition of text calling for the proactive involvement of major groups to advise on implementation, with the latter opposing reference to an advisory group. norway, supported by australia, requested the addition of text calling for the cpf to support regional processes. the us added a paragraph urging countries to give the cpf a mandate to develop joint action plans, and inviting the world bank and fao to establish, and countries to contribute to, a seed fund to support collaborative projects among cpf member organizations. he listed a number of criteria for awarding seed funding, including that : cpf organizations provide matching funds ; projects focus on capacity building and implementation, \u201c with a smaller proportion on policy issues ; \u201d and projects benefit three or more countries. iran, supported by saudi arabia, stressed rehabilitation and conservation in lfccs, and proposed inviting the cpf to strengthen the tehran process. the us requested deleting a paragraph on an lbi. the eu, supported by the republic of korea, proposed text identifying an lbi as the best option, recommending that unga establish an intergovernmental negotiating committee to develop a legal framework on all types of forests, and calling upon donor governments and institutions to make voluntary contributions to a trust fund. the g - 77 / china, supported by the us, argentina, costa rica, cuba and guatemala, proposed that unff reconsider the parameters issue in 2015, noting not all g - 77 / china members support the proposal. on a voluntary code, the eu suggested deleting text establishing a code. the us proposed text on a voluntary code on sfm as a statement of commitment to the iaf and to country actions to achieve the iaf \u2019 s strategic objectives. switzerland proposed a 2007 deadline for developing a code. argentina, supported by cuba and guatemala, suggested additional text recognizing that the lbi option could be considered among other possibilities in a future review of the iaf, with costa rica adding that both the lbi and non - lbi options are still valid. the us said the code should consist of the decision taken at unff - 5, and offered text recognizing that certain paragraphs of the draft unff - 5 decision comprise the substantive elements of a voluntary sfm code. brazil, supported by indonesia and peru, added text expressing concerns about lack of financial resources and technological capacities necessary for implementation, and recognizing the need to highlight the contributions of forests and their economic value to national, regional and international economies. switzerland, supported by guatemala, suggested text promoting the active", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4671315794688896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.908788"} {"text": ", added text expressing concerns about lack of financial resources and technological capacities necessary for implementation, and recognizing the need to highlight the contributions of forests and their economic value to national, regional and international economies. switzerland, supported by guatemala, suggested text promoting the active participation of indigenous people, women and other forest - dependent groups in policy making and implementation. regarding civil society, the eu suggested using standard language from the millennium declaration. on means of implementation, brazil and guatemala proposed language on enhancing country capacity to increase products from sustainably managed forests. brazil preferred \u201c provide \u201d instead of \u201c mobilize \u201d financial and technical resources. on the declaration and message, canada proposed drawing upon the unff - 5 ministerial declaration in preparing ecosoc \u2019 s input to unga. on deforestation and forest degradation, the us, chile and china offered a reference to illegal logging while brazil favored \u201c illegal trade. \u201d on lack of resources, canada, with iran, australia, and malaysia, proposed reference to lack of \u201c adequate \u201d resources. the eu and the us, opposed by the africa group, nigeria, argentina, indonesia and costa rica, suggested removing the paragraph. switzerland added a paragraph on strengthening national forest governance. formal discussions in wgi ended on tuesday, 24 may. on wednesday, 25 may, the wgi discussion was combined with the work of wgii in a contact group. working group ii : on thursday, 19 may, and friday, 20 may, wgii had a general exchange of views on the draft ministerial declaration, global goals and financial aspects. thereafter, they convened in a contact group to negotiate two thematic elements, means of implementation and goals, in the chair \u2019 s draft decision. general statements : on the ministerial declaration, the eu suggested : conveying the importance of forests in pursuit of the mdgs ; delivering a clear message to the un general assembly millennium summit review ; and including key messages emerging from the ministerial roundtables. the us supported the eu but noted the need to focus on strengthening the future iaf and provide compelling language on why the ministers are taking this action. she also cautioned that the real objective of the declaration is not to tie the contributions of forests only to the mdgs but to social, economic, and environmental goals in general, for greater longevity within the broader international dialogue. switzerland also noted that linking the declaration directly to the mdgs could be misleading, suggested that more weight be given to innovative approaches to providing means of implementation, and advocated explicit mention of strengthening governance at all levels. on global goals,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4558091444569592, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.909869"} {"text": "broader international dialogue. switzerland also noted that linking the declaration directly to the mdgs could be misleading, suggested that more weight be given to innovative approaches to providing means of implementation, and advocated explicit mention of strengthening governance at all levels. on global goals, the us called for a clear statement of purpose that would be understood by others. she favored identifying flexible policies and actions at the national level that would contribute to achieving agreed - upon objectives, rather than setting quantified international targets. the eu called for establishing quantifiable global goals in order to send a clear message on forests, as well as national targets, which should be related to the global goals. he reminded participants that other processes have succeeded in establishing quantified objectives. switzerland preferred that the text include a small number of quantifiable global goals. mexico favored quantifiable global goals associated with clear time frames, with self - defined national targets. new zealand suggested the inclusion of realistic and measurable global goals capable of demonstrating the potential of forests to contribute to the social agenda. canada supported the inclusion of global goals, but called for addressing deforestation separately from the issue of forest degradation. vice - chair gauer adjourned the meeting in order to allow the g - 77 / china more time to consider the chair \u2019 s draft declaration. canada called for text on measuring degradation and doubling restored forests. switzerland proposed that any goal relating to improving the livelihoods of forest - dependent people should include forest tenure, use and access rights. norway called for goals on means and monitoring, favoring a goal on \u201c forests under sustainable management \u201d over \u201c forest degradation \u201d and on doubling sfm area by 2015. the us, supported by brazil and the g - 77 / china, favored \u201c strategic objectives \u201d over quantitative targets, and the us also called for identifying national policies and targets to achieve global goals. new zealand stated that, while he was not opposed to targets, measuring progress is the primary challenge. the eu proposed text on voluntary national targets. mexico stated that political commitment must be galvanized through measurable commitments linked to mdg attainment, and that discussion should continue on quantitative goals. switzerland, supported by canada, clarified that national commitments would be self - defined and non - binding, while global goals would measure the success of the iaf. the us suggested agreeing on the content of global goals before discussing quantifiability. the eu recommended that the global goals use language from the mdgs. guatemala noted that targets have assisted the development of a central american regional forest strategy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.504908263709771, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.910954"} {"text": "the iaf. the us suggested agreeing on the content of global goals before discussing quantifiability. the eu recommended that the global goals use language from the mdgs. guatemala noted that targets have assisted the development of a central american regional forest strategy. switzerland said funding must be linked to concrete implementation activities, including adoption of a voluntary code. on finance, the us, the eu and switzerland opposed a gff. noting declining international forest assistance, the us called for innovative leveraging of funds, including through a seed fund for cpf collaborative activities, and subsidiary regional meetings on financing specific projects. she noted successes in leveraging funds for environmental services. switzerland noted that oda that indirectly affects forests is increasing. the g - 77 / china stressed strengthening the means of implementation and identifying relevant modalities, with more emphasis on non - south - south oda. the eu, with switzerland, emphasized more effective use of existing resources and funds already allocated for development. switzerland stated that an lbi would facilitate accessing gef funds, and stressed including forests in national development priorities to access more oda and creating effective enabling environments for \u201c responsible \u201d private investment. supported by the us, he proposed a unff trust fund within profor or the fao \u2019 s nfp facility for collaborative activities among cpf members. canada announced an annual 8 % increase in its oda, but noted that increased forest - related oda is limited without an lbi. means of implementation : the eu stated that although the eu contributes 53 % of total oda, little of this is directed towards forests. the g - 77 / china called for increasing means of implementation and oda. mexico proposed a rapprochement, including both a gff for capacity building and implementation and a cpf seed fund. the us noted the catalytic potential of a seed fund for financing regional projects through the cpf. switzerland, supported by canada, supported a seed fund for collaborative activities among cpf members rather than projects, and, supported by the eu and the russian federation but opposed by mexico and the us, opposed using seed funds for projects, noting that project funding would require complex governance and transaction costs. the eu supported using existing structures for financing cpf members \u2019 activities, and recommended that cpf members join the discussion. switzerland suggested that the seed fund respond to the cpf \u2019 s needs, while the us countered that member governments also have the ability to direct cpf actions. mexico, supported by norway and the russian federation, expressed concern over using the seed fund for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4897820196227954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.912019"} {"text": "switzerland suggested that the seed fund respond to the cpf \u2019 s needs, while the us countered that member governments also have the ability to direct cpf actions. mexico, supported by norway and the russian federation, expressed concern over using the seed fund for cpf administration. canada stressed the need to identify the unique functions the proposed fund would fulfill, and suggested this may include cross - sectoral work. the us called for further work on how to fund broader regional projects without high transaction costs, and supported mexico \u2019 s call for ex post evaluation. finland stated that nfp facility entry points are established by host countries and that profor reinforces forest - specific work through lending that targets specific thematic areas. the us requested gef funding \u201c for sfm. \u201d the russian federation warned that establishing a new gef operational programme on forests is premature, and asked for figures on present gef forest funding. mexico, with norway, reiterated that gef funding is only for binding treaties and, with the eu, warned against diverting resources from other issues to forests. the eu called for \u201c inviting the gef council within its mandate to consider how to further increase resources on forests. \u201d the us stated that the capacity for new and additional funding is limited, but that directing more of fao \u2019 s budget toward forests would be desirable. canada concurred, but suggested that recent agreements, such as the monterrey consensus and the mdgs, may signal greater availability of funds. the us suggested that regional meetings could be effective in advancing south - south cooperation, and called for forests to be part of cross - sectoral strategies and poverty reduction strategy papers ( prsps ). the eu proposed text on, inter alia, integrating financing of nfps into prsps. mexico, supported by norway and the us, stressed the importance of maintaining private sector investment. on means of implementation, the us proposed securing high - level political support and proposed deleting reference to including a holistic approach to local and traditional technologies. she also supported the eu \u2019 s proposal on insisting that capacity building be directed at sfm and not forests in general. the us reiterated her desire to delete text that would limit the call for political commitment to developed countries, suggesting that this excludes many activities and undermines solidarity. the africa group and indonesia favored changing the text to \u201c in particular developed countries. \u201d the eu suggested that the emphasis on developed countries could appear as a sub - point. argentina proposed urging countries to improve means of implementation \u201c in particular to support developing countries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4231145953764959, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.913190"} {"text": "the africa group and indonesia favored changing the text to \u201c in particular developed countries. \u201d the eu suggested that the emphasis on developed countries could appear as a sub - point. argentina proposed urging countries to improve means of implementation \u201c in particular to support developing countries, \u201d while the africa group and indonesia preferred urging \u201c all countries, in particular developed countries. \u201d on integrating nfps into national sustainable development strategies, the us proposed incorporating them into \u201c economic development strategies, \u201d while canada preferred \u201c national planning strategies, \u201d including poverty reduction strategies, \u201c where appropriate. \u201d on voluntary contributions to achieve iaf objectives, the us proposed \u201c urging, \u201d and the eu suggested \u201c inviting \u201d countries to contribute. switzerland proposed deleting a paragraph on creating a gff, while the g - 77 / china suggested basing it on new and additional financial \u201c resources on a voluntary basis \u201d rather than \u201c commitments. \u201d the eu proposed language on, inter alia, fostering partnerships between rural communities and the private sector and removing tenure restrictions that limit community access to assets and markets. mexico, norway and canada questioned the need for a reference to tenure reform. on partnerships, the us requested the addition of \u201c ngos. \u201d on a proposed new gef operational programme on forests, the g - 77 / china stated that such a fund should not prejudice other gef operational programmes. the us proposed alternative wording to \u201c respect the gef \u2019 s mandate. \u201d the eu proposed paragraphs emphasizing the importance of nfp activities. on promoting international cooperation, the g - 77 / china proposed moving language on \u201c reversing the decline in oda \u201d for forest - related activities to the top of a list of actions for integrating nfps into national strategies, and adding \u201c triangular cooperation \u201d to language on south - south cooperation. on creating an enabling environment for the private sector, the us added \u201c for sfm. \u201d the eu specified \u201c for responsible national and international private sector investment \u201d and, opposed by the us, mexico and australia, proposed \u201c fully respecting the rights to land and resources by indigenous people and other forest - dependent people. \u201d norway proposed text on creating an enabling environment for involving communities and forest users in sfm. the g - 77 / china proposed inviting international and regional financial and development institutions to channel additional resources to developing countries to finance sfm, and enhancing the capacity of countries to significantly increase the production of forest products from sustainably managed resources. on generating revenue through payments for forest environmental services, canada added that this should apply to forests that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4890120735174027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.914325"} {"text": "channel additional resources to developing countries to finance sfm, and enhancing the capacity of countries to significantly increase the production of forest products from sustainably managed resources. on generating revenue through payments for forest environmental services, canada added that this should apply to forests that are \u201c sustainably managed. \u201d the us proposed deleting language on protection and use of traditional knowledge and inserting text on promoting improved forest practices through strengthening sfm standards and utilizing the unff regional processes as a venue for : presenting country experiences in nfp implementation ; inviting the cpf and bilateral donors to examine opportunities for funding projects and programmes ; and examining patterns in implementation experiences, including gaps, opportunities, and needs. switzerland proposed funding cpf work, for example, through creation of profor or nfp facility windows. indonesia suggested a reference to increasing the iaf \u2019 s effectiveness. venezuela suggested text on taking into account national and regional differences. the us proposed emphasizing a strengthened iaf, and the eu suggested adding reference to nfps. after the africa group questioned the need to include developed countries \u2019 involvement in prsps, the us suggested that donors are an important component of prsps. argentina stressed the need to address social as well as economic development. canada proposed the inclusion of prsps \u201c where appropriate. \u201d indonesia, opposed by the eu, expressed concern about linking oda to nfps. argentina proposed the addition of \u201c providing new and additional financial resources for sfm needs in developing countries. \u201d on reversing forest - related oda decline, cambodia specified this could be done \u201c through local government and other means. \u201d the us noted some oda is not declining and advocated increasing oda specifically for forests. with the eu and canada, she favored preambular over operational language on oda. on increasing voluntary contributions, the us, opposed by mexico and the eu, specified \u201c to the unff - bis trust fund. \u201d indonesia, supported by the africa group and the us, suggested inviting \u201c donor \u201d countries and \u201c other countries in a position to do so. \u201d on making effective use of existing resources, cuba called for urging \u201c developed countries to fulfill their commitments already agreed on oda, \u201d and for a separate paragraph on a gff. australia supported reference to more effective use of existing resources. mexico preferred \u201c existing and new \u201d resources and, with the africa group, favored reference to \u201c public \u201d resources only. regarding land tenure, the eu proposed \u201c reviewing \u201d instead of \u201c removing \u201d tenure restrictions, and canada proposed \u201c securing long", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4638608426223327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.915321"} {"text": "resources. mexico preferred \u201c existing and new \u201d resources and, with the africa group, favored reference to \u201c public \u201d resources only. regarding land tenure, the eu proposed \u201c reviewing \u201d instead of \u201c removing \u201d tenure restrictions, and canada proposed \u201c securing long - term tenure rights and removing regulatory restrictions. \u201d the us suggested moving the language on long - term tenure rights to a later paragraph on enabling environments. switzerland proposed moving this language to later paragraphs on securing sustainable financing. on creating a trust fund for forests, switzerland, the us and norway favored combining ideas for finance using new structures at the global level, specifically through the fao \u2019 s nfp facility, to support national actions to implement sfm, and profor, to fund collaborative work among cpf members at the global and regional levels. on the gef, the africa group opposed a proposal by the us, switzerland and australia to \u201c invite the gef council to explore ways to give greater consideration to sfm within the relevant gef operational programmes, including by utilizing the full range of forest - related international organizations. \u201d canada proposed inserting text on \u201c involvement of and investment by local \u201d communities and forest users in sfm to create an enabling environment. india and venezuela opposed a sub - paragraph on developing innovative mechanisms for generating revenue through payments for forest environmental services. the eu suggested taking into account national conditions. mexico and switzerland opposed a suggestion by canada to include reference to poor communities. the africa group opposed switzerland \u2019 s suggestion for \u201c further \u201d developing rather than developing \u201c innovative \u201d mechanisms. the us noted that revenue should be generated from users of forest environmental services, with payment to those who maintain them. mexico and the us opposed a suggestion by the africa group and canada on developing mechanisms \u201c on the national, regional, inter - regional and international levels. \u201d the discussion was halted pending consultation within the africa group. the us, opposed by cuba, suggested increasing the \u201c request for \u201d oda for forest - related activities. the eu pointed out that oda is allocated based on national priorities, not the forest sector, and, opposed by the africa group and indonesia, proposed \u201c maximizing the share of increasing oda flows going to forest - related activities. \u201d delegates agreed on text referring to the global decline in oda for forest - related activities, but continued to deliberate on developed countries fulfilling their oda commitments to developing countries. canada, supported by the us and opposed by the africa group, stated that the two ideas should be considered separately. cuba stressed the importance of fulfilling current commitments,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46145281876166827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.917271"} {"text": "activities, but continued to deliberate on developed countries fulfilling their oda commitments to developing countries. canada, supported by the us and opposed by the africa group, stated that the two ideas should be considered separately. cuba stressed the importance of fulfilling current commitments, while brazil, the africa group and cuba suggested considering the reversal of oda decline as a strategic objective. the eu, opposed by the africa group, proposed deleting reference to new and additional resources for sfm. the us proposed \u201c providing, \u201d and brazil added \u201c significant, \u201d resources. both were added, and the us specified \u201c from all sources. \u201d on making sfm a higher priority, delegates agreed to an earlier proposal by the us and canada, as modified by the africa group, switzerland, and australia, respectively, to do this through \u201c inter alia, \u201d integrating forests into national planning strategies \u201c or other forest strategies, \u201d including poverty reduction strategies where \u201c they exist. \u201d on proposed alternative paragraphs regarding sources of funds, mexico noted that funding is needed for global goals besides sfm. the eu and us proposed deleting mexico \u2019 s proposal to create a gff within the unff trust fund, and favored establishing : a seed fund within the unff trust fund ; an sfm implementation fund through fao \u2019 s nfp facility ; and a profor - based fund to facilitate collaboration among cpf members. goals : on the chapeau to the goals, brazil, supported by colombia, india, argentina and nigeria, proposed that \u201c demonstrable progress \u201d be made by 2015. switzerland, opposed by brazil, preferred \u201c no later than 2020. \u201d the us offered a compromise to specify \u201c preferably by 2015, but no later than 2020. \u201d the eu asked whether demonstrable progress on \u201c efforts \u201d or \u201c achieving \u201d the goals should be shown by the deadline. switzerland proposed that \u201c all possible efforts should be made to achieve the shared global goals by 2015, with demonstrable progress to be made by 2011. \u201d switzerland, with mexico, norway, and costa rica, argued that linking the forest goals review with the 2012 commission on sustainable development ( csd ) review would help decrease reporting burdens. the us, supported by colombia and argentina, opposed linking a forest review to that of the csd, preferring a separate review on forests in the same year. cuba concurred with a separate review, but suggested it take place in 2015. \u201d cuba supported a review in 2015 that is separate from the csd review. nigeria stressed that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46117967150958694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.918581"} {"text": "csd, preferring a separate review on forests in the same year. cuba concurred with a separate review, but suggested it take place in 2015. \u201d cuba supported a review in 2015 that is separate from the csd review. nigeria stressed that the goals \u2019 timeline is contingent on means of implementation. canada suggested achieving the goals \u201c no later than 2020 \u201d and making demonstrable progress by 2015. the us opposed \u201c achieving \u201d the goals, and supported demonstrable progress. the eu opposed specifying that unff should achieve the goals, stressing country responsibilities. brazil agreed, and noted the important role international financial institutions play in pursuing the goals. he clarified that demonstrating progress will depend on means of implementation. the eu called for measurable and time - bound targets that take into consideration language developed in other fora. the us opposed numerical \u201c component targets. \u201d australia, supported by new zealand, suggested that global goals be general, while specific national targets be developed at the discretion of countries. the us proposed the removal of any mention of targets, and stressed the importance of differentiating goals. syria and morocco noted that these are the same word in arabic. brazil favored \u201c objectives, \u201d either \u201c strategic \u201d or \u201c over - arching, \u201d with the us noting that over - arching differentiates them from other objectives. indonesia, supported by india, proposed the removal of target dates. switzerland, supported by mexico, reiterated the need to go beyond general goals, while the us reiterated that progress should be measured voluntarily at the national level. the us proposed language calling for an assessment of progress made by countries and the international community in 2015. switzerland requested goals on forest cover and quality, and on establishing the relevance of forests to sustainable development. canada requested specific mention of decreasing deforestation and increasing afforestation. the us proposed replacing a goal to \u201c reverse deforestation \u201d with \u201c decrease significantly forest degradation, and enhance forest health. \u201d switzerland, supported by argentina, insisted on quantification and stressed that the current rate of deforestation needs to be halved. syria and morocco proposed additional goals on lfccs and increased funding. on a goal to enhance forests \u2019 contribution to achieving international development goals, the us and india preferred \u201c goals contained in the millennium declaration on poverty eradication and environmental sustainability \u201d over \u201c mdgs. \u201d the us suggested deleting a target to reduce by half the number of forest - dependent people in extreme poverty by 2015. switzerland preferred \u201c improving the livelihood of forest - dependent people, measured as a reduction of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46039806106980624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.919622"} {"text": "\u201d over \u201c mdgs. \u201d the us suggested deleting a target to reduce by half the number of forest - dependent people in extreme poverty by 2015. switzerland preferred \u201c improving the livelihood of forest - dependent people, measured as a reduction of the number living in extreme poverty, including through clarification of forest tenure, use, and access rights. \u201d on a goal to increase forests under sustainable management, the us, with argentina, preferred increasing \u201c significantly, \u201d with the exact increase defined by individual countries. the eu preferred increasing \u201c the area of \u201d forests. the us and australia, opposed by mexico and indonesia, proposed adding \u201c the production of forest products, including for export, from sustainably managed forests. \u201d the us also added \u201c legally - harvested forests. \u201d the eu, argentina and mexico favored adding \u201c by 2015. \u201d switzerland, supported by mexico, costa rica, new zealand, the eu and morocco, but opposed by brazil, india and indonesia, preferred quantifiable, measurable targets. new zealand stressed realistic targets, and the us favored national targets. mexico favored language on doubling the area of forests under sustainable management. the group debated a paragraph listing four goals, including significantly increasing new and additional financial resources, and \u201c significantly \u201d versus \u201c by 50 percent \u201d decreasing the rate of forest degradation ; eradicating poverty and increasing the area of protected and sustainably managed forests. mexico supported quantifiable targets on deforestation, protected forests, and sfm but, with switzerland, not on poverty eradication. the africa group questioned how to achieve quantified international targets. canada requested a link to the mdgs calling for reversing deforestation by 2015. co - chair gauer proposed removing all quantifiers from shared goals to be reviewed by 2015, but the eu and canada favored a call to \u201c achieve \u201d them by 2015 as per the mdgs. mexico noted a scheduled csd review in 2012 and, with switzerland, asked for clarification on national targets. indonesia noted that development needs do not end in 2015. brazil, the eu and canada urged a time - bound target of 2015 for reversal of oda decline. on a goal on protected areas and sustainably managed forests, the africa group, brazil, indonesia, argentina and peru opposed time - bound quantitative goals, proposed \u201c strategic global objectives, \u201d and supported \u201c significantly \u201d increasing protected areas. the eu, mexico, canada and switzerland insisted on quantitative and time - bound goals. the us supported quantitative targets at the national level and qu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4375504150494273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.920660"} {"text": "time - bound quantitative goals, proposed \u201c strategic global objectives, \u201d and supported \u201c significantly \u201d increasing protected areas. the eu, mexico, canada and switzerland insisted on quantitative and time - bound goals. the us supported quantitative targets at the national level and qualitative \u201c strategic objectives \u201d at the global level. new zealand preferred quantitative \u201c 50 percent \u201d goals at the global level but not at the national level, and suggested \u201c aspiring to \u201d achieve goals. the eu and the africa group advocated achieving, instead of reviewing, goals by 2015, supported increasing protected but not sustainably managed forests, and increasing new and additional financial resources for \u201c forest related activities \u201d rather than \u201c sfm implementation. \u201d new zealand noted that the goal on protected and sustainably managed forests takes account of national sovereignty and diverse conditions. on a goal on poverty, cuba favored significantly \u201c reducing \u201d over \u201c eradicating \u201d it. the eu noted that global goals mandate shared action at the global and regional levels and, with switzerland, suggested referring to the mdgs rather than specifying timetables. iran opposed time - bound measurable targets, expressing pessimism on obtaining new and additional financial resources and proposed decreasing poverty \u201c in the context of the mdgs \u201d and waiting a few years before considering measurable targets. the us noted that it does not subscribe to the mdgs because they were not produced through an inter - governmental process. in the evening of the penultimate day, delegates agreed ad referendum to language on goals to significantly increase the area of protected forests and sustainably managed forests worldwide, and reverse the decline in oda for sfm. mexico, supported by switzerland, the eu, guatemala and canada, cautioned against including agreed - upon goals in a draft ministerial declaration before reaching agreement on important elements of the chair \u2019 s draft text. on the goal on loss of forest cover, nigeria, with the us, obtained consensus on \u201c reversing \u201d rather than \u201c significantly decreasing \u201d it. mexico called for language on rehabilitating degraded forest land. the us called for \u201c protection \u201d of forests. nigeria and indonesia called for text on \u201c plantation development, \u201d which was later modified to \u201c reforestation and afforestation \u201d by the us. the eu and canada stressed the need to refer to degraded forest lands. nigeria, with mexico, suggested listing activities related to sfm comprehensively, or not at all. delegates agreed ad referendum on the goal to \u201c reverse the loss of forest cover worldwide through sfm, including protection, restoration, afforestation,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5061893444088497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.921860"} {"text": "nigeria, with mexico, suggested listing activities related to sfm comprehensively, or not at all. delegates agreed ad referendum on the goal to \u201c reverse the loss of forest cover worldwide through sfm, including protection, restoration, afforestation, and reforestation, and increased efforts to prevent forest degradation. \u201d the group then discussed the goal on enhancing forests \u2019 contribution to development goals. mexico stressed environmental sustainability as one of the mdgs. nigeria proposed significantly reducing poverty, with argentina adding \u201c in forest areas. \u201d the eu, opposed by brazil, advanced achieving \u201c significant reduction in the number living in extreme poverty by 2015. \u201d the us and brazil supported a broader goal to \u201c enhance forest - related economic, social and environmental benefits. \u201d the eu retracted its proposal for poverty reduction by 2015 but asked for reference to improving the livelihoods of forest - dependent people. the group agreed ad referendum on the goal to enhance forest contributions to the achievement of internationally agreed development goals, \u201c particularly with respect to poverty eradication and environmental sustainability, including improving the livelihoods of forest dependent people. \u201d on a paragraph on voluntary national measures, brazil stressed the importance of developing \u201c integrated \u201d policies and measures that take into account the seven thematic elements of sfm. nigeria noted that these are addressed in a separate paragraph. mexico, supported by the us, called for voluntary national measures, policies, actions \u201c and \u201d / or targets by 2007. brazil disagreed strongly with \u201c targets \u201d and supported language on \u201c development or indication of measures, policies and actions. \u201d south africa strongly objected. mexico stressed the need to report on national forestry activities and achievements since 1992, while brazil stressed reporting on future actions. brazil, supported by indonesia, canada, switzerland, mexico and the us, offered to replace \u201c targets \u201d with \u201c specific goals \u201d and delete reference to any year. delegates agreed with brazil that the goals and targets should be \u201c voluntary \u201d and \u201c national. \u201d canada and mexico favored keeping the 2007 reference. on reporting, the eu suggested a compromise consisting of deleting the 2007 reference and moving it to a new paragraph on reporting. brazil accepted this compromise but preferred 2010, noting that not all countries have the capacity to report by 2007. mexico saw no reason for the date change, noting that countries are already reporting to the fao. the eu also objected to changing the date, pointing out that all reporting would be voluntary. indonesia and nigeria opposed time - bound reporting. switzerland called for flexibility and noted that concessions in forsaking quantitative global goals were not being rec", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44587601788090087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.923047"} {"text": "the fao. the eu also objected to changing the date, pointing out that all reporting would be voluntary. indonesia and nigeria opposed time - bound reporting. switzerland called for flexibility and noted that concessions in forsaking quantitative global goals were not being reciprocated. he insisted on time - bound reporting, stressed the importance of establishing a mechanism for formulating and reporting on national goals, and said that without such a mechanism national financial resources would be allocated to other policy areas rather than to forests. ministerial declaration : on several occasions over the course of the second week delegates discussed the issue of the ministerial declaration in the contact group. each time the issue was raised, delegates argued that negotiating a ministerial declaration would consume valuable time that might otherwise be used to negotiate the chair \u2019 s draft decision. however, at 3 : 00 pm on thursday, 26 may, at the request of the bureau and the unff secretariat, a small group was convened specifically for the purpose of negotiating a ministerial declaration. the result was a four - paragraph statement recognizing that at least one billion people are wholly or partially dependent on forests for their livelihoods. it also expressed high - level commitment to ensuring that forest management contributes to the mdgs. this four - paragraph ministerial declaration was then presented to delegates in the high - level segment for their consideration and adoption. they decided, however, that the hastily negotiated draft ministerial declaration was too weak to be adopted. in lieu of a ministerial declaration, delegates agreed to append a chair \u2019 s summary of the high - level segment to the decision to be forwarded to ecosoc for adoption. at the outset of the closing plenary on friday 27 may, delegates were presented with two decisions, one to be adopted by the forum and one to be forwarded to ecosoc for adoption. after some discussion both decisions were approved. draft decision for adoption by ecosoc : the eu, supported by latvia, canada and mexico, proposed language to keep open the decision on whether or not to hold a seventh session, pending outcomes of the unff - 6. after brazil, supported by cuba and nigeria, opposed temporally limiting the mandate of the unff, the eu, supported by brazil and japan, proposed language that would accommodate this. the us noted the absence of a multi - stakeholder dialogue on the agenda for unff - 6 and, supported by the eu, brazil, and south africa, proposed its inclusion. cuba, supported by venezuela, objected, stating this may not allow sufficient time for negotiations. argentina argued that major groups", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47421553021327933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.924773"} {"text": "been made, but that much work remains to be done. noting that the international community is up against a forest crisis, rodriguez said that countries must lament that they have not responded to the challenge. luxembourg, on behalf of the eu, expressed disappointment about the lack of a final result, and said that forests have now been relegated to the fringes of international dialogue. australia expressed disappointment but noted its commitment to work regionally. ecuador, on behalf of bolivia, brazil, colombia, ecuador, guyana, peru, suriname and venezuela, noted its commitment to cooperation and said that this group of amazonian countries would bring a clear regional perspective to unff - 6. indonesia said that the last two weeks have moved the international community away from sfm and that this prevents poverty eradication. he said the indecision shown at unff - 5 reflects a lack of international commitment and hoped that this would not set a precedent. the us said that the challenge to strengthen the iaf is very complicated and not easily resolved. she likened unff to a family working through some difficult issues that maintains a high level of mutual respect, and said that this positive atmosphere is a recipe for future success. new zealand expressed disappointment at the outcome of unff - 5, and said that it would work regionally in the interim. mexico emphasized its interest in building consensus and working to strengthen multilateralism. the russian federation noted that it attaches great importance to consensus on the forest agenda and said that unff is a unique body. he also said that all must bear some responsibility for the lack of a result at unff - 5. nigeria, for the africa group, noted the chair was not to blame for the failure of the meeting but that the failure was concocted five years ago when the unff was formed and delegates decided on a review of its effectiveness in 2005. he opined that the delegates who took the most self - righteous positions were the ones with the most extreme and immovable positions and said that everyone must come halfway in order to reach agreement. he noted that the agenda would be difficult at unff - 6 but that miracles can happen. chair rodriguez suspended unff - 6 at 6 : 45 pm. negotiated outcome of unff - 5 in the end, delegates decided to continue discussing the bracketed \u201c draft chair \u2019 s text dated thursday, 26 may 2005, 8 : 00 pm \u201d at unff - 6. this bracketed draft chair \u2019 s text is appended as an annex to the decision. the following is a summary of the annex", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4623809938444633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.927105"} {"text": "\u201c draft chair \u2019 s text dated thursday, 26 may 2005, 8 : 00 pm \u201d at unff - 6. this bracketed draft chair \u2019 s text is appended as an annex to the decision. the following is a summary of the annex. principle functions : on the principle functions of the iaf, the draft text states that the iaf should : global goals : delegates agreed, ad referendum, to four global goals. the chapeau was not finalized, and currently reads : \u201c [ with a view to the achievement of [ the overall millennium development goals, ] / [ internationally agreed development goals, including those included in the millennium declaration ] ] [ further agrees [ that all possible efforts should be made ] [ [ no later than 2020 ] / [ by 2015 ] ] to achieve [ no later than 2020 ] / [ by 2015 ] the following shared global goals on forests / [. ] [ demonstrable progress for the achievement of these goals should be made by 2015. ] / [ no later than 2020 ] / [ by 2015 ] [ upon ] / [ on ] [ which ] [ and make ] demonstrable progress [ to that end ] [ should be made ] by / ]. \u201d the goals are : delegates also agreed, ad referendum, to contribute towards achieving these goals through voluntary national measures, taking into account national sovereignty, and to voluntarily submit periodic national reports to unff, beginning in 2007. means of implementation : the bracketed text urges countries to make concerted efforts to secure high level political commitment and support to improve the means of implementation, especially in relation to finance, in particular to support developing countries, by, inter alia : the text further calls for concerted efforts in capacity building and transfer of environmentally - sound technologies, by, inter alia : enhanced cooperation and coordination : the bracketed text calls for, inter alia : the text also calls for improving collaboration with relevant meas through the iaf. working modalities : this section still contains a lot of bracketed text. on regional meetings, the text states that meetings are to be organized every alternate year, either in conjunction or cooperation with the five un regional economic commissions, or with both the un commissions and the fao regional forestry commissions. with respect to the un economic regional commissions, the text currently states that, inter alia : sessions should be organized in cooperation with the \u201c un regional commissions as well as existing regional processes, including those within the cpf and others. \u201d with respect to both options, the text currently requests :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4788617253093565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.928095"} {"text": "the text currently states that, inter alia : sessions should be organized in cooperation with the \u201c un regional commissions as well as existing regional processes, including those within the cpf and others. \u201d with respect to both options, the text currently requests : \u201c unff to organize, with the support of the five un regional commissions, \u201d \u201c regional meetings of the unff every two years and invites fao, through its regional forestry commissions, and relevant regional and subregional organizations and processes to actively participate in, support, and where feasible, co - host these meetings. \u201d the text says these meetings should, inter alia, report to global - level unff meetings and to ecosoc and be financed through the un regular budget by the reallocation of funds saved by reducing the frequency and duration of global meetings. the frequency of meetings is still undecided, with the text currently stating : \u201c decides that [ unff ], [ as a subsidiary body to ecosoc ], shall operate on the basis of a mypow to be adopted at its first meeting at the global level in 2007, \u201d \u201c with two year cycles for the period 2008 -, with the forum meeting [ annually / every two years at the global level ]. \u201d delegates also debated the year of the next review of the effectiveness of the iaf. the text currently states the next review will take place in 2015. the current draft text : legal framework : with regard to the legal framework, the draft decision recognizes that the lbi option could be considered during the 2015 iaf review. voluntary code / guidelines / understanding : the current text also calls for developing either a voluntary code, guidelines, or an international understanding on the management, conservation and sustainable development of all types of forests according to the terms of reference set out in an additional annex, summarized below. the suggested terms of reference for the voluntary code includes the purpose of the code, the process for developing the code and its possible thematic content. the current draft annex on the terms of reference says that the purpose of the code is to articulate international forest - related agreements on the management, conservation and sustainable development of all types of forests and to help achieve the goals decided upon at unff - 5. it also says that the development of the code will be folded into the mypow of the forum. themes to be included in the code include : purpose of the code ; reaffirmation of existing international agreements ; relationship with other international instruments ; cooperation ; implementation ; monitoring and reporting ; and review", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47465635056595445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.929118"} {"text": "be folded into the mypow of the forum. themes to be included in the code include : purpose of the code ; reaffirmation of existing international agreements ; relationship with other international instruments ; cooperation ; implementation ; monitoring and reporting ; and review. declaration and message : with regard to the ministerial declaration, the draft text states that ecosoc decides to submit a ministerial declaration to the un general assembly emphasizing the crucial contributions that forests can make to the realization of development goals, including those contained within the millennium declaration. finally, it decides that the present resolution is to supplement but not prejudice ecosoc resolution 2000 / 35. a brief analysis of unff - 5 the fifth session of the united nations forum on forests was perhaps the most anticipated regular unff session since the institution \u2019 s inception in 2000. in the end, however, it was also among the most disappointing. unff - 5 was expected to be a milestone event, one that was meant to open a new chapter in international forest policy. instead, unff - 5 ended up bogged down by intractable country positions and an ambitious negotiating agenda. a promising starting point of the session was a near - consensus that the status quo is unacceptable and that serious changes are needed. even the countries that had historically portrayed unff in a positive light now publicly conceded that unff is seriously lacking. this zone of agreement generated a shared commitment to strengthen the future iaf and improved the prospects of a substantive outcome that will provide a much needed overhaul. the following brief analysis of unff - 5 examines the dynamics of discussions on key proposals, assesses achievements and shortcomings, and evaluates the outcome of the session. european delegates arrived in new york ready for a showdown and negotiated forcefully, making it clear that they were ready to abandon the entire unff process if significant changes were not made to the iaf. they were determined to obtain a set of policy commitments and insisted on quantifiable and time - bound global goals and national targets. when brazil and the us mounted a \u201c goals non - proliferation \u201d campaign, talks quickly turned into a linguistic duel over the choice between \u201c strategic objectives \u201d and \u201c global goals. \u201d in the ensuing debate, europeans and canada dropped their demands for quantifiable targets, hoping to obtain firm time - bound policy commitments in return. when this major concession was not reciprocated on other key issues, open accusations of inflexibility grew loud and the meeting ground to a halt. there was a strong sense that the \u201c will of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5234429423184362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.930159"} {"text": "- bound policy commitments in return. when this major concession was not reciprocated on other key issues, open accusations of inflexibility grew loud and the meeting ground to a halt. there was a strong sense that the \u201c will of the few blocks the will of the many. \u201d when brazil was singled out as the main culprit and was accused of rigidity even by the us, it made symbolic gestures to show flexibility by accepting the phrase \u201c global goals, \u201d including to \u201c reverse \u201d forest loss \u2013 but remained adamant that such goals do not actually have to be \u201c achieved, \u201d only aspired to. the idea of a code was a key compromise proposal designed to bridge irreconcilable differences, help set aside the intractable lbi issue, and open space for a mutually satisfying compromise. it did little, however, to affect some country positions. early in the meeting, brazil rejected not only binding instruments but also a voluntary code. the us accepted the code only in the shape of a general political \u201c statement of commitment. \u201d on the other side of the fence, canada and the european union pushed for establishing a process to elaborate a meaningful detailed code of practice. ultimately, the two sides remained far apart and this became one of the breaking points in the session. financial resources remained center stage. many delegations insisted on new financial resources and made all key proposals for strengthening the iaf contingent on guarantees for means of implementation. none of the donor countries, however, accepted a proposal to create a global forest fund ; instead they sought to distribute some of the responsibility to international organizations and institutions and the private sector. many tried to reverse the terms of the debate, stressed that firm policy commitments are a precondition for financial assistance, and hid behind the frequently repeated motto \u201c no goals, no money \u201d. however, few developing countries seemed to take this as a credible promise for new money in exchange for policy commitments. process : the way we were some participants ascribed unff - 5 \u2019 s limited results to organizational and procedural limitations, raising a number of questions : why did results from ad hoc expert groups on key issues ( finance, review of the iaf, and parameters of a mandate for an lbi ) or from intersessional country - led initiatives, such as in guadalajara and costa rica, receive no mention in the draft texts produced for negotiation? this disjuncture between intersessionals and negotiating sessions has been a problem in other un fora, making some wonder whether they are worth the time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5047860842811334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.931204"} {"text": "as in guadalajara and costa rica, receive no mention in the draft texts produced for negotiation? this disjuncture between intersessionals and negotiating sessions has been a problem in other un fora, making some wonder whether they are worth the time and money needed if they cannot effectively feed into outcomes. why were negotiations suddenly halted after delegates had reached ad referendum agreements on goals, which many had thought would be key sticking points? many delegates lamented that this meant that valuable negotiating time at the end went completely to waste. conversely, one delegate noted that the fact that the draft text was still a jungle of brackets in some key areas called for a sober assessment of the chances of completion and a timely halt to the process to allow for a fall - back conclusion to be negotiated. some delegates speculated that the timing of the ministerial high - level segment, intended as a \u201c deadline \u201d for negotiators, made it a distraction for delegates who would rather have been concentrating on the negotiations. these questions address a common complaint of inefficiency in the international policy - making process. inefficiency is exacerbated if some delegates cannot participate due to lack of interpretation, translation of documents and chairs at the table, not to mention noisy spaces and lack of microphones. yet such was the situation during the most intense negotiations. it would be interesting to see how long some countries would put up with some of these conditions if all the negotiations and draft texts were solely accessible in another un language, such as french or chinese. where does responsibility for inefficiency ultimately lie? some say stronger leadership might have pushed delegates into completing negotiations. others wonder whether the move to bring the negotiations to an early halt was really the result of time limitations or whether it simply reflects the recognition that the continuing wide gulf between the positions ( and interests ) of states participating in the formulation of global forest policy was impossible to overcome. the question of civil society engagement within unff has been contentious from the outset and may have also contributed to the inability of the unff to agree on an outcome. the mandate ascribed to unff was substantial enough to engage civil society beyond the ipf and iff processes, which they had been ready to abandon, and generated hopes that this would be an action - oriented body that would address priority issues such as monitoring and reporting, underlying causes of deforestation and forest degradation, and indigenous peoples \u2019 rights. civil society voices were channeled into nine major groups, as defined in agenda 21. while some groups won greater attention under this arrangement than", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45357694247061253, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.932250"} {"text": "priority issues such as monitoring and reporting, underlying causes of deforestation and forest degradation, and indigenous peoples \u2019 rights. civil society voices were channeled into nine major groups, as defined in agenda 21. while some groups won greater attention under this arrangement than they would receive outside the process, ngos and indigenous peoples lost out, as their voice was diluted among other major groups such as \u201c business and industry \u201d. this was reflected in the varying degree of willingness among the major groups to take part in the multi - stakeholder dialogue. at unff - 5 their resentment appeared to turn into outright hostility, reflected in incendiary newsletters that were circulated and in statements expressing their readiness to walk away from the iaf. part of this dissatisfaction with the unff process has been linked to the greater access ngos and indigenous groups have been able to achieve through other intergovernmental fora, such as the convention on biological diversity \u2019 s working group on article 8 ( j ), where they are regarded as participants not observers. as unff is under the aegis of ecosoc, many countries have been reluctant to allow full participation of civil society groups, which may be seen as precedent - setting, and this played out through objections made to their participation during unff - 5 and beyond. however, many governments recognize the importance of these groups in keeping forests on the international agenda, and will continue to support their involvement. searching for a silver lining before the gloom settles, several positive developments might be discerned on the horizon. the fact that countries were able to reach a tentative compromise on goals, including \u201c reversing \u201d loss of forest cover, was a step forward on what many predicted would be a major sticking point. hopefully this compromise will hold when negotiations reconvene. there was other movement as well. new proposals on structure and means of implementation resulted from a thoughtful process by numerous delegates who are invested in the future of global forest policy. discussions on financial assistance were far less acrimonious than they have been in the past, as various donor countries alluded to different forms of increased funding, perhaps as a \u201c carrot \u201d intended to pull supporters toward their various positions. this appeared to be one reason why the g - 77 position did not remain solid. finally, a decision to keep talking rather than \u201c call the whole thing off \u201d is a signal that delegates are not yet ready to admit full defeat. unff, therefore, cannot be cast as a total failure. outcome and prospects for the future unff - 5 did not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5030192769903254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.937471"} {"text": "keep talking rather than \u201c call the whole thing off \u201d is a signal that delegates are not yet ready to admit full defeat. unff, therefore, cannot be cast as a total failure. outcome and prospects for the future unff - 5 did not produce a new international arrangement on forests, nor did it strengthen the current one. one source of frustration with unff has been that previous sessions only produced a steady flow of political statements reiterating earlier statements. this session did not even produce a statement. this underscores the intractability of the global debate on forests, and raises the question of what makes agreements on forests more difficult than those on other environmental issues? many delegates had hoped to strengthen the international arrangement on forests through substantive policy mechanisms. at the very least, these countries wanted to send a message to the international community that forests are important. in the end, unff - 5 did produce a message, but not the one intended : it signaled to the world that international discussions on forests remain discussions, not particularly productive ones, and that the collective desire to turn dialogue into action remains just that \u2013 a desire. the sole achievement of unff - 5 was a tentative ad referendum agreement on national targets and global goals, including the goal of \u201c reversing \u201d the loss of forest cover. it is important to note, however, that this accomplishment was diminished by several serious limitations : conditionally agreed national commitments are voluntary and global goals are not quantified or mandatory, and none of them actually have to be \u201c achieved. \u201d even reporting requirements were weak, with a starting date instead of a deadline. these tentative agreements do not provide a basis for a strong international instrument. if they are eventually adopted, the resulting iaf may not be particularly consequential. since the current round of un discussions on forestry began in 1990, every round of talks has invariably resulted in an agreement to keep talking. unff - 5 upheld this tradition by merely pushing discussions into the future. it is questionable, however, whether outstanding issues can be resolved by simply postponing their discussion. furthermore, one might argue that now even the agreement to keep talking may be in question. disappointed with a process that delegates variously described as a \u201c quagmire \u201d and \u201c shambles, \u201d some publicly threatened to abandon unff. on their way out, some hinted that future efforts may be made outside of the unff institutional framework. if this happens, it might make unff \u2019 s troubles even more difficult to overcome. global forest and paper summit", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49902791831189497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.938580"} {"text": "threatened to abandon unff. on their way out, some hinted that future efforts may be made outside of the unff institutional framework. if this happens, it might make unff \u2019 s troubles even more difficult to overcome. global forest and paper summit 2005 : this meeting will take place from 1 - 3 june 2005, in vancouver, canada. this summit is intended to bring together senior executives from forest and paper companies with government policy makers to discuss key issues and challenges facing the sector globally over the next decade. as part of this event, the 18th annual pricewaterhousecoopers global forest and paper industry conference will take place on 1 june. it will be followed by \u201c vision 2015 : the global forest and paper industry \u2019 s coming decade \u201d on 2 - 3 june. for more information, contact : forest products association of canada ; tel : + 1 - 604 - 775 - 7300 ; fax : + 1 - 604 - 666 - 8123 ; e - mail : email @ example. com ; internet : http : / / www. globalforestpapersummit. com preparatory conference for the europe and north asia forest law enforcement and governance ministerial meeting : this meeting is scheduled for 6 - 8 june 2005, in moscow, russian federation, and will prepare for the initiation of a forest law enforcement and governance process for europe and north asia. for more information, contact : nalin kishor ; tel : + 1 - 202 - 473 - 8672 ; fax : + 1 - 202 - 522 - 1142 ; e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org ; internet : http : / / lnweb18. worldbank. org / essd / ardext. nsf / 14bydocname / forestgovernanceprogram ittc - 38 : the 38th session of the ittc and associated sessions of the committees will convene from 18 - 22 june 2005, in brazzaville, republic of congo. for more information, contact : manoel sobral filho, itto executive director ; tel : + 81 - 45 - 223 - 1110 ; fax : un conference for the negotiation of a successor agreement to itta, 1994, third part : delegates will continue negotiations on a successor agreement to the itta, 1994 from 27 june to 1 july 2005, in geneva. for more information, contact : unctad secretariat ; tel : + 41 - 22 - 917 - 5809 ; fax : + 41", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4619421787293503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.939647"} {"text": "on a successor agreement to the itta, 1994 from 27 june to 1 july 2005, in geneva. for more information, contact : unctad secretariat ; tel : + 41 - 22 - 917 - 5809 ; fax : + 41 - 22 - 917 - 0056 ; e - mail : email @ example. com ; internet : http : / / www. unctad. org / templates / meeting. asp? intitemid = 3323 & lang = 1 third meeting of the cbd ahteg on review of implementation of the programme of work on forest biological diversity : the convention on biological diversity \u2019 s ad hoc technical expert group on the review of implementation of the programme of work on forest biodiversity will take place from 25 - 29 july 2005, in bonn, germany. for more information, contact : cbd secretariat ; tel : + 1 - 514 - 288 - 2220 ; fax : + 1 - 514 - 288 - 6588 ; e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org ; internet : http : / / www. biodiv. org / doc / meeting. aspx? mtg = tegfor - 03 xxii iufro world congress : this congress of the international union of forest research organizations ( iufro ) will be take place from 8 - 13 august 2005, in brisbane, australia, and will focus on \u201c forests in the balance : linking tradition and technology. \u201d for more information, contact : international union of forest research organization ; tel : + 61 07 3854 1611 ; fax : + 61 07 3854 1507 ; e - mail : interactive forest & nature policy in practice \u2013 managing multi - stakeholder learning in sector - wide approaches and national forest programmes : this course will be held from 12 september - 1 october 2005, in wageningen, the netherlands. this course aims to provide participants with insights, knowledge and skills for designing and managing interactive policy development and implementation processes in forest and nature management. for more information, contact : international agricultural centre ( iac ) ; tel : + 31 - 317 - 495 - 495 ; fax : + 31 - 317 - 495 - 395 ; e - mail : training. iac @ wur. nl ; internet : http : / / www. iac. wur. nl / iac / courses / module. cfm? code = 34 / 00 / 2005 eighth world wilderness congress : this meeting will take place from 30 september to 6 october", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48412578638816434, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.940781"} {"text": "; internet : http : / / www. iac. wur. nl / iac / courses / module. cfm? code = 34 / 00 / 2005 eighth world wilderness congress : this meeting will take place from 30 september to 6 october 2005, in anchorage, alaska, us. the theme of the 8th wwc is wilderness, wildlands and people \u2013 a partnership for the planet. for more information, contact : the wild foundation secretariat ; tel : + 1 - 805 - 640 - 0390 ; fax : + 1 - 805 - 640 - 0230 ; e - mail : email @ example. com ; internet : http : / / www. 8wwc. org / itto international conference on tropical plywood : this conference will take place from 26 - 28 september 2005, in beijing, china. as part of its ongoing work to \u201c study and promote policies and other measures to increase the competitiveness of the tropical timber industry, \u201d itto will convene an international conference on tropical plywood, pursuant to the recommendations from the 36th and 37th ittc sessions. for more information, contact : paul vantomme, itto secretariat ; tel : + 81 - 45 - 223 - 1110 ; fax : + 81 - 45 - 223 - 1111 ; e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org ; internet : http : / / www. itto. or. jp / live / pagedisplayhandler? pageid = 223 & id = 957 seventh conference of the parties to the ccd : the seventh conference of the parties to the convention to combat desertification will take place from 17 - 28 october 2005, in nairobi, kenya. for more information, contact : unccd secretariat ; tel : + 49 - 228 - 815 - 2802 ; fax : + 49 - 228 - 815 - 2898 ; e - mail : email @ example. com ; internet : http : / / www. unccd. int europe and north asia forest law enforcement and governance ministerial meeting : this meeting will take place in november or december 2005 in st. petersburg, russian federation. the exact dates and location of the meeting have yet to be determined. for more information, contact : nalin kishor ; tel : + 1 - 202 - 473 - 8672 ; fax : + 1 - 202 - 522 - 1142 ; e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org ; internet : http : / / l", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48763499663930854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.941800"} {"text": "; tel : + 1 - 202 - 473 - 8672 ; fax : + 1 - 202 - 522 - 1142 ; e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org ; internet : http : / / lnweb18. worldbank. org / essd / ardext. nsf / 14bydocname / forestgovernanceprogram 39th session of the international tropical timber council : ittc - 39 and associated sessions of the committees will convene in yokohama, japan, from 7 - 12 november 2005. for more information, contact : manoel sobral filho, executive director, itto ; tel : + 81 - 45 - 223 - 1110 ; fax : + 81 - 45 - 223 - 1111 ; e - mail : email @ example. com ; internet : http : / / www. itto. or. jp unff - 6 : the sixth session of the united nations forum on forests will be held from 13 - 24 february 2006, at un headquarters in new york. for more information, contact : elisabeth barsk - rundquist, unff secretariat ; tel : + 1 - 212 - 963 - 3262 ; fax : + 1 - 917 - 367 - 3186 ; e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org ; internet : http : / / www. un. org / esa / forests", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47069010823416524, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.942548"} {"text": "\u201c every year in our country, the legal and social equality of all races continues to come closer to our ideal, \u201d said james m. cornelius, curator of the lincoln collection at the presidential library and museum. \u201c the great break with the past, the seminal event, the leap forward, began with lincoln ' s pen in september 1862. people at the time - black or white, american or european, north or south - knew this, and their experience tells us to celebrate this document and its anniversary. \u201d the emancipation proclamation is one of the officially printed commemorative copies that lincoln signed in full, along with secretary of state william seward and lincoln \u2019 s private secretary, john g. nicolay. the president signed the original emancipation proclamation in private with only a few witnesses at his side \u2013 no \u201c photo opportunity \u201d as we like to say today. it is fortunate that the commemorative printing was ordered, because lincoln \u2019 s original manuscript was lost in the chicago fire of 1871. the proclamation measures approximately 27 by 20 inches. it was most recently displayed during a five - day special viewing around his birthday in 2012, and during the 2009 lincoln bicentennial. next to it will be two artifacts never before displayed. one, created in the 1870s, is a bronze statue of lincoln breaking the shackles of a slave. the sculptor was probably a frenchman, leon falconnier. it was inspired by a giant washington, d. c., statue by thomas ball for which frederick douglass gave the dedication speech in 1876. in that speech douglass declared lincoln \u201c the white man \u2019 s president, \u201d though he had earlier deemed him \u201c the black man ' s president. \u201d falconnier may have wanted to capitalize on ball ' s work, which, though less popular today, was commissioned and paid for by freedmen and helped solidify the image of lincoln as the liberator of a race. lincoln in fact had urged freedmen to show their gratitude to god and not to him, since freedom is a human right. visitors will be asked to give their thoughts about the sculpture as part of an \u201c interactive experience \u201d about this trio of historic objects. the other item on view for the first time will be an 1864 notice of a slave sale in louisville, kentucky. this sale, held nearly two years after the emancipation proclamation was issued, shows that the proclamation did not apply to the border states during the civil war, thus keeping these slave - holding states in the union. the next year, congress voted to change the u. s. constitution with the 13th amendment,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3884832826735317, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.945276"} {"text": "note : this message is displayed if ( 1 ) your browser is not standards - compliant or ( 2 ) you have you disabled css. read our policies for more information. the document includes 11 plates which are also available for download. plates 2 - 9 are in shapefile,. jpg, and. pdf format. plate 1 is available in. jpg and. pdf format only. the shape can be assembled using arcexplorer which can be downloaded from esri ' s website. | plate number | | adobe acrobat pdf format | |. jpg image file | | shape compressed using pk zip | | plate 1 - bedrock geology | | 1. 5mb | | 796kb | | na | | plate 2 - quaternary geologic map of the west fork white river basin | | 2. 8mb | | 376kb | | 688kb | | plate 3a - bedrock surface topography of the west fork of the white river basin ( north map ) | | 1. 8mb | | 591kb | | 1020kb | | plate 3b - bedrock surface topography of the west fork of the white river basin ( central map ) | | 3mb | | 782kb | | 2. 8mb | | plate 3c - bedrock surface topography of the west fork of the white river basin ( south map ) | | 2. 3mb | | 565kb | | 2. 1mb | | plate 4 - generalized potentiometric surface map for selected counties | | 1. 1mb | | 550kb | | 815kb | | plate 5 - bedrock and unconsolidated aquifer systems | | 2. 2mb | | 468kb | | 1. 2mb | | plate 6 - thickness of unconsolidated deposits of portions of the west fork of the white river basin | | 1. 5mb | | 652kb | | 1. 2mb | | plate 7 - thickness of silurian and devonian carbonate aquifer system in the crop area | | 1mb | | 521kb | | 963kb | | plate 8 - regional estimates of transmissivity for bedrock and unconsolidated aquifer systems | | 1. 1mb | | 336kb | | 1. 3mb | | plate 9 - locations of ground - water chemistry analysis | | 550kb | | 260kb | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46002227215796376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.947561"} {"text": "history | society, culture, and politics in antebellum america a384 | 2830 | gamber above section open to undergraduates only this course examines major developments in the united states roughly from 1815 to 1860. its primary focus is the widespread economic, social, cultural, and political impact of the market revolution ( the rise of commercial agriculture, the growth of cities, the beginnings of industrialization, and the ascendance of \u201c market values \u201d ). specific topics include the expansion and persistence of slavery, the rise and decline of the \" second party system \" and the meaning of \" jacksonian democracy, \" the rise of evangelical christianity and the proliferation of antebellum reform movements, and the coming of the civil war. this course stresses the interconnections between economic, social, cultural, and political developments. students will be required to attend class regularly, to participate actively, and to complete assigned readings. in addition, they will have short quizzes on assigned readings, two short ( 4 - 6 - page ) papers, a midterm, and a final. all written assignments will be in essay format ; all will emphasize interpretation and analysis rather than memorization of facts and events. john f. marszalek, \" the petticoat affair : manners, mutiny, and sex in andrew jackson \u2019 s white house \" louis p. masur, 1831 : \" year of eclipse \" paul johnson and sean wilentz, \" the kingdom of matthias \" t. s. arthur, \" ten nights in a bar - room \" harriet beecher stowe, \" uncle tom \u2019 s cabin \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4275804791691021, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.949261"} {"text": "- digital pills make their way to market ( nature, july 30, 2012 ) : digestible microchips embedded in drugs may soon tell doctors whether a patient is taking their medications as prescribed. these sensors are the first ingestible devices approved by the us food and drug administration ( fda ). to some, they signify the beginning of an era in digital medicine. \u201c about half of all people don \u2019 t take medications like they \u2019 re supposed to, \u201d says eric topol, director of the scripps translational science institute in la jolla, california. \u201c this device could be a solution to that problem, so that doctors can know when to rev up a patient \u2019 s medication adherence. \u201d topol is not affiliated with the company that manufactures the device, proteus digital health in redwood city, california, but he embraces the sensor \u2019 s futuristic appeal, saying, \u201c it \u2019 s like big brother watching you take your medicine. \u201d the sand - particle sized sensor consists of a minute silicon chip containing trace amounts of magnesium and copper. when swallowed, it generates a slight voltage in response to digestive juices, which conveys a signal to the surface of a person \u2019 s skin where a patch then relays the information to a mobile phone belonging to a healthcare - provider. currently, the fda, and the analogous regulatory agency in europe have only approved the device based on studies showing its safety and efficacy when implanted in placebo pills. but proteus hopes to have the device approved within other drugs in the near future. medicines that must be taken for years, such as those for drug resistant tuberculosis, diabetes, and for the elderly with chronic diseases, are top candidates, says george savage, co - founder and chief medical officer at the company. \u201c the point is not for doctors to castigate people, but to understand how people are responding to their treatments, \u201d savage says. \u201c this way doctors can prescribe a different dose or a different medicine if they learn that it \u2019 s not being taken appropriately. \u201d proponents of digital medical devices predict that they will provide alternatives to doctor visits, blood tests, mris and cat scans. other gadgets in the pipeline include implantable devices that wirelessly inject drugs at pre - specified times, and sensors that deliver a person \u2019 s electrocardiogram to their smartphone. in his book published in january, the creative destruction of medicine, topol says that the 2010s will be known as the era of digital medical devices. \u201c there are so many of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5010276200721157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.953081"} {"text": "robert falcon scott scott, robert falcon, 1868 \u2013 1912, british naval officer and antarctic explorer. he commanded two noted expeditions to antarctica. the first expedition ( 1901 \u2013 4 ), in the discovery, organized jointly by the royal geographical society and the royal society and well equipped for scientific research, was concerned with exploration of the region around the ross sea. scott ' s achievements included sounding the sea, discovering king edward vii land ( now known as edward vii peninsula ), surveying the coast of victoria land, and making a long, important exploring trip on the antarctic continent itself ; he reached a new \" farthest south \" of 82\u00b017\u2212. on his return to england, scott was promoted to captain in the navy and wrote an account of his expedition, the voyage of the \" discovery \" ( 1905 ). in 1910 he again set forth for antarctica, this time in search of the south pole. his terra nova reached its base on the ross sea in 1911, and in november he started southward on foot toward the pole. scott and his four companions pulled their heavy sledges by hand across the high polar plateau, proceeding in subzero weather the entire way. when they reached the south pole on jan. 18, 1912, they found that roald amundsen, the norwegian explorer, had preceded them by about one month. on their retreat the heroic party was beset by illness, lack of food, frostbite, blizzards, and autumn temperatures 10 to 20 degrees lower than antarctica ' s bone - chilling average. all five members died, the last three overwhelmed by a blizzard when only a few miles from their depot. their bodies were later recovered, together with scott ' s diaries, the records, and the valuable scientific collections. scott ' s journey has been considered by many one of the epic events of british exploration, but many modern biographers and scholars have accused him of a fatal inexperience in polar travel and a general incompetence that doomed him and his men. scott ' s diaries and the scientific findings of the expedition are contained in scott ' s last expedition ( 2 vol., 1913 ). see a. cherry - garrard, the worst journey in the world ( 1994 ) ; d. preston, a first rate tragedy ( 1998 ) ; t. h. baughman, pilgrims on the ice ( 1999 ) ; r. huntford, the last place on earth ( 1999 ) ; s. solomon, the coldest march ( 2001 ) ; r. fiennes, race to the pole", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4427710137743827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.957682"} {"text": "farming and plant protection are segments of agriculture and forestry an independent area. agriculture involves all issues related to the production of food for humans and animals. farming is the segment of agriculture that cultivates and farms fields to produce renewable raw materials. in addition to the targeted cultivation of crops, farming also involves maintenance and plant protection. farming requires taking into account a wide variety of factors, such as managing fields with some degree of crop rotation. that means no field is cultivated with the same crop two years in a row. as a result, a variety of minerals are used, giving the soil time to regenerate. plant protection is necessary in the farming industry in order to keep crops from withering and to protect them from pests and vermin. shortly after the harvest, the soil is prepared for the next season. farming, including plant protection, is often mentioned in the same breath as forestry, although this is inaccurate since forestry is an independent field. the term \" plant protection \" was used within the farming industry as early as 1890. plant protection is described as all measures aimed at preventing the damage and diminishment of agricultural crop output. the german requirements relating to plant protection for the farming industry are outlined in the plant protection law. plant protection may be carried out only by those with the proper training and those who adhere to the basic principles of integrated plant protection and protection of the ground water. plant protection is one of the core elements of farming because it ensures a high - quality yield and healthy human nutrition. a special form of plant protection entails measures to combat birds that cause crop damage. species that pose a threat to farming include blackbirds and starlings. this type of plant protection utilizes optical or acoustic measures to drive the birds off. the farming industry receives assistance with plant protection issues through special information sources and also via financial help. without plant protection, the farming industry would be less productive. demarcation line between forestry and farming both forestry and farming involve the cultivation of renewable raw materials. the difference is that forestry is not focused on the financial aspect. instead, the primary aim is the preservation and protection of the forests. trees are thinned out when they are too close to other trees, when they die or if room for new plants must be made. although forestry certainly has one eye on profits, the well - being of the forest is always the main objective. the importance of forestry and wood products is universally underestimated. thanks to the forestry industry, we enjoy wood furniture, books and firewood. forestry is a vital part", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4677992471369893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.965342"} {"text": "on profits, the well - being of the forest is always the main objective. the importance of forestry and wood products is universally underestimated. thanks to the forestry industry, we enjoy wood furniture, books and firewood. forestry is a vital part of our lives, even if we don ' t actively participate. forestry involves methodical work to keep forests alive. in germany, there are three different forms of ownership : government, community and private. despite the different forms, they all have to be managed with the principles of forestry in mind. each german bundesland ( state ) has enacted a state forestry law. the chief foresters are responsible for monitoring the implementation of the law. with the most forest acreage in germany, bavaria boasts the country ' s largest forestry operations. the farming and plant protection industries contribute to a high quality of life and low product prices by maintaining the highest possible crop yield per field. while forestry places a high value on sustainability like farming and plant protection, the primary aim is still ensuring the health of the forests. this special field deals with the primary production of human and animal foodstuffs as well as renewable raw materials. also addressed are issues related to habitats for flora and fauna, recreation or landscape and common use. among other subjects, reports are available on topics such as crop and plant management, ecological farming, horticulture, viticulture, forest management and agriculture. texas a & m university - agricultural communications09. 02. 2004 | read more university of arizona02. 02. 2004 | read more american society of agronomy28. 01. 2004 | read more azti fundazioa26. 01. 2004 | read more nasa / goddard space flight center - - eos project science office21. 01. 2004 | read more virginia tech09. 01. 2004 | read more john wiley & sons09. 01. 2004 | read more university of illinois at urbana - champaign17. 12. 2003 | read more john wiley & sons, ltd15. 12. 2003 | read more a fried breakfast food popular in spain provided the inspiration for the development of doughnut - shaped droplets that may provide scientists with a new approach for studying fundamental issues in physics, mathematics and materials. the doughnut - shaped droplets, a shape known as toroidal, are formed from two dissimilar liquids using a simple rotating stage and an injection needle. about a millimeter in overall size, the droplets are produced individually, their shapes maintained by a surrounding springy material made of polymers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45978563836065484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.967610"} {"text": "as toroidal, are formed from two dissimilar liquids using a simple rotating stage and an injection needle. about a millimeter in overall size, the droplets are produced individually, their shapes maintained by a surrounding springy material made of polymers. droplets in this toroidal shape made... frauhofer fep will present a novel roll - to - roll manufacturing process for high - barriers and functional films for flexible displays at the sid displayweek 2013 in vancouver \u2013 the international showcase for the display industry. displays that are flexible and paper thin at the same time?! what might still seem like science fiction will be a major topic at the sid display week 2013 that currently takes place in vancouver in canada. high manufacturing cost and a short lifetime are still a major obstacle on... university of wurzburg physicists have succeeded in creating a new type of laser. its operation principle is completely different from conventional devices, which opens up the possibility of a significantly reduced energy input requirement. the researchers report their work in the current issue of nature. it also emits light the waves of which are in phase with one another : the polariton laser, developed... innsbruck physicists led by rainer blatt and peter zoller experimentally gained a deep insight into the nature of quantum mechanical phase transitions. they are the first scientists that simulated the competition between two rival dynamical processes at a novel type of transition between two quantum mechanical orders. they have published the results of their work in the journal nature physics. \u201c when water boils, its molecules are released as vapor. we call this... researchers have shown that, by using global positioning systems ( gps ) to measure ground deformation caused by a large underwater earthquake, they can provide accurate warning of the resulting tsunami in just a few minutes after the earthquake onset. for the devastating japan 2011 event, the team reveals that the analysis of the gps data and issue of a detailed tsunami alert would have taken no more than three minutes. the results are published on 17 may in natural hazards and earth system sciences, an open access journal of... 22. 05. 2013 | ecology, the environment and conservation 22. 05. 2013 | earth sciences 22. 05. 2013 | life sciences 17. 05. 2013 | event news 15. 05. 2013 | event news 08. 05. 2013 | event news", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.6058584071402, "token_count": 477, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.969165"} {"text": "march 5, 2013 london ( ap ) - - despite six decades of free medical care and widespread health campaigns, britons are among the unhealthiest people in western europe, a new study says. international researchers analyzed the country ' s rates of sickness and death from 1990 to 2010 in comparison to those of 15 other western european countries in addition to australia, canada and the u. s. experts described the u. k. results as \" startling \" and said britain was failing to address underlying health risks in its population, including rising rates of high blood pressure, obesity and drug and alcohol abuse. \" it ' s incredibly surprising, \" said dr. christopher murray, who studies health metrics at the university of washington in seattle and is the lead author of the latest report. \" we all think of the u. k. as having a great health system and as one of the most sophisticated medical research communities in the world, \" he wrote in an email. \" nobody would have really expected that the u. k. would be toward the bottom. \" overall, the u. k. was 12th for healthy life expectancy, with most britons expected to live 68. 6 years in good health. the united states came in 17th out of 19 countries with 67. 9 years. spain topped the charts with a healthy life expectancy of 70. 9, while finland came last, with most finns likely to live 67. 3 years in good health. australia ranked third with 70. 1 years, while canada was fifth with 69. 6 years. in terms of years of life lost to health conditions, britain ranked just above last place for serious respiratory infections, preterm birth complications, and breast cancer. in comparison, italy had the lowest death rates from respiratory infections while norway was best at handling birth complications. sweden had the lowest death rates for breast cancer. murray and colleagues said there was virtually no change in the rate of premature deaths among british adults aged 20 to 54 but found a spike in deaths caused by drug and alcohol abuse for that age group. cirrhosis, or liver disease often linked to alcohol consumption, has jumped by more than 65 percent in britain in the last two decades, prompting a recent government proposal to crack down on cheap drinks by setting minimum prices. as in most western nations, heart disease, stroke and cancer were the leading killers and in the u. k. there were higher death rates from those compared to other developed countries studied. the research was paid for by the bill & melinda gates foundation and was published online tuesday", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40023473222379513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.971987"} {"text": "what is it? acne is a common skin condition. it is caused by inflammation of the hair follicles and oil - producing ( sebaceous ) glands of the skin. hair follicles are the tiny structures that grow hair in the scalp. sebaceous glands produce sebum. sebum moisturizes hair and skin. each hair pushes up through the skin surface along with sebum. acne often begins during puberty. it occurs when sebaceous glands in the skin are over - stimulated to produce sebum and skin cells are not shed normally. these sticky cells block the skin ' s hair follicles, trapping the sebum. the blocked, oil - filled follicle then causes the bacteria normally in the hair follicles to multiply. this leads to inflammation, redness and pimples ( pustules ). in adolescents, acne flare - ups probably are related to a natural increase in androgen hormones during the teen years. these androgens stimulate the sebaceous glands to produce excess sebum. hereditary factors also contribute to the problem. other factors that can lead to acne include : acne is not related to diet or poor hygiene. in fact, too much washing can cause an acne flare - up to get worse. acne can cause : in girls and women, acne often flares up at certain points in the menstrual cycle. your doctor usually can diagnose acne based on a simple physical examination. he or she will look for acne comedones, pustules, nodules and cysts on your face, chest, back, upper arms and shoulders. your doctor will ask questions about your medical history to try to identify contributing factors. you will be asked about your : acne flare - ups may occur at any time after puberty. they are more common during the teen years. acne cannot be prevented. acne develops in most people. it is a normal part of maturing. however, some people are more prone to developing acne. acne can be treated with : if these topical treatments fail, acne is treated next with oral antibiotics. however, these medications can have side effects. they are available only by prescription. some oral antibiotics can cause birth defects. women on these antibiotics who are sexually active must use contraception. they need to make absolutely sure they do not become pregnant either during treatment or for one month after treatment. when to call", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48155955859480043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.974521"} {"text": "eucratides, name of two greco - bactrian kings. 1. eucratides i ( r. 170 - 145 b. c. e. ), one of the last and most powerful of the greco - bactrian kings. after taking bactria ( q. v. ) from the euthydemid demetrius ii ( q. v. ), he subjugated the indo - greek kingdoms south of the hindu kush and seized northwest india as far as the jhelum from his rival, menander ( q. v. ). upon his return from one of his indian campaigns, eucratides was ignominiously assassinated by his own son ( heliocles i? ). after his death, the greco - bactrian empire began to collapse. already robbed of its western marches by mithridates i of parthia, bactria lost its northern territories and its eastern frontier to nomad invaders who eventually eliminated greek power from central asia and india. the grandeur of eucratides \u2019 reign and the power of his state is shown by the abundance of his coinage from a great number of mints, by its presence in an area stretching to the middle east and the black sea, by his minting of the largest gold coin of ancient times ( the 20 stater coin in the cabinet des medailles in paris ), and by his invention of new monetary types ( the triumphant dioskuoroi caracoling on horseback, their caps studded with stars ). he founded the city of eucratideia in bactria ( of uncertain location ) and probably ordered the last phase of embellishment at the palace of ay kanom ( q. v. ), on the banks of the amu darya ( q. v. ; oxus ). items of indian origin discovered in the treasury of this palace bear witness to his indian campaigns. until the beginning of the christian era, imitations of his coinage were produced north of amu darya by the nomad princes who succeeded the greeks ( zeimal \u2019, pp. 93 - 109 ). 2. eucratides ii, another greco - bactrian king, ( r. 145 - 140 b. c. e. ) is known only through his coinage. bibliography ( for cited works not given in detail, see \u201c short references \u201d ) : p. bernard, fouilles d \u2019 ai khanoum iv. les monnaies hors tresors. questions d \u2019 histoire", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4050491211876865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.978145"} {"text": "only through his coinage. bibliography ( for cited works not given in detail, see \u201c short references \u201d ) : p. bernard, fouilles d \u2019 ai khanoum iv. les monnaies hors tresors. questions d \u2019 histoire greco - bactrienne, paris, 1985, pp. 67 - 70, 97 - 113. o. bopearachchi, monnaies greco - bactriennes et indo - grecques : catalogue raisonne du cabinet des medailles, paris, 1991, pp. 66 - 73, 85 - 86 ( eucratides i ), pp. 72 - 73 ( eucratides ii ). justin, 41. 6. i. t. kruglikova, dil \u2019 berdzin. raskopki 1970 - 1972 gg. ( delbarjin. excavations 1970 - 72 ) i, moscow, 1974, pp. 22 - 27. idem, drevnyaya baktriya : materialy sovetsko - afganskoi ekspeditsii 1969 - 1979 gg. ( ancient bactria : results of the afghan - soviet expedition 1969 - 79 ), moscow, 1976, pp. 88 - 93, 111 - 13 ( v. p. buryi on the technique of painting ). idem, khram dioskurov : materialy sovetsko - afganskoi ekspeditsii ( the temple of dioscuri : results of the afghan - soviet expedition ), moscow, 1986, pp. 6 - 34, 104 - 6 ( review by p. bernard in abstracta iranica 10, 1987, no. 189 ). a. k. narain, the indo - greeks, oxford, 1957, pp. 53 - 58, 64, 69 - 73. ptolemy, vi, 11. 8. c. rapin, fouilles d \u2019 ai khanoum viii : la tresorerie du palais hellenistique d \u2019 ai khanoum. l \u2019 apogee et la chute du royaume grec de bactriane, paris, 1992 ( index, s. v. ). n. smirnova, \u201c coins of eucratides in museum collections, \u201d east and west 42 / 1, 1992, pp. 85 - 102. b. ya. staviskii, la bactriane sous les kushans : problemes d \u2019 histoire et de culture, rev. ed.,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47833121363702125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.978910"} {"text": "climate change : where do we go from here? kyoto and beyond future actions in response to the threat of climate change should emphasize adaptation and new energy technology. the international agreement concluded in kyoto, japan, during the first two weeks of december 1997 to limit greenhouse gas emissions to forestall climate warming is variously portrayed as a success or a failure. it was both. the road to kyoto was pitted with political, economic, and scientific potholes. it is now on to buenos aires in november 1998 for another conference of the parties to the framework convention on climate change. to what end? the united states had proposed that by the period 2008 - 2012 the world ' s nations reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, principally carbon dioxide, to 1990 levels. binding commitments from the participating nations were sought. as if to confirm the need for binding agreements to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the futility of voluntary efforts, the u. s. department of energy announced two months before the kyoto meeting that for the six - year period 1990 - 1996, the united states exceeded by 8 percent its commitment to reduce emissions to the 1990 level by the year 2000. the position of the united states was carefully crafted over the course of 1997. the administration walked a tightrope of compromise among the diverse domestic and international constituencies affected by and having an interest in the outcome. it was a position that lent itself to criticism by advocacy groups on all sides. an international agreement of sorts was indeed reached in kyoto, but on terms hardly favorable to the united states. it required the last - minute, hurried intervention of vice president gore on a 19 - hour mission to kyoto. the vice president injected sufficient flexibility into the negotiations to bring the nations at the conference to consensus on some issues, but a price was paid. the agreement at kyoto was a success in that it preserved the international momentum to continue to address the projected climate warming. the follow - up meeting in buenos aires in november 1998 will address many unresolved issues. however, the substance of the agreement failed to meet u. s. objectives. the united states was forced to compromise on some of its most critical concerns. although the united states achieved a vague agreement on the use of market mechanisms for achieving greenhouse gas emission reductions, it had to agree to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 7 percent below the 1990 level, a deep reduction from its original proposal. it obtained agreement on binding commitments only from industrialized countries. the developing nations insisted on and were granted a free ride. further, the agreed reductions varied from country to country, a concession necessary to bring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4749862649104739, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.996843"} {"text": "level, a deep reduction from its original proposal. it obtained agreement on binding commitments only from industrialized countries. the developing nations insisted on and were granted a free ride. further, the agreed reductions varied from country to country, a concession necessary to bring the various nations into agreement. for example, australia was able to negotiate an increase in its emissions of 8 percent above the 1990 level. the u. s. debate the u. s. position was the result of a contentious debate. president clinton had set the stage on several occasions. in a speech to a special session of the united nations ( un ), he stated that \" the science is clear and compelling. \" the administration found the economics acceptable. after all, at a january 1997 meeting of the american economics association, the economists at the meeting, led by nobel laureates robert solow and kenneth arrow, declared, \" as economists, we believe that global climate change carries with it significant environmental, economic, social, and geopolitical risks and that preventive steps are justified. economic studies have found that there are many potential policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in which total benefits outweigh total costs. \" a u. s. government interagency committee later also concluded that the economic costs would be acceptable. after the kyoto meeting, an official assessment by the white house was announced in march 1998 by janet yellen, chair of the council of economic advisors, declaring that the economic costs would be modest. the country was exposed to an intense public debate. it was bombarded by a barrage of television commercials, both pro and con ; by an outpouring of editorials ; by actions of the congress ; and by press reports of conflicting statements from scientists. congress indicated that it would not ratify any kyoto agreement that did not include all the nations of the world. in a 95 - 0 vote in july, the senate approved a resolution urging the clinton administration not to sign the climate change pact if developing countries were exempted. the response of the administration was that the kyoto treaty would not be submitted for ratification until developing nations could be included in some form of agreement. earlier in june, 132 members of the business council issued a strong statement that urged the clinton administration \" not to rush to policy commitments until the environmental benefits and economic consequences of the treaty proposals have been thoroughly analyzed. \" a month later, chrysler chairman robert eaton expressed the view of the automotive industry in an editorial in the washington post : \" in response to uncertain science and pressure from environmental activists and from countries eager for our jobs and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48037053570400085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.998165"} {"text": "treaty proposals have been thoroughly analyzed. \" a month later, chrysler chairman robert eaton expressed the view of the automotive industry in an editorial in the washington post : \" in response to uncertain science and pressure from environmental activists and from countries eager for our jobs and living standards, the clinton administration is poised to agree to a un global warming treaty that will compel us to curtail fossil fuel energy use by 20 percent, one certain consequence of which would be a decline in the country ' s economic growth by a similar amount. \" ford ceo alex troutman joined in declaring that human effects on climate were very uncertain and that a mass exodus of u. s. factories would likely result from the nation ' s commitment to deep emission reductions of the magnitude suggested by the european community. labor organizations such as the united brotherhood of carpenters and the united mine workers joined business organizations in sponsoring critical newspaper advertisements. these powerful forces, concerned about the consequences of significant greenhouse gas reductions for the u. s. economy and jobs, joined in the strong cautionary warning. industry, however, was not monolithic in attitude. the president of the reinsurance association of america, in support of the administration, summed up the threat this way, \" the insurance business is first in line to be affected by climate change ; it would bankrupt the industry. \" breaking ranks with most of the fossil energy industries, john brown, ceo of british petroleum, the world ' s third largest oil and gas company, in a speech at stanford university, expressed the view that there was enough evidence that pollution was contributing to global warming to begin to take precautionary action. he was later joined by other petroleum industry leaders of such companies as royal dutch shell and sun oil. many of the public interest groups with deep concerns about environmental issues, as well as the environmental organizations within the administration, weighed in. the vice president, whose book earth in the balance had become a national primer on the catastrophes facing the planet in the absence of action on climate warming, was convinced that action by the united states was essential. his views were buttressed by the report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ). this international group of scientists, operating under the aegis of the world meteorological organization and the un environment programmme, had been charged with periodic assessments of the status of our knowledge about climate change and its possible environmental and economic effects. although this group recognized the uncertainties in their projections and assessments, it nevertheless concluded that the \" balance of evidence \" suggested that the effects of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47106003413130026, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:47.999787"} {"text": "been charged with periodic assessments of the status of our knowledge about climate change and its possible environmental and economic effects. although this group recognized the uncertainties in their projections and assessments, it nevertheless concluded that the \" balance of evidence \" suggested that the effects of humanity on climate change had been detected. its views and conclusions became the basis for governmental decisions throughout the world. the ipcc provided a powerful confirmation of the fears of the administration. a cadre of scientists led by fred seitz, past president of the national academy of sciences, richard lindzen at mit, and fred singer of the science and environmental policy project continued to question the warming projections of the climate models and claimed that there was little evidence in the data for such a warming. in fact, singer repeatedly emphasized that the surface temperature records that indicated a global warming were contradicted by the satellite temperature measurements of the past two decades. nevertheless, most of the world ' s experts believe and worry that substantial anthropogenic global climate change will occur, although there is much uncertainty as to the timing, intensity, and regional effects. a strong precautionary stance was urged by environmental groups and others. jessica matthews, then a ssenior fellow at the council on foreign relations, expressed it best when, in an op - ed in the washington post she said, \" it is time and past to move beyond the jokes, the sneers, the name calling, the know - nothingism, and the false controversies and on to the real choices. the solid body of scientific evidence obliges us to ask what we ' re going to do about global warming and how much we are willing to pay. \" the backlash to the industry views, as expected, came also from environmental advocacy groups such as the natural resources defense council and the council for an energy efficient economy. in response to the views of automotive executives, the officials of these organizations countered that \" rather than relying on bad science and economics to deny responsibility, major companies like chrysler should acknowledge that global warming poses a serious risk. their products are contributing to the risk, and with the risk comes an opportunity - industry should seize this opportunity and support a strong agreement to protect the planet in kyoto. \" the battle reflected the struggle within the administration. joining the battle were the national economic council and the treasury department, urging caution because of the economic costs to the country. deep emission reductions would necessitate reducing energy use by 25 to 35 percent below what was projected for the year 2010. on the other side were the agencies of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4906544348762465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.001281"} {"text": "council and the treasury department, urging caution because of the economic costs to the country. deep emission reductions would necessitate reducing energy use by 25 to 35 percent below what was projected for the year 2010. on the other side were the agencies of the government charged with environmental quality. katie mcginty of the council of environmental quality voiced the vice president ' s views. undersecretary of state stuart eisenstadt, who ultimately replaced undersecretary tim wirth as u. s. chief negotiator, played a strong role. compromise was inevitable, and the u. s. position reflected that. another consideration was the reaction of other governments to the administration ' s proposals at a preparatory meeting in berlin in october. as reported in the washington post, germany ' s environment minister, angela merkel, called the u. s. proposal \" disappointing and insufficient. \" the japanese prime minister, yutaro hashimoto, stated that \" there might have been room for further efforts. \" peter jorgenson, the spokesman for the 15 - nation european union ' s executive committee, is reported to have summed it up by saying, \" it is simply not good enough. there must be something better coming from the white house if the united states wants to face up to its global responsibilities. \" as might be expected, china, leading the developing world, called on the rich countries to cut their emissions by 7. 5 percent below the 1990 level by 2005, and by 35 percent by 2020 - an impossible goal. the controversy was played out before the general public through advocacy advertisements in the mass media, accompanied by public relations campaigns. the television spots were particularly graphic and focused on the unfairness and unworkability of any treaty that did not include all nations and on the economic impacts, illustrated by estimated job losses and higher gasoline prices. the spots in favor of a treaty appealed to the need for wise stewardship of earth to forestall unacceptable consequences and the overwhelming scientific support for the reality of climate change. newspaper ads conveyed the same general themes. the administration, no stranger to the importance of public relations in achieving support for its ideas, mounted an unprecedented campaign to convince key constituencies that the threat of global warming is real. it marshaled a group of scientists led by nobel laureates mario molina, henry kendall, and f. sherwood rowland, in what the white house called an east room roundtable, to support its position. the president indicated that failure to act could lead to widespread ecological disasters, including killer heat waves, severe floods and drought", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4782144971196414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.002379"} {"text": ", henry kendall, and f. sherwood rowland, in what the white house called an east room roundtable, to support its position. the president indicated that failure to act could lead to widespread ecological disasters, including killer heat waves, severe floods and droughts, an increase in infectious diseases, and rising sea levels that could swamp thousand of miles of coastal florida and louisiana. white house forums were organized in many regions of the country. some brought together the business, industrial, and labor leadership ; others assembled experts on science, technology, economics, and the environment. the white house even organized a tv weather forecasters ' conference. the president, vice president, and half a dozen leading climate scientists undertook to brief the forecasters on the climate issues and the overwhelming scientific opinion supporting action. the administration offered as an enticement the venue of the white house grounds as a backdrop for the tv weather forecasts. the president indicated that he was not seeking to influence them but was effective in doing just that. he said, \" i want to try to get america to accept the fact that the majority of scientific opinion, the overwhelming majority of scientific opinion, is accurate. i want us to make a commitment, therefore, to go to kyoto with binding agreements. \" the public was treated to an outpouring of news reports that could only have added to the confusion. sensational headlines in the press, although in many cases based on legitimate scientific studies, were part of the cause. the great blizzard along the east coast of the united states in january 1996 was attributed to global warming. one report cited evidence that the spring season was one week shorter than in the previous decade across much of the northern hemisphere because of climate warming. late in the 1996 hurricane season, hurricane fran hit north carolina. the headline explained that this was just a harbinger of what could be expected from global warming. the hurricane season of 1997 seemed to contradict these views ; it was noteworthy for the paucity of storms. the race to be the first to claim that the average temperature of a year was the warmest on record led to conflicting estimates for 1995. the silliness was emphasized by reports that butterflies were fleeing their normal haunts because of global warming. the kyoto effect a fair question is whether the agreements reached in kyoto will lead to actions necessary to arrest climate warming. for this we must turn to science, and the answer is clearly no. at most, they are a small step in the right direction. most scientists agree that the emissions rollback contained in the kyoto agreement will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5171537725834671, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.003464"} {"text": "to actions necessary to arrest climate warming. for this we must turn to science, and the answer is clearly no. at most, they are a small step in the right direction. most scientists agree that the emissions rollback contained in the kyoto agreement will not do the trick. it will succeed only in delaying the projected climate warming by tens of years. sweden ' s bert bolin, the highly regarded chairman of the ipcc, in a post - kyoto article in science magazine declared, \" if no further steps are taken during the next ten years, carbon dioxide will increase in the atmosphere in the first decade of the next century essentially how it has done during the past few decades. \" in 1990, six billion tons of carbon were being emitted to the atmosphere, of which roughly 50 percent remained resident, thus continuing the increase in carbon dioxide concentrations. rollbacks in carbon dioxide emissions of 60 to 80 percent would be necessary to stabilize the carbon dioxide concentrations, and presumably the climate, at present levels. another fair question is the acceptability of the economic costs of the greenhouse gas emission reductions agreed to at kyoto. here opinions differ widely. to make economic projections, it is necessary to specify not only the effects of a climate warming on all human activities but also to assume the size and distribution of the global population, the rates of economic growth of the various regions of the world, the rates and types of technological changes, and the effectiveness of economic policy measures such as taxes and emissions trading regimes. economists deal with the unknowable. for instance, changes as dramatic as the collapse of the berlin wall and the present economic difficulties in east asia were completely unforeseen. economists can devise scenarios of the future economic and technological global systems only on the basis of present circumstances and long - term trends. nevertheless, economic projections are valuable because they provide a context for policy action. more than a dozen government and private groups have projected economic costs in various ways. estimates vary depending on assumptions that are incorporated in the economic models. according to the world resources institute, there is \" little apparent consensus. \" a government interagency analytic team considered a range of economic models, as has the world resources institute. both concluded, on the basis of their own models, that the costs would be substantial but probably acceptable, and under the most favorable assumptions could have a positive effect on the economy. the models included assumptions about cross - border trading of emission rights to reduce economic losses ; accelerated technological developments to reduce emissions ; and the use of taxes on carbon or other sources of revenue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5092358119624626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.005821"} {"text": "under the most favorable assumptions could have a positive effect on the economy. the models included assumptions about cross - border trading of emission rights to reduce economic losses ; accelerated technological developments to reduce emissions ; and the use of taxes on carbon or other sources of revenue such as the auctioning of emission permits for federal budget reduction, thus reducing the need for federal borrowing and indirectly releasing private investment capital. according to some modeling studies, the price of carbon would increase by hundreds of dollars per ton. the resulting economic losses would range between 0. 2 percent and 2. 4 percent of gross domestic product. the charles river associates, a private group, indicated in an economic study for the automotive industry that the united states would suffer a 1 percent loss in total economic output. the conservative heritage foundation found that u. s. drivers could look forward to a 70 - cent - per - gallon rise in gasoline prices and a loss of 100, 000 jobs in the steel industry alone. the white house assessment is a 4 - to 6 - cent increase in the cost of a gallon of gasoline and a 3 to 5 percent increase in the cost of electricity. whatever the economy - wide losses might be, energy - intensive industries would be severely hit. the vice president, in a press conference, said that he was convinced that the u. s. public would accept the needed measures. because of the wide range of estimates of economic consequences, the united states and other countries would, in fact, be carrying out a massive experiment with the u. s. economy with unknown results. because the agreed - on reductions in carbon dioxide emissions cannot \" stabilize \" climate, even under the most favorable and economically viable scenarios, the nations need to rethink the course they are on. they need to face up to some well - understood facts about climate and society. - global climate responds to the total concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. warming is independent of the temporal path to these concentrations. - adaptation by humanity has historically been the central means of coping with climate change. that will continue to be the case in the future if warming occurs. - when costs and benefits are disassociated, costs will be borne reluctantly and benefits will attract free riders. the global benefits of arresting climate warming are not seen as outweighing local economic and social penalties. - energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions are in large part a function of global population. population stabilization can have an enormous impact on emissions reduction. - greenhouse gas - induced climate change is principally an energy problem. reducing the carbon dioxide released in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5154906002757176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.007863"} {"text": "penalties. - energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions are in large part a function of global population. population stabilization can have an enormous impact on emissions reduction. - greenhouse gas - induced climate change is principally an energy problem. reducing the carbon dioxide released in the combustion of fossil fuels requires increased efficiency in energy use and \" decarbonization \" of energy sources. - only through the development of new and improved energy technologies can reductions in greenhouse gas emissions of the necessary magnitude be achieved without significant economic pain. these principles suggest a range of policies. the first principle suggests that it is preferable as a policy matter to invest in a more efficient and less carbon - dependent energy system now rather than incur near - term economic costs of greenhouse gas reduction with existing technologies. the second principle suggests that even if climate change is inevitable, adaptation will in large part cope with the dislocations it causes. rich nations with considerable resources will adapt more easily than poor nations. modes of adaptation that require substantial investments will be supported by nations that can afford them, and means will need to be made available to less capable countries. society has always adapted to climate change as part of a normal response. dams are built to prevent floods and provide water in arid regions. seawalls are erected to prevent coastal flooding. breeding and genetic engineering of crops and animals enables biospheric responses to harsh environments. actions are taken when climatic reality intervenes. population stabilization is essential to climate stabilization. fortunately, there is good progress to report. the fertility of women in the developing world has been decreasing. education of women and the application of reproductive technologies are the cause. the fertility of women in developing countries has dropped from six to four births per female in the past several decades. studies of population demographics by the un and the international institute for applied systems analysis in laxenburg, austria, now project the possibility that the world ' s population will stabilize between 8 billion and 10 billion people. finally, there is a need for a global energy technology strategy and a program to implement it. developments in energy technology show promise, and there has been a gradual awakening to this fact. in september 1997, president clinton ' s committee of advisors on science and technology, through a subcommittee on energy r & d for the 21st century chaired by john holdren, laid out wise and far - reaching proposals for research and development and economic measures to facilitate and stimulate investments in energy technologies. in his 1998 state of the union message, president clinton effectively endorsed these suggestions. five national laboratories of the department of energy ( doe )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5392394916180998, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.009466"} {"text": "out wise and far - reaching proposals for research and development and economic measures to facilitate and stimulate investments in energy technologies. in his 1998 state of the union message, president clinton effectively endorsed these suggestions. five national laboratories of the department of energy ( doe ) have advanced a road map for u. s. carbon reduction. doe ' s pacific northwest national laboratory is developing a global strategy in conjunction with several private corporations. the multiplicity of technologies that are available, under development, or in the conceptual stage is impressive. for mobility applications, electric hybrid engines that combine gasoline or diesel engines with electric motors are coming into commercial use. toyota is already marketing a commercial hybrid in japan. fuel cell technology is advancing rapidly. propulsion systems are now proposed that use hydrogen derived from hydrocarbon feed stocks from which carbon is stripped and sequestered as carbon dioxide. efficient and low - carbon energy - generation technologies for power plants are in operation throughout the world. combined cycle gas turbines that are far more efficient than conventional coal - or oil - fired plants are now widely used ; they offer the opportunity for distributed generation, thus relaxing dependence on modern electric grid systems. the electric power research institute is presently developing an electricity r & d road map that looks decades into the future, seeking low - cost, highly efficient, and environmentally sustainable energy systems. nuclear power now generates 17 percent of the electric power in the united states and is moving to claim ever larger shares of the world generation market. safety fears can largely be overcome by new designs, and even the disposal of radioactive wastes appears doable. although it is a half century away by most estimates, fusion power is advancing and the international thermonuclear energy reactor program reflects the international interest in fusion. if and when commercial fusion is successful, totally new possibilities for greenhouse gas reduction will present themselves. renewable energy sources - wind, photovoltaics, hydropower, and biomass - are now becoming cost competitive. finally, the efficiency of end products has been and will continue to be increased. refrigerators, lighting fixtures, and electrical appliances are on the proper trajectory. if climate warming indeed poses a serious threat to society, the united states and other nations should adopt policies to restrain greenhouse gas emissions through technology and forego the economic costs of the present trajectory. such measures make economic sense even in the absence of a global warming threat. the united states should use its vast political, economic, and technological power to stimulate and lead a truly international assault on the development of energy technologies. this course makes good planetary sense. robert m.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5814614920052698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.010637"} {"text": "october 20, 2008, 5 : 44 am \u2014 ia\u20ac\u2122ve spoken about certificate authorities and certificates already. remember that certificates include : a public key, the owner and a digital signature. well youa\u20ac\u2122ve probably asked a\u20ac\u0153what is a digital signaturea\u20ac and how do you a\u20ac\u0153digitally signa\u20ac a certificate? a digital signature is basically some value, a checksum. it is a data value based on a block of data and a private key. the digital signature associates the data with the owner of a specific private key. you can be confident that the person indicated as the owner of a specific private key is not an imposter. you can safely open the email you received from the a\u20ac\u0153certificateda\u20ac owner then respond to that person, the owner, without fear or apprehension that the email will go to the wrong person. this also allows you to trust that the contents of the email were written and encrypted by the owner of the private key. if you decrypt a message successfully with a particular public key a\u20ac \u201c a key that was certified by means of a digitally signed certificate a\u20ac \u201c then you can certain that it could have only been encrypted with the corresponding private key. read the rest of this article > >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5917526573861612, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.012086"} {"text": "data centres have always been secure, tightly controlled facilities, but 9 / 11 brought about changes that pushed security and physical protections to even higher levels. data centres today, particularly those serving as colocation facilities, are more likely to have multiple points of security that may include physical barriers such as crash - resistant fences and high - tech defenses such as biometric identification systems. it ' s less likely today that backup and recovery data centres will be built near one another. and new data centres are more likely to be built outside of urban areas. \" data centre designers have always been mindful of security concerns, \" said tad davies, an executive vice - president at bick group, an it services provider whose work includes data centre design. \" what 9 / 11 caused us to do is think broader and on a massive scale. \" davies said he knows of one company that relocated its data centre to a site that was within a four - hour drive of its backup data centres. the reason : it wanted to be certain that its it staff could easily reach the facility by car in the event that air transportation was shut down, which is what happened on sept. 11, 2001. kris domich, who is the principal data centre consultant at dimension data, an it services provider, said that 9 / 11 helped increased the acceptable distance between primary and secondary locations. instead of having the data centers within a relatively quick drive, minimum distances can range between 100 and 1, 000 miles or more. the events of 9 / 11 also prompted private companies and government agencies to question whether data centres should be located in urban areas. the attacks, domich said, prompted executives to ask, \" why do we have the data centre here, and do we need to have the data centre here? \" there are other factors that influence where enterprises choose to build data centres, especially energy costs and concerns about natural disasters. but there are exceptions to everything. while companies like apple inc. and google inc. have built new data centres in relatively rural locations, microsoft corp. has opened a major data centre in chicago. ken brill, founder of the uptime institute, said 9 / 11 revealed that many data centres of the major financial services companies were in locations that could not be easily secured. \" the best defense remains site selection, \" brill said. \" having acres of surrounding land is the best defence. \" \" the military uses 159 [ feet ] as the minimum separation between the outside walls of critical buildings and areas of public access, \" brill said. \" if this criterion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47669337662523487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.015326"} {"text": "introduction / history the luri are a nomadic tribe of shepherds who live in the zagros mountains of southwestern iran. many believe that they were, in fact, the original inhabitants of this area. others suggest that they immigrated there from syria during the seventh century a. d. the luri are primarily located in three regions : lorestan, bakhtaran and kohkiluyeh, all of which are part of the zagros mountains. the valleys within this range have rich pastures that have been used by different nomadic tribes from time to time. although most of the luri live in this general area, other luri communities can also be found scattered across iran. a small number ( 61, 300 ) also live across the border in iraq. the luri speak a language, also called \" luri, \" that is very similar to modern persian, or \" farsi. \" since the luri men regularly have contacts outside their own communities, they are generally bilingual. the women, however, usually only speak luri. what are their lives like? about half of the luri are shepherds. they live as nomads, traveling six to eight months out of the year and living in black goat - hair tents. they only live in permanent dwellings for a few months during the winter. from october to april they live in low - lying pastures ; but in the dry season, they move their flocks to high mountain pastures. the luri believe that a shepherd ' s success is determined by his personal qualities and good luck. luri society is dominated by those possessing the largest herds and the most money. this upper class hires members of the lower class to tend to their flocks. the majority of the luri are members of the lower class of society. they depend on the upper class for jobs and economic support. shepherds of small herds are often forced to hire out their sons to the large herd owners so that they might earn a sufficient income. some of the luri prefer farming over shepherding. they live in permanent villages all year round, as opposed to moving from place to place, and raise wheat and barley as their principal crops. the luri are divided into political units called tribes, or \" il. \" each tribe consists of several distinct sub - tribes. each sub - tribe, or \" oulad, \" is made up of several families that have a common ancestor. the sub - tribes are divided into small villages of three to eight \" tent households. \" the tent household includes a husband", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4707302207912363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.041191"} {"text": "- tribes. each sub - tribe, or \" oulad, \" is made up of several families that have a common ancestor. the sub - tribes are divided into small villages of three to eight \" tent households. \" the tent household includes a husband, wife, and children, along with their flock of sheep or goats. each tribe is headed by a hereditary chief, or \" khan, \" who is recruited by one of the sub - tribes. a yearly tax on grains and animals provides financial support for the khan. the luri are known for their rich folklore. their tales glorify the history of each tribal group and describe the adventures of their heroes. they also emphasize such characteristics as honor, loyalty, generosity, and, most importantly, bravery in battle. what are their beliefs? the luri are practicing shi ' a muslims. however, unlike many of the shi ' a who tend to be entirely dogmatic in their beliefs, the luri have adopted a very practical belief system with simple religious practices. shrines dedicated to \" holy men \" ( founders of various islamic groups ) are scattered throughout the region. because these shrines are believed to posses healing powers, people with physical and psychological ailments visit them each year in hopes of being cured. what are their needs? iran is currently facing serious economic and political problems. the luri live in a constant state of political unrest, and there is a tremendous need for true, inner peace. many children do not attend school due to the lack of classrooms and teachers. only about 48 percent of iran ' s adults can read and write. the luri have had little chance of ever hearing the gospel of jesus christ. prayer pointsview luri, northern in all countries. * pray that laws in iran which restrict the preaching of the gospel will be changed. * ask god to create an openness to christianity within the hearts of the luri. * pray that god will raise up laborers who understand the muslim culture and who can effectively take the gospel to them. * pray that god will provide contacts, strategies, and wisdom for missions agencies trying to reach the luri. * ask the lord to send christian teachers to iran. * pray that iran ' s present condition of political unrest will cause the luri to begin searching for true peace. * ask god to raise up a strong local church among the luri. * pray for translation of the bible to begin in this people group ' s primary language.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4775909321574047, "token_count": 495, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.050476"} {"text": "october 10, 2011 a new image from nasa ' s dawn spacecraft shows a mountain almost three times as high as mt. everest, amidst the topography in the south polar region of the giant asteroid vesta. the peak of vesta ' s south pole mountain, seen in the center of the image, rises about 13 miles ( 22 kilometers ) above the average height of the surrounding terrain. another impressive structure is a large scarp, a cliff with a steep slope, on the right side of this image. the scarp bounds part of the south polar depression, and the dawn team ' s scientists believe features around its base are probably the result of landslides. the image is online at : http : / / www. nasa. gov / mission _ pages / dawn / multimedia / pia14869. html. it was created from a shape model of vesta, and shows an oblique perspective view of the topography of the south polar region. the image resolution is about 300 meters per pixel, and the vertical scale is 1. 5 times that of the horizontal scale. dawn entered orbit around vesta in july. members of the mission team will discuss what the spacecraft has seen so far during a news conference at the annual meeting of the geological society of america in minneapolis. among other things, they ' ll share their hypotheses on the origins of vesta ' s curious craters. the meeting, at the minneapolis convention center, runs from oct. 9 to 12, with the dawn news conference scheduled for wednesday, oct. 12, at 10 a. m. pdt ( noon cdt ). the event will air live on the geological society of america webcast page at : http : / / hosted. mediasite. com / mediasite / viewer /? peid = e8adbee5a37e455fbe199b29129e3b7c1d. media representatives not able to attend the meeting may participate by registering at : http : / / rock. geosociety. org / forms / 11 _ pressconf. asp. more information about the webcast is at : the event will also be carried live, with a moderated chat, at : http : / / www. ustream. tv / nasajpl2. the news conference panelists are : carol raymond, dawn deputy principal investigator, nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, pasadena, calif. paul schenk, dawn participating scientist, lunar and planetary institute, houston debra buczkowski,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5085736169517183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.060666"} {"text": "##pl2. the news conference panelists are : carol raymond, dawn deputy principal investigator, nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, pasadena, calif. paul schenk, dawn participating scientist, lunar and planetary institute, houston debra buczkowski, dawn participating scientist, applied physics laboratory, johns hopkins university, laurel, md. federico tosi, dawn visible and infrared spectrometer team member, italian space agency, rome following a year at vesta, the spacecraft will depart in july 2012 for ceres, where it will arrive in 2015. dawn ' s mission to vesta and ceres is managed by the jet propulsion laboratory, pasadena, calif., for nasa ' s science mission directorate in washington. jpl is a division of the california institute of technology in pasadena. dawn is a project of the directorate ' s discovery program, managed by nasa ' s marshall space flight center in huntsville, ala. ucla is responsible for overall dawn mission science. orbital sciences corp. in dulles, va., designed and built the spacecraft. the german aerospace center, the max planck institute for solar system research, the italian space agency and the italian national astrophysical institute are international partners on the mission team. more information about the dawn mission is at : http : / / www. nasa. gov / dawn and http : / / dawn. jpl. nasa. gov. to follow the mission on twitter, visit : http : / / www. twitter. com / nasa _ dawn. priscilla vega 818 - 354 - 1357 jet propulsion laboratory, pasadena, calif.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4587375931031352, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.061488"} {"text": "\u00a9 evanston photographic research : professor angela lee, marketing is critical to make advertising dollars deliver best return, says kellogg school marketing scholar morning we wake to our favorite music blaring from the alarm clock and grab a cup of coffee. at lunch we search the crowd for friendly faces to chat with while we enjoy a type of sandwich we ' ve eaten many times before, perhaps since childhood. and after a long day, we turn in on worn sheets that feel deliciously comfortable after dozens of washings. are creatures of habit who delight in the familiar. and, truth be told, many of us are a little bit lazy. human behavior, says kellogg school marketing professor lee, determines whether advertising messages hit or miss their intended targets. one ever decides to develop a $ 500, 000 advertising campaign to show it only once, \" lee says. \" besides cost effectiveness, there ' s a good reason : the more we are exposed to things, the more we choose them. \" why, according to professor lee, who studies human information processing and memory. first few times people see a new advertisement, they puzzle over it, trying to make sense of the message and product. then consumers decide if they understand the ad and accept what it is saying. these individuals soon grow more critical, exploring whether the message is persuasive, until finally, after a few more viewings, they tire of the message altogether and demand additional novelty. investigates ideas such as perceptual fluency, \" liking without conscious awareness \" that develops through sensory exposure, and conceptual fluency, preference that develops when something comes to mind easily. a pioneer in the field of advertising context effects \u2014 how the environment surrounding advertisements governs their effectiveness \u2014 lee ' s recent research indicates advertisers should pay attention to the messages featured in proximity to their own, even if those messages are about products in a different category. watching your favorite sitcom and the show goes to commercial break. first up is a mayonnaise ad in which a family sits around a kitchen table making sandwiches. a ketchup commercial lee says, are more likely to evaluate the ketchup favorably after having viewed an ad for a similar product. in her words, the mayonnaise spot \" primes the ketchup \" by helping consumers tap into their network of memory associations. because ketchup is part of the same associative network, lee says, it becomes ready to be processed when consumers view the mayonnaise commercial. and consumers favor brands that can be easily processed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5122670201416318, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.066324"} {"text": "into their network of memory associations. because ketchup is part of the same associative network, lee says, it becomes ready to be processed when consumers view the mayonnaise commercial. and consumers favor brands that can be easily processed. something lee calls \" goal fluency \" \u2014 the orientation of ads toward either \" promotion \" or \" prevention \" messages \u2014 also affects the way viewers evaluate them. picture a commercial for a lice - killing shampoo that urges viewers to scrub with a special soap to kill the pests ( a prevention message ). when followed by an advertisement touting a conditioner that develops silky hair ( a promotion message ), viewers have more difficulty processing the conditioner message and, consequently, are less likely to develop favorable attitudes toward the hair conditioner. when the lice shampoo ad is followed by a pest spray commercial with another prevention message, consumers experience greater processing ease and develop more favorable attitudes, lee ' s research illustrates the old adage ' there ' s nothing so practical as a good theory. ' her depth of understanding regarding how memory operates provides the foundation for unique strategic insights about how to develop more effective persuasive messages, \" says professor alice tybout, chair of the kellogg school marketing department. journal of marketing research has published lee ' s conclusions in its may 2004 edition, and more of her work is forthcoming in the same periodical. in addition to its scholarly impact, her research has practical applications for advertisers, who typically negotiate to ensure competing products or even the same type of products are not featured in the same commercial block, but don ' t give as much thought to the messages that are part of the same spot. processing shortcuts lee describes in her research likely developed as part of an evolutionary shift to help humans quickly gauge whether something is beneficial or potentially dangerous. such shortcuts are not necessarily a bad thing, are formed after we put in an initial effort, \" lee says. \" we do the work up - front. we are pulled in so many directions that we have to be efficient, and we often end up relying on unconscious cues. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.530180300067655, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.068068"} {"text": "ra - \" sun \" embodied in the golden sun which is his symbol, ra is netjer of light, life, and heat, and the power inherent in the sun which warms our planet. in several forms, ra has been venerated as the central name of netjer of the kemetic faith through its entire history, considered both father and the king of all netjeru, the great one who both creates and destroys. ra rose to prominence as the early dynasties of the old kingdom, who venerated him as their family patron, began to call themselves \" sons of ra \" in official titularies and constructed sun - temples and pyramids ( a special symbol of ra via their connection to the ben - ben, a pyramidal - shaped stone from which ra as a bennu ( a white heron, called \" phoenix \" by the greeks ) rose from nun and sang the song of creation ) in his honor. ra ' s popularity, as immanent as sunlight itself, continued throughout kemetic history ; even great names as amen and ptah had to \" share the spotlight \" with ra, and in amen ' s case, a composite name, amen - ra, king of netjeru, was created to avoid slighting either cult, which by new kingdom times had power and wealth to rival even the royal house. ra \" lives \" within the actual physical disk of sun, mythologically described as the \" boat of millions of years \" which rises and sets each day, riding from horizon to horizon on the back ( or belly ) of nut, and traversing during the hours of darkness the netherworlds where the enemies of ma ' at reside. even in modern egypt, the sun is often referred to as ra, especially on bright summer days.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4904717284713398, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.070014"} {"text": "pulitzer prize \u2013 winner d \u2019 antonio ( the state boys \u2019 rebellion, 2004, etc. ) provides a solid biography of the man whose name lives on through his eponymous chocolate bar. and unlike his near - contemporaries, those evil robber barons, the name of milton s. hershey ( 1857 \u2013 1945 ) remains fairly sweet upon the tongue. general consensus paints the candy maker as a santa - like tycoon, a manufacturer of great wealth who was pleased to bestow his largesse \u2014 as long as you did things his way. in the mold of a horatio alger tale, his biography chronicles the rise of a poor maker of caramels to benevolent ruler of his own fiefdom. from stern mennonite stock, he married a working - class irish - catholic woman with an ebullient personality and a shadowy past ; their happy union was cut short by her premature death from syphilis. in business, hershey was a trendsetter who through dogged experiment formulated confections that conquered the american market. even before he was quite sure how to prepare milk chocolate ( a mixture, basically, of oil and water ), he confidently built a factory on his home turf, creating his very own town in the pennsylvania countryside. he countenanced no cussing on the corner of cocoa and chocolate avenues, maintained with the sales of nickel chocolate bars, individually gift - wrapped kisses and crunchy mr. goodbars. the childless magnate \u2019 s favored eleemosynary object was the hershey industrial school for selected orphan boys \u2014 no slow learners, antisocial types or bedwetters. in his time, in his town, mr. hershey could be difficult. quick to give with remarkable generosity, he was also quick to give sudden notice to employees who displeased. wide - ranging social history underpins a well - told, balanced account of the candy man, his business and his milieu.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4182696285863559, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.072013"} {"text": "as debate rages over sexism and misogyny in canberra and across the country, a global survey has found australian women are the most economically empowered in the world. the study says australian women are the world ' s most economically advanced in terms of access to education, market participation and anti - discrimination policies. despite australia still failing to pay women salaries equal to men \u2013 average weekly earnings for women are 17 per cent less than men \u2013 the survey by international consulting and management firm booz & company found it topped a list of 128 countries in allowing women to play a role as economic agents in their social and political systems. australia was followed by three scandinavian countries \u2014 norway, sweden and finland. new zealand was fifth. at the bottom of the list were yemen, pakistan, sudan and chad. across the globe, the survey found up to 1 billion women will enter the world ' s workforce over the next decade. called the third billion index, the report argues that while the burgeoning populations of india and china have been given much attention by the media, less has been paid to the 1 billion women who will soon enter the world ' s workforce. the report compares each country ' s performance at providing women with : - primary, secondary and tertiary education ; - equal pay for equal work ; - non - discrimination policies ; - access to childcare ; - property ownership rights ; - ability to access credit. it also looks at whether wages are equal, the number of women in work compared with men, and whether there is equality in the number of female managers, senior business leaders and politicians. the study used data from the world economic forum and the economist intelligence unit to isolate factors that allowed women to have access to the larger economy. the huge jump in female employers and employees, managers and entrepreneurs would power global economic growth but key decision - makers in many countries had insufficiently studied its impact, the report argues. \" there is a clear correlation between... processes and policies regarding women ' s economic opportunities and the actual success of women in their national economies, \" said karim sabbagh, a partner with booz & company. the research also found several common challenges that all women face, regardless of how well the country performed in \" empowering women \". \" around the world, women are the primary caregivers for children, the elderly and the sick, and this responsibility hampers their economic development, \" said another booz and co partner, deanne aguirre. she said several elements were critical in increasing access to work for women,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39904658382374836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.075793"} {"text": "caregivers for children, the elderly and the sick, and this responsibility hampers their economic development, \" said another booz and co partner, deanne aguirre. she said several elements were critical in increasing access to work for women, including widespread, affordable care for children, the elderly and the sick ; cultural changes aimed at dividing care work more equitably between men and women ; and recognition by the private sector of the importance of care work for all employees. nations the report says have not yet started to tackle the issue of women more easily entering the workforce, or gaining equality more generally, include most of the arab states in the study ' s index, as well as indonesia, laos and nigeria. helen conway, the director of the equal opportunity for women in the workplace agency, said that, on the face of it, the booz report painted a positive picture. \" in particular, australian women are among the best educated in the world, \" she said, with a recent world economic forum report also finding australian women ranked first in educational attainment. she said australia ' s high level of female university graduates - more than 50 per cent - and some \" infrastructure \" such as the federal government \u2019 s paid parental leave scheme all helped. but, ms conway warned, relative to similar countries, the reality in australia was not as optimistic as the booz report indicated. \" australia has a relatively low female workforce participation rate ( australia was ranked 14th in the participation rate of women of the 34 oecd nations in 2010 ), and a gender pay gap of 17. 5 % that refuses to budge, \" she said. \" there is a large body of research showing australia has a long way to go in removing barriers to women \u2019 s workforce participation, \" she said. she said that the high proportion of well - educated women in australia had not translated to substantial increases in the percentage of women in corporate leadership positions. ' ' [ which suggests ] that we are wasting our female talent, \" ms conway said. the agency \u2019 s australian census of women in leadership will be released next month, and is expected to show that, when it comes to women in corporate australia, the nation still lags badly behind. - download documents from the third billion index here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3984596276589891, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.076722"} {"text": "by tracey, pure matters as a mother, i \u2019 m never really sure whether i should give my child supplements. with so much conflicting information on necessity and quality, it \u2019 s hard to determine what \u2019 s right for my son and what \u2019 s gratuitous. interestingly enough, new findings were revealed this week that help make my decision easier : over one - third of american children aren \u2019 t meeting calcium and vitamin d recommendations. in fact, calcium and vitamin d intakes were low for all children, according to the office of dietary supplements who released the surprising data this week in the journal of pediatrics. taylor wallace, phd, and senior director at the council for responsible nutrition, said the data is \u201c eye - opening because calcium and vitamin d deficiency is not only important in elderly women but a large segment of children are not getting enough. \u201d the data also revealed that non - supplement user children had a much higher incidence of insufficient intakes of calcium, vitamins a and c, magnesium and phosphorus when compared to supplement user children. so how can we help our children meet their calcium and vitamin d daily recommendations? two ways : we can add foods high in calcium and vitamin d to their diet and we can give them clinically - tested, high - quality supplements that contain the right amount of daily nutrients. foods high in calcium include spinach, kale, soybeans, and foods that are calcium - fortified like orange juice and breakfast cereal. good sources for vitamin d include fatty fish ( like tuna and salmon ), cheese, and egg yolks.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3987717102779963, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.078440"} {"text": "we all know that vaccines save lives by protecting people against disease. what is less well - known is that vaccines also are an engine for economic growth - - far beyond their health benefits. i am reminded of this in tanzania this week, where my organization, the gavi alliance, is hosting a conference for its partners. gavi ' s mission is to save children ' s lives and protect people ' s health by increasing access to immunization in developing countries. we don ' t do this alone. we have many partners, including prominent companies that work closely with gavi. they recognize that in addition to the humanitarian need, countries such as tanzania are emerging markets that can fulfill their economic ambitions only if they also can ensure good health for their citizens. the private sector is a critical part of the equation. our corporate partners know they can do well by doing good. consider tanzania. it has an ambitious five - year development plan that aims to transform the country into a middle - income economy by 2025. the plan includes critical funding to ensure a healthy population by strengthening the health system, which will significantly improve child and maternal mortality rates. tanzania already has begun this process by working closely with gavi and its partners to significantly increase its routine vaccine coverage rates to above 90 % today from 79 % in 2001, the year before gavi began its work there, according to data from the world health organization and unicef. at the same time, tanzania ' s gdp growth has been astounding, rising to $ 23. 7 billion last year from $ 10. 2 billion in 2001, according to the world bank. is there a connection? further study is needed in the case of tanzania. but we know for a fact that vaccines - - in addition to saving lives and improving health - - are the cornerstone of a vibrant economy, fuel growth and serve as a magnet for foreign investment. indeed, research has shown vaccines to be among the most cost - effective investments in global development. this has been borne out of several independent studies that look beyond the health impacts toward areas such as cognitive development, educational attainment, labor productivity and financial attainment. in other words, healthier children - - spurred by immunization - - attend school more often, learn more while they are there and remain in school longer. as adults, they therefore are more productive, earn more money, save and invest more, and live longer. healthier children also spread less disease through the adult population, further increasing productivity. these academic papers, including one recently published that focuses on how", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45309451060630135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.082240"} {"text": "as adults, they therefore are more productive, earn more money, save and invest more, and live longer. healthier children also spread less disease through the adult population, further increasing productivity. these academic papers, including one recently published that focuses on how to measure the economic benefits of the hpv vaccine, are getting noticed in african countries - - not only by health ministers, but also by finance ministers and other officials. for instance, i attended a landmark meeting in tunis in july organized by the african development bank, where its president donald kaberuka brought together a variety of ministers and experts to discuss how to allocate budgets and make healthcare a national priority. i was in tunis because of the wide recognition that immunization can be the high - octane fuel that leads to increased trade, capital infrastructure projects and technological improvement. this brings me back to the private sector and the benefits many companies now see in playing a role in supporting global health, including immunization services. one benefit, of course, is humanitarian. the gavi alliance - - with help from partners such as unicef, who, the bill & melinda gates foundation, the world bank and donors - - has helped countries immunize 370 million people, saving more than 5. 5 million lives since 2000. gavi now is in the midst of helping immunize another quarter billion people, which could save an additional 4 million lives by 2015. the private sector is involved, providing core business skills to tackle key obstacles to immunization in the developing world. for example, gavi is working with a leading telecommunications company to explore the use of its mobile technology with hopes of improving vaccine stock management in implementing countries and alerting parents when children are due for vaccines. gavi is constantly looking for partners to lend their business savvy to help us accomplish our mission. an increasing number of them are responding, compassionate in their outlook while aware of the underlying economic value of vaccines. they understand that this is the highest return on investment they could ever make.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4479308023965086, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.083220"} {"text": "statewide - learn your vulnerability to flooding by determining the elevation of your property. evaluate your insurance coverage ; as construction grows around areas, floodplains change. if you are in a flood area, consider what mitigation measure you can do in advance. in highly flood - prone areas, keep materials on hand like sandbags, plywood, plastic sheeting, plastic garbage bags, lumber, shovels, work boots and gloves. call your local emergency management agency to learn how to construct proper protective measures around your home. be aware of streams, drainage channels and areas known to flood, so you or your evacuation routes are not cut off. avoid driving into water of unknown depth. moving water can quickly sweep your vehicle away. restrict children from playing in flooded areas. test drinking water for potability ; wells should be pumped out and the water tested before drinking. do not use fresh food that has come in contact with floodwaters. wash canned goods that come in contact with floodwaters with soap and hot water. hurricanes are capable of producing copious amounts of rainfall. during landfall, a rainfall amounts of 10 to 15 inches or more is common. if the storm is large and moving slowly, less than 10 mph, the rainfall amounts from a well - organized storm are likely to be even more excessive. this heavy rain usually occurs slightly to the right of the hurricane ' s track. the amount of rain depends on the size, forward speed and whether the hurricane interacts with other weather systems. to get a generic estimate of the rainfall amount ( in inches ) that can be expected, divide 100 by the storm ' s forward motion, for example, 100 / 5 mph = 20 inches of rain. for specific rainfall forecasts please monitor local forecasts from the national weather service. rainfall and flooding fact : tropical storm claudette ( 1979 ) brought 45 inches of rain to an area near alvin, texas, contributing to more than $ 600 million in damage. inland flooding from hurricanes the next time you hear hurricane - - think inland flooding! while storm surge has the highest potential to cause hurricane related deaths, more people died from inland flooding associated with tropical systems from 1970 to 1999. since the 1970 ' s, inland flooding has been responsible for more than half of all deaths associated with tropical cyclones in the united states. flooding from hurricanes can occur hundreds of miles from the coast placing communities, which would not normally be affected by the strongest hurricane winds, in great danger. facts about inland flooding from hurricanes from 1970 to 1999, 78 % of children killed by tropical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.417193926305955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.087306"} {"text": "| power ( watt ) : | | 300w ( 144x2w led diodes ) | | approved : | | ce & rohs | | replace to : | | equal to 600 - 800w hps / mh / hid, save 80 % power consumption | | input voltage ( v ) : | | ac 85v - 265v | | input current ( a ) : | | 1. 13 / 3. 53 ma | | work frequency ( hz ) : | | 50 / 60 hz | | cooling fans : | | built - in 6 cooling fans, unique heat sink | | feature : | | plug n play, lowest heat emit, energy saving, environment - friendly, built - in hanging hardware. | | package includes : | | 1x 300w led grow light 2w, 1x power cord, 1x hanging kit | full spectrum : red : 660nm + 630nm, blue : 475nm + 430nm, orange : 615nm led = light emitting diode, it \u2019 s a kind of electrical energy into visible light can solid - state semiconductor devices, which can be converted directly into electricity to light. 1. low power consumption 300w led power consumption is very low, in general, led \u2019 s operating voltage is 2 - 3. 6v. operating current is 0. 02 - 0. 03a. that means it does not exceed power consumption of 0. 1w. 2. long service life at the right current and voltage, 300w led grow light life reaches up to 50000 hours. and it \u2019 s high - brightness and low - calorie. 3. environmental protection led 300w is a non - toxic materials created ; unlike fluorescent lamps containing mercury can cause pollution, while led can also be recycled. 4. strong and durable led is completely encapsulated in epoxy resin inside than light bulbs and fluorescent tubes are solid. light body and no loose parts, these features make the led can be said that are not easily damaged. high energy : electro - optical power conversion close to 100 %, while energy - saving effects than traditional light sources over 80 %. long life : service life up to 50000 hours, 10 times longer than conventional light sources. multi - changes : led light source can make use of red, green, and blue color theory, under the control of computer technology to make three kinds of colors with 256 gray scale, and any mix, you can generate 256 * 256 * 256 = 16777", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4929038340658075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.091108"} {"text": ": led light source can make use of red, green, and blue color theory, under the control of computer technology to make three kinds of colors with 256 gray scale, and any mix, you can generate 256 * 256 * 256 = 16777216 colors to form a different light with a combination of changing color to achieve a variety of dynamic effects and variety of images. environmentally friendly : there are no ultraviolet and infrared spectra, no heat and radiation, no pollution and mercury elements, can be safely touched. | this led grow lights 300w can work for these countries below | | country | | compatible voltage | | country | | compatible voltage | | united states | | 110 v | | canada | | 110 v | | united kindom | | 220 v | | france | | 220 v | | italy | | 220 v | | spain | | 220 v | | geman | | 220 v | | portugal | | 220 v | | finland | | 220 v | | denmark | | 220 v | | belgium | | 220 v | | netherlands | | 220 v | | argentina | | 220 v | | australia | | 220 v | | switzerland | | 220 v | | sweden | | 220 v | | new zealand | | 220 v | | russia | | 220 v |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5276981551074296, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.091624"} {"text": "what is a pediatrician and who do they treat? pediatricians diagnose and treat a wide range of illnesses or injuries in children who range from newborns to young adults up to 21. pediatricians - - also called pediatric doctors - - manage the prevention, early detection, and treatment of various conditions, including congenital defects, developmental disorders, behavioral issues, eating disorders ( anorexia and bulimia ), and familial and social stresses ( including child abuse ), as well as depression and anxiety disorders. they also oversee the general health of their patients by administering physical examinations and immunization shots pediatric doctors may also collaborate with other medical specialists and healthcare professionals to provide for the health and emotional needs of children. they may also specialize in fields such as adolescent medicine, pediatric cardiology, pediatric endocrinology ( treating diseases such as diabetes ), pediatric oncology ( treating cancer in children ), neonatal / perinatal medicine, and orthopedics ( treating disorders of the musculoskeletal system ), among other specialties. following graduation from medical school, pediatric doctors complete three years of education in an accredited pediatric residency program. a pediatric doctor is then eligible for board certification by the american board of pediatrics, and recertification is required every seven years. when would i take my child to see a pediatrician, and what conditions does a pediatrician treat? you will need to visit your pediatric doctor right after your baby is born to make sure your new child is healthy and growing properly. during this examination, the doctor will weigh and measure the baby, give appropriate immunization shots, explain the proper care of your baby ( including care of the umbilical cord and, if applicable, circumcision ), make sure the baby is feeding properly ( breastfeeding or bottle - feeding ), and address any concerns you may have. your pediatrician may visit the hospital to examine your baby for the first time a day or two after he or she is born. otherwise, you should schedule your first appointment within the first few days after you take your child home from the hospital. in the first two years of your child \u2019 s life, you can expect a minimum of eight visits to the pediatrician : a one - month check - up, two - month check - up, four - month check - up, six - month, nine - month, one - year, 15 - month, 18 - month, and two - year check - up. during these visits,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4132539023718782, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.096222"} {"text": "check - up, two - month check - up, four - month check - up, six - month, nine - month, one - year, 15 - month, 18 - month, and two - year check - up. during these visits, your child will be measured and weighed, receive a physical examination and health assessment, and receive all required immunization shots. after age two, your child will visit the pediatrician annually for a physical examination until age 21. during these examinations, your child will also be measured and weighed, examined for overall health, and given any immunization shots to attend school, if required. you should also visit your pediatrician when your child is sick or injured, exhibits symptoms of a sleep disorder or behavioral problem ( bed - wetting, depression, or hyperactivity ), or needs a physical examination and health assessment to participate in sports. common conditions a pediatric doctor will treat include colic and failure to thrive, attention deficit disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( add / adhd ), vomiting and diarrhea, sleep issues, poisoning and other conditions. pediatricians may also answer any questions you have regarding your child \u2019 s development, including how to handle a bully, the proper way to discipline a child, and the effects of tv and video games on children. kids with stubborn asthma may have food allergy 10 ways you \u2019 re making your child fat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42443412285076326, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.097124"} {"text": "what are tremor problems? tremor symptoms are involuntary muscle movements that can occur in a specific body area. the most commonly affected and most noticeable areas include the hands, arms, and head, as well as a quavering voice if the tremor affects the voice box ( larynx ). tremor symptoms include hand shaking, head shaking, and trembling and shaking while performing a task, such as gripping a fork or pencil. tremor can also occur while you are at rest. learn more about tremor problems the term \u201c tremor \u201d most accurately refers to a small, rhythmic shaking movement that occurs in a back - and - forth pattern. however, tremor is also commonly used to refer to sudden jerking or muscle spasms of the body or extremities, such as the symptoms described for restless leg syndrome. tremors can occur at any age but most commonly occur in middle - aged and older men and women. types of tremors tremors can be classified as rest or action tremors. rest tremors are movements that occur while your body is at rest, such as shaking of the arms or hands while they are supported on your lap. the extent of the tremor increases during mental stress. rest tremor symptoms are characteristic of parkinson \u2019 s disease. action tremors are movements that occur when the affected body part is performing a voluntary action, such as extending your arms or signing your name. action tremors can be further classified into postural, isometric, and kinetic tremors based on the specific movements or tasks that trigger the tremor. action tremor symptoms are characteristic of a variety of diseases, disorders and conditions including essential tremor, drug withdrawal, stroke, brain tumor, and multiple sclerosis. tremors are also a side effect of a variety of medications. short - term tremors that disappear quickly can be due to an anxiety attack or stress ; whereas, chronic tremors that come and go over a longer period of time can be due to essential tremor. any type of tremor symptoms, even if they are temporary, need to be evaluated by a medical professional. tremor symptoms can be due to serious, ongoing diseases, such as parkinson \u2019 s disease, multiple sclerosis, and brain tumors. in particular, a tremor on only one side of the body can indicate brain damage from a tumor, stroke, or multiple sclerosis. seek prompt medical care if you, or someone you are with, have symptoms of tremor. what other symptoms might occur with tremor symptoms? tremor symptoms may occur with other symptoms, depending on the underlying disease, disorder or condition.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.542708627238021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.101422"} {"text": "the usb drive is a handy little gadget that serves the purpose once reserved for floppy disks and zip drives. it \u2019 s commonly used to move folders, files, and data easily from one computer to another in a format that \u2019 s often small enough to be given a second job as a key chain. there \u2019 s no need to burn data into the drive as you would with a cd or dvd ; you can erase from and overwrite onto the usb drive as often as you need to until the darned thing falls apart. add the fact that even usb drives capable of storing relatively large amounts of data are pretty darned cheap nowadays and you \u2019 ve got an ideal little workhorse for those files that you want to be able to use between the office, home, laptop, band camp, coffee shop, cyberpub, school, or wherever, really. one might wonder if a miraculous device so well suited to carting your data all over creation might have any alternative uses \u2014 wonder no more! you can also use a usb drive to boost your computer \u2019 s performance and run portable applications. what \u2019 s a portable application? think about the files that you want to take from one computer to another \u2014 the reason you \u2019 re using a usb drive in the first place. now think larger : wouldn \u2019 t it be nice if you could use entire applications between computers without having to install them onto each system? there you go! simply put, that \u2019 s what portable applications are. mozilla \u2019 s firefox web browser, the openoffice suite of free microsoft office replacement applications, google \u2019 s chrome web browser, and the miranda im client are just a few examples of portable applications that can be used directly from a usb drive. looking a little further, you \u2019 ll find that everything from games to space simulators to bible study to sound editors to the skype voip service can also be used as portable applications from a usb drive. a few words of caution : because a usb drive is so easy to use, it \u2019 s especially susceptible to viruses and malware, and because of its portable nature, it can serve as an unwitting carrier of such viruses and malware between computers. make sure you \u2019 re using reliable sources to download portable apps ( and really, haven \u2019 t we learned that this is a good idea no matter what it is we \u2019 re downloading? ) ; one such recommended source is portableapps. com. depending on your operating system, knowing how to use a usb drive to run", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47129246493214155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.104751"} {"text": "historic preservation in lowell lowell has proven that historic preservation and urban economic development can work hand - in - hand for the betterment of a community. urban disinvestment and decline were a familiar sight in america \u2019 s older cities in the mid - twentieth century. lowell was no exception to this phenomena as the collapse of lowell ' s once - thriving textile industry in the 1920s and 1930s resulted in empty mill buildings and a decaying central business district. during the 1950s and 1960s, federal urban renewal funding became available to lowell. unfortunately, these efforts did not stimulate economic renewal and resulted in the demolition of some of the city ' s most significant millyards and tore apart several ethnic neighborhoods. however, some in the community saw the city ' s history as a means to its revitalization. in the early 1970s, city planning efforts began to focus on preservation as a core element of its revitalization strategy. the establishment of the lowell heritage state park in 1974 added credibility to lowell ' s efforts to establish a national park in the city. the first historic district commission and two local design review districts were created downtown by the city in the1970s. much of the downtown, millyards, and canal system were placed on the national register of historic places. the city invested in pedestrian improvements downtown that reinforced the area \u2019 s 19th century flavor and provided design assistance for owners of historic properties. finally, lowell national historical park was established in 1978 in a federal law that also established the lowell historic preservation commission, which during its existence assisted with much of the historically sensitive building rehabilitation that took place between 1979 and 1995. for the past quarter century, the lowell national historical park ( lnhp ) and the city of lowell have served as stewards of lowell \u2019 s historic and cultural resources, systematically assisting in the rehabilitation of its many historic downtown buildings so that they once again contribute to the city \u2019 s character and economy. the lnhp has played a leadership role in making historic preservation the theme of the community \u2019 s economic development program. the city \u2019 s comprehensive economic development program likewise, has been dedicated to fostering community pride in its industrial and working heritage and providing new hope for and commitment to its economic future. in doing so, the lnhp and city in concert with a host of public and private partners have created a vibrant living, learning, and working environment that respectively preserves and tells the story of the industrial revolution in lowell. the city \u2019 s numerous historic districts contain a critical mass of structures from the nineteenth century when lowell was america \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.410536934896121, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.110819"} {"text": "and private partners have created a vibrant living, learning, and working environment that respectively preserves and tells the story of the industrial revolution in lowell. the city \u2019 s numerous historic districts contain a critical mass of structures from the nineteenth century when lowell was america \u2019 s textile capital. lowell contains a total of 13 districts listed on the national register of historic places and 22 individually - listed national register properties scattered throughout the community in the downtown and neighborhoods. lowell has the fifth highest number of properties in massachusetts included on the state \u2019 s inventory of historic resources. the lowell canal system, which provided the framework that shaped the entire development of lowell, is listed as a national historic landmark and is also been designated a civil and mechanical engineering landmark. efforts are currently underway to seek world heritage site designation for the canal system. also included in the city are two local architectural and design review districts. lowell \u2019 s physical resources include the original 5. 6 mile power canal system, major cotton textile millyards, and evolutionary streetscapes of commercial and residential structures. the lnhp and city have been part of an active public / private partnership that has been responsible for the rehabilitation of over 250 structures downtown and the creation of extensive public programs to preserve and interpret the city \u2019 s cultural resources. several major mill complexes have been successfully renovated into housing and office space. aluminum and stucco facades have been removed from downtown buildings revealing attractive 19th century commercial storefronts. the banks of lowell \u2019 s canals have been largely reclaimed providing areas of recreational enjoyment and interpretation of the city \u2019 s rich history. streetscape improvements including brick pavement, granite pavers, and period lighting and benches grace the downtown, enhancing the 19th century urban character of the city. strengthening and expanding historic preservation review and regulations in lowell was a requirement of the federal law creating lowell national historical park in order to ensure community actions would not be inconsistent with the preservation goals of the park. since the establishment of the lowell historic board by the massachusetts legislature in 1983, over 1, 700 permits have been issued within the downtown lowell historic district indicating an extraordinary level of change within the downtown. a second design review district also overseen by the board, the acre neighborhood district, was created in 1999 to assist in the implementation of the acre neighborhood revitalization & development plan. eight additional design review districts under the purview of the board were created in 2005 in the already existing neighborhood national register districts for purposes of demolition and new construction. extensive public programming, interpretive and educational programs, waysides, and public art add to the vibrancy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4387502588151088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.112197"} {"text": "under the purview of the board were created in 2005 in the already existing neighborhood national register districts for purposes of demolition and new construction. extensive public programming, interpretive and educational programs, waysides, and public art add to the vibrancy of the city and reinforce lowell \u2019 s history and culture. waysides and public art help to weave together the significant areas, vistas, and structures along the canalway and throughout the downtown historic district. cultural events such as the lowell folk festival, boardinghouse park summer music series, doors open lowell, and winterfest encourages the community to celebrate its rich heritage while participating both as actors and audience in the midst of lowell \u2019 s most historic buildings and sites. lowell \u2019 s revitalization is a tribute to the highly successful public / private partnerships that have been a central ingredient in every project undertaken by the city. the lowell heritage state park played a key role in preserving lowell \u2019 s history by securing the recreational and air rights to the canal system as well as much of the right - of - way needed to develop the canalway. the lowell historic preservation commission, the park \u2019 s former sister agency, also played a pivotal role in the city \u2019 s impressive revival. the commission provided over $ 5 million in preservation grants and loans for facade rehabilitation during its 17 year tenure. this investment generated over $ 50 million in private investment in 63 nationally significant historic structures. the commission set the standard for high quality rehabilitation and restoration within the downtown historic district and creatively invested its cultural funding to help bring the district alive. within lowell \u2019 s neighborhoods an active historic home marker and brochure program has been established by the lowell historic board. other efforts have included survey and identification of historic resources and national register listings as well as technical assistance and outreach to homeowners regarding preservation. the city has been instrumental in the preservation and rehabilitation of historic landscapes including tyler park and rogers fort hill park through partnerships with neighborhood groups and various state grant sources. very little could have been accomplished in lowell without the consistent support of the community \u2019 s business and governmental leadership. effective leadership through the years was delivered by seven city managers ; numerous city council members ; lowell \u2019 s bankers ; and officials from the nonprofit banking consortium, the lowell development and financial corporation. of critical importance has been the advocacy and support of the lowell plan, inc., the community \u2019 s prominent business advocacy organization. together, these entities have been responsible for implementing the urban cultural park vision. for its efforts, lowell was recognized by the national trust for historic preservation with one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4429733814184146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.113437"} {"text": "several companies are pursuing hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, of the natural gas - rich marcellus shale and oil - laden utica shale deposits that lie far beneath the earth ' s surface in ohio and surrounding states. but environmental groups have grown increasingly concerned about the potential impact of the fracking process on ground water. \" some people think it ' s not their problem because they ' re not landowners leasing to a gas or oil company but this is really a community issue, \" said jann adams, of marietta, a member of the southeast ohio fracking interest group. \" some chemicals you can ' t treat if they get into the water, so the damage would be irreversible, \" she said. adams said her main concern is that millions of gallons of fresh water are used in the fracking process at each well site. she said the water is trucked to the site and mixed with sand and \" a cocktail of chemicals \" that are pumped into the layers of shale. \" but the oil and gas companies don ' t have to reveal what these chemicals are because the fracking fluids are not covered by the federal safe water drinking act, \" adams added. by the numbers according to statistics from the ohio department of natural resources : 13 horizontal hydraulic drilling permits have been issued for marcellus shale sites. 43 horizontal hydraulic drilling permits have been issued for utica shale sites. information on hydraulic drilling and regulation at ohio dnr website, www. dnr. state. oh. us. for some landowner considerations about hydraulic drilling, visit the website developed by a carroll county citizen ' s group at www. carrollconcernedcitizens. org. more to come in the marietta times saturday : the impact of exploration on the economy ; a profile of a local group concerned about fracking ; new college courses starting in the field ; and where to go for information. in an article entitled \" environmental dangers of hydro - fracturing the marcellus shale, \" robert myers, director of environmental studies at pennsylvania ' s lock haven university, provides a list of some of those chemicals obtained from the pennsylvania department of environmental protection. the list includes ethylbenzene, ethylene glycol, glutaraldehyde, isopropanol and methanol. myers says many of the chemicals have been linked to cancer or other health issues. according to st. marys, w. va., resident pam howard, who works with adams and the southeast ohio fracking interest group, benzene was found in some", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38459264026553835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.124340"} {"text": "says many of the chemicals have been linked to cancer or other health issues. according to st. marys, w. va., resident pam howard, who works with adams and the southeast ohio fracking interest group, benzene was found in some ground water near a well site in wetzel county, w. va. \" drilling is being done in both wetzel and marshall counties, where the hillsides are very steep. they build 5 - to 10 - acre pads, using gravel, tamped - down dirt and some concrete, \" she said. \" and when they drill, 30 to 70 percent of the water ( with the chemical brine ) comes back out of the well after fracking. \" howard said the brine is stored on site in huge ponds that have the potential to leak over the hillsides and into valleys below. \" and they use 3 million to 5 million gallons of fresh water each time a fracking job is done, \" she said. \" that ' s a concern to me and others. \" howard said the west virginia department of environmental protection is currently working on emergency legislation to address concerns about brine storage. in the buckeye state the ohio department of natural resources regulates hydraulic fracturing wells. \" vertical hydraulic fracturing has gone on for 50 years in ohio, \" said heidi hetzel - evans, spokeswoman for the odnr. \" vertical drilling is nothing new but about 10 years ago companies began doing horizontal hydraulic drilling, which is performed 5, 000 to 8, 000 feet below the water aquifer, \" she said. \" hydraulic fracturing has been used on approximately 81, 000 wells in ohio without any negative impact on the ground water. \" but that ' s not to say there haven ' t been some violations that could have impacted surface waters, \" hetzel - evans added. she said ohio ' s hydraulic fracturing regulations are very different from regulations in neighboring pennsylvania and west virginia. \" we ' ve met with officials from those states and have learned a lot, \" hetzel - evans said. \" there are only two things companies can do with the non - productive fluids ( that come back out of the fracturing process ). they can recycle and reuse it, which seems to be a movement within the industry. \" or the brine material can be trucked away from the site and stored in an injection well deep underground, \" she said. \" odnr has been in charge of these injection wells since the 1980s and there are about 183 of those", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3962494351107946, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.126159"} {"text": ". \" or the brine material can be trucked away from the site and stored in an injection well deep underground, \" she said. \" odnr has been in charge of these injection wells since the 1980s and there are about 183 of those wells in the state. \" hetzel - evans noted that pennsylvania provides less than 10 injection wells for hydraulic drilling companies. \" we do allow fresh water impoundments to be constructed on some sites where the fresh water can be stored, \" she said. \" but there are no sites that have impoundments for brine and waste fluids in ohio at this time. \" the ohio environmental protection agency regulates air quality at hydraulic fracturing drilling sites, according to oepa spokesman mike settles. \" we ' re getting more involved in that regulation process, \" he said. \" right now there ' s a draft general air permit being developed in anticipation of increased activity at larger well sites. \" settles said the new permit will help make sure the air around production sites is safe while providing business with the most efficient option to get operations up and running. the draft general permit includes emission limits, operating restrictions, and monitoring, testing and reporting requirements, covering a variety of emissions sources found at most shale gas production sites including internal combustion engines, dehydration systems, truck - loading racks, storage tanks, flares and unpaved roadways.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.3710301511094433, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.126986"} {"text": "' toxic ' hip replacement fears many newspapers and tv stations have reported that medical regulators have launched an investigation into a type of hip replacement called a metal - on - metal ( mom ) device ( depuy asr hip replacement implant ). the concern is that as the hip replacements wear down, metal particles can be released from the artificial hip, react with the soft tissue ( such as muscle and ligaments ) surrounding the joint and enter the bloodstream. in 2010, the uk regulator, the medicines and healthcare products regulatory agency ( mhra ) issued a product recall for depuy asr, a brand of mom artificial hip. this meant that surgeons were told not to implant depuy asr hip replacements and return any unused implants to the manufacturer. the mhra has urged surgeons to tell all patients that had received these depuy asr hip replacements about the recall, and to schedule them for annual follow - up visits. if the person who had a depuy asr hip replacement implant experiences pain, the surgeons should consider measuring the level of metals in their blood and should examine the soft tissue to see if reactions have occurred. if necessary, removal and replacement of the implant should be considered. the sunday telegraph has brought this story to the public attention again because of what it says are subsequent developments. the telegraph claims that the risk from the devices is greater than previously thought, with greater failure rates. the telegraph says that the mhra is drawing up a new alert for anyone with any type of metal - on - metal hip replacement. channel 4 news reported that around 30, 000 people in britain have received mom hip replacements. a statement about the hip implants from the mhra, issued on january 30 2012, said : \u201c the majority of people with metal on metal hip replacements are at low risk of developing any serious problems. we are continuing to closely monitor all evidence. this needs more analysis before any conclusions can be drawn and further advice given. we have already taken prompt action to investigate safety concerns and have provided advice on patient management to relevant healthcare professionals. \u201d. medical devices, like medicines, are regulated but are coming under more scrutiny, from both the regulators and the media following widespread concerns over the emergence of faults with illegally made pip breast implants. find out the latest nhs information on pip breast implants. what types of hip replacements are there? in the uk, approximately 70, 000 hip replacements are performed each year. in a total hip replacement operation an artificial ball is attached to the top of the leg bone and an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.46050971037488925, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.134890"} {"text": "information on pip breast implants. what types of hip replacements are there? in the uk, approximately 70, 000 hip replacements are performed each year. in a total hip replacement operation an artificial ball is attached to the top of the leg bone and an artificial socket to the hip bone. the socket can be made out of plastic or ceramic, while the ball is metal. the ball is attached to a shaft, which is placed in the hollow of the leg bone ( femur ). some people do not need a total hip replacement, but have a hip resurfacing operation. this has the advantage of removing less of the person \u2019 s own bone. the joint surfaces are replaced with metal inserts that cover the surfaces of the hip but do not extend down the inside or hollow of the leg bone. the metal mixtures used in hip replacements contain the metals chromium and cobalt. what are the risks of problems following a metal - on - metal hip replacement? when hip resurfacing was initially introduced, metal - on - metal ( mom ) replacements were popular, especially with younger, active patients. an article by two orthopaedic surgeons working in britain and published in the british medical journal in 2011 said that they were used in 10 % of hip operations between 2006 and 2009, and 50 % of all hip replacements in people younger than 50 years. however, problems with the metal resurfacing included raised chromium and cobalt in the blood, loosening of the joint, hip fracture and soft tissue reactions around the hip. it reported that problems with metal on metal hip replacements could include reactions to metal debris and associated pain, swelling, loss of movement and limping. in march 2011, delegates at the british hip society annual conference discussed mom hip replacements. units in belfast, southampton, cardiff and stockton - on - tees that had researched the outcomes for people who had these devices fitted over the short - to mid - term, said that a high proportion of mom devices from other manufacturers may also be showing similar results to the withdrawn depuy device. they found that, overall, the mom devices showed a higher than anticipated early failure rate ( most hip replacements last about 20 - 30 years ). they found that 49 % of people who had been fitted with the depuy device needed to have it replaced by six years and between 12 and 15 % who had other metal - on - metal hip replacements needed these to be replaced by five years. they said that the patients whose replacements failed tended to come to the doctors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4610257120574195, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.136128"} {"text": "urticina felina on sand - affected circalittoral rock image keith hiscock - urticina felina and ciocalypta penicillus on sand - covered circalittoral rock ( mcr. urt. cio ). image width ca 60 cm. image copyright information ecological and functional relationships the sub - biotopes of mcr. urt are dominated by sessile, permanently fixed, suspension feeding invertebrates that are, therefore, dependant on water flow to provide : an adequate supply of food and nutrients ; gaseous exchange ; remove metabolic waste products ; prevent accumulation of sediment, and disperse gametes or larvae. the majority of species found in this biotope are adapted to strong wave action, siltation and a degree of sediment scour. little is known of ecological relationships in circalittoral faunal turf habitats ( hartnoll, 1998 ). most species live independently except that they compete for space and for food. the following text indicates major feeding types. suspension feeders on bacteria, phytoplankton and organic particulates and detritus include sponges ( ciocalypta penicillus, polymastia spp. and cliona celata ) and soft corals ( alcyonium digitatum ), erect and encrusting bryozoans ( e. g. pentapora fascialis, flustra foliacea, and bugula spp. ), brittlestars ( e. g. ophiothrix fragilis ), barnacles ( e. g. balanus crenatus ), caprellid amphipods, porcelain crabs ( e. g. pisidia longicornis ), and polychaetes ( e. g. pomatoceros spp. ). however, the water currents they generate are probably localized, so that they are still dependant on water flow to supply adequate food. passive carnivores of zooplankton and other small animals include, hydroids ( e. g. nemertesia antennina ), soft corals ( e. g. alcyonium digitatum ), while larger prey are taken by urticina felina ( hartnoll, 1998 ). sea urchins ( e. g. echinus esculentus are generalist grazers, removing barnacles, ascidians, hydroids and bryozoans and potentially", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.449918927799902, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.155986"} {"text": "amphipod jassa falcata also builds its mucous and detritus tubes amongst the other epibiota, adding to and consolidating the covering ( hartnoll, 1975 ). once the colonies recommence expansion in december the epibenthic film is sloughed off. the season of prolonged inactivity coincides with the final months of gonad maturation and the shedding of the epibenthic film immediately precedes the spawning of the gametes ( see reproduction ) ( hartnoll, 1975 ; 1977 ) ( see marlin reviews ; hughes, 1977 ; hayward & ryland, 1998 ; hartnoll, 1975, 1998 ). sebens ( 1985, 1986 ) described successional community states in the epifauna of vertical rock walls. clear space was initially colonized by encrusting corallines, rapidly followed by bryozoans, hydroids, amphipods and tube worm mats, halichondrine sponges, small ascidians ( e. g. dendrodoa carnea and molgula manhattensis ), becoming dominated by the ascidian aplidium spp., or metridium senile or alcyonium digitatum. high levels of sea urchin predation resulted in removal of the majority of the epifauna leaving encrusting coralline dominated rock. reduced predation allowed the dominant epifaunal communities to develop, although periodic mortality ( through predation or disease ) of the dominant species resulted in mixed assemblages or a transition to another assemblage ( sebens, 1985, 1986 ). sea urchin predation may play a significant role in freeing space for colonization in this community. succession will be dependant on species tolerance to silt and sediment scour. long term studies of fixed quadrats in epifaunal communities demonstrated that while seasonal and annual changes occurred, subtidal faunal turf communities were relatively stable, becoming more stable with increasing depth and substratum stability ( i. e. bedrock and large boulders rather than small rocks ) ( osman, 1977 ; hartnoll, 1998 ). many of the faunal turf are long - lived, e. g. 6 - 12 years in flustra foliacea, over 20 years in alcyonium digitatum, 8 - 16 years in echinus esculentus and probably many hydroids ( stebbing,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4765012707088251, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.160195"} {"text": ", e. g. 6 - 12 years in flustra foliacea, over 20 years in alcyonium digitatum, 8 - 16 years in echinus esculentus and probably many hydroids ( stebbing, 1971a ; gili & hughes, 1995 ; hartnoll, 1998 ). habitat structure and complexity - the bedrock is covered by a layer of encrusting corallines overgrown by dominant erect bryozoans and hydroids ( e. g. flustra foliacea, bugula species and nemertesia antennina ) interspersed with cushion - like sponges ( e. g. ciocalypta penicillus, polymastia spp., cliona celata ), dead men ' s fingers alcyonium digitatum and dahlia anemones urticina felina. the coralline - encrusted rock and the bases of sponges are often covered by sediment. - the faunal turf provides interstices and refuges for a variety of small organisms such as nemerteans, polychaetes, and amphipods, while the erect species provide substrata for caprellid amphipods, which use them as ' platforms ' to suspension feed. - the erect bryozoans and hydroids support a variety of epizoics that use them as substratum and in some cases affect their growth rates. for example, flustra foliacea supported 25 species of bryozoan, 5 hydroid species, some sessile polychaetes, barnacles, lamellibranchs and tunicates ( stebbing, 1971b ). the bryozoans bugula flabellata, crisia spp. and scrupocellaria spp. were major epizoics. scrupocellaria spp. settled preferentially on the youngest, distal, portions of the frond, possibly to elevate their branches into faster flowing water ( stebbing, 1971b ). similarly, alcyonidium parasiticum is epizoic on hydroid stems or the bryozoan cellaria spp. and the sponge esperiopsis fucorum may grow on the stem of tubularia species or on the test of ascidians. - mobile species include decapods crustaceans such as shrimp, crabs and lobsters, sea urchins, starfish and fish. - gobies, shan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5014369014869028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.162279"} {"text": "the stem of tubularia species or on the test of ascidians. - mobile species include decapods crustaceans such as shrimp, crabs and lobsters, sea urchins, starfish and fish. - gobies, shannies and butterfish probably utilize available rock ledges and crevices, while large species such as flounder and cod probably feed over a wide area. - pockets of sediment that accumulate between boulders or in crevices ( where present ) may support benthic infaunal species such as mya truncata and sabella pavonina. - the biotope and sub - biotopes may show spatial variation in community complexity and exhibit a mosaic of different species patches ( hartnoll, 1998 ), due to colonization of areas recently cleared by predation, disease or physical disturbance in the process of re - colonization. the upper edges or boulders or rocky outcrops, most directly in water flow, tend to exhibit the most species rich and abundance faunal turfs, while species richness decreases with proximity to the sediment / rock interface, which favours species such as the sponges polymastia spp. or the anemone urticina felina. areas subject to increased scour or vertical surfaces tend to be dominated by tube worms such as pomatoceros triqueter ( stebbing, 1971b, eggleston, 1972b ; sebens, 1985, 1986 ; connor et al., 1997a ; brazier et al., 1998 ; hartnoll, 1998 ). - periodic disturbance of the community due to physical disturbance by storms, extreme scour, or fluctuations in predation, especially by sea urchins, may encourage species richness by preventing dominance by a few species ( osman, 1977 ; sebens, 1985, 1986 ; hartnoll, 1998 ). circalittoral faunal turf biotopes are primarily secondary producers. food in the form of phytoplankton, zooplankton and organic particulates from the water column together with detritus and abraded macroalgal particulates from shallow water ecosystems are supplied by water currents and converted into faunal biomass. their secondary production supplies higher trophic levels such as mobile predators ( e. g. fish ) and scavengers ( e. g. starfish and crabs ) and the wider ecosystem in the form of detritus ( e. g. dead bodies and faeces ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4679474663957801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.165219"} {"text": "levels such as mobile predators ( e. g. fish ) and scavengers ( e. g. starfish and crabs ) and the wider ecosystem in the form of detritus ( e. g. dead bodies and faeces ). in addition, reproductive products ( sperm, eggs, and larvae ) also contribute to the zooplankton ( hartnoll, 1998 ). however, no estimates of faunal turf productivity were found. most of the species within mcr. urt. cio produce short - lived, larvae with relatively poor dispersal capacity, resulting in good local recruitment but poor long range dispersal. although, the biotope occurs within moderately strong to strong water flow that could remove a large proportion of the reproductive output, most reproductive propagules are probably entrained within the reduced flows within the faunal turf or in turbulent eddies produced by flow over the uneven substratum, resulting in turbulent deposition of propagules locally. many species are capable of asexual propagation and rapidly colonize space. for example : - whilst very little is known about reproduction in the sponges that particularly characterise mcr. urt. cio, sponges may proliferate both asexually and sexually. a sponge can regenerate from a broken fragment, produce buds either internally or externally or release clusters of cells known as gemmules which develop into a new sponge. most sponges are hermaphroditic but cross - fertilization normally occurs. there is a mass spawning of gametes through the osculum, which enter a neighbouring individual in the inhalant current. fertilized eggs may be discharged into the sea where they develop into a planula larva. but in the majority of species development is viviparous, whereby the larva develops within the sponge and is then released. larvae have a short planktonic life of a few hours to a few weeks, so that dispersal is probably limited and asexual reproduction probably results in clusters of individuals. - hydroids are often the first organisms to colonize available space in settlement experiments ( gili & hughes, 1995 ). nemertesia antennina releases planulae on mucus threads, that increase potential dispersal to 5 - 50m, depending on currents and turbulence ( hughes, 1977 ). most species of hydroid in temperate waters grow rapidly and reproduce in spring and summer. few species of hydroids have specific substrata requirements and many are generalists. hydroids are also", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48438215151224984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.167929"} {"text": ", depending on currents and turbulence ( hughes, 1977 ). most species of hydroid in temperate waters grow rapidly and reproduce in spring and summer. few species of hydroids have specific substrata requirements and many are generalists. hydroids are also capable of asexual reproduction and many species produce dormant, resting stages, that are very resistant of environmental perturbation ( gili & hughes, 1995 ). hughes ( 1977 ) noted that only a small percentage of the population of nemertesia antennina in torbay developed from dormant, regressed hydrorhizae, the majority of the population developing from planulae as three successive generations. rapid growth, budding and the formation of stolons allows hydroids to colonize space rapidly. fragmentation may also provide another route for short distance dispersal. - the brooded, lecithotrophic coronate larvae of many bryozoans have a short pelagic life time of several hours to about 12 hours ( ryland, 1976 ). in temperate waters most bryozoans species tend to grow rapidly in spring and reproduce maximally in late summer, depending on temperature, day length and the availability of phytoplankton ( ryland, 1970 ). - echinoderms are highly fecund, producing long - lived planktonic larvae with high dispersal potential but recruitment in echinoderms is poorly understood, often sporadic, variable between locations and dependant on environmental conditions such as temperature, water quality and food availability. recruitment was reported to be sporadic in echinus esculentus, e. g. millport populations showed annual recruitment, whereas few recruits were found in plymouth populations between 1980 - 1981 ( nichols, 1984 ). bishop & earll ( 1984 ) suggested that the population of echinus esculentus at st abbs had a high density and recruited regularly whereas the skomer population was sparse, ageing and had probably not successfully recruited larvae in the previous 6 years. in ophiothrix fragilis recruitment success is heavily dependent on environmental conditions including temperature and food availability. in years after mild winters ophiothrix fragilis occurred in extremely high densities in the oosterschelde estuary in holland ( smaal, 1994 ). however, echinoderms such as echinus esculentus, and asterias rubens are mobile and widespread and are likely to recruit by migration from other areas. - anthozoans, such as alcyoni", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4935634027355383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.169647"} {"text": "). however, echinoderms such as echinus esculentus, and asterias rubens are mobile and widespread and are likely to recruit by migration from other areas. - anthozoans, such as alcyonium digitatum and urticina felina are long lived with potentially highly dispersive pelagic larvae and are relatively widespread. they are not restricted to this biotope and would probably be able to recruit rapidly ( refer to the key information reviews ). - mobile epifauna will probably recruit from the surrounding area as the community develops and food, niches and refuges become available, either by migration or from planktonic larvae. for example, hatcher ( 1998 ) noted that the number of mobile epifaunal species steady increased over the year following deployment of settlement panels in poole harbour. time for community to reach maturity no information was found on the development of mcr. urt. cio and the following has been inferred from studies of similar epifaunal communities ( sebens, 1985, 1986 ; hartnoll, 1998 ). the recolonization of epifauna on vertical rock walls was investigated by sebens ( 1985, 1986 ). he reported that rapid colonizers such as encrusting corallines, encrusting bryozoans, amphipods and tubeworms recolonized within 1 - 4 months. ascidians such as dendrodoa carnea, molgula manhattensis and aplidium spp. achieved significant cover in less than a year, and, together with halichondria panicea, reached pre - clearance levels of cover after 2 years. a few individuals of alcyonium digitatum and metridium senile colonized within 4 years ( sebens, 1986 ) and would probably take longer to reach pre - clearance levels. jensen et al. ( 1994 ) reported the colonization of an artificial reef in poole bay, england. they noted that erect bryozoans, including bugula plumosa, began to appear within 6 months, reaching a peak in the following summer, 12 months after the reef was constructed. similarly, ascidians colonized within a few months e. g. aplidium spp. sponges were slow to establish with only a few species present within 6 - 12 months but beginning to increase in number after 2 years, while anemones were very slow to colonize", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45878671240876145, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.170737"} {"text": "within a few months e. g. aplidium spp. sponges were slow to establish with only a few species present within 6 - 12 months but beginning to increase in number after 2 years, while anemones were very slow to colonize with only isolated specimens present after 2 years ( jensen et al., 1994. ). in addition, hatcher ( 1998 ) reported a diverse mobile epifauna after a years deployment of her settlement panels. hydroids are often initial colonizing organisms in settlement experiments and fouling communities ( standing, 1976 ; brault & bourget, 1985 ; sebens, 1986 ; jensen et al., 1994 ; hatcher, 1998 ). in settlement experiments the hydroids cordylophora caspia, obelia dichotoma and obelia longissima colonized artificial substrata within ca 1 - 3 months of deployment ( standing, 1976 ; brault & bourget, 1985 : sandrock et al., 1991 ). once colonized the hydroids ability to grow rapidly and reproduce asexually is likely to allow them to occupy space and sexually reproduce quickly. flustra foliacea is the dominant species in this biotope. new colonies of flustra foliacea take at least 1 year to develop erect growth and 1 - 2 years to reach maturity, grow slowly ( stebbing, 1971a ; eggleston, 1972a ), and would probably several years to reach high abundance, depending on environmental conditions. recruitment may be enhanced in areas subject to sediment abrasion, where less tolerant species are removed, making more substratum available for colonization, especially if larval release in spring coincides with the end of winter storms. the wreck of a small coaster ( the m. v. robert ) off lundy became dominated by erect bryozoans, including occasional flustra foliacea, within 4 years of sinking, when it was first surveyed ( hiscock, 1981 ). overall, encrusting bryozoans, hydroids, and ascidians will probably develop a faunal turf within less than 2 years, and flustra foliacea can evidently colonize and reach an abundance of occasional ( 1 - 5 % cover ) within 4 years. slow growing species such as flustra foliacea, pentapora fascialis, and some sponges and anemones, will probably take many years to develop significant cover, so that this biotope may take between", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47273654745386795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.171694"} {"text": "palliative care is a new medical subspecialty that is making its way into hospitals around the country. many physicians are unsure when to refer to palliative care. which of the following patients qualifies for palliative care? what is palliative care and what does it do? - a 93 - year - old man with a history of dementia and medical problems is admitted with obtundation. ct scanning reveals a hemorrhagic stroke. his family refuses neurosurgical intervention and is unable to agree on treatment. - a 72 - year - old man is admitted for the fourth time in three months with exacerbation of congestive heart failure. he has chronic dyspnea, insomnia, pain from diabetic neuropathy and nausea from gastroparesis. his goal is to? fight to the end.? - a 65 - year - old woman has been in the icu for three weeks with cirrhosis, sepsis, and respiratory and renal failure. she has been declining despite aggressive therapy, but remains full code. - a 37 - year - old man with cancer is admitted for nausea and vomiting related to therapy that has the potential to cure the malignancy if he can complete the treatments. palliative care is interdisciplinary care that works to relieve suffering and improve quality of life for patients with advanced illness and their families. simply put, palliative care aims to relieve any kind of suffering, in any patient, in any family, in any clinical situation. suffering can take many forms, from physical symptoms to existential distress, from emotional pain to family conflict. palliative care works first to improve symptom control. studies have shown that palliative care involvement reduces pain and also relieves nonpain symptoms, such as nausea, breathlessness, constipation, delirium and insomnia. a patient whose symptoms are closely monitored and treated is more able to complete curative and life - prolonging therapy or participate in life - closure activities, when comfort is the goal. once symptoms are improved, palliative care can help address other vital needs. goals can be identified and steps initiated to help reach those goals. patient and family questions can be answered. education about therapies or prognosis or the dying process can be provided. difficult decisions regarding code status, further aggressive therapy or feeding tubes can be made. family meetings can be facilitated and communication enhanced when multiple physicians are involved in the patient", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46763529138346127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.174305"} {"text": "| australian 57th battalion | | part of | | 15th brigade | | nickname | | the merri regiment | | colours | | black beside red | | engagements | | world war i | | unit colour patch | the 57th battalion was an infantry battalion of the australian army. it was originally raised as a unit of the first australian imperial force in egypt on 18 february 1916 for service in world war i through the joining of half of the members of the 5th battalion with fresh recruits raised in australia from north - east victoria. together with the 58th, 59th and 60th battalions, the 57th formed part of the 15th brigade, which was assigned to the 5th australian division. the battalion was sent to france, arriving there in june 1916, and experienced its first taste of fighting on the western front in july when it was involved in the battle of fromelles. after that it spent the next two and a half years in the trenches in france and belgium, seeing action in many of the major battles fought by the australians during this time. after the war the battalion was disbanded in 1919, however, it was raised again as part of the militia in 1921. headquartered at preston, it drew its personnel from the 2nd battalion, 57th infantry regiment. in 1927 territorial titles were introduced and the 57th battalion adopted the title of \" the merri regiment \". at this time it also adopted the motto of \" strike hard \". due to the lack of numbers following the great depression the battalion was amalgamated with the 60th battalion in 1930, to become the 57th / 60th battalion ( merri / heidelberg regiment ). they would remain linked for the next sixteen years, seeing action in world war ii in the south - west pacific in 1943 \u2013 45. they were finally disbanded on 30 march 1946. here you can share your comments or contribute with more information, content, resources or links about this topic.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3691619752144748, "token_count": 375, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.176186"} {"text": "fitness basics ( 23 ) - tool : target heart rate calculator - fitness training : elements of a well - rounded routine - exercise : 7 benefits of regular physical activity - see all in fitness basics stretching and flexibility ( 3 ) - stretching : focus on flexibility - how fit are you? see how you measure up - hamstring injury aerobic exercise ( 12 ) - walking : trim your waistline, improve your health - rev up your workout with interval training - walking : how to start a walking group - see all in aerobic exercise strength training ( 9 ) - strength training : get stronger, leaner, healthier - functional fitness training : is it right for you? - pilates for beginners : explore the core of pilates - see all in strength training sports nutrition ( 3 ) - performance - enhancing drugs : know the risks - eating and exercise : 5 tips to maximize your workouts - water : how much should you drink every day? exercise : 7 benefits of regular physical activity you know exercise is good for you, but do you know how good? from boosting your mood to improving your sex life, find out how exercise can improve your life. by mayo clinic staff want to feel better, have more energy and perhaps even live longer? look no further than exercise. the health benefits of regular exercise and physical activity are hard to ignore. and the benefits of exercise are yours for the taking, regardless of your age, sex or physical ability. need more convincing to exercise? check out these seven ways exercise can improve your life. no. 1 : exercise controls weight exercise can help prevent excess weight gain or help maintain weight loss. when you engage in physical activity, you burn calories. the more intense the activity, the more calories you burn. you don ' t need to set aside large chunks of time for exercise to reap weight - loss benefits. if you can ' t do an actual workout, get more active throughout the day in simple ways \u2014 by taking the stairs instead of the elevator or revving up your household chores. no. 2 : exercise combats health conditions and diseases worried about heart disease? hoping to prevent high blood pressure? no matter what your current weight, being active boosts high - density lipoprotein ( hdl ), or \" good, \" cholesterol and decreases unhealthy triglycerides. this one - two punch keeps your blood flowing smoothly, which decreases your risk of cardiovascular diseases. in fact, regular physical activity can help you prevent or manage a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4589879144537166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.180618"} {"text": "\" good, \" cholesterol and decreases unhealthy triglycerides. this one - two punch keeps your blood flowing smoothly, which decreases your risk of cardiovascular diseases. in fact, regular physical activity can help you prevent or manage a wide range of health problems and concerns, including stroke, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, depression, certain types of cancer, arthritis and falls. no. 3 : exercise improves mood need an emotional lift? or need to blow off some steam after a stressful day? a workout at the gym or a brisk 30 - minute walk can help. physical activity stimulates various brain chemicals that may leave you feeling happier and more relaxed. you may also feel better about your appearance and yourself when you exercise regularly, which can boost your confidence and improve your self - esteem. no. 4 : exercise boosts energy winded by grocery shopping or household chores? regular physical activity can improve your muscle strength and boost your endurance. exercise and physical activity deliver oxygen and nutrients to your tissues and help your cardiovascular system work more efficiently. and when your heart and lungs work more efficiently, you have more energy to go about your daily chores. next page ( 1 of 2 ) - the benefits of physical activity. centers for disease control and prevention. http : / / www. cdc. gov / physicalactivity / everyone / health / index. html. accessed july 5, 2011. - 2008 physical activity guidelines for americans. u. s. department of health and human services. http : / / www. health. gov / paguidelines / guidelines / default. aspx. accessed june 14, 2011. - armstrong s, et al. social connectedness, self - esteem, and depression symptomatology among collegiate athletes versus nonathletes. journal of american college health. 2009 ; 57 : 521. - peterson dm. overview of the benefits and risks of exercise. http : / / www. uptodate. com / home / index. html. accessed june 6, 2011. - hannan jl, et al. beneficial impact of exercise and obesity interventions on erectile function and its risk factors. the journal of sexual medicine. 2009 ; 6 ( suppl 3 ) : 254. - hamilton ld, et al. the roles of testosterone and alpha - amylase in exercise - induced sexual arousal in women. journal of sexual medicine. 2008 ; 5 : 845. - laskowski er ( expert opinion ). mayo clinic, rochester, minn. july 11, 2011.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45864847311529633, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.181698"} {"text": "rocky mountain spotted fever ( rmsf ) is a severe disease that affects your blood vessels. it is potentially fatal. the disease is spread by ticks in north, central, and south america. rmsf is caused by a specific bacteria. this bacteria is carried by the american dog tick and the rocky mountain wood tick. it passes to humans when an infected tick bites the skin. the bacteria can then pass into the bloodstream. the bacteria sits in the lining of small blood vessels and multiplies. the growth of the bacteria causes irritation and swelling in the blood vessels. blood and other fluids can then leak out of the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue. factors that increase your chance of rmsf include : - being outdoors in areas known to have rmsf especially from april to september - exposure to tick - infested areas such as long grass, weeds or low brush - exposure to dogs - not using preventative steps ( listed below ) copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. the first symptoms of rmsf often occur within 2 - 14 days after a tick bite and may include : - muscle pain - lack of appetite - red eyes most but not all people with rmsf develop a rash. the rash begins as small, flat pink spots but can later progress to red - purple pots. the rash most often starts on the wrists, forearms and ankles. if left untreated, rmsf can cause severe problems to organs or skin near the leaky blood vessels. symptoms will depend on what organs are involved. the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. rmsf can be difficult to diagnose because the symptoms are similar to many other diseases. many people do not realize they have been bitten by a tick which can also make the diagnosis more difficult. a blood test may be done to confirm the diagnosis if your doctor suspects rmsf. treatment may be started before a clear diagnosis is made based on your risk and fever. rmsf is treated with antibiotics. it is important to start this treatment early. make sure to take all of your medication as recommended. do not stop taking the medication once you feel better, unless your doctor says it is safe to do so. the best way to prevent rmsf is to limit your exposure to ticks. if you live in an area that is prone to ticks, take the following precautions : - wear light - colored clothing. this makes ticks are more visible. - tuck pant legs inside socks. this stops ticks from crawling up under your pants", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4920658853666922, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.189603"} {"text": "oliver wendell holmes ( 1841 - 1935 ) wendell holmes, jr. was born on march 8, 1841, in boston, massachusetts. he was the eldest of three children born to his parents. his father, for whom he was named, was a medical doctor and writer who was a co - founder of the atlantic monthly. his mother, amelia jackson, was an abolitionist, and massachusetts then was the home of abolitionism. as an adult, holmes was tall and handsome, and wore a military mustache ( as you can see in the picture ). holmes had a difficult relationship with his father, who often used holmes as the recipient of his barbs in his atlantic monthly column, \" the autocrat of the breakfast - table. \" he was his mother ' s favorite child, and received his self - confidence from her. wendell, as he was called, attended harvard college beginning in 1857. shortly before he graduated, the civil war began. holmes left harvard to join the twentieth massachusetts regiment when the civil war broke out. because the regiment didn \u2019 t do any fighting before graduation, holmes was able to complete his exams and graduate in uniform. holmes was wounded three times in the civil war, most seriously in october 1861 at ball \u2019 s bluff ( in the chest ). he was also wounded in the battle at antietam creek in september 1862, when the civil war became a total war ( over 20, 000 soldiers suffered casualties in one day at antietam, and over 3, 600 died ). holmes was wounded a third time at chancellorsville ( may 1863 ) in the heel, and apparently hoped his foot would be amputated, so he could leave the military. his experiences in the civil war greatly affected his view of life and law. before the war, holmes had joined a christian society at harvard, and was a supporter of the abolitionist cause. after the war, he believed in little. after his three - year military commitment ended, holmes returned to boston rather than re - enlist. he entered and graduated harvard law school, and joined the massachusetts bar in 1867. his practice was not terribly successful, although he wrote articles for the american law review and revised chancellor james kent \u2019 s commentaries on american law. holmes believed a man had to earn his reputation before he turned 40, or he would not make it at all. shortly before his 40th birthday, he was invited to give the lowell lectures. the book published as a result of those lectures was the common law, which brought him the acclaim he had long desired. shortly thereafter, holmes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4284346028416426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.206020"} {"text": "would not make it at all. shortly before his 40th birthday, he was invited to give the lowell lectures. the book published as a result of those lectures was the common law, which brought him the acclaim he had long desired. shortly thereafter, holmes accepted a teaching position at harvard law school, but in the middle of his first term there, he accepted an appointment to the massachusetts supreme judicial court, where he was was a justice until 1902, when he was nominated to the supreme court by theodore roosevelt. tr nominated holmes because he thought wendell was trustworthy on the issue of taxation of those in the colonies ( gained as a result of the spanish - american war of 1898 ), and because tr well knew holmes \u2019 s stock speech glorifying war. tr later viewed the appointment of holmes as the major mistake of his presidency because he and holmes disagreed vehemently about the value and interpretation of the sherman antitrust act. of holmes, tr said, \" out of a banana i could carve a firmer backbone. \" holmes remained on the court for 29 years, retiring at 90 from the supreme court after a visit from chief justice charles evans hughes. he died three years later, on march 4, 1935, four days before his 94th birthday. in addition to his civil war experiences, his marriage and family life affected him as well. holmes lived at home until he married his schoolmaster \u2019 s daughter, fanny dixwell, in 1872. they remained married until her death in 1929. he and his wife did not have any children, possibly as a result of an illness she suffered from very shortly after they were married. in the late 1890s, holmes was involved in an unconsummated (? ) affair with a married woman, lady ( clare ) castletown, from ireland and england. holmes \u2019 life tells us how young the united states is : he attended the funeral of ( and may have known ) the 6th president of the us, john quincy adams, and knew the 32nd president of the us, fdr ( of whom he said, \" a second - class intellect, but a first - class temperament. \" ). holmes \u2019 jurisprudence is the wellspring for much of current american views about jurisprudence. holmes 1 ) tuned everyone to a social view of law \u2014 \" the life of the law has not been logic, it has been experience ; \" 2 ) was perceived to advocate judicial restraint when ( conservative ) judicial activism was denounced by progressives ; 3 ) advanced the idea of law as prediction, thus leading to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48467998041827576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.207334"} {"text": "the life of the law has not been logic, it has been experience ; \" 2 ) was perceived to advocate judicial restraint when ( conservative ) judicial activism was denounced by progressives ; 3 ) advanced the idea of law as prediction, thus leading to the is / ought of legal realism ; 4 ) urged a view of law from the perspective of a bad man, which led to a form of authoritarian control ; and 5 ) argued for a thoroughgoing positivism ( and opposition to moral language in law ). in 1881, when the lectures given at the lowell institute were published as the common law, holmes \u2019 purpose was to attack the elegant formalism being taught at harvard by christopher columbus langdell. his wide readings in history and philosophy ( and his membership in the metaphysical club, a group of nascent pragmatists such as nicholas green, charles s. peirce and william james ), and his devotion to social darwinism ( herbert spencer \u2019 s social statics ( 1852 ) ) led to a complete skepticism about natural law and rights. the question then is, what takes the place of natural law and natural rights? for holmes, the initial answer was an objective custom. the moralizing and blameworthiness that went hand - in - hand with natural rights was shunted aside, and was replaced by community standards as exemplified by the judge. but by 1897, when his famous harvard law review essay the path of the law has been published, holmes \u2019 views had changed and had become even more stark. the disruptions in society, especially the labor - management conflicts of the early and mid - 1890s, indicate that community standards don \u2019 t always exist, and holmes must decide a number of labor injunction cases. his theory in the path of the law is to conclude that law is nothing more that what judges actually do. in having to choose between an individualism he despised ( he talked at 90 of the nonsense of \" rights \" ), and a statism he feared ( especially as an economic conservative ), he choose the latter. he so chose, in part, because he believed in the positivist ideals, and individualism requires some anti - positivist beliefs ( and possibly some religious belief, which holmes pointedly did not have ). his statism, of course, is compatible at this time with progressive beliefs, for progressives favor state regulation of economic matters and oppose an activist supreme court striking down such laws based on the due process clause of the 14th amendment. holmes \u2019 lochner dissent becomes an example of his progressivism. as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5297208279232188, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.208546"} {"text": "this time with progressive beliefs, for progressives favor state regulation of economic matters and oppose an activist supreme court striking down such laws based on the due process clause of the 14th amendment. holmes \u2019 lochner dissent becomes an example of his progressivism. as a result of lochner, holmes was miscast as a progressive, and many trees were killed between the 1920s and 1960s to show how progressive holmes was. this effort was both led and inspired by felix frankfurter. it wasn ' t until the 1960s that a revised assessment of holmes occurred. recently, professor albert alschuler has written a book ( noted below ) emphasizing the dark side of holmes ' jurisprudence. holmes was an exceptional writer of pithy statements ( \" three generations of imbeciles are enough ; \" \" a word is but the skin of a living thought ; \" and \" the fourteenth amendment does not enact mr. herbert spencer ' s social statics, \" among others ), and together with his physical appearance, extraordinarily long life, stoicism, devotion to duty, lionization among successive generations, and lack of apparent ethnic prejudice ( in an era of rampant anti - semitism ) made him an iconic judicial figure. further reading : sheldon m. novick, honorable justice : the life of oliver wendell holmes ( 1989 ) ; g. edward white, justice oliver wendell holmes : law and inner self ( 1993 ) ; albert w. alschuler, law without values : the life, work, and legacy of justice holmes ( 2000 ). there are many other works about holmes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4907428089004986, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.209228"} {"text": "here is a map of caesar ' s travels from 48 - 44 b. c. caesar was busy the last three years of his life, yet there is mystery embedded in his activities. what was he trying to accomplish? did he have a plan? how did he intend to solve the problems of the republic? we don \u2019 t have the answers, but it \u2019 s interesting to look at the hints he gives us. caesar believed he could win the civil war by defeating his friend pompey. dyrrhachium had been a draw, but a month later when caesar prevailed at pharsalus, pompey fled to egypt. the latter was murdered upon his arrival based on the egyptian \u2019 s mistaken notion it would benefit them to demonstrate allegiance to caesar. when caesar arrived in alexandria four days later, following a month of tribute collecting in anatolia, he was shown pompey \u2019 s head and was not pleased. the egyptians had ruined his opportunity to humiliate a defeated enemy by taking him back to rome and, more importantly, crossed the line by murdering a senior roman leader. but caesar still needed money and assumed the role of arbiter over the dispute between cleopatra and her brother to gain position in the battle for control of the egyptian treasury. once cleopatra became his mistress, ptolemy and his minions rebelled, were defeated, and the king was killed. the end result was an alliance with egypt, rather than annexation, because caesar knew he could not trust any governor to manage an egyptian province. ignoring the unrest in rome, caesar decided to seek additional tribute in the east, so he headed north with the goal of reducing pontus as punishment for the murder of crassus. then, after its defeat on august 1, 47 b. c, he headed home via athens and tarentum, where he met with cicero. by early fall, caesar realized that a revolt of pompey loyalists in africa was underway so he began to plan an invasion of tunis. departing on december 25th from marsala, sicily, caesar \u2019 s army traveled to africa. a combination of food shortage and reluctance on the part of the pompeians to fight delayed the climactic battle until early april of 46 b. c. by july caesar had returned to rome and initiated forty days of triumphs to celebrate the end of the civil war. included in this extravaganza was the strangulation of vercingetorix, his old enemy from gaul, who had been kept in prison for six years waiting for the right moment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3977195984719144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.215376"} {"text": "triumphs to celebrate the end of the civil war. included in this extravaganza was the strangulation of vercingetorix, his old enemy from gaul, who had been kept in prison for six years waiting for the right moment. but now pompey loyalists in spain began to revolt and something had to be done about them. on november 1, 46 b. c, caesar left for spain with his army, for what would become his final campaign. again, as in africa, the enemy was elusive and it took until march 17th of 45 b. c. before they were defeated. in the single year that remained of caesar \u2019 s life, we note three primary activities : attempts at colonization and resettlement of veterans, the making of his will, and the extension of his powers. with regard to the settlements, the roman army at the end of the civil war consisted of no less than 35 legions, far more than needed and a dangerous risk to the stability of the republic. the dictator initially proposed resettlement lands for the veterans but there was not enough free land available in italy so the settlements were moved to occupied lands. not east, because the hellenistic world refused to be romanized, but west to spain and other parts. in september caesar returned to his villa at lavicum to prepare his will. it left three quarters of the estate to octavius, grandson of one of his sisters. the boy would also become his adopted son. here caesar chose family over colleagues because he had a good candidate. octavian \u2019 s intellect and ruthlessness had impressed his uncle and overcome any concerns about his frail constitution. what did caesar intend to do about the republic? fix it later or let it be? we don \u2019 t know. perhaps the answer lies in the plans he made in early 44 b. c. to invade parthia. battle was certainly something he loved and going to war put off having to deal with political problems he had no answer for. in february of 44, caesar had his dictatorship converted into a lifelong office, only a year after he had extended it to ten years. this new definition of dictator was deeply offensive to roman traditionalists who saw it as an emergency office only. in a weak attempt to show modesty, caesar refused to be named king when the crown was offered to him by anthony on february 15, 44 b. c. somehow he believed that the title was more dangerous than the authority, a frighteningly delusional position. once his enemies found out about the parthian campaign, they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43137622151919264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.225720"} {"text": "the crown was offered to him by anthony on february 15, 44 b. c. somehow he believed that the title was more dangerous than the authority, a frighteningly delusional position. once his enemies found out about the parthian campaign, they decided they couldn \u2019 t live with the idea of an absent dictator operating by remote control. the assassination plan came together quickly and caesar was killed. unfortunately, those republicans among the conspirators were as delusional as their victim and leaderless. brutus decided that anthony should be spared, so the public could see that the assassination was not a power grab. this foolish idealism would be their undoing. the conspirators had no plan for restoring the republic or even taking control of the situation. they allowed anthony to use caesar \u2019 s funeral oration to build hatred for the conspirators, driving them from rome while elevating himself. how many times has this story been told in history? idealists strike at the tyrant as an attempt to turn the clock back, but they fail because they aren ' t ruthless enough and don \u2019 t understand how to take power. the brilliant fallout of the death of caesar was the sham perpetrated on the roman people by octavian once he had defeated anthony at actium. he made the principate look like the republic and everyone fell for the ruse.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44129563955920914, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.226520"} {"text": "there is a growing mountain of scientific evidence that suggests negative ion therapy can provide a cheap and effective cure for the \u201c winter blues. \u201d there is no doubt that an overabundance of positive ions in the air in relation to negative ions produces very unpleasant reactions due to serotonin releases ( krueger, 1972 ). during the winter months, the lack of sun coupled with a constant bombardment from positive ion sources such as hvac systems, computer monitors, and electronic devices creates a potpourri of positive air ions that simply put makes us feel languished and depressed. so what \u2019 s the solution? mike montano, indoor air quality expert at ionic zone inc told us \u201c you can either hit the bottle for comfort or invest in a few of our $ 20 ionizers if you want to beat the winter blues. \u201d he added that negative ion generators are very commonplace and accepted in most other countries with small healthcare budgets. but in the united states, \u201c good luck finding a negative ion generator anywhere but the internet. \u201d what are the effects of positive ions? according to research, positive ions cause a number of problems such as sleeplessness, irritability, tension, migraines, nausea, breathing difficulties, digestive problems, depression, fatigue, and sometimes can even lead to suicide. positive ions slow down the delivery of oxygen, producing symptoms like anoxia or oxygen starvation. they alter the functional state of the central nervous system, peripheral organs and affect the secretion of the hormone serotonin. what are the effects of negative ions? according to research, negative ions enhance our mood, stimulate our senses, improve appetite and sexual drive, provide relief from hay fever, sinusitis, bronchial asthma, allergies, migraines, even post operative pain and burns. ( go to www. ioniczone. com / negative _ ions. htm to read the research studies ) negative ions also stimulate the reticuloendothelial system which are a group of defense cells in our bodies that watch over our resistance to disease. bottom line, we have better brain activity that results in greater awareness levels because our cells are better able to absorb oxygen and oxidize serotonin, and filter airborne contaminants. can a $ 20 ionizer really make a difference? \u201c our customers claim they can sleep better, feel more alert and refreshed, get ill less often, and take less allergy medications after using our products, \u201d says mike montano from ionic zone who sells their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5409584590488334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.242040"} {"text": "##izer really make a difference? \u201c our customers claim they can sleep better, feel more alert and refreshed, get ill less often, and take less allergy medications after using our products, \u201d says mike montano from ionic zone who sells their ionizers wholesale to the general public. she adds \u201c a large telemarketing firm called me recently to buy 20 more ionizers after noticing that by the end of the day, salespeople on the ionized section of the room were mostly standing, waiving their hands, and energized while the sales people on the non - ionized side of the room were mostly slumped over in from of their computers, rocking back in their chairs, and drained. needless to say, the owner has become a believer. \u201d while the scientific and anecdotal evidence suggests negative ion therapy is worthy of our consideration, one can only wonder why such an inexpensive and natural remedy to the winter blues is not more popular in the u. s. are americans not aware of the benefits of negatively ionized air? or have we as a society become so conditioned to popping pills that we have rejected any natural therapies altogether? this is a real life \u201c david vs. goliath \u201d story ; large drug companies vs. small internet companies selling negative ion generators without the resources to get the word out on negative ions. good luck!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5061898590734146, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.242929"} {"text": "explosions are main cause of spine injuries in u. s. soldiers friday, sept. 21 ( healthday news ) - - explosions are the main cause of spine injuries among wounded u. s. military personnel, a new study finds. researchers analyzed more than eight years of data on back, spinal column and spinal cord injuries suffered by american military personnel serving in iraq or afghanistan. of nearly 11, 000 evacuated casualties, about 600 ( nearly 5. 5 percent ) had a total of more than 2, 100 spinal injuries. explosions accounted for 56 percent of spine injuries, motor vehicle collisions for 29 percent and gunshots for 15 percent, the study found. in 17 percent of spine injuries, the spinal cord also was injured. fifty - three percent of gunshot wounds to the spine led to a spinal cord injury. the study also found that 92 percent of all injuries were fractures, 84 percent of patients ' wounds were the result of combat and spinal injuries often were accompanied by abdomen, chest, head and face injuries. the findings, published sept. 19 in the journal of bone and joint surgery, are an important first step in helping orthopedic surgeons develop treatment plans for military personnel with spine injuries, as well as for civilians with similar injuries, according to the researchers. \" in these current military conflicts, the latest technologies in body armor, helmets and other protective devices have helped save many soldiers ' lives, \" dr. james blair, an orthopedic surgery chief resident at the brooke army medical center at fort sam houston, in texas, said in a journal news release. \" we also have access to advanced life - saving techniques in the field and medical evacuation strategies that are keeping many more service members alive, \" he added. \" but when a person survives an explosion or vehicle collision, there has still been a great deal of force on the body, \" blair noted. \" many of those survivors are coming to us with severe injuries to their spine and back. we needed to describe and characterize these injuries so recommendations can be made on how to provide the most effective treatment and rehabilitation for our wounded warriors. \" the north american spine society has more about spine and spinal cord injuries. source : journal of bone and joint surgery, news release, sept. 19, 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4175893668381514, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.274859"} {"text": "montefiore news releases news releaseseyes burning already? it ' s because spring allergy season is off to an early start montefiore expert provides tips on symptoms to watch, how to find relief the weather might still be cold, but it \u2019 s not too early to start preparing for spring allergy season, which has already just begun. an estimated 35 million americans suffer from allergies, according to the american academy of allergy, asthma & immunology. more commonly called hay fever, seasonal allergic irritation results in symptoms that include itchy eyes, nose and throat, sneezing, stuffy or runny nose, tearing or dark circles under the eyes. \u201c in the early spring, trees are the first to start producing pollen as soon as they start budding, and it creates major problems for people with allergies, \u201d said david rosenstreich, m. d., director of the allergy and immunology division at montefiore medical center. \u201c the symptoms people experience often resemble a common cold, but, if it happens every year at this time, it \u2019 s most likely allergies. \u201d an allergy symptom is the result of the immune system overreacting. it mistakes the pollen for a foreign invader and attacks it, which leads to the release of chemicals called histamines into the blood. the histamine travels through the blood and latches onto histamine receptors on other cells, causing them to swell. this inflammation causes many familiar allergy symptoms. people with asthma are especially affected by allergies and may have asthma attacks, which can be dangerous and even life - threatening. asthma is often triggered by allergies ; however most people with allergies do not develop asthma. over - the - counter medications often make people experiencing allergies feel better, but if they experience difficulty breathing or the symptoms become more severe, they should seek medical attention. antihistamine drugs work by blocking the histamine from affecting these cells. additionally, a physician can prescribe more potent medications. in addition to medications, lifestyle changes also can help relieve symptoms. several to consider include : \u2022 limiting outdoor activities during days with high pollen counts. there are generally three pollen seasons that vary in different parts of the country. early spring is typically when trees pollinate, with birch, cedar, cottonwood and pine trees causing the biggest allergic triggers. tree pollination in the northeast typically lasts from late february to early june, but can be almost year -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4260718889467919, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.299153"} {"text": "of the country. early spring is typically when trees pollinate, with birch, cedar, cottonwood and pine trees causing the biggest allergic triggers. tree pollination in the northeast typically lasts from late february to early june, but can be almost year - round in warmer climates. grass pollen allergies typically arise in late spring, and weeds cause hay fever from the summer through the fall. ragweed is often one of the biggest offenders in most regions, as it can grow in nearly every environment. \u201c there \u2019 s no reason for people with allergies to suffer, \u201d dr. rosenstreich said. \u201c as long as you take the proper precautions, you should be able to enjoy the outdoors and make the most of the warm weather. \u201d david l. rosenstreich, m. d., is board certified in allergy & immunology and internal medicine, and is a professor in both the department of medicine and the department of microbiology and immunology at the albert einstein college of medicine. he is the director of the division of allergy and immunology in the department of medicine at montefiore medical center. dr. rosenstreich has received many awards, including the danziger distinguished scholar award in microbiology and immunology and a public health service commendation for his work with the u. s. public health service. as a scientific investigator, he has focused on the pathophysiology and etiology of allergic diseases, including asthma. dr. rosenstreich has authored or co - authored over 130 original research publications in peer - reviewed journals, and is the editor of three books. he is also the co - director of the montefiore severe asthma center, and has served as a consultant to the new york city department of health citywide asthma initiative.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4246093490014321, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.302268"} {"text": "practical, protective foot health steps for people with diabetes healthy feet are essential for overall good health, no matter your age, fitness level or physical challenges. for people with diabetes, however, taking care of their feet is especially vital. more than 60 percent of all non - traumatic lower - limb amputations worldwide are related to complications from the disease, according to the american diabetes association. a recent study by the american podiatric medical association ( apma ) indicates hispanics with diabetes are particularly in danger since more than 90 percent of those with the disease or at risk for it have never seen a podiatrist as part of their health care. \u201c regardless of ethnicity, foot ulcers and infections are the leading cause of hospitalization among people with diabetes, but most of those problems are largely preventable, \u201d says dr. joseph caporusso, a podiatrist and president of the apma. it \u2019 s important for those with the disease to \u2018 knock their socks off \u2019 and receive regular foot exams by today \u2019 s podiatrists. \u201d while ulcers \u2013 open sores on the foot \u2013 are the most common diabetes - related foot problem, several others are also serious and prevalent, including neuropathy, skin changes, calluses, poor circulation and infection. the nerve damage that diabetes causes may mean a person with an ulcer or injury may be unaware of it until it becomes infected. infection can lead to partial or full amputation of the foot or lower leg. the good news is, regular care from a podiatrist can help reduce amputation rates between 45 and 85 percent, the apma says. people with diabetes need to inspect their feet daily and be vigilant for warning signs of ulcers, including irritation, redness, cracked or dry skin ( especially around the heels ) or drainage on their socks. although ulcers can occur anywhere on the foot or ankle, they are typically found on pressure points on the foot, like the ball of the foot or bottom of the big toe. if you discover an ulcer or have any symptoms, see a podiatrist immediately. in many cases, the foot can be saved with early treatment. in addition to examining your feet every day, and keeping your blood glucose in your target range, make sure to follow these foot health tips : * discuss your diabetes and the risks with your family. diabetes can be hereditary, so talk to your family members about monitoring blood sugar and foot health. * never go barefoot. always protect", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3836517636265038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.332921"} {"text": "coconuts are a way of life for millions of people in tropical climates around the world today. known as the \u201c tree of life \u201d, the wonderful fruit of the coconut palm is rich in specific fats that have incredible health benefits. traditional tropical populations that consume a lot of coconut oil are seldom overweight, and traditionally have been free from the modern diseases that afflict most western cultures. the tropical fruit, the coconut, is well known for its nutritional benefits. its meat, juice and oil are popular all over the world due to its delicious taste and abundance of vitamins, minerals and nutrients. coconut was used by primitive people to treat a number of ailments, and is still recognized today for its nutritious and healing properties. on many islands coconut is a staple in the diet and provides the majority of the food eaten. nearly one third of the world \u2019 s population depends on coconut to some degree for their food and their economy. among these cultures the coconut has a long and respected history. coconut is highly nutritious and rich in protein, fiber, vitamins and minerals. it is classified as a \u201c functional food \u201d because it provides many health benefits beyond its nutritional content. the meat of the coconut is very good in destroying intestinal parasites that we get from eating infected food. it contains lauric acid, which helps fight bacteria from intestinal parasites and wards off countless infections ranging from hiv to the common cold. eating coconut helps fight gas, constipation, ulcers and other digestive and stomach ailments. coconut also supports thyroid function and can prevent goiter ( an enlarged thyroid ) because it naturally contains iodine. coconut has even been shown to protect the body from cancer and osteoporosis, dissolve kidney stones, reduce epileptic seizures, and reduce symptoms associated with pancreatic disorders. one of the main health benefits of coconut meat is dietary fiber. since fiber aids in the process of digestion, diets that incorporate some coconut can help with proper bowel movements as well as lower your risk of digestive issues, such as irritable bowel syndrome ( ibs ). dietary fiber doesn \u2019 t only benefit your digestive tract ; it may also help improve your cholesterol by lowering the level of low - density lipoprotein in your bloodstream. when ldl is kept with a healthy range, you lower your risk of high blood pressure, atherosclerosis ( narrowing of the arteries ) and cardiovascular disease as well as suffering a heart attack or stroke", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45023430519108715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.344130"} {"text": "##oprotein in your bloodstream. when ldl is kept with a healthy range, you lower your risk of high blood pressure, atherosclerosis ( narrowing of the arteries ) and cardiovascular disease as well as suffering a heart attack or stroke. coconut meat also contains folate. more commonly known as folic acid, this b vitamin is considered to have antioxidant qualities that can aid in the prevention of heart disease. diets that are deficient in this vitamin increase the risk of heart disease, heart failure and stroke. coconut is also rich in protein. because of its high calorie and fat content, coconut is a healthy food to consume for those who are trying to gain weight due to emaciation and for body builders who need high - protein foods to help build muscles. coconut provides quick and lasting boosts of energy. it also benefits the outward appearance of the body in a number of ways, including softening the skin, reducing the appearances of wrinkles and fine lines, controlling dandruff and keeping the scalp and hair healthy. a one cup serving of shredded coconut contains : coconut is an excellent source of manganese and contains 60 percent of the recommended daily intake of that mineral. it also contains 11 percent of the recommended intake for iron, 9 percent of phosphorus and 8percent of potassium. there are trace amounts of other nutrients in coconut, including zinc, calcium, and magnesium and omega 3.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4442591429922604, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.348473"} {"text": "in a year when tremendous variability was observed within fields as well as among areas of the state, information from replicated trials like the university of minnesota trials is particularly valuable. since we can ' t predict next year ' s growing conditions, it ' s important to select hybrids that perform well over multiple locations within a region. hybrids that consistently perform well over multiple environment, including different soil and weather conditions, have greater potential to perform well the next year, compared to hybrids with less consistence performance. below are university of minnesota extension grain and silage hybrid selection recommendations based on the results from the 2012 university of minnesota corn grain and silage trials. considerations for grain hybrid selection : hybrid selection begins with maturity. early growing degree day ( gdd ) accumulation, combined with an early planting season overall, caused corn to mature early in 2012. in planning for next year, identify an acceptable maturity range based on the number gdds required for a hybrid to reach physiological maturity ( black layer ). detailed information about the number of gdds available for corn production for multiple locations along with information on the relationship between gdds and corn relative maturity ( rm ) is available at : http : / / z. umn. edu / ak0 plant multiple hybrids of varying maturity to spread risk, and widen the harvest interval. there is more variability in yield among hybrids within a given rm rating than there is between maturity groups. detailed information on corn grain yields and harvest moisture for various rms across minnesota is available at : http : / / z. umn. edu / ak1 hybrids should also be selected according to agronomic traits such as standability, disease tolerance, emergence, and the need for transgenic resistance to insects and herbicides within a given production system. considerations for silage hybrid selection : one of the first things to consider when selecting silage hybrids is maturity. longer - season hybrids tend to have higher silage yields. a general guideline is that hybrids planted for silage should be five to 10 days longer in rm than the hybrids planted for grain. select hybrids that have a range in rm, as this widens the harvest window. harvesting at the correct moisture level is critical for producing high quality silage, and if missed, can negate the benefits of good hybrid selection. other important agronomic considerations when selecting silage hybrids include herbicide and insect resistance for the given cropping system, and tolerance to drought and disease. since corn silage is an energy source for animal performance, producers should consider both silage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44491224089135106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.363781"} {"text": "medicinal mushrooms and cancer mushrooms are not just a tasty addition to a salad or casserole. they are much, much more. most, of an estimated 38, 000 species of mushrooms, provide a wealth of protein, fiber, b vitamins, and vitamin c, as well as calcium and other minerals. at least three of these species have demonstrated phenomenal healing potential : maitake, shiitake, and reishi. these medicinal mushrooms have been shown to lower the risk of cancer ; promote immune function ; ward off viruses, bacteria, and fungi ; boost heart health ; reduce inflammation ; combat allergies ; help balance blood sugar levels ; and support the body \u2019 s detoxification mechanisms. medicinal mushrooms have several overlapping properties : all support cardiovascular health, all boost immune function, and all show promise in lowering the risk of, or treating, cancer. maitake is specifically recommended for stomach and intestines, as well as blood sugar levels ; shiitake helps with nutritional deficiencies and liver ailments, while reishi promotes respiratory health and spirituality. many of the medicinal mushrooms, including chaga mushroom, maitake mushroom, ganoderma ( also known as gano ) mushroom, and cordyceps mushroom, contain cancer - preventive and cancer - fighting actions. along with research on polysaccharides with beta 1, 3 glucan linkages, other mushroom extracts have been shown to have clinical effectiveness against human cancers, these being d - fraction extracted from the maitake mushroom, and extracts from the split gill, turkey tail and reishi mushrooms. medicinal mushrooms are sources of antitumor and immunity - modulating polysaccharides ( a type of carbohydrate ) that have been extensively researched. cancer patients may also wish to investigate medicinal mushrooms ( such types as reishi, shiitake, cordyceps, maitake, agaracus, and coriolus ) as immune - boosting companions to chemotherapy. shiitake, as with many of the medicinal mushrooms, has been shown to be of benefit as an adjuvant cancer therapy. it has been shown to improve specific immune markers ( including natural killer cells, tumor necrosis factor, t - helper cells, and a variety of interleukins ), and patient outcomes. reishi can be used to treat cancer patients due to its ability to activate nk cells, macrophages, t - lymphocytes, and cytokines, all important immune system components. kee chang huang reports that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46121522359491396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.520386"} {"text": "ibn hazm : gleanings from his thoughts on philosophy and science by the editorial board table of contents 3. his works and their historical assessment 4. virtues of science 5. territoriality of science 6. fundamental duties of the scholar 7. the perfect sciences 8. conduct of scholars in disputations 9. classification of sciences 10. various considerations in science 10. 1 sciences of number and geometry 10. 2 on astronomy 10. 3 on physics note of the editor this article was previously published on www. muslimheritage. com in september 2003. the present version was revised and edited by fstc research team in april 2013. fig. 1 statue of ibn hazm in cordoba. ( source ). ibn hazm grew up in the period of final collapse of umayyad rule in spain as the nation disintegrated into often conflicting local states. that period of turbulence and his early education by women, in whose midst he grew up, far from the company of other children, were to have profound effects on ibn hazm ' s thoughts and character. as a scholar, ibn hazm had a great reputation, and was one of the most original theologians and literati of muslim spain. he was a master of many disciplines, including history, grammar, poetry, genealogy, and logic, and wrote works of enduring importance in islamic theology and law. he is the author of over 400 works, and enjoyed a great reputation for his vast capacity to memorize both lines and random facts. carra de veaux seems to give little recognition to ibn hazm, though, stating amongst others that his production, although vast, was hardly devoid of errors. ibn hazm, however, in his kitab al - taqrib ( book of introduction ), which is now extant, states that \" science consist in knowing with certainty something according to what it really is, or by an evident proof which hence helps reach certitude. \" this theme frequently occurs in his works. we seek in this article to look into this aspect as well as his philosophy and thoughts on science, its merits and its relationship to morals. nothing more appropriate to open this paper on ibn hazm ' s thoughts on science and philosophy than some of his sayings. according to him, \" what fixes and preserves a nation ' s language, as well as its sciences and its history, is simply the strength of its political power, accompanied by the happy welfare and leisure of its inhabitants. \" in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5165265171245573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.563668"} {"text": "sayings. according to him, \" what fixes and preserves a nation ' s language, as well as its sciences and its history, is simply the strength of its political power, accompanied by the happy welfare and leisure of its inhabitants. \" in kitab al - akhlaq wa ' l siyar, he says : \" compare yourself, for wealth, status and health to those lower to you. for faith, science and virtue compare yourself to those who are higher than you. \" he adds in the same book : \" complex sciences are like powerful drugs, which suit the strong and exhaust the weak. likewise, complex sciences enrich a vigorous mind, and keep it off evil, but exhaust the mediocre mind. \" fig. 2 front cover of the ring of the dove : a treatise on the art and practice of arab love, english translation of tawq al - hamama, by a. j. arberry, london : luzac, 1995. online here. abu muhammad ' ali ibn ahmad ibn sa ' id, known as ibn hazm, was born in november 994 and died in august 1064. his family came from the city of cordoba itself. their earlier origins are much less clear, although evidence shows that they were of indigenous iberian stock from labla, west of seville, a few miles from the atlantic shores. one of the ancestors of ibn hazm was converted to islam from christianity. ibn hazm ' s father, abu ' umar ahmad ibn sa ' id ibn hazm ( d. 1012 ), held the function of vizier ( minister ) at the court of al - mansur ibn abi \u2018 amir and his successor al - muzaffar, a father and son who ruled in the name of the third umayyad caliph hisham ii ( r. 976 - 1013 ). this period of late 10th century and early 11th had been one of the greatest moments of islamic spanish history. the andalus was enriched economically and financially, and muslim armies were led into victories of unprecedented scale in muslim spain. at al - mansur ' s death, though, ridden with intrigues, divisions, and conflict between numerous factions, the once most powerful state collapsed into chaos, and was never to recover. living in the circles of the ruling hierarchy provided ibn hazm, an eager and observant student, with excellent educational opportunities. experiences in the surroundings of the harem made an indelible impression upon him. circumstances for ibn haz", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4836177557658906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.564863"} {"text": ". living in the circles of the ruling hierarchy provided ibn hazm, an eager and observant student, with excellent educational opportunities. experiences in the surroundings of the harem made an indelible impression upon him. circumstances for ibn hazm changed drastically upon the death of al - muzaffar in 1008, when the stability that the umayyads had provided for more than two and one - half centuries collapsed. a civil war ensued and continued until 1031, when the caliphate was abolished and a large number of petty states replaced any semblance of a centralized political structure. ibn hazm ' s family was uprooted, and his father ahmad died in 1012 ; ibn hazm continued to boldly and persistently support umayyad claimants to the office of caliph, for which he was frequently imprisoned. the life and thoughts of ibn hazm are both good illustration and product of the chaos and collapse of the muslim state. such collapse had direct impact on ibn hazm who was at the centre stage of events. he held positions of power and prestige, followed by decline and disgrace following the political fortunes or misfortunes of his patrons. hence, in 1016, for instance, caliph sulayman was overthrown, and ibn hazm, suspect for his umayyad sympathies, was first imprisoned and then banished. three years later, he returned to cordoba, and four years after became the vizier of ' abd al - rahman v, whose rule, though, only lasted for seven weeks, and ibn hazm was again imprisoned. ibn hazm, who had already been terribly affected by the earlier demise of his own father, following earlier upheavals, now suffered even more and directly the effects of political chaos. that may account for his acerbic and harsh temperament, which made him both famous and feared for his sharp tongue, and it became well known that \" the tongue of ibn hazm and the sword of al - hajjaj ibn yusuf [ the severe umayyad governor of iraq ] are brothers. \" the upheavals of his political career may also account for ibn hazm ' s withdrawal from public life to devote himself to study, teaching, and writing. by 1031 ibn hazm began to express his convictions and activist inclinations through literary activity, becoming a very controversial figure. with the exception of a short stay on the island of majorca, he apparently spent most of his time on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4279944254714118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.567527"} {"text": "writing. by 1031 ibn hazm began to express his convictions and activist inclinations through literary activity, becoming a very controversial figure. with the exception of a short stay on the island of majorca, he apparently spent most of his time on the family estate in manta lisham. ibn hazm received a wide - ranging education, which, more than likely in his later life, impacted on his various and diverse learning. his thinking extends to all areas of islamic sciences, including grammar, lexicology, the science of the qur ' an, tradition and commentaries, canon law or fiqh and theology, etc. thus to study his oeuvre, according to arnaldez, \" one has to be first well aware of matters which muslim thinkers have addressed. \" he was also seen as : \" one of the most original theologians and literati of muslim spain \u2026, a master of many disciplines, including history, grammar, poetry, genealogy, and logic, and wrote works of enduring importance in islamic theology and law '. ibn hazm ' s intellectual force is also recognized by castro, who states, that whilst the muslims felt a \" lively curiosity about everything religious, \" ibn hazm was the first religious historian ever. his work al - fasl fi al - milal wa - \u2018 l - ahwa ' wa - \u2018 l - nihal ( translated as critical history of religions, literally the decisive word on sects, heterodoxies and denominations ) is regarded as : \" the first of its genre and it is surprising that it was written in the 11th century when nothing like it existed in christian europe. ibn hazm proceeds like a scholar and a theologian who is acquainted through his own study and experience with the religions of his time and he analyses them in detail, quoting their texts. \" according to yaqut and al - qifti, two important biographers, ibn hazm has written nearly four hundred works, amounting to nearly 80, 000 pages. amongst his surviving works, we mention : - kitab al - ihkam fi usul al - ahkam ( the perfect knowledge of the foundations of jurisprudence ). the manuscript can be found in the national library of cairo. it was recently edited in two volumes. in al - ihkam, ibn hazm develops his method for classifying human acts within the five established juridical categories ( ahkam ) of obligatory, recommended, disapproved, forbidden, and lawful. for an action to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46561167924435365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.568771"} {"text": "in al - ihkam, ibn hazm develops his method for classifying human acts within the five established juridical categories ( ahkam ) of obligatory, recommended, disapproved, forbidden, and lawful. for an action to fall into one of the first four categories, there must be a text ( qur ' an or authentic hadith ) that establishes its particular status ; otherwise, the act is lawful. this method is further applied in his voluminous treatise on fiqh ( islamic law ), kitab al - muhalla ( the book of ornaments ). - kitab jamharat ansab al - \u2018 arab ( on the arab genealogy ), known through the cairo critical edition made by levi provencal in 1948. - risala fi fadhl al - andalus wa - dhikr rijaliha ( a letter on the merits of al - andalus and the memory of its men ), which was kept by al - maqqari in his nafh al - tib. - kitab al - akhlaq wa - ' l - siyar ( the book of morals and behaviour ) : its manuscript was discovered by helmut ritter alongside other works ; and it was edited for the first time in 1908. - another great book of ibn hazm is kitab al - fasl fi al - milal wa - \u2018 l - ahwa ' wa - \u2018 l - nihal. in the fasl ( detailed critical examination ), the author offers a critical survey of different systems of philosophical thought in relation to religious beliefs among the skeptics, peripatetics, brahmans, zoroastrians and other dualists, jews, and christians. using the examination of these religions to establish the pre - eminence of islam, he also attacks all the muslim theologians, the mu ' tazila and the ash ' ariya in particular, along with the philosophers and mystics. his main objection is that each of them raises questions about the revealed text only to resolve them by purely human means. ibn hazm does not deny recourse to reason, since the qur ' an itself invites reflection, but this reflection must be limited to two givens, revelation and sense data, since the so - called principles of reason are in fact derived entirely from immediate sense experience. thus reason is not a faculty for independent research, much less for discovery. - tawq al - hamama ( the ring of the dove, the dove", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5242908905446754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.569714"} {"text": "since the so - called principles of reason are in fact derived entirely from immediate sense experience. thus reason is not a faculty for independent research, much less for discovery. - tawq al - hamama ( the ring of the dove, the dove ' s neck - ring or the dove ' s necklace, online here ), a youthful work that was clearly revised later, is interesting in several respects. as a collection of prose passages and poetic illustrations on the subject of love and lovers, it offers a fairly standard treatment of a popular theme in arabic literature. what sets it apart, however, is ibn hazm ' s penetrating observation of human psychology, a trait found in his kitab al - akhlaq wa - al - siyar, a later study of characters and conduct. underlying the delicate charm of the prose and poetry in the dove ' s neck - ring is an uneasy sensibility. questioning, for example, the sincerity of exchanges between women and their lovers, ibn hazm finds a gap between what is said and what is thought and concludes that language often serves to mask thought. this otherwise commonplace discovery of dishonesty provides him in turn with a basis for profound reflection on language and its wider uses, and it is here that he introduces the notion of zahir, the \" apparent \" or literal meaning of words, which he will expand in his other works of islamic law. fig. 3 the title - page of the unique manuscript of tawq al - hamama by ibn hazm held at leiden university library : ms or. 927, folio 1a. lecture by jan just witkam, beyond the codex : codicology in scholarship, tima ' s workshop on codicology ( cambridge, september 11, 2009 ). ibn hazm is better known as one of the leading exponents of the zahiri ( literalist ) school of jurisprudence and theology, for which the basic qualification was a thorough knowledge of the qur\u02bean and hadith ( tradition. the zahiri principle of legal theory relies exclusively on the literal meaning of the qur\u02bean and hadith. though his legal theories never won him many followers, ibn hazm creatively extended the zahiri principle to the field of theology. he made a comparative study on the religious pluralism of his day, which is among the earliest of such studies and is highly regarded for its careful historical detail. today, the literature on ibn hazm in english is rather scant. there is a good entry on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5847063111282461, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.570912"} {"text": "study on the religious pluralism of his day, which is among the earliest of such studies and is highly regarded for its careful historical detail. today, the literature on ibn hazm in english is rather scant. there is a good entry on ibn hazm in the encyclopedia of islam by arnaldez. the main work of ibn hazm that has retained the attention of english speaking scholarship is tawq al - hamama translated by a. j. arberry as the ring of the dove. otherwise, most information on ibn hazm is gleaned from french and spanish sources. miguel asin palacios, more than any other, has written considerably, most particularly his well - known, and lengthy abenhazam de cordoba. fig. 4 the opening pages of ibn hazm ' s tawq al - hamama. coloured paper, expert calligraphy, elegant lay - out. source : ms leiden, or. 927, ff. 1b - 2a. ( source ). ibn hazm ' s writing has been looked at from many perspectives, and from many directions. roger arnaldez, as an authority on spanish history, had devoted his doctoral thesis to ibn hazm and published on several of his theories and contributions. on the influence ibn hazm had on post islamic spanish literature and thought, there is no better source than americo castro ' s structure of spanish history. ibn hazm ' s views on science have, however, been generally set aside. possibly, as in the view of baron carra de vaux, despite ibn hazm ' s prolific output, and his prodigious ability to memorize texts and facts, it is because his writing is not devoid of errors. de vaux also finds his work bearing an anti - intellectual trait, suppressing speculation, narrowing considerably the frontiers of jurisprudence, depriving jurists of freedom of conscience etc. arnaldez, however, observes that ibn hazm in kitab al - taqrib ( the book of introduction ), which is no longer extant, states that \" science consists in knowing with certainty something according to what it really is, or by an evident proof which hence helps reach certitude. \" maybe de vaux ' s criticism stems from the fact that ibn hazm does not accept the notion of knowledge for its own sake ; that satisfaction with independent knowledge just out of curiosity ; traits that have distinguished the greeks and their science. in islam", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5017411772043449, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.571957"} {"text": "maybe de vaux ' s criticism stems from the fact that ibn hazm does not accept the notion of knowledge for its own sake ; that satisfaction with independent knowledge just out of curiosity ; traits that have distinguished the greeks and their science. in islam, science and knowledge have practical aims, and are according to ibn hazm shaped, or affected, by revelation. the object of science, for him, is to understand divine orders. ibn hazm further adds : \" our faculties of discerning and comprehending are helped by divine grace, but on condition to use them as god wishes us to, and where he wants us to. \" regarding the role of experiment and observation, crucial to scientific advance, ibn hazm considers that : \" we know with certainty that never could man have acquired the sciences and arts by himself guided only by his natural abilities and without the benefit of instruction. ( this applies, e. g., to ) medicine, the knowledge of the physiological temperaments, the diseases and their causes, in all their numerous varieties, and the invention of adequate treatment and cure of each of them by drugs or preparations, which could never have been actually tried out. for how could anyone test every prescription on every disease since this would take tens of thousands of years and necessitate the examination of every sick person in the world? \" arnaldez further compares ibn hazm with the french rationalist philosopher descartes, with whom he shares a love for certainty ; and like him seeks it in proof. like him, also, he suspects that all that edges away from proof becomes close to error. perhaps more appropriately, comparisons should have been drawn between ibn hazm and the other french philosopher - scientist, pascal ( 1623 - 62 ). indeed, like ibn hazm, pascal is also highly imbued with faith, at all steps, seeking to reconcile them ; the moral aspect of each issue always imposing itself in the end. moreover, pascal, in his work les pensees ( thoughts ) also seeks to order his thoughts, a sort of listing found in ibn hazm, whereby each thought carries a function, and conveys a specific injunction or idea. all thoughts are related, coherently assembled in batches, and all aiming at one and single end : the cohabitation, or the working together, of science and god - inspired morality. ibn hazm ' s most extensive thoughts on philosophy and science are to be garnered from his kitab al - akhlaq wa -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5673591144465407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.573064"} {"text": "and single end : the cohabitation, or the working together, of science and god - inspired morality. ibn hazm ' s most extensive thoughts on philosophy and science are to be garnered from his kitab al - akhlaq wa - ' l - siyar which was translated into french under unesco sponsorship by n. tomiche. we use this book as a source of reference, and we translate into english the excerpts we need. fig. 5a - b scenes from the tale of bayad and riyad, an andalusian manuscript of the 13th century, biblioteca apostolica vaticana in rome, ms vat. ar. ris. 368. ( source b \u2013 source c ). science in ibn hazm ' s thought is by no means a single entity devoid of any moral dimension, nor the most important moral outlet in life. he constantly asserts the real meaning of life, how all worldly things are of lesser value in comparison to the spiritual and moral. he says : \" i have come across most people \u2012 with the exception of those that god most high has protected \u2012 they rush into misery, worry, the exhaustion of this world, and amassing terrible sins, that will earn them hell - fire, gaining nothing in pursuing their evil deeds \u2026 and they know that their evil intentions will neither fulfil their wishes, nor bring any gains ; and that with purer intentions they will obtain great rest for their souls. \" \" whoever harms his kinship and his neighbours is worse than them. whomsoever returns ill that he receives from them is like them. whomsoever does not return ill done to him is the master, the best and most virtuous amongst all. \" in another meaningful sentence, he asserts : \" whomsoever rises above things of this world, in front of which you kneel, is much stronger than you. \" and also : \" blame from a man with a corrupt soul in opposing him, and refraining from evil deeds is better for you than his esteem if you did evil. \" having, thus, declared his moral stands, ibn hazm finds adequate room for science, and looks at it in different contexts and situations. first, he gives it its real due, stating : \" should the merit of science being fear of the ignorant, and love and honour for the scholars, that alone should encourage striving for it. what then about its other virtues in this world and the other. \" science, in the mind of ibn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5696290493701328, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.574107"} {"text": "should the merit of science being fear of the ignorant, and love and honour for the scholars, that alone should encourage striving for it. what then about its other virtues in this world and the other. \" science, in the mind of ibn hazm, has some territoriality, which itself has a number of dimensions. hence,, ibn hazm, has a word of warning against those who intrude in the realm of science whilst not being worthy of it, saying : \" there is no worse calamity for science and for scholarship than those intruders who are foreign to them. they are ignorant and yet think they know ; they ruin everything whilst convinced they are fixing all. \" fig. 6a - b : front covers of two arabic editions of ibn hazm ' s works : tawq al - hamama and rasa ' il ibn hazm. in the same vein, ibn hazm warns those who stretch themselves beyond what they are capable of, stating : \" whomsoever has a natural leaning towards a science, even if it was less noble than another, should not abandon it for the other because if he did he would be like someone who would be growing coconuts in al - andalus and olive trees in india, crops that would never fructify. \" ibn hazm is not satisfied with scholars who are only contented with their own self - fulfilment. the duty of the scholar is to enlighten others. he observes : \" whomsoever is miserly with the gift of his knowledge deserves more blame than whomsoever is miserly with his money, because the man miserly with his money fears exhausting what he has, but the one miserly with his science is with an object which does not become exhausted with use, and that he would lose nothing in sharing it. \" and humility amongst men of science is what he praises most : \" if you pride yourself with your science, then you must realize that you have no merit ; science is a gift that god has granted you. thus do not acknowledge it in a way that angers the highest, because he could erase it from your head through an illness of some sort. \" ibn hazm reinforces this statement with the following : \" also be aware that many men eager for science, read, study, and research with application, but derive no fruit. the man of science must realize that if application alone was enough, many other men would be superior to him.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4983350737189529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.575151"} {"text": "the following : \" also be aware that many men eager for science, read, study, and research with application, but derive no fruit. the man of science must realize that if application alone was enough, many other men would be superior to him. science, thus, is certainly a gift from the highest. what place is left for pride, thus? we can only accept in humility, and give thanks to god, asking him to increase his bounty, and beg him not to deprive us of it. \" crucial for ibn hazm is that not all knowledge and science are acceptable. he states that clearly : \" the most noble sciences, are those which bring us closer to the creator ; those which help us be pleasing to him. \" he specifies : \" whomsoever wishes for happiness in the other life, wisdom in this world, equity in their deeds, having all moral qualities, the practice of all virtues, ought to follow in his deeds the example of mohammed ( pbuh ) the messenger of god. \" fig. 7 manuscript showing poems of ibn hazm. ( source ). ibn hazm takes great care to make parallels between knowledge and science on one hand, and the practice of good and evil : \" the use of science in the practice of virtue is considerable : the man who knows the beauty of virtue will follow it, however possible. knowing the evil of wrong, he will avoid it, however possible. he listens to worthy praise, and keeps his distance from unworthy praise. from this is derived that science has a part in every virtue, and that ignorance has one in every vice. man who is illiterate and who still practices virtue must be extremely pure, a virtuous being. this is the state of prophets ( pbuh ) because god had conveyed goodness to them without they acquiring it from men. \" he points out also : \" i have seen men who had studied the sciences, who knew the messages of the prophets, the recommendations of the wise, and yet who surpassed the most evil men in their worse deeds, and their depravation. this is very frequent, and so i have understood that these two moral attitudes were favours granted or denied by the most high. \" fig. 8 spanish stamp of ibn hazm. then, as now, discussions and disputations, used to take place between scholars. ibn hazm, in the last chapter of his book kitab al - akhlaq wa - ' l - siyar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5497183725140193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.576388"} {"text": "ibn hazm. then, as now, discussions and disputations, used to take place between scholars. ibn hazm, in the last chapter of his book kitab al - akhlaq wa - ' l - siyar delves into this matter, and \" on the manner to attend study sessions. \" he begins by saying : \" if you attend a study session, only behave like a man wishing to expand his knowledge and seeking a higher reward from god. do not act like a man content with what he holds, who is waiting for a weakness ( from someone ) to criticize ( it or him ), or an oddity to raise. this will be acting like vile people who have never mastered science. \" if you attend with good intentions you will obtain the best results. otherwise just stay at home, awarding yourself rest, a good morality, and a salutary outcome in front of god. \" he adds : \" if you attended ( a study session ), strictly adopt three attitudes, there is no fourth. first : you can lock yourself in the silence of ignorance. second : if you do not behave as such, ask for the questions a man seeking to learn asks \u2026 this man will ask only about what he does not know, not about what he knows. asking about matters one knows is making proof of ineptitude ; this is only ranting, waste of time for everyone \u2026. if the person you are questioning does not give satisfactory answers, stop questioning \u2026 third : you can answer like a scientist, refuting clearly the other ' s arguments. if you are not capable of that, do not insist. \" ibn hazm also warns against those who \" ask questions stubbornly, very proud men who seeing themselves right without knowing anything about the matter. this shows lack of piety, a tendency to ranting, a weak mind, and excessive vanity. \" he advices also : \" if you hear, or read writing ( you object to ), do not react with violence until you have proof that what is expressed is wrong. do not accept that with the enthusiasm of the credulous man either until being wholly convinced of that. in both situations you blind yourself and drift away from truth \u2026 act like a person who has no preconceived views, one ready to know and accept what is right and reject what is wrong. \" ibn hazm ' s thoughts and philosophy on science have also another dimension. it is common with islamic scholars, such as al - g", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5195928794971161, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.578146"} {"text": "##conceived views, one ready to know and accept what is right and reject what is wrong. \" ibn hazm ' s thoughts and philosophy on science have also another dimension. it is common with islamic scholars, such as al - ghazali, to classify sciences, to provide some sort of division that helps in their understanding, study and promotion. this division, has gradually led to our modern learning system in departments, faculties, and courses. ibn hazm did not make the classification of sciences as such. instead, he provided the boundaries, and the rules within science as a whole. he brings in all dimensions looked at above. he does, moreover, which is quite important, provide the seeker of science indications of how to go on about it, integrating the highly complex, abstract, moral and also the most down to earth, such as the prudent conduct in scientific gatherings. in his book al - taqrib li - had al - mantiq, ibn hazm divides knowledge into two parts : innate sense - oriented knowledge and rational deductive knowledge. innate sense - oriented knowledge is knowledge that allah has created in everyone, nobody being favored by it ; as he says : \" it is allah ' s work in the soul. \" knowledge, then, is divided into two kinds : the first is intuitive knowledge, which is, by necessity, of the mind, such as \" knowing that the whole is bigger than the part, and a person that was not born before you cannot be older than you. \" the second, sense - oriented knowledge, is knowledge that depends on the senses to reach the truth such as : knowing that \" a fire is hot and ice is cold, aloe is bitter, and dates are sweet. \" included in this kind of knowledge is the knowledge that comes through successive transference and that provides its authenticity by this transference, such that as the \" knowledge we have that elephants exist even though we may not have seen them, or that egypt and mekka are in the world, and that humans have brains in their heads and intestines in their abdomens. \" these two kinds of knowledge, ibn hazm believes, do not need evidence to prove their authenticity, because they are human intuitive and innate knowledge, and as such they are the basis upon which all other knowledge is built. rational, deductive knowledge is knowledge that is based on premises somehow related to the mind and the senses. part of it is contained in the knowledge of islamic jurisprudence, theological regulations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5811065280373928, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.579316"} {"text": "and as such they are the basis upon which all other knowledge is built. rational, deductive knowledge is knowledge that is based on premises somehow related to the mind and the senses. part of it is contained in the knowledge of islamic jurisprudence, theological regulations, worship, physics, medicine, arithmetic, and geometry. in his other book related to we can call methodology and philosophy of science, maratib al - \u2018 ulum, ibn hazm proposed a general scheme dividing the sciences and knowledge into seven parts : \" at all times and in all nations everywhere the sciences have been divided into seven parts. the first three are ( 1 ) the science of the religious law as possessed by every nation, since every nation has some belief, which can be positive or negative, ( 2 ) the history of the nation concerned, and ( 3 ) the science of the language it speaks. the various nations all differ from one another in respect of these three sciences. the remaining four sciences, however, are the same everywhere, namely ( 4 ) astronomy, ( 5 ) arithmetic, ( 6 ) medicine, that is concern with the human body, and ( 7 ) philosophy. \" he divided religion into four branches : the sciences of the qur ' an, the prophet ' s traditions, jurisprudence, and scholastic theology. medicine also was divided by ibn hazm into two parts : physiology and psychology. then he adds to these main seven divisions of sciences the vocational sciences such as agriculture, commerce, navigation and sewing. ibn hazm believed that these sciences, even though they are useful and important, are inferior to the seven sciences mentioned earlier, because their object is to serve people in this life only, but the other sciences guide people to the path of salvation in the afterlife, therefore they should take priority over the others. what is significant in ibn hazm ' s formulation is the specific reference to the fact that non - religious sciences are outside the faith, language or history of a people. in other words, science is science whether it is practiced by asians, africans, or europeans, by jews, christians, or muslims. water boils and freezes at a certain degree, the human body responds with fever to a virus, and the earth rotates around the sun whether the observer speaks latin or arabic. in addition to his vast contribution in the fields of philosophy, religious dialogue, jurisprudence, literature, theory of knowledge and social sciences, ibn hazm commented on natural sciences. his views are scattered throughout his books and it would require a special task", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5778935257389544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.580384"} {"text": ". in addition to his vast contribution in the fields of philosophy, religious dialogue, jurisprudence, literature, theory of knowledge and social sciences, ibn hazm commented on natural sciences. his views are scattered throughout his books and it would require a special task to collect them in a cohesive manner. however, much of his comments on siences can be found in his texts al - taqrib li had al - mantiq, al - fasl fi al - milal wa - \u2018 l - nihal, and the response to al - razi in which he objected to his views on the origin of the universe. below we give excerpts on various sciences. like the pythagoreans, ibn hazm credited a special status and significance to the numeral one. he maintains that \" one is not a number, because there is no other number like it. if you split it, it becomes a fraction ( hence looses its oneness ) \u2026 and therefore, it becomes necessary that the true one is allah, the starter of all creation and he is not several but all creations are. \" on geometry, again like the followers of pythagoras, he defines the line, \" as the ultimate edge of any surface \" and defines a point \" as the crossing between two lines. \" he also commented on the concept of infinity or limitlessness and the limited. he refers to the universe as limited and bounded, because it was created. because the universe is made of limited parts, it will follow that it will also be limited. he also refers to the present objects and living creatures and plants, as limited, yet the ones which have not yet been created ( such as humans who are not yet born ) are unlimited. ibn hazm refutes astrologers who believed that stars and planets had souls and minds and influence people. he maintains that \" the stars are celestial bodies with no mind or soul. they neither know the future nor affect people. their effect on people however can be through their physical characteristics, such as the effect of the sun ' s heat and rays on the planets and the effect of the moon on the tides of seas. \" he explains that saturn ' s orbit takes 33 years. he actually meant the orbit around the earth, which is wrong. today ' s astronomy recognises saturn ' s orbit around the sun ( not the earth ) taking 29 years. he argued further against those who believe that the sun sets in one of the seas on earth. he questions how is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5853141304861751, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.581601"} {"text": ", which is wrong. today ' s astronomy recognises saturn ' s orbit around the sun ( not the earth ) taking 29 years. he argued further against those who believe that the sun sets in one of the seas on earth. he questions how is it the larger sun, sets in the smaller earth? on the form of the earth, he clearly affirms its sphericity. he says : \" the earth is spherical despite what is popularly believed \u2026 the proof is that the sun is always vertical to a particular spot on earth. \" he also challenged all theories on the age of the earth. he says, \u2018 we muslims do not have definite knowledge yet of the age of the earth. it could be many multiples of the ages suggested by others. \" ibn hazm made an interesting assertion concerning the nature of motion of bodies when he affirmed in al - fasl bayna al - milal that \" there are mobile objects and stationary objects, but there is no motion nor staticness. \" in physics too, ibn hazm did not seem to know about the discoveries of ibn al - haytham. ibn hazm was nearly 40 years when ibn al - haytham died around 1040, yet he still believed in the old greek understanding of vision according to which the eye produces rays which illuminate the object which make it visible. communications of learning at the time being slower, most particularly in times of turbulence in muslim spain, may explain this. ibn al - haytham, of course was the first to prove that light is reflected from the object and passes through the eyes that detects the light ( image ). he proved that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. he constructed a dark box with one pin hole on its side ( he called qamara, translated later as camera ) to prove his theory. ibn hazm ' s view on sound is that it travels at specific speeds. he gave examples to prove this. such examples include reference to the interval between lightening and the thunder that follows it. in this, he implicitly believes that lightening causes thunder. much of ibn hazm ' s work is still in arabic, untranslated into other languages. although there are numerous spanish and french translations of some of his books, there are very few in english. this paper attempted to review, using material from various languages, his thoughts on philosophy and science, and the methods he recommended for the acquisition of knowledge. the paper also alluded to some of his ideas on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5551505936486163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.582553"} {"text": "books, there are very few in english. this paper attempted to review, using material from various languages, his thoughts on philosophy and science, and the methods he recommended for the acquisition of knowledge. the paper also alluded to some of his ideas on natural and physical sciences. as we explained, roger analdez linked ibn hazm to descartes. perhaps more appropriately, comparisons should have been drawn between ibn hazm and pascal :, on the basis of their common reference to the cohabitation, or the working together, of science and high, god inspired morality. ibn hazm ' s thoughts and philosophy on science also have another dimension. it is common in later islamic scholars, such as al - ghazali, to classify sciences, to assist in their understanding and promotion. he drew the boundaries, and the rules within science as a whole. he moreover, which is quite important, provided the learner with indications of how to go about it, integrating the highly complex, abstract, and moral knowledge, and also the most down to earth, such as the correct behaviour at a scientific gathering. this classification, gradually perfected, has led to our modern system of learning. any scholar, imbued with science, often at odds with themselves, and the hows, and above all the whys of their science, has to return to ibn hazm. he has cleared massive ground unnecessary, and very much impossible for someone to do now. - miguel asin palacios, abenhazam de cordoba y su historia critica de las ideas religiosas, madrid : real academia de la historia, 1927 - 1932, 5 vols. - m. asin palacios, \" el origen del lenguaje y problemas conexos, en algazel, ibn sida e ibn hazm, \" al - andalus, vol. 4 ( 1939 ) : pp. 253 - 281 - roger arnaldez, grammaire et theologie chez ibn hazm de cordoue. paris : librairie philosophique j. vrin, 1956. - r. arnaldez, \" la guerre sainte selon ibn hazm de cordoue, \" in etudes d ' orientalisme dediees a la memoire de levi provencal, paris, 1962, vol. 2, pp 445 - 459. - r. arnaldez, \" ibn hazm, \" encylopaedia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.567020660453168, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.583381"} {"text": "orientalisme dediees a la memoire de levi provencal, paris, 1962, vol. 2, pp 445 - 459. - r. arnaldez, \" ibn hazm, \" encylopaedia of islam, new edition, leiden : brill, vol. 3, 1971, pp. 790 - 799. - americo castro, the structure of spanish history, translated by e. king. princeton : princeton university press, 1954. - baron carra de vaux, les penseurs de l ' islam, paris : guethner, 1923, vol. 3. - ibn hazm, kitab al - akhlaq wa - ' l - siyar, translated into french by n. tomiche. beyrouth, 1961. - ibn hazm, kitab al - fassl fi ' l - milal wa - l - ahwa ' wa - l - nihal. cairo, 1899 - 1903, 2 vols. ibn hazm, kitab al - taqrib li - hadd al - mantiq, in : rasa ' il ibn hazm al - andalusi, vol. 4, edited by ihsan abbas, arab foundation for research and publishing, 1983. baron carra de veaux, les penseurs de l ' islam, paris : geuthner, 1922, vol. 3, p. 333. r. arnaldez, grammaire et theologie chez ibn hazm de cordoue, paris : vrin, 1956, p. 105. ibn hazm, usul al - ahkam, vol. 1, p. 182 ; quoted also in miguel asin palacios, \" el origen del lenguaje y problemas conexos, en algazel, ibn sida e ibn hazm, \" al - andalus, vol. 4 ( 1939 ) : pp. 253 - 281 ; p. 278. translated by nada tomiche under the title : epitre morale, beyrouth : commission internationale pour la traduction des chefs - d ' oeuvre, 1961, ( collection unesco d ' oeuvres representatives, serie arabe ), p. 21. \" ibn hazm \", in dictionary of the middle ages, edited by j. r. strayer, new york : charles scribner ' s sons, 1980, vol. 6.,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4512501283479413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.584362"} {"text": "serie arabe ), p. 21. \" ibn hazm \", in dictionary of the middle ages, edited by j. r. strayer, new york : charles scribner ' s sons, 1980, vol. 6., pp 117 - 118. a general work for the study of ibn hazm is w. montgomery watt and pierre cachia ' s a history of islamic spain ( edinburgh, 1965 ), which provides a useful summary of cultural and political history as well as a detailed bibliography. j. w. fiegenbaum, ibn hazm, encyclopedia britannica ( accessed april 2013 ). roger arnaldez, grammaire et theologie chez ibn hazm de cordoue, op. cit. \" ibn hazm, \" dictionary of the middle ages, op cit., p. 117. r. arnaldez, grammaire et theologie chez ibn hazm de cordoue, op. cit., p. 1. \" ibn hazm, \" dictionary of the middle ages, op cit., p. 117. a. castro, the structure of spanish history, translated by e. king, princeton university press, 1954, p. 140. translated into spanish by miguel asin palacios in his book : abenhazam de cordoba y su historia critica de las ideas religiosas, madrid : real academia de la historia, 1927 - 1932, 5 vols. ibn hazm, al - ihkam fi usul al - ahkam, cairo : dar al - hadith, 1992, 2 vols. roger arnaldez, ibn hazm, translated from french by miriam rosen, page last modified on 4 december 2007 ; accessed april 2013. re - edited cairo : sharikat nawabigh al - fikr, 2009. another edition is that of abdusalam harun, cairo : dar al - ma ' arfi, 1982. in : rasa ' il ibn hazm, edited by ihsan \u2018 abbas, beirut, 4 vols., vol. 2 ( 1983 ), pp. 171 - 188. see the recent edition by ahmad makki, cairo : dar al - ma ' arif, 1981. d. b. macdonald ' s development of muslim theology, jurisprudence and constitutional theory ( 1903 ; reprint, new york, 1965 ) and ignacz goldziher ' s classic work the zahiris : their doctrine and their history", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47245621187331555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.586192"} {"text": ", 1981. d. b. macdonald ' s development of muslim theology, jurisprudence and constitutional theory ( 1903 ; reprint, new york, 1965 ) and ignacz goldziher ' s classic work the zahiris : their doctrine and their history, translated and edited by wolfgang behn ( leiden, 1971 ), shed light on the legal and theological currents of which ibn hazm was a part. see ignaz goldziher, die zahiriten, ihr lehrsystem und ihre geschichte ( 1884 ), english translation by wolfgang behn : the zahiris : their doctrine and their history, leiden : brill, 1971. this is a basic work on the zahiri school of law and its application by ibn hazm to theology. ibn hazm, the ring of the dove. a treatise on the art and practice of arab love, translated by a. j. arberry, london : luzac & co, 1953. m. asin de palacios, abenhazam de cordoba, op. cit. it contains an analytical edition and partial translation of ibn hazm ' s most famous work, kitab al - fals fi al - milal wa - al - ahwa ' wa - al - nihal. americo castro, the structure of spanish history, translated by edmund l. king, princeton : princeton university press, 1954. baron carra de vaux : les penseurs de l ' islam. vol. 3. paris, geuthner, 1922, p. 333. r. arnaldez, grammaire et theologie chez ibn hazm de cordoue, op. cit., p. 105. ibn hazm, kitab al - fasl fi ' l - milal wa - \u2018 l - ahwa ' wa - \u2018 l - nihal, cairo, 1899 - 1903, 2 vols. ; vol. 1, p. 72. ibn hazm, kitab al - akhlaq wa - ' l - siyar, french translation : epitre morale, op. cit., p. 17. ibn hazm, al - taqrib lihad al - mantiq, beirut : maktabat al - hayat, 1959, p. 156. ibn hazm, maratib al - \u2018 ulum, edited by ihsan \u2018 abbas, cairo : maktabat al - khanji, n", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.52361222466767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.586987"} {"text": "relationships by their nature promote natural health - it is considered that every positive relationship enhances a happy and healthy lifestyle. welcome to relationships at natural earth we all relate. we cannot be \" out \" of a relationship - even with a person we ' hate '. the act or thought of hating is a process of relating. of a relationship. a ) uncertainty reduction - through eye contact, identification, opening disclosure, etc. b ) perceptual - notice how a person looks at the other and their c ) interactional cues - nodding, maintaining eye contact, etc. d ) invitational - encouraging the relationship ( e. g. asking if they want to meet up later for coffee ) e ) avoidance strategies - if one person discloses and the other does not, minimal response, lack of eye contact, etc. a ) feelers - hints or questions ( ex. asking about family ) b ) intensifying strategies - further the relationship ( ex. meeting old friend, bringing the other to meet family, becoming more affectionate, c ) public - seen in public together often ( ex. if in a romantic relationship, may be holding hands ) 3 ) intimacy - very close, may have exchanged some sort of personal belonging or something that represents further commitment. ( ex. may be a promise ring in a romantic relationship or a friendship necklace symbolizing two people are best friends ) 4 ) deterioration - things start to fall apart. in a romantic relationship, after six months, people are out of what is sometimes referred to as the \" honeymoon stage \" and start to notice flaws. the way this is dealt with determines the fate of the relationship. love can be returned or unrequited. in the former case, the mutual expressions of love can lead to marriage or to the establishment of a permanent relationship, which in most cases will include passionate sexual love. where the love is one - sided ( unrequited ), the result can be damaging to the esteem and / or the psychological welfare of the spurned lover. one aspect of romantic love is the randomness of the encounters which lead to love. it may be for this reason that some in western society have historically emphasized romantic love far more than other cultures in which arranged marriages are the tradition. however, the globalization of western culture has spread western ideas about love and romance. romantic love became a recognized passion in the middle ages, when in some cases insurmountable barriers of morality or convention separated the lovers. the effect of physical attraction and impossibility of intimacy resulted in an excessive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5794274826496573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.592101"} {"text": "western ideas about love and romance. romantic love became a recognized passion in the middle ages, when in some cases insurmountable barriers of morality or convention separated the lovers. the effect of physical attraction and impossibility of intimacy resulted in an excessive regard of the beloved as extremely precious. winning the love, or at least the attention, of the beloved, motivated great efforts of many kinds, such as poetry, song or feats properties of romantic love purported by western culture include : * it must take you by surprise ( the result of a random encounter ). * it cannot be easily controlled. * it is not overtly ( initially at least ) predicated on a desire for sex as a physical act. * if requited it may be the basis for a lifelong commitment. while romantic love as discussed above is a dream of many, some claim that such love as is depicted in books and movies rarely, if ever, occurs. they point to the modern practice of dating, where often the goal is to have sexual intercourse as soon as possible instead of building a lasting relationship. often, the rigorous demands of careers in the modern world rob people of the time to find such ideal companions, and mental disorders such as social anxiety disorder prevent people from approaching others. in addition, the high prevalence of divorce in western society may be an additional deterrent for individuals seeking long - term, romantic relationships with the possibility of marriage. here to read more about relationships please note : natural - earth. com does not necessarily endorse any of the treatments and therapies in the natural health, natural medicine and lifestyles directory. the material on this web site has been provided for your information and we urge you to be discriminating in making your choice of complementary or alternative therapy. we wish you good luck... and good health.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5325352770216772, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.592826"} {"text": "from natural wellbeing ( created page with \" category : health category : conditions = = sea sickness = = < div class = \" gwo _ image \" style = \" float : right ; margin - left : 5px ; \" > [ [ # relatedproducts | < div style = \" width : 170px ; heig... \" ) m ( protected \" sea sickness \" : excessive vandalism ( [ edit = sysop ] ( indefinite ) [ move = sysop ] ( indefinite ) ) [ cascading ] ) latest revision as of 06 : 24, 21 june 2012 some people experience discomfort while travelling on a ship. initially they experience nausea frequently followed by vomiting and dehydration. though this is not a chronic illness and goes off once the passenger is off boat but it may cause other problems like low blood pressure. the person may also experience sweating, cold feet, tiredness and discoloration. for some people the mere stepping of foot on boat though it may be a dry dock without any water may also cause sea sickness accompanied by a feeling of nausea and vomiting. basically the sea sickness is caused when the central nervous system receives confusing messages from other parts of the body mainly those which controlmovement, balance and coordination. the eyes visualize where the body is with respect to time and space while the inner ear is the main organ that maintains balance while walking. the other muscles and joint sensory organs sense where the body parts are in relation to each other. sea sickness is form of motion sickness. this occurs when the inner ear especially the semicircular canals are stimulated too much due to excessive motion. for people who suffer from sea sickness, only little motion can trigger this over - stimulation. also when the brain gets illogical or confusing signals from eyes, ears, muscles, limbs and other sensory organs, it can result in sea sickness. signs and symptoms the prominent symptom of sea sickness is basic discomfort on being in a moving boat or ship. the person initially starts feeling nausea, which can be extreme too. this may result in vomiting which again can be too frequent to stop. as a result the person feels dizzy and too tired. there is also cold sweating of limbs. the color of the skin starts to fade and become pallor. the allopathic medications do not treat sea sickness but some over the counter medications can help to minimize the symptoms. dramamine is usually used to overcome mildsymptoms. for extreme discomfort from sea sickness, the doctor may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5068293712421938, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.602923"} {"text": "and become pallor. the allopathic medications do not treat sea sickness but some over the counter medications can help to minimize the symptoms. dramamine is usually used to overcome mildsymptoms. for extreme discomfort from sea sickness, the doctor may advice scopolamine patches and tablets. though this medication can control the symptoms but has many side effects like dizziness, drowsiness and may also affect the ability to see clearly temporarily. also a person may experience short term memory loss and increased confusion. some herbal, homeopathic, natural and home remedies and provide effective and safe treatment for sea sickness. herbs like zingiberofficinalis ( ginger ) and menthapiperita ( mint ) not only help in digestion but also give relief from feelings of nausea and vomiting. they freshen up the mind, digestive tract and breathe. kalium phosphate, cocculus and pulsatilla vulgaris are some homeopathic medicines that are known to calm down and relax nervous system and soothe digestive system especially while the body is in continuous motion or is travelling. these help to prevent the symptoms of seas sickness too. moreover such remedies also do not have any kinds of side effects. apart from taking these preventive and curative measures and ensuring to keep them with you while on travel, there are some additional measures that can be taken to get relief. the person should try to be in open spaces on the deck rather than in a cabin. also when nauseating feelings tend to occur, sit, close your eyes and practice deep breathing. this will help to overcome the symptoms.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42864532921426557, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.603687"} {"text": "berlin \u2014 heavily populated asian cities avoided a dangerous collision with space junk last weekend as a defunct german satellite crashed into the sea somewhere between india and myanmar. the rosat satellite re - entered the atmosphere at 0150 gmt sunday ( 9 : 50 p. m. saturday edt ) above south asia ' s bay of bengal, but it remains unclear how much, if any, of its debris actually reached the sea ' s surface, the german aerospace center said tuesday. most of the 21 - year - old satellite was expected to burn up as it hit the atmosphere, but up to 30 fragments weighing a total of 1. 87 tons ( 1. 7 metric tons ) may have splashed into the sea. scientists could no longer communicate with the defunct satellite, let alone control it. two chinese cities with millions of residents each, chongqing and chengdu, were only minutes further northeast along the satellite ' s projected path, according to jonathan mcdowell of the harvard - smithsonian center for astrophysics in cambridge, massachusetts. the 2. 69 - ton ( 2. 4 metric ton ) scientific rosat satellite was launched in cape canaveral, florida, in 1990 and retired in 1999 after being used for research on black holes and neutron stars. a dead nasa satellite fell into the southern pacific ocean last month, causing no damage but spreading debris over a 500 - mile ( 800 - kilometer ) area. since 1991, space agencies have adopted new procedures to lessen space junk. nasa says it has no more large satellites that will fall back to earth uncontrolled in the next 25 years. copyright 2011 the associated press. all rights reserved. this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43315016481908286, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.605971"} {"text": "national overview - may 2003 maps and graphics : | current month | | most recent 3 months | | most recent 6 months | | most recent 12 months | | us percent area very | | monthly drought indices | | conditions were generally wetter than average in the east and drier than average across much of the south and high plains states for may 2003. rainfall was heavy across the southeast and eastern midwest as a series of storms impacted the regions early in the month. parts of the south and southwest were warmer than average for the month, while states in the mid atlantic region and northeast were generally cooler than average for may. several outbreaks of severe weather occurred across parts of the midwest stretching into the tennessee valley in the first 10 days of may. an incredible 84 tornadoes were reported on may 4 and 5 and at least 38 people in kansas, missouri and tennessee were killed as a result of the storms. further storms during may 6 - 10 led to a federal disaster declaration covering the entire state of oklahoma and a total of 42 people died in the first 10 days of may from the severe weather. from may 1 - may 10, 412 tornadoes occurred, breaking the record for the most tornadoes ever to have occurred during a ten - day period. more details and graphics on this unusual outbreak can be found on ncdc ' s global hazards page. snow cover generally retreated northward across canada during may. some further heavy snow fell in parts of colorado, but overall across the u. s., very little snowfall activity occurred. for monthly totals and a seasonal summary see ncdc ' s snow summary page. hurricane season in the eastern north pacific officially begins on may 1st, and the first tropical storm of 2003 ( andres ) formed on may 20th. maximum windspeeds reached 40 knots ( 46 mph ) and andres never threatened land. it weakened back to a tropical depression on the 25th. the atlantic season does not officially begin until june 1st, though some pre - season activity was recorded in april leading to the first named storm of the season for the atlantic. see the east pacific hurricane page and the atlantic hurricane page for further details. la nina conditions continued to develop across the tropical pacific indicating that associated climate impacts will likely be felt in many areas of the world, including the united states, by the fall. it is not yet clear how strong the la nina event will be, but to see the latest noaa advisory and typical impacts of a la nina episode for the u. s., go to noaa ' s climate prediction center. monthly and seasonal highlights :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41428377740389866, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.608454"} {"text": "view trusted insights from kidshealth. org, the # 1 most viewed health site for children, created by the experts at nemours. we ' ve also provided information from the most - respected from nemours ' kidshealth - my child is stealing - could adhd be hereditary? - separation anxiety - the rise of psychiatric diagnoses in younger kids - disciplining your toddler - helping teens who cut - taming tempers - connecting with your preteen - taking your child to a therapist - posttraumatic stress disorder - teaching your child self - control - temper tantrums - what is adhd? - your child ' s habits - understanding depression - childhood stress - developing your child ' s self - esteem - about teen suicide - anxiety, fears, and phobias - obsessive - compulsive disorder - eating disorders - disciplining your child trusted external resources teaching your child self - control when kids melt down in the middle of a crowded store, at a holiday dinner with extended family, or at home, it can be extremely frustrating. but parents can help kids learn self - control and teach them how to respond to situations without just acting on impulse. teaching self - control skills is one of the most important things that parents can do for their kids because these are some of the most important skills for success later in life. helping kids learn self - control by learning self - control, kids can make appropriate decisions and respond to stressful situations in ways that can yield positive outcomes. for example, if you say that you ' re not serving ice cream until after dinner, your child may cry, plead, or even scream in the hopes that you will give in. but with self - control, your child can understand that a temper tantrum means you ' ll take away the ice cream for good and that it ' s wiser to wait patiently. here are a few suggestions on how to help kids learn to control their behavior : up to age 2 infants and toddlers get frustrated by the large gap between the things they want to do and what they ' re able to do. they often respond with temper tantrums. try to prevent outbursts by distracting your little one with toys or other activities. for kids reaching the 2 - year - old mark, try a brief timeout in a designated area \u2014 like a kitchen chair or bottom stair \u2014 to show the consequences for outbursts and teach that it ' s better to take some time alone instead of throwing a tantrum. ages 3 to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4301165597952529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.612706"} {"text": "old mark, try a brief timeout in a designated area \u2014 like a kitchen chair or bottom stair \u2014 to show the consequences for outbursts and teach that it ' s better to take some time alone instead of throwing a tantrum. ages 3 to 5 you can continue to use timeouts, but rather than enforcing a specific time limit, end timeouts once your child has calmed down. this helps kids improve their sense of self - control. and praise your child for not losing control in frustrating or difficult situations. ages 6 to 9 as kids enter school, they ' re better able to understand the idea of consequences and that they can choose good or bad behavior. it may help your child to imagine a stop sign that must be obeyed and think about a situation before responding. encourage your child to walk away from a frustrating situation for a few minutes to cool off instead of having an outburst. ages 10 to 12 older kids usually better understand their feelings. encourage them to think about what ' s causing them to lose control and then analyze it. explain that sometimes the situations that are upsetting at first don ' t end up being so awful. urge kids to take time to think before responding to a situation. ages 13 to 17 by now kids should be able to control most of their actions. but remind teens to think about long - term consequences. urge them to pause to evaluate upsetting situations before responding and talk through problems rather than losing control, slamming doors, or yelling. if necessary, discipline your teen by taking away certain privileges to reinforce the message that self - control is an important skill. when kids are out of control as difficult as it may be, resist the urge to yell when you ' re disciplining your kids. instead, be firm and matter of fact. during a child ' s meltdown, stay calm and explain that yelling, throwing a tantrum, and slamming doors are unacceptable behaviors that have consequences \u2014 and say what those consequences are. your actions will show that tantrums won ' t get kids the upper hand. for example, if your child gets upset in the grocery store after you ' ve explained why you won ' t buy candy, don ' t give in \u2014 thus demonstrating that the tantrum was both unacceptable and ineffective. also, consider speaking to your child ' s teachers about classroom settings and appropriate behavioral expectations. ask if problem solving is taught or demonstrated in school. and model good self - control yourself. if you ' re in an irritating situation and your kids are present, tell them why you ' re frustrated and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4245662323359779, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.614097"} {"text": "sleek probe to map earth ' s gravity 16 march 2009 at 14 : 21 gmt, monday 16 march 2009, the european space agency ( esa ) will launch a new satellite to map variations in the earth ' s gravity field with unprecedented accuracy. the satellite will give uk scientists vital information about ocean circulation and sea level change needed to improve climate forecast models. the gravity field and steady - state ocean circulation explorer ( goce ) will be the first of esa ' s earth explorer missions to be launched. data from goce will allow scientists to create a detailed model of the earth ' s gravity field. artist ' s impression of the goce satellite ( copyright esa ) \" goce will yield details of the earth ' s gravity field to an accuracy and resolution that is simply unobtainable by existing terrestrial and space techniques, \" says professor philip moore of newcastle university, who specialises in gravity research. by comparing a model of the earth ' s gravity field with ocean surface height from other satellite data, oceanographers can track the speed and direction of ocean currents around the globe. at school, most of us learn that acceleration due to gravity is 9 \u00b7 8 metres per second squared wherever you are on the planet. it turns out it ' s not quite as simple as this. the shape of the earth, mountains, trenches deep beneath the ocean and the ground beneath our feet all affect the gravity field, meaning it ' s not identical everywhere. \" ocean circulation is important in climate forecast models. currents carry large quantities of heat from the equator to the poles, such as the system in the north atlantic, which helps to keep europe ' s climate relatively mild. combined with more than 15 years of existing data on sea - surface height, the data that goce delivers will help scientists more accurately measure the role of ocean currents in transporting heat and water around the globe, \" says esa ' s goce mission scientist, mark drinkwater. \" researchers at the national centre for earth observation are keen to start using the data that goce delivers. we ' ve been working with esa to make sure we can use the data in the uk ' s world - leading ocean and climate prediction models. the met office and the european centre for medium - range weather forecasts have been working with us on this as well. one of the things i ' m excited about is finding out about ocean currents in remote regions such as the southern hemisphere for the first time, \" says professor keith haines, an expert in ocean circulation at the nceo. goce has other uses", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5043972379797197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.622752"} {"text": "one of the things i ' m excited about is finding out about ocean currents in remote regions such as the southern hemisphere for the first time, \" says professor keith haines, an expert in ocean circulation at the nceo. goce has other uses. an accurate model of the earth ' s gravity field is crucial for defining exactly what height above sea - level actually means. different countries have their own definitions of sea level, meaning that height is defined differently country to country. with goce, scientists will be able to say if two points are at the same height, however far apart they are. this will be important for large - scale surveying and engineering projects such as bridge, tunnel or pipeline building between islands or across seas. the instrument that goce will use to measure gravity is called a gradiometer. it is made up of three pairs of accelerometers that measure tiny differences in gravity at many points as goce orbits the earth. because the strength of gravity decreases with altitude, the satellite will be in a much lower orbit than other orbiting spacecraft. this makes goce one of esa ' s most challenging missions to date. the torpedo - shaped satellite is designed to cut through the edge of the earth ' s atmosphere at just 150 miles above the surface of the planet. goce will be launched from the plesetsk cosmodrome in russia into a polar sun - synchronous orbit - its solar panels will always face the sun. it will use the sun ' s energy to charge and accelerate 40g of xenon particles, which the satellite ' s ion thrusters will use to combat the effects of air drag. the mission will last around 20 months. earth observation is crucial for monitoring changes in the environment. the natural environment research council makes a large investment in the scientific aspect of the uk ' s earth observation programme, investing around \u00a345m in esa annually. most of this is used to support earth explorer missions under esa ' s earth observation envelope programme. the earth explorer missions are designed to answer important scientific questions as well as demonstrate breakthrough technology in earth observation. the goce mission - costing \u20ac350m - involves a large collaboration of european organisations, including uk scientists and engineers working for qinetiq, logica and scisys. nerc press office natural environment research council polaris house, north star avenue swindon, sn2 1eu tel : 01793 411561 mob : 07917 557215 esa press office tel : + 39 06 941 80 874", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5338286701076448, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.623949"} {"text": "office natural environment research council polaris house, north star avenue swindon, sn2 1eu tel : 01793 411561 mob : 07917 557215 esa press office tel : + 39 06 941 80 874 1. goce is scheduled to be launched at 14 : 21 gmt on monday 16 march 2009 from the plesetsk cosmodrome in russia. 2. the goce launch can be watched via an esa webcast. 3. the earth observation envelope programme is the science and research element of esa ' s living planet programme. the eoep focuses on the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere and the earth ' s interior with the overall emphasis on learning more about the interactions between these components and the impact that human activity is having on natural earth processes. 4. the natural environment research council is a member of the british national space centre, which is at the heart of uk efforts to explore and exploit space. bnsc is a partnership of seven government departments, two research councils, the met office and the technology strategy board. it co - ordinates uk civil space activities and represents the uk at the european space agency. 5. the natural environment research council funds world - class science, in universities and its own research centres, that increases knowledge and understanding of the natural world. it is tackling major environmental issues such as climate change, biodiversity and natural hazards. nerc receives around \u00a3400m a year from the government ' s science budget, which is used to provide independent research and training in the environmental sciences. 6. the nceo is one of the natural environment research council ' s research centres. it has a budget of \u00a333m over five years and involves more than 100 investigators from 26 uk universities and research centres. its mission is to unlock the full potential of earth observation to monitor, diagnose and predict climate and environmental changes. 7. nerc invests around \u00a345m in esa each year. this investment provides the uk with mission opportunities, the associated infrastructure and science support activities, along with access to esa data for uk researchers. the nceo is a key user of esa data. press release : 06 / 09 recent press news - billion - year - old water could hold clues to life on earth and mars - new director of science for nerc - plants use underground networks to warn of enemy attack - biomass mission given go ahead to launch in 2020 - dr katharine giles - new director for the british antarctic survey - plans to strengthen uk - indian collaboration", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4433122719551278, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.625554"} {"text": "the word certitude indicates both a state of mind and a quality of a proposition, according as we say, \" i am certain \", or, \" it is certain \". this distinction is expressed in the technical language of philosophy by saying that there is subjective certitude and objective certitude. it is worthy of notice, as regards the use of english terms, that newman reserves the term certitude for the state of mind, and employs the word certainty to describe the condition of the evidence of a proposition. certitude is correlative to truth, for truth is the object of the intellect. knowledge means knowledge of truth ; and hence we are in the habit of saying simply of a proposition that \" it is certain \", to express that it is true, and that its truth is so evident as legitimately to produce certitude. certitude is contrasted with other states of mind in reference to a proposition : the state of ignorance, the state of doubt, and the state of opinion. the last - named signifies, in the strict use of the term, the holding of a proposition as probable, although in common parlance it is loosely used in a wider sense, as in speaking of a man ' s religious opinions, meaning not his speculations or theories about religious questions, but his dogmatic convictions. certitude is such assent to the truth of a proposition as excludes all real doubt. here it is proper to observe a distinction between merely undoubting assent, i. e. the mere absence of doubt, and an assent that positively excludes doubt, an assent with which doubt is incompatible. thus one may give to a statement in the morning newspaper an undoubting assent and credence, yet readily withdraw that assent if the statement be contradicted in the afternoon papers. such assent, though undoubting, is not certitude. but there is a kind of assent from which doubt is not only in fact absent but absent of necessity, because such assent and doubt are incompatible. such is the assent which one gives to the truth that he really exists, and that he feels well or ill, or to the truth of the proposition that it is impossible for a thing in the same respect both to be and not to be, or to the moral law, the existence of god, and the immortality of the soul. of these truths we are certain, and such assent is properly called certitude. certitude differs from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6072399396669637, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.646378"} {"text": "both to be and not to be, or to the moral law, the existence of god, and the immortality of the soul. of these truths we are certain, and such assent is properly called certitude. certitude differs from opinion in kind, not in degree only ; for opinion, that is assent to the probability of a proposition, regards the opposite proposition as not more than improbable ; and therefore opinion is always accompanied by the consciousness that further evidence may cause a change of mind in favour of the opposite opinion. opinion, therefore, does not exclude doubt ; certitude does. it has been disputed among philosophers whether certitude is susceptible of degrees, whether we may rightly say that our certitude of one truth is greater than our certitude of another truth. in zigliara ' s judgment, this question may easily be solved if a distinction is made between the exclusion of doubt ( in which our various certitudes of different truths are all equal, and by which they are all equally marked off in kind from opinion ) and the positive firmness of assent, which may be more intense in one case than in another, though in both it be equally true that we are certain. and, in fact, if we examine experience on this point, it is clear that our certitude of a self - evident truth, e. g. of the axioms of geometry, is greater than our certitude of a proposition demonstrated by a long and complex series of proofs, and that our certitude of such a fact as our own existence or our own state of feeling ( gladness or health ) is greater than our certitude of the existence, for instance, of a republican form of government in this country, though we are certain in both cases. we are more certain when we assent to a truth as certain which falls in with our inclination than when we are forced to a conviction. it should be noted, too, that in the common opinion of theologians there is a greater certitude in divine faith than in any human science. there are several kinds of certitude. in the first place, it is divided into metaphysical, physical, and moral certitude. metaphysical certitude is that with which self - evidently necessary truth is known, or necessary truth demonstrated from self - evident truth. the demonstrative sciences, such as geometry, possess metaphysical certitude. the contingent fact", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5783698090327676, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.647382"} {"text": "given not on purely intellectual grounds of evidence, but through the virtue of prudence and the influence of the will over the intellect, because we judge that doubt would not be wise. in such a case, we know that an opinion or a course of action would be right as a rule, let us say, in nine cases out of ten, though we cannot shut our eyes to the possibility that the particular case which we are considering may be the exceptional case in which such a judgment would be wrong. other philosophers say that in such a case we are not certain, but only judge it wise to act as if we were certain, and put doubts aside because useless. but it seems clear that in such a case we are certain of something, whether that something be described as the truth of a proposition or the wisdom of a course of action. this certitude might perhaps better be called practical certitude, since it mainly concerns action. hence, it is said that in cases in which it is necessary to act, in which great issues are involved, and yet the evidence, when logically set forth, would seem to amount to no more than a higher probability for one course than for another, the standard of judgment, or criterion, is the judicium prudentis viri, the judgment of a wise man, whose mind is unclouded by passion or prejudice, and who has some knowledge derived from experience of similar cases. such a judgment is totally different from the spirit of the gambler ' s throw, which is reckless not only of certainty but even of probability. certitude is likewise divided into natural certitude ( termed also direct, or spontaneous ) and philosophical. natural certitude is that which belongs to \" common sense \", or the spontaneous working of the judgment, which is common to all men not idiots or insane. this certitude belongs chiefly to self - evident truth and to the truths necessary for the conduct of life, e. g. the existent of other beings besides ourselves, the duties existing between husband and wife, parents and children, the existence of a supreme being deserving of reverence. to these and similar truths the mind comes with certitude, without any special education, in the ordinary course of life in human society. philosophical ( or scientific ) certitude is that which results from a process of reflection, upon an analysis of the evidence for and against our convictions, a perception of the reasons which support them and of the objections which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5517321433783597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.649850"} {"text": "of life in human society. philosophical ( or scientific ) certitude is that which results from a process of reflection, upon an analysis of the evidence for and against our convictions, a perception of the reasons which support them and of the objections which may be urged against them, together with an examination of the powers and the limits of the human intelligence. the term natural certitude is sometimes used in another sense, in contradistinction from the certitude of divine faith, which is supernatural certitude, and which, according to theologians generally, is greater than any degree of certitude to be had in science, because it rests not upon human reason, which is liable to be mistaken, but upon the authority of god, who cannot err. ( st. thomas, summa, i, q. i, a. 5. ) a great part of philosophy is taken up with the questions whether certitude is possible, what is the extent of the sphere of certain knowledge, and by what tests or criteria truth may be certainly distinguished from falsehood, so that we may know when we have a right to be certain. a few philosophers in ancient and modern times have, seriously or not, denied the possibility of attaining certitude on any subject whatsoever, and professed universal scepticism. such are nicholas of cusa, montaigne, charron, and bayle, the last of whom aimed at producing the impression that everything is disputable by showing that everything is disputed. literally universal scepticism is impossible, for it is a profession of knowledge to assert that nothing can be known, and to believe that there can be no belief. it is thus a contradiction in terms. a sceptic should in consistency be sceptical as to his own scepticism ; but no attention would be given to such a sceptic unless as one attends, for amusement, to a jester. nevertheless, universal scepticism may practically produce pernicious consequences, because its universality is overlooked, and its arguments are viewed as if they applied only to some particular sphere in which the reader ( if it so be ) is tempted to doubt. thus, sceptical objections against the principle of causation may be employed against the proofs for the existence of god, while the reader is not warned, and does not remember, that they would equally avail against taking food and sleep for the restoration of strength, or against the anticipation that the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5909520153492505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.651362"} {"text": "causation may be employed against the proofs for the existence of god, while the reader is not warned, and does not remember, that they would equally avail against taking food and sleep for the restoration of strength, or against the anticipation that the sun will rise to - morrow. it should be added that some christian apologists, in endeavouring to prove the necessity of divine revelation, have used language differing but little from that of scepticism, to the disparagement of human reason. a noted example is huet, \" traite de la faiblesse de l ' esprit humain \" ( paris, 1723 ). what is more common than a profession of universal scepticism is a scepticism as to the possibility of philosophic certitude. many who have no doubt as to natural certitude, or the certitude acquirable by \" common sense \", the natural, spontaneous action of the unsophisticated mind, regard philosophy as more apt to open questions than to settle them, and to raise objections than to solve them. this seems to have been the position of pascal, who says : \" reason confounds dogmatists, and nature confounds sceptics \" ; and, \" the heart has reasons of its own which the understanding does not know \". this seems to have been the position also of a very different man, david hume, who says : \" fortunately since reason is incapable of dispelling these clouds, nature herself suffices for that purpose and cures me of this philosophical delirium \" ( treatise of human nature, i, 297 ). he said to a friend who spoke to him concerning the future life and the existence of god : \" though i throw out my speculations to entertain the learned and metaphysical world, yet in other things i do not think so differently from the rest of the world, as you imagine. \" and he gives his idea of scepticism in a remark upon berkeley ' s arguments against the real externality of the sensible world : \" that these arguments are in reality merely sceptical appears from this, that they admit of no answer, and produce no conviction ; their only effect is to cause that momentary amazement and irresolution and confusion, which is the result of skepticism. \" ( inquiry concerning human understanding, ch. xii, note 4. ) kant ' s system, which denies that the speculative reason can attain to real knowledge, and admits only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5376402633575006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.652412"} {"text": "and irresolution and confusion, which is the result of skepticism. \" ( inquiry concerning human understanding, ch. xii, note 4. ) kant ' s system, which denies that the speculative reason can attain to real knowledge, and admits only practical certitude, and consequently denies the possibility of any system of metaphysical philosophy, is virtually the same view. it is needless to say that, in a philosopher, such a view is self - contradictory. kant ' s \" critique of pure reason \", as well as his other works, was an exercise of the speculative reason. if certitude of knowledge is not obtainable on any subject by the speculative reason, how could he indulge in such positive and dogmatic propositions? if we consider this view of philosophy, as it is held by some men of sense and virtue, who point to the disputations and wranglings of philosophers, the variety of opinions, the number of infidel philosophers, and the general suspicion felt by earnestly religious people, the answer to it is, that this view has some measure of truth, but is a great exaggeration. it is quite true that philosophical inquiries concerning morals and religion, if not conducted with proper moral dispositions, are likely to terminate in doubt. if there be any bias, whether conscious or unconscious, against the obligations of morality and religion, there can of course be only one issue. if the understanding seeks to know everything ; if it rejects facts, however well attested, because it does not see how they can be so ; if it will accept no truth, however firmly demonstrated, unless the harmony with every other part of a system can be made clear ; if the mind makes itself the measure of possibility ; if it claims to see through and through the universe, and its origin, and its end ; if it refuses to submit to mystery, or to acknowledge that it is limited ; and if, because it cannot know everything, it will proudly not consent to know anything, of course with such a disposition philosophizing cannot issue in philosophic certitude. but that is not the fault of philosophy, nor of reason ; and the abuse cannot take away the use, but only be a warning against the misuse of philosophy. \" methodic doubt \", that is, provisional doubt of every truth, was put forward by descartes as the proper course for the discovery of truth. this philosopher teaches that in order to be certain of the truth of our convictions we should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5502112083938298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.653421"} {"text": ". \" methodic doubt \", that is, provisional doubt of every truth, was put forward by descartes as the proper course for the discovery of truth. this philosopher teaches that in order to be certain of the truth of our convictions we should begin by doubting everything, except one thing : \" i think, and therefore i am. \" he professes to hold that every other truth may be doubted and needs proof. he suggests that we may doubt whether we can discover the truth on any other point whatsoever, for it may appear possibly that we have been created by a malign or mischievous beings who so constituted our mind that we must invariably be mistaken. the cartesian method is self - contradictory. to make the supposition that possibly the human intellect cannot know the truth, on any point whatsoever, is to assume that this supposition may be true, and that there is such a thing as truth, and that it can be known. to attempt to disprove the supposition, to undertake to show the veracity of the cognitive faculties, presupposes their veracity or power of knowing the truth on some points at least. in fact, descartes proved the veracity of the cognitive faculties from the veracity of god. the veracity of god, however, is known as the result of a demonstration of some length and complexity ; and the undertaking of such demonstration shows a previous belief in the power of the mind to discover the truth. in fact, the very doubt on such a subject is a self - contradiction ; for doubt as well as certitude is correlated to truth. to doubt whether a particular view may not be false is to suspect that the opposite may be true. to doubt that the intellect can know any truth is to question whether it may not be true that we are ignorant. but this implies that there is such a thing as truth, and that the truth at least about our own power of knowing, can be discovered. without such a presupposition, thought cannot be carried on at all. nor is it a blind presupposition or animal instinct. for in the perception of first principles, or truths evident by their own light, there is implicit the perception that there is such a thing as truth and knowledge. the error in descartes ' method is its exaggeration. it is wise to be on our guard against the prejudices, or opinions, peculiar to a particular time and place, the place of birth or education, the class or party to which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5823435160954813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.655430"} {"text": "error in descartes ' method is its exaggeration. it is wise to be on our guard against the prejudices, or opinions, peculiar to a particular time and place, the place of birth or education, the class or party to which our early associations have attached us ; but the principles which are self - evident, or which are accepted by the human race, should be exempted from doubt. it must be remembered, too, that the church teaches that a catholic cannot without sin entertain doubts against the faith ; though, of course, he may lawfully doubt whether it is true that a particular doctrine is taught by the church, or whether he has correctly apprehended what the church intends to teach, and whether a particular teacher expounds it correctly ; or, again, he may investigate the evidences of christianity and of catholicism, and may doubt whether a particular argument is valid proof. but the method of doubt, taken as a whole, has been condemned by the church. since, then, some things can be known with certitude, some things can be seen to be probable, and some things must remain forever a matter of doubt ; and since the human reason is liable to error, the need has been felt for some criterion or criteria by which we may know that we really know, and by which genuine certitude concerning the truth may be distinguished from the spurious certitude of delusion. the proper test of truth is evidence, whether the evidence of a truth in itself or by participation in the evidence of some other truth from which it is proved. many truths, indeed, have to be accepted on authority ; but then it has to be made evident that such authority is legitimate, is capable of knowing the truth, and is qualified to teach in the particular department in which it is accepted. many truths which are at first accepted on authority may afterwards be made evident to the reason of the disciple. such in fact is the ordinary way in which learning and science are acquired. the error of bonald ' s system of traditionalism ( which was condemned by the church ) consists in its exaggeration, in its maintaining that the truths of natural religion are known solely on authority, that each generation simply inherits them from the preceding, and that unless they had been revealed to the first parents of the race human reason never could have discovered them. if we take the cognitive faculties, one by one, the senses are not in themselves deceived concerning their proportionate object, but owing to circumstances they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5628893246675721, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.656871"} {"text": "they had been revealed to the first parents of the race human reason never could have discovered them. if we take the cognitive faculties, one by one, the senses are not in themselves deceived concerning their proportionate object, but owing to circumstances they are so liable to deception that they need the vigilant supervision of the reason. the nature of sensible phenomena is not their object, but that of the reason. it should be remembered, however, that the scientific theories concerning the nature of sound, of colour and light, and of heat, have been thought out by the aid of data furnished by the senses, and therefore confirm the trustworthiness of the senses within certain limits. that men of science have no doubt as to the reality of extension, figure, movement, and space, any more than of force, is shown by their discussions concerning atoms, electrons, and ions. consciousness is infallible as to the fact of its present states, e. g. that i am feeling warm, or well, or that i am thinking. the memory often errs, but often is trusted with certitude. reason within a narrow sphere, is infallible, viz. in the perception of self - evident truth, e. g. that whatever is is, that every movement or change must have a cause, that things equal to the same are equal to each other. truths which are clearly and easily deducible from self - evident truth share in their certitude. next to such certitude, we may place the certainty of truths affirmed by the whole human race, especially as regards practical principles. \" that which seems to all men, this we say is ; and he who rejects this ground of belief will not easily assign a more solid one \" ( aristotle, ethics, x, ii ). universal consent is not, however, the sole criterion. to make it such was the error of lamennais. besides the truths resting on self - evidence ( or easy deduction from it ) and those resting on the authority of the human race, there is a considerable body of truth which each man of average intelligence comes to know with certitude in the course of his life. most of these truths are first learned upon authority and afterwards verified by one ' s own reflection or experience. it may even be said that a practical christian in the course of his life has by experiential verification an additional moral certitude of the truth of revelation, since he has experience of the power of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.594134098829747, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.657863"} {"text": "' s own reflection or experience. it may even be said that a practical christian in the course of his life has by experiential verification an additional moral certitude of the truth of revelation, since he has experience of the power of the christian religion to sustain the soul against temptation and to strengthen every virtuous and noble aspiration. the church pronounces judgment concerning the sphere of certitude, not so much for the sake of speculative knowledge, as in the interest of religion and morality. the mind of the church upon this subject is manifested ( 2 ) by \" condemning \" a proposition extracted from some work, in the sense in which it is found in that work ; ( 3 ) dogmatically, by a solemn affirmation of some truth or the anathematization of a falsehood. when a proposition is \" condemned \" or anathematized, the contradictory ( not the contrary ) proposition is asserted as true. concerning the sphere of certitude in religion, \" holy mother church holds and teaches that god, the first cause ( principium ) and last end of all things, may be known with certainty, by the natural light of the human reason, through the medium of things created \" ( vatican council, constitut. de fide cath., cap. ii ) ; and this affirmation is supported by an anathema of the contradictory proposition ( ibid., can. i ). the condemnation of the agnostic position concerning god may be studied in the encyclical \" pascendi gregis dominici \", in which the subject is admirably treated. that \" the freedom of the human will and the spirituality of the soul may be known with certainty, by the natural light of the reason \", is a truth which the pope, approving of a decree of the sacred congregation of the index, obliged bonnetty, editor of the \" annales de philosophie chretienne \", in 1855, to subscribe ( denzinger, \" enchiridion \", n. 1506 ). it would seem that these truths concerning the human soul are also in some measure implied in the definition and anathema cited above, concerning our knowledge of god ; for the attributes of god are known by the natural reason only, through the things that are made ; and therefore freedom and morality must be known to be attributes of some creature before they can be attributed to god. the limitation of natural knowledge and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5729044028500586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.658822"} {"text": "god ; for the attributes of god are known by the natural reason only, through the things that are made ; and therefore freedom and morality must be known to be attributes of some creature before they can be attributed to god. the limitation of natural knowledge and certitude has been repeatedly asserted by the process of placing books upon the index, by the \" condemnation \" of propositions, by papal briefs, and finally by a dogmatic decree, which alone is sufficient, viz : that of the vatican council ( de fide, cap. iv ) which declares that there are two orders of knowledge, distinct both in their source and their object ; distinct in their source, for the truths of one order are known by natural reason, and those of the other by faith in divine revelation ; and distinct in their object, because, over and above the truths naturally attainable, there are proposed to our belief mysteries hidden in god, which can be known through divine revelation alone. this solemn affirmation is supported by an anathema against any one who shall deny that there is an order of knowledge higher than the natural, or who shall say that man can naturally by progress attain at length to the knowledge of all truth ( de revelat., can. iii ). moreover, even as regards the natural knowledge of god, the vatican council teaches that truths not unattainable by the natural light of the human reason have, by divine mercy, been revealed in order that they may be known by all easily, and with certainty and without any admixture of error ( de fide, cap. ii ). as regards certitude concerning the fact of divine revelation, the vatican council teaches that the proofs are not, indeed, such as to make assent intellectually necessary ( de fide, cap. iii and can. v ), but that they are sufficient to make the belief \" agreeable to reason \" ( rationi consentaneum ), being \" most certain and accommodated to the intelligence of all \" ( de fide, cap. iii ). anathema is pronounced against any one who shall say that divine revelation cannot be made credible by \" external signs \" but only by \" inner experience or personal inspiration \" ( de fide, can. iii ), and against any one who shall say that \" miracles are not possible \", or that \" miracles can never in any case be certainly known \" to be such, or that \" by miracles the divine origin of the christian religion cannot be properly proved \" ( rite probari ; de", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5459834126310567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.659712"} {"text": "shall say that \" miracles are not possible \", or that \" miracles can never in any case be certainly known \" to be such, or that \" by miracles the divine origin of the christian religion cannot be properly proved \" ( rite probari ; de fide, can. iv ). it is, then, moral certitude that is attainable by the reason as to the fact of divine revelation. the certitude of faith is supernatural, being due to divine grace, and is superior not merely to moral certitude, but to the certitude of physical science, and to that of the demonstrative sciences. when it is a question whether any particular truth is contained within the deposit of revelation, the certainty of faith can be obtained only from the authority of the \" teaching church \", but a human certitude may be obtained by arguments drawn from the inferior and subordinate authorities such as the fathers and the \" schola theologica \". apa citation. ( 1908 ). certitude. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 03539b. htm mla citation. \" certitude. \" the catholic encyclopedia. vol. 3. new york : robert appleton company, 1908. < http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 03539b. htm >. transcription. this article was transcribed for new advent by rick mccarty. ecclesiastical approbation. nihil obstat. november 1, 1908. remy lafort, s. t. d., censor. imprimatur. + john cardinal farley, archbishop of new york. contact information. the editor of new advent is kevin knight. my email address is feedback732 at newadvent. org. ( to help fight spam, this address might change occasionally. ) regrettably, i can ' t reply to every letter, but i greatly appreciate your feedback \u2014 especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48620714705192225, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.660583"} {"text": "the cassini probe may have already collected data that could reveal the presence of life on saturn ' s moon enceladus, a new study argues. but mission scientists say teasing out the subtle signature of life may prove difficult. researchers have been fascinated with enceladus since july 2005, when cassini revealed a dramatic plume of ice particles and water vapour shooting out from the moon ' s south pole. the plume ' s origin is still being debated, but some models suggest the moon holds an ocean of liquid water beneath its surface. this ocean could be a potential habitat for extraterrestrial life. now, a team led by christopher mckay of nasa ' s ames research center in moffett field, california, says cassini could offer up the first evidence that life exists or once existed on the 500 km - wide moon. though the probe was never designed to look for life, it could do so by studying organic chemicals such as methane in the plume, the team says. \" if you think about what you need for life, you need water, energy, organic material, and you need nitrogen, and they ' re all coming out of the plume, \" mckay told new scientist. \" here is a little world that seems to have it all. \" life could take the form of methane - producing microbes, or methanogens, similar to those that have been seen buried under kilometres of ice in greenland. cassini could potentially find evidence for such life by studying the relative abundances of methane and heavier organic chemicals, such as propane and acetylene. organic, carbon - containing molecules, including methane, are produced in various ways. abiological processes include the breakup of large, complex molecules called tholins, and the chemical buildup of carbon monoxide and hydrogen into organic molecules of varying weights. none of these abiological methods should strongly favour the formation of methane over that of heavier organic molecules, mckay ' s team argues. biological processes, in contrast, should produce much higher amounts of methane than heavier organic compounds, they say. researchers have taken advantage of this disparity to trace the source of organic compounds on earth. earlier this year, it was used to rule out a biological origin for oils and gases released from the \" lost city \" hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the atlantic ocean. mckay and colleagues believe a similar study could be carried out on enceladus using data from cassini ' s ion and neutral mass spectrometer ( inms ), which can measure the concentration of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4764732599943408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.665600"} {"text": "vents at the bottom of the atlantic ocean. mckay and colleagues believe a similar study could be carried out on enceladus using data from cassini ' s ion and neutral mass spectrometer ( inms ), which can measure the concentration of different molecules in the plume. that hints that the moon ' s methane was created early on, perhaps in clouds of gas that predate the solar system. \" that doesn ' t mean there ' s not a biological signal hidden under the other stuff, but we don ' t have any evidence to suggest that is the case, \" says inms lead scientist hunter waite of the southwest research institute in san antonio, texas. \" it ' s not a clear - cut, hands - down winner for biology, \" mckay acknowledges. to better understand what a biological signal on enceladus might look like, mckay has reconfigured a chamber previously used to simulate conditions on saturn ' s moon titan to simulate non - biological ways of making methane and other organic molecules. the signatures could help researchers interpret cassini ' s results, mckay says. waite says the best way to search for evidence of life may be to return to enceladus with more sensitive instruments. in 2009, nasa will choose between two competing ideas for the next mission to the outer planets. one mission would send two orbiters to jupiter and its moon europa. the other would send an orbiter to saturn and a probe that could descend to the surface of saturn ' s moon titan. the titan - saturn mission would also include a number of flybys of enceladus, waite told new scientist. journal reference : astrobiology ( vol 8, p 909 ) view a slideshow of cassini ' s best images, narrated by imaging team leader carolyn porco. if you would like to reuse any content from new scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. new scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to. have your say only subscribers may leave comments on this article. please log in. only personal subscribers may leave comments on this article get to it then tue nov 04 08 : 39 : 59 gmt 2008 by supernova it would only be the discovery of the century. not quite panspermia tue nov 04 10 : 54 : 37 gmt 2008 by constantino its tuesday morning and im letting my imagination get carried away with itself, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4958003738443796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.668054"} {"text": "##t 2008 by supernova it would only be the discovery of the century. not quite panspermia tue nov 04 10 : 54 : 37 gmt 2008 by constantino its tuesday morning and im letting my imagination get carried away with itself, but what if the conditions underneath enceladus are perfect life - starting condtions with plumes spewing out jets of \" biological starter packs \" that over time ended up on the friendlier earth where they were able to develop and evolve. that ' s assuming that conditions on earth have never been quite right to actually start biological processes, see where i ' m going with this? anyway i ' m fairly certain my last assumption is incorrect so i will file this idea under whimsical fantasy but it is nice to think of our solar system as all connected and \" one big process \" tue nov 04 15 : 32 : 30 gmt 2008 by larian lequella i am enthralled at the innovative thinking going on here. considering the news that i have been force - fed for nearly 2 years, and the historic events taking place at us polls, i find this to be the most awe inspiring and significant news of the day! i ' ve seen dr. mckay on a few natgeo and discovery channel specials as of late. best of luck! constantino, no harm in that sort of speculation. i am interested in seeing what sort of actual results come through though before making any fanciful leaps of the imagination. but if your whimsical fantasy bears out, i guess we ' re all aliens! ins will have a heck of a time deporting us! : p all comments should respect the new scientist house rules. if you think a particular comment breaks these rules then please use the \" report \" link in that comment to report it to us. if you are having a technical problem posting a comment, please contact technical support.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5386321361262043, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.669054"} {"text": "tuesday, november 22, 2011 they could lead the way to hi - def displays that are large, almost paper thin, and portable. while everyone is fully cognizant of the more common terms, such as lcd ( liquid crystal display ) and plasma ; which fortunately is not an acronym, but a rather a descriptive term of the weird, futuristic, fourth state of matter science going on behind the flat panel, there continue to be new sets of letters, and the latest seem to end in \u201c ed \u201d. since the attack of the \u201c eds \u201d is all good news for lovers of state - of - the - art technology, i will attempt to elucidate some of the important points in an easy to understand way beginning with oled. surprisingly, oled is already in use in some smaller video applications such as cell phones and digital camera displays. it could have an extremely bright future in fpd ( flat panel display ), but its debut into the world of widespread mass production and sales in television is still a year or two off. samsung has released a prototype 40 - inch hdtv using oled that is extremely thin. in the future, we could see an oled set that is twice as large and only a fraction of an inch thick! it will even be possible to roll up these extremely thin screens and carry them around! oled works by conducting electrons through layers of organic materials that emit light to create the standards of current high definition television. photons ( particles of light ) are emitted as electrons are sent from a cathode layer across two or three layers of organic material ( the \u201c o \u201d in oled ) to the anode layer. the colors of the hdtv are determined by the type of organic material used in the emissive layer and the brightness of the picture seen by the viewer \u2019 s eye is controlled by the level of voltage used. the \u201c o \u201d in oled stands for organic material, which in this case means a carbon based chain of molecules, also known as a polymer. oled promises to give us extremely wide screen, hd televisions that could be only a few millimeters thick and use very little electricity. the tiny amounts of electrical power needed to power this type of display can solve the problem of hot operating temperatures in today \u2019 s lcd and plasma sets. newer generations of hd ( high definition ) technologies are constantly being invented. there are already at least six types of oled technology now in existence. it will be fascinating to view the subsequent forms of flat panel displays using", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5808182544892213, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.671695"} {"text": "the boer wars were fought between british and dutch settlers of the south african transvaal. the dutch were known as \" boers \" from the word for \" farmer. \" their ancestors had settled in the cape area from the 1650s onwards. from 1828, many trekked to the transvaal with the express purpose of avoiding british rule. the british had occupied the cape from 1806. boers felt a natural dislike the anglicizing policy of the colonial administration, policies which they believed undermined their own cultural heritage. abolition of slavery in 1830 led many of them to believe that continued british interference would surely destroy their economic prosperity. following wars with zulu peoples in 1834, some boers felt that the colonial authorities seemed to be more protective of non - white than of white interests. believing this to be the case, boers who held attitudes of racial superiority were disturbed. by 1853, however, following the great trek, two boer states had gained recognition by the british, the transvaal and the orange free state. some suggest that many of the boers, also known as afrikaners, came to think of their land as a divine gift. for those with such a mindset the trek came to be compared to the exodus. as with all cultures, some boers ethnocentrically came to think of themselves as superior, as the only truly civilized people in africa. language and ideology paralleled biblical notions comparing themselves to how the israelites in canaan had the injunction to keep themselves pure and uncontaminated by the land ' s original inhabitants. but a new imperial policy arose in england. it aimed to bring the whole of southern africa under british rule. because of this, the transvaal was annexed by the british in 1877. the annexation led to the first of the two boer wars. the second boer war, from 1899 until 1902, followed an insurrection against british rule in both of the boer states. much of the second war a guerrilla campaign waged by the boers. the issue was both economic and cultural. the discovery of gold in the transvaal led to british demands for access, while the boers sought predominantly to preserve their way of life. both wars were over territory, power, and culture fought by european settlers and troops on foreign soil. neither european power gave any thought to the native africans who of, course, actually had a prior claim to ownership of the the land in question. the british used the argument that they were best suited to rule, discipline, and educate africans in the context of britain ' s planned \" cape to cairo empire", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4577435050571095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.699830"} {"text": "who of, course, actually had a prior claim to ownership of the the land in question. the british used the argument that they were best suited to rule, discipline, and educate africans in the context of britain ' s planned \" cape to cairo empire. \" in reality, the british aim was to exploit africa ' s resources more efficiently by building and controlling railroads. to the boers these were wars against imperial oppression. in some respects, with troops from australia, canada and new zealand contributing to the british victory, these wars prepared the british for involvement in world war i and world war ii, during which time she was supported by these former colonies. first boer war the first boer war also known as the transvaal war, was fought from december 16, 1880, until march 23, 1881. it was the first clash between the british and the transvaal boers. it was precipitated by sir theophilus shepstone who annexed the south african republic ( transvaal republic ) for the british in 1877. the british consolidated their power over most of the colonies of south africa in 1879 after the anglo - zulu war. the boers protested and in december 1880 they revolted. the war began on december 16, 1880, with shots fired by transvaal boers at potchefstroom after transvaal formally declared independence from great britain. it led to the action at bronkhorstspruit on december 20, 1880, where the boers ambushed and destroyed a british convoy. from december 22, 1880, to january 6, 1881, british army garrisons all over the transvaal became besieged. the boers were dressed in their everyday farming clothes, which were a neutral or earth tone khaki color, whereas the british uniforms were still bright scarlet red, a stark contrast to the african landscape, which enabled the boers, being expert marksmen, to easily snipe at british troops from a distance. other significant advantages to the boers included their widespread adoption of the breech loading rifle, which could be aimed, fired, and reloaded from a prone position, and the boers ' unconventional military tactics, which relied more on stealth and speed than discipline and formation. conduct of the war the besieging of the british garrisons led to the battle of laing ' s nek on january 28, 1881, where a british force composed of the natal field force under major - general sir george pomeroy colley attempted to break through the boer positions on the drakensberg range to relieve their garrisons. but the boers,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.40650695661825, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.701461"} {"text": "january 28, 1881, where a british force composed of the natal field force under major - general sir george pomeroy colley attempted to break through the boer positions on the drakensberg range to relieve their garrisons. but the boers, under the command of p. j. joubert repulsed the british cavalry and infantry attacks. further actions included the battle of schuinshoogte ( also known as ingogo ) on february 8, 1881, where another british force barely escaped destruction. but the final humiliation for the british was at the battle of majuba hill on february 27, 1881, where several boer groups stormed the hill and drove off the british, killing colley in the process. unwilling to get further involved in a war which was already seen as lost, the british government of william gladstone signed a truce on march 6, and in the final peace treaty on march 23, 1881, they gave the boers self - government in the transvaal under a theoretical british oversight. the second boer war the second boer war, also known as the south african war ( outside of south africa ), the anglo - boer war ( among some south africans ) and in afrikaans as the anglo - boereoorlog or tweede vryheidsoorlog ( second war of independence ), was fought from october, 11 1899, until may 31, 1902. the war was fought between the british empire and the two independent boer republics of the orange free state and the south african republic ( transvaal republic ). after a protracted hard - fought war, the two independent republics lost and were absorbed into the british empire. with the 1885 discovery of gold in transvaal, thousands of british and other prospectors and settlers streamed over the border from the cape colony and from across the globe. the city of johannesburg sprang up as a shanty town nearly overnight as the uitlanders poured in and settled near the mines. the uitlanders rapidly outnumbered the boers on the witwatersrand, but remained a minority in the transvaal as a whole. the afrikaners, nervous and resentful of the uitlander presence, denied them voting rights and taxed the gold industry heavily. in response, there was pressure from the uitlanders and the british mine owners to overthrow the boer government. in 1895, cecil rhodes sponsored a failed coup d ' etat backed by an armed incursion, known as the jameson raid. the failure to gain improved rights for britons was used to justify a major military buildup in the cape, since several", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4111169595160198, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.702444"} {"text": "in 1895, cecil rhodes sponsored a failed coup d ' etat backed by an armed incursion, known as the jameson raid. the failure to gain improved rights for britons was used to justify a major military buildup in the cape, since several key british colonial leaders favored annexation of the boer republics. these included the cape colony governor sir alfred milner, british colonial secretary joseph chamberlain and mining syndicate owners ( nicknamed the \" gold bugs \" ) such as alfred beit, barney barnato and lionel phillips. confident that the boers would be quickly defeated, they attempted to precipitate a war. president martinus steyn of the orange free state invited milner and paul kruger ( president of the transvaal ) to attend a conference in bloemfontein which started on may 30, 1899, but negotiations quickly broke down. in september 1899, chamberlain sent an ultimatum demanding full equality for british citizens resident in transvaal. kruger, sure that war was inevitable, simultaneously issued his own ultimatum prior to receiving chamberlain ' s. this gave the british 48 hours to withdraw all their troops from the border of transvaal ; otherwise the transvaal, allied with the orange free state, would be at war with them. first phase : the boer offensive of october to december 1899 war was declared on october 11, 1899, and the boers struck first by invading cape colony and natal colony between october 1899 and january 1900. this was followed by some early afrikaner military successes against general redvers buller. the boers were able to besiege the towns of ladysmith and mafeking ( defended by troops headed by colonel robert baden - powell ), and kimberley. siege life took its toll on both the defending soldiers and the civilians in the cities of mafeking, ladysmith, and kimberley as food began to grow scarce after a few weeks. in mafeking, sol plaatje wrote, \" i saw horseflesh for the first time being treated as a human foodstuff. \" the cities under siege also dealt with constant artillery bombardment, making the streets a dangerous place. near the end of the siege of kimberley, it was expected that the boers would intensify their bombardment, so a notice was displayed encouraging people to go down into the mines for protection. the townspeople panicked, and people flowed into the mine shafts constantly for a 12 - hour period. although the bombardment never came, this did nothing to diminish the distress of the civilians. in kimberley many of the towns people, now under siege, sheltered in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4159344404487364, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.703723"} {"text": ", and people flowed into the mine shafts constantly for a 12 - hour period. although the bombardment never came, this did nothing to diminish the distress of the civilians. in kimberley many of the towns people, now under siege, sheltered in the local convent, now the mcgregor museum. since the mining that occurred there, for diamonds, was open air, the people were not able to shelter in mine shafts. the mine is now known as the big hole, a popular tourist attraction in the area. the middle of december proved difficult for the british army. in a period known as black week ( december 10 - 15, 1899 ), the british suffered a series of devastating losses at the battles of magersfontein, stormberg, and colenso. at the battle of stormberg on december 10, british general william forbes gatacre, who was in command of 3, 000 troops protecting against boer raids in cape colony, tried to recapture a railway junction about 50 miles south of the orange river. but gatacre chose to assault the orange state boer positions surmounting a precipitous rock face in which he lost 135 killed and wounded, as well as two guns and over 600 troops captured. at the battle of magersfontein on december 11, 14, 000 british troops, under the command of general paul sanford methuen, 3rd baron methuen, attempted to fight their way to relieve kimberly. the boer commanders, koos de la rey and piet cronje, devised a plan to dig trenches in an unconventional place to fool the british and to give their riflemen a greater firing range. the plan worked. the british were decisively defeated, suffering the loss of 120 british soldiers killed and 690 wounded, which prevented them from relieving kimberley and mafeking. but the nadir of black week was the battle of colenso on december 15, where 21, 000 british troops, under the command of redvers henry buller, attempted to cross the tugela river to relieve ladysmith where 8, 000 transvaal boers, under the command of louis botha, were awaiting them. through a combination of artillery and accurate rifle fire, the boers repelled all british attempts to cross the river. the british had a further 1, 127 casualties, and lost 10 artillery pieces to the boers during the ensuing retreat. the boer forces suffered 40 casualties. second phase : the british offensive of january to september 1900 the british suffered further defeats in their attempts to relieve ladysmith at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4126269574085173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.704810"} {"text": "1, 127 casualties, and lost 10 artillery pieces to the boers during the ensuing retreat. the boer forces suffered 40 casualties. second phase : the british offensive of january to september 1900 the british suffered further defeats in their attempts to relieve ladysmith at the battle of spion kop of january 19 to 24, 1900, where redvers buller again attempted to cross the tugela west of colenso and was defeated again by louis botha after a hard - fought battle for a prominent hill feature which resulted in a further 1, 000 british casualties and nearly 300 boer casualties. buller attacked botha again on february 5, at vaal krantz and was again defeated. it was not until reinforcements arrived on february 14, 1900 that british troops commanded by field marshal lord roberts could launch counter - offensives to relieve the garrisons. kimberley was relieved on february 15, by a cavalry division under john french, 1st earl of ypres. at the battle of paardeberg on february 18 to 27, 1900, roberts surrounded general piet cronje ' s retreating boer army, and forced him to surrender with 4000 men after a siege lasting a week. meanwhile, buller at last succeeded in forcing a crossing of the tugela, and defeated botha ' s outnumbered forces north of colenso, allowing the relief of ladysmith the day after cronje surrendered. roberts then advanced into the two republics, capturing bloemfontein, the capital of the orange free state, on march 13. meanwhile, he detached a small force to relieve baden - powell, and the relief of mafeking on may 18, 1900, provoking riotous celebrations in england. after being forced to delay for several weeks at bloemfontein due to sickness within his army ( caused by poor hygiene and medical care ), roberts resumed his advance and captured the capital of the transvaal, pretoria, on june 5. british observers believed the war to be all but over after the capture of the two capital cities. however, the boers had met at a new capital of the orange free state, kroonstad, and planned a guerrilla campaign to hit the british supply and communication lines. the first engagement of this new form of warfare was at sanna ' s post on march 31, where 1, 500 boers under the command of christiaan de wet attacked bloemfontein ' s waterworks about 23 miles east of the city, and ambushed a heavily escorted convoy which resulted in 155 british casualties and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3804833324975082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.705850"} {"text": "on march 31, where 1, 500 boers under the command of christiaan de wet attacked bloemfontein ' s waterworks about 23 miles east of the city, and ambushed a heavily escorted convoy which resulted in 155 british casualties and with seven guns, 117 wagons and 428 british troops captured. after the fall of pretoria, one of the last formal battles was at diamond hill on june 11 - 12, where field marshal lord roberts attempted to drive the remnants of the boer field army beyond striking distance of the city. although roberts drove the boers from the hill, the boer commander, louis botha, did not regard it as a defeat, for he inflicted more casualties on the british ( totaling 162 men ) while only suffering around 50 casualties. the set - piece period of the war now largely gave way to a mobile guerrilla war, but one final operation remained. president kruger and what remained of the transvaal government had retreated to eastern transvaal. roberts, joined by troops from natal under buller, advanced against them, and broke their last defensive position at bergendal on august 26. as roberts and buller followed up along the railway line to komatipoort, kruger sought asylum in portuguese east africa ( modern mozambique ). some dispirited boers did likewise, and the british gathered up much material. however, the core of the boer fighters under botha easily broke back into the transvaal. under the new conditions of the war, heavy equipment was no use to them, and therefore no great loss. third phase : guerrilla war of september 1900 to may 1902 by september 1900, the british were in control of both republics, except for the northern part of transvaal. however, they found that they only controlled the ground their columns physically occupied. as soon as the columns left a town or district, british control of that area faded away. the huge territory of the republics made it impossible for the 250, 000 british troops to control it effectively. the vast distances between the columns allowed the boer commandos considerable freedom to move about. the boer commanders decided to adopt a guerrilla style of warfare. the commandos were sent to their own districts with the order to act against the british there whenever possible. their strategy was to do as much damage to the enemy as possible, and then to move off and vanish when enemy reinforcements arrived. the boer commandos in the western transvaal were very active after september 1901. several battles of importance were fought here between september 1901 and march 1902. at moedwil on september 30, 1901, and again at drie", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44173901083156497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.706942"} {"text": "and vanish when enemy reinforcements arrived. the boer commandos in the western transvaal were very active after september 1901. several battles of importance were fought here between september 1901 and march 1902. at moedwil on september 30, 1901, and again at driefontein on october 24, gen. de la rey \u2019 s forces attacked the british but were forced to withdraw after the british offered strong resistance. a time of relative quiet descended thereafter on the western transvaal. february 1902 saw the next major battle in that region. on february 25, de la rey attacked a british column at ysterspruit near wolmaranstad. de la rey succeeded in capturing the column and a large amount of ammunition \u2014 enough to last his commandos a long time. the boer attacks prompted lord methuen, the british second - in - command after lord kitchener, to move his column from vryburg to klerksdorp to deal with de la rey. on the morning of march 7, 1902, the boers attacked the rear guard of methuen \u2019 s moving column at tweebosch. in the confusion that soon reigned in british ranks, methuen was wounded and captured by the boers. the battle of tweebosch was one of the de la rey \u2019 s finest victories. the boer victories in the west led to stronger action by the british. in the second half of march 1902 large british reinforcements were sent to the western transvaal. the opportunity the british waited for arose on april 11, 1902, at rooiwal, where the combined forces of gens. grenfell, kekewich and von donop came into contact with the forces of gen. kemp. the british soldiers were superbly positioned on the mountain side and mowed down the boers charging on horseback over a large distance, beating them back with heavy casualties. this was the end of the war in the western transvaal and also the last major battle of the anglo - boer war. orange free state while the british occupied pretoria, the boer fighters in the orange free state had been driven into a fertile area in the north east of the republic, known as the brandwater basin. this offered only temporary sanctuary, as the mountain passes leading to it could be occupied by the british, trapping the boers. a force under general hunter set out from bloemfontein to achieve this in july 1900. the hard core of the boers under christiaan de wet, accompanied by president steyn, left the basin early. those remaining fell into confusion and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.406761810208618, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.707934"} {"text": "force under general hunter set out from bloemfontein to achieve this in july 1900. the hard core of the boers under christiaan de wet, accompanied by president steyn, left the basin early. those remaining fell into confusion and most failed to break out before hunter trapped them. 4500 boers surrendered and much equipment was captured, but as with robert ' s drive against kruger at the same time, these losses were of little consequence if the hard core of the boer armies and their most determined and active leaders remained at large. from the basin, de wet headed west. although hounded by british columns, he succeeded in crossing the vaal into the western transvaal, to allow steyn to travel to meet the transvaal leaders. returning to the orange free state, de wet inspired a series of attacks and raids from the hitherto quiet western part of the country. in late january 1901, he also led a renewed invasion of cape colony. this was less successful, because there was no general uprising among the cape boers, and de wet ' s men were relentlessly pursued by british forces. they escaped across the orange river, almost by a miracle. from then until the final days of the war, de wet remained comparatively quiet, partly because the orange free state was effectively left desolated by british sweeps. two boer forces fought in this area ; under botha in the south east and ben viljoen in the north east. botha ' s forces were particularly active, raiding railways and even mounting a renewed invasion of natal in september 1901. however, botha ' s forces were the target of increasingly large and ruthless drives by british forces, and eventually, he had to abandon the highveld and retreat to a narrow enclave bordering swaziland. to the north, ben viljoen grew steadily less active. his forces mounted comparatively few attacks and as a result, the boer enclave around lydenburg was largely unmolested. viljoen was eventually captured. after he escaped across the orange in march 1901, de wet had left forces under cape rebels kritzinger and scheepers to maintain a guerrilla campaign in the cape midlands. the campaign here was one of the least chivalrous, with intimidation by both sides of each other ' s civilian sympathizers. several captured rebels, including scheepers, were executed for treason by the british, some in public. in most cases though, the executions were ostensibly for capital crimes such as the murder of prisoners or of unarmed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42075322687331196, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.709234"} {"text": "' s civilian sympathizers. several captured rebels, including scheepers, were executed for treason by the british, some in public. in most cases though, the executions were ostensibly for capital crimes such as the murder of prisoners or of unarmed civilians. fresh boer forces under jan christiaan smuts, joined by the surviving rebels under kritzinger, made another attack on the cape in september 1901. they suffered severe hardships and were hard pressed by british columns, but eventually rescued themselves by routing some of their pursuers and capturing their equipment. from then until the end of the war, smuts increased his forces until they numbered 3000. however, no general uprising took place, and the situation in the cape remained a stalemate. final days of the war towards the end of the war, british drives and offensives became more successful. this was achieved by establishing lines of blockhouses and wire fences which parceled up the wide veld into smaller areas. de wet narrowly avoided being trapped against these by a drive, but kitchener ' s forces at last began to seriously affect the boers ' fighting strength and freedom of maneuver. the concentration camps these had originally been set up for refugees whose farms had been destroyed by the british \" scorched earth \" policy ( burning down all boer homesteads and farms ). however, following kitchener ' s new policy, many women and children were forcibly moved to prevent the boers from resupplying at their homes and more camps were built and converted to prisons. this relatively new idea was essentially humane in its planning in london but ultimately proved brutal due to its lack of proper implementation. this was not the first appearance of concentration camps. the spanish used them in the ten years ' war that later led to the spanish - american war, and the united states used them to devastate guerrilla forces during the philippine - american war. but the concentration camp system of the british was on a much larger scale. there were a total of 45 tented camps built for boer internees and 64 for black african ones. of the 28, 000 boer men captured as prisoners of war, 25, 630 were sent overseas. so, most boers remaining in the local camps were women and children, but the native african ones held large numbers of men as well. even when forcibly removed from boer areas, the black africans were not considered to be hostile to the british, and provided a paid labor force. the conditions in the camps were very unhealthy and the food rations were meager. women and children", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4440525883986173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.710363"} {"text": "even when forcibly removed from boer areas, the black africans were not considered to be hostile to the british, and provided a paid labor force. the conditions in the camps were very unhealthy and the food rations were meager. women and children of men who were still fighting were given smaller rations than others. the poor diet and inadequate hygiene led to endemic contagious diseases such as measles, typhoid, and dysentery. coupled with a shortage of medical facilities, this led to large numbers of deaths \u2014 a report after the war concluded that 27, 927 boers ( of whom 22, 074 were children under 16 ) and 14, 154 black africans had died of starvation, disease, and exposure in the concentration camps. in all, about 25 percent of the boer inmates and 12 percent of the black african ones died ( although recent research suggests that the black african deaths were underestimated and may have actually been around 20, 000 ). a delegate of the south african women and children ' s distress fund, emily hobhouse, did much to publicize the distress of the inmates on her return to britain after visiting some of the camps in the orange free state. her fifteen - page report caused uproar, and led to a government commission, the fawcett commission, visiting camps from august to december 1901 which confirmed her report. they were highly critical of the running of the camps and made numerous recommendations, for example improvements in diet and provision of proper medical facilities. by february 1902 the annual death - rate dropped to 6. 9 percent and eventually to 2 percent. counterinsurgency techniques which were applied by the british in the boer war were later reused by the british to fend off malayan communist rebels during the malayan emergency. pows sent overseas the first sizable batch of boer prisoners of war taken by the british consisted of those captured at the battle of elandslaagte on october 21, 1899. at first many were put on ships. but as numbers grew, the british decided they didn ' t want them kept locally. the capture of 400 pows in february 1900 was a key event, which made the british realize they could not accommodate all pows in south africa. the british feared they could be freed by sympathetic locals. they already had trouble supplying their own troops in south africa, and didn ' t want the added burden of sending supplies for the pows. britain therefore chose to send many pows overseas. the first overseas ( off african mainland ) camps were opened in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4034063925604935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.711419"} {"text": "they already had trouble supplying their own troops in south africa, and didn ' t want the added burden of sending supplies for the pows. britain therefore chose to send many pows overseas. the first overseas ( off african mainland ) camps were opened in saint helena, which ultimately received about 5000 pows. about 5000 pows were sent to ceylon ( sri lanka ). other pows were sent to bermuda and india. some pows were even sent outside the british empire, with 1, 443 boers ( mostly pows ) sent to portugal. the end of the war in all, the war had cost around 75, 000 lives \u2014 22, 000 british soldiers ( 7, 792 battle casualties, the rest through disease ), 6, 000 - 7, 000 boer soldiers, 20, 000 - 28, 000 boer civilians and perhaps 20, 000 black africans. the last of the boers surrendered in may 1902 and the war ended with the treaty of vereeniging in the same month. but the boers were given \u00a33, 000, 000 for reconstruction and were promised eventual self - government, and the union of south africa was established in 1910. the treaty ended the existence of the transvaal and the orange free state as boer republics and placed them within the british empire. the boers referred to the two wars as the \" freedom wars. \" those boers who wanted to continue the fight were known as \" bitter - einders \" ( or \" irreconcilable \" ) and at the end of the war a number like deneys reitz chose exile rather than sign an undertaking that they would abide by the peace terms. over the following decade, many returned to south africa and never signed the undertaking. some, like reitz, eventually reconciled themselves to the new status quo, but others waited for a suitable opportunity to restart the old quarrel. at the start of world war i the bitter - einders and their allies took part in a revolt known as the maritz rebellion. those boers who now formed the south african government, along with their english speaking allies, quickly suppressed the revolt. compared with the fate of leading irish rebels of the easter rising in 1916, the leading boer rebels in the maritz rebellion got off lightly, with terms of imprisonment of six and seven years and heavy fines. two years later, they were released from prison, as louis botha recognized the value of reconciliation. after this, the bitter - einders concentrated on working within the constitutional system and built up the national national party which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4157522912151609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.712556"} {"text": "and seven years and heavy fines. two years later, they were released from prison, as louis botha recognized the value of reconciliation. after this, the bitter - einders concentrated on working within the constitutional system and built up the national national party which would come to dominate the politics of south africa from the late 1940s until the early 1990s, when the apartheid system they had constructed also fell. the party enshrined as law boer racist views. during the conflict, 78 victoria crosses ( vc ) \u2014 the highest and most prestigious award in the british armed forces for bravery in the face of the enemy \u2014 were awarded to british and colonial soldiers. effect of the war on domestic british politics the war highlighted the dangers of britain ' s policy of non - alignment and deepened her isolation. the united kingdom general election, 1900 uk general election, also known as the \" khaki election, \" was called by the prime minister, robert gascoyne - cecil, 3rd marquess of salisbury on the back of recent british victories. there was much enthusiasm for the war at this point, resulting in a victory for the conservative government. however, public support quickly waned as it became apparent that the war would not be easy and it dragged on, partially contributing to the conservatives ' spectacular defeat in 1906. there was public outrage at the use of scorched earth tactics \u2014 the burning of boer homesteads, for example \u2014 and the conditions in the concentration camps. it also became apparent that there were serious problems with public health : up to 40 percent of recruits were unfit for military service, suffering from medical problems such as rickets and other poverty - related illnesses. this came at a time of increasing concern for the state of the poor in britain. the use of chinese labor, known as \" coolies, \" after the war by the governor of the new crown colonies, alfred milner, 1st viscount milner, also caused much revulsion in the uk. workers were often kept in appalling conditions, received only a small wage and were forbidden to socialize with the local population \u2014 this led to further public shock at the resulting homosexual acts between those forbidden the services of prostitutes. some believe the chinese slavery issue can be seen as the climax of public antipathy with the war. many irish nationalists sympathized with the boers, seeing them as a people oppressed by british imperialism, much like themselves. irish miners already in the transvaal at the start of the war formed the nucleus of two irish commandos and small groups of irish volunteers went to south africa to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43697280648642156, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.713583"} {"text": "with the boers, seeing them as a people oppressed by british imperialism, much like themselves. irish miners already in the transvaal at the start of the war formed the nucleus of two irish commandos and small groups of irish volunteers went to south africa to fight with the boers \u2014 this despite the fact that there were many irish troops fighting with the british army. in britain, the \" pro - boer \" campaign expanded. many british authors gave their \" pro - boer \" opinions in british press, such as g. k. chesterton ' s writing to 1905, with writers often idealizing the boer society. the vast majority of troops fighting for the united kingdom came from the uk or south africa. however, in the second boer war ( south africa war ) a number did come from other parts of the empire. these countries had their own internal disputes over whether they should remain tied to the united kingdom, or have full independence, which carried over into the debate over whether they should send forces to assist the united kingdom. though not fully independent on foreign affairs, these countries did have local say over how much support to provide, and the manner in which it would be provided. ultimately, canada, australia, and new zealand all chose to send volunteers to aid the united kingdom, but did not send them in sufficient size or speed to be critical to the final outcome. the commonwealth of australia was formed from the six australian colonies on january 1, 1901, making the boer war the first war in which the commonwealth of australia fought. as part of the british empire prior to federation the australian colonies also offered troops for the war in south africa. in all, 16, 175 australians served in contingents raised by the six colonies and the commonwealth. about 4, 500 men served more than one contingent. 267 died from disease and slightly less, 251, died in action or from wounds sustained in battle, while a further 43 men were reported missing. a small number of australians are known to have fought on the boer side. the australian climate and geography were far closer to that of south africa than the towns and cities of britain where most of the british troops originated, so australians were perceived by the british authorities as better suited to the conditions in south africa than many of the british troops and a particularly useful adjunct to the british regular forces. the australians served mostly as powerful \" mounted rifles \" in units formed in each colony. some contingents fought in the second phase of the war when the british counter - attack captured the boer capitals. later contingents fought in the guerrilla war phase", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41246168683750495, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.714694"} {"text": "forces. the australians served mostly as powerful \" mounted rifles \" in units formed in each colony. some contingents fought in the second phase of the war when the british counter - attack captured the boer capitals. later contingents fought in the guerrilla war phase. they were valued for the ability to be able to match the speed and agility of the boer commandos on the veldt and were often used as quick - response reserves sent to areas where the more sedate british infantry units often in blockhouses reported contact with the boers. some of these troops formed the kernel of the australian lighthorsemen regiments later sent to middle east in world war i. in australia at the start of the war sympathy lay with the imperial cause, but as the war dragged on the australian public started to become disenchanted, in part because the sufferings of boer civilians became known through newspaper reports on the well - publicized conviction and execution of lieutenants breaker morant and handcock in 1902. at first canadian prime minister wilfrid laurier tried to keep canada out of the war. the canadian government was divided between those, primarily french canadians, who wished to stay out of the war and others, primarily english canadians, who wanted to join with britain in her fight. in the end, canada agreed to support the british by providing volunteers, equipment, and transportation to south africa. britain would be responsible for paying the troops and returning them to canada at the end of their service. the boer war marked the first occasion in which large contingents of canadian troops served abroad. the battle of paardeburg in february 1900 represented the second time canadian troops saw battle abroad ( although there was a long tradition of canadian service in the british army and royal navy ), the first being the canadian involvement in the nile expedition of 1884 - 85. ultimately, over 8, 600 canadians volunteered to fight in the south african war. however, not all saw action since many landed in south africa after the hostilities ended while others performed garrison duty in halifax, nova scotia so that their british counterparts could join at the front. approximately 277 canadians died in the south africa war : 89 men were killed in action, 135 died of disease, and the remainder died of accident or injury. 252 were wounded. when the second boer war seemed imminent, new zealand offered its support. on september 28, 1899, prime minister richard seddon asked new zealand parliament to approve the offer to the imperial government of a contingent of mounted rifles and the raising of such a force if the offer were accepted and thus becoming", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4193249570787342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.715786"} {"text": "zealand offered its support. on september 28, 1899, prime minister richard seddon asked new zealand parliament to approve the offer to the imperial government of a contingent of mounted rifles and the raising of such a force if the offer were accepted and thus becoming the first british colony to send troops to the boer war. the british position in the dispute with the transvaal was \" moderate and righteous, \" he maintained. he stressed the \" crimson tie \" of empire which bound new zealand to the mother - country and the importance of a strong british empire for the colony ' s security. in many ways the south african war set the pattern for new zealand ' s later involvement in the two world wars. specially raised units, consisting mainly of volunteers, were dispatched overseas to serve with forces from elsewhere in the british empire. the success enjoyed by the new zealand troops fostered the idea that new zealanders were naturally good soldiers, who required only a modicum of training to perform creditably. - \u2191 anglo - boer war museum. boer prisoners of war. retrieved may 24, 2007. - \u2191 the anglo - boer war philatelic society. collecting interests. retrieved may 24, 2007. - \u2191 the anglo - boer war philatelic society. picture detail. retrieved may 24, 2007. - \u2191 australian war memorial. australia and the boer war. retrieved may 24, 2007. - \u2191 veterans affairs canada. south african war 100th anniversary. retrieved may 24, 2007. - \u2191 new zealand history online. new zealand in the south african war. retrieved may 24, 2007. - doyle, arthur conan : the great boer war. london : smith, elder, 1900. - farwell, byron the great anglo - boer war. new york : harper and row, 1976. isbn 0 - 06 - 011204 - 2 ( published in the uk as the great boer war. london : allen lane, 1977. isbn 0 - 7139 - 0820 - 3 ) - gordon, april a and donald l. gordon, ( eds. ) : understanding contemporary africa. 3rd ed. boulder, colorado : lynne rienner, 2001. isbn 1 - 55587 - 850 - 4 - harrison, david the white tribe of africa : south africa in perspective. los angeles : university of california press, 1981. isbn 0 - 520 - 04690 - 0 - judd, denis and surridge, keith the boer war. london : john murray, 2003. isbn 0719561698 - pakenham, thomas the boer war. new york : random house", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37564463269468096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.717528"} {"text": "0 - 520 - 04690 - 0 - judd, denis and surridge, keith the boer war. london : john murray, 2003. isbn 0719561698 - pakenham, thomas the boer war. new york : random house, 1979. isbn 0 - 394 - 42742 - 4 - pretorius, fransjohan scorched earth. cape town : human & rousseau, 2001. isbn 0 - 7981 - 4192 - plaatje, sol t mafeking diary : a black man ' s view of a white man ' s war. cambridge : meridor books ; athens : ohio university press, 1990. isbn 0 - 852550 - 64 - 2 - milner, alfred the milner papers, \" south africa 1899 - 1905. london : cassell, 1933. all links retrieved february 14, 2013. - war museum of the boer republics. anglo boer war museum. - national uk archives site. - battlefields in kwazulu natal. - a handbook of the boer war by gale and polden, limited, from project gutenberg. - the record of a regiment of the line, by m. jacson, from project gutenberg. - commando : a boer journal of the boer war, a book ( now in the public domain and readable online ), written by deneys reitz, a participant in the war and later deputy prime minister of south africa. - colonial units. new world encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the wikipedia article in accordance with new world encyclopedia standards. this article abides by terms of the creative commons cc - by - sa 3. 0 license ( cc - by - sa ), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the new world encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the wikimedia foundation. to cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats. the history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here : note : some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4420819527385443, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.718390"} {"text": "get your binoculars and bird seed ready. this weekend is the rspb \u2019 s big garden birdwatch. people all over the uk will spend an hour recording the birds they see in their garden for the survey \u2019 s 30th anniversary. anyone can take part and the information the survey collects is one of the important ways the public can help track bird numbers around the uk. the british trust for ornithology ( bto ) has a year - round project to gather information on how birds use gardens, a more and more important habitat for wild birds as other natural habitats decline. over the years, the rspb survey and bto research has shown changes in uk bird populations. there has been an increase in, for example, the collared dove and wood pigeon, but serious declines in the house sparrow ( passer domesticus ), song thrush ( turdus philomelos ) and starling ( sturnus vulgaris ). the reasons for many of these declines are not fully understood which makes monitoring their numbers and distribution all the more important. getting the public \u2019 s help with wildlife surveys is crucial and means scientists can get up - to - date information about population numbers. the natural history museum \u2019 s annual bluebell survey relies on the public \u2019 s participation too. in partnership with plantlife and the ramblers ' association, it collects sightings of bluebells and the results help scientists work out if the native bluebell is being threatened by two other species, the spanish bluebell and the hybrid. in march, the museum in partnership with opal, will be carrying out an earthworm survey. for such a common creature, surprisingly little is know about them and the public \u2019 s observations should help change this. the rspb big garden birdwatch survey is during 24 - 25 january and the museum \u2019 s bluebell survey begins in the spring when the bluebells appear.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4295763125120035, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.720289"} {"text": "residential buildings use approximately 22 % of the total energy consumed in the u. s. the objective of this project is to increase the energy efficiency of the residential building sector by reducing the uncertainties in tools and techniques that are currently used to make energy predictions during three phases of a building \u2019 s lifetime : construction / design, regular operation, and retrofit. objective : to improve estimates of residential whole - building energy consumption by 2014 through characterization of uncertainties of tools used in modeling whole buildings in support of national energy efficiency standards, providing energy feedback to building occupants, and selecting retrofit options to improve the performance of existing buildings. what is the new technical idea? providing measures for residential energy use on a whole building scale is challenging because of the interacting components and systems that come into play. as these building components and systems increase in efficiency, a holistic assessment of energy consumption is necessary to target effective ways to better energy performance in homes. in this project, nist will focus on improving the measurement science utilized by standards developers, designers, occupants, and retrofit professionals to assess the energy performance of a residence by quantifying the uncertainties associated with these assessments. whole building energy simulations often inform the development of next - generation building codes for energy efficiency by using the analyses to understand the implications of proposed code changes. nist will work toward determining the sensitivity of residential building energy simulations to various parameters, such as construction and occupant factors, to make the energy savings predictions of the standards to which the modeled buildings will be compliant more complete. once the building is in operation, real - time energy feedback to occupants is needed to continue to meet and exceed the efficiency goals described in the construction standards ; it is estimated that up to a 20 % energy savings can be achieved through behavioral changes that result from appropriate feedback. nist has been evaluating commercially - available residential energy monitoring systems ( rems ) and will develop a metric and a test method to quantify measurement accuracy and communication performance so commercial products can meet the needs of building occupants. finally, to fully address energy efficiency of residential buildings, it is imperative to identify ways to improve the performance of existing buildings. energy auditing is a process by which retrofits needed to improve the energy performance of a building are determined. nist will enable quantification of the uncertainty in audit recommendations by formalizing a procedure to implement a round - robin program so that building professionals and homeowners have greater confidence in energy efficiency improvements resulting from retrofits. quantifying the uncertainties associated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5976725086860575, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.726138"} {"text": "enable quantification of the uncertainty in audit recommendations by formalizing a procedure to implement a round - robin program so that building professionals and homeowners have greater confidence in energy efficiency improvements resulting from retrofits. quantifying the uncertainties associated with these modeling tools, sensor systems, and guidelines will provide more confidence to building designers, operators, homeowners, and standards developers to move the nation toward net - zero energy, high performance buildings. what is the research plan? to decrease uncertainty in predictions of energy efficiency improvements of proposed code provisions, nist will assess the sensitivity of computer models used to evaluate those proposals. assessments of prescriptive standards and codes such as ashrae 90. 2 and the international energy conservation code performed by the residential building energy codes community typically utilize single building types to represent the nation \u2019 s residential building stock. in fy13, nist will create energyplus models of multiple prototype buildings using data from the census bureau \u2019 s american housing survey and the doe residential energy consumption survey to expand the representation of the u. s. building stock. nist will then perform a sensitivity study to quantify the uncertainty and variability in modeling results when factors such as location, occupant behavior, construction type, and square footage are varied. these factors can all be examined by changing inputs into the software, with occupant behavior being examined through changes in hot water use, thermostat setpoints, appliance usage, and plug load usage that are documented in the building science literature. to assess the uncertainty in energy use estimates from continuous feedback systems, nist will utilize a testbed to develop metrics and test methods to assess such systems. a hardware test platform for electricity sensors that also possesses the functionality to assess the software included to retrieve sensor data was designed in fy12 to assess the accuracy of commercially available residential energy monitoring systems ( rems ). the platform makes use of individual energy end - uses ( e. g., small and large appliances, and plug loads ) to simulate what would be used in a home. in fy13, nist will expand the test platform to include the measurement of simultaneous household loads and multiple sensors to further represent typical home energy use. current investigations have shown that certain appliances have variable power states, a trend emerging with appliances incorporating more complex electronics. the results of testing end - uses on the platform will allow nist to categorize various household electrical loads and determine which rems are the most appropriate for these categories. fy13 tasks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5899191502773224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.727150"} {"text": ", a trend emerging with appliances incorporating more complex electronics. the results of testing end - uses on the platform will allow nist to categorize various household electrical loads and determine which rems are the most appropriate for these categories. fy13 tasks will culminate in the draft and evaluation of a test method to assess the performance of residential electricity monitoring systems, with the aid of a load generator to simulate the sum of household loads and the development of suitable metric ( s ) of comparison. to characterize the uncertainty in projected energy efficiency improvements arising from residential retrofits, nist will investigate the variability in the predictions from energy audits of existing buildings. in fy12, with the assistance of a grantee, a qualitative \u201c round robin \u201d study was performed with multiple auditors conducting energy audits on the same homes using short - term evaluative tools such as blower doors, infrared thermography, and flow measuring devices. results showed widely varying retrofit recommendations and estimated savings from those recommendations. in fy13, nist will formalize the round - robin procedure to identify key areas of variability in a statistically significant manner and will work with the retrofit community to assess this framework, starting by implementing a round robin during a leading home performance conference. this effort will result in a process that will help reduce variability in energy audit results and increase confidence in predictions of energy savings. nist will work with standards and credentialing residential energy retrofit organizations to incorporate lessons learned from the studies into new standards. the first step in this endeavor will be to create a map of gaps and overlaps in the standards landscape. nist will team with a contractor or grantee to assess the residential auditing standards and evaluate the round robin framework. standards and codes : results of sensitivity analyses of residential buildings models will be shared with ashrae standards committee 90. 2 and a proposed ashrae committee on high performance, green residential buildings. ( boyd / kneifel / healy ) results of energy audit analysis will lead to modifications of standards and guidelines developed by organizations such as the residential energy services network ( resnet ) and the building performance institute ( bpi ). ( healy ) test method for residential energy monitoring systems and results of its evaluation will be disseminated to organization deemed most appropriate. candidate organizations include ashrae, astm international, and ieee ( ullah / guo ) lead organizational unit : el related programs and projects : 100 bureau drive, m / s 8632", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5722158236054977, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.728110"} {"text": "young boy in kuthri, kenya. the population of africa will grow the fastest, analysts say. world population is expected to rise from 7 billion to 9 billion by 2050. africa will be home to a 2 billion increase, the fastest rate of increase in the world. as world population increases, so does the demand to feed the hungry. catherine bertini, 2003 world food prize laureate, spoke nov. 15 at the university of nebraska - lincoln on \u201c where america must lead : ensuring the world can feed its people. \u201d bertini is the co - chair of the global agricultural development initiative at the chicago council of global affairs. she has \u201c tremendous expertise in feeding people and avoiding starvation in times of famine, war, natural disasters and other catastrophes, \u201d said ronnie green, vice chancellor for nu \u2019 s institute of agriculture and natural resources. to keep up with the growth, food production will need to increase by 60 percent, bertini said. but price volatility, especially in war - torn countries, makes it hard to plant and sell crops. \u201c we have to think - - where are markets going to be in the future and we have to think about where people are going to be, \u201d bertini said. she noted that 1. 3 billion people live in poverty, on less than $ 1. 25 a day. as one of the nation \u2019 s top food producers, nebraska farmers are expected to be major contributors to relief. with only 12 percent of the world \u2019 s arable land remaining, bertini said spreading farther out is not an option. instead, major steps toward increased production are the only way to meet future food security pressures. \u201c agriculture productivity is 2 - 4 times more effective than any other productivity in alleviating poverty, \u201d bertini said. among the productivity enhancements bertini discussed was technology, such as advancements in irrigation. in africa, only 6 percent of the continent \u2019 s arable land is irrigated, compared to 37 percent in asia. she said that despite its toils, some of africa is starting to see increases in output, specifically angola after the end of its civil war. bertini also addressed the cultural gender gap. \u201c when the income comes into the household through the woman, \u201d bertini explained, \u201c it \u2019 s much more likely to go to the betterment of the family rather than if it comes through the man. \u201d but because women do not have the same rights as men in most of africa, they have less access to the farm necessities such", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4189673492302778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.731883"} {"text": "the great reform act by michael brock humanities press, 411 pp., $ 6. 00 ( paper ) eighteen thirty - two, the year that saw the passage of the great reform act, is one of those dates in english history \u2014 1066 and 1688 are others \u2014 whose significance has become nothing less than mythical. it is a boon alike to textbook writers and to those who set or take examinations. and the tenpound householder, whom the act enfranchised, resembles the spinning jenny and the water frame in being something that everyone talks about, usually without knowing exactly what or who it was. one student memorably defined him as \u201c any member of a household weighing more than ten pounds \u201d ; but that was surely in jest. more frequent and more serious comments consist of statements such as : \u201c the reform act of 1832 took power away from the aristocracy and gave it to the middle classes \u201d ; or \u201c the reform act of 1832 put britain squarely on the path to democracy. \u201d there is certainly no mystery about what happened in 1832. after a stormy period of fourteen months \u2014 which had witnessed not only one of the classic parliamentary debates of modern times but also a dissolution of parliament and a hard - fought election, the mobilization of public opinion on a hitherto unknown scale, a threat by the monarch to create more peers in order to force the bill through a recalcitrant house of lords, as well as a certain amount of actual violence in the country and the prospect of much more \u2014 a whig government under the second earl grey finally managed to get adopted by both houses of parliament a measure designed to correct ancient anomalies and abuses, which resulted in major changes both in the representative system and in the franchise. one principal provision of the bill took away parliamentary seats from \u201c rotten \u201d boroughs, usually under aristocratic control, at worst consisting of a few hovels, at best of a population of one or two thousand, and gave some of those seats to large and hitherto unrepresented industrial towns such as manchester, birmingham, sheffield, and leeds. another provision abolished existing urban franchise qualifications often dating back by prescription to medieval times, limiting votes to closed corporations or absentee property holders in some towns while permitting almost universal male suffrage in some others, and substituted a uniform suffrage that gave votes to all adult males occupying ( whether as landlords or tenants ) premises with a minimum rentable value of \u00a310 a year. these were the tenpound householders. their social and economic status varied from place to place, depending", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4703053048355006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.737404"} {"text": "a few years ago, i decided that i needed to know more about the history of science, so naturally i volunteered to teach the subject. in working up my lectures, i was struck with the fact that in the ancient world, astronomy reached what from a modern perspective was a much higher level of accuracy and sophistication than any other science. one obvious reason for this is that visible astronomical phenomena are much simpler and easier to study than the things we can observe on the earth \u2019 s surface. the ancients did not know it, but the earth and moon and planets all spin at nearly constant rates, and they travel in their orbits under the influence of a single dominant force, that of gravitation. in consequence, the changes in what is seen in the sky are simple and periodic : the moon regularly waxes and wanes, the sun and moon and stars seem to revolve once a day around the celestial pole, and the sun traces a path through the same constellations of stars every year, those of the zodiac. even with crude instruments these periodic changes could be and were studied with a fair degree of mathematical precision, much greater than was possible for things on earth like the flight of a bird or the flow of water in a river. but there was another reason why astronomy was so prominent in ancient and medieval science. it was useful in a way that the physics and biology of the time were not. even before history began, people must have used the apparent motion of the sun as at least a crude clock, calendar, and compass. these functions became much more precise with the introduction of what may have been the first scientific instrument, the gnomon, attributed by the greeks variously to anaximander or to the babylonians. the gnomon is simply a straight pole, set vertically in a flat, level patch of ground open to the sun \u2019 s rays. when during each day the gnomon \u2019 s shadow is shortest, that is noon. at noon, the gnomon \u2019 s shadow anywhere in the latitude of greece or mesopotamia points due north, so all the points of the compass can be permanently and accurately marked out on the ground around the gnomon. watching the shadow from day to day, one can note the days when the noon shadow is shortest or longest. that is the summer or the winter solstice. from the length of the noon shadow at the summer solstice one can calculate the latitude. the shadow at sunset points somewhat south of east in the spring and summer, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5384055177532514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.740238"} {"text": "august 18, 2011 in 1818, when frankenstein, or the modern prometheus was published for the first time, mary shelley could not have imagined the monster she was unleashing on the world. the creature in shelley ' s novel is remarkably sympathetic and an eloquent speaker, capable of measured, intelligent, and articulate argument. but based on boris karloff \u2019 s 1931 film performance and confirmed by countless other films, comics, and illustrations, the general perception today is that frankenstein \u2019 s creature is a \u201c monster \u201d who grunts or speaks \u2014 if he talks at all \u2014 in disjointed monosyllables. why has popular culture largely denied the creature his reasonable voice? this symposium brings together four scholars and the curator and bibliographer of the new york public library \u2019 s carl h. pforzheimer collection to reflect on graphic and film representations of the \u201c monster \u201d from the past two centuries. the first half of the day will feature presentations on key visual adaptations of the creature, while the latter half will engage questions about what these appearances mean for understanding him as a political and historical subject. morning session \u2013 ten o \u2019 clock opening remarks : jay barksdale and stephanie degooyer the face of the creature, 1818 - today elizabeth campbell denlinger - curator of the carl h. pforzheimer collection of shelley and his circle the maker of the monster : an illustrated biography of mary shelley charles cuykendall carter - bibliographer of the carl h. pforzheimer collection of shelley and his circle the creature in the ( cinematic ) machine paul flaig - comparative literature, cornell university afternoon session \u2013 two o \u2019 clock what makes a \u2018 monster? ' susan wolfson - professor of english, princeton university a monster \u2019 s right to have rights stephanie degooyer - english, cornell university and scholar in residence in the library \u2019 s wertheim study autism and articulation in mary shelley \u2019 s novel and beyond julia miele rodas - assistant professor of english, bronx community college of the city university of new york ( cuny )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4391272317349669, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.742638"} {"text": "positive outcomes for families one goal of parents anonymoussm is to prevent or end juvenile delinquency and child abuse problems in families. to reach this goal, parents learn that it is a sign of strength to ask for help. they learn to use appropriate community resources and to build supportive, positive peer relationships for themselves and their children. they learn to establish reciprocal relationships, which helps them maintain positive peer associations and avoid overburdening the friends and family members who make up their personal support system. parents gain a sense of their own power and use it to improve their ability to care for their children, avoid violent reactions to their children, protect them from violence inflicted by other adults, and use parenting practices that promote healthy outcomes for their children. demonstrated effectiveness of parents anonymoussm research suggests that parents anonymoussm is a promising approach to strengthening families and preventing child abuse and neglect, although only a small number of studies have been conducted. behavior associates ( 1976 ) administered a one - time survey to 613 program participants and asked them a range of questions about their self - esteem, feelings about parenthood and children, satisfaction derived from parenthood, knowledge of child development, social contacts and use of community resources, frequency and severity of abuse, perceived benefits of membership in the program, and background characteristics. participants reported improved parenting behavior, an immediate reduction in physical abuse, a positive change in physical and verbal interactions with their children, improved self - esteem, increased social contacts, more help seeking behavior, and greater use of community facilities for childcare. also, it was found that participants ' expectations of children ' s behavior became more developmentally appropriate. the findings suggest that these positive results are more pronounced as time spent in the program increases. a second study found that parents anonymoussm is a key element in service delivery plans for parents ( cohn, 1979 ). this study used data collected from case managers who were asked a variety of questions about their clients when they began and terminated services. case managers were asked to rate their clients on a variety of parental attitudes, situations, and behaviors thought to be causally related to child abuse and neglect ( e. g., parental stress, having a sense of the child as a person, appropriate behavior toward the child, and knowledge of child development ). at service termination, case manager reports indicated that parents who participated in parents anonymoussm were more likely to improve on these measures than those who did not participate. the researchers did caution that parents may self - select into this self - help service ( the study was not able to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.504619269924097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.746192"} {"text": "case manager reports indicated that parents who participated in parents anonymoussm were more likely to improve on these measures than those who did not participate. the researchers did caution that parents may self - select into this self - help service ( the study was not able to study the effects of motivation ), but also suggest that the nature of the service helps parents resolve important problems. ojjdp and parents anonymous, inc., have recognized the need to conduct an updated, rigorous evaluation of the program. in 1999, ojjdp will sponsor a national evaluation of parents anonymoussm and build on the findings of past research. important advances in evaluating parents anonymoussm will include collecting information from multiple sources, conducting postprogram followups on participants, and using a comparison group. additional relevant research research on mutual assistance - shared leadership groups such as parents anonymoussm has revealed that such groups are a more effective intervention strategy than pure self - help or traditional therapy. for example, yoak and chesler ( 1985 ) found that mutual assistance groups with shared leadership enjoyed greater longevity than groups led by a single individual, either a professional or a parent member. borkman ( 1990 ), one of the major theorists and researchers in the area of mutual assistance groups, stated that increased access to and availability of self - help groups are important to promote for the public, especially for ethnic / racial minority groups and the economically disadvantaged.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46855965298972635, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.746785"} {"text": "the history of u. s. railroads provides an interesting case study on federal regulation. they were the first sector of the economy to come under heavy regulatory control and nearly went extinct because of it. following enactment of the interstate commerce act in 1887 \u2014 which created the interstate commerce commission \u2014 progressive movement technocrats, populist farmers, and shipping interests demanded more and more regulation, often with the support of large segments of the railroad industry. several decades took their toll, and by world war i, excessive regulation of railroads caused massive inefficiencies and soon led president woodrow wilson to nationalize the entire industry for the remainder of the war. but industry conditions following de - nationalization were not much better. time and time again, the only perceived solution to problems caused by failed regulation was more, not less, regulatory intervention. it is this dynamic i examine in my new study on railroad regulation, \u201c slow train coming? misguided economic regulation of u. s. railroads, then and now. \u201d eventually, conditions got so bad in the railroad industry that it looked like it could not be saved. following the 1970 bankruptcy of the penn central railroad, the largest corporate bankruptcy in u. s. history until it was eclipsed by enron in 2001, fears of outright and permanent nationalization of the railroads began to grow. it was only then that policy makers began to seriously advocate for deregulatory policies. this culminated in the staggers rail act of 1980, which largely deregulated the industry. today, more than 30 years later, the railroads are booming. shippers and consumers have enjoyed a 45 - percent decline in average inflation - adjusted freight rates while the railroads have seen a more than 400 - percent increase in rail employee productivity. this renewed prosperity has allowed railroads to invest heavily back into their own networks, to the tune of $ 500 billion since 1980. but these obvious gains have not satisfied a small but vocal group of rent - seeking coal, agricultural, and petrochemical shippers. since the staggers act, they have routinely decried federal regulators as being too conservative while demanding more political control over rates. their powerful political allies, most notably senate commerce committee chairman jay rockefeller ( d - w. v. ), happily do their bidding. but the disgruntled rent - seeking shippers make their mischief not only on capitol hill, where they have so far failed to enact the re - regulatory policies introduced by sen. rockefeller and others, but in the far more opaque regulatory state. currently, their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4647998698692138, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.752783"} {"text": "##runtled rent - seeking shippers make their mischief not only on capitol hill, where they have so far failed to enact the re - regulatory policies introduced by sen. rockefeller and others, but in the far more opaque regulatory state. currently, their regulator, the surface transportation board, is considering a shipper request to enact dramatic forced access policies. but if you examine the recent comment filings, you might notice something strange coming from the obama administration. one of the coal shipper filings argues that the proposed reciprocal switching mandates don \u2019 t go far enough. this is absurd on its face because the proposal in question actually would result in a huge shift in stb mission and practice, but not particularly surprising. what is surprising is another filer essentially agreeing : the department of agriculture. in usda \u2019 s case, it is doing the bidding of rent - seeking oilseed shippers from the midwest rather than wyoming coal companies and western utilities, but the goals and policies both groups seek are nearly identical. the irony is that this administration is simultaneously waging a war on coal - fired electricity through utility mact, etc., while going to bat for the worst and most naked rent - seeking segments of american big business against the most environmentally friendly, least subsidized domestic transportation mode. in case you \u2019 re wondering, the stb has found no evidence of market power abuse on the part of the class i railroads. this is pure crony capitalism. the regulatory proceeding is currently open. if the surface transportation board decides to side with these shippers \u2014 a major departure from precedent \u2014 it is likely time for congress to abolish the agency. u. s. railroads are now booming, mostly due to the fact that they are now able to behave as owner - operators \u2013 market agents \u2013 rather than bureaucrats \u2019 pawns. the question is whether we will learn from past policy mistakes or begin making them all over again. read the study here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4431387279721869, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.753885"} {"text": "eventually, we ' ll build a solar cell where the photoanode is made from the material that we ' re synthesizing today. by templating the assembly of the nanotubes - tio2 nanocrystal with the m13 phage, the electronic properties of the photoanode are improved. \" improved \" here means a few things. engineers trying to optimize photovoltaic devices want lots of high mobility electrons inside their devices since these can more efficiently convert the photo - energy input to electrical power output. single - walled nanotubes made from carbon are one kind of material that ranks pretty high for this property. engineers would also like to optimize the \" sink \" for these mobile electrons since the very best photovoltaic devices will also efficiently collect them where they ' re needed. in our experiment, we are relying on m13 to facilitate electron paths by arranging the swnts into a higher - order architecture, thereby improving their properties. not only can m13 bundle the swnts so they don ' t clump together ( see how the p8 proteins allow the swnts to associate in parallel to the phage in the photo ), but the viruses also position parts of the swnts to the surrounding solution, allowing for a more complete coating with tio2. the tio2 nanocrystal shell ( like its more expensive silicon cousin ) is needed to pass the electrons from the photo - excited dye... which we ' ll be adding later. phage : swnts : tio2 nanocomposite, image from mit news 04. 52. 11 note, however, that swnts aren ' t the perfect material, even when arranged by m13. the swnts aren ' t homogeneous and the metallic contaminants can short circuit the electron ' s paths. for this reason, you are testing different ratios of swnts to phage and building solar cells from these variants. you will identify the most useful ratio at the end of the module when you measure the photon - to - current conversion efficiency ( ipce ) for the 1 : 1, 2. 5 : 1 and 5 : 1 ratio ( swnts : phage ), and we compare across groups. today in lab you will react your swnt : phage with titanium isopropoxide, harvest a small aliquot to visualize with tem next time, then wash the remainder of the nanowires several times, first with ethanol, then with water. you will have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5678550138340126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.760768"} {"text": "swnt : phage with titanium isopropoxide, harvest a small aliquot to visualize with tem next time, then wash the remainder of the nanowires several times, first with ethanol, then with water. you will have time during these steps to work on the research proposal idea you ' ve got started with your lab partner. part 1 : react swnts : phage with ti ( i - pro ) 4 today ' s lab has some safety hazards and you must work extremely carefully. lab coats, gloves and goggles are a must when you ' re at the chemical hood. the reaction of the complexed phage with the titanium will take place in the hood at supercooled temperatures ( a bath at ~ - 40\u00b0c ). once the titanium has been deposited on the surface of the phage, the solution is less hazardous, though you should still treat the materials with care since no reactions run to completion distillation jar, chillin ' for swnt phage only : - retrieve your dialyzed samples. - carefully transfer the contents of the dialysis bag to a 15 ml falcon tube. this is best done by carefully holding the dialysis bag vertically while you remove one of the alligator clips, cover the open end of the tubing with the falcon tube, then invert the tubing and the falcon tube so the complexed phage solution can be collected. - if there are any nanowires remaining in the dialysis tube after you have emptied the contents, rinse the nanowires out using 1 ml of the nacl dialysis buffer and add the volume to the 15 ml falcon tube. - use the markings on the tube to estimate the volume of the nanowires. - vortex the nanowires if they look clumpy. for all groups : 1. chill your complexed phage on ice on your bench until you are ready to react it with the titanium. 2. calculate the amount of material necessary for making tio2 nano composites. assuming that the volume of phage is 100 % water, calculate the amount of pure ethanol to add to the phage which will result in a 95 % ethanol solution. additionally, calculate how much ti ( i - pro ) 4 you must add to your phage in order to achieve a 15 : 1 ti ( i - pro ) 4 : phage ratio *. 3. prepare a bath a. mix ethylene glycol and ethanol in a 1 : 1 volume ratio. b. place a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5177767168354508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.761700"} {"text": "shiny edge side up. if you are uncertain as to which side has the shiny edge, try looking under the dissecting microscope ( 12x magnification ) to find the numeral \" 1 \" on the correct side. hint 2 : treat the grid with care and use the tweezers only on the edge to minimize damaging the delicate mesh. tem grid balanced in tweezers - allow the nanowires to settle onto the grid undisturbed for 5 '. the etoh will evaporate during this time. you can wick away any residual etoh by touching the very edge of the grid with a kimwipe. - wash the grid by adding 5 ul of 100 % etoh onto the grid. after 30 seconds you can wick away the etoh. - wash the grid by adding 5 ul of sterile h2o onto the grid. after 30 seconds you can wick away the water and transfer the grid to a holder to visualize next time. part 3 : wash your phage : swnts : tio2 nanocomposites - spin the remaining volume of nanocomposites in the clinical centrifuge at room temperature, 3000 rpm 10 minutes. at the end of this spin you should see dark material collected at the bottom of the tube. this is the material that will serve as the photoanode in our photovolatic device! - decant the supernatant into a chemical waste bottle in the chemical hood. resuspend the nanocomposite material in 20 ml dh2o. spin as before. - decant the supernatant into the sink. - hand the pellet of phage : swnts : tio2 to the teaching faculty who will begin to prepare the paste needed to build them into the solar cell. part 3 : research pre - proposal pre - proposals will be due in lecture on m3d4 ( 11. 29. 12 ) at 11am. that ' s coming up soon! use your time today to look carefully at the requirements for this pre - proposal assignment. the requirements are posted here. today you and your lab partner should work through the research topics you identified as interesting and decide on one ( or at most two ) that are worth researching more. before m2d4 in lecture, every team must document a research pre - proposal by making and printing out a wiki page using the template found here. your pre - proposal will be evaluated based on its : - creativity and innovation with its context -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5481368970241609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.763596"} {"text": "by suvendrini kakuchi tokyo, jun 10, 2012 ( ips ) \u2013 leading japanese ecologists are pushing for the concept of environmental \u201c ethics \u201d to influence the upcoming earth summit in rio de janeiro, an approach they contend will foster accountability towards sustainable development. \u201c ( environmental ) ethics is based on the concept of making people accountable for the preservation of natural resources and biodiversity. by highlighting this aspect, we aim to combat the priority on economic growth that has hijacked previous earth summits, \u201d said ryoichi yamamoto, development expert and professor emeritus at tokyo university. celebrating the 20th anniversary of the first united nations summit on sustainable development, this year \u2019 s conference, dubbed rio + 20, will negotiate on a transition to a green economy in an effort to preserve the planet \u2019 s air, land, water and biodiversity. but activists worry this crucial debate on the planet \u2019 s future will once again \u2013 as has been the case since sustainable development was launched as a global issue in 1992 \u2013 focus too heavily on anti - pollution technologies and the exploitation of natural resources in service of economic growth. such an approach, green activists say, has not adequately provided for protection of the planet \u2019 s scarce natural resources and delicate ecosystems. for example, over 100 countries agreed on an ambitious target to contain global warming to less than two degrees celsius, setting an emissions limit of 100 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide until 2050. but the target is becoming impossible to reach \u2014 numerous studies indicate the world has already emitted one - third of its allowed quota in the last nine years, especially since rising economies like india and china have become major polluters. in addition, despite economic growth rates of more than eight percent in countries such as china and india, the poverty gap is also widening \u2013 the united nations human development index reports that life expectancy, illiteracy and child mortality are almost seven times greater in china \u2019 s smaller towns than in its big cities. to combat this alarming trend, yamamoto is leading a campaign to create an inter - governmental ethics panel for ecological civilisation ( http : / / www. japanfs. org / en / mailmagazine / newsletter / pages / 031788. html ) as a special agency in the united nations. the proposal aims to strengthen institutional frameworks for sustainable development through the collaboration of science, culture and religion. he told ips that excellent scientific research, evaluating ecosystems \u2019 vulnerability to economic growth, has provided ample knowledge to influence policy decisions. \u201c but what is missing is sustainable development based", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4716262107155161, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.770629"} {"text": "frameworks for sustainable development through the collaboration of science, culture and religion. he told ips that excellent scientific research, evaluating ecosystems \u2019 vulnerability to economic growth, has provided ample knowledge to influence policy decisions. \u201c but what is missing is sustainable development based on the perspective of an ecological civilisation, a civilisation that could exist in harmony with natural systems, \u201d he said. the call for an ethical approach to finding solutions in rio has gained momentum in japan after the massive natural disaster that hit the northeastern coasts of the country in march 2011. activists point out the earthquake and tsunami, which wiped out whole communities and caused a meltdown at the fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant that destroyed entire farming villages with toxic pollution, has led to deep soul searching in japan. \u201c the disaster has caused a review of japan \u2019 s economic success. despite high postwar growth the disaster was a bitter lesson on the vulnerability of material riches and it convinced the public that protecting the environment cannot take second place, \u201d yamamoto said. indeed, public support for nuclear power has dipped drastically \u2013 almost 70 percent of the population does not support restarting the nuclear reactors, which, up until the 2011 disaster, had been viewed as the lynchpin of national development in resource - poor japan. opinion polls indicate even the threat of power shortages in the summertime has done little to dent public aversion to nuclear power. five years ago, teruyuki matsushita started the donguri ( acorn ) club, a small grassroots organisation that works to raise awareness about the role of forests in western japan \u2019 s mihama prefecture, which is also home to three nuclear reactors. \u201c my anti - nuclear work had reached a major challenge \u2013 to gain public support i had to show ( people ) that our forests could also provide jobs that foster sustainable development. this is the reason why i started the donguri club \u2013 we educate people and also make a living from logging and selling forest products such as flowers, \u201d matsushita explained to ips. the donguri club operates with just five full time staff, with volunteers working closely to support the organisation. matsushita says his work is pioneering new strategies for activists and ushering in support for sustainable development. at a time when more than half the world \u2019 s population works in agriculture, takumo yamada, from oxfam tokyo, stressed that rio + 20 is a crucial platform to discuss alternatives to a system in which multinational corporations set agendas that affect millions of farmers in developing countries. \u201c the discourse in rio must not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46908541945890514, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.771749"} {"text": "- visitors & friends - about the university maize gene could lead to bumper harvest 13 jan 12 the discovery of a new \u2018 provisioning \u2019 gene in maize plants that regulates the transfer of nutrients from the plant to the seed could lead to increased crop yields and improve food security. scientists from oxford university and the university of warwick, in collaboration with agricultural biotech research company biogemma - limagrain, have identified the gene, called meg 1. they report their find, which they believe could help to increase global food production, in this week \u2019 s current biology. unlike the majority of genes, which are expressed from both maternal and paternal chromosomes, meg1 is expressed only from the maternal chromosomes. this unusual form of uniparental gene expression, termed \u2018 imprinting \u2019, also occurs with some genes in humans, which regulate the development of the placenta to control the supply of maternal nutrients during foetal growth. the team, led by dr jose gutierrez - marcos of the university of warwick, and dr liliana costa and professor hugh dickinson of oxford university \u2019 s department of plant sciences, has now highlighted that plants have also adopted a similar system to regulate nutrient provisioning during seed development. the researchers demonstrated that meg1 is responsible for the formation of specialised conduit cells that confer placenta - like properties to the embryo surrounding tissues of plant seeds to regulate the transfer of nutrients from mother to offspring. dr gutierrez - marcos of the university of warwick said : \u2018 these findings have significant implications for global agriculture and food security, as scientists now have the molecular know - how to manipulate this gene by traditional plant breeding or through other methods in order to improve seed traits, such as increased seed biomass yield. \u2018 this understanding of how maize seeds and other cereal grains develop ( e. g. in rice and wheat ) is vital, as the global population relies on these staple products for sustenance. therefore to meet the demands of the world \u2019 s growing population in years to come, scientists and breeders must work together to safeguard and increase agricultural production. \u2019 professor hugh dickinson of oxford university \u2019 s department of plant sciences, said : \u2018 the identification of meg1 is a highly - important discovery and represents a vital first step in this process ; the next will be to identify other genes involved in regulating provisioning and nutritional content of seeds. \u2019 the research was supported by the european union and the uk \u2019 s biotechnology and biological sciences research council. a report of the research, entitled \u2018 maternal control of nutrient allocation in plant seeds by genomic imprinting \u2019,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5094282994347342, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.774481"} {"text": "let ' s talk about plastic bags. it ' s something that everybody uses but it ' s time that we stop using them now. estimated that the world uses 500 billion to 1 trillion plastic bags a year. in alone, they estimate that it takes 12, 000, 000 million barrels of oil are required to produce the 100 billion plastic bags used each year. ( source : reusablebags. com ) when i used to work at a major outdoor store in toronto, i was constantly amazed the large numbers of people who requested bags to carry home their freshly purchased knapsack. what ' s with that? they looked at me like i had two heads when i suggested that they just put it on their back... important that we start to educate our students about making sure they don ' t allow plastic bags to get into our waterways. two articles showed up in the press today about animals ingesting plastic bags and dying slow horrible deaths. here is one on a giant turtle in australia and another one about 2 pounds of plastic bags found in a minke whale found dead in who missed it a couple of months ago, we posted a piece about the so - called, great pacific garbage patch. it ' s an area twice the size of texas that is completely filled with around 3 million tons of floating pieces of plastic. more info and teaching resources : plastics in our oceans and waterways", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45999869937842963, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.778314"} {"text": "autosomal dominant : marfan syndromeautosomico dominante : sindrome de marfan autosomal dominant : marfan syndrome genes are inherited from our biological parents in specific ways. one of the basic patterns of inheritance of our genes is called autosomal dominant inheritance. what is autosomal dominant inheritance? autosomal dominant inheritance means that the gene is located on one of the autosomes ( chromosome pairs 1 through 22 ). this means that males and females are equally affected, and \" dominant \" means that only one gene is necessary to have the trait. when a parent has a dominant trait, there is a 50 percent chance that any child they have will also inherit the trait : click image to enlarge there are four possible combinations in the children. two of the four, or 50 percent, have inherited the trait. the other 50 percent have not inherited the trait. these four combinations are possible every time a pregnancy occurs between these two individuals. the gender of the children ( whether they are sons or daughters ) does not matter. the chance is 50 / 50 for each pregnancy. what is marfan syndrome? marfan syndrome occurs in one in 5, 000 live births and is a connective tissue disorder associated with autosomal dominant inheritance. connective tissue is abundant in the body and is important as a supporting structure, principally for the musculoskeletal system but for other body systems as well, including the eyes and heart. the gene for marfan syndrome, called fibrillin - 1, is localized to chromosome # 15 on the long arm ( q ) at 15q21. 1. common findings include those related to abnormalities in connective tissues, such as abnormal enlargement of the aortic root of the heart, dislocated lenses of the eyes, and a tall, lanky body with increased joint mobility, scoliosis, long flat feet, and long fingers. findings may vary among individuals diagnosed with this condition, even within a family. if an individual carries an abnormal gene for marfan syndrome, that individual has a 50 percent risk for occurrence of marfan syndrome with each future pregnancy. if a person does not carry the gene abnormality, then the risk for occurrence of the disorder in future offspring would be the same as the population risk.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48986050240103673, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.781545"} {"text": "the function and strategy of problem solving by chris bach and the third way \u2013 the next generation in reinforcement training last month, we moved into a very important area of dog training, problem solving. chris shared her theory on the \u201c function and strategy \" for teaching dogs. we are continuing our discussion on problem solving. this month chris explains her theory on the \u201c function and strategy of problem solving \u201d. the function of problem solving is different than teaching and much more complex. problem solving involves the entire teaching process but only as one of its components. it also entails totally changing and therefore totally controlling the consequences of a response. in addition, the trainer must also eliminate the emotional fluctuation brought on by the presence of specific stimuli as well as \u201c stimulation \u201d itself. changing a dog \u2019 s response to stimuli, both operantly and classically is infinitely more difficult than teaching new consequences, or keeping emotional fluctuations to a minimum in the first place. because the function of problem solving is changing rather than just teaching, strategies are also different and much more complex. the strategy for problem solving has four keys : - the dog is never to blame. - the problem response must never occur again. - a new incompatible response must be taught and proofed in a separate venue. - when this new response is reliable, it is cued before the problematic response can occur. i always accept the blame if my dog fails to conform to my expectations or requirements. my expectations are wrong, not my dog. my dog is perfect. i have failed to either adequately teach him what i want, or to recognize some limitation that prevents him from meeting my goals. it is up to me to teach him properly and / or modify my expectations. the problem solving process begins with people taking full responsibility for their dog \u2019 s actions. next, people must recognize that there is a problem only because the dog is failing to meet some human - imposed expectation. dogs are and always will be perfect at being dogs and at being their individual self. they are imperfect only in the minds of people. once people accept responsibility for there being a problem, they must precisely identify the problem and then explore their options for dealing with it. the purpose of this is to assist dog owners and caretakers in identifying the real problem and exploring the options available. then once an option is chosen, a viable and realistic program that the dog owner or caretaker can accept and / or implement can be developed. the third way \u2019 s problem solving functions and strategies problem solving function : modify the contingencies for a response and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5383137231788065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.788624"} {"text": "samuel huntington was born on july 5th, 1731 and died on january 5th, 1796. he was born at scotland parish ; windham, connecticut. his father, nathaniel huntington, was a farmer and helped to settle a preacher in the area around windham connecticut. his brother, nathaniel, was sent to yale to obtain an education and later took an pastoral position congregational minister in ellington. samuel began studying in his spare time with the encouragement of the reverend ebenezer devotion. samuel apparently devoted a lot of time to studying in the reverend \u2019 s substantial library. of course it also helped that the reverend had a daughter whom samuel had taken an interest in. eventually, samuel had settled himself and married martha devotion, the reverend \u2019 s daughter. on december 2, 1754, he was admitted to the bar in windham after expanding his studies from theology to the law. in 1760 he moved to the much larger town of norwich and started his practice. a year later martha and samuel married. here is a small part of a biography of martha huntington : martha devotion, oldest daughter of rev. ebenezer devotion and martha lathrop, was married, in 1761, to samuel huntington of connecticut, who became signer of the declaration of independence, governor of connecticut, and in 1779, president of the continental congress. she was twenty - two years old at the time of her marriage, and her husband thirty, and but recently established in the practice of law. they lived in norwich where mr. huntington built up an extended practice and began at an early day to take an active part in political affairs of the province. politics was no novelty to his wife, for the rev. ebenezer devotion, her father, was ardently interested in the politics of connecticut and represented windham in the general assembly, from 1760 until 1771, the year of his death. the rest of this sketch on the life of samuel huntington is taken from this article. with oliver wolcott, huntington made a difficult journey of about two weeks in january 1776 to begin service in the continental congress. they arrived in philadelphia on january 15, but huntington soon was struggling with smallpox and was not able to carry on with his duties until late february. in constant correspondence with individuals and government back home, connecticut \u2019 s delegates huntington, wolcott, and sherman received word of the general assembly \u2019 s june vote authorizing them to join other colonies in declaring independence. thus, diplomatic samuel huntington, who had never been prominent among the radical element agitating for breaking away from the britain, voted for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39401255096324606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.795855"} {"text": ", and sherman received word of the general assembly \u2019 s june vote authorizing them to join other colonies in declaring independence. thus, diplomatic samuel huntington, who had never been prominent among the radical element agitating for breaking away from the britain, voted for and signed the declaration of independence. aside from brief visits home in april and june, huntington was in philadelphia ten long months of 1776. long days in congress, a heavy load of committee assignments, dislike of the city, slow and inadequate reimbursement for his living expenses, and worry about family and business at home left him anxious to be done. arriving in norwich in november, he immediately was caught up in the war effort at home as the council of safety and general assembly grappled with the problems of provisions, prices, raising militia, and protecting the coast. although again elected a delegate for 1777, there was work to be done in connecticut, and huntington stayed close to home. in july 1777, huntington and other representatives of new england states and new york met in springfield to discuss economic problems brought on by the war, such as high prices, inflation, and unstable paper money. february 1778 found samuel huntington heading back to pennsylvania with an appreciation of the effects of the war on the state level and in communities like norwich. in his absence, congress had written articles of confederation, but they were far from perfect, and states were slow to ratify. huntington saw the need for some form of unified government and supported passage. after signing this new constitution, the articles of confederation, for connecticut, samuel headed for home in july on a leave of absence. again elected congressman in the fall of 1778, he reported to philadelphia the next may. this session involved even more committee appointments and more visibility, especially on three major committees \u2013 the marine committee, a committee assigned to prepare instructions for negotiating a peace with great britain, and another to plan for one or more supreme courts of appeal. he was greatly concerned with military pay issues and problems with currency. on september 9, 1779, huntington requested leave to again return to connecticut, but before he could leave, he was elected president of the continental congress to replace john jay, who had been appointed minister to spain. by this time, huntington had considerable experience and seniority and was known to not let regional biases control his stand on national issues, making him an acceptable choice for competing regions. the presidency did not involve a great deal of prestige or direct power, but the quality of leadership could help determine whether factions could agree and business could be accomplished. huntington", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47107798363833603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.796954"} {"text": "##es control his stand on national issues, making him an acceptable choice for competing regions. the presidency did not involve a great deal of prestige or direct power, but the quality of leadership could help determine whether factions could agree and business could be accomplished. huntington had already impressed fellow delegate benjamin rush as \u201c a sensible, candid and worthy man, and wholly free from state prejudices. \u201d when it became apparent that he would need to stay in philadelphia for a year of the presidency, after already having been away since may, samuel sent for martha, who arrived late in december. like samuel, she endured a bout of smallpox almost immediately upon arrival. congress provided an expensive home, food and household supplies, and a staff. in spite of living more frugally than his predecessors, huntington found the position a financial hardship. the presidency carried no additional salary, but he was expected to entertain other members of congress and foreign dignitaries, while his own business interests in connecticut were languishing. the connecticut treasury forwarded him funds to help, but not enough to cover his expenses. huntington \u2019 s diplomatic skills were put to the test presiding over a sometimes contentious congress. he spent long hours in correspondence with military and governmental officials in states and abroad, and in composing official documents. although no longer expected to do committee work, he was still an active delegate from connecticut, necessitating further correspondence with governor jonathan trumbull and others back in connecticut. he dealt with absenteeism, irregular mail service, and constant worries about progress of the war and the economy. pressing the states to provide their quota of much - needed men and supplies was difficult without a means of enforcement or a stable currency. huntington kept up correspondence with benjamin franklin, john adams, john jay, and others as they worked on diplomatic missions in europe, and personally made friends with the french minister. although huntington expected his term to expire in september 1780, congress voted to keep him for another term. with the ratification vote of maryland, the last hold - out state, the articles of confederation became the official constitution on march 1, 1781. the united states became a nation, and samuel huntington became the first president of \u201c the united states in congress assembled. \u201d in july 1781, samuel resigned the presidency and returned to connecticut, hoping to stay.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.405917621819876, "token_count": 464, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.797910"} {"text": "hebrew phase 1, unit 16 - 20 learn to speak and understand hebrew with pimsleur language programs this edition : mp3 your price : $ 21. 95 availability : available for immediate download free audio lesson pimsleur covers the world of languages. you can choose from over 50 languages, many with multiple levels, ranging from the most popular to the exotic. become a pimsleur learner and travel the world! includes 5 lessons ( 150 minutes ) as mp3 download the pimsleur\u00ae method is scientifically proven to be your fastest route to nearnative fluency. speak and understand hebrew in just 30 minutes a day. hebrew phase 1, units 1620 build on material taught in prior units. each lesson provides 30 minutes of spoken language practice, with an introductory conversation, and new vocabulary and structures. detailed instructions enable you to understand and participate in the conversation. each lesson contains practice for vocabulary introduced in previous lessons. the emphasis is on pronunciation and comprehension, and on learning to speak hebrew. reviewed by 1 customer displaying review 1 - easy to use - it works - perfects accent - learning culture comments about hebrew phase 1, unit 16 - 20 : i used the pimsleur hebrew course mainly while commuting back and forth to work. i could easily finish one lesson a day, and even hear it twice at times. i liked it because i could learn phrases quickly that could be easily adapted to other scenarios. i would like for there to be some extended dialogues in some part of the course in order to practice hearing the language more without interuption for translation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4391163536638769, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.800889"} {"text": "a quick read about the importance of water and some real facts about the worsening drinking water crisis. pleaseclick here to read it in pdf format. water from air the \" planets water \" atmospheric water generator generates fresh daily drinking water from the air increasingly known as the \" water from air \" or \" air to water \" miracle water machine. in a world where, according to the united nations, the global consumption of water is doubling every twenty years, more than one billion people already either have very limited or absolutely no access to fresh drinking water. by the year 2025 the increased demand for fresh water is expected to exceed by 56 % of the amount the earths most valuable commodity is becoming increasingly scarce. with \" bottled water \" being banned and outlawed from east to west as a result of increasing contamination of bottled water plastic the one hundred billion dollar a year totally unregulated bottled water industry is fighting for survival with consumer groups also raising numerous warnings about a host of different microorganisms and chemicals that have been found in bottled water. tap water has also been held to blame for 41 million american citizens being supplied with water that was proved to be contaminated with pharmaceuticals. the solution : through planet ' s water we provide the freshest, cleanest, and purest drinking water directly from the same air that we breathe. cautionary note : please be wary of ' imitations ' especially from mainland ' china '. beware as awg units are comparable to buying a ' fake ' copy of a computer or smart phone, however much more dangerous as the ' water ' generated is for human consumption, therefore, why risk your health for a few dollars. seeing is not always believing, order your awgs with us now and ' taste the difference '...! atmospheric water generators producing fresh pure drinking water from the air is our specialty. our awg - 30h / o household / office based atmospheric water generators make water from air up to 30 ltrs per day which is purer than any source available on the planet. planet ' s water also manufactures large industrial atmospheric water generators capable of producing 100, 200, 500, 1, 000, 2, 000 3, 000 up to 5, 000 ltrs of fresh pure water in a single day. planet ' s water by means of our innovative technology is truly committed to delivering safe, pure drinking water to the world that requires no - plumbing, no - pipes, no - cabling. just plug into a standard electrical socket or alternatively commercial units can be powered by an electrical generator", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5179108184862404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.804777"} {"text": "yet in the 1960s, the caldron of social issues and political unrest throughout the country, coupled in 1967 - 68 with an offering of hopeful candidates \u2013 especially on the democratic side \u2014 brought both older and newer hollywood celebrities into the political process like never before. \u201c in no other election, \u201d observed time magazine in late may 1968, \u201c have so many actors, singers, writers, poets, artists, professional athletes and assorted other celebrities signed up, given out and turned on for the candidates. \u201d a war was then raging in vietnam and a military draft was taking the nation \u2019 s young to fight it. president lyndon johnson had raised u. s. troop strength in vietnam to 486, 000 by the end of 1967. protests had erupted at a number of colleges and universities. in late october 1967, tens of thousands of demonstrators came to the pentagon calling for an end to the war. in addition, a growing civil rights movement had pointed up injustice and racism throughout america. three summers of urban unrest had occurred. riots in 1967 alone had taken more than 80 lives. in the larger society, a counter culture in music, fashion and values \u2013 brought on by the young \u2013 was also pushing hard on convention. and all of this, from vietnam battle scenes to federal troops patrolling u. s. cities, was seen on television as never before. society seemed to be losing its moorings. and more was yet to come, as further events \u2013 some traumatic and others unexpected \u2013 would fire the nation to the boiling point. there was little standing on the sidelines ; people from all walks of life were taking sides. hollywood and the arts community had a long history of political involvement and activism on behalf of presidential candidates, dating at least to the 1920s. even in the dark days of the 1950s there had been a sizeable swath of hollywood backing democrat adlai stevenson for his presidential bids of 1952 and 1956. and in the 1960 election of jack kennedy, there was notable support from frank sinatra and friends, as well as kennedy family connections to hollywood. others, like singer pete seeger, had never stopped their activism, even in the face of political pressure. by the early 1960s, with the civil rights movement in particular, a new wave actors and singers such as joan baez, harry belefonte, marlon brando, bob dylan, charlton heston, sidney poitier, paul newman and others were becoming involved in one way or another. some lent their name or provided financial support ; others joined marches and demonstrations. by the mid - 1960s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41266357259511166, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.841528"} {"text": ", marlon brando, bob dylan, charlton heston, sidney poitier, paul newman and others were becoming involved in one way or another. some lent their name or provided financial support ; others joined marches and demonstrations. by the mid - 1960s, however, the vietnam war became a goading factor for many in hollywood. and among the first to speak out and oppose the war was an actor named robert vaughn. the man from uncle robert vaughn was the star of a popular primetime tv spy series called the man from u. n. c. l. e., which ran from september 1964 to mid - january 1968. vaughn was among the first to criticized president lyndon b. johnson on the vietnam war \u2013 and he did so very publicly in a january 1966 speech. in indianapolis, at a dinner given to support johnson \u2019 s re - election, vaughn spoke out against the war and lbj \u2019 s policy there. \u201c everyone at the front table had hands over their eyes, \u201d vaughn later explained when asked about the reaction. vaughn became worried about the vietnam war after immersing himself in all the documents, books and articles he could find on the subject. \u201c i can talk for six hours about the mistakes we have made, \u201d he told one reporter in 1966. \u201c we have absolutely no reason to be in viet nam - legal, political or moral. \u201d in late march 1966, vaughn went to washington to meet with politicians. he lunched with senator frank church ( d - id ) and also had a lengthy meeting with senator wayne morse ( d - or ) to discuss the war. he told the press then \u201c the hollywood community is very much against \u201d the vietnam war. \u201c [ t ] he hollywood com - munity is very much against \u201d the vietnam war. \u2013 robert vaughn, march 1966. but wasn \u2019 t it risky for a star to be so outspoken, he was asked? \u201c i \u2019 ve had nothing but encouragement from my friends in the industry, from the studio, even the network, \u201d he said. on his visit to washington that weekend vaughn was a house guest of bobby kennedy \u2019 s at hickory hill in nearby virginia. he continued to be visible in the vietnam debate, appearing as a guest on william f. buckley \u2019 s tv talk show, firing line. he also engaged in impromptu debate with vice president hubert humphrey on a live minneapolis talk show. at the peak of vaughn \u2019 s popularity, he was asked by the california democratic party to oppose fellow actor, republican ronald reagan, then running for california governor in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38403964184524464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.842573"} {"text": "he also engaged in impromptu debate with vice president hubert humphrey on a live minneapolis talk show. at the peak of vaughn \u2019 s popularity, he was asked by the california democratic party to oppose fellow actor, republican ronald reagan, then running for california governor in the 1966 election. vaughn, however, supported democrat edmund g. brown, who lost in a landslide to reagan. vaughn would continue to oppose the war, leading a group called dissenting democrats. by early 1968, vaughn supported the emerging anti - war presidential candidate senator eugene mccarthy ( d - mn ), then running for his party \u2019 s nomination. ( vaughn had later planned to switch to robert kennedy, a close friend, if kennedy won the june 1968 california primary ). gene mccarthy had announced his candidacy for the white house on november 30, 1967. opposing the war was the main issue for mccarthy, who had been prodded to run by anti - war activists. on the republican side, former vice president richard nixon announced his candidacy in january 1968. and on february 8th, alabama \u2019 s democratic governor george wallace \u2013 the segregationist who in june 1963 had stood at the doors of the university of alabama to block integration \u2013 entered the presidential race as an independent. mccarthy attracted some of the more liberal democrats in hollywood, including those who had been for adlai stevenson in the 1950s. \u201c \u2026 [ h ] e \u2019 s the man who expresses discontent with dignity, \u201d actor eli wallach would say of mccarthy in 1968. wallach had won a tony award in 1951 for his role in the tennessee williams play the rose tattoo and also became famous for his role as tuco the \u201c ugly \u201d in the 1966 film the good, the bad and the ugly. wallach liked the fact that mccarthy had taken \u201c a firm position on the war in vietnam. \u201d wallach and his wife anne jackson, a stage actress, were among those who held fundraisers and poetry readings for mccarthy. actress myrna loy was another mccarthy supporter. she had played opposite william powell, clark gable, melvyn douglas, and tryone power in films of the 1930s and 1940s. loy was a lifelong activist who had supported adlai stevenson in 1952 and 1956. in 1968, she became a stalwart for mccarthy, making personal campaign appearances for him and hosting fundraisers. but perhaps the most important hollywood star to come out for mccarthy was paul newman. the paul newman factorpaul newman was then among hollywood \u2019 s most popular actors, and among its top five box office draws. by 1968, he had appeared in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38193355137236207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.843735"} {"text": ". but perhaps the most important hollywood star to come out for mccarthy was paul newman. the paul newman factorpaul newman was then among hollywood \u2019 s most popular actors, and among its top five box office draws. by 1968, he had appeared in more than a dozen major films and had a following of both older and younger americans. among his films, for example, were : somebody up there likes me ( 1956 ), as boxer rocky graziano ; cat on a hot tin roof ( 1958 ), opposite elizabeth taylor ; and the young philadelphians ( 1959 ). he also appeared with his wife joanne woodward in several films including : the long, hot summer ( 1958 ), rally \u2018 round the flag, boys!, ( 1958 ), from the terrace ( 1960 ), paris blues ( 1961 ), and a new kind of love ( 1963 ). other signature films of newman \u2019 s in the 1960s were : exodus ( 1960 ), the hustler ( 1961 ), hud ( 1963 ), harper ( 1966 ), hombre ( 1967 ), and cool hand luke ( 1967 ). along with joanne woodward, newman took time away from his profession during 1968 to work months at a time for mccarthy. he made numerous campaign appearances for mccarthy throughout the country during the democratic primaries and also became a mccarthy delegate to the democratic convention. newman \u2019 s support for mccarthy \u2013 like many others \u2013 was largely because of the vietnam war. mccarthy, however, was not well known outside of the u. s. senate in washington d. c. and his home state of minnesota. in addition to actively campaigning for mccarthy, newman was also filmed in political ads for the candidate, and emceed a telethon to raise money for mccarthy that had been quite successful. but it was newman \u2019 s early help in the new hampshire primary that was particularly important for mccarthy \u2013 especially given the results and the political fallout that followed. in fact, some credit newman with raising mccarthy \u2019 s visibility enough to enable him to make the strong showing he did in new hampshire \u2013 a showing which later affected decisions by both lyndon johnson and bobby kennedy. newman made campaign appearances in new hampshire during february and march 1968, some with wife joanne woodward. tony randall and rod serling also made appearances for mccarthy in new hampshire. but it was newman who drew the crowds and notice by the press. in march 1968, newman went to claremont, new hampshire to campaign for mccarthy. tony podesta, then a young mit student, was newman \u2019 s campaign contact. podest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3812355542333889, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.844739"} {"text": "but it was newman who drew the crowds and notice by the press. in march 1968, newman went to claremont, new hampshire to campaign for mccarthy. tony podesta, then a young mit student, was newman \u2019 s campaign contact. podesta worried that day that only a few people might show up to hear newman. some credit paul newman with raising mccarthy \u2019 s visibility in new hamp - shire, enabling his strong showing there. instead, more than 2, 000 people came out to mob newman. \u201c i didn \u2019 t come here to help gene mccarthy, \u201d newman would say to his listeners that day. \u201c i need mccarthy \u2019 s help. \u201d \u201c until that point, \u201d said podesta, \u201c mccarthy was some sort of a quack not too many people knew about, but as soon as paul newman came to speak for him, he immediately became a national figure. \u201d in new hampshire, the manchester union leader newspaper published a political cartoon showing newman being followed by mccarthy with the caption : \u201c who \u2019 s the guy with paul newman? \u201d author darcy richardson would later write in a nation divided : the presidential election of 1968, that newman \u2019 s visit to the state \u201c caused a great stir and drew considerable attention to mccarthy \u2019 s candidacy. \u201d new republic columnist richard stout, attributing honesty and conviction to newman \u2019 s new hampshire campaigning, wrote that the actor \u201c had the star power mccarthy lacked, and imperceptibly was transferring it to the candidate. \u201d barbara handman, who ran the arts & letters committee for mccarthy, would later put it more plainly : \u201c paul turned the tide for mccarthy... paul put him on the map \u2014 he [ mccarthy ] started getting national coverage by the press. he started being taken seriously. \u201d new hampshire earthquake on march 12, 1964, mccarthy won 42 percent of the vote in new hampshire to lyndon johnson \u2019 s 49 percent, a very strong showing for mccarthy and an embarrassment for johnson. mccarthy \u2019 s campaign now had a new legitimacy and momentum that would have a cascading effect on decisions that both lyndon johnson and bobby kennedy would make. paul newman, meanwhile, continued to campaign for mccarthy beyond new hampshire and throughout the election year. mccarthy soon had a long list of luminaries supporting his run for the white house, including : alan arkin, betty comden, melvyn douglas, adolf green, woody allen, carl reiner, barbra streisand, jill st. john, darren mcgavin, eva marie saint", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.38450556156891674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.845719"} {"text": "run for the white house, including : alan arkin, betty comden, melvyn douglas, adolf green, woody allen, carl reiner, barbra streisand, jill st. john, darren mcgavin, eva marie saint, burt lancaster, sonny fox, alan jay lerner, dick van dyke, and leonard nemoy. bette davis was also a mccarthy supporter and served as hostess for some of his functions. playwright arthur miller, and author william styron were also active for mccarthy as were folk singers peter, paul & mary. some of the famous names would also participate in what were then called \u201c eugene cabarets \u201d \u2013 fundraising, entertain - ment, and other gatherings held in new york, san francisco, and other cities using an admission price to raise money for mccarthy. these events ranged from nightclub shows to poetry readings. one featured elaine may doing comedy, another had social critic and cartoonist jules feiffer as the guest. in los angeles, a \u201c eugene cabaret \u201d featured novelist william styron, actor ossie davis, and writer james baldwin in a debate on styron \u2019 s novel, the confessions of nat turner. in later months, the \u201c eugene cabarets \u201d would be contributing $ 11, 500 a week to mccarthy \u2019 s campaign. and there would be larger events too. in mid - may 1968, some 19, 000 eugene mccarthy supporters attended a star - studded event at new york city \u2019 s madison square garden. playwright neil simon along with comedians tony randall and larry blyden performed a satirical skit spoofing johnson and humphrey, along with other events. the entertainers that night raised $ 300, 000 for mccarthy. but it was the new hampshire primary that had sent mccarthy on his way. also important for mccarthy in new hampshire had been the college kids who came \u201c clean for gene \u201d and gave endless hours to his campaign. however, in the wake of mccarthy \u2019 s surprise showing in new hampshire, came bobby kennedy. kennedy in, lbj out on march 16th, four days after the new hampshire primary showed lyndon johnson to be vulnerable and mccarthy viable, bobby kennedy jumped into the race, angering many mccarthy supporters. kennedy had agonized over whether to enter the race for months, and in fact, mccarthy and supporters had gone to kennedy in 1967 to urge him to run. mccarthy then decided to enter the race after it appeared kennedy was not going to run. but once kennedy entered the race, he and mccarthy engaged in an increasingly heated and sometimes bitter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3605411066071237, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.846679"} {"text": "mccarthy and supporters had gone to kennedy in 1967 to urge him to run. mccarthy then decided to enter the race after it appeared kennedy was not going to run. but once kennedy entered the race, he and mccarthy engaged in an increasingly heated and sometimes bitter contest for the nomination. in 1968, however, party leaders still had a great deal of influence in the nominating process and the selection of delegates. primaries then were less important and fewer in number than they are today. still, a strong showing in certain primaries could create a bandwagon effect and show the party establishment that a particular candidate was viable. in 1960, john kennedy helped get the party \u2019 s attention when he defeated hubert humphrey in the west virginia primary. now in 1968, gene mccarthy had the party \u2019 s attention. robert kennedy would have to defeat mccarthy and president johnson in every primary that he could then still enter. among the primaries then available were : indiana and washington, d. c. on may 7th ; nebraska on may 14th ; oregon on may 28th ; california and south dakota on june 4th ; and new york on june 18th. but then unexpectedly, following kennedy \u2019 s announcement less than two weeks later, came another jolt for the party. lyndon johnson, a sitting president and the presumed nominee of his party, stunned the nation by announcing on national television that he would not accept nor seek the democratic presidential nomination. johnson, among other things, had seen polling data from the then - pending wisconsin primary showing mccarthy in the lead, which on april 2nd mccarthy would win with 56 percent of the vote to lbj \u2019 s 35 percent. on april 4th, 1968, several days after lbj \u2019 s bombshell, the nation was ripped apart by news that civil rights leader martin luther king had been assassinated in memphis, tennessee. in the next few days, dozens of american cities erupted in violence. robert kennedy, who had then begun his campaign, had arrived in indiana on april 4th to begin some campaigning there for the upcoming primary. on a flight from muncie to indianapolis, he learned that civil rights leader dr. martin luther king, jr., had been shot, and before landing heard that king had died. despite warnings from indianapolis police that they could not guarantee his safety, kennedy decided to proceed with plans to address an outdoor rally to be held in the heart of the city \u2019 s african american community. on that cold and windy evening, kennedy broke the news of king \u2019 s death in an impassioned, extemporaneous speech on the need for compassion in the face", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4337329634026134, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.847681"} {"text": "to be held in the heart of the city \u2019 s african american community. on that cold and windy evening, kennedy broke the news of king \u2019 s death in an impassioned, extemporaneous speech on the need for compassion in the face of violence. it has proven to be one of the great speeches in american political history. although a number of cities erupted with riots following king \u2019 s death, indianapolis did not. political campaigns, meanwhile, were suspended for about a week as the nation mourned king \u2019 s death. by the end of april, the nation was boiling on other fronts, too. student protesters at columbia university in new york city took over the administration building on april 23rd and shut down the campus. on the campaign trail, mccarthy won the april 23rd pennsylvania primary, and a few days later, on april 27th, lyndon johnson \u2019 s vice president, former minnesota senator hubert humphrey, formally announced he would seek the democratic presidential nomination. humphrey, however, was taking a distinctly different route to the nomination than mccarthy and kennedy. humphrey, for the most part, did not go the primary route, although he did have surrogates in a few states. instead, humphrey planned to use the \u201c party machine \u201d to gather his delegates and was the favored establishment candidate. lyndon johnson would also help humphrey, but mostly from behind the scenes since johnson was regarded a liability for any candidate given his vietnam record. meanwhile, on the campaign trail, a showdown of sorts was brewing between kennedy and mccarthy as the may 7th indiana primary approached. celebs for mccarthy in april and early may of 1968, there was a lot of campaigning in indiana, and star power was again at work with celebrities helping mccarthy. in april, paul newman was drawing large crowds in the state for mccarthy, where he made 15 appearances. at one of those stops, newman explained from a tailgate of station wagon : \u201c i am not a public speaker. i am not a politician. i \u2019 m not here because i \u2019 m an actor. i \u2019 m here because i \u2019 ve got six kids. i don \u2019 t want it written on my gravestone, \u2018 he was not part of his times. \u2019 also making appearances for mccarthy in indiana were simon & garfunkel, dustin hoffman, myrna loy, and gary moore. the times are too critical to be dissenting in your own bathroom. \u201d newman continued campaigning for mccarthy through may 7 and was then still drawing crowds, with his own motorcade sometimes followed by cars of adoring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3735651839051058, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.848676"} {"text": "loy, and gary moore. the times are too critical to be dissenting in your own bathroom. \u201d newman continued campaigning for mccarthy through may 7 and was then still drawing crowds, with his own motorcade sometimes followed by cars of adoring fans. also making appearances for mccarthy in indiana were actor dustin hoffman, singing duo simon & garfunkel, myrna loy, and tv host gary moore. simon & garfunkel sang at a mccarthy fundraiser at the indiana state fairgrounds coliseum in may 1968, where dustin hoffman introduced them. hoffman \u2019 s popular film at the time, the graduate \u2013 filled with a simon & garfunkel soundtrack \u2013 was then still in theaters. this celebrity support for mccarthy, as newman had shown in new hampshire, was important for mccarthy. \u201c when you have a candidate who is not as well known, and there \u2019 s no money so that you can \u2019 t by television time, \u201d explained barbara handman, head of the arts and letters committee for mccarthy, \u201c these people [ celebs ] become more and more effective for us. they \u2019 re well - known drawing cards \u2026 \u201d handman had previously headed up similar committees for jack kennedy in 1960, and lyndon johnson in 1964. her husband, wynn handman, was co - founder of the american palace theater. both were well connected in hollywood. celebs for kennedyrobert kennedy, a celebrity in his own right, would draw crowds like a rock star once his campaign got going \u2013 especially later in california. but even kennedy had famous names on his side. after he announced his candidacy in march 1968, his campaign was deluged with offers of help from hollywood \u2013 some 100 actors, directors and producers called offering their support. and in a blow to mccarthy, some of his early hollywood supporters, such as lauren bacall, kirk douglas, sammy davis jr., candice bergen, rosemary clooney, andy williams, and the rock \u2018 n roll group, jefferson airplane, now broke for kennedy. among other hollywood and celebrity supporters working for kennedy were : warren beatty, bill cosby, tony curtis, bobby darin, henry fonda, jack lemon, shirley maclaine, malina mercouri, jack parr, david suskind, nancy wilson, gene kelly, jack lemon, gregory peck, and rod steiger. sammy davis, jr., who was performing in chicago in the spring of 1968 in golden boy, would campaign for bobby on his days off at small colleges in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.36216694233474045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.850164"} {"text": "nancy wilson, gene kelly, jack lemon, gregory peck, and rod steiger. sammy davis, jr., who was performing in chicago in the spring of 1968 in golden boy, would campaign for bobby on his days off at small colleges in the nearby states of nebraska and indiana. filmmaker john frankenheimer directed and produced ads for robert kennedy, and kennedy also hired documentary filmmaker charles guggenheim to produce campaign films. kennedy also had a number of professional athletes in his corner, including nfl football stars lamar lundy, rosey grier, and deacon jones and former prizefighter tony zale. rafer johnson, a 1960 olympic gold medalist, headed an \u201c athlete \u2019 s for kennedy \u201d committee and often accompanied kennedy on his tours through black communities. lesley gore, a pop singer who by then had several top 40 hits \u2013 including \u201c it \u2019 s my party \u201d ( 1963 ), \u201c you don \u2019 t own me \u201d ( 1964 ), \u201c sunshine, lollipops & rainbows \u201d ( 1965 ), and \u201c california nights \u201d ( 1967 ) \u2014 also became a kennedy supporter. at 21 years old, and about to graduate from sarah lawrence college in yonkers, new york, gore became head of kennedy \u2019 s effort to get young voters, called \u201c first voters for kennedy. \u201d she volunteered after she heard that kennedy needed someone to attract young voters. \u201c i understand there are 13 million first - time voters this year, \u201d she told a new york times reporter in early april 1968. \u201c after my graduation next month i intend to give more of my time to visiting colleges and universities around the country. \u201d in this effort, gore would be traveling with actresses candice bergen and patty duke, and also the rock group, jefferson airplane. andy williams, a friend and skiing companion to kennedy, was also a key supporter. \u201c i \u2019 m doing it because i think it important, \u201d williams told a new york times reporter. \u201c i am worried about the image of america. people don \u2019 t think nixon is swell, and they don \u2019 t think humphrey is swell. bobby has star quality. \u201d williams would refurbish his guest house for use by the kennedy family when bobby campaigned in california. sinatra for humphreyone entertainer noticeably absent from the kennedy list was frank sinatra. sinatra had backed jfk in 1960 but had a falling out with jack kennedy after that election. and as attorney general, bobby had initiated some actions against the las vegas gambling scene where sinatra had friends and interests. sinatra supported vice president hubert humphrey for the nomination", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3785838911783418, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.851872"} {"text": "had backed jfk in 1960 but had a falling out with jack kennedy after that election. and as attorney general, bobby had initiated some actions against the las vegas gambling scene where sinatra had friends and interests. sinatra supported vice president hubert humphrey for the nomination, and had met with humphrey in washington in early may, pledging to make campaign appearances for humphrey in california and elsewhere. sinatra headlined an oakland, california gala for humphrey and a delegate slate that opposed rfk in may. at the oakland fundraiser, held on may 22, 1968, sinatra gave an extensive live performance, which in recent years has been found on the web in various bootleg editions. sinatra also performed for humphrey at other events, including an early august 1968 gala at cobo hall in detroit, and he also did a tv ad for humphrey that fall. during his campaign, humphrey would gather additional hollywood and celebrity supporters beyond sinatra. among these were some of the older and more established hollywood names, sports stars, and other leading names, including actress tallulah bankhead, opera star roberta peters, jazz singer sarah vaughan, former heavyweight boxing champ jack dempsey, writer and naturalist joseph wood krutch, and fashion designer mollie parnis. indiana & beyondback on the campaign trail, kennedy won the indiana primary on may 7th, and then defeated mccarthy in the nebraska primary on may 14th. but mccarthy upset kennedy in the oregon primary on may 28th \u2014 the first time a kennedy had ever lost a public election. after kennedy \u2019 s defeat in oregon, the california june 5th primary became the crucial showdown for kennedy and mccarthy. both candidates campaigned vigorously throughout california, a winner - take - all contest with a large pot of delegates. mccarthy stumped the state \u2019 s colleges and universities, where he was recognized for being the first candidate to oppose the war. kennedy campaigned in the ghettos and barrios of the state \u2019 s larger cities, where he was mobbed by enthusiastic supporters. a few days before the election, kennedy and mccarthy also engaged in a televised debate \u2013 considered a draw. on the east coast, meanwhile, and in new york city in particular, there was a star - studded celebrity fundraising rally for mccarthy in new york \u2019 s madison square garden on may 19, 1968. one canadian blogger, who as a teenager happened to be in new york city that weekend with a friend, recently wrote the following \u201c forty - years - ago \u201d remembrance of the event :... rob and i did many crazy things that weekend.... we learned that mccarthy was having a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38153005029268194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.853145"} {"text": "be in new york city that weekend with a friend, recently wrote the following \u201c forty - years - ago \u201d remembrance of the event :... rob and i did many crazy things that weekend.... we learned that mccarthy was having a rally at madison square garden on the sunday night so along we went figuring we \u2019 d meet some more chicks. that event was awe inspiring. all sorts of famous people spoke or performed that night. paul newman, phil ochs, mary tyler moore to name a few. a new, young actor said a few words to the crowd on behalf of the candidate. we recognized him as the star of the \u2018 adult \u2019 movie we had seen the night before. the movie was the graduate and he was a very young dustin hoffman. celebrities walked thru the arena imploring people to donate to the campaign. tony randall came up our aisle and we gave him a couple of bucks. stewart mott ( general motors rich kid ) stood up and donated $ 125, 000 right there on the spot. the crowd was delirious. sen. mccarthy spoke to the crowd and promised to take his fight against sen. kennedy all the way to the chicago convention in august. it was pretty heady stuff for a 17 year - old from toronto \u2026. on may 21, 1968, the kennedy campaign in california unveiled its \u201c hollywood for kennedy \u201d committee. according to joseph palermo \u2019 s book, in his own right, this committee was chaired by singer andy williams, and included, among others : lauren bacall, otto preminger, mahalia jackson, sidney portier, janet leigh, shelley winters, marlene dietrich, rita hayworth, kim novak, trini lopez, milton berle, henry mancini, elizabeth montgomery, and marlo thomas. according to palermo : \u201c kennedy could count on well - known actors and entertainers who shared his views on the war and on race relations. \u201c \u2026 kennedy \u2019 s enlistment of the hollywood elite built on his family ties to the entertainment industry dating back to the 1920s \u2026 \u201d - joseph palermo... a unique tactical alliance developed between california \u2019 s exorbitantly wealthy celebrity class, and some of the poorest, most dispossessed people of the state. kennedy \u2019 s enlistment of the hollywood elite built on his family ties to the entertainment industry dating back to the 1920s, and helped craft the image that he might restore to the white house some of the glamour of camelot. \u201d michael harrington, author of the other america, also campaigned for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3623404482645912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.854169"} {"text": "elite built on his family ties to the entertainment industry dating back to the 1920s, and helped craft the image that he might restore to the white house some of the glamour of camelot. \u201d michael harrington, author of the other america, also campaigned for kennedy in california, as did john fell stevenson, the son of adlai stevenson. the kennedy campaign also organized two star - studded \u201c kennedy for president \u201d galas, one at the los angeles sports arena on may 24, the other at the san francisco civic auditorium on june 1st. these were nationally - televised events that gave kennedy added exposure. on june 4, the day of the california primary, after a grueling campaign of some 85 days to that point, kennedy rested with his wife ethel and six of their children at the malibu, california home of movie director and friend, john frankenheimer. late in the day, frankenheimer brought kennedy to the campaign \u2019 s election night headquarters at the ambassador hotel. in a suite there, kennedy awaited the results in the company of friends and supporters, among them, andy williams, shirley maclaine, rafer johnson, and milton berle. four hours after the polls closed in california, kennedy claimed victory as he addressed his campaign supporters just past midnight in the ambassador hotel. on his way through the kitchen to exit the hotel, he was mortally wounded by assassin sirhan sirhan. his death became yet another of 1968 \u2032 s convulsing events. seen as an emerging beacon of hope in a dismal time, many had pinned their hopes on kennedy and took his loss very personally. the democratic party went into a tailspin as a stunned nation grieved. thousands lined the tracks as kennedy \u2019 s funeral train moved from new york city to washington d. c. millions watched his funeral on television. at the request of bobby \u2019 s wife, ethel, andy williams sang the \u201c battle hymn of the republic \u201d at kennedy \u2019 s funeral. kennedy had defeated mccarthy in california, 46 percent to 42 percent. kennedy \u2019 s team believed that by winning california, he would knock mccarthy out of the race and set up a one - on - one contest against hubert humphrey at the national convention that august. kennedy had also planned to woo humphrey delegates before the convention. still, kennedy was in second place overall after the california primary, with 393 delegates compared to humphrey \u2019 s 561. mccarthy then held 258 delegates. mccarthy was aiming for the new york primary, where he had support from antiwar activists in new york city.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4182858447685781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.855194"} {"text": "was in second place overall after the california primary, with 393 delegates compared to humphrey \u2019 s 561. mccarthy then held 258 delegates. mccarthy was aiming for the new york primary, where he had support from antiwar activists in new york city. historians and journalists have disagreed about kennedy \u2019 s chances for the nomination had he not been assassinated. michael beschloss believes it unlikely that kennedy could have secured the nomination since most of the delegates were then uncommitted and yet to be chosen at the democratic convention. arthur m. schlesinger, jr. and author jules witcover have argued that kennedy \u2019 s broad appeal and charisma would have given him the nomination at the convention. and still others add that kennedy \u2019 s experience in his brother \u2019 s presidential campaign, plus a potential alliance with chicago mayor richard daley at the democratic convention, might have helped him secure the nomination. leading up to democratic convention in chicago, former kennedy supporters tried to sort out what had happened and whether and how they would line up with other candidates. george plimpton, a well known new yorker and journalist who authored the 1963 book paper lion, had been a kennedy supporter. he was with kennedy the night he was assassinated in the ambassador hotel kitchen, walking in front of him. in new york, on august 14, 1968, plimpton sponsored a party at the cheetah nightclub on behalf of mccarthy supporters, along with co - sponsor william styron, author of the the confessions of nat turner. henry fonda was scheduled to host a mccarthy rally in houston. \u201c i started out with senator kennedy, \u201d explained fonda to a new york times reporter, \u201c now i think mccarthy is the best choice on the horizon. \u201d mccarthy supporters had other rallies and fundraisers scheduled in 24 other cities for mid - august ahead of the chicago convention, including one at new york \u2019 s madison square garden that included conductor leonard bernstein and singer harry belafonte. hubert humphrey \u2019 s campaign also had fundraisers, including one in early august at detroit \u2019 s cobo hall with performances by frank sinatra, trini lopez, and comedian pat henry. trini lopez, a popular singer in the 1960s who had more than a dozen pop and adult contemporary hit songs, including 1963 \u2032 s \u201c if i had a hammer, \u201d worked vigorously for humphrey in august1968. lopez postponed an opening at harrah \u2019 s nightclub in las vegas to travel with humphrey and help him with younger voters. humphrey also made pre - convention campaign", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4146303117916459, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.856283"} {"text": "\u201c if i had a hammer, \u201d worked vigorously for humphrey in august1968. lopez postponed an opening at harrah \u2019 s nightclub in las vegas to travel with humphrey and help him with younger voters. humphrey also made pre - convention campaign appearances with other music celebrities, including one with singer james brown in the watts section of los angeles, where humphrey targeted \u201c black business ownership \u201d as the subject of his pitch, but also, after brown \u2019 s prompting, did a little \u201c soft shoe \u201d boogaloo with the singer. on the california television show it \u2019 s happening, humphrey chatted with the leader of the rock group, paul revere and the raiders, attempting to reach younger voters. by mid - august 1968, \u201c entertainers for humphrey \u201d included hollywood names such as bill dana, victor borge, alan king, and george jessel. there were also more than 80 other luminaries in a somewhat less well - known \u201c arts & letters \u201d group including : classical pianist eugene istomin, author and scholar ralph ellison, violin virtuoso isaac stern, manager / impresario sol hurok, playwright sidney kingsley, opera singer robert merrill, authors john steinbeck, james t. farrel, and herman wouk, and dancer carmen de lavallade. humphrey had also picked up some former supporters of republican nelson rockefeller, including architect philip johnson and dancer maria tallchief. but humphrey \u2019 s biggest challenges were directly ahead at the democratic national convention. turmoil in chicago as the 1968 democratic national convention opened in chicago on august 26, 1968, there was a fractured party and little agreement on the main platform issue, the vietnam war. in addition to the formal business of the presidential nomination inside the convention hall, there was a huge focus on the convention location as a protest venue for the vietnam war, as thousands of young activists had come to chicago. but chicago \u2019 s democratic mayor richard j. daley \u2013 also the political boss running the convention \u2013 had prepared for anything, and had the chicago police and the national guard ready for action. tensions soon came to a head. the convention became a national spectacle \u2013 both inside the hall and outside in the streets \u2013 and one of the most violent political scenes in american history. and much of it was played out on prime - time television. americans were shocked to see chicago police brutally beating anti - war protesters in the streets. tear gas used to disperse the protesters wafted into hotel suites of delegates and even that of candidate humphrey. at the convention itself, chicago mayor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.385150761961375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.857243"} {"text": "prime - time television. americans were shocked to see chicago police brutally beating anti - war protesters in the streets. tear gas used to disperse the protesters wafted into hotel suites of delegates and even that of candidate humphrey. at the convention itself, chicago mayor richard daley was blamed for the police clubbings in the streets. daley at one point was seen on television angrily cursing senator abraham ribicoff of connecticut, who had made a speech denouncing the excesses of the chicago police. inside the hall, cbs news reporter dan rather was attacked on the floor of the convention while covering the proceedings. haynes johnson, a reporter who then covered the convention for the washington post, has recently written : \u201c the 1968 chicago convention became a lacerating event, a distillation of a year of heartbreak, assassinations, riots and a breakdown in law and order that made it seem as if the country were coming apart. in its psychic impact, and its long - term political consequences, it eclipsed any other such convention in american history, destroying faith in politicians, in the political system, in the country and in its institutions. no one who was there, or who watched it on television, could escape the memory of what took place before their eyes. \u201d a number of hollywood activists and celebrities who had campaigned for various candidates attended the convention \u2013 some as formal delegates. paul newman and playwright arthur miller, for example, came as mccarthy delegates from connecticut. television coverage of the convention not only captured the action of the formal proceedings and some of the violence in the streets, but also did interviews with various pundits and some of the attending celebrities. abc news of august 28, 1968, for example, included short interviews with paul newman, tony randall, gore vidal, and shirley maclaine. sonny bono \u2013 of the famed \u201c sonny & cher \u201d rock star duo \u2013 had come to chicago to propose a plank in the democratic platform for a commission to look into the generation gap, or as he saw it, the potential problem of \u201c duel society. \u201d bono, then 28, would become a republican congressman in the 1990s. dinah shore made a brief convention appearance for mccarthy, singing her famous \u201c see the usa in your chevrolet \u201d anthem, adapting it as, \u201c save the usa, the mccarthy way, america is the greatest land of all, \u201d throwing her trademarked big kiss at the end. the nominationduring the convention process, there had been some attempt to prevent hubert humphrey from getting the nomination. robert kennedy \u2019 s death had sent the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4089173537205214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.858235"} {"text": ", america is the greatest land of all, \u201d throwing her trademarked big kiss at the end. the nominationduring the convention process, there had been some attempt to prevent hubert humphrey from getting the nomination. robert kennedy \u2019 s death had sent the already frayed democratic party into some disarray. kennedy \u2019 s delegates had not united behind any single candidate : some went to mccarthy, some went to a late candidacy of senator george mcgovern of south dakota, and others simply did not vote. the splintering of bobby kennedy \u2019 s supporters appeared to help humphrey. and the vietnam plank being considered was not supported by many liberals. at the convention, mccarthy would say that \u201c if senator kennedy had not died, we would have this party under control on vietnam. \u201d and although mccarthy did not personally like robert kennedy and fought him bitterly in the primaries, he offered to support a make - shift plan to nominate his younger brother, senator ted kennedy, on the first ballot. mccarthy was approached on the proposal by stephen smith, kennedy \u2019 s brother - in - law, and mccarthy offered to throw all his weight to ted kennedy. mccarthy \u2019 s gesture was unexpected, but the ted kennedy effort faltered in any case. in the end, humphrey beat mccarthy and mcgovern on the first ballot. the convention then chose senator ed muskie of maine to be humphrey \u2019 s running mate. but time magazine would later report in its september 6th issue, showing the humphrey - muskie pairing on its cover, but with mayor daley in the background, \u201c what was to have been remembered as the democratic convention that nominated hubert humphrey may go down in history instead as an event of rancor and rioting. \u201d post - chicago, a number of active democrats, including various hollywood supporters, were not happy with the choices before them. walter matthau called the humphrey - nixon face - off \u201c a choice between strychnine and arsenic. \u201d paul newman told a time reporter he might need \u201d a month of serious drinking \u201d before deciding on whether to support humphrey actively. newman did say, however, that he would cast his ballot for humphrey. steve allen, also among mccarthy \u2019 s hollywood supporters, lent his name to the humphrey campaign as well. humphrey, for his part, attempted to reach out to hollywood celebrities, as california would be a crucial state in the general election. humphrey met with a number of celebrities during and after the convention, one of whom was warren beatty. beatty in 1967 had directed and starred in the movie bonnie & clyde, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.3913243751563429, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.859305"} {"text": "hollywood celebrities, as california would be a crucial state in the general election. humphrey met with a number of celebrities during and after the convention, one of whom was warren beatty. beatty in 1967 had directed and starred in the movie bonnie & clyde, a huge box office hit. beatty had appeared in a number of earlier films as well, from splendor in the grass ( 1961 ) to kaleidoscope ( 1966 ). beatty reportedly offered to make a campaign film for humphrey if he would agree to denounce the war in vietnam, which humphrey would not do. during september and october 1968, a number of hollywood \u2019 s stars and celebrities came around to support humphrey, with gala events and / or rallies such as one at the lincoln center for performing arts in new york in late september, and another at the shrine auditorium in los angeles in late october. there were also celebrities who helped humphrey in television advertising, such as e. g. marshall, a two - time emmy award - winning actor. marshall played a lawyer named lawrence preston on a popular 1960s tv show, the defenders and also co - starred in a famous 1957 movie 12 angry men. marshall narrated a four - minute tv ad for humphrey that contrasted humphrey \u2019 s record versus that of opponents, richard nixon and george wallace. in the ad, the authoritative and well - spoken marshall stood by large, life - size photographs of each wallace and nixon, ticking off the problems of each candidate as he stood by their likeness. at the end, alongside of humphrey \u2019 s photograph, after extolling his best qualities, marshall concludes : \u201c there is only one man of the three who trusts me, and who trusts you \u2026. now he is asking us to trust him \u2026 this is a time when a good man can become a great man. i believe in hubert humphrey, and i trust him. and god willing, he will be our next president. \u201d on november 5th in one of the closest elections in u. s. history, nixon beat humphrey by a slim margin. although nixon took 302 electoral votes to humphrey \u2019 s 191, the popular vote was extremely close : nixon at 31, 375, 000 to 31, 125, 000 for humphrey, or 43. 4 percent to 43. 1 percent. third party candidate george wallace was a key factor in the race, taking more votes from humphrey than nixon, especially in the south and among union and working class voters in the north. nearly 10 million votes were cast for wallace, some 13. 5 percent of the popular vote. he won", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4086711442760527, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.860395"} {"text": "key factor in the race, taking more votes from humphrey than nixon, especially in the south and among union and working class voters in the north. nearly 10 million votes were cast for wallace, some 13. 5 percent of the popular vote. he won five southern states and took 45 electoral votes. democrats did retain control of the house and senate, but the country was now headed in a more conservative direction. in the wake of their loss, the democrats also reformed their presidential nominating process. as kennedy and mccarthy supporters gained more power within the party, changes were adopted for the 1972 convention making the nominating process more democratic and raising the role of primary elections. hubert humphrey would become the last nominee of either major party to win the nomination without having to compete directly in primary elections. many of the celebrities who worked for democratic candidates in 1968 did not throw in the towel after that election. they came back in subsequent presidential election cycles to work for and support other democrats ranging from george mcgovern and jimmy carter to hillary clinton and barack obama. and some of 1968 \u2032 s activists, and their successors, also continued that long history of hollywood film - making that has focused on american politics as film subject. among some of the post - 1968 films that explored that realm, for example, were : the candidate ( 1972, with robert redford, screenplay by jeremy larner, a gene mccarthy speechwriter ) ; all the president \u2019 s men ( 1976, with dustin hoffman and robert redford ) ; wag the dog, ( 1997, with dustin hoffman and robert de niro ), bullworth ( 1998, produced & directed by warren beatty who also plays the central character ), and others. and certainly by 1968, if not before, it had become clear that hollywood and politics were intersecting in an increasing number of ways, especially in the packaging of candidates. hollywood techniques were fast becoming political techniques. hollywood personalities like ronald reagan and george murphy were winning political office by then as well \u2013 murphy taking a u. s. senate seat as a california republican in 1964, and reagan elected in 1966 as california \u2019 s republican governor. certainly by 1968, if not before, it had become clear that hollywood and politics were intersecting in an increasing number of ways. reagan, of course, would become president in 1980, and others from hollywood, such as warren beatty, would also consider running for the white house in the year 2000. today, celebrities and hollywood stars remain sought - after participants in elections and political causes of all kinds. their money and endorsements are key factors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4386561090645642, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.861475"} {"text": "others from hollywood, such as warren beatty, would also consider running for the white house in the year 2000. today, celebrities and hollywood stars remain sought - after participants in elections and political causes of all kinds. their money and endorsements are key factors as well. yet polling experts and political pundits continue to debate the impact of celebrities on election outcomes, and many doubt their ability to sway voters. still, in 1968, celebrity involvement was a factor and did affect the course of events, as every political candidate at that time sought the help of hollywood stars and other famous names to advance their respective campaigns. ( note : see also companion piece at this website, republicans in 1968 ). date posted : 14 august 2008 last update : 1 february 2012 comments to : firstname. lastname @ example. org jack doyle, \u201c 1968 presidential race, democrats, \u201d pophistorydig. com, august 14, 2008. return to home page sources, links & additional information \u201c the d. o. v. e. from u. n. c. l. e., \u201d time, friday, april 1, 1966. peter bart, \u201c vaughn : the vietnik from u. n. c. l. e., \u201d new york times, may 29, 1966, p. d - 9. satan \u2019 s little helper ipod warren weaver, \u201c m \u2019 carthy gets about 40 %, johnson and nixon on top in new hampshire voting ; rockefeller lags, \u201d the new york times, wednesday, march 13, 1968, p. 1. \u201c unforeseen eugene, \u201d time, friday, march. 22, 1968. \u2018 the hustler \u2019 is on cue for mccarthy, \u201d washington post - times herald, march 23, 1968, p. a - 2. e. w. kenworthy, \u201c paul newman drawing crowds in mccarthy indiana campaign, \u201d new york times, monday, april 22, 1968, p. 19 louis calta, \u201c entertainers join cast of political hopefuls ; they get into act to back 3 candidates for the presidency, \u201d new york times, saturday, april 6, 1968, p. 42. associated press, \u201c celebrities endorse candidates, \u201d daily collegian ( state college, pa ), may 5, 1968. lawrence e. davies, \u201c sinatra supports slate competing with kennedy \u2019 s, \u201d new york times, sunday, may 5, 1968, p. 42 \u201c the stars leap into politics, \u201d life, may 10, 1968. leroy f", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.36000021258104603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.862392"} {"text": ", 1968. lawrence e. davies, \u201c sinatra supports slate competing with kennedy \u2019 s, \u201d new york times, sunday, may 5, 1968, p. 42 \u201c the stars leap into politics, \u201d life, may 10, 1968. leroy f. aarons, \u201c poetry \u2019 s popular at club eugene, \u201d the washington post, times herald, may 16, 1968, p. a - 20. \u201c the pulchritude - intellect input, \u201d time, friday, may 31, 1968. \u201c newman and miller named delegates to convention, \u201d new york times, wednesday july 10, 1968, p. 43. \u201c hhh office unit opens, with sinatra, \u201d washington post, times herald, august 2, 1968, p. a - 2. richard f. shepard, \u201c stage and literary names enlist for candidates ; plimpton giving a party in night club to further mccarthy \u2019 s cause, \u201d new york times, wednesday, august 14, 1968, p. 40. florabel muir, \u201c trini goes all out for hhh, \u201d the washington post, times herald, august 15, 1968, p. d - 21. dave smith, \u201c singer to tell democrats of youth \u2019 s views, \u201d los angeles times, aug 23, 1968, p. 27. victor s. navasky, \u201c report on the candidate named humphrey, \u201d new york times magazine, sunday august 25, 1968, p. 22. \u201c guests flock to week - long party given by playboy \u2026 \u201d new york times, august 29, 1968. jack gould, \u201d tv : a chilling spectacle in chicago ; delegates see tapes of clashes in the streets, \u201d new york times, thursday august 29, 1968, p. 71. tom wicker, \u201c humphrey nominated on the first ballot after his plank on vietnam is approved ; police battle demonstrators in streets, \u201d new york times, august 30, 1968. david s. broder, \u201c hangover in chicago \u2013 democrats awake to a party in ruins, \u201d the washington post, times herald, august 30, 1968 p. a - 1. \u201c dementia in the second city, \u201d time, friday, september 6, 1968. \u201c the man who would recapture youth, \u201d friday, time, september 6, 1968. \u201c dissidents \u2019 dilemma, \u201d time, friday, september 20, 1968. richard l. coe, \u201c candidates by starlight, \u201d the washington post, times herald, november 3, 1968, p. k - 1. e. g. marshall, 1968", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4106878998670236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.863344"} {"text": "\u2019 dilemma, \u201d time, friday, september 20, 1968. richard l. coe, \u201c candidates by starlight, \u201d the washington post, times herald, november 3, 1968, p. k - 1. e. g. marshall, 1968 t. v. ad for humphrey campaign, \u201c nixon vs. humphrey vs. wallace, \u201d @ the living room candidate. org. joe mcginniss, the selling of the president, new york : trident press, 1969. pope brock, \u201c myrna loy : so perfect in her way, it almost seems we imagined her, \u201d people, april 4, 1988, p. 47. charles kaiser, 1968 in america : music, politics, chaos, counterculture, new york : grove press, 1997, 336pp. ted johnson ( managing editor, variety magazine ), \u201c paul newman : bush is america \u2019 s \u2018 biggest internal threat \u2019, \u201d wilshire & washington. com, june 26, 2007. ted johnson, \u201c flashback to 1968, \u201d wilshire & washington. com, april 25, 2008 ( also ran in variety magazine ; ted johnson is managing editor ). darcy g. richardson, a nation divided : the 1968 presidential campaign, iuniverse, inc., 2002, 532pp. tom brokaw, boom! voice of the 1960s : personal reflections on the \u2018 60s and today, new york : random house, 2007, 662 pp. \u201c robert vaughn, \u201d wikipedia. org. ron brownstein, the power and the glitter, new york : knopf publishing group, december 1990 448 pp. joseph a. palermo, \u201c here \u2019 s what rfk did in california in 1968, \u201d huffington post. com, january 10, 2008. joseph a. palermo, in his own right : the political odyssey of senator robert f. kennedy, new york : columbia, 2001. associated press, ap photos @ www. daylife. com. ray e. boomhower, \u201c when indiana mattered \u2013 book examines robert kennedy \u2019 s historic 1968 primary victory, \u201d the journal - gazette, march 30, 2008. \u201c forty years ago this weekend \u2013 may, 1968 \u2026., \u201d blogchrisgillett. ca, sunday, may 18, 2008. haynes johnson, \u201c 1968 democratic convention : the bosses strike back, \u201d smithsonian magazine and smithsonian. com, august 2008. \u201c democratic national convention, \u201d wikipedia. org. \u201c united states presidential election, 1968, \u201d wikipedia. org. see also, \u201c the 1968 exhibit, \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43183209320718785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.864380"} {"text": "tissue engineering : boston university pancreas, blood vessels or other organ on the fritz? she ' ll build you a nifty replacement. when tejal desai walked into professor mauro ferrari ' s office at the university of california, berkeley, she looked so young he mistook her for an overeager high schooler and almost threw her out. undeterred, desai told him she ' d studied biomedical engineering as an undergrad at brown and was seeking a challenging ph. d. project. ferrari assigned her a whopper : build an implantable device that will eliminate the daily insulin injections diabetics give themselves to control blood sugar levels. desai ' s colleagues warned her the task was too hard, that she ' d never graduate. but after four years of coaxing cells to grow on chemically modified silicon surfaces, desai had it : a microscopic device that, when implanted in diabetic rats, delivered ongoing, regular doses of insulin. the device functioned like a tiny tea strainer : a hollow bit of silicon perforated with tiny holes, it was filled with pancreas cells doing what pancreas cells do naturally \u2014 produce insulin. the holes were large enough for the insulin to diffuse out, but small enough that the pancreas cells stayed inside, and the rat ' s immune agents \u2014 which would normally mark the cells as foreign and attack them \u2014 could not enter. \" nobody expects you to cure diabetes before you graduate, \" recalls ferrari. \" and then tejal did! \" ( for rats, anyway. ) desai ' s implant is being developed by a private company for human use, but desai, now 31, has moved on. she has developed a speck - size layered plastic device that, when swallowed, attaches to the intestinal lining, releasing medicine. next she plans to build better artificial blood vessels. the existing variety, mere tubes, cannot constrict or dilate as natural vessels do to control blood pressure. desai ' s goal is to make artificial vessels that coax the patient ' s own body to grow replacements, then biodegrade, leaving the new natural vessels behind. desai ' s father, a chemical engineer whose company designs water - desalination systems, cautioned her about engineering ; it can be an unexciting profession, he told her. then, in high school, desai heard a biomedical engineer speak. here was a totally new incarnation of engineering, one packed with magical promise \u2014 building artificial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45678316855284296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.869355"} {"text": "frontiers of health : following the map web of protein interactions governs cell behavior mona singh doesn \u2019 t use the maps in her office to get from point a to point b \u2014 she uses them to find meaning hidden in biological data, which may help advance the understanding of disease at the genetic level. it \u2019 s a formidable task. the diagrams, called protein interaction maps, contain thousands of dots, each representing a different protein. a complicated network of lines connects the dots, diagramming how the proteins interact as they go about controlling everything the cell does. though such maps have been generated for species ranging from yeast to humans, many of their insights remain obscured by the sheer volume of information they contain. \u201c we \u2019 re at an interesting point in terms of science, \u201d said singh, an associate professor of computer science and the lewis - sigler institute for integrative genomics. \u201c there is a lot of data being generated and you need to know fairly sophisticated computational methods to make sense of it. \u201d in partnership with bernard chazelle, professor of computer science, singh designed a computer system that determines the function of unknown proteins using the known neighboring proteins in the map. for instance, if ten proteins known to be involved in cell pision all interact with an unknown protein, the mystery protein is likely to be involved in the division process as well. singh \u2019 s latest system detects patterns of interactions between proteins that occur more often than would be predicted by random chance. a pattern that is observed multiple times \u2014 e. g., the same types of proteins interacting \u2014 is likely to have functional significance as a cellular \u201c building block, \u201d and provides guidance for future biological investigation. singh also has been developing computational approaches to infer interaction maps and make high - confidence predictions of interactions that can be tested experimentally. this work is part of an ongoing collaboration with biologist amy keating at the massachusetts institute of technology.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5792734358922622, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.872513"} {"text": "language and technology published may 6th 2011 by routledge \u2013 118 pages the intertext series has been specifically designed to meet the needs of contemporary english language studies. working with texts : a core introduction to language analysis ( third edition, 2007 ) is the foundation text which is complemented by a range of \u2018 satellite \u2019 titles. these provide students with hands - on practical experience of textual analysis through special topics, and can be used individually or in conjunction with working with texts. this accessible textbook in the routledge intertext series offers students hands - on practical experience of textual analysis focused on language and technology. written in a clear, user - friendly style, it combines practical activities with texts, accompanied by commentaries and suggestions for further study. aimed at a - level and beginning undergraduate students, language and technology : \u2018 this publication provides a clear introduction to the field of language and technology and examines the way in which language is used and affected by the new technologies that are springing up around us. it will be particularly relevant to students studying a - level english language, as well as for students at all levels who are new to the field of sociolinguistics. \u2019 ruth payne - woolridge, university of leeds, uk \u2018 language and technology is an important introduction to the language practices of social media and web 2. 0. providing a useful range of practical exercises and fascinating examples, it encourages independent thinking and enquiry. it is a lucid and entertaining read that simultaneously revels in the new language practices it analyses and subjects them to thought - provoking critical scrutiny. \u2019 shaun o ' toole, itchen college, uk 1. in the beginning : language and technology 2. communication repertoires and multimodality 3. e - language : txting ; email ; discussion forums 4. e - language : real - time writing ; social networking sites 5. is there anybody there? : language and identity 6. \u2018 just click here \u2019 : the language of prosumerism 7. shock! horror! the representation of new technologies commentaries references index of terms further reading angela goddard is professor of english language and head of subject for languages and linguistics at york st john university, uk, and chair of english language a level for a national examination board. beverly geesin is senior lecturer and head of programme for communication and culture at york st john university, uk.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.477386967028675, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.874947"} {"text": "when an event is taking place people express their opinions and wishes about it, and as the event results from the collective activity of many people, some one of the opinions or wishes expressed is sure to be fulfilled if but approximately. when one of the opinions expressed is fulfilled, that opinion gets connected with the event as a command preceding it. men are hauling a log. each of them expresses his opinion as to how and where to haul it. they haul the log away, and it happens that this is done as one of them said. he ordered it. there we have command and power in their primary form. the man who worked most with his hands could not think so much about what he was doing, or reflect on or command what would result from the common activity ; while the man who commanded more would evidently work less with his hands on account of his greater verbal activity. when some larger concourse of men direct their activity to a common aim there is a yet sharper division of those who, because their activity is given to directing and commanding, take less less part in the direct work. when a man works alone he always has a certain set of reflections which as it seems to him directed his past activity, justify his present activity, and guide him in planning his future actions. just the same is done by a concourse of people, allowing those who do not take a direct part in the activity to devise considerations, justifications, and surmises concerning their collective activity. for reasons known or unknown to us the french began to drown and kill one another. and corresponding to the event its justification appears in people ' s belief that this was necessary for the welfare of france, for liberty, and for equality. people ceased to kill one another, and this event was accompanied by its justification in the necessity for a centralization of power, resistance to europe, and so on. men went from the west to the east killing their fellow men, and the event was accompanied by phrases about the glory of france, the baseness of england, and so on. history shows us that these justifications of the events have no common sense and are all contradictory, as in the case of killing a man as the result of recognizing his rights, and the killing of millions in russia for the humiliation of england. but these justifications have a very necessary significance in their own day. these justifications release those who produce the events from moral responsibility. these temporary aims are like the broom fixed in front of a locomotive to clear the snow from the rails in front : they clear", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5704086299445208, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.878498"} {"text": "justifications have a very necessary significance in their own day. these justifications release those who produce the events from moral responsibility. these temporary aims are like the broom fixed in front of a locomotive to clear the snow from the rails in front : they clear men ' s moral responsibilities from their path. without such justification there would be no reply to the simplest question that presents itself when examining each historical event. how is it that millions of men commit collective crimes - make war, commit murder, and so on? with the present complex forms of political and social life in europe can any event that is not prescribed, decreed, or ordered by monarchs, ministers, parliaments, or newspapers be imagined? is there any collective action which cannot find its justification in political unity, in patriotism, in the balance of power, or in civilization? so that every event that occurs inevitably coincides with some expressed wish and, receiving a justification, presents itself as the result of the will of one man or of several men. in whatever direction a ship moves, the flow of the waves it cuts will always be noticeable ahead of it. to those on board the ship the movement of those waves will be the only perceptible motion. only by watching closely moment by moment the movement of that flow and comparing it with the movement of the ship do we convince ourselves that every bit of it is occasioned by the forward movement of the ship, and that we were led into error by the fact that we ourselves were imperceptibly moving. war and peace - by - leo tolstoy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5378268022868953, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.879104"} {"text": "insurance companies will no longer be able to impose lifetime caps on benefits. these changes will begin to improve access to coverage for people living with hiv / aids. it is a known fact that people living with hiv and aids have in the past, and even in recent history, received less than adequate healthcare. an estimated one - third of americans diagnosed with hiv aren \u2019 t receiving any kind of treatment. one reason, and probably the hardest to overcome, is simply that they are unable to afford it. the aca will encourage states to expand medicaid provisions, but the federal government cannot require these states to comply. states such as texas have already said bluntly that they will not cooperate with these medicaid provisions or rules. is the affordable care act destined to be a failure for those living with hiv / aids, since several states are unwilling to comply with federal provisions? should states have the option to decline or not comply with these various implications or provisions? we are already failing to close the gaps among those who do not have adequate healthcare due to overall lack of support among government officials and policy makers. many would agree that the federal government should have the authority to mandate such aca guidelines for all states to follow. medicaid is the biggest provider of coverage for people living with hiv, according to the kaiser foundation. medicaid programs make up about half of the federal spending on hiv. the individuals who cannot receive coverage through medicaid will have to depend on the ryan white act, which provides funding to about a half - million people with hiv / aids each year. the affordable care act calls for new investments in community health teams to manage chronic disease. the new law also recognizes the value of patient - centered medical homes as an effective way to strengthen the quality of care, especially for people with complex chronic conditions. healthcare issues should be of major concern in this country. the aca will set us on the necessary path to become a society less involved in the benefits of \u201c i \u201d and more in the idea of \u201c we. \u201d this nation is known as an innovator, and with the affordable care act we can continue this trend and further impress the ideas of equality of care for all citizens.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38559856850962504, "token_count": 444, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.881387"} {"text": "if you ' re an antibacterial - soap junkie, it might be time to cut back. a three - part study suggests triclosan, a common chemical found in such products, slows muscle function in both human and animals. a paper published yesterday outlines the experiments : scientists exposed human heart and skeletal muscle cells to levels of triclosan on par with what we typically encounter on a daily basis. an electrical stimulus was then applied to force the cells to contract \u2014 which should have happened immediately. but triclosan interfered with the proteins that enable this muscle function, leading to what smithsonian magazine describes as \" failure. \" and that could spell trouble for people who have heart problems. the study also turned to animals, and found that the grip strength in mice sank up to 18 % after being exposed to one dose of triclosan ; minnows who spent a week being exposed to the chemical couldn ' t swim as well. it ' s not just in soap, either. the ingredient is used in everything from toothpaste to bedding to cooking utensils. as the study ' s co - author explains, it \" has become a ubiquitous ' value added ' marketing factor that actually could be more harmful than helpful. \" smithsonian notes that the fda says that regular soap and water are equally as effective as antibacterial soaps containing triclosan ; the fda is currently reviewing the chemical.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4549356802920852, "token_count": 291, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.883195"} {"text": "on march 4th, 2011, the glory satellite was unsuccessful in its attempt to reach orbit due to a failure with the launch vehicle. for more information, visit the nasa glory web site : http : / / www. nasa. gov / glory raytheon \u2019 s aerosol polarimetry sensor raytheon \u2019 s aerosol polarimetry sensor ( aps ) will measure aerosols in earth \u2019 s atmosphere to provide scientists and policy makers a better understanding of how those aerosols affect global climate change. comprising 161 optical elements, including six precision - aligned telescopes that analyze light of varying wavelengths, the aps will make comprehensive measurements from multiple viewing angles in multiple spectral bands. \u201c the glory aerosol polarimetry sensor can distinguish between various types of aerosols and reveal the different role each plays in either warming or cooling our planet, \u201d said bill hart, vice president, space systems. \u201c since black carbon aerosols generally contribute to warming, and sulfate aerosols to cooling, the concentrations of these aerosols and others must be determined to ensure accurate climate modeling. \u201d how will this help scientists understand the impact of global climate change? both natural and man - made aerosols are important constituents of the atmosphere that affect global temperature. yet they remain poorly quantified and, according to nasa scientists, represent the largest uncertainty regarding climate change. \u201c because these particles are transported over long distances by winds, their effects on climate are best studied through space - based observations, \u201d said hart. \u201c with the information provided by the aps, policy leaders can make better - informed decisions with regard to addressing seasonal and regional climate change events. \u201d unique sensor capabilities help to reveal the impact of atmospheric aerosols on climate raytheon \u2019 s aerosol polarimetry sensor was designed to collect global aerosol data for climate scientists during nasa \u2019 s 3 - year glory mission. it is the most advanced polarimeter ever to fly in space \u2014 and the only instrument able to distinguish various types of natural aerosols from the man - made black carbon and sulfate aerosols in earth \u2019 s atmosphere.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.515859212017502, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.886501"} {"text": "| | tutorials home | decreasing risk exposure | safety tour | emergencies | meteorology | flight theory | communications | builders guide | | the effect of wind rev. 23 \u2014 page content was last changed october 12, 2009 consequent to editing by ra - aus member dave gardiner | flight planning and navigation | an aircraft in flight is airborne and subject to the movement of the air mass in relation to the surface ; i. e. the wind. the relatively low cruising speed of light aircraft makes them particularly affected by wind velocity. consequently the calculation of the wind effect on aircraft movement relative to the ground is a major part of light aircraft flight planning and navigation. basic forces module of the flight theory section we said it is common practice to estimate resultant forces non - mathematically by drawing scaled, arrowed lines to represent each vector quantity ; this produces the resultant of two vector quantities in a vector triangle or parallelogram. the lengths of the lines represent the magnitude of each force, and the placements indicate the application points and directions. we also know that an aircraft in flight is airborne, and consequently both the path it projects over the ground and its speed relative to the ground are the resultant of the aircraft velocity and the wind velocity. for example, waypoint beta is 150 nautical miles north - east ( 045\u00b0 true ) of waypoint alpha and an aircraft departs overhead alpha for beta, maintaining a heading of 045\u00b0 true while cruising at 75 knots tas. at the time of departure, the wind velocity at the cruise altitude is 135\u00b0 / 20 knots ; i. e. the 20 - knot wind is coming from the south - east. where will the aircraft be after two hours flight? certainly not over beta, as it will have moved 150 nm north - east within the air mass while the air mass has moved 40 miles north - west. so we might surmise that after two hours flight its position will be about 40 nm north - west of beta, and this is shown in figure 1. the aircraft has drifted from its intended path or track over the ground and the ' track made good ' is about 15\u00b0 to the left of the ' required track '. we should note that, relative to the aircraft ' s course, the wind velocity normally has both a crosswind component and a headwind or tailwind component, and that headwind or tailwind component will also affect the aircraft ' s speed relative to the surface \u2014 the ground speed. the wind triangleso, if we want to track over the direct route from alpha", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5516348711674826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.898662"} {"text": "and a headwind or tailwind component, and that headwind or tailwind component will also affect the aircraft ' s speed relative to the surface \u2014 the ground speed. the wind triangleso, if we want to track over the direct route from alpha to beta we will have to ascertain both the wind velocity at the time of flight and a heading to fly that will provide the necessary crosswind correction angle. remember that velocity vectors have both speed and direction. in the wind triangle we have only one completely known vector \u2014 the forecast wind velocity. we know part of the heading vector \u2014 the true airspeed \u2014 but not the direction. we also know part of the resultant vector \u2014 the direction ( required track ) from alpha to beta \u2014 but not the ground speed. we can determine the two unknowns \u2014 the heading and the ground speed \u2014 by plotting scaled vectors on paper. you will need some drawing instruments, a protractor and ruler, but a pair of compasses or dividers can be useful. \u2022 first draw a vertical line labelled ' true north ' and mark a position on the line as waypoint alpha. \u2022 using a protractor centred on alpha and aligned with true north, mark the bearing to waypoint beta ; e. g. from the above, 045\u00b0 true. rule a line of appropriate length from alpha through the bearing, marking it with two arrows to indicate it as the track direction and annotate that bearing. \u2022 wind velocity is given as the direction the wind is coming from and we need to plot the direction it is moving to \u2014 the reciprocal bearing. the reciprocal is the stated direction \u00b1180\u00b0. using a protractor centred on alpha and aligned with true north, mark the reciprocal wind bearing : 135\u00b0 \u00b1180\u00b0 = 315\u00b0 true. \u2022 rule a line of appropriate length from alpha through the wind bearing mark. decide the scale to be used and mark off a distance along that line that equals the air movement during one hour ; i. e. 20 nm ( 20 knots wind speed ). label that distance mark as the wind vector \u2014 v1. the convention is to add three arrows to the vector indicating direction, and annotate the wind velocity \u2014 135 / 20 knots ( figure 2 ). \u2022 using the scale, open up the dividers or compasses to the distance equalling the air distance the aircraft travels in one hour ; i. e. 75 nm at the cruise true airspeed of 75 knots. with one divider / compass point on v1 mark", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5057758398816679, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.900875"} {"text": "open up the dividers or compasses to the distance equalling the air distance the aircraft travels in one hour ; i. e. 75 nm at the cruise true airspeed of 75 knots. with one divider / compass point on v1 mark the track line with the other divider / compass point and label that v2 ( figure 3 ). or just use the ruler to accomplish the same task. \u2022 draw a line connecting v1 and v2, marking it with one arrow to represent the heading vector. its orientation with true north is the heading ( 060\u00b0t ) and its length is the tas. thus we have the first unknown \u2014 the direction in which to point the aircraft. annotate the heading ( 060\u00b0t ) and tas ( 75 kn ). also note the wind correction angle [ wca ] \u2014 the difference between the track ( 045\u00b0t ) and the heading ( 060\u00b0t ) \u2014 is 15\u00b0, and the drift will be to the left \u2014 also known as port drift. the wind correction angle is the angular difference between the required track and the heading, intended to ensure that the track made good will equate with the required track. note that the terms ' crab angle ' and ' drift angle ' are very often used instead of ' wind correction angle '. but the latter term is more precise ; crab angle and drift angle do have slightly different meanings or associations. drift angle is measured in flight, and is the angle between the heading and the track made good. crab angle is the preferred term when associated with crosswind landing. \u2022 now measure the distance between alpha and v2, which is the distance ( 72 nm ) moved over the ground during one hour. this is the second unknown \u2014 the ground speed. annotate the ground speed ( 72 kn ) adjacent to the bearing ( figure 3 ). \u2022 we can now calculate the sector flight time from overhead alpha to overhead beta ; this time is called the estimated time interval [ eti ]. eti ( minutes ) = distance ( nm ) / ground speed ( kn ) \u00d7 60 = 150 / 72 \u00d7 60 = 125 minutes. it is interesting to note that even though the wind were a full crosswind, the ground speed is less than tas and thus the eti is a bit greater than you may have expected. this is because the heading of 060\u00b0 would now include a small headwind component. direct headwind / tailwindif the wind is aligned directly with the required track then of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49819473640446127, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.902006"} {"text": "thus the eti is a bit greater than you may have expected. this is because the heading of 060\u00b0 would now include a small headwind component. direct headwind / tailwindif the wind is aligned directly with the required track then of course it is not possible to construct the triangle, as there is no wind correction angle and the ground speed is the tas \u00b1 wind speed. however, just as an illustration that the wind triangle still provides the correct answers, i have repeated the previous alpha to beta plot with winds that are only 10\u00b0 off the required track ; i. e. nearly full headwind and tailwind components. it may be thought that if an out - and - return trip is flown where the wind is directly aligned with the required track, the headwind encountered in one direction will be offset by the tailwind in the reverse direction ; thus the total flight time will be equivalent to that in nil wind conditions. not so \u2014 the greater the wind speed the greater the flight time on an out - and - return flight, no matter what the wind direction. imagine a flight alpha \u2013 beta \u2013 alpha in nil wind conditions. the ground speed on both the outward and return legs would equal the tas ( 75 kn ) and each leg would take 120 minutes for a total flight time of 240 minutes. now let ' s factor in a 25 - knot north - east wind. the ground speed on the outward leg would be 50 kn and the eti would be 180 minutes, whereas the ground speed on the return leg would be 100 kn and the eti 90 minutes for a total flight time of 270 minutes. plotting the wind vector triangle is the most accurate method for ascertaining heading and ground speed, but there are two other methods that are quite accurate enough for light aircraft cross - country navigation. back to top boundary layer turbulence paragraphs in the microscale meteorology module ), so there is no reason to try for absolute accuracy in the initial calculation of heading, ground speed and eti. so, rather than plotting the wind triangle we can introduce a few shortcuts to the process by using some simple mental arithmetic to estimate the crosswind and headwind / tailwind components of the wind velocity relative to the required track. even so, it is wise to become familiar with plotting the wind triangle ; the experience makes it much easier to mentally envisage the relationship between the vectors thus avoiding flying entirely in the wrong direction \u2014 which is remarkably easy to do. the trigonometrical relationships of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47300644740885556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.903009"} {"text": "wise to become familiar with plotting the wind triangle ; the experience makes it much easier to mentally envisage the relationship between the vectors thus avoiding flying entirely in the wrong direction \u2014 which is remarkably easy to do. the trigonometrical relationships of the two wind components \u2014 crosswind and headwind / tailwind \u2014 is shown in a wind triangle ( figure 5 ). in this example the wind angle is 30\u00b0 relative to the required track and the wind speed is 20 knots. the sine of an angle = opposite side / hypotenuse, while the cosine of an angle = adjacent side / hypotenuse. in this wind triangle the hypotenuse represents the wind velocity vector, the side opposite to the angle represents the crosswind component of the wind velocity vector and the adjacent side represents the headwind component of the wind velocity vector. an abridged trigonometric table is contained in the flight theory manoeuvring forces module. reading from that table, sine 30\u00b0 is 0. 5 and cosine 30\u00b0 is 0. 866 \u2014 near enough to 0. 9. using 1 - in - 60 to estimate wcathe two / three - step technique described below approximates the sine / cosine relationships and produces results near enough to the trig calculations. \u2022 1. first find the crosswind component of the forecast wind velocity by estimating the ( acute ) angle at which the wind meets the required track, divide that by 60 and multiply the result by the wind speed. however, if the relative angle exceeds 60\u00b0 just use 60. ( a ) track = 045\u00b0 w / v = 075 / 20 kn : relative angle = 30 = 30 / 60 \u00d7 20 = 10 kn crosswind. ( b ) track = 045\u00b0 w / v = 135 / 20 kn : relative angle = 90 [ use 60 ] = 60 / 60 \u00d7 20 = 20 kn crosswind. ( c ) track = 045\u00b0 w / v = 195 / 20 kn : relative angle = 30 = 30 / 60 \u00d7 20 = 10 kn crosswind. \u2022 2. then use the 1 - in - 60 rule to estimate the wind correction angle by dividing the crosswind component by the tas and multiplying the result by 60. ( a ) and ( c ) crosswind = 10 kn ; tas = 75 kn : 10 / 75 \u00d7 60 = 8\u00b0 wca. or ( b ) crosswind = 20 kn ; tas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5218577927891994, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.903925"} {"text": "multiplying the result by 60. ( a ) and ( c ) crosswind = 10 kn ; tas = 75 kn : 10 / 75 \u00d7 60 = 8\u00b0 wca. or ( b ) crosswind = 20 kn ; tas = 75 kn : 20 / 75 \u00d7 60 = 16\u00b0 wca. but combining steps 1 and 2 simplifies the calculation : wca = relative angle [ 60 max ] x wind speed / tas example ( a ) track = 045\u00b0 tas = 75 kn ; w / v = 075 / 20 kn : relative angle = 30 wca = 30 \u00d7 20 / 75 = 8\u00b0 and remember that the wind correction is applied in the direction the wind is coming from so that the aircraft crabs along the required track. \u2022 3. then to estimate the ground speed, deduct the ( acute ) angle at which the wind meets the track from 115 ( for angles up to 60\u00b0, use 105 for greater angles ) and apply that as a percentage of the wind speed. ( a ) track = 045\u00b0 w / v = 075 / 20 kn : angle = 30 ; 115 \u2013 30 = 85 % of 20 = 17 knots headwind. or ( b ) track = 045\u00b0 w / v = 135 / 20 kn : angle = 90 ; 105 \u2013 90 = 15 % of 20 = 3 knots headwind. or ( c ) track = 045\u00b0 w / v = 195 / 20 kn : angle = 30 ; 115 \u2013 30 = 85 % of 20 = 17 knots tailwind. subtract the result from tas if wind is coming from ahead to abeam, otherwise add. if you like to try a quick mental calculation with the two plots in figure 4, you will find the arithmetic will produce much the same results as the plots. you may think it wrong that if the wind is at 90\u00b0 to the track the ground speed calculation will still come up with a headwind component. this is because the track and the wind velocity are relative to the ground, not to the aircraft ' s heading. with a wind at 90\u00b0 to the required track the aircraft must take up a heading having some into - wind component, so that it crabs along the required track ; try it by plotting a full wind vector triangle incorporating a wind at 90\u00b0 to the required track. all the short - cut techniques described are not ultra - precise but they are quite okay for most cross - country navigation. you should also read the meteorology module dealing with southern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48370736883708454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.904806"} {"text": "full wind vector triangle incorporating a wind at 90\u00b0 to the required track. all the short - cut techniques described are not ultra - precise but they are quite okay for most cross - country navigation. you should also read the meteorology module dealing with southern hemisphere winds and particularly section 6. 3. using tables for ground speed and wcathe third and simplest method for estimating wca, heading and ground speed is to use tables such as those following. table 1 is for wind speeds up to 30 knots in 5 - knot intervals, and for wind angles relative to either side of the required track between 0\u00b0 and 180\u00b0. in the table you will see that headwinds have a negative adjustment and tailwinds a positive adjustment for ground speed. however if the calculated wca exceeds about 10\u00b0 the inbuilt crab problem becomes apparent and a small additional calculation to derive a more accurate ground speed has to be made ( table 2 ). * if the wca exceeds 10\u00b0 then reduce the ground speed by an additional value that is a percentage of the tas, as shown in table 2. you will note that the adjustment to ground speed really only becomes particularly significant at wcas above 20\u00b0 and then, in such conditions, it is probably unwise for light aircraft to be engaged in cross - country flight. example 1. the track required is 090\u00b0, the wind velocity is 060\u00b0 / 15 knots and tas is 70 knots. then the wind angle relative to track is 30\u00b0 left and, reading from table 1, the headwind component is \u2013 13 and the crosswind component is 7. thus the ground speed will be 70 \u2013 13 = 57 knots, the wind correction angle will be 7 / 70 \u00d7 60 = 6\u00b0 ( to the left ) and the heading = 084\u00b0. example 2. the track required is 300\u00b0, the wind velocity is 075\u00b0 / 15 knots and tas is 70 knots. then the wind angle relative to track is 135\u00b0 right and, reading from table 1, the headwind component is + 10 and the crosswind component is 10. thus the ground speed will be 70 + 10 = 80 knots, the wind correction angle will be 10 / 70 \u00d7 60 = 8\u00b0 ( to the right ) and the heading = 308\u00b0 example 3. the track required is 360\u00b0, the wind velocity is 075\u00b0 / 20 knots and tas is 70 knots. then the wind angle relative to track is 75\u00b0 right and, reading from table 1, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45332964069010817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.905705"} {"text": "heading = 308\u00b0 example 3. the track required is 360\u00b0, the wind velocity is 075\u00b0 / 20 knots and tas is 70 knots. then the wind angle relative to track is 75\u00b0 right and, reading from table 1, the headwind component is \u2013 5 and the crosswind component is 20. thus the ground speed will be 70 \u2013 5 = 65 knots, the wind correction angle will be 20 / 70 \u00d7 60 = 16\u00b0 ( to the right ) and the heading = 016\u00b0. however, because the wca exceeds 10\u00b0, table 2 is consulted. this shows for a wca of 16\u00b0 the ground speed should be further reduced by 3 % of the tas \u2014 about 2 knots, so the adjusted ground speed is 63 knots. back to top the jeppesen cr2, available from the airservices australia online store navigation and planning accessories for about a $ 50 is okay and will fit into your pocket \u2014 together with a small folding rule \u2014 and can be operated with one hand for time and distance calculations. there are hand - held e - 6b calculators or ' computers ', costing around a $ 150, which do much the same job as the whiz wheels. i think that all the in - flight variables, to which light aircraft flying at comparatively low levels are subject, negate any potential cost / benefit advantage of such expensive single purpose devices. however, e - 6b software utilities for palm os and pocket pc handheld computers are readily available for about us $ 20 \u2014 or possibly as freeware. to find sources, google ' e6b software '. it is my opinion that the whiz wheel gives a navigator a better grasp of the essentials of the wind triangle and thus makes it easier to mentally envisage in - flight corrections / adjustments without the need to fiddle with the whiz wheel or an electronic e - 6b device. money available for flight planning and navigation aids is well spent if you install a top quality magnetic compass and spend some time measuring, adjusting and recording the compass deviation in situ \u2014 and recheck deviation once or twice a year. back to top groundschool \u2014 flight planning & navigation guide | guide content | 1. australian airspace regulations | 2. charts & compass | 3. route planning | | [ 4. effect of wind ] | 5. flight plan completion | 6. safety audit | 7. airmanship & flight discipline | | 8. en route adjustment | 9. supplementary navigation technique | 10. global", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.476651644812236, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.906645"} {"text": "icy particles of space may have been the ingredients for life on earth lawrence leblond for redorbit. com \u2013 your universe online in an effort to better understand how life started on earth, researchers at nasa \u2019 s jet propulsion laboratory in pasadena, california are cooking up icy concoctions of organisms ( carbon - bearing molecules ) then zapping them with lasers. the jpl crew \u2019 s experiments also provide the first direct look at the organic chemistry that takes place in the chilly regions of our solar system, and even chillier reaches between stars. scientists theorize that the basic ingredients of life began their journey to earth on icy particles from these frigid regions of space. these icy organisms would have found their way into comets and asteroids, and have been carried around the solar system, some making their way to earth, administering a dose of \u201c prebiotic \u201d ingredients to jump - start life on the third rock from the sun. while the researchers do not have a clear answer on how icy organisms become slime molds, they say the findings help explain how the process works. published in the astrophysical journal letters, the study involved lab experiments to show that organic matter can begin the processing it needs to become prebiotic while still frozen in ice. \u201c the very basic steps needed for the evolution of life may have started in the coldest regions of our universe, \u201d said murthy gudipati, lead author of the new study at jpl. \u201c we were surprised to see organic chemistry brewing up on ice, at these very cold temperatures in our lab. \u201d the carbon - rich organics, called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( pahs ), which were used in the lab experiments, are found on earth as combustion products \u2013 in barbecue pits, candle soot, automobile tailpipes, et al. these pahs have also been found throughout space in comets and asteroids and other distant cosmic vectors. nasa \u2019 s spitzer space telescope has even detected pahs in the swirling planet - forming disks around stars, the spaces between stars, and in the remoteness of distant galaxies. gudipati and his colleague, rui yang, also of jpl, used a lab setup to mimic the environment of icy pah molecules found in the frigidness of space, at temperatures hovering around - 450 degrees fahrenheit. to replicate these conditions, the team first bombarded the particles with ultraviolet radiation similar to what is found emitted from stars. they then used a type of laser system known as maldi (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5187194323461659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.909428"} {"text": "any of about 30, 000 beetle species ( family scarabaeidae ), found worldwide, that are compact, heavy - bodied, and oval. each antenna terminates in three flattened plates that fit together to form a club. the outer edges of the front legs may be toothed or scalloped. species range from about 0. 2 to 4. 8 in. ( 5 to 120 mm ) long and include one of the heaviest known insects. one species of dung beetle, scarabaeus sacer, was sacred to the ancient egyptians. many species are agricultural pests ( e. g., chafer, japanese beetle, june beetle ) ; many are popular with insect collectors because they are large and have beautifully coloured, hard, highly polished forewings. learn more about scarab beetle with a free trial on britannica. com. scarab commemorating the marriage of amenhotep iii and queen tiy, 18th dynasty ; in the oriental elipsis learn more about scarab with a free trial on britannica. com. the genus scarabaeus consists of a number of old world dung beetle species, including the \" sacred scarab beetle \", scarabaeus sacer. these beetles feed exclusively on dung, which they accomplish by rolling a piece of dung some distance from where it was deposited, and burying it, with an egg deposited on the ball. the growing larva feeds upon the dung ball, pupates, and eventually emerges as an adult.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4648800030160278, "token_count": 296, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.910806"} {"text": "the \" castle \" in the village is a single pele tower that was built by robert de shirburn in the 14th century. it is within castle farm but can be easily accessed. the castle may have been built by the shirburn family during the time of owain glyndwr. a french army landed at angle in 1405 to assist glyndwr. some sources see this as a tower but others see evidence of a moat and another tower and see this ruin as the remains of a castle. in the nineteenth century it was reported that 388 people lived in the village with the women involved in plaiting straw for bonnets and mats, whilst the men would trawl for oysters when they were in season. in the same century a large number of forts were constructed around pembroke dock and milford haven. three of these are on the coast around angle, the east blockhouse battery, thorn island fort and the chapel bay battery. their construction was funded as part of advice to lord palmerston following a royal commission. the church itself is thought to have been built in the thirteenth century with the tower added in the fifteenth century. the church ' s grounds also include a number of graves for a japanese ship that sank locally during the first world war. the first rescue where the crew received silver medals was in the rescue of 27 ( some say 33 ) people who were on board the 1878 - built loch shiel which had ran into rocks off thorn island. two lifeboat crew members and the honorary secretary received silver medals. it was said that the lifeboat was unable to reach them but these brave people managed to reach them. the rescue is particularly noteworthy as it is described as wales ' \" whisky galore \". the loch shiel was carrying goods from scotland to adelaide and included gunpowder, beer and 7, 500 ( some say 7, 000 ) cases of glasgow whisky. much of this was never recovered. some of the bottles are still amongst the wreck which are described as \" undrinkable \", but much of the cargo was only partially recovered by the customs men. it was said that one local drank himself to death on the 100 proof whiskey. in 1999, bottles of beer from the wreck were auctioned for \u00a31000 per bottle. the next award was a bronze medal awarded to coxswain james watkins for rescuing 28 people on the 26 november 1929 from the single - screw steamship molesley which had been caught by a sudden wind change and a poor decision by its captain. james watkins went on to be awarded both a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4084235608632323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.914224"} {"text": "awarded to coxswain james watkins for rescuing 28 people on the 26 november 1929 from the single - screw steamship molesley which had been caught by a sudden wind change and a poor decision by its captain. james watkins went on to be awarded both a silver medal for rescuing 6 people in 1944 from the motor boat thor and a year later another bronze medal for a difficult rescue of nine people from the steamer walter l m russ. ( this steamer had been seized from the germans and sank on the 15 july before it could be renamed the empire concourse. ) more recently, coxswain william john rees holmes has been awarded two bronze medals. the first was in 1977 when the tanker donna marike was thought to be about to explode and the lifeboat stood by her in december 1976. the second bronze medal was for rescuing three people from the fishing boat cairnsmore on 1 december 1978. in 1997 a third coxswain, jeremy r. rees, and his crew were awarded another bronze medal for rescuing four people after their motor boat, dale princess, was blown onto cliffs on skomer island. the rescue was made in gale force winds and stormy seas. students study in premium class : two french organisations, compin group and the higher institute of design ( isd ) in valenciennes, joined forces to imagine what premium - class interiors of very high - speed trains could look like. the objective was to explore an assortment of scenarios and to pick the best one, as serge govindin, product designer with compin group, explains. ( train interiors ) jul 01, 2010 ; this design - school project to produce a new look for premium - class interiors of very high - speed trains ( vhst ) took nine months...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4304750646299527, "token_count": 349, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.914936"} {"text": "july 15, 2008 why do you do what is right, rather than what is wrong? that is hardly a new question. it troubled the minds of the ancients. some felt that humans are naturally drawn to virtue, but they were hard - pressed to explain why some individuals seemed to resist this impulse. others argued that society had to make a firm impression upon the young, inculcating a desire for virtue and character that was more external than internal. fast forward and the victorians in britain were convinced that a lack of virtue could be traced to either heredity or deprivation. assuming the british middle class as normative, the victorians offered the advice famously advocated by jiminy cricket to pinocchio - - \" let your conscience be your guide. \" experience indicates, consistent with what the bible teaches, that this advice has limited value. the conscience is a human capacity for sure, part of the moral sense that testifies of the imago dei, but it is just as deformed by the fall as any other capacity. conscience alone explains nothing. many of the most heinous acts in human history have been done by individuals with a clear conscience. the conscience can lie, rationalize, and deceive. more recently, moral philosophers have settled on a more clearly secular theory of morality - - rational choice theory. according to rational choice theory, people tend to settle on a moral code that fits their needs and leads, or is likely to lead, to their desired outcomes. in other words, individuals make a rational choice. a young woman might make a rational choice not to engage in premarital sex because she does not want to harm her reputation or opportunities or marriage. a young man might not shoplift because it would harm his chances of advancement. rational choice theorists argue that their theory can explain virtually any human behavior, including moral choice. we must admit that there is ample evidence to support this theory, at least in many cases of moral choice. this is a very significant insight for christian theology, for it reminds us that when people make a choice to do good, it does not follow that they are good. take the example of two ten - year - old boys. one is considered a \" good \" boy because he is pleasant, respectful, obedient, and rarely breaks rules. the other boy is a \" bad \" boy who is markedly unpleasant, disrespectful, disobedient, and regularly flaunts his breaking of rules. without doubt, we would rather that our own 10 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5214492054845785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.922089"} {"text": "breaks rules. the other boy is a \" bad \" boy who is markedly unpleasant, disrespectful, disobedient, and regularly flaunts his breaking of rules. without doubt, we would rather that our own 10 - year - old son, if we had one, would sit next to the first boy in class, rather than the second. but is the first boy really a \" good \" boy, and s the second really \" bad? \" in reality, the first boy may have decided that being \" good \" works for him. his parents expect it of him. he is rewarded when he obeys ( even if the reward is what merely comes his way with parental pleasure ) and he is punished when he disobeys. he may have learned to play the game - - a game with far larger rewards later in life. life goes much easier for this lad when he behaves well and is seen to do so - - so he does. the second boy has no experience of similar controls. he does not expect life to go better for him if he behaves well. he may lack parents who would even teach him how to behave, much less reward him when he obeys and punish him when he disobeys. instead, he learns that cutting corners, breaking rules, flaunting his misbehavior, and playing the part of the \" bad \" boy works for him. he gets more attention ( even if negative attention ) and gains the respect of his peer structure by misbehavior. as twentieth century authors like joseph heller and kurt vonnegut understood so well, standing upside - down works rather well when the world is upside - down. minette marrin raises many of these issues in her insightful report on britain ' s problem of criminal youth - - boys and young man who have rejected the social contract and are seemingly beyond the reach of those who would reform them. in other words, these are young males who have made a rational choice to be criminals, she argues. her report was published in the july 13, 2008 edition of the times [ london ]. as she makes her case, she also offers some important insights into how britain negotiated away its common moral commitments. no one disagrees any longer that britain is in parts and in places broken ; gallowgate [ in glascow ] is a horrifying microcosm of broken families, broken spirits, broken health and broken schools ; it is a dark place of chronic unemployment, violence and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5059572490766493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.923374"} {"text": "is in parts and in places broken ; gallowgate [ in glascow ] is a horrifying microcosm of broken families, broken spirits, broken health and broken schools ; it is a dark place of chronic unemployment, violence and crime, of disorder and fear \u2013 - a disgrace to the supposedly developed world. it ' s also true that at long last people of all persuasions are beginning to recognise that this social breakdown is due in part to the abdication both of authority and of personal responsibility that began some time after the war. some are inclined to emphasise the demoralising paternalism of the welfare state, others the permissiveness of the 1960s, but few now question this abdication, at all levels. not only that \u2013 - taking personal responsibility is sometimes forbidden, or punished, as when misguided adults try to control delinquent children in the street. however, while personal responsibility and shared morality are essential to a good society and the only glue for a broken one, neither can be had just by whistling for them. both depend on an instinctive sense of a social contract. conventional morality is meaningless to a boy who has nothing whatsoever to gain by good behaviour. personal responsibility means nothing if you have grown up neglected, abused and powerless among adults who hardly know what it is and feel powerless themselves. those paragraphs contain crucial moral insights and social observations. many of those insights and observations would fit just as well with reference to american cities and american youth. one important difference is that a smaller percentage of american boys and young men seem yet to have abandoned the entire social contract. then comes marrin ' s key paragraph : morality depends on having something to lose. it isn ' t just a matter of learning right from wrong, least of all in a post - religious society. morality is socially constructed. i will respect your property and your person because i want you to respect mine. we both have something to lose. one does not have to be educated in political philosophy to understand that ancient deal. but if i have neither property nor respect from anyone, what ' s in the deal for me? with this paragraph she articulates rational choice theory in all of its plausibility and all its inherent limitations. we must admit that much of what we call morality is indeed socially constructed - - matters of cultural context and custom. but we fool ourselves if we believe that all morality is socially constructed. rational choice theory must assume that it is, but a bit of serious reflection is enough to throw all that into doubt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5298878631503725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.924597"} {"text": "is indeed socially constructed - - matters of cultural context and custom. but we fool ourselves if we believe that all morality is socially constructed. rational choice theory must assume that it is, but a bit of serious reflection is enough to throw all that into doubt. the christian worldview insists that morality depends ultimately upon the character of god. god ' s own righteousness is the ground of authentic morality and his revelation of what is right and what is wrong ( as paul reminds us, in nature, in conscience, in the law, in the scripture, and in christ ) is our only sure guide. minette marrin offers frightening insights in her important report. these insights should humble the proud, and make us all a bit more aware of just why we \" behave \" when others do not. a good dose of rational choice theory is humbling indeed. but, at the same time, we must be thankful that this is not where we are left. the rational choice theorist has little or nothing to say to the boys and young men of minette marrin ' s concern. the christian church does have something to say - - the liberating truth of the gospel. but in order to be heard, we had better first be humbled by the honest recognition that we are not as \" good \" as we like to think. we are all delinquents - - every last one of us. in addition to being one of salem \u2019 s nationally syndicated radio talk show hosts, r. albert mohler, jr. is the president of the southern baptist theological seminary in louisville, kentucky. contact dr. mohler at www. albertmohler. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.507233942980797, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.925320"} {"text": "man in space is an episode of disneyland which originally aired on march 9, 1955. it was directed by disney animator ward kimball. kimball was famous for his creation of the character jiminy cricket, the cheshire cat, the march hare, the mad hatter, and for redesigning mickey mouse in 1938. he joined the disney studios in 1934, and rose up in the ranks to become a directing animator on such classics as \u201c snow white and the seven dwarfs, \u201d \u201c pinocchio, \u201d \u201c fantasia \u201d and \u201c peter pan. \u201d he directed disney oscar - winning shorts \u201c toot, whistle, plunk and boom \u201d in 1953 and \u201c it \u2019 s tough to be a bird \u201d in 1969. this disneyland episode ( set in tomorrowland ), was narrated partly by kimball and also by such famed scientists as dr. willy ley, dr. heinz haber, dr. wernher von braun, and dick tufeld of lost in space fame. the show talks briefly about the lighthearted history of rockets and is followed by discussions of satellites, a practical look ( through humorous animation ) at what spacemen will have to face in a rocket ( both physically and psychologically, such as momentum, weightlessness, radiation, even space sickness ) and a rocket takeoff into space. both haber and wernher von braun were involved with operation paperclip and intimately a part of the nuremberg medical tribunal, which saw former nazis war criminals rescued to the united states, ultimately resulting in a considerable contribution to the development of nasa. operation paperclip was the office of strategic services program used to recruit the scientists of nazi germany for employment by the united states in the aftermath of world war ii ( 1939 \u2013 45 ). it was conducted by the joint intelligence objectives agency, and in the context of the burgeoning soviet \u2013 american cold war. unknown to many disney watchers, kimball was also student of ufos and outer space. kimball worked with technical advisor werhner von braun to write and direct three key outer space documentaries for the \u201c disneyland \u201d television series. the three documentaries were, \u201c man in space, \u201d \u201c man and the moon, \u201d and \u201c mars and beyond. \u201d kimball referred to them as, \u201c the creative highpoint of my career. according to disney spokesman howard e. green, the three outer space documentaries are \u201c often credited with popularizing the concept of the government \u2019 s space program during the 1950s. the first of these, the 1955 \u201c man in space, was so popular ( viewed by over 42 million people", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4270859764975289, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.928043"} {"text": "centennial of alfred wegener ' s continental drift theory : the start of earth systems science one century ago, in january 1912, alfred wegener presented for the first time his theory of \" continental drift \" at a meeting held in frankfurt, in germany ( * ). wegener had collected geological and paleontological data that gave weight to an old observation : that the margin of continents on the opposite sides of the atlantic ocean seemed to correspond ; as in a gigantic puzzle. accordingly, wegener proposed that the present continents were once joined together but had slowly drifted away from each other of hundred of millions of years. ( image source : j. floor anthony ) the story of the theory of continental drift spans several decades. initially rejected by a majority of geologists, it gradually gained acceptance, until it became standard in the 1950s. later on, it became part of what we call today \" plate tectonics \" which is a pillar of everything that we know in earth systems science. occasionally, the troubled story of alfred wegener ' s theory has been perversely appropriated by climate deniers to claim that they are discriminated by the scientific establishment. but that only shows that climate deniers don ' t understand how science works. all new scientific theories are subjected to close scrutiny and wegener ' s one was no exception. its acceptance took time for various reasons, including the start of the first world war, shortly after it had been presented. mainly, however, it was because at the time of wegener there was no evidence that continents could actually move and no proof that they actually did. when satisfactory experimental evidence on these points became available, the theory was universally accepted. it is true that the debate on continental drift was harsher than usual, but it was not different than any scientific debate, as you can read in detail at this link. wegener himself would be appalled today if he could see his name associated to junk science, as sometimes it is ( see here, for instance ). the relevance of wegener ' s idea of continental drift ( and of its underlying mechanism : plate tectonics ) is not just related to an old scientific debate. it is the basis of the modern science of earth ' s systems, which includes climate science. continental drift is a manifestation of the dynamic forces existing inside the earth, in the region that we call \" mantle \". it is because of the flow of matter from the crust to the mantle and back that the system maintains a concentration of carbon dioxide in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5244631745048707, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.932011"} {"text": "continental drift is a manifestation of the dynamic forces existing inside the earth, in the region that we call \" mantle \". it is because of the flow of matter from the crust to the mantle and back that the system maintains a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere sufficient to maintain plant photosynthesis. without plate tectonics, there could be no life on earth. indeed, venus and mars have no active plate tectonics and - as far as we know - no organic life. but plate tectonics does not just maintain some carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. it also regulates its concentration and, with it, the surface temperature of earth. carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas acting as the earth ' s \" thermostat knob. \" the mechanisms of plate tectonics have slowly reduced its concentration in order to maintain an average constant temperature, despite the gradual increase of solar irradiation over geological times ( some 10 % each billion years ). this regulation is far from being perfect : during the past aeons, the earth saw ice ages and very hot periods but, on the average, temperatures remained within the bounds necessary for life to exist. unfortunately, this regulation mechanism is too slow to remedy to the perturbation we are causing today to climate by our carbon dioxide emissions. still, what we know about the mechanism of plate tectonics and its consequences on the past history of our planet should make us more careful about what we are doing now to the ecosystems. this knowledge goes back, ultimately, to the work of alfred wegener : scientist and pioneer of earth systems science. you can read how modern wegener ' s view of earth systems science was from this excerpt from ucmp ( university of california museum of technology ) \" scientists still do not appear to understand sufficiently that all earth sciences must contribute evidence toward unveiling the state of our planet in earlier times, and that the truth of the matter can only be reached by combing all this evidence... it is only by combing the information furnished by all the earth sciences that we can hope to determine ' truth ' here, that is to say, to find the picture that sets out all the known facts in the best arrangement and that therefore has the highest degree of probability. further, we have to be prepared always for the possibility that each new discovery, no matter what science furnishes it, may modify the conclusions we draw. \" * wegener, alfred ( 1912 ). \" die herausbildung der grossformen der erdr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5206155930322546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.933060"} {"text": "bust of tragedian poet sophocles from 496 - 406 b. c. made of casting stone with an antique, ivory - colored finish. approx. 150mm ( 15cm ) x 60mm ( 6cm ) x 60mm ( 6cm ) sophocles ( ancient greek \u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c2, c. 496 bce - 406 bce ) was the second of the three ancient greek tragedians whose work has survived. his first plays were written later than those of aeschylus and earlier than those of euripides. according to the suda, a 10th century encyclopedia, sophocles wrote 123 plays during the course of his life, but only seven have survived in a complete form : ajax, antigone, trachinian women, oedipus the king, electra, philoctetes and oedipus at colonus. for almost 50 years, sophocles was the most - awarded playwright in the dramatic competitions of the city - state of athens that took place during the religious festivals of the lenaea and the dionysia. sophocles, the son of sophillus, was a wealthy member of the rural deme ( small community ) of colonus hippius in attica, which would later become a setting for his plays, and was probably born there. his birth took place a few years before the battle of marathon in 490 bce : the exact year is unclear, although 497 / 6 is perhaps most likely. sophocles ' first artistic triumph was in 468 bce when he took first prize in the dionysia theatre competition over the reigning master of athenian drama, aeschylus. according to plutarch the victory came under unusual circumstances. instead of following the custom of choosing judges by lot, the archon asked cimon and the other strategoi present to decide the victor of the contest. plutarch further contends that aeschylus soon left for sicily following this loss to sophocles.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.366005964718657, "token_count": 415, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.934913"} {"text": "hey there rrr! i ' m back with another tutorial already! why, you ask? well... because the last one i made, while useful, wasn ' t actually what was requested. why? well because sometimes i ' m not very bright. there, i said it! anyways, this is another puzzle switch tutorial, but more in the vein of a rubix cube, though simpler. this puzzle will cause a switch to change color, along with the switch next to it. the goal is to match all the colors to one pre - defined color. for the sake of the tutorial, i used yellow as the color you ' d like to reach. anyways, on with the tutorial! the first thing you are going to create is switches, make as many as you want, to keep things simple, i made four and made each one a different color. now for each event you will create a number of pages equal to the amount of colors you will cycle through ( again, i used four ). on each of these event pages you will create something rather simple, but a bit time consuming. you must make a variable for each switch you are going to use. now you will have a button pressed action for the event. what it will do is increase the variable of it ' s own color by 1 as well as the variable of any colors next to it. you will then repeat this for each event page. though for each page after the first you must make a requirement of the variable for that event, and have each page require one higher variable. what this will do is cause it to change event pages each time the variable goes up, if that ' s pushing this event or the one adjacent to it, it will have the same result. you can now repeat this process for each event, make sure to have each event start on a different color, though you will want to keep the event pages identical in style to the first one, but with variables that match that event and the ones it is adjacent to. now you ask, \" but how does it go back to it ' s default color?! \" why, that ' s where your safety net event comes in! you will make a parallel process event that has several conditional branches in it. you will set each of these conditional branches alone, and have them check for each variable, once that variable equals a number higher then the amount used in the event pages, ( in my case 4 ), you will set that variable to 0,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5496962948609841, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.938867"} {"text": ". you will set each of these conditional branches alone, and have them check for each variable, once that variable equals a number higher then the amount used in the event pages, ( in my case 4 ), you will set that variable to 0, causing it to revert to it ' s default color! simple, yes? now in that same event you will have a longer conditional branch string. you must make each one check to see if the event is the variable for the color you want them all to be ( in my case yellow ), so this will require you to check the event pages on each of them and see what the variable is required for that color. then you set the first conditional branch to check if it ' s the right variable, if it is you check the next one and so on, until it ' s complete. if it is not the right variable, set no else, as it will simply continue. now on the last event page, when all of them are the correct variable you will create one final variable ( i named my solution ) and set it to 1, do not add as the parallel process will just keep adding it as long as the colors are correct. on the chest or door or such you will put a conditional branch of that variable, requiring it to be set to 1, if it is, your chest will open, if it is not it laughs at you or whatever you had devised. phew, that was a lot of words! you ' ve all been troopers, especially since there was no pictures in this tutorial. so. here is a puppy : along with a demo here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5257026033069283, "token_count": 329, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.939555"} {"text": "mamertine prison, rome the mamertine prison consists of two gloomy underground cells where rome ' s vanquished enemies were imprisoned and usually died, of either starvation or strangulation. famous prisoners here include the goth jugurtha, the indomitable gaul vercingetorix and, according to legend, st. peter. there is no archaeological evidence or early written account that peter was here, but the legend had taken root by the 5th century and the prison attracted early pilgrims. it remains a pilgrimage site today and a church, san giuseppe dei falegnami, now stands over the prison. the legend that peter and paul were imprisoned here has not been found to predate the 5th century, yet it is not impossible that it is based in fact. paul may have been detained here before he was executed at the aquas salvias ( at the abbazia delle tre fontane ) and peter before being executed in nero ' s circus on vatican hill. paul mentions imprisonment several times in his letters, such as in philippians 1 : 13 : \" it has become known throughout the whole praetorian guard and to all the rest that my imprisonment is for christ. \" according to later legend, st. peter caused a spring to miraculously well up in the prison so that he could baptize his fellow prisoners. this spring is said to have miraculously cured the illnesses of pilgrims. the mamertime prison is mentioned by several ancient writers, including livy, who dated its construction to the 7th century bc under king ancus : the lower room of the remaining part is known as the tullianum after its builder servius tullius ( 6th century bc ). this part served as a place not of punishment but of detention and execution for condemned criminals. the ancient historian sallust said it was 12 feet below the ground and \" neglect, darkness and stench make it hideous and fearsome to behold. \" the prison was in use until at least the late 4th century ad, when it was mentioned by the historian ammianus marcellinus. after the prison ceased to be used for its original purpose, it became a pilgrim site and accumulated various legends. it later became known as mamertinus. in the 16th century, the church of san guiseppe dei falegnami was built above the prison. what to see modern steps lead down to the upper level of the prison, which is at the original ground level of ancient rome. the doorway is modern. the upper room of the prison is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4042234359614842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.943765"} {"text": "guiseppe dei falegnami was built above the prison. what to see modern steps lead down to the upper level of the prison, which is at the original ground level of ancient rome. the doorway is modern. the upper room of the prison is trapezoidal in shape and dates from the 2nd century bc. the walls are made of blocks of tufa and bears a plaque on the right naming the more famous prisoners, listing how and when each one died. a second plaque names the martyrs and saints who were held here with the names of their persecutors, and the notable visitors who came here on pilgrimage. in the back is an altar with the busts of saints peter and paul. the lower room was originally accessed through a round opening in the floor of the upper room, which is now covered with a grate. today, access is by means of a modern staircase on the left. at the top, look for a stone said to have the imprint of st. peter ' s head from when he was hurled down into the prison. the lower room, the tullianum, is circular and made of blocks of peperino held together without mortar. this was the most inner and secret part of the larger complex, and here the condemned were thrown and usually strangled. here there is a small altar, topped with a relief of st. peter baptizing his fellow prisoners. the upside - down cross on the red marble front lends the desolate place an extra - sinister air, but that ' s the cross of st. peter, who was crucified upside down. to the left of the altar is a column to which both peter and paul were tied and from there they converted their guards to christianity. a round opening in the floor next to the altar provides access to a spring which has surfaces in the floor since classical times : this is the one that peter is said to have miraculously created for baptism and which pilgrims have long believed to have healing properties. quick facts on the mamertine prison | names : | | carcere mamertino ; mamertine prison ; mamertine prison, rome ; san guiseppe dei falegnami ; san pietro in carcare | | cat : | | shrines ; churches ; catholic shrines | | dates : | | 7th / 6th c bce | | visitor and contact information | | address : | | foot of the capitoline hill, rome, italy | | coordinates : | | 41. 893192\u00b0 n, 12. 484557\u00b0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3947358104471281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.944696"} {"text": "| | 7th / 6th c bce | | visitor and contact information | | address : | | foot of the capitoline hill, rome, italy | | coordinates : | | 41. 893192\u00b0 n, 12. 484557\u00b0 e ( view on google maps ) | | opening hours : | | daily 9 - 12 : 30 and 2 - 5 | | cost : | | free ; donations requested at the entrance. | | lodging : | | view hotels near this location | map of the mamertine prison below is a location map and aerial view of the mamertine prison. using the buttons on the left ( or the wheel on your mouse ), you can zoom in for a closer look, or zoom out to get your bearings. to move around, click and drag the map with your mouse. - personal visit ( july 16, 2006 ). - matilda webb, the churches and catacombs of early christian rome : a comprehensive guide ( sussex academic press, 2001 ). - fodor ' s rome. | title : | | mamertine prison, rome | | link code : | | < a href = \" http : / / www. sacred - destinations. com / italy / rome - mamertine - prison \" > mamertine prison, rome < / a > |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.37271008571609265, "token_count": 269, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.945159"} {"text": "fire alarm system fire alarm systems are a worthwhile investment in the protection of your home and family work is carried out in accordance with bs 5839 along with any recommendations made by the local fire officer, and we take into consideration both these factors when dealing with installation and testing of fire alarm as an example, one of the recommendations is that your fire alarm system should have a \u201c full \u201d annual test of all elements ( heat / smoke sensors, break glass ), followed by a quarterly functional test of a percentage of the elements. we can test and certify your fire alarm system to meet the above requirements. is an excellent way to stay away from the harness of the fire. now a day \u2019 s fire alarm has become a part and parcel of every building due to its ability to prevent causalities caused by fire. another reason of fire alarm \u2019 s popularity is its cost. you can have one just for $ 10. lets examine how this great security tool works. actually every fire alarm is composition of two main elements i. e. a smoke sensor and a siren. the smoke sensor has the ability to sense the smoke and trigger the siren to alert people. the sensor is connected with a 9 volt battery or with 120 volts house current. there are two main types of smoke detectors. there are photoelectric detectors and ionization detectors. photoelectric detectors works on a very simple rule. a light beam is thrown from one end and on the other end there is a light sensor. if there is some hurdle between the light beam and light sensor, it will trigger the alarm. there are two main disadvantages of this type of sensor. firstly such sensors are large in size. secondly, these sensors are not very sensitive. these sensors require a lot of thick smoke to switch on the alarm. the ionization detectors are mostly used in fire alarm systems because it is more inexpensive and more sensitive. there is a small ionization chamber in fire alarm which contains almost 1 / 5000th of a gram of americium - 241 which is a radioactive element. when there is a small amount of smoke near the fire alarm, the ionization chamber senses it due to radioactive process.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4918802871567124, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.947378"} {"text": "breathing is something we do without even thinking about it. but some people have a hard time breathing easily. they wheeze, cough, and just can ' t get enough air into their lungs. let ' s talk about asthma. normally when you breathe, oxygen - rich air enters your nose and mouth and travels to the airways in your lungs. but when you have an asthma attack, the muscles in your airways tighten. your airways swell up and get narrower. it ' s like pressing on a straw when you ' re trying to drink through it. the more you press, the less of your drink can squeeze up through the straw. in the same way, less air can squeeze through tight airways into your lungs. so, what causes asthma? people with asthma have different triggers. some people are sensitive to pet hair or dander. others find that dust, pollen, smoke, or chemicals make them wheeze. you may have trouble breathing when you ' re under stress or working out at the gym. often people with asthma have allergies that trigger their attacks. others have a parent or other relative who has allergies. you may ask, ow can you know for sure that you have asthma? during an asthma attack, you ' ll have trouble breathing. you may cough or wheeze as you try to draw air into your lungs. if you ' re having a severe attack, your lips and face may turn blue and you ' ll have a hard time getting any air. that ' s when it ' s time to call for emergency help. your doctor will listen to your lungs with a stethoscope, and may do other tests to check your blood and lung function. to find out what ' s triggering your asthma, you may need to be tested for allergies to mold, pollen, pet dander, or other substances. to measure the strength of air flowing out of your lungs, you ' ll blow into a device called a peak flow meter. you can also use a peak flow meter to make sure you ' re keeping your asthma under control. different medicines are used to prevent and treat asthma. control drugs help you avoid asthma attacks, but you need to take them every day for them to work. you breathe in control drugs like flovent, singulair, and pulmicort through an inhaler. if you ' re having an asthma attack, you can take a quick - relief drug to control your wheezing. examples of quick - relief drugs include short - acting inhaled drugs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44673760882770086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.950023"} {"text": "a working paper by major l. clark, iii and radwan n. saade office of advocacy u. s. small business administration release date : september 2010 the statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations found in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the office of advocacy, the united states small business administration, or the united states government. the role of small business in economic development of the united states : from the end of the korean war ( 1953 ) to the present major l. clark, iii and radwan n. saade a government can use its financial strength to acquire goods and services, while at the same time watering many sources to improve the health, welfare, and security of its population. economic development has been evasive to a significant section of the u. s. and federal programs have attempted to remedy the disparity ( ies ). we contend that small business is an engine of economic growth and job creation ; and that not tapping it delays rather promotes growth. while providing a brief history of federal economic development programs, we argue that small business was not given a chance to act as multiplier, and that if the u. s. is to continue to grow, small businesses must be part of the mantle to lead it to the next level ; otherwise, the past is prologue. let us suggest at the outset that the past is prologue ( shakespeare, the tempest ). the united states ( u. s. ) federal government \u2019 s acquisition budget is larger than the entire budgets of some countries. the government uses this monetary strength to acquire the necessary goods and services to provide for the health, welfare and security of its people and allies around the world, and to promote and achieve other goals and objectives such as economic development. \u201c these government contracts, by means by which many of the community needs are satisfied cannot be equaled with ordinary contracts \u2026. \u201d ( turpin, 1968 ). the goal of the present paper is to show a link between economic development and small business. the reasons are varied, but one can consider the contribution small business has had in the u. s. economy, both in terms of output and job creation. however, it has been argued that small businesses are not always at the forefront of some federal policy discussions on economic development ( chase, 1973 ). it is this assertion that we aim to either prove or disprove by looking at the significant legislative initiatives since the end of the korean war and the procurement tools that ensued. to that end", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4789500879634175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.989140"} {"text": "federal policy discussions on economic development ( chase, 1973 ). it is this assertion that we aim to either prove or disprove by looking at the significant legislative initiatives since the end of the korean war and the procurement tools that ensued. to that end, the paper is organized as follows. section 2 will define economic development. within this context, sections 3 - 4 will provide a brief history of economic development in the united states with a focus on several major legislative initiatives. finally, we will examine several procurement tools used by the federal government to promote job creation and economic development. the first procurement tool is the labor surplus area program. this program was a creation of the post korean war. we also look at additional procurement tools such as the 1977 local public works act, the hubzone act, and the stafford act, and conclude with a review of the current effort to create economic development stimulus through the american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009. we find that, overall, these tools and actions failed to incorporate comprehensively the unique and valuable perspective of this nation \u2019 s economic strength, the small business community. definition of economic development economic development is fundamentally about enhancing the factors of productive capacity - land, labor, capital, and technology - of a national, state or local economy. by using its resources and powers to reduce the risks and costs that could prohibit investment, the public sector often has been responsible for setting the stage for employment - generating investment by the private sector ( valley county economic development, 1998 ). the public sector generally seeks to increase incomes ; the number of jobs ; and the production of resources in regions, states, counties, cities, towns, and neighborhoods. i drabenstott ( 2006 ) defines economic development as involving both the restructuring and growth of an economy to enhance the economic well - being of people that live in a particular place. an increasing number of voices contend that economic development policies must pass the tests suggested by the following definitions : are the policies, programs, and practices generating a higher standard of living and more and better jobs? are programs becoming more accountable, cost - effective, and user - friendly? are they expanding opportunities for all americans? are they becoming more compatible with conserving our environmental assets and promoting a higher quality of life? ii by definition, economic development is the nucleus of a nation \u2019 s master plan for continued prosperity and existence. economic development must link the sources of production with the wellbeing of its people. if economic development is to occur, several conditions must be present. one report refers to these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5422825180173622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.990295"} {"text": "the nucleus of a nation \u2019 s master plan for continued prosperity and existence. economic development must link the sources of production with the wellbeing of its people. if economic development is to occur, several conditions must be present. one report refers to these conditions as the five m \u2019 s which are materials, manpower, markets, management and money ( bruno 1980 ). as also shown by data from the office of advocacy ( advocacy ) at the united states \u2019 small business administration ( sba ), small businesses are the gate keeper of the five m \u2019 s. economic development must not only be in the present, but it must also be visionary for the nation and its regions. in the late 1990s, writings of professor michael porter and more recently karen mills and others support a belief that perhaps cluster economic development or regional industry clusters \u2014 geographic concentrations of interconnected firms and supporting organizations \u2014 represent a potent source of productivity at a moment of national vulnerability to global economic competition ( mills et al. 2008 ). in fact, drabenstott states that \u201c the world has changed but federal policy has not. most federal programs for economic development were written for the economy of the 20th century, not the 21st century. \u201d drabenstott further believes that \u201c federal policy has focused on small business for half a century, but entrepreneurship is a much bigger issue. \u201d iii contrary to drabenstott, these 20th century policies failed to acknowledge the role of small business. a brief history of economic development in the united states will provide a foundation for the belief that history has a strong tendency to repeat itself ; but if this nation is to continue its worldwide leadership role, it will have to deviate from history, and reoptimize its economic development policies to include small businesses. history of economic development in the united states the period prior to 1953 the first significant impact of federal government involvement in the day - to - day operation of the country \u2019 s economic system was during the civil war and lasting through world war i. it was, according to chase ( 1973 ), during this period that the first indications of significant growth of big business began to emerge that resulted in the sherman antitrust act of 1890 and the clayton act of 1914, both designed to control the evils of economic concentration associated with monopoly and oligopoly. even with these bold legislative initiatives, the national economic development objectives of the united states did not begin to take shape in earnest until the 1930s and 1940s. prior to the great depression the government had already established legislation for select elements of area economic development", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4941665438323761, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.991338"} {"text": ") : originally the national planning board, established in 1933 and renamed in 1934, was designed to implement the public works planning and construction provision of the nira. ix besides examining the physical aspects of regional economic development, nrpb recommended the creation of coordinated interstate, state, and local planning boards and districts, which were conceived of as early predecessors for the area redevelopment act of 1961 ( ara ) and the public works and economic development act of 1965 ( pweda ). x iii. the tennessee valley authority ( tva ) : designed to meet president roosevelt \u2019 s vision of a national system of interlocking river - valley regional development projects. it is the most well - known and well - funded of more than forty state planning commissions established during the 1930s to help coordinate federal economic planning. the tva planning approach served as a precedent for other development commissions, such as the appalachian regional commission ( arc ). xi in 1942, the smaller war plants corporation ( swpc ) was established to determine how best small businesses could be used to assist in the production of parts for world war ii. the swpc was a pioneer agency because it was the first federal agency established to assist small firms. xii prior to the creation of swpc, congress received numerous complaints that small businesses were being denied the opportunity to participate in defense contracting and that these contracts were being given mostly to large businesses. xiii this form of discrimination gave rise to a fear in congress that unless small businesses were included in defense contracting, the united states might be weakened on the home front. xiv so profound was this problem, that a slogan was coined, \u201c if america will save the small businessmen, then small businessmen will save america. \u201d xv congress also recognized the severity of this crisis and in 1941 passed resolution 294 that not only authorized an investigation of the national defense program relative to small business but also began the process of creating a specific committee to focus on the problesmall business. xvi the work of swpc ended in 1946. it slowly became evident that small businesses were good enough to help in the defense of this nation but not good enough to enjoy the economic benefits of a peace time prosperity. it was not until another war crisis that a new temporary small business agency emerged. the small defense plants administration was created to help small firms participate in defense production during the korean war. xvii in the 1940s, legislation to aid depressed areas was largely driven by several administration officials and congressional representatives, including henry a. wallace, who, as secretary of commerce, negotiated congressional hearings on the issue of chronic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4813149381973547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.993459"} {"text": "defense production during the korean war. xvii in the 1940s, legislation to aid depressed areas was largely driven by several administration officials and congressional representatives, including henry a. wallace, who, as secretary of commerce, negotiated congressional hearings on the issue of chronically distressed regions. xviii wallace focused on the south, arguing that the nation could not achieve full employment when an entire region was lagging ( wallace, 1945 ). xix also, wallace pointed out that in 1820, farm employment represented 72 percent of the economically active population in the united states. between 1940 and 1970 the farm population declined from 30. 5 million to 10. 3 million. xx one reason for this drastic decline was the loss of soldiers in war ; and for those who returned home, many did not want to return to a life of farming. wallace \u2019 s proposal was to develop a comprehensive federal strategy for depressed areas but it did not explicitly focus on small businesses. xxi in 1945, two legislative proposals on depressed areas reached congress. the first bill became the 1946 full employment act. this act was amended to assist underdeveloped areas. xxii this bill was linked to underdeveloped areas, and focused on shifting remedial action for rural problems from a people \u2013 to \u2013 jobs orientation ( worker mobility ) to jobs \u2013 to \u2013 people orientation ( employment establishment expansion ). in sum, it promised assistance to private economic initiatives. xxiii presumably this would include small businesses, but history does not provide a clear picture of whether that was the case. the intent of the second bill was to provide industrialization aid to underdeveloped areas. xxiv during this period two significant statistical collection and distribution agencies were established : the bureau of employment security and the area development division. these additions reflected the truman administration \u2019 s desire to narrow regional differentials by raising productivity and incomes in lagging regions by improving agricultural methods and land use, industrial expansion and diversification, and increased health and education levels. xxv to achieve these goals the council of economic advisers began to study ways to integrate programs in business, labor, agriculture, and all levels of government that would benefit each and contribute to the whole. xxvi president truman ' s ascension to the presidency upon president roosevelt ' s passing produced little change. he continued the new deal legacy and responded to the predictions of massive post - war unemployment by reaffirming the nation ' s commitment to full utilization of its material and human resources through the employment act of 1946. xxvii the period after 1953 after president truman, president eisenhower", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49071546665977506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.994655"} {"text": "and responded to the predictions of massive post - war unemployment by reaffirming the nation ' s commitment to full utilization of its material and human resources through the employment act of 1946. xxvii the period after 1953 after president truman, president eisenhower believed that economic problems stemmed from various causes. xxviii his deep concern over these issues surfaced in a strong appeal for legislation to aid chronically depressed areas, and opposition to bills that would establish policy for area assistance. in general, the eisenhower administration tended to favor technical assistance and loans to depressed areas. this lead to the passage of the small business act in 1953 and the initiation of the rural development program in 1955. xxix overall, the economic improvement programs of the eisenhower administration focused more on the efforts of state and local governments, as well as civic organizations, than in the past. xxx this led to a new area assistance program, designed to better assist communities that had experienced persistent and substantial unemployment. xxxi unemployment in some concentrated regions of the nation created a concern for congress. the senate subcommittee to investigate unemployment, of the committee on labor and public welfare, held hearings on the causes of chronic unemployment in march 1955. xxxii the flow of depressed area legislative proposals continued, but at the close of 1959, none had received full legislative and executive support. it was nearly six years later before congress would enact legislation creating the economic development administration. within this historical economic backdrop in the united states, eda was born in 1965. federal economic development programs a. economic development administration. xxxiii as appropriately suggested by glasmeier and farrigan ( 2006 ), president johnson planned to group together distressed counties and communities in economically viable development districts, focusing planning and assistance on the area as a whole as well as on individual counties and towns. the details of the proposal were laid out in pweda. the pweda would be a permanent program to provide grants for public works and development facilities, other financial assistance, and the planning and coordination needed to alleviate conditions of substantial and persistent unemployment and underemployment in economically depressed areas and regions. the bill contained provisions for : 1 ) the majority of funding for grants for construction of public works projects to attract industry ; 2 ) loans mainly for construction of industrial plants ; 3 ) the guarantee of working capital loans by the government and help paying interest on certain loans for private firms. the primary and secondary objectives of the eda were as follows : a - self - sustained economic development - eda was to provide stimulus for self sustained", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46305606077960143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.995752"} {"text": "the guarantee of working capital loans by the government and help paying interest on certain loans for private firms. the primary and secondary objectives of the eda were as follows : a - self - sustained economic development - eda was to provide stimulus for self sustained growth rather than effecting long - term income transfers to the unemployed. this followed the concept of the agency that it could correct the negative effects of market forces and that prosperity was a desirable political and economic goal. b - increased planning capacity - eda \u2019 s goal was to promote sound, long range economic planning at all levels of government necessary to aid in infrastructure development ; according to the act, this required the creation of regional commissions, development districts, a national advisory board, planning grants, and technical assistance, as well as community designed overall economic development plans. c - rural focus of aid - although not explicitly stated, the political perspective of urban ills presented in the act was that they were largely a spin - off of the deterioration of rural life and the resulting rural to urban migration. therefore, a major objective of the eda was to curtail rural emigration. a - maximization of national economic efficiency. b - the achievement of equity as compared to other regions through economic growth. c - relief of effects of cyclical economic distress. d - geographic dispersion of assistance limited to 15 % of eda expenditures per state. b. the small business administration notwithstanding a nearly 25 - year effort to get a central point of reference for economic development, the primary and secondary objectives of this historic eda accomplishment did not acknowledge small business. some would suggest that this new eda law did not want to infringe on the jurisdiction of the small business administration, but how can one think of maximizing national economic efficiency without a primary role for small businesses? xxxiv excluded from consideration in the 1965 eda act was the question of why small businesses are so vital to the well being of this nation \u2019 s economic fabric. during world wars i and ii and the korean war, the small business community rose to the fight. small businesses kept this nation at the doorstep of victory. \u201c if america will save the small businessmen, the small businessmen will save america. \u201d small business saved america and america responded by creating the small business act of 1953. the korean war ended in 1953, president eisenhower signed into law legislation that created the small business administration ( sba ) on july 30, 1953. xxxv these two very separate events in the archives of american history were very much connected to each other.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46259245238766183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.996809"} {"text": "korean war ended in 1953, president eisenhower signed into law legislation that created the small business administration ( sba ) on july 30, 1953. xxxv these two very separate events in the archives of american history were very much connected to each other. sba became the first peacetime agency of government whose purpose is to provide assistance to all aspects of small business. xxxvi passed in 1953, the small business act established the sba with the mandate to \" encourage \" and \" develop \" small business growth, and to aid minorities and other disadvantaged people in securing loans and learning management techniques. \" the essence of the american economic system of private enterprise is free competition, \" the act reads, \" only through full and free competition can free markets, free entry into business, and opportunities for the expression and growth of personal initiative and individual judgment be assured. the preservation and expansion of such competition is basic not only to economic well - being but to the security of this nation. \" xxxvii congress adopted the small business act during the eisenhower administration, a time of economic expansion. millions of g. i. ' s returning from the army in 1945 and 1946 injected a renewed workforce into the economy, and factory jobs filled up quickly. factories were no longer producing for the war effort, and many of the returning g. i. ' s, either unable or unwilling to find work in large industrial firms, sought out their own business ventures. with the help of families and personal loans, businesses such as camera stores, food services, and car dealerships sprang up across the country. still, large firms had tremendous advantages over smaller start - ups, and congress created the sba to help even the playing field. xxxviii small businesses currently represent 98 percent of all businesses in the united states and they generate nearly 64 percent of all net new jobs in this country. xxxix moreover, small businesses are generally considered to be the first line of employment and thus the initial training grounds for this nation \u2019 s workforce. xl there are twenty - nine million small businesses in the united states. xli the sba estimates that just over half of all employees in the u. s. work for a small firm, and that small business employers provide approximately 44. 5 percent of payroll in the private sector. ninety - seven percent of all exporters are small business owners, comprising 29 percent of total exports. xlii the most powerful statistic, however, is that 60 to 80 percent of all new jobs come from small businesses. this number fluctuate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46345664482666715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:48.998667"} {"text": "ninety - seven percent of all exporters are small business owners, comprising 29 percent of total exports. xlii the most powerful statistic, however, is that 60 to 80 percent of all new jobs come from small businesses. this number fluctuates when some small businesses grow enough to become classified as large businesses, and when new small businesses are created. from 1999 to 2000, small businesses accounted for 75 percent of all new jobs created. by 2010, small businesses account for three quarters of net new jobs in the united states. xliii small businesses have a long history of being this nation \u2019 s primary job creator, but as outlined above in the history of this nation \u2019 s economic policy formation, small businesses were not at the forefront in this nation \u2019 s policy manpower formation. the congressional policy \u201c \u2026 that the government should aid, counsel, assist \u2026 the interest of small business concerns in order to preserve competitive enterprise \u2026. \u201d, in the 1953 small business act carried very little potency as it can be seen in the creation of the labor surplus area program. xliv c. labor surplus areas according to at least one source, the concept of channeling federal procurement contracts into high unemployment areas can be traced back to the early 1950 \u2019 s. xlv during the korean conflict, there was concern among government officials that high unemployment rates and low utilization of plants and equipment in some areas would lead to erosion of the mobilization base and adversely affect the nation \u2019 s production capability. xlvi the office of defense mobilization studied this problem and in february 1952 and issued defense manpower policy number 4 ( dmp - 4 ), implementing the idea of directing federal procurement contracts to employers in labor surplus areas. xlvii what are labor surplus areas? labor surplus areas are designated by the united states department of labor as having high unemployment. employers located in these areas can be given preferences in bidding on federal procurement contracts. xlviii the purpose in providing such preferences is to help direct the government \u2019 s procurement dollars into areas where people are in the most severe economic need. xlix \u201c success of the national defense program depends upon efficient use of all resources, including the labor force and production facilities, which are preserved through utilizing the skills of both management and labor. a primary aim of federal manpower policy is to encourage full utilization of existing production facilities and workers in preference to creating new plants or moving workers, thus assisting in the maintenance of economic balance and employment stability. when large numbers of new workers move to labor surplus areas, heavy burdens are placed on community facilities,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4339341700112045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.000464"} {"text": "utilization of existing production facilities and workers in preference to creating new plants or moving workers, thus assisting in the maintenance of economic balance and employment stability. when large numbers of new workers move to labor surplus areas, heavy burdens are placed on community facilities, such as schools, hospitals, housing, transportation, and utilities. on the other hand, when unemployment develops in certain areas, unemployment costs increase the total cost to the government, and plants, tools, and workers \u2019 skills remain idle and unable to contribute to our national defense program. consequently, the purpose of defense manpower policy no. 4b is to direct attention to the potential of labor surplus areas when awarding appropriate procurement contracts and when locating new plants or facilities. \u201d l in the early 1950s senator john f. kennedy, in a speech about the high unemployment in his state said, \u201c the defense manpower policy program for channeling defense contracts into labor surplus areas must be made into a reality, providing employment opportunities for thousands of workers whose skills and productivity will otherwise be wasted and dispersed. \u201d li a program was designed to provide job opportunities to the unemployed and to provide job training for the under or sub employed. in other words, the federal government was to use the significant size of its economic strength to address some of the nation \u2019 s most perplexing problems of labor shortages and unemployment. the house small business committee and other house and senate committees of congress held numerous hearings from 1950s through the 1970s on the lsa program ; and while agencies had different horror stories as to why they fell short of the program goals, the end result was that the people the program was designed to serve never received the intended benefits of the program. lii the department of defense ( dod ) with the largest acquisition budget of any federal agency never met its lsa goals because of senator maybank \u2019 s amendment. this amendment prohibited dod from using federal taxpayer funds to help unemployed americans. liii perhaps however, another shortcoming of the lsa program was its early lack of focus on the utilization of small businesses, and its inherent conceptual flaw which involved attempting to bring the businesses to the urban areas and not the people to the businesses. the flight to suburbia and the fight to integrate was at the door of america and this may have exacerbated the existing flaw ( s ). thus, america lost a tremendous amount of manpower and economic strength because the economic value of the small business community was not acknowledged and the value of a well trained diversified population was not recognized. it was not until the late 1970s that congress began to recognize fully", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4964587183357643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.001569"} {"text": "thus, america lost a tremendous amount of manpower and economic strength because the economic value of the small business community was not acknowledged and the value of a well trained diversified population was not recognized. it was not until the late 1970s that congress began to recognize fully the value of the small business community in job creation and economic development. the lsa program was redesigned to recognize this largest group of business owners in the united states. the small business act was amended by public law 95 - 89 to provide for labor surplus area set - asides for all businesses. after the passage of this law president carter issued a labor surplus executive order, executive order 12073 in 1978. liv the u. s. house small business committee in house report 96 - 125lv called for passage of the small business economic policy act of 1979 that would require congress to establish a national policy to implement and coordinate the polices, programs, and activities of all federal departments, agencies, and instrumentalities in order to provide an economic climate conducive to the development, growth, and expansion of small and medium - sized business. with the enactment of the small business economic policy act of 1979, it remained unfortunate that congress could still not undue the strangle hold of the maybank amendment nor was it inclined to recognize the full value of the small business community to job creation and economic development. today, while the department of labor continues to designate areas as labor surplus, the elements of the early lsa program are now embodied in the new hubzone program of the sba. d. public works and employment act of 1977 this act, like the labor surplus program, was designed to address the nation \u2019 s high level of unemployment. the public works and employment act of 1977 was based on the premise that efforts by the federal government to stimulate the economic recovery could be substantially enhanced by a program of emergency federal government assistance to state and local governments to help prevent those governments from taking budget - related actions which undermine the federal government efforts to stimulate economic recovery. the significance of this 1977 law was that while the policy focus was on using construction projects to \u201c prime the economic pump, \u201d this pump did not include a segment of this nation \u2019 s population that was experiencing the higher levels of unemployment and more specifically, the efforts of the public works programs failed to incorporate minority small businesses. thus, through the legislative process, congressman parren mitchell was victorious in getting an amendment to the 1977 law that required the use of minority businesses. lvi the u. s. supreme court in fullilove v.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4465021599665334, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.002612"} {"text": "to incorporate minority small businesses. thus, through the legislative process, congressman parren mitchell was victorious in getting an amendment to the 1977 law that required the use of minority businesses. lvi the u. s. supreme court in fullilove v. klutznick, 448 u. s. 448 ( 1980 ) upheld the ability of congress to use its spending authority under the constitution to provide for economic development activities that were specifically designed for small minority businesses. e. hubzone program it is unclear why the hubzone program emerged in the early 1990s as the small business preference acquisition program of choice. unlike the other small business acquisition programs, this one did not focus on race or gender, but more on the location of the company. lvii the purpose of the program, as stated in cfr 13. 126. 100 is to \u201c \u2026 provide federal contract assistance to qualified sbcs ( small business concerns ) located in historically underutilized business zones in an effort to increase employment opportunities, investment, and economic development in such areas. \u201d lviii if the company was a small business and located in labor areas designated by the department of labor and hud and economically depressed, then the company was eligible to be certified as a hubzone company. once the company completed a formal submission of documents to sba to verify that it was a small business, that its primary office was in the designated area, and that it met the 35 percent employee test, then it would be issued a formal certification number by sba. this certification placed the company in a select group of small businesses that were eligible to bid on federal contracts that were specifically earmarked for hubzone contractors. since its congressional creation in 1997, lix the hubzone program has had at best a warm reception by the acquisition community. lx the law was never adequately tied to the economically depressed communities that it was to serve nor to the source of its funding in the federal acquisition structure. the law required agencies to have a hubzone procurement goal of 5 percent, but by imposing a requirement that the contracts be awarded to companies that may not have any relationship to the place of work of the contract, created unusual alignments that the acquisition community had to readjust too. for example, if the purpose of the hubzone program is to provide economic improvements to impoverished communities, it is a little difficult to believe that a company that is certified in the district of columbia will move its workforce to macon, georgia if the contract is awarded for work in georgia. f. stafford act the declaration", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4761689023463009, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.003559"} {"text": "to provide economic improvements to impoverished communities, it is a little difficult to believe that a company that is certified in the district of columbia will move its workforce to macon, georgia if the contract is awarded for work in georgia. f. stafford act the declaration in the 1953 small business act still has its doubters. as late as 2005, the u. s. federal policy makers did not understand the pivotal role small businesses play in the local and regional economy. it was unfortunate that it took a national disaster like hurricane katrina for this nation to understand why small businesses must participate as full economic partners at all levels of government. this lesson was not learned easily. hurricane katrina occurred in 2005 and it took an act of congress, lxi one year later, for the federal policy decision makers to require federal contracts to utilize local small businesses. this action by congress came after a persistent outcry from local small businesses that they were being excluded from helping to rebuild their communities. unfortunately, it took the general services administration yet another year to implement the legislative change. lxii the legislative fix reads : \u201c in the expenditure of federal funds for debris clearance, distribution of supplies, reconstruction, and other major disaster or emergency assistance activities which may be carried out by contract or agreement with private organizations, firms, or individuals, preference shall be given, to the extent feasible and practicable, to those organizations, firms, and individuals residing or doing business primarily in the area affected by such major disaster or emergency. prior contracts - nothing in this section shall be construed to require any federal agency to breach or renegotiate any contract in effect before the occurrence of a major disaster or emergency. \u201d sec. 307. use of local firms and individuals ( 42 u. s. c. 5150 ). this prior contracts provision is the germ that prevented some contracts from being awarded to local firms. in general, there is a recognition that it is too late to start the acquisition process for goods and services after a disaster occurs. thus, the general services administration had in place emergency stand - by contractors ready to deliver products and services. these individuals had prior contracts but most if not all of these individuals were not from the local community. many more examples than the ones above exist to enhance the position that while small businesses are the economic backbone of this nation, these stakeholders and their advocates must be ever so vigilant in the pursuit of a level economic playing field. where are we today? g. american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009 in the last two years", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44692125683401057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.004616"} {"text": "the economic backbone of this nation, these stakeholders and their advocates must be ever so vigilant in the pursuit of a level economic playing field. where are we today? g. american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009 in the last two years this nation has been on the brink of a financial disaster unlike any time since the great depression. the thrust has been on getting wall street healthy before main street can prosper again. in this regard, one of the first acts by president obama after he took office was to push for the passage of legislation that would start this nation \u2019 s economic recovery. on feb. 13, 2009, congress passed the american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009 at the urging of president obama, who signed it into law four days later. lxiii a direct response to the economic crisis, the recovery act has three immediate goals : 1 ) create new jobs and save existing ones ; 2 ) spur economic activity and invest in long - term growth ; and 3 ) foster unprecedented levels of accountability and transparency in government spending. the recovery act intends to achieve those goals by : 1 ) providing $ 288 billion in tax cuts and benefits for millions of working families and businesses ; 2 ) increasing federal funds for education and health care as well as entitlement programs ( such as extending unemployment benefits ) by $ 244 billion ; and 3 ) making $ 275 billion available for federal contracts, grants and loans. the legislation makes it clear that small and disadvantaged businesses are not to be discriminated against in the use of federal funds for the recovery. lxiv moreover, the law refers back to the small business act for utilization and compliance purposes. in fact, the small business administration has been given a challenge to make sure that small businesses are the recipient of government guaranteed loans necessary to keep their businesses running until wall street and main street can regain their financial health. unlike previous national recovery plans, small businesses are required to be a key player in the use of federal funds to \u201c prime the pump \u201d through the acquisition of goods and services. since the 1990s, the federal government has had a procurement goal of awarding 23 percent of its contract to small businesses. the federal contracts associated with the american recovery and reinvestment act should be in addition to the annual 23 percent goal, but it is unclear whether this would be the case at this time. it is however clear that, according to some sources, the dollars awarded to small business under the american recovery and reinvestment act exceeds the 23 percent goal. lxv these achievements are not to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.378607613515895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.005824"} {"text": "whether this would be the case at this time. it is however clear that, according to some sources, the dollars awarded to small business under the american recovery and reinvestment act exceeds the 23 percent goal. lxv these achievements are not to be taken lightly for this may be the first time that small businesses have taken an integral part in a full fledged peace - time economic development action in this nation. this accomplishment also carries with it recognition about the small business community. that is, as this nation sets forth new plans and visions for new frontiers of economic growth and prosperity, the 1953 small businesses act view of a small business may need to be modified to reflect a changing world. for example, the american recovery and reinvestment act, among other developments bring the concept of broadband to america \u2019 s small business policy agenda. moreover, unlike previous economic eras under presidents roosevelt, truman and eisenhower or kennedy, small businesses are a part of the legislative fabric, as well as the socio - economic one. small and socially economically disadvantaged business status, as defined by section 8 ( a ) of the small business act, determines who participates and receives special consideration. the national telecommunication and industry agency, in making broadband grants, are restricted to this definition in the sba act. the current legal definition of small business does not allow small businesses to compete effectively against giants in the telecom industry. in short, for a small business to participate in this industry it may need to be three times the size of the traditional definition of a small business. the american recovery and reinvestment process is preparing this nation to compete in the new global market and perhaps it is time to recognize that one size does not fit all small businesses. this recognition may require some federal policy makers to overcome their antiquated notion that this nation \u2019 s small businesses are only mom and pop stores. what are the recommendations for going forward? in summary, these programs, a few among many, have energized to some degree the u. s. economy, and various areas of interest. judging from the growth of the small business sector, it is natural to argue that we have seen progress, economic progress. yet much remains to be done, judging by the various studies that have been done to document disparities, and areas of consistent economic draught. economic growth, though hampered a bit as of late, has been exemplary in the u. s., fueled by impressive productivity and technology. the programs discussed in this paper try to reduce the distance between the two parallel roads followed by the economy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49009526856847313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.006892"} {"text": "draught. economic growth, though hampered a bit as of late, has been exemplary in the u. s., fueled by impressive productivity and technology. the programs discussed in this paper try to reduce the distance between the two parallel roads followed by the economy and the country \u2019 s depressed sectors. the latest evidence points out that it has increased. 4. recommendations and conclusion 1. the achievements under the american recovery and reinvestment act did not come about because of a natural evolution recognizing the importance of small businesses. they came about after nearly 60 years since the enactment of the 1953 small business act, small business stakeholders and policy makers have gained a voice in the economic decision making process. there are more than 29 million small business owners in the united states who want their fair share of the economic pie. policymakers must now begin to tailor small business programs and definitions to the specific characteristics of the industries. the above example of the telecommunication industry and the expanding use of broadband technology is an excellent example of what needs to be fixed. 2. while not discussed in this paper, financial tools for federal small business contractors must be redesigned by the government and private sector to reflect the need of the stakeholder. for example, some of the complaints of federal small business contractors regarding their inability to get contracts under the american recovery and reinvestment act center on the fact that while sba was promoting 7 ( a ) loans, many banks were not equipped to make asset - based loans, which would be more beneficial to many federal contractors, especially disadvantaged businesses. lxvi as the new economic frontier moves forward, new and more appropriate financial tools must also move with this progress. 3. the government \u2019 s use of federal acquisition dollars to promote economic development should not be limited by restrictions of underdevelopment, instead, a full regional economic plan should include assistance to the unemployed areas of the particular region. nor should there be restrictions on the movement of people in or out of the affected area. clearly as seen under the cluster economic development approach, people and contractors will follow a natural alignment. these federal procurement vehicles represent some of the structures used by federal policymakers to \u201c prime this nation \u2019 s economic pump. \u201d some of these vehicles were modified later to include small businesses ; and some other vehicles, while focusing on small businesses, did not provide a systematic and coherent approach for the assimilation of small in this nation \u2019 s economic recovery and development. if the united states is to continue to grow and expand, and if innovation is at the heart of this new horizon, then small businesses", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4867235565614576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.007964"} {"text": "did not provide a systematic and coherent approach for the assimilation of small in this nation \u2019 s economic recovery and development. if the united states is to continue to grow and expand, and if innovation is at the heart of this new horizon, then small businesses that are more innovative, in a head to head competition with large businesses, must be given the mantle to lead our nation to its next level of prosperity. the alternative will only be an additional data point to the shakespearian insight, that the past is prologue. * both authors works for the office of advocacy of the u. s. small business administration. major l. clark, iii, j. d., is the assistant chief counsel specializing in acquisition policy and radwan n. saade, ph. d., is a regulatory economist. the statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations found in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the office of advocacy, the u. s. small business administration, or the u. s. government. it is our intent to discuss post korean war to present legislative and economic development actions ; it is however prudent to start before the end of the korean war to set up the framework for appropriate analysis. i www. valleycountyeconomicdevelopment. com, page 1, also see ahmad amirazodi, american economic development council - economic development in today \u2019 s economic toolbox publication from aedc, 1998. ii id., page 6. iii drabenstott, 2005, page 71. iv glasmeier amy and farrigan, l. tracy, economic development administration legislative history, poverty in america, pennstate university, 2006, http : / / www. povertyinamerica. psu. edu / products / publications / eda _ legislativ.... v kremen, r. gladys, manpower development and training act of 1962, www. dol. gov / oasam / programs / history / mono - mdtatext. htm, page 2. vii see note 4, page 1 xii a history and accomplishments of the permanent select committee on small business, 1941 - 1972, page xii. xiii id., page xiii. xv id. page xiv. xvii see note 13. xviii see note 4, page 8. xix see note 4, page 2 xx bruno, 1980, page2. xxi see note 4, page 8. xxii u. s. congress", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46918443684255295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.008900"} {"text": "page xiv. xvii see note 13. xviii see note 4, page 8. xix see note 4, page 2 xx bruno, 1980, page2. xxi see note 4, page 8. xxii u. s. congress, senate, congressional record, 79th congress, 1st session, september 24, 1945, 91, part 7 : 8917. see also note 4. xxiii see note 4, page 3. xxiv s. 1385, a bill to provide for aid in industrialization of underdeveloped areas, 79th congress, 1st session. u. s. congress, senate, subcommittee on domestic commerce, hearings on s. 1385, may 3, 6, 7, 1946, p. 14. see also note 4. xxv see note 4, page 3. xxvi the economic report of the president, january 14, 1948, p. 58. see also note 4. xxvii see note 5. xxviii u. s. congress, senate, special committee on postwar economic policy and planning, post - war economic policy and planning : report pursuant to s. res. 102, 78th congress, 2nd session, s. report 539, part 4, 1944, pp. 7 - 8. see also note 4, page 4. xxix see note 4, page 4. xxx the economic report of the president, january 20, 1955, pp. 59 - 61. xxxi see note 4, page 4. xxxii u. s. congress, senate, subcommittee to investigate unemployment, causes of unemployment in the coal and other specified industries, july 14, 1955, senate report 2042, p. 2. see also note 4. xxxiii see note 4, page 13. xxxiv rosenfeld ross and rosenfeld seth, small business act ( 1953 ) : major acts of congress. http : / / www. enotes. com / major - acts - congress / small - business - act. see also note 4, page 15 for a discussion of president johnson \u2019 s decision to merge dol and the department of commerce. xxxv carson, dean, ed., the vital majority : small business in the american economy, 1971, page 13. xxxvi history and accomplishments of the permanent select committee on small business, u. s. house of representative, 1941 - 1972, page 40 - 42. xxxvii see note 34. xxxix office of advocacy, small business administration, frequently asked", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40622502244827297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.009740"} {"text": "history and accomplishments of the permanent select committee on small business, u. s. house of representative, 1941 - 1972, page 40 - 42. xxxvii see note 34. xxxix office of advocacy, small business administration, frequently asked questions, http : / / web. sba. gov / faqs / faqindex. cfm? areaid = 24. xl id. data located at www. sba. gov \\ advo \\ research \\ data. html. xli see note 29. xlii id., also, \u201d [ small businesses ] made up 97. 3 percent of all identified exporters and produced 30. 2 percent of the known export value in fy 2007. \u201d xliv see note 34. xlv labor surplus areas, http : / / lmi. ides. state. il. us / surplus. htm. xlvi u. s. department of labor, area trends in employment and unemployment, eligible labor surplus areas for bidding on federal contracts, may 1991. l title 44 : emergency management and assistance, http : / / ecfr. gpoaccess. gov. li remarks of senator john f. kennedy before massachusetts state federation of labor convention, august 4, 1954. http : / / www. jfklibrary. org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / s... lii selected readings in employment and manpower, united states senate committee on labor and public welfare, 1964. labor surplus area procurement and subcontracting to small business, select committee on small business, 1978. also from personal interview with thomas trimboli, former legal counsel for the house small business committee, and currently gc for the college of charleston sc. liii the labor surplus area award program, however, became the subject of controversy in congress, resulting in the enactment of the maybank amendment in the 1954 defense appropriation act, public law 179, section 644, aug. 1, 1953, 67 stat. 336, and in succeeding dod appropriation acts. the maybank amendment provides that \" no funds herein appropriated shall be used for the payment of a price differential on contracts hereafter made for the purpose of relieving economic dislocations. liv executive order 12073, www. archives. gov / federal - register / codification / executive - order / 12073. html. lv see legislative history for public law 96 - 302, july 2, 1980. lvi public works employment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4464831960204611, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.010651"} {"text": "order 12073, www. archives. gov / federal - register / codification / executive - order / 12073. html. lv see legislative history for public law 96 - 302, july 2, 1980. lvi public works employment act of 1977, pub. l. no. 95 - 28, 91 stat. 116. lvii opinions gathered from calls received from stakeholders of the office of advocacy ( federal contractors ), and from public participation in the 2009 mbda capital formation conference. lviii code of federal regulations cfr 13. 126. 100, www. gpoaccess. gov / cfr /. lix small business reauthorization act of 1997, http : / / frwebgate. access. gpo. gov / cgi - bin / getdoc. cgi? dbname = 105 _ cong _ publi.... lx for a thorough review of the hubzone program, see beale henry, the hubzone program report, research funded by the office of advocacy, sba, sbahq - 06 - m - 0486, may 2008, http : / / www. sba. gov / advo / research / rs325tot. pdf lxi h. r. 4979 : local community recovery act of 2006, h. r. 4979 [ 109th ] : local community recovery act of 2006 ( govtrack. us ). lxii department of defense, general services administration, national aeronautics and space administration, 48 cfr parts 5, 6, 12, 18, 26, and 52, http : / / edocket. access. gpo. gov / 2008 / e8 - 21387. htm lxiii the american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009, http : / / frwebgate. access. gpo. gov / cgi - bin / getdoc. cgi? dbname = 111 _ cong _ bills.... lxiv updated implementing guidance for the american recovery act of 2009, page 54, www. whitehouse. gov / omb / memoranda _ default /. lxv see u. s. small business administration, recovery report card ( feb 2010 ), http : / / www. sba. gov / idc / groups / public / documents / sba _ homepage / recov _ perfor... also for the administrators testimony, http : / / www. sba", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4443875670264413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.011465"} {"text": "), http : / / www. sba. gov / idc / groups / public / documents / sba _ homepage / recov _ perfor... also for the administrators testimony, http : / / www. sba. gov / idc / groups / public / documents / sba _ homepage / mills _ recove... and an article by matthew weigelt ( oct 6, 2009 ), government breaks small - business goals with stimulus funds, http : / / fcw. com / articles / 2009 / 10 / 06 / small - business - contract - awards - recove.... \u201c the american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009. \u201d ( 2009 ). [ online ]. available at http : / / frwebgate. access. gpo. gov / cgi - bin / getdoc. cgi? dbname = 111 _ cong _ bills... beale, h. ( 2008, may ). \u201c the hubzone program report. \u201d research funded by the office of advocacy, sba, sbahq - 06 - m - 0486, may 2008, available at http : / / www. sba. gov / advo / research / rs325tot. pdf bruno, a. lee ( 1980 ), l. m. wright, jr. rural job creation. carson, dean, ed. ( 1971 ), the vital majority : small business in the american economy. chase, g. anthony ( 1973 ), \u201c federal support of the vital majority : the development of the u. s. small business administration. \u201d code of federal regulations cfr 13. 126. 100, available at www. gpoaccess. gov / cfr /. congressional quarterly weekly report ( cq, inc., washington dc ), no. 19, week ending may 6, 1960 and no. 20, week ending may 13, 1960. congressional quarterly weekly reports ( cq inc., washington dc ) no. 7, week ending feb 12, 1965 and no. 10, week ending march 5, 1965. department of defense, general services administration, national aeronautics and space administration, 48 cfr parts 5, 6, 12, 18, 26, and 52, available at http : / / edocket. access. gpo. gov / 2008 / e8 - 21387. htm dillon, h. conley ( 1964 ), \u201c the area redevelopment administration : new patterns in developmental administration", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4302515031287999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.012273"} {"text": ", available at http : / / edocket. access. gpo. gov / 2008 / e8 - 21387. htm dillon, h. conley ( 1964 ), \u201c the area redevelopment administration : new patterns in developmental administration. \u201d university of maryland, md : bureau of governmental research, college of business and public administration. drabenstott, mark ( 2006 ), \u201c rethinking federal policy for regional development, \u201d center for the study of rural america, federal reserve bank of kansas city, available at http : / / www. kc. frb. org / publicat / econrev / pdf / 1q06drab. pdf. drabenstott, mark ( 2005 ), \u201c a review of the federal role in regional economic development, \u201d center for the study of rural america, federal reserve bank of kansas city. far part 19. 103, available at www. acquisition. gov \\ far. executive order 12073, available at www. archives. gov / federal - register / codification / executive - order / 12073. html glasmeier amy and farrigan, l. tracy ( 2006 ), \u201c economic development administration legislative history, \u201d poverty in america, penn state university, available at http : / / www. povertyinamerica. psu. edu / products / publications / eda _ legislativ.... history and accomplishments of the permanent select committee on small business, u. s. house of representative, 1941 - 1972. h. r. 4979 : local community recovery act of 2006, h. r. 4979 [ 109th ] : local community recovery act of 2006 ( govtrack. us ) labor surplus areas, available at http : / / lmi. ides. state. il. us / surplus. htm. kremen, r. gladys, manpower development and training act of 1962, available at www. dol. gov / oasam / programs / history / mono - mdtatext. htm. levitan, a. sar ( 1964 ), federal aid to depressed areas : an evaluation of the area redevelopment administration. baltimore, md : johns hopkins. martin, h. curtis and leone, a. robert ( 1977 ), local economic development. lexington, ma : lexington books. mills, g. karen, reynolds b. elisabeth, and reamer andrew ( 2008 ), clusters and competitiveness : a new federal role for stimulating", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45401140492415193, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.013123"} {"text": ", a. robert ( 1977 ), local economic development. lexington, ma : lexington books. mills, g. karen, reynolds b. elisabeth, and reamer andrew ( 2008 ), clusters and competitiveness : a new federal role for stimulating regional economies, 2008, available at http : / / www. brookings. edu / reports / 2008 / 04 _ competitiveness _ mills. aspx maybank amendment in the 1954 defense appropriation act, public law 179, aug. 1, 1953, 67 stat. 336, and in succeeding dod appropriation acts. the maybank amendment provides that \" no funds herein appropriated shall be used for the payment of a price differential on contracts hereafter made for the purpose of relieving economic dislocations. \" available at http : / / www. marines. mil / news / publications / documents / dcg % 20vol % 2057 % 20oct %.... office of advocacy, small business administration, frequently asked questions, available at http : / / web. sba. gov / faqs / faqindex. cfm? areaid = 24. public works employment act of 1977, pub. l. no. 95 - 28, 91 stat. remarks of senator john f. kennedy before massachusetts state federation of labor convention, august 4, 1954. available at http : / / www. jfklibrary. org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / s... rosenfeld ross and rosenfeld seth, small business act ( 1953 ) : major acts of congress, 2004. enotes. com. 2006. 1 mar, 2010, page 1, available at http : / / www. enotes. com / major - acts - congress / small - business - act. s. 1385, a bill to provide for aid in industrialization of underdeveloped areas, 79th congress, 1st session. u. s. congress, senate, subcommittee on domestic commerce, hearings on s. 1385, may 3, 6, 7, 1946. selected readings in employment and manpower, united states senate committee on labor and public welfare, 1964. labor surplus area procurement and subcontracting to small business, select committee on small business, 1978. also from personal interview with thomas trimboli, former legal counsel for the house small business committee, and currently gc for the college of charleston sc. small business reauthorization act of 1997, available at http", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4608755583949822, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.014049"} {"text": "on small business, 1978. also from personal interview with thomas trimboli, former legal counsel for the house small business committee, and currently gc for the college of charleston sc. small business reauthorization act of 1997, available at http : / / frwebgate. access. gpo. gov / cgi - bin / getdoc. cgi? dbname = 105 _ cong _ publi.... the economic report of the president, january 14, 1948 ( u. s. government printing office, washington dc ). the economic report of the president, january 20, 1955 ( u. s. government printing office, washington dc ). title 44 : emergency management and assistance, available at hhtp : / / ecfr. gpoaccess. gov. updated implementing guidance for the american recovery act of 2009. u. s. congress, congressional record, 74th congress, 1st session, january 24, 1935, 79, part 1 : 866. and executive order no. 6777, june 20, 1934. u. s. congress, senate, congressional record, 79th congress, 1st session, september 24, 1945, 91, part 7 : 8917. u. s. congress, senate, special committee on postwar economic policy and planning, post - war economic policy and planning : report pursuant to s. res. 102, 78th congress, 2nd session, s. report 539, part 4, 1944. u. s. department of labor, area trends in employment and unemployment, eligible labor surplus areas for bidding on federal contracts, may 1991. u. s. department of labor, mdta : the origins of the manpower development and training act of 1962 http : / / www. dol. gov / oasam / programs / history / mono - mdtatext. htm. u. s. congress, senate, special committee on postwar economic policy and planning, post - war economic policy and planning : report pursuant to s. res. 102, 78th congress, 2nd session, s. report 539, part 4, 1944. u. s. congress, senate, subcommittee to investigate unemployment, causes of unemployment in the coal and other specified industries, july 14, 1955, senate report 2042. u. s. congress, joint economic committee, joint economic report, 1955. u. s. congress, senate, subcommittee on labor of committee and public welfare, hearings, area assistance act of 1956, 84th congress, 2nd session", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4200969878818698, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.014959"} {"text": "2042. u. s. congress, joint economic committee, joint economic report, 1955. u. s. congress, senate, subcommittee on labor of committee and public welfare, hearings, area assistance act of 1956, 84th congress, 2nd session, 1956. u. s. congress, house, committee on banking and currency, hearings, area assistance act of 1956, 84th congress, 2nd session, 1956. u. s. congress, senate, subcommittee on banking and currency, hearings, area redevelopment act, 85th congress, 1st session, 1957. u. s. department of labor, area trends in employment and unemployment, eligible labor surplus areas for bidding on federal contracts, may 1991. u. s. small business administration, recovery report card ( feb 2010 ), available at http : / / www. sba. gov / idc / groups / public / documents / sba _ homepage / recov _ perfor... valley county economic development, what is economic development? available at www. valleycountyeconomicdevelopment. com / pages / what _ is _ econ. htm see also ahmad amizarodi, american economic development council. wallace, a. henry ( 1945 ), sixty million jobs. new york : simon & schuster. weigelt, matthew ( oct 6, 2009 ), government breaks small - business goals with stimulus funds, available at http : / / fcw. com / articles / 2009 / 10 / 06 / small - business - contract - awards - recove...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4503794946636502, "token_count": 317, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.015528"} {"text": "hugs and kisses \u2014 picture books for valentine ' s day - grades : prek \u2013 k, 1 \u2013 2 valentine \u2019 s day, the perfect antidote to a dark and dreary winter. there \u2019 s nothing like seeing bright red valentine mailboxes lining the classroom. what a super, authentic activity for children to participate in. armed with their valentines and a list of their classmates \u2019 names, children practice their writing, anticipating the payoff of delivering their cards. what better way to spread the love than with some quality picture books? valentine ' s day read - alouds written and illustrated by patrick mcdonnell i \u2019 m always amazed at how patrick mcdonnell can impart so much emotion with a quick line from his pen. hug time follows the travels of jules the kitten as he sets out into the world to spread hugs. it \u2019 s a simple and sweet tale. the word embrace appears toward the book \u2019 s end ; combined with words like wallaby, gnu, and docked, this book introduces some great new vocabulary. try out my hug time vocabulary skill sheet to help students solidify their learning. written by trudi strain trueit written by trudi strain trueit, this title is from the informative rookie reader series put out by scholastic. the thing i like about this series is that they \u2019 re filled with colorful visuals and informative text that adults enjoy as much as children. here \u2019 s an interesting fact : valentine \u2019 s day can be traced to a priest in rome, italy, almost two millennia ago. ( you may want to skip the page on saint valentine being put to death, but it \u2019 s definitely a book worth having on your teacher bookshelf. ) written and illustrated by rosemary wells who can resist a book by ruby and max creator rosemary wells? in her latest book, a little bunny sees his mom and dad off to work, and is surrounded by love as his parents describe how they think of him throughout their day. my students were charmed by the foil stamping used to create the love waves. peter rabbit : friends forever written by beatrix potter combine peter rabbit with a simple, repetitive text and you have a crowd pleaser for the early childhood set. the \u201c friends are for... \u201d repetition lends itself to some interactive reading. children will enjoy following up with a rewrite of the story, based on their concept of friendship. the end features a die cut card that lends itself to a discussion of the meaning of \u201c xoxo. \u201d adapted by cedella marley", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43794407075908537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.019738"} {"text": "children will enjoy following up with a rewrite of the story, based on their concept of friendship. the end features a die cut card that lends itself to a discussion of the meaning of \u201c xoxo. \u201d adapted by cedella marley illustrated by vanessa brantley - newton \u201c one love, one heart, let \u2019 s get together and feel all right! \u201d it \u2019 s hard to resist a book that brings a tune to mind. based on bob marley \u2019 s song, one love is filled with fresh drawings of a community working together to clean up and create a park. i \u2019 ll be tempted to pull this back out again for earth day. try out my love writing prompt for some extra writing and illustrating practice. what every kindergarten teacher needs to know about setting up and running a classroom written by margaret berry wilson northeast foundation for children when i first began teaching, i can remember surrounding myself with \u201c how to \u201d books, as well as curriculum guides and units. it was not easy to find good ones. now the northeast foundation for children \u2019 s margaret berry wilson has come to the table with a \u201c responsive classroom \u201d take on how to set up and run a kindergarten classroom. she includes sections on interactive modeling of greetings, teach lunchtime behaviors, set expectations for parents, read - aloud routines, and keys to successful interactive modeling. she \u2019 s done a super job of laying the book out in an easy - to - read format and packing it with useful information that you can immediately employ in the classroom. you don \u2019 t have to be a new teacher to learn from this book. great job, margaret berry wilson! valentine ' s day activity valentine \u2019 s day is such an opportunity for children to have fun experiences writing. whether they \u2019 re receiving a card from a loved one or writing valentines for classmates, the joy of reading and writing is ever - present. an activity i like to introduce to my students is sending valentines to those in need. whether that be a veterans group, local shut - ins, the hospital, or a nursing home, students gain a lot by learning how a little act of kindness can make a big difference. this year my students created heart mobiles. the small 3 - d hearts at the top are made with our leftover eric carle paper. we took three hearts and glued them back to back with the yarn in the center. the large heart simply has the word love written on both sides. after years of having my kids struggle with writing out \u201c happy valentine \u2019 s day, \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5098503921952469, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.020741"} {"text": "earth sciences and ecology question # 1437 christobell bison, a 19 year old male from sudbury asks on may 11, 2003, q : can ozone be created? and if so, is it possible to patch up the earth ' s protective layer of ozone with it? viewed 13451 times yes it can be created, pretty easily. it is commonly created around photocopiers because inside photocopiers there is a stage that gives out a bit of ozone. anyway, the amounts required to patch the ozone layer are so great that it would be impossible for mere humans to create the amount needed. this would be like asking, \" can we fill the oceans with water. \" not really. it ' s too big a job. better to simply stop destroying the ozone layer, and let nature create new ozone naturally. yes, ozone can be created. there are two principal methods : 1. low - pressure mercury uv lamps with an ultrapure quartz sleeve emit uv at 185 nm, which is absorbed by oxygen ( o2 ) in the air, causing it to dissociate into oxygen atoms. an oxygen atom then adds to an o2 molecule to make ozone ( o3 ). 2. electric discharge in very dry air or pure oxygen generates ozone. this is why the air smells so \" fresh \" after a thunderstorm. the electric discharge in lightning dissociates o2 and generates some ozone. unfortunately, neither of these methods is practical to generate the very large amounts of ozone that would be required to make up for the losses that have occurred in the ozone layer in the stratosphere. making a small donation to science. ca.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48235387001632657, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.022341"} {"text": "july 8, 2007 researchers at unsw believe that blood may hold vital insights into what is happening in the brain of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome ( cfs ). in a study unparalleled in its scope, a team led by unsw professor andrew lloyd of the centre for infection and inflammation research, has studied the differences in gene expression patterns in the blood of people who either recover promptly after acute glandular fever or develop the prolonged illness called post - infective syndrome. the researchers examined six million pieces of gene expression information for analysis in the project, known as the dubbo infection outcomes study. the study is named after the nsw town in which the work was conducted. the team studied the expression of 30, 000 genes in the blood, testing each of the 15 individuals between four and five times over a 12 - month period. the team was able to narrow its findings to the expression of just 35 genes whose pattern of expression correlated closely with the key symptoms of the illness when examined from onset through to recovery. gene expression is significant because it is the process by which a gene \u2019 s dna sequence is converted into the proteins which ultimately determine the manifestations of disease. since 1999, the team has been tracking the long - term health of individuals infected with ross river virus ( rrv ), q fever infection and epstein - barr virus, which causes glandular fever. \u201c these genes might point to the nature of the disease process that underlies cfs, which is currently unknown, \u201d said professor lloyd, who is based in the school of medical sciences at unsw. \u201c none of them are ones that i would have predicted, except for those relating to neurotransmitters, \u201d he concedes. \u201c some of them relate to transport of zinc and other metal ions within the cell, which may suggest a fundamental disturbance in cellular function. \u201d the researchers now hope to narrow the focus of research onto the expression of these 35 genes in the blood of a much larger group of subjects from the dubbo infection outcomes study, with varied patterns of illness and recovery. \u201c there are very few complex diseases which have been comprehensively analysed, with large scale and longitudinal studies, like this, \u201d said professor lloyd. \u201c it sets a standard for highly sophisticated, comprehensive gene expression studies in the blood of all sorts of human diseases from rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis through to schizophrenia. \u201d the research paper has been published in the journal of infectious diseases. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5251691950055399, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.026077"} {"text": "sep. 11, 2009 fears about the cancer causing effects of the second most prescribed group of drugs in the western world have been put to rest, following the largest ever study into their use. ' proton pump inhibitors ' ( ppi ) are the most commonly used treatment for chronic acid reflux, or ' heartburn ', a painful burning sensation in the chest, neck and throat which is experienced by almost a third of people in developed countries. regular and prolonged heartburn is known to cause ' benign oesophagitis ', a reversible inflammation of the gullet. however if left untreated a condition called barrett ' s oesophagus ( be ) occurs in around 10 per cent of sufferers, which can in turn develop into a potentially fatal cancer called oesophageal adenocarcinoma. be is twice as common in the uk as it is in the usa, and oesophageal cancer rates in the uk are the highest in the world ; up to four times more common than in other european countries. despite their excellent safety record, it was unclear if long - term use of ppis to reduce the discomfort of heartburn could increase the risk of developing either be or the spread of the associated cancer. new research carried out at queen mary, university of london and leicester royal infirmary, has given the most conclusive evidence yet that this is not the case. the work is published in the peer reviewed journal gut. professor janusz jankowski, who co - authored the study, said : \" this is one of the most detailed studies investigating both the laboratory and clinical side of proton pump inhibitor drugs. as a consequence we are now better able to inform patients of the good benefit / risk ratio of this commonly prescribed therapy. \" tests carried out during the two - year study looked at tissue sampled from the oesophagus lining of ninety volunteers, each of whom were given ppi drugs at either a high or low dosage. researchers found there was no difference in the rate at which be developed, neither was there a change in the number of precancerous cells in either group. while there had also been fears about how the treatments might affect people already suffering from be, the study also showed that there was no evidence that this led to any worsening of the condition or any extra incidences of cancer. be is marked by changes in the cells of the oesophagus lining ( squamous epithelium ) that makes them more like the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4633460565801839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.030443"} {"text": "evidence that this led to any worsening of the condition or any extra incidences of cancer. be is marked by changes in the cells of the oesophagus lining ( squamous epithelium ) that makes them more like the cells of the intestines ( columnar epithelium ). as well as increasing the risk of oesophageal cancer, the condition narrows the oesophagus and patients can experience pain whilst swallowing. the chance of cancer developing is proportional to the length of be. ppis work by blocking the action of gastrin, a hormone that controls acid levels in the stomach, and is known to increase the normal movement of cells in the gastro - intestinal tract. since ppi therapy increases the levels of gastrin in the body, it had been thought this could cause expansion of be affected tissue, but this was not found to be the case : the scientists observed neither expansion or contraction of the abnormal tissue. this is concordant with current uk practice, where ppi therapy is currently only licensed to treat heartburn and ' oesophagitis ' but not be. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4958294100529437, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.031174"} {"text": "june 10, 2011 when nasa ' s mars exploration rover opportunity reaches the rim of a large crater it is approaching, its arrival will come with an inspiring reminder. this crater, endeavour, became the rover ' s long - term destination nearly three years ago. opportunity has driven about 11 miles ( 18 kilometers ) since climbing out of victoria crater in august 2008, with endeavour crater beckoning to the southeast. the rover has about 2 miles ( about 3 kilometers ) to go before reaching the rim of endeavour. rover team members last week selected \" spirit point \" as the informal name for the site on the rim where opportunity will arrive at endeavour crater. the choice commemorates opportunity ' s rover twin, spirit, which has ended communication and finished its mission. \" spirit achieved far more than we ever could have hoped when we designed her, \" said steve squyres of cornell university, ithaca, n. y., principal investigator for the rovers. \" this name will be a reminder that we need to keep pushing as hard as we can to make new discoveries with opportunity. the exploration of spirit point is the next major goal for us to strive for. \" endeavour offers the setting for plenty of productive work by opportunity. the crater is 14 miles ( 22 kilometers ) in diameter - - more than 20 times wider than victoria crater, which opportunity examined for two years. orbital observations indicate that the ridges along its western rim expose rock outcrops older than any opportunity has seen so far. spirit point is at the southern tip of one of those ridges, \" cape york, \" on the western side of endeavour. opportunity and spirit completed their three - month prime missions on mars in april 2004. both rovers continued for years of bonus, extended missions. both have made important discoveries about wet environments on ancient mars that may have been favorable for supporting microbial life. nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, a division of the california institute of technology in pasadena, manages the mars exploration rover project for the nasa science mission directorate, washington. more information about the rovers is online at : http : / / www. nasa. gov / rovers. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48090384381261164, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.035411"} {"text": "glenn waller ' s 100 acres of soybeans in washington county, georgia, are the highest yielding in the state. but the \" mr. efficiency \" award winner is worried about rust. soybean farmers in the southeast survived a bout with the crop - destroying fungus in 2005 by using pesticides to halt its spread. but waller remains worried about a rust resurgence. \" i ' m afraid we ' re going to kind of put it on the back burner and it ' s going to jump back up and get us, \u201d he said. waller, who has farmed for 51 years, increasingly has turned to fungicides to ward off pests and increase his crop yields. farmers around the country are doing the same, causing an unprecedented surge in fungicide use. but as widespread contamination of waterways near these farms emerges, experts warn that there is inadequate environmental monitoring and information on the chemicals ' safety. \" it ' s concerning, \" said jason belden, an environmental toxicologist at oklahoma state university. \" we have limited toxicological data for a lot of these compounds. \" fungicides are contaminating the majority of water bodies tested in states where there is heavy use, such as in maine, idaho and wisconsin. some are known to be highly toxic to aquatic creatures, but little is known about whether they are actually harming frogs or other animals in the environment. the potential threats to people are unknown, with new research on lab mice linking them to obesity. farmers have historically sprayed fungicides to stop disease. but over the past decade, in an effort to squeeze extra bushels from their crops, they have been spraying more kinds of fungicides on more acres. wheat, corn, soybeans, citrus and cotton are among the crops that often are sprayed. the fungicide explosion prompted kathryn kuivila, an environmental organic chemist with the u. s. geological survey, to see if fungicides were escaping farms and winding up in nearby streams. in a 2012 study of 33 fungicides used on potatoes, kuivila ' s lab found that 75 percent of surface waters tested and 58 percent of ground water samples were contaminated with traces of at least one fungicide. a fungicide called boscalid \u2013 used on a variety of crops from food to turf grass \u2013 was the most common, found in 72 percent of water samples. the team tested 24 bodies of ground water and shallow water in maine, idaho and wisconsin ; the scientists noted that the results may vary nationwide. the fungicides were found", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45674154585290794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.041341"} {"text": "turf grass \u2013 was the most common, found in 72 percent of water samples. the team tested 24 bodies of ground water and shallow water in maine, idaho and wisconsin ; the scientists noted that the results may vary nationwide. the fungicides were found below levels that would kill creatures at the bottom of the food web, such as zooplankton and amphipods, the authors said. but belden said that doesn ' t mean there ' s no threat. fungicides degrade rapidly so monthly testing in water might not \" see all the pulses \" of fungicides application, he said. more work is needed to get a better idea of how much aquatic creatures are exposed. \" is it a red alert that these things should be banned? i don ' t think so, \" belden said. \" is it an alert that we need to do a lot more research relatively quickly to figure out what ' s going on? i do think that. \" there is little information from manufacturers on how much is applied to crops. but all signs suggest that fungicides are now in vogue. spraying of soybean crops quadrupled between 2002 and 2006 in an effort to fight asian soybean rust, according to the latest data available from the u. s. department of agriculture. rust is a windblown disease that attacks soybean leaves, causing lesions and eventually killing the plant.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4225518200080163, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.041937"} {"text": "grow your own collection of feared and famous meat - eating plants! this deluxe carnivorous creations kit has seeds from over 10 varieties of carnivorous plants, including the cobra plant, venus fly trap, pitcher plant, trumpet plant and more. you ' ll make your own authentic bog with the included peat planting mix, blue swamp rocks, three bog buddies and colorful decals! this rare and unusual collection of plants will flourish for years in the specially designed terrarium with proper care and stratification. like all plants, carnivorous plants use the sun to produce energy through photosynthesis. however, these plants grow in peat bogs where there are no additional minerals or nutrients in the soil. because of this, over time, carnivorous plants began to catch insects for food to get the much needed minerals and nutrients the peat around them lacked. after having acquired the skill of hunting, these carnivorous plants began to thrive. the plants attract insects to their traps by producing a sweet odor. when small insects land on the plant, they touch tiny hairs that set off triggers and cause the trap to close making escape impossible. each type of carnivorous plant traps their prey in a different way. the famous venus fly trap has jaw - like leaves that snap shut. the hooded pitcher plant has downward facing spikes that prevent the insect from flying out. some plants produce chemicals that dissolve the insect while other plants depend on bacteria and other microorganisms to help them digest. once digested and absorbed, the insect becomes liquified nutrients that help the plant work and live. each complete kit includes : - growing dome - planting mixture - carnivorous seed pack - 3 photo decals - 3 bog buddies - swamp rocks - instructions and information manual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42807500135041554, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.043883"} {"text": "comic annual, 2nd ser. 1 ( 1842 ), 1 \u2013 107. miss kilmansegg and her precious leg. a golden legend exploration, disability, instruments, scientific practitioners, wonder, palaeontology, chemistry, phrenology miss kilmansegg is born into a family possessing vast wealth in gold. at her christening ' the book of pray ' r was so overrun / with gilt devices, it shone in the sun / like a copy \u2014 a presentation one \u2014 / of humboldt ' s \" el dorado \" ( 17 ). as a young woman her horse runs away with her, and she is dazzled by ' a kaleidoscope jumble of shapes and tints ' ( 33 ). badly injured, she has a leg amputated and replaced by one in solid gold. it was considered ' the great event, / through every circle in life it went, / like the leg in a pair of compasses ' ( 40 ). ' [ w ] ith men of scientific rank, / it made as much stir as the fossil shank / of a lizard coeval with adam! ' ( 41 ). of all evil spirits, there is none so much as that of ' party ' which requires a ' cooling, antiphlogistic speech ' ( 44 ). miss kilmansegg has a dream in which men of all spheres, including ' the man of science ', worship her ( 62 ) ; she becomes transmuted into a golden idol \u2014 ' gold, all gold, from her gold little toe / to her organ of veneration! ' ( 63 ). at her wedding, the page ' look ' d, so splendidly clad, / like a page of the \" wealth of nations \" ' ( 72 ). \u00a9 science in the nineteenth - century periodical project, universities of leeds and sheffield, 2005 - 07 printed from science in the nineteenth - century periodical : an electronic index, v. 3. 0, hrionline publications < http : / / www. sciper. org > [ accessed ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4849130243875012, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.047751"} {"text": "the basic concepts of sewer construction there ' s little doubt that has radically improved living conditions inthe modern world. these networks of subsurface pipes gave us the comfort of indoor plumbing and eliminated the need for outhouses. most people don ' t think about sewer construction until they experience a problem with a broken pipe or clogged sewer line. even then, they don ' t consider the inner workings. instead, they ' re on the phone calling a sewer contractor. sewer construction involves the use of multiple methods to install and maintain theendless network of sewer pipes. installation methods and construction materials have to be in compliance with environmental protection agency guidelines. construction projects can fall into one of five categories. these include : industrial, institutional, municipal, commercial, and residential. each category requires differentsizes of pipes and installation processes. for example, installing sewer lines in aresidential community utilizes different methods than installing pipes for industrialfacilities. a complete sewer system is referred to as sewerage. there are three types of seweragewhich include sanitary, storm, and combined. since these pipes transport raw sewage thatis polluted with human waste, harmful bacteria and organisms, sewer pipes are separatefrom water pipeline. septic tanks are a type of sewerage that is generally used in remote areas and ruralcommunities. these are individual sewer systems that require the installation of septictanks connected directly to the house via pipes. when rural areas are developed into residential communities, landowners are usuallyrequired to convert septic systems to public sewer lines. this can be costly becausehomeowners have to hire sewer contractors to connect to city lines, then drain and plugthe septic tank. water * sewer * fire line * storm drain * subsurface utility engineering1639 e. miraloma avenue * placentia, ca 92870 * p ( 714 ) 986 - 1400 * f * 714 ) 986 - 1416www. kanapipeline. comlic 461487a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5327176150886793, "token_count": 414, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.078502"} {"text": "the scale and complexity of systems is increasing dramatically. ultra - large - scale ( uls ) systems are systems of unprecedented scale in some of these dimensions : - lines of code - amount of data stored, accessed, manipulated, and refined - number of connections and interdependencies - number of hardware elements - number of computational elements - number of system purposes and user perception of these purposes - number of routine processes, interactions, and \u201c emergent behaviors \u201d - number of ( overlapping ) policy domains and enforceable mechanisms - number of people involved in some way how are uls systems different? the sheer scale of uls systems changes everything. uls systems will necessarily be decentralized in a variety of ways, developed and used by a wide variety of stakeholders with conflicting needs, evolving continuously, and constructed from heterogeneous parts. people will not just be users of a uls system ; they will be elements of the system. software and hardware failures will be the norm rather than the exception. the acquisition of a uls system will be simultaneous with its operation and will require new methods for control. these characteristics may appear in today \u2019 s systems and systems of systems, but in uls systems, they will dominate. consequently, uls systems will place unprecedented demands on software acquisition, production, deployment, management, documentation, usage, and evolution practices. the uls systems notion has inspired us to ask new questions about software - reliant systems : - what new quality attributes arise due to scale? - what types of analyses are required to understand and design ( at all levels ) systems at scale? - are new architecture design principles needed? - what new strategies are needed to control, predict, and bound the behavior of systems at scale? the sei strives to answer these questions and to develop principles and technology to understand, control, and bound the behavior of systems that exhibit characteristics of uls systems. specifically, we focus on socio - adaptive systems and cyber - physical systems. the book ultra - large - scale systems : the software challenge of the future is the product of a 12 - month study of uls systems software led by the sei in 2005 - 2006. the study brought together experts in software and other fields to examine the consequences of rapidly increasing scale in software - reliant systems. the report detailed a broad, multidisciplinary research agenda for developing the uls systems of the future.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5674919386203207, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.089803"} {"text": "use these 170 reflective journal writing prompts to learn more about yourself and the world around you. increasing your self knowledge will raise your self esteem. \" one of the marks of an intelligent person is to be able to distinguish what is worth doing and what isn ' t and to be able to set priorities. \" anne wilson schaef these reflective journal writing prompts will give your life clarity and focus. with them, setting priorities will be easier. with more effective decision making skills, your life will be more balanced and stress free. most of these reflective journal writing prompts begin with, \" what? \" \" how? \" \u201c why? \u201d and \u201c if? \u201d other prompts ask about your wishes and dreams. finally there are some general reflective journal writing prompts. the prompts will stimulate your imagination, increase awareness of your beliefs and boost your critical thinking skills. answer these reflective journal writing prompts with as much thought as you can. the richer your answer, the richer the rewards! for more journal writing prompts ideas have a look at reflective journal writing prompts beginning with \u201c what? 1. what does \" holds water \u201d mean to you? 2. what does \" copy cat, \u201d mean to you? 3. would be your ideal birthday present, and why? 4. what would it be like to be in a tornado? 5. what do you think the world will be like in 10 years? twenty? fifty? 6. what do you think people say to each other when you ' re not around? 7. what is your opinion about ghosts? 8. what is your opinion of someone who has bad manners? 9. what do you think about when you can ' t fall asleep? 10. what do you think courage means? 11. what things do you think are beautiful? 12. what is your opinion of 3d movies? 13. what is the best way to treat busybodies? 14. what is your idea of perfect happiness? 15. which living person do you most despise? 16. what is the quality you like most in a woman? what is the quality you like most in a man? 17. what things are better than going to school? why? 18. what makes a good neighbor? 19. what rituals do you have or hold? 20. what do you think is the greatest invention? why? 1. what is your idea of a boring evening? 2. what is something you are optimistic about? 3. what is something you are pessimistic about?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4627093715796984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.108429"} {"text": "or hold? 20. what do you think is the greatest invention? why? 1. what is your idea of a boring evening? 2. what is something you are optimistic about? 3. what is something you are pessimistic about? 4. what is your favorite song and why? 5. what would happen if there were no television? why would this be good? bad? 6. what would you do if you saw a friend cheating \u2014 report it, confront the friend, nothing \u2014 and why? 7. what is your interpretation of one of your recent dreams? 8. what seemed unusual on your morning commute today? 9. what ' s your favorite charitable cause and why? 10. what if trash became more valuable than money? 11. what do you think should be done to keep people who are under the influence of alcohol off the road? 12. what do you like most about yourself? 13. what do you like to do in your free time? 14. what kind of animal would you like to be and why? 15. what kind of trophy would you like to win? 16. what tv or movie star would you like to invite to your birthday party? 17. what does \" clothes make the person \" mean to you? 18. what does \" have your cake and eat it too \" mean to you? 19. what does \" the early bird gets the worm \" mean to you? 20. what do we mean when we say, \" the grass is always greener on the other side of the fence \"? there \u2019 s no need to respond to all these questions. the large number of these reflective journal writing prompts gives you many options for your journal. by choosing the prompts you really like, you will feel more engaged with your answers. 1. what is your most invaluable possession and why? 2. what is your greatest fear? 3. what historical figure do you most identify with? 4. what living person do you most admire? 5. what trait do you most deplore in yourself? 6. what is your greatest extravagance? 7. what is your favorite journey? 8. what do you consider your most overrated virtue? 9. what do you dislike most about your appearance? 10. what words do you most overuse? 11. what or who is the greatest love of your life? 12. what is your current state of mind? 13. what do you consider your greatest achievement? 14. what \u2019 s the finest education?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5230798259884359, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.109680"} {"text": "what words do you most overuse? 11. what or who is the greatest love of your life? 12. what is your current state of mind? 13. what do you consider your greatest achievement? 14. what \u2019 s the finest education? 15. what \u2019 s your motto? how would you like to be remembered? 16. what is the most courageous thing you have ever done? 17. what is one of your life goals? 18. what is your most invaluable possession and why? 19. what is something about yourself that you dislike? 20. what was your new years resolution this year? 1. what does \" you can ' t take it with you \" mean? 2. what do we mean when we say, \" you can catch more flies with honey than with vinegar \"? 3. what do we mean when we say, \" hitch your wagon to a star \"? 4. what does \" still waters run deep \" mean to you? 5. what does \" there are two sides to every coin \" mean to you? 6. what are you afraid of? why? 7. what are junk foods? 8. what are some nutritious foods that you like? 9. what are some rules you have to follow at home? 10. what are some examples of prejudice? 11. what is more important to you, appearance or personality? 12. what is something that makes you melancholy? 13. what makes you feel safe? 14. what makes you laugh? 15. what would you invent to make life better? 16. what kind of tv commercial would you like to make? describe it. 17. what kind of pet would you most like to have \u2014 monkey, snake, goat \u2014 why? 18. what kind of program do you enjoy most on tv \u2014 detective shows, comedies, game shows \u2014 and why? 19. what advice would you give a new student? 20. what advice would you give to someone who stole something but now feels guilty? 21. what would you put in a time capsule to be opened by the next generation? 22. what is the proudest moment of your life? 23. what do you feel is your greatest success? 24. what is the best decision you have ever made in your life? 25. what kind of art is your favorite? why? 26. what is an experience that you would consider a miracle? reflective journal writing prompts beginning with \u201c if? \u201d these 20 reflective journal writing prompts beginning with \" if \" will help develop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48481466937060913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.110978"} {"text": ". what kind of art is your favorite? why? 26. what is an experience that you would consider a miracle? reflective journal writing prompts beginning with \u201c if? \u201d these 20 reflective journal writing prompts beginning with \" if \" will help develop your right brain creative thinking skills as well as deepen your ability to reflect. the more you practice thinking, the more active your brain muscle will become and the more confident you will feel. 1. if all my wishes came true, i would \u2026. 2. if somebody makes a mess, who cleans it up? 3. if someone gains, someone else loses. how much does this expression reflect life? how much does it come up short? how might your attitudes have been different during events in your past if this expression were true? 4. if you could take home any animal from the zoo, which would it be, and what would you do with it? 5. if you could have been someone in history, who would you have been? 6. if you could only take 3 people with you on a trip around the world, who would you take and why? 7. if you could give any gift in the world, what would you give and to whom? 8. if you could live anywhere in the world, where would it be? 9. if you received any sum of money as a gift, what would you do with it? 10. if you had to describe yourself as a color, which would you choose? more reflective journal writing prompts beginning with \u201c if? \u201d 1. if you could do whatever you wanted to right now, what would you do? 2. if you were principal of your school, what changes would you make? 3. if you were a mouse in your house in the evening, what would you see your family doing? 4. if you were lost in the woods and it got dark, what would you do? 5. if it were your job to decide what shows to show or not show on tv., what shows would you choose? which ones would you eliminate and why? 6. if there were no rules, what would happen in your city? the world? 7. what do you think people say to each other when you ' re not around? 8. if you owned a store, what would you do to discourage people from stealing from you? 9. if you could participate in an olympic event, which one would you choose and why? 10. if you could break the guinness book of records it would be for?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5336322777481431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.112261"} {"text": "a store, what would you do to discourage people from stealing from you? 9. if you could participate in an olympic event, which one would you choose and why? 10. if you could break the guinness book of records it would be for? reflective journal writing prompts beginning with \u201c why? \u201d 1. why would we say that someone is \" bananas \"? 2. why do you think ability to focus is an important quality? 3. why does the ocean have a tide? 4. why is important to have good manners? 5. why do you think some people smoke / drink? 6. why is exercise important to someone your age? 7. why have men and women usually only done certain types of work? 8. why should or shouldn ' t a man stay home to care for the house and children while his wife goes to work? 9. why do you think some people take advantage of others? 10. why would we say that someone is \" passing the buck \"? 11. why do some people choose to dress differently? 12. why do people drive on parkways and park on driveways? reflective journal writing prompts on things you wish for 1. i wish i had a million. then i would \u2026. 2. i wish i had one \u2026. because \u2026. 3. i wish i could be like \u2026. this person is special because \u2026 4. i wish to be a \u2026. when i grow up. then i will \u2026. 5. i wish there were a law that said \u2026. this would be a good law because \u2026. 6. i wish i could forget the time i \u2026. because \u2026. 7. i wish trees could \u2026. because \u2026. 8. i wish i could see \u2026. because \u2026. 9. i wish i could learn \u2026. because \u2026. 10. i wish i didn ' t have to eat because \u2026. 11. i wish everyone would learn to \u2026. then everyone would \u2026. 12. i wish i never \u2026. 13. wish i had one more chance to \u2026. then i would \u2026. 14. i wish there was an electric \u2026. 15. i wish i had enough money to \u2026. 16. i wish everyone loved \u2026. 17. i wish all children would \u2026. 18. i wish everyone had \u2026. 19. i wish i could touch \u2026. 20. i wish animals could \u2026 \u2026 if they could, then \u2026. 21. i wish i looked like \u2026. because \u2026. 22. i wish there were no more \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44279503919648033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.113532"} {"text": "wish everyone had \u2026. 19. i wish i could touch \u2026. 20. i wish animals could \u2026 \u2026 if they could, then \u2026. 21. i wish i looked like \u2026. because \u2026. 22. i wish there were no more \u2026. 23. i wish i didn ' t have to \u2026. 24. i wish i could go to \u2026. 25. i wish i could hear \u2026. 26. i wish i could give \u2026. general reflective journal writing prompts 1. when you look at an elderly person ' s hands what do you see? 2. which disease known to humankind do you hate the most? explain why. 3. explain why we say, \" dead as a door nail \". 4. how did you meet your first boyfriend or girlfriend? 5. describe your typical day, from wake to sleep. 6. conversely, which superhero do you find to be the most overrated and why? 7. you have one hour to come up with the most interesting television show you can and describe / pitch it. 8. where would you want to live if earth was uninhabitable? 9. describe the ocean to a person who is blind. 10. complete this sentence : love is \u2026. more general reflective journal writing prompts 1. could writing a children ' s book really affect a child for the rest of their life? 2. just a spoonful of what makes the medicine go down? 3. in your imagination, what will the world be like in 50 years? 4. how do you think eating junk food affects you? 5. describe a time when you felt vengeful. 6. explain why we say, \" dead as a door nail \". 7. do you think there is too much fighting on tv. why or why not? 8. do you think it is necessary to have alcohol at a party in order to have a good time? 9. is there something that you memorized long ago and still remember? 10. which way does the toilet paper roll go? over or under? v more general reflective journal writing prompts 1. who are your favorite writers? 2. who is your favorite fictional hero? 3. describe one of your oldest photographs. 4. talk about a characteristic you admire in others. 5. write your life mission statement. 6. has religion played a role in your life? how? 7. describe a time you helped someone. 8. describe something you do well. 9. describe your home. which is your favorite room? why", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4677391360704396, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.114615"} {"text": "by : frank counselman, m. d. carbon monoxide is widely known as \u2018 the silent killer \u2019 and with good reason. back in may, two men died in a portsmouth home and a woman was hospitalized in critical condition after they ran a portable generator indoors. after the recent \u2018 november northeaster \u2019 a woman was treated in the hyperbaric oxygen chambers at sentara leigh hospital after running a generator inside a home during a power outage. in january, 12 children and two adults at a day care center in portsmouth were evaluated at hospitals for vomiting and confusion when a faulty boiler created dangerous levels of carbon monoxide. there are too many such stories. known chemically as co, this colorless, odorless gas kills an average of 170 people in homes and businesses in the u. s. each year from combustion sources other than motor vehicles. these include furnaces, kerosene heaters, portable generators, gas appliances, grills and fireplaces or wood stoves. with the onset of cooler weather, people will soon be turning up the heat in their homes and, with it, the potential for co exposure. one of the most common sources of co poisoning is portable generators. some people set them up in their attached garages to keep them out of the rain, which is a big mistake, because exhaust fumes have direct access to the living space. others place generators so close to their homes that fumes waft through open doors and windows and poison the people inside. carbon monoxide kills you by forcing oxygen out of your red blood cells and starving your body of oxygen. symptoms of co poisoning mimic other types of illnesses and people might not realize they are in danger. early symptoms include headache, nausea, fatigue, dizziness or shortness of breath. as exposure worsens, symptoms progress to mental confusion, vomiting, loss of coordination and unconsciousness leading to death unless those exposed are removed from the poisoned environment into fresh air. suspect co poisoning when everyone in the home or workplace comes down with symptoms all at once, including pets. this scenario is different from, say, the flu where there is usually some lag time between onsets. if paramedics can get you to the emergency room alive with co poisoning, the primary medical treatment is high flow oxygen. in severe cases, hyperbaric oxygen is used. this is the same high - pressure oxygen therapy given scuba divers who develop the bends, those painful nitrogen bubbles in the blood from too - rapid ascents. hyperbaric oxygen purges co from the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4743065926585047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.120915"} {"text": "severe cases, hyperbaric oxygen is used. this is the same high - pressure oxygen therapy given scuba divers who develop the bends, those painful nitrogen bubbles in the blood from too - rapid ascents. hyperbaric oxygen purges co from the blood, restores proper oxygen levels in the body and hopefully prevents permanent damage to the brain and internal organs. however, it does not always work. some victims die or live on with debilitating after effects. the best way to avoid carbon monoxide poisoning is to play it safe with all combustion appliances. have your furnace checked annually for proper combustion and venting. never, ever run a portable generator inside your house, not ever. place portable generators far enough from the house to avoid fumes. if you use a kerosene heater, make sure the room has good ventilation. place carbon monoxide detectors in recommended living areas. if you suspect carbon monoxide is affecting people in your home or workplace, evacuate everyone to the outdoors. ventilate the area by opening doors and windows. call 911. the fire department can measure co in the atmosphere and investigate the cause. make sure anyone exposed, especially anyone showing symptoms, is evaluated medically. frank counselman, m. d. is past president of the medical staff for sentara hospitals norfolk and is chair of the department of emergency medicine at eastern virginia medical school. dr. counselman is a fellow of the american college of emergency physicians.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45945908329167, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.121716"} {"text": "the theatre was the first london playhouse, built in 1576 by the english actor and entrepreneur james burbage, father of the great actor and friend of shakespeare, richard burbage. it was located in a northern suburb of london ( north of london wall which bounded the city proper ) ; on the edge of finsbury fields, just past bishopsgate street, where shakespeare called home up to 1597. there are no images of the theatre, but written accounts of the building describe a vast, polygonal, three - story timber structure, open to the sun and rain. its exterior was coated with lime and plaster. it had features similar to those of the future globe playhouse and other playhouses of the day, such as galleries, upper rooms, a tiring house, and trap doors in the stage floor. like the globe, the theatre had two external staircases, standing on either side of the building, and leading up to the galleries. those people who watched from the main \" yard \" surrounded by the comfortable covered galleries, were forced to stand during the entire performance. the theatre was home to many acting companies, but was used primarily by shakespeare ' s acting troupe, the chamberlain ' s men, after 1594. unfortunately, the theatre fell victim to government censorship, due to the production of thomas nashe ' s \" seditious \" play isle of dogs that prompted all of the london theatres to be closed for the summer of 1597. the theatre did not reopen, and was dismantled by the carpenter peter street in 1598, forcing the chamberlain ' s men to find another home. bentley, gerald eades. shakespeare : a biographical handbook. yale university press : new haven, 1968. berry, herbert, ed. the first public playhouse. queen ' s university press : montreal, 1979. boyce, charles. shakespeare a to z. facts on file : new york, 1990. lee, sir sidney. a life of william shakespeare. new york : dover publications, 1968. rutter, carol chillington. documents of the rose playhouse. manchester university press : manchester, 1984. how to cite this article : mabillard, amanda. the great theatre. shakespeare online. 21 nov. 2000. ( date when you accessed the information ) < http : / / www. shakespeare - online. com / theatre / burbagetheatre. html >.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3621189389926975, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.124571"} {"text": "discover how your kid \u2019 s brain really works for every time you hear, \u201c it \u2019 s a boy thing, \u201d or \u201c she \u2019 s all girl, \u201d and you think, \u201c yeah, but why? \u201d \u2014 we \u2019 re here to tell you it \u2019 s a brain thing. scientists can literally see the differences between boys \u2019 and girls \u2019 brains. \u201c it \u2019 s important to understand the distinctions but different doesn \u2019 t mean good or bad, better or worse ; it just means different, \u201d says david walsh, ph. d., psychologist and parenting expert who has been studying children and brain science for decades. \u201c you can \u2019 t generalize to describe every boy or girl \u2014 there are millions of exceptions. \u201d dr. walsh, author of smart parenting, smarter kids : the one brain book you need to help your child grow brighter, healthier, and happier, talks brain science with sheknows below. in your book, smart parenting, smarter kids, you cover the differences between boys ' and girls ' brains ; what differences do you think parents need to be especially aware of? dr. david walsh : language is one of the clearest brain differences between the sexes. girls arrive with a brain built for language. during infancy the left hemisphere \u2014 the brain \u2019 s language center for most people \u2014 develops before the right for little girls whereas the order is reversed for boys. even more convincing, females have at least twenty percent more neurons than males in the brain \u2019 s broca area where we produce language, and they have as much as eighteen percent more volume in the wernicke \u2019 s area where we interpret language. that \u2019 s why besides talking earlier than boys, girls have larger preschool vocabularies and use more complex sentence structures. once in school, girls are one to one - and - a - half years ahead of boys in reading and writing. boys are twice as likely to have a language or reading problem. girls do better on tests of verbal memory, spelling, and verbal fluency. there \u2019 s no difference in intelligence between boys and girls. there are some gender differences that show up in several cognitive domains. just as there \u2019 s evidence that girls \u2019 brains give them a verbal advantage, likewise there \u2019 s data showing that boys \u2019 brains favor spatial skills that make it easier for them to visualize three - dimensional objects from different angles. the differences between girls \u2019 and boys \u2019 brain chemistry \u2014 hormones and neurotransmitters \u2014 help us understand the differences in their emotional brains. girls", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49459753564085207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.129903"} {"text": "spatial skills that make it easier for them to visualize three - dimensional objects from different angles. the differences between girls \u2019 and boys \u2019 brain chemistry \u2014 hormones and neurotransmitters \u2014 help us understand the differences in their emotional brains. girls \u2019 brains make them more socially aware while boys \u2019 brains make them more action - oriented. what stages are the differences most significant between boys ' and girls ' brains? dr. walsh : the differences become more significant when children enter school and again at puberty. girls mature faster than boys. they talk earlier, potty train a half year sooner and reach puberty two years ahead of their brothers. the same pattern holds true for their brains. girls leave boys in the dust in the race to brain developmental milestones. this puts a lot of boys at a disadvantage in school. i think it \u2019 s important to recalibrate some of our expectations and rethink some of our teaching methods based on brain differences between boys and girls. \" puberty brings major changes for both genders... \" puberty brings major changes for both genders, but there are male - female differences driven by their respective growth hormones. testosterone laden boys become surly while their sisters have to deal with the dramatic mood swings triggered by the ebb and flow of estrogen and progesterone. don \u2019 t limit your kids should brain differences affect how we parent? dr. walsh : it \u2019 s good for parents to be aware of the differences so they can support their children \u2019 s natural strengths while helping them avoid some gender specific weaknesses. for example, while parents should foster all children \u2019 s language skills, it makes sense to pay special attention to their sons. it will also be helpful to encourage their sons to name emotions and help them interpret social cues. similarly parents should encourage their daughters to find solutions when they are sad. parents should be aware of the differences without letting brain - based expectations limit how they see each child. it \u2019 s important, for example, not to communicate brain - based biases with statements like, \u201c girls just aren \u2019 t that good at science. \u201d parents should encourage their sons and daughters to get involved in a wide range of activities. do you parent differently based on gender? share your thoughts and stories in comments below. read more on kids \u2019 brains", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5090307948219832, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.131272"} {"text": "reference : x. tu and d. terzopoulos, \" artificial fishes : physics, locomotion, perception, behavior \", computer graphics, siggraph 94 conference proceedings, pp. 43 - 50, july, 1994 consider a realistic virtual world of fish. there would be underwater currents, moving plants, unmoving rocks and coral reef that the fish must swim around. there would be food ( prey ) and predators. some fish would only be prey, others only predators, some both, and perhaps some none. when a predator appears, the fish might initially group together for protection, but when the predator gets close, they might scatter. the predator might then choose a victim and chase it. at mating time, the fish might have courtship rituals. this complex behavior is difficult to realistically animate with keyframing techniques. this paper tries to create realistic fish, fish that not only look realistic, but also move in a realistic fashion, and even behave realistically. this requires the animators to model the form and appearance of the fish, the physics of their movement, their perception of the external world, and their response to these perceptions. results of this effort are shown in the computer animation \" go fish \", part of the siggraph 93 electronic theater. here is a description of the following images from the paper : \" the color plates show stills from our 1994 animation \" the undersea world of jack cousto. \" the detailed motions of the artificial fishes emulate the complexity and unpredictability of movement of their natural counterparts, and this enhances the visual beauty of the animations. \" \" plate1a shows a variety of animated artificial fishes. the reddish fish are engaged in a mating ritual, the greenish fish is a predator hunting for small prey, the remaining fishes are feeding on plankton ( white dots ). dynamic seaweeds grow from the ocean bed and sway in the current. \" \" in plate 1b, the large male in the foreground is courtship dancing with the female ( top ). the prey fish in the background are engaging in schooling behavior, a common subterfuge for avoiding predators. \" \" plate 1c shows a shark stalking the school. \" here is an animation that was shown at the siggraph 97 course on artificial life. ( quicktime - 14 mbytes ) this work is an example of physically based modeling that has been extended. the fish model is an extension of the snake and worm dynamics model created by [ miller88 ]. the fish", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5504112610322578, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.175562"} {"text": "on artificial life. ( quicktime - 14 mbytes ) this work is an example of physically based modeling that has been extended. the fish model is an extension of the snake and worm dynamics model created by [ miller88 ]. the fish model is a spring - mass system with internal contractile muscles. this system uses a more sophisticated implicit euler simulation. this is needed because the dynamic range of forces created in the simulated aquatic environment is larger than for the snake and worm models. the aquatic plants are also modeled as spring - mass systems. the authors have created a motor - control system to simulate the complex motion of swimming fish. this is also an example of behavioral simulation, an extension of the work on flocking by [ reynolds87 ]. the authors achieve the complex behavior in stages : first the primitive reflexive behaviors such as obstacle avoidance, and then more complex ones. the behavior is closely linked to perception. in previous work, authors had simulated a virtual roach that retreated when it perceived a virtual hand. the fish have simulated visual perception and other perceptions, e. g., water temperature. the combination of perception, behavior, and motor systems create fish that are autonomous and do not need to be keyframed. this is analogous to some work in robotics. as the level of sophistication of the simulation increases, unprogrammed emergent behaviors may be created. figure 1 shows an overview of the virtual fish. the models used are compromises between realism and computational efficiency. note that as machines become faster, the models can be moved closer to reality. the motor controllers ( mcs ) are parameterized procedures with each one assigned to a specific task, e. g., \" swim forward \", \" turn left \", etc. 2 physics - based fish model and locomotion most fish use the caudal fin, powered by the posterior ( rear ) muscles, to move forward and anterior ( front ) muscles to turn. to simulate fish motion the authors created a model with 23 point masses and 91 springs. this system allows the fish to flex while it also maintains its structural stability. twelve of the springs are used as muscles ( figure 3 ). for node i : mass = mi, position = xi ( t ) = [ xi ( t ), yi ( t ), zi ( t ) ], velocity = vi ( t ) = dxi ( t ) / dt acceleration = ai ( t ) = dvi ( t ) / dt spring sij connects node i to node j", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5676050665501605, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.177473"} {"text": ", yi ( t ), zi ( t ) ], velocity = vi ( t ) = dxi ( t ) / dt acceleration = ai ( t ) = dvi ( t ) / dt spring sij connects node i to node j. it has a spring force constant cij and equilibrium length lij. the spring deformation is given by eij ( t ) = | xj ( t ) - xi ( t ) | - lij. then the force sij exerts on node i is fij. 2. 2 swimming using muscles and hydrodynamics the virtual fish swims by contracting its muscles, i. e., by decreasing the rest length lij. the authors assign a minimum length to a muscle spring and express the contraction factor as a number between 0. 0 and 1. 0. by contracting the muscles on one side and letting those on the other side relax, the fish tail will swing back and forth, thus propelling the fish forward ( figure 4 ). | figure 4 : hydrodynamic locomotion. with tail swinging towards positive x axis, reaction force fiw at point ni acts along the inward normal. component fixw resists the lateral movement, while fiyw is forward thrust. aggregate thrust propels fish towards positive y axis. to control locomotion. | 2. 3 motor controllers the fish has three motor controllers : swim - mc ( straight ahead ), left - turn - mc, and right turn mc. the mc ' s prescribe muscle contractions to the appropriate springs. according to fish research, the swimming speed of a fish is proportional to the amplitude and frequency of the tail oscillations. the authors tests agree with these observations ; both swimming speed and turn angles are proportional to the contraction amplitudes and frequencies of the muscle springs. the swim - mc converts a swim speed parameter into contraction amplitude and frequency values for the swimming springs. by testing, the set of parameters which produce maximum speed has been determined. so speed settings are given as a fraction ( between 0. 0 and 1. 0 ) of these values. a turn is accomplished by quickly contracting the springs on one side of the fish and relaxing those on the other side. then the contracted springs are slowly restored to their resting state. experimentation found four sets of parameters that produce turns of 30, 45, 60, and 90 degrees. interpolation of these parameters can produce any turn up to 90 degrees, greater angle turns are produced by adding turns together. 2. 4 pitching", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5258148622570114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.181900"} {"text": ". experimentation found four sets of parameters that produce turns of 30, 45, 60, and 90 degrees. interpolation of these parameters can produce any turn up to 90 degrees, greater angle turns are produced by adding turns together. 2. 4 pitching ( up and down motion ) and yawing ( side to side motion ) the pectoral fins are used to control pitching and yawing. they can be held close to the body, reducing drag, for rapid swimming or extended, increasing drag, to slow down the fish. reef fish may use these for very delicate motions, even backwards swimming. the pectoral fins are not modeled in great physical detail but act by applying vector forces to the nodes in the fish midsection ( 1 < = i < = 12 ). these fins are similar to airplane wings and control comes from changing their orientations relative to the body. | figure 5 : pectoral fins | the fin force is ff = - a ( n * v ) n, where a is the fin area, v is the fish velocity, and n is the normal to the fin surface. by varying the angles the fins apply different forces to the nodes. if the leading edges are raised then a lifting or upwards force is generated. if then fins are depressed then a downwards force is generated. if the fin angles are different then the fish yaws and rolls. the fins can also be used for braking, which is useful in maintaining a schooling pattern. 3 sensory perception there are two sensors, a temperature sensor at the center of the body and a visual sensor. the visual sensor has access to the geometries, materials, and illumination, that is in the graphics pipeline for rendering. the vision can also interrogate the object database to identify nearby objects, and can interrogate the physical simulation to obtain information such as the velocity of objects. the fish vision covers a 300 degree spherical angle that extends out to a radius defined by the waters translucence. an object is \" seen \" if any part of it is in this view volume and not occluded by another object. | figure 10 : artificial fish vision sensor. ( a ) visual perception is limited to 300 degree solid angle. | | figure 10 : artificial fish vision sensor. ( b ) occlusion and distance limits the perception of objects ( only the fish towards the left is visible ). | a more realistic simulation would be to use computer vision algorithms to extract information from the scene rendered from the viewpoint of the fish. 4. behavioral modeling and simulation at each", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5120998143322248, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.189581"} {"text": "limits the perception of objects ( only the fish towards the left is visible ). | a more realistic simulation would be to use computer vision algorithms to extract information from the scene rendered from the viewpoint of the fish. 4. behavioral modeling and simulation at each time step ( animation frame ) the intention generator issues an intention based on the fish ' s habits, mental state, and incoming sensory information. it then chooses and executes a behavior routine that runs the appropriate motor controllers. the animator can choose the innate character of a fish by choosing the set of preferences, i. e., whether it is male or female, likes brightness or darkness, cold, warmth, schooling, etc. 4. 2 mental state there are three mental state variables : h ( hunger ), l ( libido ), and f ( fear ). the range of each is between 0. 0 and 1. 0. the higher values correspond to a stronger urge to eat, mate, and avoid danger. the variables are computed as follows : where t = time 5 intention generator figure 5 illustrates the intention generator. the first check is to see if there is immediate danger of a collision. if an object comes into the collision sensitivity region ( a bounding volume around the fish ) then the intention i is to avoid a collision. a \" timid \" fish would have a large sensitivity region whereas a \" brave \" fish would have a small region. if there is no collision danger then the neighborhood is searched for predators.. the fear state variable, f, and the most dangerous predator m for which fm > = fi, is computed. if the total fear f > fo ( a threshold value 0. 1 < = fo < = 0. 5 ) then evasive action must be taken. if the most dangerous predator is not too dangerous ( fm < f1 with f1 > f0 ) and the fish schools then the school intention is generated, else the escape intention is generated. if fear is below the threshold then hunger and libido variables are computed. if the larger of the two is greater than some threshold r, ( 0. 0 < r < 0. 5 ) then either the eat or mate intentions are generated. if there is no action from the above tests then the ambient light and temperature are determined from the perception system. if the fish is content with these values then the intention to wander is generated, else to leave is generated. after an intention is generated then the fish invokes the perceptual focus mechanism. this focuses on just the external", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5451993032636524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.195167"} {"text": "perception system. if the fish is content with these values then the intention to wander is generated, else to leave is generated. after an intention is generated then the fish invokes the perceptual focus mechanism. this focuses on just the external information needed to carry out the generated intention. for example, if the intention is escape, then the positions of obstacles and the most dangerous predator are located and these determine the motion. for example, if the predator is to the left, the constraint don ' t turn left is generated. real fish have a persistence of action. to simulate persistence in action, a single item short term memory is used. for example, if the fish has the intention of eat, and a collision danger is generated, then the current intention is stored and retrieved after the obstacle has been avoided. the focuser can be parameterized by threshold values to vary the fish character. for example, assume the intention is to eat, and the current target prey distance is lc and the distance to another prey is ln ( example a new fish swims into view ). then if lc - ln > threshold the fish will go after the new prey. by varying the threshold from 0. 0 to a large number, the predator fish can be very persistent or easily distracted. 5. 1 behavior routines after an intention is generated it passes control, and the data from the perception focuser, to a behavior routine. the fish has eight behavior routines : avoiding - static - obstacle, avoiding - fish, eating - food, mating, leaving, wandering - about, escaping, and schooling. the behavior routines then choose the appropriate mc and pass it the right parameters. look at each of these routines. avoiding - static - obstacle, avoiding - fish : these operate similarly. given the relative obstacle position an appropriate mc, e. g. turn - left, is chosen, and the control parameters are computed, subject to other constraints. the avoiding - fish routine treats the other fish as a bounding box moving in a certain direction. adjusting the size of the bounding box can usually avoid collisions. eating - food : tests the distance, d, of the food from the fish ' s mouth. if d > = threshold then a subroutine chasing - target, is invoked. when d < threshold then the subroutine suck - in is invoked. this simulates a vacuum force that is exerted on the target and other nearby objects. this force is added to the other external forces on the nodes. this is how many fish actually eat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5511947948022463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.198737"} {"text": "threshold then the subroutine suck - in is invoked. this simulates a vacuum force that is exerted on the target and other nearby objects. this force is added to the other external forces on the nodes. this is how many fish actually eat. mating : invokes four subroutines wandering - about : this routine invokes the swim - mc and sends random angles to the turn - mcs. leaving : this is similar to wandering - about except that the fish moves without turning. escaping : the fish choose the best mc depending upon the relative position and orientation of the predator 6 artificial fish types there are currently three types : predators, prey, and pacifists. predators do not prey on other predators so they do no predator detection. also they do not school, escape, or mate ( f = l = 0 ). all they do is avoid collisions and, if hungry, go after prey. a predator chases prey, k, if the cost ck = dk ( 1 + b1sk + b2ek / pi ) is less than some threshold. dk = distance between the mouth of the predator and the center of the prey ' s body. sk = 1 if the prey is in a school, else sk = 0. ek is the required turning angle. current values of the parameters are b1 = 0. 5 and b2 = 0. 2. prey fish do not mate. their main activities are eating and forming schools. the school routine uses rules similar to the reynolds paper as shown by the set of rules below ( collision avoidance is already handled so these look for velocity matching and flock - centering ) : test : > = 2 neighbors within one body length to the front? if the answer = no then find the closest schoolmate in front and speed up towards it else, if the answer = yes then test : > = 2 neighbors within one body length to the sides? if the answer = no then find the closest schoolmate to the sides and turn to it else, if the answer = yes then test : swim in generally same direction as the neighbors? if the answer = no then match velocity with neighbors else, if the answer = yes then just swim along. in pacifists, escape and school are deactivated and mate is activated. there is a diversity of fish mating habits but there are three main behaviors : nuzzling - the male approaches the female from underneath and nudges her abdomen until she is ready to spawn spawning ascent - the female swims rapidly towards the surface pursued by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5234530012228809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.204804"} {"text": "there is a diversity of fish mating habits but there are three main behaviors : nuzzling - the male approaches the female from underneath and nudges her abdomen until she is ready to spawn spawning ascent - the female swims rapidly towards the surface pursued by the male and releases gametes at the peak of the ascent. courtship dancing - there are two common types : looping - the male swims up and down in a loop above and in front of the female circling - the male and female circle, as if chasing each other ' s tail the author ' s implemented a mating behavior that does the following sequence of behaviors : looping, circling, spawning ascent, and nuzzling. the male selects a female on the following criteria : a female of the same species is more attractive than a female of a different species ( from biology this would have to be so ) and closer females are more attractive than ones further away. once fish i has selected mate j, it sends a signal to j. there are then three possibilities : j ' s intention is not to mate - then i approaches j and follows it around using chasing - target with the center of j ' s body as the target j ' s intention is to mate, but not with i - if i is a male then it performs a looping behavior in front of j. if j is impressed then the courtship sequence continues, else i discontinues looping and looks for another partner. if i is female then it just looks for another partner. if j intends to mate with i then the courtship sequence begins. the courtship sequence is as follows : looping - the female hovers and bobs her head ( by motor control of the pectoral fins ) while the male invokes chasing - target at a point in front of the females head ( which bobs up and down ). the male counts the number of times his mouth reaches the vicinity of the moving point and when a threshold is reached begins the next stage. circling - both fish invoke chasing - target on each other ' s tail. the spawning ascending routine begins after the female has done a fixed number of turns. the male invokes chasing - target to follow the female. the female stops and the male does the nuzzling routine for a set number of steps. after the looping routine the female may be attracted to a larger male fish than the original. at the nuzzling stage, if the male comes in at a wrong angle, the avoiding - fish routine may be invoked, so it turns away and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4782393530566032, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.213879"} {"text": "information about silicon production this solarworld company covers our silicon production and conditioning : you can learn about the details of the individual steps in our value chain in our brochure about the freiberg site. informations about solarworld \u2019 s lithium activities here silicon is the starting point of our solar production cycle. it is extracted from sand which is made up primarily of silicon dioxide. as the second most common element of the earth \u2019 s crust, there is an almost endless supply. at the freiberg / saxony location, solarworld is working hard to step into the future. since 2002, solarworld ag has operated a joint venture together with the degussa chemical corporation called jssi gmbh ( original name : joint solar silicon gmbh & co. kg ). the company developed a new technological process for manufacturing solar silicon cost - effectively in rheinfelden : from silane. silane is a gas made of silicon and hydrogen which is provided by evonik degussa gmbh. jssi gmbh breaks down this gas into silicon in a new type of process. the deutsche solar gmbh analyzes methods for silicon supply deutsche solar gmbh has assumed responsibility for the long - term strategic supply of silicon needed by solarworld ag. they meet this goal by developing new production technologies such as, for example the sunsil process. starting in the summer of 2010, the group will pre - process the sunsil silicon powder for wafer production and refine it to granules at the freiberg site. joint venture with qatar foundation solarworld ag formed another joint venture at the beginning of this year : solarworld ag has a 29 % holding in the newly formed joint venture, qatar solar technologies ( qst ) headquartered in the emirate of qatar. the joint venture set up the first production site for polysilicon on the arabian peninsula. the partners are the qatar foundation ( 70 % ) and the qatar development bank ( 1 % ). starting in the 3rd quarter of 2012, 3, 600 metric tons of polysilicon are to be produced in the new plant per year. read more in the press release. during the melting process, monocrystalline silicon produced which can be easily recognized from its uniform external color caused by the homogenous internal crystal structure. polycrystalline silicon has a structure in which many crystals grow next to each other during solidification. polycrystalline cells can be recognized by a visible grain called a \" metal flake effect \".", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4862760621193086, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.228798"} {"text": "banks are like cathedrals, since casinos took their place. \" really know what the above lyric means, but it sounds so good. did the casinos replace the banks, or did the casinos replace the cathedrals? it ' s not really clear. maybe casinos replaced cathedrals in that people are now worshiping money, gambling on fate rather than trusting god. if so, then why are the banks now like cathedrals? the banks house money, so there is some connection between casinos and banks. that ' s about as far as i can take that interpretation. or maybe the lyric is saying that casinos replaced banking, so gambling is now considered as conservative as investing, and investing is so conservative that it is considered medieval worship, and cathedrals are so conservative they don ' t even exist anymore. what we have here is a great pop lyric that makes a lousy meaningful sentence. hypertext literature is a wonderful subject for discourse, theory, and intellectual hobnobbing ; but in the final analysis, there ' s really not that much to it. insofar as hypertext binds the web together, it ' s wonderful. insofar as hypertext allows multimedia web art to function, it ' s great glue. insofar as hypertext comprises a new literary genre, it ' s about as riveting as those \" write your own story \" books that came out when i was a kid ( \" if you choose to fight the dragon, turn to page 72. if you choose to elope with the maiden, turn to page 287 \" ). dadaism, some things are better in theory than in execution. the iconoclastic idea of duchamp ' s urinal as art is much more impressive than the urinal itself. and of course, that was duchamp ' s point. likewise, the elaborate theories expounded on interactive novels and stream - of - consciousness - enabled poetry make much better reading than the hypertext poems and novels themselves. jorge louis borges foretold interactive literature in his 1941 short story, \" examen de la obra de herbert quain \" from the collection ficciones. the story itself is not interactive literature ; instead, it is faux criticism of a piece of non - existent interactive literature. even back then borges must have known what i ' ve recently come to suspect : critical theory of non - linear text is much more fun to write and read than non - linear text itself! many a progressive online literary magazine might not agree with me, but i", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5323609163864353, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.246519"} {"text": "borges must have known what i ' ve recently come to suspect : critical theory of non - linear text is much more fun to write and read than non - linear text itself! many a progressive online literary magazine might not agree with me, but i have two good objections : 1 ) text yes, but why hyper? and 2 ) hyper yes, but why text? catchy, concise, and very, very linear. i ' ll present these two objections later down the line, but exactly is hypertext? web has inundated our culture with reams of new technologies and communication paradigms over the last five years. consequently we ' re so overwhelmed with buzzwords, we can ' t tell a neo - media environment from an interactive literary community. ( or was it net banking, or did online casinos take their place? ) so what exactly is hypertext? is just text that links. ok? that ' s it. has been written about the wondrous paradigm - shifting nature of \" the linking event. \" for example, isn ' t it interesting how the human mind interprets the web as a place? we feel we are hopping from site to site, when in reality, we are merely requesting different documents from different machines, and those documents are being sent to our machine while we don ' t move at all. see how tempting it is to expound on the depths of the interactive web experience? here i am writing an article trying to debunk our overblown fascination with hypertext, and even now i am succumbing to the temptation. theorize on, dear friends. i won ' t cast stones. without the web and its resources is really nothing much. tim berners - lee originally invented html to allow physics researchers to communicate with each other via the internet in a way beyond mere e - mail and file transfer protocol. tim ' s purpose for adding the hypertext element to his markup language was twofold : i have a table of contents at the beginning of my long physics paper, i no longer have to say \" chapter 5 : non - linear experiments in fluid dynamics ( p. 45 ). \" i can merely link all that text straight to page 45, and leave out the reference to page 45. so hypertext was originally meant to save its readers the trouble of having to \" flip through \" the digital pages of their digital documents. in my physics paper i want to refer to another physics paper, and i know the location on the internet of that other paper, i can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6007572152595588, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.253918"} {"text": "meant to save its readers the trouble of having to \" flip through \" the digital pages of their digital documents. in my physics paper i want to refer to another physics paper, and i know the location on the internet of that other paper, i can send my readers straight to that other paper via hypertext. let ' s liken this function to using the yellow pages, except instead of reading a number from the yellow pages and dialing it into a phone manually ( the old ftp method ), you simply press the number right there in the directory itself, and the phone number is dialed for you ( the new html method ). sure, a great time saving device, but an advancement know what berners - lee ' s hypertext markup language spawned, namely ye olde web. but note, berners - lee wrote his markup language for research papers and physics databases. is there a difference between reading an instructional manual and reading a novel? you bet. the former is non - linear, and the latter is linear. and necessarily # 1 : text yes, but why hyper? subscribed to a theory of organic poetry which i find instructive. it ' s been a while since college, and i ' m grossly oversimplifying, but basically wordsworth says that every piece of a poem should be essential, adding to the whole. a poem should be constructed so that if any bit were added or removed, it wouldn ' t work. furthermore, a poem should be organic like a flower is organic. a poem should begin as a seed and proceed into full blossom so that each part rightly relates to the parts which precede and follow it in sequence. a good poem should grow from beginning to end. in other words, linear cohesion is part and parcel of good poetry. back to middle school plot diagrams, you ' ve got your initial incident which builds to a climax and then falls to a resolution. it ' s left to right, in a sequence, in a line. it actually is a line, come to think of it. and why is it that good poems and good stories by their very nature tend to be linear? answer has to do with the nature of existence, space, and time. we exist in a sea of millions of possible future events that may or may not happen. every day we wake up and begin bringing into existence a series of those possible events, turning them from the possible into history, and stringing them together in a chronological line. we call this activity \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5572194630408001, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.255137"} {"text": "possible future events that may or may not happen. every day we wake up and begin bringing into existence a series of those possible events, turning them from the possible into history, and stringing them together in a chronological line. we call this activity \" life. \" we enjoy stories and poems about life that proceed from beginning to end, because we live life in time from beginning to end. tension and release are the essential elements of pleasure. \" will such and such happen? i ' m waiting... i ' m waiting, yes! it did happen! \" so great writing is writing that presents a meaningful mediated \" life experience. \" and since our life experience is linear, non - linear writing is less likely to be great writing. have the burning desire to describe several possible linear life experiences? write several novels. otherwise, your single hypertext novel will just wind up having the dramatic impact of the end of wayne ' s world. if there ' s more than one ending, then there ' s really no ending at all. like groundhog day are amusing because they ask, \" what if life weren ' t linear? \" but note, groundhog day is still a linear movie commenting on non - linear / cyclic possibilities. if every time you watched groundhog day the movie itself changed order, how would that increase the impact of the narrative? ( i dare say the same holds true for joyce ' s portrait of the artist, stream - of - consciousness as it may be. ) once again, a linear analysis of a non - linear event proves more compelling than the non - linear event itself. was bill murray ' s character enjoying his non - linear life in groundhog day? or was his life very disorienting and frustrating? most non - linear writing is just that : disorienting and frustrating to read. are you into near - broadway impromptu theater where actors throw fruit at you and verbally berate your grandmother? do you enjoy that kind of paradigm - shifting avant - garde experience? then curl up to a cozy hypertext novel and suck marrow, baby. # 2 : hyper yes, but why text? to teach a class on web site design at a two - year technical college. when we got to the \" make a site with whatever you want on it \" phase, everybody wanted to write about their cat. second only to the pet - glorification sites were the hypertext poem / essay sites. \" look, i wrote a poem where one word in the poem links to a second page with an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5811286071219176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.256213"} {"text": "\" phase, everybody wanted to write about their cat. second only to the pet - glorification sites were the hypertext poem / essay sites. \" look, i wrote a poem where one word in the poem links to a second page with an entirely new poem based on that first word. and look, in the second poem there is another word where if you click on it... \" reason my students were drawn to these hypertext poems was that we hadn ' t yet gotten to graphics. once they knew how to create and incorporate images in their pages, the hypertext poems suddenly seemed old - school. that ' s the way i feel about hypertext literature. with so much media converging on the web, why not use the web ' s interactivity to do something other than merely write words? piece of interactive art ( apart from the universe ) is the cd - rom \" game \" \" riven. \" if you ' re going to ask me to forge the outcome of your art, then at least make me the main character and give me some moving objects and people to look at and listen to so i can have some virtual fun. in other words, make a fully mediated world and drop me in it ( vis - a - vis nell ' s primer in neil stephenson ' s the diamond age ). otherwise, i ' ll just continue to enjoy the media - rich interactive experience that is my life, while occasionally reading robyn miller, the primary creator of \" riven, \" has now gone into linear filmmaking. his reason? greater control over one ' s narrative leads to the construction of a greater narrative. there ' s no chance your viewer is going to wander into a corner, or go out of order, or never arrive at the main point. you can choose the one plot that most communicates your message, hone that plot for maximum impact, and then present it with the assurance that if your viewer doesn ' t get it, it wasn ' t for your lack of trying. \" riven \" rocks my world. i do get it. i also get and enjoy many interactive multimedia web installations. yes, interactivity does immerse and involve me in art by empowering me, but what exactly is it that i ' m empowered to do? am i empowered to blend various audio loops and in so doing create a correspondent video collage? ( see peppermint lounge ). am i empowered to modify a surrealistic landscape by tweaking various controls that are themselves part of the ever -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5100691671214197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.257206"} {"text": "approximately 185 students from two high schools in maine participated in the pilot local fisheries knowledge ( lfk ) project during the 2003 - 2004 academic year, and another 159 during 2004 - 2005 academic each school created an overarching theme to guide students ' lfk interviews. students organized into teams to conduct interviews. ellsworth high school me. hancock county. what does the fishing industry have to do with ellsworth high school ' s communities? ellsworth hs. photo by grey at ellsworth high school, all 10th grade students in english, science, and social studies participated during the 2003 / 2004 and 2004 / 2005 academic years jonesport - beals high school jonesport, me. washington county. what is our place in the changing face of jonesport - beal ' s marine culture? jonesport - beals hs. photo by jennifer ise, high school, 12th grade students technology and enterpreneurship classes participated during the 2003 / 2004 and 2004 / 2005 academic years. the 2005 / 2006 students include 9 th graders and 12 the communities of ellsworth and jonesport are located in the downeast region of maine. this area has heritage, though fishing has influenced each community to different degrees. the community of ellsworth has developed around regional fisheries by providing support services such as fish processing many families in jonesport and on neighboring beals island have been fishing for a living for over 200 years. some students high school will carry on this tradition. during the first pilot year, 35 of the 125 students at the school had commercial fishing licenses. three of this year \u2019 s participants already have their lobster permits. other students may go on to work in fisheries related fields, such as fishing gear construction, boat building, fisheries science, or aquaculture. the commercial fishing profession and fishing communities, however, face an uncertain future in maine. more about regional fishing issues \u2026", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4560459722850899, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.259324"} {"text": "astronomy test 2 about this deck sign up ( free ) to study this. - rate of nuclear fusion is extremely sensitive to temperature - neutrinos? no interaction because they are gone - positrons? quickly find electrons in the core to annihilate with - no longer redirects photons, now absorbs them - cooled to visible energies - photons can be seen at earth 8 minutes later the sun suddenly stops fusing hydrogen and loses its energy source. which is true? - magnetic fields trap gas in huge bubbling loops - cooler areas at liftoff cause dark sunspots - energy and light released ( flares ) - charged particles are spewed out into space ( coronal mass ejections ) which is most likely the cause of the extreme heating in the chromosphere and corona? - can : damage satellites, harm astronauts, induce current on earth and destroy electric transformers on the ground, cause swelling in earth \u2019 s atmosphere how do we know when a coronal mass ejection is on its way? - the corona is constantly \u201c evaporating \u201d - but replenished from below - apparent movement is caused by earth \u2019 s actual movement around the sun - parsec : ( parallax - arcsecond ) - an object at a distance of one parsec has a parallax of 1 arcsecond - 1 parsec : 1 pc : 3. 26 light years - brightest stars were of first magnitude - dimmest stars were of sixth magnitude - everything else was sorted in between - fragile types are easily ionized or knocked apart by collisions in high temperature regions ( high temp : high energy of particles ) - hotter temperatures ( more gravitational pressure = higher temp ) - higher luminosity ( higher temperature = much higher fusion rates ) high luminosity, short - lived, large radius, hot, blue you discover a star and its spectrum reveals that it \u2019 s a g - type main sequence star. how old is it? - molecular clouds : cold enough to form molecules ( t : 10 to 30 k ) - often dusty ( infrared light goes through cloud ) - cloud collapses due to gravity ( must be triggered ) if angular momentum is conserved what happens if r goes down ( no change in m )? protostars start out relatively cool and dark ( compared to stars ). if the axes of the hr diagram were stretched to these temperatures a protostar would appear at the : - stable hydrogen turns into helium in the core - stellar thermostat keeps", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5416873449406201, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.264621"} {"text": "##stars start out relatively cool and dark ( compared to stars ). if the axes of the hr diagram were stretched to these temperatures a protostar would appear at the : - stable hydrogen turns into helium in the core - stellar thermostat keeps luminosity and temperature stable for billions of years - most stars in the galaxy are loss mass, main sequence stars what happens if the cloud collapses but never quite gets to stardom? - if they are too massive they will blow themselves apart ( theoretical limit is 150 times the mass of the sun ) what will happen when the hydrogen in the core runs out? - not hot enough for hydrogen fusion - hydrogen shell burning pushes outer layers of the star out with fusion again supporting the core, our star rests on the horizontal branch : - outer layers blown off ( planetary nebula formed ) - small, hot carbon \u201c rock \u201d left over ( white dwarf ) a star moves upwards and to the right on the hr diagram. what is happening in its core? - main sequence lifetimes are shorter supernova 1987a was the most recent nearby supernova. where did it occur? - there is no way iron can produce any energy to push back against the crush of gravity in the star \u2019 s core - this takes less than 0. 01 seconds for the entire core - electron degeneracy pressure gone ( core collapses completely ) - last one \u201c observed \u201d in the milky way : 1604 - last one we know about the milky way : 1868 - 1 every 100 years for each galaxy means that monitoring 100 galaxies should get you one supernova per year - heats surface layers and fuses hydrogen for while ( only on surface, does not destroy star ) - dimmer than supernova but still impressive about this deck textbook : cosmic perspective, the ( 5th edition ) essential cosmic perspective, the ( 5th edition ) size : 102 flashcards", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5132727863000659, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.265381"} {"text": "in 1972, she was elected to the united states house of representatives, becoming the first black woman from a southern state to serve in the house. she received extensive support from former president lyndon johnson, who helped her secure a position on the house judiciary committee. in 1974, she made an influential, televised speech before the house judiciary committee supporting the impeachment of president richard nixon. jordan was mentioned as a possible running mate to jimmy carter in 1976, and that year she became the first african - american woman to deliver the keynote address at the democratic national convention. her speech in new york that summer was ranked 5th in \" top 100 american speeches of the 20th century \" list and was considered by many historians to have been the best convention keynote speech in modern history. despite not being a candidate jordan received one delegate vote ( 0. 03 % ) for president at the convention. jordan retired from politics in 1979 and became an adjunct professor teaching ethics at the university of texas at austin lyndon b. johnson school of public affairs. she again was a keynote speaker at the democratic national convention in 1992. in 1995, jordan chaired a congressional commission that advocated increased restriction of immigration, called for all u. s. residents to carry a national identity card and increased penalties on employers that violated u. s. immigration regulations. then - president clinton endorsed the jordan commission ' s... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2010, 11 ). barbara jordan : the first african - american woman state senator. studymode. com. retrieved 11, 2010, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / barbara - jordan - the - first - african - american - woman - 496242. html \" barbara jordan : the first african - american woman state senator \" studymode. com. 11 2010. 11 2010 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / barbara - jordan - the - first - african - american - woman - 496242. html >. \" barbara jordan : the first african - american woman state senator. \" studymode. com. 11, 2010. accessed 11, 2010. http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / barbara - jordan - the - first - african - american - woman - 496242. html.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3814050613373089, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.272732"} {"text": "modern tourism could be said to have emerged with modern industrial society in the nineteenth century. industrialisation spawned both the means to travel - initially the railways - and created a growing market amongst the new industrial and professional classes, and amongst the working class, the masses, too. thomas cook pioneered leisure travel amongst the middle and working classes in this century. he and his son, john mason cook ( whose initials jmc are now a brand of thomas cook tour operations ), took an increasingly broad spectrum of the population to ever more distant destinations. over the past 150 years, the achievement of the industry has been nothing less than the democratisation of leisure travel, from the few deemed worthy, and wealthy enough to partake, to an everyday activity for the majority in developed societies. the growth of the tourism industry has been driven by economic development. greater affluence has opened up the possibility to travel for leisure to greater numbers of people. technical progress - notably the car and air travel - has consistently enabled greater speed, comfort and scope for leisure travellers. whereas even as recently as forty years ago back - to - back charters were a new innovation, initially confusing to hoteliers and customers, today they are the staple of the big tour operators. the uk ' s ' big four ', thomas cook, airtours, first choice and thomsons ( now part of tui, the first european wide package holiday brand, owned by german conglomerate pressaug ) dominate a market that takes annually some thirty five million british tourists abroad for their holidays. by supplying en masse, such companies have lowered the real cost of holidays, and alongside growing incomes, this has contributed to what vladimir raitz, founder of horizon holidays ( the first post - war package holiday company to develop charter flight - based packages ) refers to as the package holiday revolution. this growth has been mirrored... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2009, 03 ). mass tourism. studymode. com. retrieved 03, 2009, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / mass - tourism - 195286. html \" mass tourism \" studymode. com. 03 2009. 03 2009 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / mass - tourism - 195286. html >. \" mass tourism. \" studymode. com. 03, 2009. accessed 03, 2009. http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / mass - tourism - 195286. html.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.39489344330380294, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.276143"} {"text": "it is fair to say that the struggle for power in the ussr between 1924 and 1929 was partially to do with the economic policy because the way in which different members of the communist party treated the economic policy depended how much support they got from fellow members of the communist party. however, there were other factors involved such as a lack of democratic elections, the nature of leadership and fear of a divided party. you could argue that the struggle for power was due to the differing economic policies, this is because different key players in the power struggle wanted different things. for example, the bukharinite model wanted gradualism \u2013 to allow market forces to drive the economy forward and so letting the peasants gain wealth individually. he believed this would lead to a prosperous consumer market and heavy industry that is centrally controlled, planned economy run by a proletariat dictatorship. this would please the peasantry and results in political and economic growth as well as increased trade. trotsky and his leftist model agreed that the party must recognise the role of the market forces during the gradual change to socialism. however, in 1926 he became increasingly critical of the gradualist approach and didn \u2019 t approve of peasants who had no obligation to sell if the market wasn \u2019 t right and therefore wanted a slightly more capitalist approach to the economic policy so that the government had greater control over produce. this created a power struggle because different people wanted different things and approached economic policy in certain ways and whilst bukharin was trying to ensure the happiness of the public, trotsky was trying to ensure the wealth and growth of the ussr as a trade nation. although these two models were important in why there was a power struggle in those years it is not the most important reason. secondly, you could say it... [ continues ] cite this essay ( 2012, 05 ). the struggle for power in the ussr. studymode. com. retrieved 05, 2012, from http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / the - struggle - for - power - in - the - 994323. html \" the struggle for power in the ussr \" studymode. com. 05 2012. 05 2012 < http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / the - struggle - for - power - in - the - 994323. html >. \" the struggle for power in the ussr. \" studymode. com. 05, 2012. accessed 05, 2012. http : / / www. studymode. com / essays / the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4709015127091086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.279129"} {"text": "public toilet with biogas plant and water kiosk naivasha, kenya case study of sustainable sanitation projects this case study is about the first pilot and demonstration project of the water services trust fund ( wstf ) on public sanitation. the eu - sida - gtz ecosan promotion project ( epp ) spearheaded the implementation in conjunction with a local construction company. the naivasha bus park is a regional bus station that is located in the small town naivasha in rift valley province ( 2 hours from nairobi ). it had a neglected and unhygienic public toilet block managed by the town council. the new public toilet block consists of 2 toilet cubicles, 1 shower and urinal for men and 3 toilet cubicles and 1 shower from women. a biogas plant was constructed to pre - treat the wastewater for reduction of pollution loads released into the sewer system and generation of biogas for cooking purposes. a water kiosk was integrated into the facility to serve in parallel as the operator room for the public toilet. the facility serves about 300 visitors per day ( status 2009 ) and provides biogas for cooking for a nearby kiosk. the facility is managed by the local water service provider, called naivawass, who contracted a local cbo to operate the toilet on a pay - per - use concept. more information on the whole management setup can be found in the public sanitation tool kit from wstf which is also in this library ( put wstf into the search field ). onyango, p., rieck, c. sustainable sanitation alliance ( susana ) gtz, giz, epp onyango, p., rieck, c. ( 2010 ). public toilet with biogas plant and water kiosk naivasha, kenya - case study of sustainable sanitation projects. sustainable sanitation alliance ( susana ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45640514939405596, "token_count": 382, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.280930"} {"text": "october 2011 marks the 39th anniversary of the clean water act, without which many of our nation \u2019 s rivers, streams, and beaches would be flooded with the type of toxic waste that caught fire in ohio \u2019 s cuyahoga river in 1969. that infamous fire marked the start of the modern environmental movement in the united states. it also inspired the federal government to step up efforts to ensure proper disposal of wastewater throughout the nation. these efforts included both regulation and federal funding for states to upgrade and maintain wastewater infrastructure. we are fortunate in the united states to have strict regulations that ensure proper wastewater disposal. even though we understand the water cycle of evaporation - condensation and precipitation that we learned in school, sometimes we forget that all water is recycled. that means that whatever toxins go into our wastewater will one day end up in our drinking water. like with so many things in life, prevention is the best medicine when it comes to keeping water clean. as we celebrate this 39th anniversary of the clean water act, let \u2019 s all remember to do what we can to keep our global shared resource of fresh water clean and free of toxins. it also means being willing to pay for upgraded wastewater treatment infrastructure. because whether or not the cuyahoga catches on fire again, some portion of the water flowing down that river will one day end up in your drinking glass.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4504655267889701, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.282334"} {"text": "nausea and vomiting, age 11 and younger vomiting occurs when a child ' s stomach contents are forced up the reference esophagus opens new window and out of the mouth. although nausea may accompany vomiting in adults and older children, children younger than age 3 are usually not able to tell you if they are having nausea. most of the time vomiting is not serious. home treatment will often ease your child ' s discomfort. vomiting in a baby should not be confused with reference spitting up. vomiting is forceful and repeated. spitting up may seem forceful but it usually occurs shortly after feeding, is effortless, and causes no discomfort. causes of vomiting a baby may spit up for no reason at all. reference overfeeding, not burping your baby after feeding, intolerance to milk or formula, and exposure to tobacco smoke are other reasons why your baby may spit up. most vomiting in children is caused by a viral stomach illness ( reference gastroenteritis opens new window ). a child with a stomach illness also may have other symptoms, such as diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps. with home treatment, the vomiting usually will stop within 12 hours. diarrhea may last for a few days or more. rotavirus is a virus that can cause severe vomiting and diarrhea. rotavirus vaccine ( what is a reference pdf opens new window document? ) helps protect against reference rotavirus disease opens new window. vomiting can also be caused by an infection in another part of the body, such as reference strep throat opens new window, reference pneumonia opens new window, and reference urinary tract infections opens new window. in rare cases, vomiting can be a symptom of a serious condition, such as a blockage of the digestive tract ( reference pyloric stenosis opens new window ), an infection ( reference meningitis opens new window ) of the fluid ( cerebrospinal fluid ) and tissues ( meninges ) that surround the brain and spinal cord, or reference reye syndrome opens new window. when a toddler vomits, it is important to make sure he or she has not swallowed medicines, household liquids, or other poisons. look around the house for empty containers and spills. there may be pills in your child ' s vomit, or the vomit may have an unusual appearance, color, or odor. for more information, see the topic reference poisoning. a child who falls down and forcefully hits his or her head or belly may vomit because of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41168557929182964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.287186"} {"text": "pills in your child ' s vomit, or the vomit may have an unusual appearance, color, or odor. for more information, see the topic reference poisoning. a child who falls down and forcefully hits his or her head or belly may vomit because of an injury to those areas. check your child ' s body for bruises and other injuries. babies and children younger than 1 year old need special attention if they continue to vomit. they can quickly become reference dehydrated opens new window. it is important to replace lost fluids when your child is vomiting. watch your child carefully, and pay close attention to the amount of fluid he or she is able to drink. look for early symptoms of dehydration : - the mouth and eyes may be drier than usual. - the urine may be darker than usual. - he or she may feel cranky, tired, or dizzy. also, be sure to notice the color of the vomit, and count the number of times your child vomits. if your child vomits so frequently that you can ' t get him or her to drink or vomits every time he or she takes a drink, the risk of dehydration is greater. reference check your child ' s symptoms to decide if and when your child should see a doctor. | by : | | reference healthwise staff | | last revised : reference august 14, 2012 | | medical review : | | reference william h. blahd, jr., md, facep - emergency medicine reference h. michael o ' connor, md - emergency medicine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41034455266642195, "token_count": 315, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.287762"} {"text": "organic methods may help in producing more flavorful and nutritious food, but they are not the only secret to success. it is certainly possible to grow organic food that has only mediocre flavor. we spend a lot of time thinking about how our berries and vegetables are going to taste. take our strawberries, for example. many people confuse flavor and sweetness. \u2018 flavor ' is our interpretation of the volatile oils in the fruit. sweetness is a pretty simple reaction to sugars in the fruit. most strawberries on the market have a simple sweetness, but fall short on the much more complex volatile oils. we are looking to have both sweetness and flavor. how do we do that? 1. we pick the fruit as ripe as possible, and get it to our customers as soon as we can. this is quite risky, because the riper a strawberry the softer it is, thus it is more susceptible to damage and spoiling. 2. we don ' t pump our plants with too much fertilizer, which would give us tons more fruit, but much less flavor in each berry. organic methods help in this regard because our organic fertilizers release nutrients to the plant slowly. 3. we choose varieties that taste good. unfortunately, those varieties invariably produce lower yields ( and hence higher per - unit cost ). 4. we build our soil. rich soil offers the plant a wide range of nutrients resulting in a more complex flavor. most strawberries are grown in sandy soils, which don ' t offer the plant much in terms of nutrients. they tend to have only slight, simple strawberry 5. we don ' t water too much. the extra water dilutes the flavor. 6. we don ' t give up. of course, as weather conditions change, we get some variability in flavor. but we do everything we can to get the best flavor possible at the time of we grow primarily two varieties of strawberry, the chandler and the seascape. we also try new varieties ( actually old varieties ) every year, always looking for the best flavor. our favorite, the chandler, is an old standby, but yields only about 2 / 3 as much as other varieties commonly available on the organic market. nonetheless, we remain committed to this variety even though it is far less profitable to grow. click here to see an illustrated history of strawberry breeding. swanton berry farm, p. o. box 308, davenport, ca 95017 | ( 831 ) 469 - 8804 | web design : dov bock", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46214123745839947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.290076"} {"text": "these messages are caused by common misunderstanding of the prolog interactive toplevel. both ( : - ) / 1 and (? - ) / 1 are used to specify queries. if some text reads? - is the prompt and should not be typed. repeating the prompt results in :? -? - prove ( x ). error : undefined procedure : (? - ) / 1 error :? - is the prolog prompt error : see faq at http : / / www. swi - prolog. org / faq / toplevelmode. txt terms that you enter at the toplevel are processes as queries, while terms that appear in a file that is loaded into prolog is processed as a set of rules and facts. if a text reads as below, this is a rule. carnivore ( x ) : - animal ( x ), eats _ meat ( x ). trying to enter this at the toplevel results in the error below. why? because a rule is a term : - ( head, body ), and because the toplevel interprets terms as queries. there is no predicate with the name : - and two arguments.? - carnivore ( x ) : - animal ( x ), eats _ meat ( x ). error : undefined procedure : ( : - ) / 2 error : rules must be loaded from a file error : see faq at http : / / www. swi - prolog. org / faq / toplevelmode. txt isn ' t this stupid? well, no. suppose we have a term if this appears in a file, it states the fact that rataplan eats meat. if it appears at the toplevel, it asks prolog to try proving whether rataplan if a text reads this is a directive. directives are similar to queries, but instead of asking the toplevel to do something, they ask the compiler to do something. like rules and facts, such terms belong in files. can i add rules and facts from the toplevel? yes. there are two ways. one is to consult user, as illustrated below. where is says < eof >, you must type the character for end - of - file, which is control - d on most systems.? - [ user ]. | : carnivore ( x ) : - animal ( x ), eats _ meat ( x ). |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5324880679383107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.292838"} {"text": "must type the character for end - of - file, which is control - d on most systems.? - [ user ]. | : carnivore ( x ) : - animal ( x ), eats _ meat ( x ). | : < eof > % user : / / 1 compiled 0. 00 sec, 880 bytes true.? - assert ( ( carnivore ( x ) : - animal ( x ), eats _ meat ( x ) ) ). we advice to use an editor to make a file with rules and load this using the command below. prolog files use the extension. pl, which you do not have to specify for loading the file. you may use any other extension, but this requires you to add the extension and quotes to turn this into valid prolog syntax. for example : note that you can easily update your rules by editing the file and typing the command below. the make / 0 predicate reloads all files that have been modified, replacing old rules loaded from that file with the current content of the file. can i put queries in files? yes. as we have seen above, there are directives for the compiler that are written as : - term.. here, term must be recognized as a valid directive by the compiler ( swi - prolog doesn ' t enforce this, but some other prolog implementations do ). you can specify arbitrary prolog code that is executed after loading the file using e. g., : - initialization format ( ' hello world! ~ n ' ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4802464688379987, "token_count": 319, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.293370"} {"text": "your doctor may order a blood test that looks for proteins called antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies ( anca ), which are often found in people with active wegener ' s granulomatosis. however, it is not foolproof - - the test may be negative in some patients. urinalysis is done to look for signs of kidney disease such as protein and blood in the urine. sometimes urine is collected over 24 hours to better check how the kidneys are working. a biopsy is sometimes needed to confirm the diagnosis. the exact type of biopsy depends on which area of the body the doctor wants to look at. your doctor may suggest one of the following : your doctor may suggest treatment with glucocorticoids ( such as prednisone ) which are given along with other medicines that slow down the immune response. medicines used to treat wegener ' s granulomatosis include : these medicines may cause serious side effects. you should carefully discuss your treatment plan with your doctor. other medicines may be prescribed, including : bisphosphonate ( fosamax ) to prevent bone loss caused by prednisone folic acid or folinic acid ( leucovorin ) - - if you are taking methotrexate trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole to prevent lung infections support groups with others who suffer from similar diseases may help patients and their families learn about their diseases and adjust to the changes associated with the treatment. without treatment, people with this disease can die within a few months. with treatment, the outlook for most patients is good. studies have shown that most people who receive corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide get much better. however, the disease may return in about half of all patients. in these cases, the disease usually comes back within 2 years of stopping treatment. complications usually result from lack of treatment. patients with wegener ' s granulomatosis develop sores ( lesions ) in the respiratory tract and the kidneys. kidney lesions cause glomerulonephritis, which may result in blood in the urine and kidney failure. kidney disease can quickly get worse. kidney function may not improve even when the condition is controlled by medicines. if untreated, kidney failure and death occur in more than 90 % of patients. other complications may include : nasal septum perforation ( hole inside the nose ) side effects from medicines used to treat the disease calling your health care", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4609355820314115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.296048"} {"text": "this interactive activity from nova sciencenow reviews several potential means of storing carbon dioxide ( co2 ) captured from industrial sources. among the featured ideas are technologies that deliver compressed co2 to underground cavities, saline aquifers, and the deep seabed. the benefit of storing, or sequestering, captured co2 could be significant in the fight to slow or limit global warming. however, the list of drawbacks associated with carbon sequestration includes high cost, storage capacity limitations, a still - incomplete understanding of the relevant earth systems, and uncertainty as to whether the co2 can be safely and permanently contained. through the carbon cycle, earth captures about half of an estimated eight billion metric tons of carbon dioxide ( co2 ) produced annually through the combustion of fossil fuels. land plants absorb co2 for photosynthesis, and in the oceans, co2 readily dissolves in seawater. because co2 is a greenhouse gas and contributes to global warming, the overwhelming consensus among scientists is that something must be done to remove most of what otherwise accumulates in the atmosphere or to reduce our combustion of fossil fuels in the first place. many technological solutions are being explored to capture co2 either in the air or directly at an emissions source. once collected, the gas must be safely and permanently stored to prevent its release back into the atmosphere. before that can happen, the co2 must be compressed. by nature, gas is expansive and more difficult to contain than a solid or liquid. using compression, co2 gas can be converted into a \" supercritical \" fluid \u2014 somewhere between a gas and a liquid state. while this is both an energy - intensive and expensive process, once complete, the reformatted co2 can be transported to a storage facility. various storage solutions have been proposed, tested, and even put into limited use. they involve sites aboveground, belowground, and in the ocean. aboveground solutions mostly rely on agricultural means to \" fix \" carbon in soil, while belowground solutions generally involve filling existing cavities, including depleted coal beds, oil and gas fields, or aquifers, with the fluid co2. ocean storage can also take many forms, including injecting co2 deep into the seabed or stimulating growth at the surface of plankton populations, which use co2 in photosynthesis. while each of these options has merits, each has its drawbacks as well. although it may be appealing to plant trees and allow vegetation to absorb co2 for photosynthesis, when plants die", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5425762152247171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.302049"} {"text": "populations, which use co2 in photosynthesis. while each of these options has merits, each has its drawbacks as well. although it may be appealing to plant trees and allow vegetation to absorb co2 for photosynthesis, when plants die, they release much of their stored carbon back into the atmosphere. another approach, using alkaline minerals to react with the acidic co2 to form stable carbonates, appears effective, but the process of mining to obtain these minerals would make it prohibitively expensive. and as large a potential storage capacity as the oceans offer, the effects of increased levels of co2 on organisms, especially benthic bottom - dwellers, is largely unknown. existing research suggests that higher ocean acidity threatens calcium carbonate, the key structural constituent of coral skeletons and mollusk shells. among other concerns about these technological solutions cited by both scientists and potential investors is the potential for leakages that could spoil freshwater supplies, and the inadequate storage capacity that most terrestrial solutions offer. and then there ' s the price : using present sequestration technologies, cost estimates range from $ 100 to $ 300 per ton of carbon emissions kept out of the atmosphere. all of this suggests that geological and ocean sequestration may only realistically represent one part of the solution to the problem \u2014 a solution that likely must also include reducing our consumption of fossil fuels. academic standards correlations on teachers ' domain use the achievement standards network ( asn ) database of state and national standards, provided to nsdl projects courtesy of jes & co. we assign reference terms to each statement within a standards document and to each media resource, and correlations are based upon matches of these terms for a given grade band. if a particular standards document of interest to you is not displayed yet, it most likely has not yet been processed by asn or by teachers ' domain. we will be adding social studies and arts correlations over the coming year, and also will be increasing the specificity of alignment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48579539172702374, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.302842"} {"text": "teachers as filters michael kaechele from michigan writes the blog concrete classroom and has an wonderful blog post called teachers as filters. as mitch wagner, for computer world \u2019 s tool talk writes in a post titled a simple fix for internet censorship in schools. mitch states : schools and libraries are hurting students by setting up heavy - handed web filtering software that block access to potentially educational sites. instead, educators should trust teachers and librarians to oversee schools internet access, says craig cunningham, a professor at national - louis university. i teach a class in the college of education called technology for teaching and learning to pre - service teachers. unfortunately, my students most often see extreme filtering in the schools they do internships. in my class, i expose to them all kinds of cool stuff they can be doing in their classrooms and curriculum to integrate the use of technology. but sadly, they rarely witness examples in the real classrooms. the filtering has really gone to extremes. what happened to trust! teachers are obviously trusted to teach the kids, and apparently not trusted to decided what is appropriate when it comes to using the internet in their classrooms. i know when my kids were old enough to drive, i did not just hand them the keys and say go, i sat beside them and taught them how to drive and navigate the highway safely. hmm \u2026.. imagine that, teach them! i encourage you to read michael kaechele solution. - alfie kohn on what to look for in a classroom - if you don \u2019 t get creative educator magazine, you should! - when rethinking the school itself \u2026 by ira socol - old ways, new challenges from box of tricks - should schools test teachers for tech proficiency before hiring them? - two new school policies : cell phones, ipods okay in classroom - from free technology for teachers blog by richard bryne related posts brought to you by yet another related posts plugin.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4886799442055696, "token_count": 385, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.305858"} {"text": "grease gone : a five - micrometer drop of a solvent bounces off a surface coated with the new material. german researchers armed with smoking candles have come up with a cheap and easy way to coat surfaces so that oil droplets bounce or roll right off. the advance could eventually lead to eyeglass coatings and tablet computer screens that can evade the mark of even the greasiest fingerprints. making surfaces able to repel fluids \u2014 whether water - or oil - based \u2014 is also important for industrial and biomedical applications. but it \u2019 s harder to make a surface that repels oil or organic solvents as opposed to water because oil has a far lower surface tension than water. what \u2019 s required is a very specific type of surface roughness \u2014 akin to the branches of a budding tree \u2014 that achieves oil - repellency. this has been understood for some time, but it has been difficult to fabricate such a texture. earlier work at mit and elsewhere involved complex nanolithographic techniques. researchers at the max planck institute for polymer research in mainz, in a paper published today in the journal science, say they \u2019 ve come up with a simpler way, using a combination of candle soot and silica baked at just the right temperature. first they held the glass slide over a heart - shaped candle ( though any candle will do ). this led to the deposition of soot on the slide \u2014 spheres of soot that were 30 to 40 nanometers in diameter, stacked loosely and producing the right kind of surface texture : about 80 percent empty and 20 percent spheres. to protect the soot from washing away, they coated it with a silica shell 25 nanometers thick ; to get rid of the black color of the soot, they baked the slide at 600 \u00bac, making it transparent. afterward, they sprayed various oils \u2014 peanut oil and solvents \u2014 and took micrographs of these liquid droplets bouncing up and down like ping - pong balls. the coating sticks to aluminum, steel, and copper, too. and because it has both oil - and water - repelling qualities, the material is said to be \u201c superamphiphobic. \u201d neelesh patankar, a mechanical engineer at northwestern university, says the work is an important step toward finding a commercially viable way to make such materials. \u201c it has been known what surface chemistry as well as geometries would work \u201d to repel oils, he says. \u201c this work shows a good way to make such coatings with the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5397163760367728, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.308425"} {"text": "all about podcasting can you imagine holding your own \u2018 radio show? \u2019 or you are a recording artist willing masses to hear your melancholic voice or your songs? if you would have been in the past, you would certainly have required loads of associations or luck to get yourself heard. but today, thanks to the mighty new media technology with its instant access to hundreds and thousands of people, where you can turn your dreams to reality. as blogging has enabled people to become great reporters, podcasting can virtually make you a host of talk show, good radio disc jockey or a recording artist. podcasting has become one of the most influential media in today \u2019 s era. if we go back to the era of 80s and 90s, there was no such concept. people were relying just on print and electronic media only, but new media with its revolutionary arrival has changed each and everything within a pretty less amount of time. podcasting is also dependent on new media, as it floats it all the way through internet. definition and purpose of podcasting what is podcasting? the course of development of an audio - show from an accessible format of mp3 through an rss feed 2. 0, which props up attachments is simply referred to as podcasting. purpose of podcasting the primary purpose of developing podcasts is to propagate tutorials, talk shows, music, and other acoustic content. history of podcasting podcasting was first started to apprehend publicly in late 2004. although, there were different podcasts finished by foremost businesses throughout the dot - com era of 1998 \u2013 2001, for example, espn. com and real networks. the development of podcast involves efforts of loads of groups and people and groups who assisted each other on individual levels to make it look attractive. today, with the mighty arrival of new media tcp capabilities, in consonance with the lower program and hardware, audio podcasts are managing what actually was historically finished through the wireless announcing stations. uses of podcasting when it comes to the uses of podcasting, it may be utilized for a variety of different purposes. with the advancement of industry, it can be said with no doubt that the webmasters as well as the broadcasters will find more enhanced ways to employ podcasts for different purposes in the coming future. following are some of the most prominent areas, in which the podcasts are currently being used : * music shows * story telling * talk shows the reason of employment of the podcasts into the said areas is that it offers convenience and ease to the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4300095024185216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.314233"} {"text": ". following are some of the most prominent areas, in which the podcasts are currently being used : * music shows * story telling * talk shows the reason of employment of the podcasts into the said areas is that it offers convenience and ease to the podcasters, broadcasters as well as to the webmasters. where to locate podcasts? there are a variety of websites including news and entertainment media, where you can locate podcasts of your desired interests. besides, some of the totally podcast - based sites include : 1. alphabetical podcasts this site keeps a categorical index of podcasts. 2. digital podcasts it deals with the digitalized directory of podcasts. 3. podcast central usually known as the podcast central, it is a pretty little podcasting directory. this websites deals with the podcasting of apps, news, people and technology. 5. spiritual podcasts like the podcasters. org, this site also deals with the podcasting of apps, news, people and technology, but what makes it different from others is its spirituality based. 6. podcasting news directory this site caters a categorical list of news - based podcasts. it is a new directory. it is primarily a podcasting director. 9. podcasting search this site acts as a categorical \u2018 search engine \u2019 for podcasts. where does podcasting work? with the arrival of new media in the field, podcasting has started working in different fields and walks of life. today, you can find podcasting on different sites that include both the news and entertainment and infotainment media. besides, podcasting has also started working with blogging, messengers like yahoo and skype etc. it has undoubtedly become one of the fastest emerging forms of media, a report confirms listening of podcast by over 58 million people in 2010. finally, it is a superb instance of the \u2018 democratic \u2019 new media ( internet ). it enables everyone to publicize anything with respect to finding their audience as per their own desires. who creates podcasts? when it comes to the creation of podcasts, different independent developers, webmasters and broadcasters are there to create them. according to the experts, adam curry is said to be the person who first approached up with the concept of automating the syncing and consignment of textual content into audio players ( portable ). besides, ipodderx is said to be the first submission to make this method possible, which was first evolved by ray slakinski and august trometer. report programs and wireless", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4248888610004942, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.315322"} {"text": "not too long from now, most cars will be electric. why? two reasons : because electric cars are far more efficient than any other kind of car, and because they are the ultimate multi - fuel cars. sound bold, maybe crazy? read on. the may 2006 issue of popular mechanics magazine got it right in its typical easy - to - understand way. the article was about biofuel, but they compared many technologies in the centerfold sidebar : gasoline, ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, compressed natural gas, hydrogen fuel cells, and, of course, electric cars. they compared the cost of a cross - country drive for each of the cars, all of similar size. the benchmark drive cost is $ 212 in a honda civic. the vw diesel golf came close at $ 230. e85 ethanol ( 85 % ethanol, 15 % gasoline ) came in at $ 425 ; methanol cost $ 619 ; the hydrogen fuel cell drive cost a whopping $ 804! compressed natural gas looked pretty good at $ 110. and the electric car? $ 60. and the article wasn \u2019 t even about electric cars \u2026 cost per mile is a reasonable approximation of energy consumption. ( i set about doing a direct energy consumption comparison in our white paper, but money is a whole lot easier to understand. ) the neat thing about electricity is that pretty much any burnable fuel can be converted to electricity efficiently. sure, there are quite a few inefficient old power plants from the \u2018 50s still running, but modern, readily - available technology means that even coal can be gasified and burnt cleanly and very efficiently in a combined cycle plant. this is nice to know, considering that we are sitting on an enormous reserve of coal. if there ever was an ocec ( organization of coal exporting countries ), we \u2019 d be saudi arabia, so to speak. general electric makes an advanced, combined - cycle natural gas generator called the h - system generator that measures in at 60 % efficiency. this plant could easily burn \u201c biogas \u201d produced from biomass ( corn or switchgrass, take your pick ). if we powered our electric cars this way, the same acreage of fuel crop would transport an electric car four times as many miles than if we made ethanol out of the stuff and burnt it in a piston engine car. should we decide to allow our cars \u2019 fuel to compete for cropland with food, this difference matters! but the true beauty becomes apparent when you realize that we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5010186859330447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.325722"} {"text": "than if we made ethanol out of the stuff and burnt it in a piston engine car. should we decide to allow our cars \u2019 fuel to compete for cropland with food, this difference matters! but the true beauty becomes apparent when you realize that we can make electricity in so many different ways. i \u2019 m putting solar panels on the roof of my house to power my car. many people have pointed out that nuclear power produces no greenhouse gasses. the shot of the tesla roadster in the movie, who killed the electric car, was taken at altamont pass, right in front of a huge windmill farm. we don \u2019 t need to decide now which is the \u201c right \u201d technology. indeed, the answer will likely be a mix of these, combined with some amount of fossil fuels, depending on where in the world we are generating power. note, by the way, that we can put a million solar panels on our roofs, we can cover the coastlines with windmills, we can invent amazing tide - powered generators, or clean nuclear power plants, and we will not reduce our dependence on oil by one drop unless we can use that electricity to power cars. why? because we don \u2019 t use oil to make electricity, so all those cool electric generating technologies do not offset our oil consumption. the fact is that the vast majority of our oil consumption is used for transportation. trains, planes, and automobiles, folks. so what \u2019 s wrong with electric cars? why not switch over today? quite a few of you have nailed it in your comments to this blog already : recharge time. even with a tesla roadster, you would need to stop for a couple of hours on a trip from la to sf. even the longest - range ev is not suitable for long road trips quite yet. you all have proposed several solutions : quick - charging, battery pack swapping, and a gasoline ( or whatever ) powered auxiliary generator. though appealing, each of these ideas has very significant technical problems that i will not attempt to lay out here. but there is another alternative suggested by some of you : simply increase the driving range enough. we can \u2019 t do it today : 250 miles range was hard enough! but the capacity of batteries \u2013 particularly lithium ion type batteries \u2013 has increased steadily by about 8 % per year for the last couple of decades. all indications are that this will continue into the future, doubling in capacity every ten years. ( and there are hints of breakthrough technologies that might speed things up for us. ) think about", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4985588424727389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.326822"} {"text": "by about 8 % per year for the last couple of decades. all indications are that this will continue into the future, doubling in capacity every ten years. ( and there are hints of breakthrough technologies that might speed things up for us. ) think about it. if your car can go \u2013 say \u2013 500 miles on a charge, who cares about stopping for a charge? a 500 mile drive is about 10 hours \u2019 solid driving \u2013 more than enough for even a serious road trip. ( i know : some of you will talk about crazy trips like i used to take, making it from chicago to san luis obispo in 42 hours flat, but you \u2019 ve got to admit that this kind of drive is way down the pointy end of the bell curve! ) do you remember when your cellphone wouldn \u2019 t last through the day? i do. in those days, we were acutely aware of the charge time because we had to recharge while driving in our cars or at work. i remember plugging in to get a bit of charge for my phone in a vc \u2019 s conference room while i was pitching a startup idea! but today i bet most of you have no idea how long your phone takes to charge. is it 3 hours? 4 hours? who cares? you come home, plug it in, and forget about it. in the morning, you unplug it and go. we just don \u2019 t need to charge up during the day so charge time isn \u2019 t an issue. electric cars will be the same. once the driving range is enough to make it through the day, we will only ever charge while we sleep. the tesla roadster is like that already for most of us, except when we want to take a long road trip. with a 500 mile range, even road trips are covered. and that means charging stations, like gas stations, are soon to be as obsolete as cigarette lighter chargers for our phones. we will need a charger in our garages, at hotels, and at campgrounds. and that \u2019 s it. nice side business for hyatt hotels and koa, by the way \u2026 editor ' s suggestion : come and see a tesla roadster at pebble beach this weekend!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45414786785678124, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.327757"} {"text": "medial collateral ligament ( mcl ) injury of the kneedefinition : medial collateral ligament ( mcl ) injury is an injury to the ligament on the inner part of the knee. this ligament keeps your shin bone ( tibia ) in place. it can be a stretch, partial tear, or complete tear of the ligament. knee injury - medial collateral ligament ( mcl ) ; mcl injury the medial collateral ligament ( mcl ) goes from the inside surface of the upper shin bone to the inner surface of the bottom thigh bone. the ligament helps keep the inside portion of the knee joint stable. the mcl is usually injured by pressure or stress on the outside part of the knee. a block to the outside part of the knee during football is a common way for this ligament to be injured. it is often injured at the same time as an anterior cruciate ligament ( acl ) injury occurs. symptoms of a tear in the medial collateral ligament are : - locking or catching of the knee with movement - pain and tenderness along the inside of the joint - the knee gives way or feels like it is going to give way when it is active or stressed in a certain way the health care provider will examine your knee. an mcl test will be done to detect looseness of the ligament. this test involves bending the knee to 25 degrees and putting pressure on the outside surface of the knee. other tests may include : - applying ice to the area - nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) - raising the knee above heart level you should limit physical activity until the pain and swelling go away. the health care provider may put you on crutches and in a brace to protect the ligament. you may also be told not to put any weight on your knee when you walk. after a period of keeping the knee still, you will be taught exercises to strengthen and stretch the knee. physical therapy may help you regain knee and leg strength. surgery is often not needed when only the mcl has been torn. if you need surgery, it will be done using arthroscopy, through a small surgical cut. call immediately for emergency medical assistance if : call your health care provider if : - you have symptoms of mcl injury - you are being treated for mcl injury and you notice increased instability in your knee, pain or swelling after they initially faded, or your injury does not get better with time - you re - injure your knee use proper techniques when playing sports or exercising. many cases are not preventable.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46333872021435263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.331679"} {"text": "tonsillectomy - series tonsil glands are located in the back of the throat. they contain immune cells which fight infection. tonsillectomy is advisable when tonsillitis attacks are so frequent or severe that they affect a child ' s general health or interfere with school, hearing, or breathing. however, tonsillectomies are thought to be done more often than necessary, so a second opinion should be obtained when there is any doubt. specifically, the guidelines for surgery are : - 5 or more episodes of tonsillitis in one year, or - 3 or more episodes per year over a 2 - year period, or - upper airway obstruction due to tonsillar hypertrophy - recurrent tonsillar abscess tonsillectomy is advised if the tonsils are enlarged and obstructing access to the adenoid during an adenoidectomy operation, or the physician suspects the presence of a tonsil tumor. under general anesthesia, the ear - nose - throat ( ent ) surgeon holds the mouth open and pulls the tongue forward to reveal the tonsils. the tonsils are pulled away from the back of the throat and then removed by being cut away. bleeding is controlled, and often the cut heals naturally without stitches. patients are generally observed in the hospital for between 12 and 24 hours after surgery. removal of the tonsils is not known to cause any problems later in life. | review date : 3 / 3 / 2009 | reviewed by : neil k. kaneshiro, md, mha, clinical assistant professor of pediatrics, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. \u00a9 1997 - a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40421278030018787, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.340144"} {"text": "on another thread ( http : / / www. textkit. com / greek - latin - forum / viewtopic. php? t = 217 ), koala, has begun to put up answers for discussion. this is really helpful for a beginner like me. however, i have one or two questions.. for in the village were tents comparing one of koala ' s answers : koala wrote : paragraph 47 < br / > [ face = spionic ] < br / > e ) n tai ~ j kwmai ~ j h ] san skhnai /. < br / > [ / face ] [ face = spionic ] e ) n tai = j kw / maij skhnai / h ] san [ / face ] apart from my, probably, dodgy accents ( they ' re causing me some problems.. ) is there a concensus ( for a beginner ) on word order. i guess, a bit like may occur in german, i put the verb at the end... they have tents and slings i put : [ face = spionic ] skhna8j kai sfengo / va / j e ) / xousi [ / face ] [ face = spionic ] skhna \\ j kai \\ sfendo / naj e / ) xousin. [ / face ] the final [ face = spionic ] n [ / face ] being because it ends the sentence? is that right? finally, why does koala have [ face = spionic ] kai \\ [ / face ] and i only have [ face = spionic ] kai [ / face ]? why the different [ face = spionic ] i \\ [ / face ]? many thanks for any help.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47911915768938396, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.342803"} {"text": "the world health organization ( who ) released a worldwide health alert sunday ( september 23 ) after the united kingdom \u2019 s health protection agency ( hpa ) confirmed that a newly identified virus \u2014 genetically related to the sars virus \u2014 has infected a second patient, who was last reported in critical condition in london. the virus was first identified this summer in saudi arabia following the death of a 60 - year - old pneumonia patient. it is a type of coronavirus, a group that includes cold viruses as well as the sars virus, which caused a global outbreak of severe respiratory illness between 2002 and 2003, killing more than 700 people. so far, health experts are optimistic that the new virus will not have the same tragic spread. \u201c sars was very quick off the mark, infecting hospital staff etc., and this new virus does not to me appear to be in the same ' big bang ' group, \u201d john oxford, a virology expert at queen mary, university of london told bbc news. the london patient had recently traveled to saudi arabia where it is suspected he picked up the virus ; the two confirmed infections shared 99. 5 percent sequence identity. experts are investigating other suspected cases in the middle east and preparing outbreak responses if needed, but the who has yet to issue any travel restrictions or advice. \u201c for the moment, we ' re just assuming there were two individual infections, probably from some animal reservoir, \u201d ron fouchier, a virologist at erasmus mc in rotterdam in the netherlands and a lead researcher on one of the two recently publicized h5n1 papers, told scienceinsider. \u201c they occurred 3 months apart, which is too long for one to have infected the other, \u201d added fouchier, who sequenced the new virus ' s genomes from the two confirmed cases. \u201c so let ' s keep both feet on the ground and not blow this out of proportion. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44136770144442616, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.344857"} {"text": "physical activity correlated with less brain shrinkage in old age. intellectual exercise did not. problem : the brain is a muscle, says every teacher ever. their point is figurative, but the brain is like a muscle in the sense that it normally loses size with age - - in some parts by as much as 25 percent. - belly fat officially the worst - desire to be thin can be genetic - people who wait to have sex are ' less dissatisfied ' in marriage methodology : a long time ago, scotland surveyed the intelligence of every scottish child that had been born in 1936. more recently, 691 of those former children celebrated their 70th birthdays by filling out a survey about their social and intellectual pursuits and their levels of physical activity. three years after that, they celebrated their 73rd birthdays by undergoing brain mri scans at the university of edinburgh in scotland. the researchers assessed the brain images for physical signs of cognitive decline. results : physical activity was associated with larger gray and normal - appearing white matter volumes, less atrophy, and fewer white matter \" lesions. \" the relationship was linear : the men and women who exercised had less brain shrinkage and fewer structural signs of cognitive decline. this held true even when adjusting for health status and the influence of brain - related diseases, like strokes. mental and leisure activity, on the other hand, did not correlate significantly with reductions in the brains ' signs of aging. conclusion : exercise could be regarded as a \" neuroprotective factor. \" while doing crossword puzzles on the beach and maintaining an active social life ( tango? ) can ' t hurt, physical activity may be the most effective way to keep your brain massive and powerful. the full study, \" neuroprotective lifestyle and the aging brain : activity, atrophy, and white matter integrity, \" is published in the journal neurology. this article available online at :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5142734733802343, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.347969"} {"text": "[ an error occurred while processing this directive ] she wears only biblical names [ an error occurred while processing this directive ] by b. j. barr thebible. net introducing the church index next chapter as one looks about in the religious world, there are hundreds of names that supposedly represent the church for which christ died. but a quick glance into the word of god clearly shows most of these names are unbiblical and unfounded. since these names cannot be found within the context of our religious standard - the bible, it is unwise and disrespectful to adopt them as followers of christ. why are man - made names wrong? simply, they are condemned in the new testament. paul, in his letter to the corinthian church, wrote these words, \"... that ye all speak the same thing, and that there be no divisions among you ; but that ye be perfected together in the same mind and in the same judgment \" ( 1 corinthians 1 : 10 ). in the next few verses, paul further discusses what he meant. \" now this i mean, that each one of you saith, i am of paul ; and i of apollos ; and i of cephas ; and i of christ. is christ divided? was paul crucified for you? or were ye baptized in the name of paul? \" ( 1 cor. 1 : 12 - 13 ). to give honor to a person such as \" luther \" over the name of christ is to divide honor belonging only to christ. to exalt an ordinance such as \" baptism \" is to lift it higher than the name which is above every name - christ. to designate a manner of church government as \" episcopal \" or presbyterian \" is to add what god never intended. paul warned the early church against man - made titles ; we of the churches of christ today accept his plea. there is something in a name. we must live by it and uphold it. biblical names for the church in the bible, there are no exclusive names for the church. god refers to his church as : \" the church of god \" ( 1 cor. 1 : 2 ) \" church of the firstborn \" ( hebrews 12 : 23 ) \" churches of christ \" ( romans 16 : 16 ) \" body of christ \" ( colossians 1 : 24 ) \" bride of christ \" ( revelation 21 : 2 ) \" house of god \" ( 1 timothy 3 : 15 ) notice that these references are not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44772663680646485, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.357656"} {"text": "christ \" ( romans 16 : 16 ) \" body of christ \" ( colossians 1 : 24 ) \" bride of christ \" ( revelation 21 : 2 ) \" house of god \" ( 1 timothy 3 : 15 ) notice that these references are not denominational names. they do not refer to different churches, only to god ' s one true church. in each name we can see god and his son ' s name being glorified. god has chosen these names for his church. does name make scriptural church? this question is a reasonable one because today there are many churches that wear the name, church of christ. however, when we check further, we will find many practices not found in our new testament pattern. the name is only a step in the right direction. just being called the church of christ, church of god, or church of the firstborn does not make it such. if the organization is not according to the scriptures, in work, worship and purpose then it is not christ ' s church. many churches have the right name but have corrupted the scriptural plan of worship by adding things god did not authorize. any activity which cannot prove its right to be by the scriptures, stands condemned ( 1 thessalonians 5 : 21 ). christ is the builder. he is the head over all things to the church, which is his body. ( see eph. 5 : 23 - 24 ; col. 1 : 18 ). the christian name the churches of christ carry christ ' s name on their buildings to show whom we represent. yet, on a daily basis when we live and work in our various communities, we are not known as or called \" church of christ, \" but simply christians. god refers to his people as christians, saints, children, disciples, priests, and brethren. the name marks us as being owned by christ ( acts 11 : 26 ). every christian is a saint because his sins are forgiven ( rom. 1 : 7 ). he is a child of god because he has been born again ( 1 pet. 1 : 22 - 23 ) ; a disciple because he is a learner of christ ( john 15 : 8 ). he is a priest because he is empowered to worship and serve god directly through christ ( 1 pet. 2 : 5 ). christians are all brethren, because they are all children of the same heavenly father ( gal. 6 : 1 ). those who love and respect god ' s will appreciate the names given by him. we must use these names rather", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43184724212156866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.358794"} {"text": "2 : 5 ). christians are all brethren, because they are all children of the same heavenly father ( gal. 6 : 1 ). those who love and respect god ' s will appreciate the names given by him. we must use these names rather than names that indicate division and that disrespect god ' s authority. if you refer to your denomination to express your faith or religious conviction, there is too much in your name. why not be a christian only? what is in a name? one may ask, what ' s in a name? there are many who feel that there is nothing in a name. i disagree, based on acts 4 : 12. there is a name that is above all others, and that name is christ. no other name has the power or authority of christ ' s. if god saw fit to use this name, who are we to change it? the story is told of a man arrested for making whiskey or home - brew. he came before the judge, who was a church going man. he decided to have some fun with the accused. the judge asked him, \" what is your name? \" the man replied, \" my name is joshua. \" \" are you the joshua who made the sun stand still? \", the judge asked. \" no sir, \" the man replied. \" i am the joshua that made the moonshine. \" the story is simple. there is something in a name. in order to please god, we must do all in word and in deed. we know that this is true when it comes to everyday things like the naming of our children. have you ever heard of a mother naming her daughter, jezebel ; or her son, judas? no parent would permanently scar a child with a name that is noted for doing wicked or evil. there is something in a name. why only god - given name? god has given jesus as our means of salvation. his name is the only one by which man can be saved ( acts 4 : 11 - 12 ). to this name, \" every knee must bow \" ( philippians 2 : 9, 11 ). the common saying that one name is as good as another may be true in non - religious matters, but biblically, no name is as good as christ ' s ( eph. 1 : 20 - 21 ). the church is the bride of christ. a bride should wear the groom ' s name ( 2 cor. 11 : 2 ). we who have been obedient", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45751236130128686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.359763"} {"text": "good as christ ' s ( eph. 1 : 20 - 21 ). the church is the bride of christ. a bride should wear the groom ' s name ( 2 cor. 11 : 2 ). we who have been obedient to the will of christ, are in the family of god. should not the family wear his name? ( 1 tim. 3 : 15 ; eph. 3 : 14 - 15 ). marshall keeble, a well known black evangelist, commenting on the importance of a name, related this illustration that a check is no good without a name. he told of a preacher who was conducting a meeting in a certain city. there was one lady who attended every night and heard him assert that there was nothing in a name. he said that they were to work out their salvation, and the name had nothing to do with it. he made this point over and over. one night this lady told him that she would like to make a contribution to his ministry. the next day he went by her house to pick up the money. she gave him a check and he went directly to the bank to cash it. the cashier returned the check to him saying that there was no name signed to it. \" she must have forgotten to sign it, \" the preacher said, so he returned to the lady ' s house to get her to sign the check. to his surprise, she informed him that she had not forgotten to sign it but was only doing as he had preached and did not put her name on the check. the lady made her point, and taught him never to preach that again. from the scriptures and practical illustrations, we can see why the church must wear a bible name. our feelings may guide us contrary to god ' s word. but religiously, we are not governed by our feelings. what we believe must be based on facts ( rom. 10 : 17 ). just any way or name is not god ' s way ( prov. 14 : 12 ). let us do things that are according to god ' s plan. only in his word can we find the right path. ( psalm 119 ). the church of our lord should not wear names like lutheran, baptist, methodist, mormon, catholic, jehovah ' s witnesses, etc., unless they can be found in his book. we must practice the things christ and the apostles left for us to do. christ desires that we unite ( john 17 : 20 - 23 ), but we cannot unite with error", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46196853973223173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.360902"} {"text": "press release from cnw group poll : learning a musical instrument may boost life long success wednesday, april 06, 2011 study shows canadians who learned an instrument as a child reported higher levels of education ; more than 2 / 3 believe it ' s just as important as sports or learning a second language. toronto, april 6 / cnw / - if you learned to play a musical instrument as a child you are more likely to go further in school, according to a new xm canada / leger marketing survey. in fact, seven out of 10 canadians who learned a musical instrument as a child said it has had a positive effect on their lives and half agreed that learning an instrument helped them do better in school. interestingly, 66 per cent of canadians say learning an instrument is as important as learning a second language. the positive impact wasn ' t just academics. reported lifelong benefits of learning this skill which can be carried throughout a person ' s career included : increased mental focus ( 46 % ), heightened creativity ( 45 % ), building confidence ( 32 % ) and ability to self - teach ( 32 % ). the positive relationship between education and music struck a chord when the poll results showed that those who learned to play an instrument were more likely to be college or university educated versus those who didn ' t ( 69 % vs. 59 % respectively ) \" learning to play an instrument is a huge part of many canadians ' lives and has significant impact years later, \" said janet gillespie, marketing vice - president, xm canada. \" ensuring that canadian children have access to music education is critical for keeping canadian music alive and growing people not only culturally but personally. it ' s a prime reason that xm canada proudly supports initiatives to develop musical talent through organizations such as s ' cool life fund and musicounts. \" in november 2010, xm canada collaborated with s ' cool life fund to launch a new called the xm instrument fund. this program will dedicate $ 100, 000 to support the efforts of elementary schools across the country to refresh existing music programs and develop exciting new programming for students. the program is another example of xm canada ' s commitment to support rising canadian talent and encourage the artistic growth of the next generation of great performers and musicians. recipient schools selected to receive the grant are expected to be announced by june 2011. the first note canadians understand the importance of an education in music and almost unanimously believe that every child should be afforded the opportunity to learn an instrument ( 94 % ). those who did learn to play instruments customarily", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46209838725077695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.371587"} {"text": "to be announced by june 2011. the first note canadians understand the importance of an education in music and almost unanimously believe that every child should be afforded the opportunity to learn an instrument ( 94 % ). those who did learn to play instruments customarily begin at the elementary school age ( 61 % ) and more than three quarters of canadians who learned to play an instrument cited parents ( 49 % ) and teachers ( 35 % ) as their top motivators. additionally, 77 % of canadians agree that learning a musical instrument is just as important as playing sports. regret? you bet. the study also revealed that 72 % of those who did not learn an instrument as a child regret it and more than half ( 62 % ) of canadians who did learn an instrument regret giving it up and wish they could still play it today. additional fast facts across the country - sixty - six percent of canadians surveyed learned to play an instrument as a child. - residents of quebec ( 73 % ) and alberta ( 71 % ) were the most likely to indicate that they learned to play an instrument. - albertans are more likely than most to state that learning an instrument is as important as learning a second language ( 80 % ) - interestingly, the flute was immensely popular in quebec, where 45 % say that they learned to play this instrument as a child. music talent - it ' s personal - top three instruments canadians learned as children? piano ( 31 % ), flute ( 18 % ), guitar ( 15 % ) - parents and teachers were the most common motivators for children learning to play an instrument but some said celebrities were their inspiration [ men ( 9 % ) vs. women 4 % ) ] - one third of canadians said playing music was one of their favourite hobbies. - one in six respondents still play their instrument at least once a week. - most canadians admire accomplished musicians, and one third would give up their current jobs for a music career. for morn information about musicounts please visit : www. musicounts. ca for more information about s ' cool life fund please visit : www. scoollifefund. ca about the survey the survey was completed on - line from march 7, 2011 to march 10, 2011 using leger marketing ' s online panel, legerweb, with a sample of 1549 canadians. a probability sample of the same size would yield a margin of error of 2. 49 %. leger marketing ' s online panel has approximately 360, 000 members nationally - with between 10, 000 and 20,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43528949549565793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.372733"} {"text": ", with a sample of 1549 canadians. a probability sample of the same size would yield a margin of error of 2. 49 %. leger marketing ' s online panel has approximately 360, 000 members nationally - with between 10, 000 and 20, 000 new members added each month, and has a retention rate of 90 percent. panel members are randomly selected to receive email invitations to the individual surveys. we ensure the protection of privacy via the usage of unique urls and respondent ids in combination with survey ids. about canadian satellite radio holdings, inc. canadian satellite radio holdings inc. ( tsx : xsr ) operates as xm canada and is canada ' s premium digital audio entertainment and information company with the best signal coverage across the country. with 130 digital channels of choice, xm canada offers canadian listeners the most unique and original canadian and international programming, including commercial - free music channels, exclusive live concerts and sports coverage, and the best in talk, comedy, children ' s and entertainment programming. xm canada is the satellite entertainment leader in the canadian automotive market with long - term factory installation agreements with manufacturers that own close to 50 per cent share of the domestic vehicle market. xm ' s industry - leading products are available at shop. xmradio. ca, and at retailers nationwide. xm programming is available by subscribing directly through xm canada and is also available as streams of commercial - free xm music channels on telus music radio and rogers wireless radio on demand. xm canada is the exclusive music channel provider on air canada ' s flights. to find out more about canadian satellite radio holdings inc. ( tsx : xsr ), visit : www. xmradio. ca / about /. note to editors : provincial / regional data available. for further information : jill yetman | environics communications, inc. | 416 - 969 - 2722 | email @ example. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4476061362702907, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.373631"} {"text": "medical researchers from japan and britain have won the nobel prize in medicine for work in cell programming, a frontier that has raised dreams of replacement tissue for people crippled by disease. shinya yamanaka of japan and sir john gurdon of britain found that adult cells can be transformed back to an infant state called stem cells, the key ingredient in the vision of regenerative medicine. \u201c their findings have revolutionised our understanding of how cells and organisms develop, \u201d the nobel jury declared. \u201c by reprogramming human cells, scientists have created new opportunities to study diseases and develop methods for diagnosis and therapy. \u201d among those who acclaimed the award were britain \u2019 s royal society, ian wilmut, \u201c father \u201d of dolly the cloned sheep, and a leading ethicist, who said it eased a storm about the use of embryonic cells. stem cells are precursor cells which differentiate into the various organs of the body. they have stirred huge excitement, with hopes that they can be coaxed into growing into replacement tissue for victims of alzheimer \u2019 s, parkinson \u2019 s and other diseases. gurdon, 79, said he was grateful but also surprised by the honour, since his main research was done more than 40 years ago. in 1962, he discovered that the dna code in the nucleus of an adult frog cell held all the information to develop into every kind of cell. this meant that an adult cell could in essence be reprogrammed. his landmark discovery was initially met with scepticism, as the journey from immature to specialised cell was previously deemed irreversible. \u201c i \u2019 m amazed and immensely grateful and astonished that they should recognise work done such a long time ago, \u201d gurdon told swedish radio. \u201d of course i \u2019 m extremely grateful to be recognised with shinya yamanaka who \u2019 s done this wonderful work. \u201d \u201c it is particularly pleasing to see how purely basic research, originally aimed at testing the genetic identity of different cell types in the body, has turned out to have clear human health prospects, \u201d he later told reporters in london. \u2018 a waste of time \u2019 as a teenager based at cambridge university, gurdon is fond of recalling that his school tutor told him when he was 15 that it would be a \u201c total waste of time \u201d to pursue a career in science, and credits his mother with encouraging him to follow his passion. more than four decades later, in 2006, yamanaka, now 50, discovered how mature cells in mice could be turned back to their youthful state using a batch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47192016040602325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.381831"} {"text": "a career in science, and credits his mother with encouraging him to follow his passion. more than four decades later, in 2006, yamanaka, now 50, discovered how mature cells in mice could be turned back to their youthful state using a batch of reprogramming genes. the advantage of this would be to avert the need to use stem cells taken from early - stage embryos. these are hugely versatile but have stirred ethical controversy. \u201c this is not only a giant leap for science, it is a giant leap for mankind. yamanaka and gurdon have shown how science can be done ethically, \u201d a professor of practical ethics at the university of oxford, julian savulescu, told the science media centre in london. yamanaka \u201c deserves not only a nobel prize for medicine, but a nobel prize for ethics, \u201d he said. yamanaka, a professor at kyoto university, has pointedly warned of the ethical controversies of science. \u201c we should limit the application of technology to treatment or what can make patients happier, \u201d he has said. \u201c we may be able to generate new life ( with this technique ), so we are presented with another ethical issue. \u201d stem - cell research is still at a very early stage, and only a tiny number of human trials have taken place. in the field of so - called induced pluripotent stem ( ips ) cells, for which yamanaka was singled out for the nobel, work is still only in the lab. he was modest about the honour on monday, telling reporters he was \u201c just an obscure researcher \u201d who planned to carry on his research. \u201d i really feel that i have to realise a medical application and contribute to society as soon as possible, \u201d he said. the pair had been among the frontrunners for a nobel after they won the prestigious lasker prize in 2009 and yamanaka shared the \u20ac1. 2 million millennium technology prize earlier this year with a software engineer. because of the economic crisis, the nobel foundation has slashed its prize sum to eight million swedish kronor ( \u20ac930, 000 ) per award, down from the 10 million kronor ( \u20ac1. 16 million ) awarded since 2001.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47051193668078267, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.385339"} {"text": "belgian surgeon and activist who was secretary general of the world medical association. he was born in uccle, brussels, on dec 8, 1923, and died after a motor vehicle accident on june 10, 2007, aged 83 years. as an advocate of physicians, of medical ethics, and of justice, andre wynen did not flinch. when general augusto pinochet of chile unjustly jailed physicians who were council members of the chilean medical association, wynen decided to fly to chile, in 1986, to demand their release. the crime of the physicians? they had disobeyed pinochet ' s decree that suspected opposition members should not receive medical treatment. wynen travelled alone to chile and helped secure their release. wynen ' s first major fight was against another dictator, adolph hitler. that fight began in 1940, when nazi germany invaded france and the benelux countries. at an age when most future physicians would be finishing secondary school before starting university studies, 17 - year - old wynen joined the resistance movement, eventually leaving home and family to live underground. michel masson, a friend of wynen and current secretary general of the belgian medical association ( association belge des syndicats medicaux, absym ), says \u201c andre wynen was a permanent enemy of totalitarianism. it was a personal obsession. \u201d in early 1944, wynen was arrested by the gestapo and spent the next 18 months in concentration camps, mostly at buchenwald in eastern germany. nicole wynen, who married wynen in 1951, says her husband initially did not talk about his imprisonment to their four children. finally, in the 1970s, he began to open up and 2 years ago the wynen family travelled to buchenwald for a ceremony marking its liberation. the next day, wynen led his family around the camp for half a day. \u201c he talked to us \u201d, his wife says. \u201c it was emotional. \u201d after his release from buchenwald, wynen was diagnosed with tuberculosis. as he was to do later in life when illness struck, he regained his health. after completing medical studies at the universite libre de bruxelle, where he specialised in general surgery and later thoracic surgery, wynen founded a 20 - bed private hospital in waterloo, belgium, that over two decades grew to 250 beds and 80 physicians. during this time he became involved in medical politics, helping found the absym. in 1964, he led", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3871744393967067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.410322"} {"text": "surgery, wynen founded a 20 - bed private hospital in waterloo, belgium, that over two decades grew to 250 beds and 80 physicians. during this time he became involved in medical politics, helping found the absym. in 1964, he led an 18 - day strike of many of belgium ' s physicians to protest against proposed changes in health insurance. in 1971, wynen turned his attention to global medicine, becoming a member of the world medical association ( wma ) council and 2 years later its chairman. it was a time when the wma was a divided organisation. when the then - secretary general resigned, in 1976, wynen stepped forward and took the job. he is credited with saving the wma from disintegration and convincing members, such as the american medical association, to return. \u201c he saved the wma from falling apart and was a very strong and engaged leader working in very troubled times \u201d, says otmar kloiber, current secretary general of the wma. but kloiber also acknowledges that \u201c his outspokenness did not always make him friends. he was a very controversial person. \u201d wynen had a strong sense of right and wrong and always followed his conscience. \u201c most of us say you have to be realistic when you are up against government, big money, special interests \u201d, kloiber says. \u201c but he would stand up against it and fight. \u201d wynen was vehemently opposed to euthanasia, foremost because \u201c protection of life was very important for him \u201d, kloiber says. in 1981, as the state of oklahoma in the usa was preparing for the execution of a criminal by intravenous injection of a lethal dose of drugs, wynen issued a statement saying : \u201c \u2026 no physician should be required to be an active participant. physicians are dedicated to preserving life \u201d. but kloiber says wynen also feared that legalised euthanasia would eventually be used to ration health care. \u201c he felt if you open the door to euthanasia, then government and health - care systems can use it save money \u201d, kloiber said. in 1991, wynen broke his neck in a bicycle accident, leaving him paraplegic, but he partly recovered and was able to walk with crutches. a year and a half ago, he had a stroke and again recovered well. when asked which accomplishment she believes her husband was most proud of during his life, nicole says,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3920369459135784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.412436"} {"text": "the lancet, volume 351, issue 9100, pages 429 - 433, 7 february 1998 doi : 10. 1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 97 ) 11450 - 7cite or link using doi this article can be found in the following collection : attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder and hyperkinetic disorder the combination of inattentive, hyperactive, and impulsive behaviour in children is recognised as a disorder when these behaviours are severe, developmentally inappropriate, and impair function at home and school. the clinical description of this disorder and its labels and criteria have a rich history. almost a century ago in the lancet ascribed impaired \u201c inhibitory volition \u201d and \u201c marked inability to concentrate and sustain attention \u201d to \u201c defects of moral control \u201d. currently, there are two... this article is made available free of charge, as a service to our users. please login to access the full article, or register if you do not yet have a username and password. already registered? please login new to thelancet. com? thelancet. com is the online home of : - the lancet - the lancet diabetes & endocrinology - the lancet infectious diseases - the lancet neurology - the lancet oncology - the lancet respiratory medicine please register to access selected articles for free, personalize and interact with this site. registration is free, takes no more than two minutes, and offers you many benefits. a uci child development center, university of california, irvine, 19262 jamboree, irvine, ca 92715, usa b university of amsterdam, amsterdam, the netherlands c unit in child psychiatry, institute of psychiatry, de crespigny park, london, uk d department of psychology, university of southampton, southampton, uk e child and adolescent disorders research branch, national institute of mental health, rockville md, usa f department of psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences, university of california, los angeles, ca, usa correspondence to : dr jm swanson access this article on sciverse sciencedirect visit sciverse sciencedirect to see if you have access via your institution. please login above or register to use this functionality. registration is free, takes no more than two minutes, and offers you many benefits.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5031671612777051, "token_count": 474, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.415190"} {"text": "winfield scott ( 1786 - 1866 ) winfield scott ( june 13, 1786 - may 29, 1866 ) was a united states lieutenant general, diplomat, and presidential candidatean army officer who held the rank of general in three wars, the unsuccessful whig candidate for president in 1852, and the foremost american military figure between the revolution and the civil war. he served on active duty as a general longer than any other man in american history and most historians rate him the ablest american general of his time. scott was born on his family ' s farm near petersburg, virginia. he attended the college of william & mary and was a lawyer and a virginia militia cavalry corporal before being directly commissioned as captain in the artillery in 1808. scott ' s early years in the army were tumultuous. his commission as a colonel was suspended for one year following a court - martial for insubordination in criticizing his commanding general. he fought on the niagara frontier in the war of 1812, was captured by the british in that campaign during the battle of queenston heights in 1813, but was released in a prisoner exchange. in march 1814 scott was brevetted brigadier general. in july 1814, scott commanded the first brigade of the american army in the niagara campaign, winning the battle of chippewa decisively on july 5, 1814.. he was wounded during the american defeat at the battle of lundy ' s lane ( july 25 ), along with the american commander, major general jacob brown and the british / canadian commander, lieutenant general gordon drummond. as the american army retreated across the niagara, scott commanded the american forces at fort erie, another american victory. scott ' s success on the niagara, combined with american naval victories at lake champlain and lake erie, guaranteed a stalemate on the northern frontier. scott ' s wounds from lundy ' s lane were so severe that he did not serve on active duty for the remainder of the war. but his successes had made him a national hero. by war ' s end he had attained the rank of major general. scott remained in military service, studying tactics in europe and taking a deep interest in maintaining a well - trained and disciplined u. s. army. scott earned the nickname of \" old fuss and feathers \" for his insistence of military appearance and discipline in the u. s. army, which consisted mostly of volunteers. in his own campaigns, general scott preferred to use a core of u. s. army regulars whenever possible. gen. scott was later known as the grand old man of the army. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4689992866641327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.427243"} {"text": "u. s. army, which consisted mostly of volunteers. in his own campaigns, general scott preferred to use a core of u. s. army regulars whenever possible. gen. scott was later known as the grand old man of the army. in the administration of president andrew jackson, scott marshaled united states forces for use against the state of south carolina in the nullification crisis. in 1838, following the orders of president martin van buren, scott carried out the initial removal of cherokee indians from georgia and other southern states to reservations west of the mississippi riverwhat later became known as the trail of tears. scott also helped defuse tensions between officials of the state of maine and the british canada province of new brunswick in the undeclared and bloodless aroostook war in march 1839. scott became commanding general of the u. s. army in 1841 and served in that capacity until 1861. as a result of his success, scott was appointed major general ( then the highest rank in the united states army ) and general - in - chief in 1841. he held this position until november 1, 1861, when he resigned under political pressure from maj. gen. george b. mcclellan after the union defeat at ball ' s bluff. mcclellan replaced him as general - in - chief. scott also fought in the black hawk war and the second seminole war. with the outbreak of the mexican war ( 1846 - 48 ), scott recommended general zachary taylor for command of the u. s. forces. when taylor appeared to be making little progress, however, scott set out himself with a supplementary force on a seaborne invasion of mexico. scott commanded the southern of the two united states armies ( zachary taylor commanded the northern army ) and captured veracruz ( march 1847 ). six months later, scott, assisted by his colonel of engineers, robert e. lee, and perhaps inspired by william h. prescott ' s history of the conquest of mexico, followed the approximate route taken by hernan cortes in 1519 and assaulted mexico city. scott ' s opponent in this campaign was mexican president and general antonio lopez de santa anna. despite high heat, rains, and difficult terrain, scott won the battles of cerro gordo, contreras / padierna, churubusco, and molino del rey, then assaulted the fort of chapultepec on september 13, 1847, after which the city surrendered on september 14. when a large number of men from the controversial saint patrick ' s battalion were captured during churubusco, scott", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4053253065044746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.430703"} {"text": "rey, then assaulted the fort of chapultepec on september 13, 1847, after which the city surrendered on september 14. when a large number of men from the controversial saint patrick ' s battalion were captured during churubusco, scott gave orders for them to be hanged en masse in during the battle of chapultepec, specifying that the moment of execution should occur just after the u. s. flag was raised atop the mexican citadel. as military commander of mexico city, he was held in high esteem by mexican civil and american authorities alike. however, scott ' s vanity, as well as his corpulence, led to a catch phrase that was to haunt him for the remainder of his political life. complaining about the division of command between himself and general taylor, in a letter written to secretary of war william marcy on may 25, 1846, scott stated : \" your letter of this date, received at about 6 p. m., as i sat down to take a hasty plate of soup... \". the polk administration, wishing to sabotage scott ' s reputation, promptly published the letter, and the phrase appeared in political cartoons and folk songs for the rest of his life. another example of scott ' s vanity was his reaction to losing at chess to a young new orleans lad named paul morphy in 1846. scott did not take his defeat by the nine - year - old chess prodigy gracefully. a prominent whig, scott won his party ' s presidential nomination in 1852 but lost the election to democrat franklin pierce, mainly because the whigs were divided over the issue of slavery. in 1855, by a special act of congress, scott was given a brevet promotion to the rank of lieutenant general, making him the second person in american history, after george washington, to ever hold that rank. scott was still commander in chief of the u. s. army when the civil war broke out in april 1861, but his proposed strategy of splitting the confederacythe plan eventually adoptedwas ridiculed. the elderly scott knew he was unable to go into battle himself. he offered the command of the federal army to colonel robert e. lee. however, when virginia left the union in april 1861, lee resigned and command of the field forces defending washington, d. c., passed to major general irvin mcdowell. age forced his retirement the following november. scott died at west point in 1866 just before his eightieth birthday and is buried there in the national cemetery.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42327611035668466, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.438572"} {"text": "song of wrath : the peloponnesian war begins the peloponnesian war was actually a series of wars, running hot and cold, that engulfed the fifth - century bc west for nearly 70 years. they began in 461 bc when sparta and its peloponnesian league fought athens and its delian league, and lasted, through intervals of peace and sporadic campaigning, until the final defeat of athens at aegospotomai in 404 bc. the heart of this long conflict was the ten years ' war ( often called the archidamian war after sparta ' s king archidamus ii ), fought from 431 to 421, and its presiding historian has always been and will always be thucydides, who partook in the conflict as a general and determined to write its definitive history as a \" gift for all time \". the world had seen nothing like his history before : it was dry, dispassionate, reportorial, and entirely free of meddling gods. it was also magisterial, which makes je lendon ' s accomplishment in song of wrath all the more remarkable. not only does he retell the story of the archidamian war but he does so by taking a self - confessed \" adversarial \" stance towards his predecessor. if the modern philosophy of history has a single father, it is thucydides ; opposition to him seems almost unfilial. but lendon isn ' t really opposing him. his adversarial role consists mainly of clarifying and filling out. and the result is a brilliant work of history and ideological reconstruction. in 2005, lendon ' s magnificent soldiers & ghosts examined how warriors of the ancient world fought ; song of wrath concentrates on why they fought. here lendon ' s focus is time, honour, which he sees as both highly individualistic and idiosyncratic, sometimes appeased by money, sometimes by bloodshed, sometimes by mercy or savagery. it ' s his contention that honour, the desire to keep or regain it, the desire to strip it from the enemy, lies at the heart of ancient military history to a degree that threatens to make it all but incomprehensible to a modern age of push - button warfare. take the moment when the spartan hero brasidas faced down the athenian invasion force at megara ' s port in 424 bc. \" to us, \" lendon writes, \" the climactic encounter between brasidas and the athenians on the plains", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47701384551152415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.449520"} {"text": "when the spartan hero brasidas faced down the athenian invasion force at megara ' s port in 424 bc. \" to us, \" lendon writes, \" the climactic encounter between brasidas and the athenians on the plains of megara seems as strange as the confrontation between tribes of hooting apes or a standoff between feathered savages in a faded documentary. its logic was not that of modern war, in all its glistening lethality, but that of drunks in a bar, eyes locked on eyes, shouting, ' what are you looking at? ' and inching closer to each other, knuckles gleaming, until one drops his gaze and yields the victory. \" he supplements thucydides by pointing out that the ancient historian would never have thought it necessary to explain such basic psychological components of his world as time. as lendon points out, thucydides never conceived of an age in which his \" gift \" wouldn ' t be read by \u2026 well, ancient greeks. but times changed and military technologies, lendon argues, altered military mind - sets. wars between nations were no longer fought for personal reasons, and the vagaries of honour no longer dictated strategy ( such assertions hint that the author, like most of his contemporary military historians, is unwilling to admit the victorian age happened at all ). song of wrath is his spirited, utterly captivating reclamation of that homeric worldview in which generals and their soldiers were emulating not a tactical handbook but a poem, homer ' s time - riddled iliad. along the way, we get a great deal of the vivid writing that made soldiers & ghosts so memorable, as when lendon quips that \" the spartans never got to fight the war they wanted \", or when he pauses to reflect on one of athens ' significant initial victories : \" that was the time of athens ' greatest historical glory, and if athens sought to be supreme in honor among the greeks, that was the period of her past she must evoke now. what athenian strategy after sphacteria looks like, then - a grab for the past with both hands - is precisely what athenian strategy after sphacteria was. \" song of wrath is an even richer work than its predecessor, revelatory in its historical recastings. its deft reworking of thucydidean ground will prompt the reader to reread the old master, but with new insights and a new appreciation. and a new relevance, according to lendon. just", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46753693166469407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.450510"} {"text": "its historical recastings. its deft reworking of thucydidean ground will prompt the reader to reread the old master, but with new insights and a new appreciation. and a new relevance, according to lendon. just as thucydides predicted that his work would always be useful because mankind doesn ' t change its nature, so lendon maintains that the homeric age isn ' t quite done with us yet. the anarchic desperation of bronze age warfare, he claims, is appearing again among \" the wrathful ones, those who seek symbolic victory regardless of consequence, those who seek revenge for ancient slights \". it is these \" nations and international actors \" ( lendon seems wary of using the word \" terrorist \", no doubt for fear that it would derail his argument into demagoguery ) that the present - day west finds most difficult to understand. thucydides ' ancient conflict provides a key : \" it is not, therefore, only interesting to know how the spartans and the athenians once fought a great war over national rank by cycles of revenge and retribution. it may, alas, be useful as well. \" there ' s a bit of simplification in this, inevitably. for example, those modern - day \" wrathful ones \" are motivated in large part by religious factors, after all, and the peloponnesian war has nothing at all to tell us about religious conflict. there ' s also the fact that, despite his pioneering attempts at historical even - handedness, thucydides was hardly impartial between the democracy of athens and the warrior - oligarchy of sparta : there are right ( and righteous ) nations, and wrong ones, in his book, just as such assumptions of right and wrong also underpinned the judgments of his contemporary and fellow general sophocles. lendon ' s contemporary parallels are thought - provoking, but where song of wrath really excels is its dramatisation of how strange ancient warfare could be, especially to modern sensibilities shaped by the capacities of truly long - range weaponry. this book is a persuasive reminder, as is homer, for all that, of how personal and even intimate most combat was for the 40 centuries before the refinement of gunpowder and artillery in the mid - 19th century. for most of the peloponnesian war, athens and sparta were locked into a dance of avoidance : the latter avoided the former ' s naval superiority, and the former avoided", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5164006221382018, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.455597"} {"text": "the refinement of gunpowder and artillery in the mid - 19th century. for most of the peloponnesian war, athens and sparta were locked into a dance of avoidance : the latter avoided the former ' s naval superiority, and the former avoided the latter ' s superior infantry on land. and in all encounters, the concept of time, and its mirror image, shame, was crucial. \" this disparity in the abilities of athens and sparta, \" lendon explains, \" meant that determining who was winning the war over rank depended in large part on weighing against each other the values of different kinds of shaming. athens ' shame at a peloponnesian invasion of attica had to be weighed against sparta ' s shame at athens ' reprisal raids from ships and the athenian attacks on sparta ' s allies. \" today ' s armies, by contrast, \" establish artificial, and often futile measures to gauge their progress, trying to count ( as in vietnam ) enemy dead, or the volume of enemy equipment captured, or ( as in iraq ) the frequency of enemy attacks on friendly forces \". throughout song of wrath, there is a faint but insistent hint of regret that this should be so. lendon ' s passion makes this book compulsively readable, but underneath the learning it is very much a personal passion, perhaps akin to the animating force supplied to thucydides ' narrative by his great unnamed rival, herodotus. this adds an extra irony to lendon ' s determination to clear up the \" doubtful netherworld \" of thucydidean opinionising : he is not one bit less present in his book ' s subtext than the old general was in his. when writing about the ultimate origins of his peloponnesian war, thucydides claimed \" the truest cause of the war was the growing greatness of the athenians, and the fear this inspired, which compelled the lacedaemonians to go to war. \" song of wrath mines these events for richer motivations, but it shares one thing with its predecessor : both are indispensable accounts of a war whose interest is undimmed by the years. steve donoghue ' s work has appeared in the columbia journal of american studies, the historical novel review, and kirkus. he is managing editor of open letters monthly.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5004034064318374, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.458215"} {"text": "akbarpur khudal, village 6 km northeast of bareta ( 29a \u201a a\u00b052 ' n. 75a \u201a a\u00b042 ' e ), in mansa district of the punjab, is sacred to guru gobind singh, who came here in november 1706 to rescue a sikh from captivity. according to giani gian singh, twaiikh guru khalsa, gulab singh, a goldsmith of akbarpur khudal, had been imprisoned by the village chief in a basement of his house on a false charge. the news of the sikh in distress reached guru gobind singh while he was at sirsa, 80 km away, as the crow flies, already on his way to the south. but he turned his footsteps immediately with five of his sikhs and, reaching khudal by a forced march, rescued gulab singh and instructed the chief, nabi bakhsh, in the path of virtue and justice. guru gobind singh then returned to sirsa. a gurdwara was later established outside the village. the maharaja of patiala endowed it with 50 acres of land. the house of the chief inside the village was acquired after independence, and gurdwara bhora sahib patshahi 10 was constructed on the site in february 1951 by a sikh landlord of the area, harchand singh jeji, who also made an endowment. the gurdwara, handed over to the shiromani gurdwara parbandhak committee in 1977, has a domed sanctum, within a hall, on the first floor. the bhora or underground cell, in which gulab singh is believed to have been kept, is a small square cellar in the basement.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3759905820618502, "token_count": 347, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.462705"} {"text": "color him rad get ready for matisse with our handy cheat sheet. if henri matisse ( 1869 \u2013 1954 ) hadn \u2019 t broken a sculpture, 20th - century art history might have turned out very differently. when his unfinished clay figure reclining nude ( i ) ( aurore ) fell off a table in early 1907, the panicked french artist painted the piece from memory. that canvas became blue nude ( memory of biskra ) ( 1907 ). as he repaired reclining nude, matisse altered the sculpture to reflect innovations he made in the painting. when he returned to blue nude, he developed its composition in response to the sculpture. \u201c matisse : radical invention, 1913 \u2013 17, \u201d on view through june 20 at the art institute of chicago, suggests this incident transformed matisse \u2019 s artistic process. the artist began advancing his ideas by moving among painting, sculpture and printmaking as he created several versions of the same image. he reworked pieces over time, leaving certain changes visible. curators stephanie d \u2019 alessandro of the art institute and john elderfield of the museum of modern art in new york also highlight matisse \u2019 s sculptural approach to painting, which involved scraping and incising his canvases. they portray the art institute \u2019 s painting bathers by a river ( 1909 \u2013 10, 1913, 1916 \u2013 17 ) as the epitome of matisse \u2019 s revision - oriented process, having exposed the piece \u2019 s surprising evolution through cutting - edge software and years of research. \u201c radical invention \u201d offers several juicy revelations, but it \u2019 s hard to appreciate them if you \u2019 re not familiar with matisse before and after 1913 \u2013 17. if you don \u2019 t own a set of jazz note cards or a poster of dance, read on. 1. cezanne was matisse \u2019 s idol. matisse didn \u2019 t finish his artistic training until he was 27. ( it largely consisted of copying old masters at the louvre. ) a few years later, he purchased cezanne \u2019 s painting three bathers ( 1879 \u2013 82 ) and kept it, despite various financial crises, for the next 37 years. matisse embraced this painting \u2019 s motif \u2014 and its idyllic rather than naughty treatment. from cezanne, he learned to foreground his work \u2019 s expressive qualities over its realism. 2. matisse made critics see red. in the early 1900s, seurat and van gogh inspired matisse to experiment with neo - impressionism. he constructed a few significant paintings from small", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4543818409841073, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.505618"} {"text": "##ground his work \u2019 s expressive qualities over its realism. 2. matisse made critics see red. in the early 1900s, seurat and van gogh inspired matisse to experiment with neo - impressionism. he constructed a few significant paintings from small blocks of color, then moved on to large, flat areas of color influenced by sources such as gauguin and greek vase painters. a critic dubbed matisse and some of his peers les fauves ( the \u201c wild beasts \u201d ) because of their shocking colors and brushwork. not everyone appreciated fauvism : collector leo stein described matisse \u2019 s 1905 painting the woman with the hat as \u201c the nastiest smear i have ever seen \u201d \u2014 and he \u2019 s the one who bought it. 3. matisse and picasso were frenemies. the artists, who met around 1906, had a profound impact on each other \u2019 s work despite their mutual jealousy. according to the massive \u201c radical invention \u201d catalog, matisse introduced picasso to african sculpture and influenced the latter \u2019 s les demoiselles d \u2019 avignon. by 1907, picasso \u2019 s cubism had lured georges braque and other artists away from fauvism, which collapsed. \u201c radical invention \u201d shows matisse borrowing techniques from cubism without giving up his alternative form of modernism. 4. because of their extreme experimentation and subdued palettes, the works created from 1913 \u2013 17 are the artist \u2019 s most \u201c un - matissean. \u201d that \u2019 s what elderfield writes in his catalog for moma \u2019 s 1992 matisse retrospective. matisse \u2019 s early work offended many, including students at the school of the art institute of chicago, who in 1913 burned his paintings blue nude and le luxe ( ii ) in effigy. after the period \u201c radical invention \u201d addresses, he courted controversy for his \u201c bourgeois \u201d emphasis on the visual pleasure derived from color and pattern \u2014 as well as from nudes frolicking in the south of france, where he moved in 1917. during the 1940s, matisse became as famous for his colorful paper cut - out collages as for his painting, which he abandoned due to illness and decreased mobility. 5. by the 1950s, artists saw matisse as avant - garde again. his distinctive treatment of color and space has inspired abstract expressionists, color field artists and a steady stream of blockbuster exhibitions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4615899215952909, "token_count": 487, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.510493"} {"text": "family dogs caught up in the japan earthquake of 2011 and subsequent nuclear disaster at fukushima showed signs of stress not inconsistent with ptsd long after the events, a new study finds. the research compared abandoned dogs rescued from fukushima with non - disaster affected dogs abandoned in 2009 and 2010, before the earthquake. the dogs that lived through the disaster had stress hormone levels five to 10 times higher than the dogs that were simply abandoned or found as strays. \" long - term care and concern regarding the psychological impact of disasters appears necessary in humans and companion animals, \" the researchers wrote today ( oct. 11 ) in the journal scientific reports. as part of a dog - rehabilitation program at azabu university in japan, researchers took in eight dogs from shelters in kanagawa prefecture and measured their levels of physical stress by monitoring the stress hormone cortisol in the dogs ' urine. after the 2011 tohoku earthquake and tsunami, thousands of refugees were forced to abandon their dogs. many of the animals lived a semi - feral existence in areas made uninhabitable for humans by the fukushima nuclear plant meltdown that followed the disaster. [ photos : japan ' s rescued pets ] in may and november 2011, the azabu university team took in 17 abandoned dogs collected at shelters and rescue centers in fukushima. these dogs, like the kanagawa canines, were rehabilitated and had their cortisol levels monitored daily. all dogs were later adopted by new owners. science news from nbcnews. com when compared with the kanagawa dogs, the fukushima dogs were less aggressive toward unfamiliar people but also less attached to caregivers and more difficult to train. the disaster - affected dogs had five to 10 times the cortisol levels of dogs not touched by disaster, a gap that narrowed but did not close even after 10 weeks of loving care in the rehabilitation program. the fukushima dogs ' handicaps in trainability echo learning problems in human trauma survivors with post - traumatic stress disorder, the researchers wrote. they suggested that similar brain chemicals could be at play in dogs and humans. trauma - impaired humans can also struggle to bond with others, similar to the fukushima dogs ' lack of attachment to their caregivers. the researchers warned that the samples were small and not entirely equivalent, with the fukushima dogs being older, on average, than the kanagawa dogs. nevertheless, they found no evidence that age affected how dogs responded to abandonment, suggesting the disaster was the biggest driver of the dogs ' stress. \" humans affected by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48223292881471175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.515648"} {"text": "kincheloe, william ( 1779 \u2013 1835 ). william kincheloe, a member of the old three hundred and one of the first austin colonists to arrive in texas, was born in kentucky in 1779. he married nancy taylor there in 1799. they moved to missouri in 1810 and had five children before she died. in 1821 kincheloe was in st. louis with his second wife, mary ( betts ), the daughter of jacob betts. they had three sons. kincheloe visited stephen f. austin in natchitoches, louisiana. on october 16, 1821, he registered as a colonist and was granted two headrights in texas, one as a colonist and one because he was to build a mill. austin sent him to explore texas for the purpose of choosing land for twenty families and report on what he found. in the fall of 1821 kincheloe examined the land and chose for himself the fertile caney soil between the colorado river and peach creek, where wharton is today. with kincheloe in texas, his daughter mary ' s husband, horatio chriesman, brought the families down the mississippi river, on a flatboat in the dead of winter. many became ill, and mary chriesman died and was buried in new madrid, missouri. the rest continued to new orleans and met kincheloe. they had hoped to sail on the lively but arrived too late. kincheloe, fearing the tardy settlers could not reach texas in time to plant a crop, bought the schooner only son and hired a group of men to put in a crop. they landed at the mouth of the colorado river and made their way up to the site of present wharton, burned off the cane, and used a sharp stick to plant corn. the crop was bountiful. the only son returned to new orleans for the families. on the trip back many died of yellow fever and were buried at sea. in june 1822 they landed three miles up the colorado river, near the present site of matagorda. joseph h. hawkins, austin ' s partner in colonization, later criticized kincheloe for this expedition. when the kincheloe party left its supplies at the mouth of the river with four guards and moved inland to rest, karankawa indians killed the guards and stole some of the supplies. the settlers left immediately for the kincheloe camp, fifty miles up the river ; the men packed what they could on their backs, and the women carried the guns. kincheloe built a cabin for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3810215683660586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.527613"} {"text": "the guards and stole some of the supplies. the settlers left immediately for the kincheloe camp, fifty miles up the river ; the men packed what they could on their backs, and the women carried the guns. kincheloe built a cabin for his family beside peach creek. in 1823 his corn enabled many of the colonists to survive. the indian attacks became more numerous. some of the stolen supplies from the only son were recovered, including the millstone that kincheloe brought to texas. on july 8, 1824, kincheloe received title to two sitios of land now in wharton county, one on the east side of the colorado, where he made his home, and one on the west side. kincheloe was a blacksmith, a surveyor, a farmer, and a stock raiser. he was an alcalde election judge in 1826. in 1827 he signed a resolution of loyalty to the mexican government, in protest against the fredonian rebellion, and was elected to present it to the mexican governor. he was elected police commissioner of austin ' s colony in 1828. his home became a meetingplace for men gathering to fight indians. the road to san felipe from matagorda crossed peach creek at kincheloe ' s crossing. kincheloe died in 1835 and was buried on the banks of peach creek. eugene c. barker, ed., the austin papers ( 3 vols., washington : gpo, 1924 \u2013 28 ). mary d. boddie, thunder on the brazos : the outbreak of the texas revolution at fort velasco, june 26, 1832 ( angleton, texas : brazoria county historical museum, 1978 ). lester g. bugbee, \" the old three hundred : a list of settlers in austin ' s first colony, \" quarterly of the texas state historical association 1 ( october 1897 ). james milton carroll, a history of texas baptists ( dallas : baptist standard, 1923 ). james m. day, comp., post office papers of the republic of texas ( 2 vols., austin : texas state library, 1966 \u2013 67 ). edward hutcheson, the freedom tree : a chapter from the saga of texas ( waco : texian press, 1970 ). j. h. kuykendall, \" reminiscences of early texans, \" quarterly of the texas state historical association 6 \u2013 7 ( january, april, july 1903 ). matagorda county historical commission, historic matagorda county ( 3 vols.,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4223192023208908, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.529058"} {"text": "data reported by the weather station : 862180 ( sgas ) latitude : - 25. 26 | longitude : - 57. 63 | altitude : 101 weather asuncion / aeropuerto | main | | year 1980 climate | | select a month | to calculate annual averages, we analyzed data of 366 days ( 100 % of year ). if in the average or annual total of some data is missing information of 10 or more days, this is not displayed. the total rainfall value 0 ( zero ) may indicate that there has been no such measurement and / or the weather station does not broadcast. | annual average temperature : | | 23. 3\u00b0c | | 366 | | annual average maximum temperature : | | 28. 0\u00b0c | | 366 | | annual average minimum temperature : | | 17. 9\u00b0c | | 366 | | annual average humidity : | | 66. 6 % | | 366 | | annual total precipitation : | | - | | - | | annual average visibility : | | 10. 5 km | | 366 | | annual average wind speed : | | 11. 1 km / h | | 366 | number of days with extraordinary phenomena. | total days with rain : | | 110 | | total days with snow : | | 0 | | total days with thunderstorm : | | 39 | | total days with fog : | | 12 | | total days with tornado or funnel cloud : | | 0 | | total days with hail : | | 6 | days of extreme historical values in 1980 the highest temperature recorded was 38\u00b0c on october 27. the lowest temperature recorded was 1\u00b0c on july 3. the maximum wind speed recorded was 64. 8 km / h on may 10.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4308999803176068, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.530807"} {"text": "while we would all like to have the kind of healing factor that wolverine possesses, we all know that this is but a pipe dream at the moment. what we can rely on, however, would be advances made in the medical field such as this laser - activated plaster that was specially designed to replace stitches for wounds. the \u201c miracle \u201d patch is known as surgilux, where it functions as some sort of biological band - aid. using a material derived from chitin, the very same substance required for crab shells and insect exoskeletons to remain stiff and rigid, surgilux \u2019 s ultimate aim is to far outperform stitches or sutures for wounds and surgeries, considering how it remains atop the skin instead of threading underneath. john foster, a biotech researcher at the university of new south wales who is working on surgilux, said, \u201c though sutures have a superior strength to surgilux, sutures are physically invasive. surgilux is a thin film, so you do not end up with any physical invasion or further damage to the tissue, thus allowing more complete healing. \u201d \u2018 sounds like this is not a one - size - fits - all solution, but would come in more handy for delicate operations. even better is if this does not leave that much of scar tissue compared to regular stitches. will the phrase \u201c a stitch in time saves nine \u201d be relevant should the surgilux surge in popularity? medbox dispenses marijuana melon headband improves your focus by reading your brain waves humans welded together could mean the end of stitches smart cover magnets can apparently disable implanted defibrillators", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4609663604051878, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.542380"} {"text": "posts tagged : humbolt county university of california cooperative extension employees, who coordinate most of the sudden oak death - related research and monitoring in northern california, got a surprise in the spring of 2010, when samples from a monitoring station near the mouth of redwood creek near orick in humboldt county tested positive for the pathogen. this meant that trees were infected somewhere in the 200, 000 - acre watershed \u2013 more than 50 miles from the nearest known infestation, and farther north than the pathogen had ever been detected in california. federal and state agencies, including the usda forest service, cal fire and the natural resources conservation service, joined forces with uc cooperative extension and quickly mobilized resources to control the pathogen in redwood valley and halt its spread to neighboring forests. local landowners have also played a key role. yana valachovic, uc cooperative extension advisor in humboldt county and forestry expert, explained that she and her agency partners had been preparing for this moment. \u201c we \u2019 ve been closely monitoring the disease for years and anticipating a scenario like redwood valley, so we were ready to take action and respond quickly, \u201d valachovic said. figure 1. yana valachovic sampling vegetation the ucce staff leads an extensive sudden oak death monitoring program on the north coast, and one of their detection strategies involves \" leaf - baiting \" in streams. using this technique, they \u201c bait \u201d phytophthora ramorum, the non - native pathogen that causes sudden oak death, by placing susceptible leaves in strategic locations in north coast streams. if the leaf baits become infected with sod, the scientists know that the pathogen is present in the watershed without having to comb the landscape for symptoms. after they detected the pathogen in redwood creek, ucce acted quickly to pinpoint the source of the waterborne spores, scouring the watershed for the very inconspicuous symptoms of sod with the help and permission of public and private landowners. by november 2010, the scientists had narrowed the location to redwood valley, where they found dead tanoaks and several other infected host plants. given its proximity to extensive public, private and tribal lands, the infestation in redwood valley was a serious concern. the disease, which was discovered in the bay area in the mid - 1990s, is found in 14 coastal counties in california, from monterey to humboldt, and has infested 10 percent of the at - risk areas in the state. p. ramorum thrives in the coastal climate, and has killed over 5 million tanoaks and true oaks over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4174768424421411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.576179"} {"text": "counties in california, from monterey to humboldt, and has infested 10 percent of the at - risk areas in the state. p. ramorum thrives in the coastal climate, and has killed over 5 million tanoaks and true oaks over the past 15 years. it \u2019 s still not clear how the pathogen got to redwood valley, but it could threaten the dense tanoak forests of the surrounding area, resulting in widespread tree mortality and increased fire hazard. much of the on - the - ground effort has been completed by contractors and cal fire handcrews, who have created 100 - meter buffers around infected trees by removing california bay laurel ( pepperwood ) and tanoak, the two hosts that most readily support p. ramorum spore production and spread. infected plant material has been trucked offsite and donated to the nearby dg fairhaven power company, piled and burned, or lopped and scattered onsite. funding from the american recovery and reinvestment act, the usda forest service and nrcs enabled the swift response in redwood valley. ucce used arra funds, also known as federal stimulus funds, to hire four people to work on the project, lending stability to the effort. landowner support has been critical to the success of the project, according to valachovic. more than 20 landowners in the valley have allowed monitoring and treatment activities on their properties, recognizing that their cooperation may keep the disease from spreading to other areas. figure 2. chris lee ( ucce staff research associate ) and david casey ( nrcs forester ) inspecting a treated area \u201c we couldn \u2019 t just stand back and let the disease roll through the forests that we manage, and the landowners understood that, \u201d said dan cohoon, who works for eureka - based able forestry, which manages many of the private forestlands in the watershed. brandon laporte, manager of cookson ranch and one of the key landowner collaborators in redwood valley, has supported the project from the beginning. laporte explained, \u201c we \u2019 ve learned a lot about the disease through this project, and we certainly don \u2019 t want it getting worse here on the ranch or spreading beyond the valley. \u201d the first phase of treatment is currently wrapping up, and ucce is beginning to monitor project efficacy and watch for spread of the pathogen beyond project boundaries. the yurok and hoopa tribes will be paying close attention to this effort, as they are only a ridge away from the infestation. ron reed, a yurok tribal forest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.38645756931639474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.577322"} {"text": "project efficacy and watch for spread of the pathogen beyond project boundaries. the yurok and hoopa tribes will be paying close attention to this effort, as they are only a ridge away from the infestation. ron reed, a yurok tribal forester, commented, \u201c oaks are an important part of our culture and history, and we will do what we can to keep sudden oak death out of our forests. the redwood valley project highlights the value of stream monitoring as a detection tool for sod, but it also demonstrates the ability of agencies and landowners to collaborate swiftly and effectively to protect the region \u2019 s forest resources. maybe most important \u2013 regardless of the future course that sudden oak death takes in the north coast \u2013 is what the project shows about the ability of proactive communities concerned about the health of their landscapes to come together, attract the support of state and national authorities, and work to make things better. the community collaboration is being honored with the two chiefs \u2019 award. the award, which is given jointly by the nrcs and the forest service, highlights projects from across the country each year, recognizing exemplary partners who have worked collaboratively to support conservation and forest stewardship. valachovic will accept the award on behalf of the federal, state, tribal and private partners involved the project at an event in davis on wednesday, may 16. for more information about sudden oak death disease, visit the california oak mortality task force website at www. suddenoakdeath. org. for more anr news, visit university of california division of agriculture and natural resources", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46345919847123246, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.578128"} {"text": "17 august 2010 the united nations has partnered with the organizers of the first - ever youth olympic games to raise awareness about hiv among young people, who account for 40 per cent of all new infections, as well as fight stigma associated with the virus. the games, which kicked off on saturday in singapore, will be held every two years \u2013 alternating between summer and winter \u2013 for young athletes from around the world between the ages of 14 and 18. \u201c young athletes are role models in their communities, \u201d said michel sidibe, executive director of the joint un programme on hiv / aids ( unaids ). \u201c we need to call on these young people to lead the prevention revolution if we are to reach unaids \u2019 vision of zero new infections. \u201d the joint efforts by unaids and the organizers of the singapore games are part of the agency \u2019 s overall partnership with the international olympic committee ( ioc ) to provide hiv prevention information and raise awareness about hiv among young people during the two weeks of the competition. \u201c hiv awareness and prevention campaigns are most effective when addressed to the youth, \u201d noted jacques rogge, president of the ioc. \u201c sport is a powerful tool for reaching out to today \u2019 s youth on all continents and for educating them early on about healthy and responsible behaviours. \u201d unaids, together with civil society organizations, will conduct a series of workshops focusing on adolescent sexual and reproductive health as well as stigma surrounding hiv. in a toolkit prepared for the sports community, unaids notes that prevention and fighting against discrimination are two fields in which sport can clearly make a difference. the sports community is a key partner in reaching out to young men and women in their villages or cities, the agency stated, adding that sports events, clubs and gyms offer a perfect platform to make young people aware of the issue, to promote preventive messages, and to ensure that persons living with hiv are not discriminated against. the workshops will be open to the estimated 3, 600 young athletes and 1, 400 officials in the olympic village. in addition, condoms have been made available for free at the medical clinics. news tracker : past stories on this issue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.41889907747818866, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.580884"} {"text": "about the gef the global environment facility ( gef ) was established in 1991 and unites 182 member governments \u2014 in partnership with international institutions, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector \u2014 to address global environmental issues. today the gef is the largest funder of projects to improve the global environment. the gef as financial mechanism of the unccd in 2002, the world summit on sustainable development called on the second gef assembly to consider making the gef a financial mechanism of the convention. shortly after, in october 2002, the gef second assembly declared that the facility should be available as a financial mechanism of the unccd if the conference of the parties should so decide. at cop 6 in decisions 6 / cop. 6, the gef was accepted as a financial mechanism of the unccd by the conference of parties. this was followed by a memorandum of understanding between the cop and gef annexed to decision 6 / cop. 7 to foster collaboration in supporting countries. in may 2010, the fourth gef assembly amended the gef instrument to list unccd among the treaties for which the facility is playing the role of financial mechanism. the gef as financial mechanism of the unccd directly contributes to implementation of the convention, including its ten - year ( 2008 \u2013 2018 ) strategic plan and framework adopted by the conference of parties during the eight session ( decision 3 / cop. 8 ). although the strategy of the gef 5 land degradation focal area and the unccd 10 - year strategy have very different time frames, there are strong linkages at multiple levels, which both institutions are aiming to strengthen. one step in this direction was set with the elaboration of a joint plan of action at the unccd gef retreat held in january 2011 in bonn. gef 5 replenishment in may 2010, the gef completed a very successful 5th replenishment process for the period 2010 - 2014, which resulted in the highest allocation ever to the gef - $ 4. 25 billion. as a result of this increased replenishment, all focal areas received a much higher allocation of resources than in gef - 4. for the land degradation focal area ( ldfa ), which primarily supports priorities of the unccd, the total gef - 5 allocation is $ 405 million. this reflects an increase of more than 30 % over gef - 4 levels. focal area set - asides for enabling activities following up from the recommendations made through the raf mid - term review, a focal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4528596648296276, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.585372"} {"text": "many national poverty reduction strategies overlook the needs of young people. even where national strategies do have a youth focus, the analysis of their situation is limitedbecause little or no reference is made to readily available data. for those advocating on behalf of young people in poverty, considerable scope exists to make use of simple but reputable statistics to mount a strong case for governments and civil society to allocate more resources for addressing poverty among this major population group. the purpose of this step - by - step guide is to show how relevant statistics on young people in poverty can be easily sourced for use in developing national poverty reduction strategies. the guide shows how to use accessible databases on the internet to provide individual countries with sophisticated statistical profile of young people in poverty. the available data can provide a profile at three levels of young people in poverty. at the broadest level, it is possible to show how significant young people, defined as a specific age group, are in a country ' s basic demographic structure now and in the future. the second level focuses in on the incidence of young people in poverty, using, for example, national averages based on millennium development goals indicators. a third level of data offers a more differentiated picture of young people in poverty. this involves presenting detailed data, taking into account young people ' s differences by gender, rural / urban location, where the data is available, household poverty status.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48234315938893113, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.587182"} {"text": "the term \" catholic ( pre - ) enlightenment \" has frequently been used in 20th - century intellectual history to describe reform - oriented currents in 18th - century catholic europe. it is usually connected with the implication that an \" enlightenment \" already existing elsewhere was adopted and adapted in the catholic regions ; for austria, the three traditional narratives concern the transfer of \" reform catholic \" ideas from italy ( muratori ), of \" jansenism \" from france and the netherlands ( emperor francis stephen and his circle ), and of \" enlightened \" ideas from france and northern germany. the devaluation or even the complete disappearance of the receiving intellectual culture is usually part of these narratives. for the final third of the 18th century, and primarily for the sphere of political ideas, the work of harm klueting and others has recently succeeded in establishing a satisfactory terminological clarity. much reflection is still needed, however, concerning the history of the term \" catholic enlightenment \" itself and its relationship to the much more heterogeneous situation prior to ca. 1770. catchwords such as \" jansenism \", \" reform catholicism \", \" natural philosophy \", \" enlightenment \" or \" positive theology \" will have to be interrogated as to their semantic, social - pragmatic and medial - functional content before meaningful statements about the intellectual developments at the threshold of the \" enlightenment \" are possible. the start project incorporates the phrase \" monastic enlightenment \" in its title because the period covered by the pez correspondence ( 1709 \u2013 1762 ) saw a profound epistemological shift in the conceptions of learning and science spread through european societies. a central premise of our work is that this shift will be mirrored in the letters of the brothers pez, offering the opportunity to follow a development of european scope within a manageable body of source material. both the research objectives of the brothers pez and their social and institutional framework, the \" benedictine republic of letters \", in the course of the century turned from established paradigms into anachronistic ideals. both terms need to be approached on multiple levels of meaning. the \" benedictine republic of letters \" is a topical construct always open to the question of what its relation is to the secular post - humanist concept of \" res publica litteraria \" ; \" monastic enlightenment \" is to be contextualised with metaphors of light which show quite different meanings and usages in latin than in the vernacular languages. in both contexts these metaphors denote processes of the attainment of knowledge ; but while the latin usage of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5553983873604063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.620101"} {"text": "i have heard the morris arboretum was designed by the son and stepson of famed landscape architect frederick law olmsted. is this true? \u2014 all about olmsted dear landscape lover, well, not exactly. frederick law olmsted jr., son of olmsted sr., was hired in 1932 to draw up plans for the arboretum, though his impact was not a huge one. his half brother, john charles olmsted, had died in 1920. the olmsted brothers firm, which did design work at the white house, u. s. capital and, locally, at bryn mawr and haverford colleges, was hired by the arboretum at a time of change. founded by the wealthy brother and sister pair of john and lydia morris in 1887, the gardens did not officially become part of penn until 1932, the same year olmsted was brought in. the morrises had spent years molding their former family summer home into a garden showcase, and many of the garden \u2019 s most famous features \u2014 the fernery ( 1899 ), the log cabin ( 1908 ) and the loggia ( 1913 ), among others \u2014 were built long before olmsted showed up. bob gutowski, director of public programs at the arboretum, explains olmsted \u2019 s firm prepared some maps and plans as well as a \u201c preliminary report on the purpose of the arboretum. \u201d \u201c to call it a \u201c collaboration \u2019 would overstate it, \u201d gutowski says of olmsted \u2019 s involvement. \u201c but [ the plans ] did inform the early thinking of the arboretum. if you look today at where the parking lot is, that \u2019 s where olmsted placed it. so certain elements did carry through. \u201d for more information about the morris arboretum, visit www. business - services. upenn. edu / arboretum /. originally published on march 30, 2006", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.36843960922155405, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.621955"} {"text": "nausea and vomiting - adults nausea is the feeling of having an urge to vomit. it is often called being sick to your stomach. vomiting or throwing up is forcing the contents of the stomach up through the esophagus and out of the mouth. emesis ; vomiting ; stomach upset ; upset stomach many common problems may cause nausea and vomiting : nausea and vomiting may also be early warning signs of more serious medical problems, such as : once you and your doctor find the cause, you will want to know how to treat your nausea or vomiting. you may be asked to take medicine, change your diet, or try other things to make you feel better. it is very important to keep enough fluids in your body. try drinking frequent, small amounts of clear liquids if you have morning sickness during pregnancy, ask your doctor about the many possible treatments. the following may help treat motion sickness : - lying down - over - the - counter antihistamines ( such as dramamine ) - scopolamine prescription skin patches ( such as transderm scop ) are useful for extended trips, such as an ocean voyage. place the patch 4 - 12 hours before setting sail. scopolamine is effective but may produce dry mouth, blurred vision, and some drowsiness. scopolamine is for adults only. it should not be given to children. call your health care provider if call 911 or go to an emergency room if : - you think vomiting is from poisoning - you notice blood or dark, coffee - colored material in the vomit call a health care provider right away or seek medical care if you or another person has : been vomiting for longer than 24 hours been unable to keep any fluids down for 12 hours or more headache or stiff neck not urinated for 8 or more hours severe stomach or belly pain vomited three or more times in 1 day signs of dehydration include : - crying without tears - dry mouth - increased thirst - eyes that appear sunken - skin changes - - for example, if you touch or squeeze the skin, it doesn ' t bounce back the way it usually does - urinating less often or having dark yellow urine what to expect at your health care provider ' s office your health care provider will perform a physical examination, and will look for signs of dehydration. your health care provider will ask questions about your symptoms, such as : - when did the vomiting begin? how long has it lasted? how often does it occur? - does it occur after you eat, or on an empty stomach", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.460613240152969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.625940"} {"text": "##hydration. your health care provider will ask questions about your symptoms, such as : - when did the vomiting begin? how long has it lasted? how often does it occur? - does it occur after you eat, or on an empty stomach? - what other symptoms are present - - abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea, or headaches? - are you vomiting blood - are you vomiting anything that looks like coffee grounds? - are you vomiting undigested food? - when was the last time you urinated? other questions you may be asked include : - have you been losing weight? - have you been traveling? where? - what medications do you take? - did other people who ate at the same place as you have the same symptoms? - are you pregnant or could you be pregnant? the diagnostic tests may be performed : depending on the cause and how much extra fluids you need, you may have to stay in the hospital or clinic for a period of time. you may need fluids given through your veins ( intravenous or iv ). malagelada j - r, malagelada c. nausea and vomiting. in : feldman m, friedman ls, brandt lj, eds. sleisenger & fordtran ' s gastrointestinal and liver disease. 9th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2010 : chap 14. mcquaid k. approach to the patient with gastrointestinal disease. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 134. this article uses information by permission from alan greene, m. d., \u00a9 greene ink, inc. george f. longstreth, md, department of gastroenterology, kaiser permanente medical care program, san diego, california. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4108934962254288, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.626798"} {"text": "copyright \u00a9 by dr. adel elsaie, book title : \" history of truth, the truth about god and religions \" translate this page studying the universe can be an overwhelming spiritual experience. we see pictures of our solar system, distant stars, and galaxies, but the human minds fail to comprehend the size and complexity of this huge universe. in this chapter, you will encounter a host of theories and names. i attempted very hard to make the presented material simple, so you can get an appreciation of the splendor and grandeur of this universe. however, if you are temporarily stunned, you are sharing the astonishment of the scientists who lived through the development of their theories, and who at times saw nothing but increasing complexity with little hope of understanding. if you stick to it, you will share the excitement of the scientists, and the humility of the believers. if you keep asking questions : who, why, and how, you will have only one logical answer : god exists and he made it his way. \" from time immemorial, people have wondered at the starry heavens. on a clear night, the beautiful stars hang like shining jewels against the vast darkness of space. the parade of sunrise and sunset, the changing phases of the moon, and the silent convoy of the stars across the black dome of heaven have long proven a spectacle and a puzzle. the spectacle has inspired the artist, the musician, and the poet. the puzzle has intrigued philosophers and scientists. just what is out there in the space? what is the meaning of it all? how did it start? is there life out there? we don ' t know. but, who has any idea of what god can do? the spectacle of the heaven above charges the believers with humility and faith. they realize that they are a grain of dust on a grain of dust on a grain of dust. yet, god gives us the intellect to contemplate all of this. the recent hubble telescope discovery increased the estimates for the known galaxies from 10 billion to 100 billion, with each galaxy containing billions of stars, and perhaps planetary systems. when we discover new galaxies, stars and planets, this should make us aware of how great god is, and how little we know. god simply revealed some of his magnificence. to ancient peoples the sky exhibited many repetitive behaviors. the bright sun, which divided daytime from nighttime, rose every morning from one direction, the east, moved steadily across the sky during the day, and set in a nearly opposite direction,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.6086056723295659, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.637602"} {"text": "navy veterans and mesothelioma veterans from every branch of the military are at risk for developing mesothelioma through their exposure to asbestos during their active duty. the branch of the military with the most mesothelioma cases happens to be the united states navy. navy veterans and shipyard workers have shown to be the most susceptible to developing mesothelioma than those with no military history. the brave men and women of the u. s. navy spent years of their lives serving our country while unknowingly being exposed to high levels of asbestos, now known to be deadly to humans. asbestos and the military throughout much of the 20th century, asbestos was used in virtually every industry for various purposes. the properties inherent in asbestos made it a highly sought after and widely - used mineral. it is highly resistant to high heat and fire, as well as hazardous chemicals, and it can be shaped into virtually any form. power plants, construction sites, shipyards and more all used asbestos - containing materials. asbestos was used as an insulator for pipes, boilers, electrical wiring, and much more. it was also used in the lining of protective clothing worn by shipyard and navy personnel. the mineral could also be found in the mess halls, common areas, decks and many more areas aboard navy vessels. anyone working on the shipyard or on board a vessel was put at risk for exposure. when undisturbed, asbestos does not pose a high risk ; however, once it becomes friable, which occurs when it is damaged, such as during war at sea, asbestos fibers are released into the air. this meant that anyone on board a ship that was damaged in any way was likely exposed to asbestos fibers. asbestos was used in order to protect navy crew members from being injured during a fire, which happened often during war. however, the mineral had the opposite effect. navy veterans and mesothelioma unfortunately, those that manufactured asbestos - containing materials and those that bought it knew about the risks involved with exposure, yet allowed its use to continue. the environmental protection agency ( epa ) did not put a ban on asbestos use until the 1970s, and even then it was only on new construction. older ships and buildings still contain asbestos. that means that up through the 1980s, navy personnel and soldiers were all at risk for exposure and the subsequent development of mesothelioma. mesothelioma tends to lay dormant for decades and symptoms do not arise for 20 to 50 years after exposure. the symptoms often resemble those of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4582835511474632, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.643233"} {"text": "tilitarianism is a school of thought identified with the writings of jeremy bentham and james mill. it advocated the principle and goal of \" the greatest happiness of the greatest number \". though admirable, its approach to achieving happiness was rather like a stimulus or response approach, focusing on the influence of pleasure and pain and the negative and positive associations created through praise and punishment. its approach in education was to form positive associations with actions for social good and negative associations with things socially hurtful. john stuart mill argues that moral theories are divided between two distinct approaches : the intuitive and inductive schools. although both schools agree on the existence of a single and highest normative principle ( being that actions are right if they tend to promote happiness and wrong if they tend to produce the reverse of happiness ), they disagree about whether we have knowledge of that principle intuitively, or inductively. mill criticises categorical imperative, stating that it is essentially the same as utilitarianism, since it involves calculating the good or bad consequences of an action to determine the morality of that action. mill defines \" happiness \" to be both intellectual and sensual pleasure. he argues that we have a sense of dignity that makes us prefer intellectual pleasures to sensual ones. he adds that the principle of utility involves assessing an action ' s consequences, and not the motives or character traits of the agent. mill argues that the principle of utility should be seen as a tool for generating secondary moral principles, which promote general happiness. thus most of our actions will be judged according to these secondary principles. he feels that we should appeal directly to the principle of utility itself only when faced with a moral dilemma between two secondary principles. for example, a moral principle of charity dictates that one should feed a starving neighbour, and the moral principle of self - preservation dictates that one should feed oneself. if one does not have enough food to do both, then one should determine whether general happiness would be better served by feeding my neighbour, or feeding oneself. mill discusses our motivations to abide by the utilitarian standard of morality. man is not commonly motivated to specific acts such as to kill or steal, instead, we are motivated to promote general happiness. mill argues that there are two classes of motivations for promoting general happiness. first, there are external motivations arising from our hope of pleasing and fear of displeasing god and other humans. more importantly, there is a motivation internal to the agent, which is the feeling of duty. for mill, an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5643375910105275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.652243"} {"text": "happiness. first, there are external motivations arising from our hope of pleasing and fear of displeasing god and other humans. more importantly, there is a motivation internal to the agent, which is the feeling of duty. for mill, an this feeling of duty consists of an amalgamation of different feelings developed over time, such as sympathy, religious feelings, childhood recollections, and self - worth. the binding force of our sense of duty is the experience of pain or remorse when one acts against these feelings by not promoting general happiness. mill argues that duty is subjective and develops with experience. however, man has an instinctive feeling of unity, which guides the development of duty toward general happiness. mill ' s proof for the principle of utility notes that no fundamental principle is capable of a direct proof. instead, the only way to prove that general happiness is desirable is to show man ' s desire for it. his proof is as follows : if x is the only thing desired, then x is the only thing that ought to be desired. thus if general happiness is the only thing desired, therefore general happiness is the only thing that ought to be desired. mill recognises the controversiality of this and therefore anticipates criticisms. a critic might argue that besides happiness, there are other things, such as virtue, which we desire. responding to this, mill says that everything we desire becomes part of happiness. thus, happiness becomes a complex phenomenon composed of many parts, such as virtue, love of money, power, and fame. critics of utilitarianism argue that unlike the suppositions of the utilitarians, morality is not based on consequences of actions. instead, it is based on the fundamental concept of justice. mill sees the concept of justice as a case for utilitarianism. thus, he uses the concept of justice, explained in terms of utility, to address the main argument against utilitarianism. mill offers two counter arguments. first, he argues that social utility governs all moral elements in the notion of justice. the two essential elements in the notion of justice are : punishment, and the violation of another ' s rights. punishment results from a combination of revenge and collective social sympathy. as a single entity, revenge has no moral component, and collective social sympathy is equal to social utility. violation of rights is also derived from utility, as rights are claims that one has on society to protect us. thus, social utility is the only reason society should protect us. consequently, both elements", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5996762205760428, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.653898"} {"text": "behind the dictionary lexicographers talk about language the nouning of \" back to school \" just in time for the beginning of the school year, linguist neal whitman investigates how \" back to school \" got transformed from a prepositional phrase to a noun phrase. it ' s time for back to school! with labor day just around the corner, back to school is days away for many students across the nation, and for many others it has already come. do those statements make you cringe? that ' s to be expected, of course, if you ' re a kid who ' s not ready to say goodbye to summer break. messages like \" get ready for back - to - school! \" are even more bothersome when they come even before the end of july. for grammar watchers, however, they carry an extra measure of irritation. as one tweeter who visited my blog asked, \" since * * * * when did ' back to school ' become a noun? can any linguists explain how that happened? \" before we tackle those questions, how do we know \" back to school \" really is being used as a noun? as a rule, subjects of sentences and objects of prepositions are nouns. ( noun phrases, actually, but for our purposes, \" noun \" will do. ) \" back to school \" is the subject of \" back to school is just days away, \" and the object of \" for \" in \" it ' s almost time for back to school. \" so in sentences like these it ' s pretty clear that \" back to school \" is being used as a noun. furthermore, the usage is easy to find. a check of google news for 2009 yields many hits like these : - churches give city kids free stuff for back - to - school - how to help with back to school - back to school is an exciting time. - get smart about swine flu for back - to - school - enjoy the last few weeks before back to school usually, \" back to school \" is a prepositional phrase. more specifically, \" to school \" is a prepositional phrase, modified by \" back, \" and the entire phrase \" back to school \" is a bigger prepositional phrase ( in the same way that \" hard to read \" is an adjective phrase, and \" very hard to read \" is a bigger adjective phrase ). prepositional phrases can serve as adverbs to modify verb phrases ; for example, \" back to school \" modifies \" go \" in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4764327473824549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.665156"} {"text": "read \" is an adjective phrase, and \" very hard to read \" is a bigger adjective phrase ). prepositional phrases can serve as adverbs to modify verb phrases ; for example, \" back to school \" modifies \" go \" in the phrase \" go back to school. \" so when and how did we get from \" back to school \" as an adverbial prepositional phrase to \" back to school \" as a noun phrase? my impression was that people had started using \" back to school \" as a noun sometime in the 1990s. however, as a reader of language log, the linguistics blog run by mark liberman, geoff pullum, and several other linguists, i have learned to beware of what they have dubbed the recency illusion : the assumption that a language innovation is new if it ' s new to you. in fact, the earliest use of nominal \" back to school \" that i ' ve found ( after some searching in google books and the google news archive ) is in an august, 1961 headline from the la times : \" september means back - to - school for adults as well as children. \" regarding when \" back to school \" gained its noun privileges, then, the answer is : no later than 1961. but how? until the early 20th century ( based on a decade - by - decade search of google books ), \" back to school \" was used exclusively as an adverbial prepositional phrase, modifying verbs such as \" go, \" \" come, \" \" take ( someone ), \" and \" send ( someone ). \" it began to expand its range during world war i, appearing in the collocation \" back - to - school drive \" \u2014 a term referring to a national movement to persuade children and teenagers who had filled the draft - depleted labor force to return to school. ( pressing an adverbial phrase such as \" back to school \" into service to modify a noun is no more unusual than cases where other kinds of phrases, and even entire sentences, are used in that way ; for example, \" his devil - may - care attitude. \" ) the term \" back - to - school drive \" continued to appear for a few years following wwi, as the need for kids to go back to school became more urgent when veterans came home and wanted their old jobs back. as compulsory education became more widespread, \" back - to - school drive \" faded, but resurged with back - to - school drives during world war ii and lyndon johnson", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5012001447028117, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.670359"} {"text": "school became more urgent when veterans came home and wanted their old jobs back. as compulsory education became more widespread, \" back - to - school drive \" faded, but resurged with back - to - school drives during world war ii and lyndon johnson ' s administration. ( it has even gained a newer meaning during the past decade : a group effort to collect school supplies for underprivileged children. ) back - to - school drives aside, \" back to school \" continued primarily as a prepositional phrase during the mid - twentieth century, but was continually called upon to modify other nouns ; for example, \" youth, \" \" statistics, \" \" advice, \" and of course \" sales, \" \" fashion, \" and \" shopping. \" from the use of \" back to school \" to modify nouns, it is a short step to arrive at \" back to school \" as a noun itself, by way of a linguistic process known as analogy. if we start off with a noun, it ' s no big deal for it to modify another noun. this happens any time we make a compound word whose first element is a noun : \" spiral notebook, \" \" chemistry lab, \" \" hall pass, \" \" metal detector. \" ( i won ' t get into whether nouns used this way count as adjectives. that ' s another story. ) but what happens if the modifier use comes first, as happened with compounds like \" back - to - school shopping \" ( first attested in 1945 )? by analogy with other compound words, \" back - to - school \" comes to be seen as another noun. if \" spiral \" in \" spiral notebook \" is a noun, and \" chemistry \" in \" chemistry lab \" is a noun, and \" hall \" in \" hall pass \" is a noun,... then \" back - to - school \" in \" back - to - school shopping \" must be a noun, too. linguists have a word for this use of analogy to produce a kind of reverse derivation of a word : back - formation. a classic example is the verb \" edit. \" you ' d think the noun \" editor \" was derived from the verb \" edit \" by adding a suffix, but in fact, it happened in the opposite order. the noun \" editor \" came first, with the earliest citation from 1649. the \" - or \" was interpreted as a suffix by analogy with agentive nouns such as \" runner, \" \" flyer, \" \" swimmer, \" etc. ; it was stripped", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5141291680227944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.672283"} {"text": "by - dr. david prescott throughout the course of history, people have coped with a variety of illnesses and diseases that have been severe and widespread. along with the physical impact of such illnesses, each widespread disease or epidemic has brought various levels of social anxiety, stress, and in extreme cases near panic. while our society today is nowhere near this level of public anxiety, it is important to keep a balanced psychological approach to this issue. high levels of public attention and media coverage are necessary to help prevent the spread of influenza. however, these frequent messages can inadvertently raise our anxiety and lead to high levels of stress or feeling somewhat helpless. the following tips will help you deal more effectively with the psychological stress associated with flu season. stay connected : following tips for minimizing the spread of influenza involves being careful about interpersonal contact. however, we should not let good health practices disrupt our normal social networks, which are important in maintaining a sense of \" normal. \" in the worst case, social isolation of people who have flu - like symptoms can add to stress levels and make coping with being sick more difficult. try to offer support to people with the flu, and look for ways to stay connected that minimize the chance of spreading an illness ( phones, computers ). deal with facts : in times of high stress there is a human tendency to take rumors at face value, make false assumptions, or follow trains of logic that are not based in fact. facts can be a little boring when compared to rumor, but facts are very helpful in reducing unwanted stress. find a credible source, like www. flu. gov to stay updated. and, don ' t forget to actually do the things recommended by health experts. sometimes, rumors or false assumptions lead us to put off making good health choices. pursue many roads to better health : much attention has been given to the availability of flu vaccine. however, if you are not yet able to get the vaccine, try not to let that translate into, \" there is nothing i can do! \" remember that there are lots of ways to work on staying healthy. proper sleep, diet, and exercise help your body fight off illness and stress. good hand hygiene, like washing thoroughly with soap and water, is something over which you have total control. and, be sensible about close physical contact with people who are ill. have a plan : one of the biggest ways that the anxiety cycles spins out of control, is to repeatedly go through the \" worry \" process without ever developing a plan to address the worry. your plan doesn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4612652163894351, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.681483"} {"text": "close physical contact with people who are ill. have a plan : one of the biggest ways that the anxiety cycles spins out of control, is to repeatedly go through the \" worry \" process without ever developing a plan to address the worry. your plan doesn ' t need to be complicated. but, it may help to write out or talk through what you will do if influenza is identified in your school or where you work. and, if someone in your family contracts influenza, just have a simple plan of what you will do until they are well. communicate with your children : children, particularly younger children, are very vulnerable to the stress around them. most children will observe adult behavior and emotions for cues on how to manage their own emotions. that is, your children watch you to figure out how they should react. it is usually best to discuss flu prevention efforts honestly and simply, using information that is appropriate for your child ' s age. maintaining familiar routines, as much as possible, when a family member is sick is also helpful in reducing anxiety and stress in children. when has stress become a problem that needs professional help? defining the line between normal anxiety and anxiety which requires professional help is, of course, largely up to an individual. some guiding points may be if anxiety or worry begins to significantly interfere with your job, school, or family, then you may need to talk with a psychologist or counselor. feeling hopeless or highly discouraged for 2 consecutive weeks or more is often a symptom of clinical depression, and should prompt a visit to your primary care doctor or a mental health professional. for more information : acadia hospital web site : www. acadiahospital. org american psychological association help center : www. apahelpcenter. org u. s. department of health and human services : www. flu. gov coping with stress about h1n1 influenza - building psychological resilience by - dr. david prescott breaking news from cbs the southmoore high school football team was supposed to be practicing when the tornado hit. but a quick call by the coach helped get the players out of danger. manuel bojorquez reports. comedian drew carey speaks to the \" cbs this morning \" co - hosts about why he first turned down the job of hosting \" the price is right \" - - that he once thought was an \" old - man \" show - - his new image, and returning to standup comedy. spirit airlines ceo ben baldanza speaks to cbs news travel editor peter greenberg and the \" cbs this morning \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.46655382598933337, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.682443"} {"text": "recently, i posted an article about how ben franklin \u2019 s 1752 invention of the lightning rod was such an important development not only for human safety but also for helping to turn the blind eye of religious extremists toward acceptance of the wonders of science. it was the period, of course, known as the enlightenment, or the age of reason. in november, 1743, franklin, who was probably one of the most \u201c reasoned \u201d people of his time, had a huge opportunity to put his reasoning skills to the test. on the night of november 2 of that year - - some 268 years ago - - an event occurred which cast a whole new light on the movement and structure of storm systems in the northern hemisphere ( and the world ). previously, it had always been thought that storms came from the same direction as their surface winds, so it came as a great surprise to benjamin franklin when, as a result of a simple astronomical observation and a twist of fate, that this was not the case. as the story goes, ben, among his many other pursuits and accomplishments, was an avid astronomer, and was aware that a lunar eclipse would be occurring on november 2, 1743. * he was keenly interested in how this eclipse would appear in philadelphia, where he lived at the time, compared with the view by his brother ( unclear which of his 9 full brothers ) from his vantage point in boston. therefore, ben asked his brother to observe the spectacle and provide him with notes. on the night of the eclipse, ben was greatly disappointed, as overcast skies and rain had developed, with a brisk northeast wind \u2014 some said it was a hurricane. he automatically assumed that his brother would also have missed the event since boston was hundreds of miles northeast of philadelphia and would be experiencing the storm first, ben thought. subsequently, ben received a letter from his brother outlining the details of the eclipse, as viewed in boston. at the end, he mentioned that the weather turned quite nasty afterward, with rain and gusty winds from the northeast \u2014 a real nor \u2019 easter. ben was obviously quite surprised and perplexed at his brother \u2019 s observations. after gathering more data and talking to more observers, he was able, for the first time, to comprehensively document the movement of storms in the northern hemisphere. years later, in his letter of february 13, 1749 to clergyman jared eliot, franklin conjectures that storms begin to the \u201c leeward, \u201d ( meaning that they start earlier in the region toward which the wind is blowing ) and begin later", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5178035567679785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.688612"} {"text": "hemisphere. years later, in his letter of february 13, 1749 to clergyman jared eliot, franklin conjectures that storms begin to the \u201c leeward, \u201d ( meaning that they start earlier in the region toward which the wind is blowing ) and begin later to the \u201c windward, \u201d ( the opposite direction ). franklin correctly determined that the surface winds of a storm system were only incidental to the forward movement of the storm. in the above letter, franklin also contends that a storm is more severe to the leeward, a reflection perhaps of the particular storm in question. as we know today, in the colder months nor \u2019 easters often attain their greatest intensity after they pass dc \u2019 s latitude * *, or to the \u201c windward, \u201d as franklin would have put it. but if that storm were really a hurricane, it would explain ben \u2019 s belief that nor \u2019 easters were more intense to the \u201c leeward, \u201d as hurricanes, particularly late - season ones, often weaken over cooler new england waters. nevertheless, according to franklin, this particular storm did cause considerable damage all along the new england and mid - atlantic coastline, although possibly somewhat less to the north. * the ability to predict eclipses is thought to have been developed as early as ancient mesopotamia in the 3rd or 4th century b. c. - - john m. steele, department of physics, university of durham, durham, england. * * often around the so - called benchmark position of 40 - 70, or 40 degrees north latitude and 70 degrees west longitude, where low pressure systems associated with winter nor \u2019 easters sometimes attain great intensity and even stall, putting much of new england in prolonged blizzard conditions.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48134913610200813, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.689419"} {"text": "a plan to save prime hook national wildlife refuge from rising sea levels may do more than just create new habitat for migratory birds, increase opportunities for hunters, and prevent flooding in some coastal communities. the ambitious proposal, released by the u. s. fish and wildlife service on may 31, may become a template for how delaware deals with the coastal flooding that already strikes the state \u2019 s many low - lying areas \u2013 a challenge that experts say will get far worse in coming decades. the 10, 000 - acre prime hook preserve is one of the areas that state officials say will be virtually wiped out by the one - meter rise in ocean waters projected to happen by the end of the century if current trends continue. rising sea level is the main threat to the refuge and the main driver behind the federal agency \u2019 s long - awaited comprehensive conservation plan. as salt water from the delaware bay inundates some 4, 000 acres of what had been freshwater impoundments, those areas no longer attract the migratory birds that they were built to shelter. the surging waters from the bay frequently flood the adjacent community of prime hook beach and damage bordering farmland with salt water. the plan lays out three options for responding to repeated flooding at the refuge. the option favored by the fish and wildlife service would raise the level of at least one of the impoundments by about seven inches by pumping in million of tons of sand and mud from a long - planned dredging project to deepen the delaware ship channel. the agency hopes the operation will allow the area to revert to salt marsh and drain into the bay rather than drawing waters from it, as it does now. \u201c the bay is rising twice as fast as the marsh is, \u201d said michael stroeh, project leader for the delaware coastal refuge complex that includes prime hook and bombay hook refuges. stroeh said the prime hook plan could become a model for coastal restoration elsewhere because of its large size and because most other restoration projects, especially in the mid - atlantic area, have not used dredging spoils to restore marshes. \u201c any restoration project this large would be unique, \u201d he told dfm news. \u201c it offers the opportunity for innovative ideas. \u201d at a public meeting in milford, stroeh said the plan to dump dredging spoils at prime hook represents the best chance for the restoration project to succeed. \u201c the deepening project is my big shot to get sediment here, \u201d he told residents at the meeting. if approved, work wouldn \u2019 t begin until 2014 because the dredging spoil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3666820174151807, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.694196"} {"text": "prime hook represents the best chance for the restoration project to succeed. \u201c the deepening project is my big shot to get sediment here, \u201d he told residents at the meeting. if approved, work wouldn \u2019 t begin until 2014 because the dredging spoils are earmarked for nearby broadkill beach and kelly island before that. but the 102 - mile dredging project \u2014 designed to give larger cargo ships access to wilmington and other ports on the delaware \u2013 faces legal challenges from environmentalists who say the plan would disrupt the ecology of the delaware bay. seventeen miles of the channel near claymont has already been deepened. if the plaintiffs win their lawsuit against the project \u2019 s leaders, the army corps of engineers, that would halt work on the project, according to jane davenport, senior attorney for delaware riverkeeper network, one of the environmental groups. the case is awaiting a ruling by the third circuit court of appeals in philadelphia. davenport said any plan to dump dredging spoils at prime hook would be \u201c extremely problematic \u201d and would probably require the army corps to conduct another environmental impact statement before doing the work, a process that can take years. until the court rules, the corps is pressing ahead and inviting bidders on the next phase of the project, according to ed voigt, a spokesman for the corps in philadelphia. voigt confirmed the corps is talking to the federal wildlife service about using dredging spoils at prime hook. any decision to take the material there would have to be funded by agencies other than the corps, he said. david small, deputy secretary for delaware \u2019 s department of natural resources and environmental control ( dnrec ), said the work at prime hook could have value well beyond the central delaware coast. \u201c could that be a model that could be followed in other areas? \u201d he asked in an interview with dfm news. \u201c i think it could be. \u201d in april, dnrec released an assessment of delaware \u2019 s vulnerability to sea - level rise. it estimated that 10 percent or more of the state \u2019 s land mass could be inundated by the end of the century. the agency \u2019 s coastal team is now working on how the state should adapt. for now, there \u2019 s no immediate relief in sight for residents of prime hook beach. they continue to endure frequent flooding of their yards, homes and streets as waters rush in to one of the impoundments on high tides, nor \u2019 easters, or major storms. on june 4, a high tide flooded homes, ruined landscaping,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37543929580484436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.695259"} {"text": "new, simpler childhood vaccine schedule schedule updated annually to reflect any changes based on new research, developments pregnant women should receive a whooping cough vaccine in the second half of each pregnancy, according to this year ' s recommended vaccine schedule for children and adolescents. in addition, the new schedule - published monday by the american academy of pediatrics ( aap ), along with the centers for disease control and prevention and the american academy of family physicians - - consolidates the schedules into one comprehensive list, covering children from birth through age 18. that ' s a change from previous years, when the schedule was separated into two different lists, for ages 0 to 6 and 7 to 18. the new schedule will also include an additional column that highlights which vaccines 4 - to - 6 - year - olds and adolescents need. the schedule, which is published every february, tells parents and doctors when is the correct time to vaccinate children against the 16 infectious diseases for which vaccines are available, said dr. cody meissner, head of the pediatric infectious disease division at tufts medical center and a consultant for the aap ' s committee on infectious diseases. the schedule is updated yearly to reflect any changes based on new research or developments. it is now recommended that pregnant adolescents women receive a whooping cough ( tdap ) shot in the final half of pregnancy, every time they are pregnant. \" after mom gets the booster dose during pregnancy number one, the immunity peaks and then wanes pretty quickly, \" explains meissner. the rational behind this recommendation is to vaccinate women near their time of delivery to boost immunity, which then passes through the placenta and get into the baby - so the baby will have its mother ' s immunity until it can develop its own. whooping cough cases have risen to a 50 - year high, the cdc said last year. \" there will be about 20 ( whooping cough ) deaths for 2013, \" says meissner. ninety percent of pertussis deaths occur in the first three months of life, he adds. that ' s because children in the first three months are too young to acquire immunity from their first ( inoculation ), which doesn ' t even occur until they are two months old. so having mom confer immunity to the newborn and having others around the babies, including grandparents, inoculated can protect the unvaccinated child. despite assurances that these vaccines are safe, more parents are choosing to delay getting their children vaccinated or not vaccinating them at all.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.38292567516994247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.701104"} {"text": "around the babies, including grandparents, inoculated can protect the unvaccinated child. despite assurances that these vaccines are safe, more parents are choosing to delay getting their children vaccinated or not vaccinating them at all. just last week, a study in the journal of the american medical association ( jama ) found \" undervaccination appears to be an increasing trend. \" and two weeks ago, a report from the institute of medicine not only found no evidence of major safety concerns when following the recommended vaccine schedules, it also \" confirmed that following the schedule strongly reduces the risk of disease. \" meissner says it ' s \" such a mistake for people not to vaccinate according to the current schedule. \" he adds that \" a vaccine is not added to the vaccine schedule by fda, cdc, aap unless we are absolutely convinced of the benefit of that vaccine and the safety of the vaccine. \" still, some have suggested there are alternate ways to vaccinate children by either spacing out the vaccines or even dropping some. \" there is no \" alternate \" vaccine schedule, \" says dr. paul offit, chief of the infectious diseases division at children ' s hospital of philadelphia, co - inventor of a rotovirus vaccine and author of \" deadly choices : how the anti - vaccine movement threatens us all. \" he says about 13 % of parents are choosing not to vaccine or delay vaccinating their children and \" that ' s a dangerous thing to do \" because the vaccine - preventable diseases can kill. dr. william schaffner, chairman of the department of preventive medicine at vanderbilt university medical center, says \" there isn ' t any doubt, there are increasing exceptions to the acip / aap immunization schedule. \" childhood vaccinations are being ignored for a variety of reasons, he says. \" there are those who are vaccine skeptics or parents don ' t get around to it ; parents are forgetful, or children are not able to get vaccine for health reasons and are listed as not receiving vaccine. \" this opens the door for the occasional importation of disease, like measles - which is still very much present in other parts of the world, he says. \" i find this disquieting because i think there will be more clusters of more spread of forgotten disease. \" the 2013 vaccine schedule calls for vaccinating against 16 diseases : diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis ( who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43703219089177703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.702012"} {"text": "need help on arrays urgently??? posted by java _ learner ( java _ learner ), 23 march 2003hi.. there. is there any great java programmers out there who can help me on arrays? i am really lose in it and i am trying to create a programme using arrays. so if anyone out there who is kind enough to help me pls reply in either this forum or emailing me thks.. my email add is email @ example. com posted by admin ( graham ellis ), 23 march 2003i ' ve been updating the section on array in our java course over the last couple of days.... here ' s how it starts - it may help there will be frequent occasions when you ' ll want to perform the same operation on a whole series of primitives or objects one after the other, and it won ' t be practical to hold each in a separate named variable. instead of using individual variables, we ' ll use a whole number of variables all in one : * we ' ll give the whole thing a single name * we ' ll access elements by their numeric position in the table * and we ' ll call the whole thing an array let ' s see an example. we ' ll : * create an array * read a number of float values into it * write out the values back - to - front ( clearly this is one of those cases where we have to store what could be a lot of numbers. ) let ' s look through the various parts of that. * definition and declaration just like other variables we have seen, you must define that the variable called \" costs \" is going to contain float information, and you must also declare it ' s going to be an array : that has defined how the variable name will be used, but has not set aside any memory for it. since computers store things one - after - another in memory, we must actually create our array, declaring its size : costs = new float ; in java, the array is actually an object created by using the new method. it is important that you understand the distinction between defining an array and actually allocating the memory for it, although in practice you could do both in one line : float costs = new float ; we have defined that a variable name is to be used as an array, and we have set aside the memory for it. how do we actually make use of it? we refer to the array name, and then the element number in square brackets. elements are counted from 0 up", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5275740922351667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.707178"} {"text": "name is to be used as an array, and we have set aside the memory for it. how do we actually make use of it? we refer to the array name, and then the element number in square brackets. elements are counted from 0 up, so our five - element array is numbered zero to four. as well as referring to elements by giving an integer constant, we can use an integer variable, or even an integer expression within the square brackets, so that we calculate the element number. and we can use array elements anywhere where we could use just a simple variable of the same type. thus, in our sample program, we had : costs [ count ] = wellreader. read _ number ( ) ; which set an element of the array to contain the number read from the user, and : if ( costs [ count ] < = 0. 0 ) break ; which used an element of the array in a calculation ( in this case to yield a boolean result ), and : ph : 01144 1225 708225 \u2022 fax : 01144 1225 899360 \u2022 email : firstname. lastname @ example. org \u2022 web : http : / / www. wellho. net \u2022 skype : wellho", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5306140863661803, "token_count": 256, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.707652"} {"text": "the celebration of the martin luther king, jr. national holiday, this year on monday, jan. 21, has moved from a time of recognizing the man who ultimately gave his life for racial and social equality in non - violent activism., to a day of community service, grounded in dr. king \u2019 s teachings to help solve social problems. dr. king was quoted, saying, \u201c life \u2019 s most persistent and urgent question is : \u2018 what are you doing for others? \u2019 \u201d the federal holiday was designated in 1983, and after that community services were held in the white lake area on martin luther king jr. day until 2009. they were organized by the interracial committee for communication and understanding which since has disbanded. services were held in an area church, and school students participated by singing in choirs and reciting king \u2019 s famous \u201c i have a dream \u201d speech. in 1994 congress designed the federal holiday as a day of service, and last year hundreds of thousands of volunteers in cities and towns in all 50 states participated in service projects. in 2012, nearly 7, 000 individuals honored dr. kings \u2019 s legacy through more than 19, 000 hours of service. but, none in the white lake area. and this year, a search of the website, www. serve. gov showed no organized mlk service opportunities within 25 miles of the whitehall zip code. and, in a beacon poll last week, only three of the respondents said they planned to do something to recognize martin luther king, jr. day. that \u2019 s sad because we live in a community known for its volunteerism and service to one another. it \u2019 s not too late to individually do an act of service on monday - to go out of your way to help others. let \u2019 s not let the memory of martin luther king, jr. fade into history and not positively impact our lives.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3897463796595806, "token_count": 377, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.709797"} {"text": "other rabies biological products category 3 exposures defined as single or multiple transdermal bite / scratchs or contamination of mucous membranes with saliva, call, in most instances in a rabies infected area, for passive immunization in association with vaccination. two types of products are available for passive immunization : human and animal ( mainly equine ) immunoglobulin. in developing countries the use of highly purified horse immunoglobulin, that are safer than the heterologous products of the previous generation, should provide at least a partial solution to the problems of access to human immunoglobulin and the cost involved. production techniques for both products are provided below as well as detailed purification techniques for heterologous immunoglobulins. however, the current situation in developing countries is characterized by the following : - less than 1 % of all pet are comprised of vaccine and serum - human rig is available in confidential quantities on specific markets and is too expensive for most people ( about $ 250 per adult patient, approximately five times more expensive than purified horse serum ) - cheaper and safe ( purified pepsin digested horse serum ) equine immunoglobulin ( erig ) is available in limited quantities and in most situations is inaccessible to those that need it most in addition this situation is getting worse as : - more and more international manufacturers are discontinuing erig production - where production of purified equine products has been initiated ( e. g. thailand ) it remains limited and hardly satisfies national needs - animal protection groups that are becoming more and more influential in developing countries, condemn animal rearing for serum production in this context accelerating research and development of alternative products is very timely and using a limited number of carefully selected mabs for therapeutic purpose is an attractive possibility. mabs have demonstrated their activity in certain animal models and with the progress of technology their potential ease of production in large quantities at low cost and ease of quality control compared to polyclonal serum is attractive. in 2002 considering the chronic shortage of immunoglobulin in developing countries who convened a meeting of its network of who collaborating centres on rabies to discuss the feasibility of producing a monoclonal antibody cocktail for rabies post - exposure treatment ( full report, web only [ pdf, 26, 2 kb ] ) - production of antirabies serum of equine origin different types of equine antirabies immunoglobulin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48666929504215656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.718488"} {"text": "cocktail for rabies post - exposure treatment ( full report, web only [ pdf, 26, 2 kb ] ) - production of antirabies serum of equine origin different types of equine antirabies immunoglobulin ( erig ) have been produced using various immunogenic preparations, consisting usually of a combination of inactivated and fixed strains of rabies virus. a therapeutic antirabies immunoglobulin for human use is produced at the queen saovabha memorial institute ( qmsi ), bangkok, thailand, by immunizing horses with a purified vero cell rabies ( pvr ) vaccine. the animals are given a series of injections of the vaccine in increasing volumes. all the injections are given subcutaneously into the lateral aspect of the neck. the immunization period lasts 105 days and the first bleeding is made 14 days later. for more information, please click on the link. purification techniques for heterologous rabies antiserum in view of the high costs of rabies immunoglobulin of human origin ( hrig ), heterologous ( mainly equine ) immunoglobulins are still frequently prescribed for the prevention of rabies in persons who have been severely exposed ( category iii ) to the virus, even though they may cause sensitization and are eliminated more rapidly than hrig. purification techniques can be used to reduce the risk of sensitization to erig. their objective is to maximize the specific activity and to minimize the allergenic substances in the product. when these techniques are implemented, it is advisable to adhere to the recommendations of the who expert committee on biological standardization. the purification of immunoglobulins from human plasma is carried out according to the technique of cohn et al, based on the selective precipitation of proteins by chilled ethanol. this technique has been adapted for purifying heterologous immunoglobulins and was described in the third edition of laboratory techniques in rabies. chapter 45 of the fourth edition ( see link below ) describes two other techniques for the purification of erig, which may be applied to clarified equine serum or plasma. production of human rabies immunoglobulin the combination of local treatment of the wound, passive immunization with rabies immunoglobulins and vaccination is recommended for all severe ( category iii ) exposures to rabies. the use of homologous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48013898828554613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.719463"} {"text": "who report 2008 global tuberculosis control 1. 8 progress towards impact targets included in the millennium development goals 1. 8. 1 trends in incidence, prevalence and mortality with the 9. 2 million new incident tb cases in 2006, there were an estimated 14. 4 million prevalent cases ( 219 / 100 000 ) on average ( table 1. 2 ). an estimated 1. 7 million people ( 25 / 100 000 ) died from tb in 2006, including those coinfected with hiv ( 231 000 ). the sequence of annual estimates up to 2006 suggests ( as in the data up to 2005 ) that all three major indicators of impact \u2013 incidence, prevalence and mortality per 100 000 population \u2013 are falling globally. in our assessment, prevalence was already in decline by 1990, mortality peaked before the year 2000 and incidence began to fall in 2003 ( figure 1. 20 ). tb prevalence continued to fall globally between 1990 and 2006 because, in africa, the hiv epidemic caused a smaller increase in prevalence than in incidence or mortality. the fall in the global incidence rate reinforces data presented in global tuberculosis control 2007. if verified by further monitoring, the data show that mdg 6 target 6. c was met by 2004, well ahead of the target date of 2015 ( though as noted above, the total number of new cases continues to rise, due to population growth in the african, eastern mediterranean, european and south - east asia regions ). this turnover of the global epidemic is largely explained by stable or falling hiv prevalence in africa and by the stabilization of tb incidence in the independent states that emerged from the dissolution of the union of soviet socialist republics. it is unlikely that either of these two phenomena is due primarily to the implementation of hiv / aids or tb control programmes ( see next section 1. 8. 2 on determinants of tb dynamics ), and there is little evidence, from regional trends in case notifications, that dots is accelerating the decline of the incidence of tb on a large scale in asia. the targets related to reductions in prevalence and deaths that have been set by the stop tb partnership \u2013 to halve 1990 prevalence and death rates by 2015 \u2013 are more demanding. if the estimated changes between 2001 and 2006 are correct, and if the average rates of change over this period persist, then prevalence and deaths per capita will fall quickly enough to meet the 2015 targets in the region of the americas and in the eastern mediterranean, south - east asia and western pacific regions ( figure 1. 21 ). they will not, however, be met in the african and european regions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4355316188267992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.726353"} {"text": "will fall quickly enough to meet the 2015 targets in the region of the americas and in the eastern mediterranean, south - east asia and western pacific regions ( figure 1. 21 ). they will not, however, be met in the african and european regions. in line with the trends in incidence ( figure 1. 6 ), prevalence and death rates increased in the african and european regions between 1990 and 2006, most dramatically in africa. for this reason, estimates for these two regions in 2006 are very much larger than the 2015 target values. based on progress between 2001 and 2006, and combining the results for all regions, the mortality and prevalence targets are unlikely to be met worldwide by 2015 ( figure 1. 21 ). 1. 8. 2 determinants of tb dynamics : comparisons among countries a further assessment of the scale of the impact of dots around the world can be made by examining the national statistics that lie behind the regional and global summaries. the series of cases reported by 134 countries between 1997 and 2006 indicate that tb incidence rates per capita in most countries were changing at between \u2013 10 % and + 10 % annually between 1997 and 2006, and falling slowly in the majority of these countries ( figure 1. 6 and 1. 7 ). it is possible that these variable rates of decline are attributable to the uneven success of tb control programmes. alternatively, the differences among countries might be explained by other factors that affect transmission of and susceptibility to disease. one way to distinguish between possible explanations is to identify, by comparing countries, which factors are more or less closely associated with changes in tb incidence. in an preliminary ecological analysis1 of 30 possible explanatory variables ( for methods, see annex 2 ), trends in incidence per 100 000 population in the latin america and caribbean subregion are associated ( p < 0. 05 ) with hiv prevalence ( r2 = 0. 41, figure 1. 22a ), with under - 5 mortality ( r2 = 0. 32 ), and with access to clean water ( r2 = 0. 43 ) and adequate sanitation ( r2 = 0. 50 ), among other variables. in the high - income countries of western europe and the united states of america, immigration is the single most important factor associated with tb dynamics ( figure 1. 22b ). in central and eastern europe and in the eastern mediterranean region, tb trends are linked to a variety of economic indicators including health expenditure per capita ( figure 1. 22c ) and expenditure in relation to gdp ( figure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4767784345035494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.729203"} {"text": "( figure 1. 22b ). in central and eastern europe and in the eastern mediterranean region, tb trends are linked to a variety of economic indicators including health expenditure per capita ( figure 1. 22c ) and expenditure in relation to gdp ( figure 1. 22d ). only three of seven direct measures of tb control were significantly associated with trends in tb incidence, and the form of the association does not suggest any causal link. for example, smear - positive treatment success under dots ( r2 = 0. 29 ), and the product of case detction ( all forms of tb ) and treatment success ( r2 = 0. 32 ), were inversely correlated with tb decline in high - income countries. in multivariate analyses of this kind, the numerous explanatory variables tend to be inter - related, and some are more obviously linked to tb trends as covariates, rather than as primary epidemiological determinants. for example, in the african region incidence was increasing more quickly in countries that spent more on tb control ( r2 = 0. 49, figure 1. 22e ). the likely explanation lies in the association between expenditure on tb per capita and hiv prevalence, with richer african countries that can spend more on health care also having higher hiv prevalence ( r2 = 0. 53 ). similarly, the decline in tb incidence in central and eastern europe tends to be faster in countries where a higher proportion of women smoke ( r2 = 0. 67, figure 1. 22f ). the likely explanation is that smoking among women reflects affluence, which is linked to health and health services in ways that outweigh the importance of smoking as a risk factor for tb ( correlation with gdp, r2 = 0. 67 ). in brief, this ecological analysis provides no evidence that the standard, direct measures of dots implementation - case detection and treatment success in various combinations - can yet explain the variation in incidence trends among countries, despite the wide variation in dots implementation among countries. this observation suggests - subject to further investigation - that dots programmes have not yet had a major impact on tb transmission and incidence around the world. all of the caveats attached to this proposition must be carefully examined before drawing firm conclusions. key assumptions to be tested are that trends in case notifications reflect trends in tb incidence, and that there is measurable and meaningful variation among countries in incidence trends and their determinants. it is also possible that dots programmes have significantly cut transmission, but it is too", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48579366042740635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.730228"} {"text": "one man ' s swamp is a fish ' s nursery grad student examines otoliths ( fish ear bones ) to protect critical areas for juvenile coral reef fish a parade of schoolmaster snapper swims by me, their neon yellow fins directing traffic. echoing in the background is the rhythmic crunch of striped parrotfish nibbling on coral polyps. i \u2019 m chasing brightly colored coral reef fish through turquoise waters during a childhood vacation to the cayman islands. back on land, the hotel i just left begins construction of a new tennis court where a mangrove swamp had flourished. like most tourists, i \u2019 ve come for the main show : magnificent coral reefs and the rainbows of fish that dance through them. as i diligently scour the reef for every fish on my checklist, i never stop to question where those fish came from or how they got there. who would have guessed that it ' s what goes on behind the scenes, in mangrove swamps like the one my hotel just paved over, that keeps the main show on coral reefs going. mangroves are like nursery schools for many of the \u201c celebrity fish, \u201d such as snappers, parrotfish, and barracuda, that attract millions of tourists to the caribbean each year. amid the mangroves ' tangled undersea roots, juvenile coral reef fish are well - fed and protected from bullies and predators until they mature and can migrate out to populate coral reefs. these valuable nurseries are disappearing at an alarming rate, and so are the fish they support. it \u2019 s ironic : the sweltering, mosquito - filled mangroves being so eagerly destroyed may be more important to tourism than the tennis courts and martini bars that replace them. scientists estimate we \u2019 ve already lost 30 to 60 percent of the world \u2019 s mangroves. meanwhile, more than 70 percent of all reefs are threatened by human activities \u2014 from farming and fishing to boating and coastal development. coral reefs offer people living resources, from fish to ecotourism, worth more than $ 375 billion each year, according to the united nations environment program. such dollar figures emphasize the need for management practices such as marine reserves to protect these reefs and their resident fishes. which swamps should we protect? it \u2019 s been more than a decade since my childhood vacation to the cayman islands, and i \u2019 m still diving in the caribbean. this time, however, it \u2019 s as a ph. d. student in the mit / whoi joint program. i study the migration of schoolmaster snapper from their juvenile nurseries", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4118453369805296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.738653"} {"text": "islands, and i \u2019 m still diving in the caribbean. this time, however, it \u2019 s as a ph. d. student in the mit / whoi joint program. i study the migration of schoolmaster snapper from their juvenile nurseries in mangroves to coral reefs. unfortunately, we can \u2019 t save all of the mangroves. my goal is to determine which mangroves and how many mangroves need to be included in marine reserves to safeguard coral reef fish for generations to come. one of the biggest obstacles to protecting coral reef fish is identifying which juvenile nurseries supply the most fish to coral reefs. let \u2019 s suppose there were several schools that had fantastic teachers and ample resources. however, no one knew which of these schools graduated the most students into successful adults. that \u2019 s the problem we are facing right now with coral reef fish. i am developing a method, using chemical tags in the ear bones of coral reef fish, to identify which juvenile nurseries are supplying fish to the adult populations on coral reefs. tracking the movements of marine animals has led to incredibly inventive techniques that would make sherlock holmes proud. scientists studying big animals such as whales, sharks, and giant tuna can use sophisticated electronic tags that beam data directly to their offices via satellite as these animals make spectacular ocean migrations. the fish i study are far too small for that : if i put such tags on a juvenile snapper, it would sink to the bottom like a rock. to find out where my fish have traveled, i need something a little more subtle. chemical clues in fish ' s ear bones studying biology and chemistry as an undergraduate at bates college in lewiston, maine, gave me the idea to approach ecological questions such as fish migration from a chemical perspective. mangrove swamps contain carbon, oxygen, and sulfur with distinctive stable isotopes \u2014 natural, nonharmful variations in elements that act like a unique chemical address. following the old adage \u201c you are what you eat, \u201d the tissue of snappers living and feeding in a mangrove system get imprinted with that mangrove system \u2019 s stable isotope values, like a chemical address label. the tissue i \u2019 m interested in is called an otolith. it \u2019 s an ear bone made of calcium carbonate and protein that helps fish maintain their balance. as the fish grows, its otoliths form sequential rings, much like a tree trunk, corresponding to different times in the fish \u2019 s life. the chemical makeup of each ring tells us where the fish had been living during that period of time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4948283377289803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.739826"} {"text": ". as the fish grows, its otoliths form sequential rings, much like a tree trunk, corresponding to different times in the fish \u2019 s life. the chemical makeup of each ring tells us where the fish had been living during that period of time \u2014 a fishy chemical address book. over the past two years, i have been figuring out how to decipher the chemical addresses stored in otoliths using stable isotope chemistry. as it turns out, some of the smallest compounds may tell the biggest stories. i am identifying specific compounds in otoliths whose stable isotope signatures will say, \u201c this fish grew up in a mangrove system before it migrated out to the coral reef. \u201d the non - tropical side of research it all starts with some very small fish and some even smaller otoliths. armed with a scalpel and microscope, i carefully remove the delicate otoliths, each smaller than a grain of rice. i subject the otoliths to a series of chemical processes to identify compounds that reflect the chemical address of the nursery in which that fish lived. this typically involves countless hours injecting samples into a gas chromatograph - combustion - isotope ratio mass spectrometer. this often - temperamental machine tells me the stable isotope values of the otolith material. i match these values to those of the potential nursery habitats to determine where that fish spent its juvenile life. if i do this enough times, i \u2019 ll be able to say how important those mangrove swamps are to supporting coral reef fish populations. i used to think studying coral reef fish would be all fun in the sun. however, for every day i spend in a wetsuit under the golden sun of the tropics, there are at least 10 more in a white coat under the fluorescent glow of a windowless lab. i \u2019 ve often run samples for 72 hours straight with only 20 - minute naps in my office chair, using my keyboard as a pillow, to keep me going. a little sleep deprivation is well worth it if it means i can provide the scientific basis to design marine reserves that protect coral reef fishes. with dynamite fishing on reefs and the demolition of mangroves to construct tennis courts, it \u2019 s not surprising that coral reefs and mangroves have become some of the most degraded environments on earth. i hope my research will guide the conservation of coral reef fishes, so that by the time my children take a caribbean vacation, they can pack their snorkels as well as their tennis rackets. kelton mcmahon ' s research is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5001082939604886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.741024"} {"text": "yosemite national park ( cnn ) - - health officials said wednesday that they ' ve sent warnings to yosemite national park visitors from 39 other countries about a potentially deadly hantavirus uncovered at some of the park ' s cabins this summer. the centers for disease control and prevention said up to 10, 000 people were at risk, after estimating the number of friends and family members of those who stayed with visitors who booked reservations at the cabins. \" all guests who made reservations to stay in the ' signature tent cabins ' from june 10 through august 24, 2012 ( approximately 2, 900 persons ) were e - mailed or mailed a health advisory urging them to seek immediate medical attention if they or other persons in their party exhibit symptoms of hps, \" or hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, the cdc reported last week. six cases of hantavirus have been reported at yosemite, the california department of public health said last week. two of those infected died. the syndrome is a rare lung disease that kills about a third of those infected. symptoms can include fever, chills, cough, headaches, gastrointestinal problems, muscle aches and fatigue, though it is not communicable from person to person. the incubation period is typically two to four weeks after exposure, with a range of a few days up to six weeks. in the united states, the carriers of hantavirus are deer mice, cotton rats, rice rats and white - footed mice. the virus can be present in the rodents ' urine, droppings and saliva, and it is spread to people when they breathe in air contaminated with the virus, the cdc says. before this year, yosemite national park saw one hantavirus case each in 2000 and 2010. there is no specific treatment for a hantavirus infection, according to the cdc, but the earlier a patient is brought to intensive care, the better. designed by gray digital media", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42999886766888895, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.743608"} {"text": "signing for dummies this title is out - of - print and not currently available for purchase from this site. signing for dummies gives you a general understanding of the properties of sign, as well as an understanding of deaf culture. designed to act as an introduction or a refresher, the book focuses solely on asl. although certainly not the only form of sign language, asl is the most popular in the deaf community within the united states. categorized by subject, this illustrated guide covers grammar and sentence structure, along with the tools to get you going in basic conversation by knowing how to - introduce and greet people - ask questions and make small talk - order food and chat with salespeople - handle medical emergencies - talk on the phone - get around town for fun or business although \" speaking \" american sign language ( asl ) is mostly a matter of using your fingers, hands, and arms, facial expression and body language are important and sometimes crucial for understanding signs and their meaning. signing for dummies gets the whole body into the action as the fun - to - read resource explores - signs that look like what they mean - expression of emotions and feelings - signing sports and weather - compass points conversations : getting or giving directions - descriptions of where it hurts - deaf community customs, norms, and culture each chapter throughout the book invites you to practice specific signs in a \" fun & games \" section. translation guides complement the video cd - rom, which features demonstrations by asl signers and actual conversations in progress \u2013 all designed to have you moving your hands, body, and face to convey meaning that reaches way beyond linguistic barriers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44697106043332807, "token_count": 331, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.746813"} {"text": "by scott lafee, cns climate change is nothing to sneeze at. indeed, if researchers are right, you might be sneezing more. in a new published study, scientists at arizona state university say an analysis of flu and climate patterns in the united states from 1997 to the present suggests that warm winters are usually followed by heavier - than - normal influenza outbreaks. \u201c it appears that fewer people contract influenza during warm winters, and this causes a major portion of the population to remain vulnerable into the next ( flu ) season, causing an early and strong emergence, \u201d said study author sherry towers, a professor at the mathematical, computational and modeling sciences center at asu. \u201c and when a flu season begins exceptionally early, much of the population has not had a chance to get vaccinated, potentially making that flu season even worse. \u201d the current flu season may be a case in point : it began early and fiercely and still rages in parts of the country. the vermont department of health has labeled the current flu level in vermont \u201c widespread, \u201d meaning that outbreaks of influenza or influenza - like illness are reported in at least half the regions in the state. this flu season followed a relatively light 2011 season and coincided with the fourth warmest winter on record. according to studies, flu transmission decreases in warm or humid conditions. the authors speculate that if global warming continues, with warm summers becoming more common, the emergence of future flu seasons is likely to be more dramatic and perhaps more devastating.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4603161436826883, "token_count": 306, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.748269"} {"text": "a north coast winter that began with storm after drenching storm has petered out into one of the driest months of january on record, with no major precipitation in sight. alex dodd, a meteorologist with the national weather service eureka office, said the area did see three - quarters of an inch of rain one day this month, but only a total of 2. 94 inches. the normal january rainfall total is 6. 5 inches. just 16 januarys have been drier than this one since the weather service started taking records locally in 1887, said national weather service hydrologist reginald kennedy. five of the driest months have occurred since 1990, he said. despite the recent dry weather, dodd said the region has seen about average rainfall overall since the beginning of the season because of the surplus water from the early, wet storms in november and december. \u201d the normal has been catching up to us, \u201d dodd said. it ' s not worrisome, he said - - unless the trend continues. \u201c if we go through most of february with dry weather, that may be a concern. \u201d california snow surveyors have confirmed the water content of snow that has accumulated in the sierra is slightly below average for this time of year. measurements last week showed the water content at 93 percent of normal statewide. that ' s not bad - - but a month ago it was at 140 percent. the north coast region snow pack is at 87 percent, dodd said. again, that ' s not a bad number - - but if it doesn ' t california water agencies depend on a melting snowpack to replenish the state ' s reservoirs throughout the summer. about one - third of the state ' s water comes from snowmelt. the level of upper klamath lake in oregon, which feeds the klamath river and accompanying local resources like salmon, is about a foot below average, according to the bureau of reclamation. the reservoir started the winter season at a 20 - year low that had local fish advocates concerned after such a prosperous salmon year. the dry weather pattern recently is the result of a jetstream heading north into british columbia, and a ridge of high pressure that set up off the coast that has kept any wet storms at bay, dodd said. the north coast could see a small amount of rain midway through next week, but it won ' t bring much, and will move through quickly, he said. \u201d the hose will get turned back on, \u201d dodd said. \u201c enjoy it while it lasts. hopefully it doesn ' t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.35416456091204596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.753202"} {"text": "the walker circulation is made up of trade winds blowing from east to west across the tropical pacific ocean ( blue arrow ), bringing moist surface air to the west. in the western tropical pacific, the moist air rises, forming clouds. the rising air becomes drier because most of its moisture falls to the surface as rain. winds blow from west to east, moving the now drier air toward south america. the dry air returns back to the surface in the eastern tropical pacific, completing the loop. click on image for full size image courtesy of noaa geophysical fluid dynamics laboratory the walker circulation is an ocean - based system of air circulation. this system influences weather on the earth. normally, the warm, wet western pacific ocean is under a low pressure system, and the cool and dry eastern pacific ocean is under a high pressure system. this causes surface air to move east to west, from high pressure in the eastern pacific to low pressure in the western pacific. higher up in the atmosphere, winds flow from west to east, and this completes the loop. the walker circulation is part of the normal weather conditions in the tropical pacific ocean. normally, the western pacific has warm, wet weather and eastern pacific has cool, dry weather. the walker circulation changes every few years, and this changes the weather. this is part of the el nino - southern oscillation ( enso ). when the walker circulation weakens, it is called el nino. when the walker circulation is very strong, it is called la nina. el nino and la nina impact the weather in north and south america, australia, and southeast africa. el nino and la nina can cause flooding, droughts, and increases or decreases in the number of hurricanes that form. shop windows to the universe science store! the fall 2009 issue of the earth scientist, which includes articles on student research into building design for earthquakes and a classroom lab on the composition of the earth \u2019 s ancient atmosphere, is available in our online store you might also be interested in : wind is moving air. warm air rises, and cool air comes in to take its place. this movement creates the winds around the globe. winds move at different speeds and have different names based on their speed.... more hurricanes form in the tropics over warm ocean water. the storms die down when they move over land or out of the tropics. at the center of the rotating storm is a small area of calm weather and clear skies... more the winds in the southeast pacific mainly blow from south to north", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4669329827316393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.756393"} {"text": "the storms die down when they move over land or out of the tropics. at the center of the rotating storm is a small area of calm weather and clear skies... more the winds in the southeast pacific mainly blow from south to north. they affect the weather and climate in the region. they also affect the climate in other places around the world. air near the equator... more the atacama desert is one of the driest places on earth. the atacama is in the country of chile in south america. in an average year, this desert gets less than 1 millimeter ( 0. 04 inch ) of rain! it is... more rainbows appear in the sky when there is bright sunlight and rain. sunlight is known as visible or white light and is actually a mixture of colors. the sun ' s rays pass through millions of raindrops. a... more it takes the earth one year to travel around the sun one time. during this year, there are four seasons : summer, autumn, winter, and spring. each season depends on the amount of sunlight reaching the... more scientists sometimes travel in airplanes that carry weather instruments in order to gather data about the atmosphere. these research aircraft bring air from the outside into the plane so scientists can... more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4985462296140975, "token_count": 268, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.756944"} {"text": "designing sailbots to mop up oil spills - 8 : 00 am it \u2019 s the second anniversary of the deepwater horizon disaster. of the many terrible lessons learned from the event, perhaps the most tragic is the shocking inadequacy of current cleanup technology. given how often we spill oil this is an urgent problem. enter protei : an open source, shapeshifting, oil - spill - cleaning sailboat drone. developed by a globally connected network of designers, engineers, tinkerers, and makers who are hell - bent on finding a better way to clean up the ocean, protei kicked off just after the deepwater horizon accident. \u201c i was working at mit as project leader developing technologies to clean up the oil spill using patented expensive technologies for a distant future, \u201d says project coordinator cesar harada. \u201c i decided to quit my dream job to develop an open hardware, affordable, and realist technology to clean up oil spills. \u201d harada left mit and headed to new orleans, where he worked with the louisiana bucket brigade to map the spill. meanwhile, he began designing protei. oil skimming is an old technology. it hasn \u2019 t been much improved since the 1990 exxon valdez spill, which prompted regulations that oil companies maintain emergency skimmer fleets. dumped oil mostly floats on sea water and drifts downwind, away from the spill. the challenges of cleanup are multitude : weather conditions on the ocean do not lend themselves to careful skimming ; the work is dangerous, exposing people to incredibly toxic materials ; and it \u2019 s hard to separate oil from water completely, so a lot of the slick gets left behind. protei attempts to address these problems by creating an autonomous sailing vessel that pulls behind it a long, oil - absorbent boom. without a human crew, the drone poses no safety threats. the idea is that you could set a swarm of the robot skiffs out to sea, on the downwind edge of the spill. as they tack back and forth against the wind, their tails would collect oil. protei \u2019 s bow rudder makes steering easy, even with a heavy tail, and the boat has a shape - shifting hull, which allows it to twist and bend like a fish. \u201c fish \u2014 and their shape - shifting bodies \u2014 existed long before humans, so we know we \u2019 re on the right track, \u201d says harada. but his greatest achievement, he says, is having developed a community around the project, which makes it advance much more quickly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4949930289708938, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.760240"} {"text": "shape - shifting bodies \u2014 existed long before humans, so we know we \u2019 re on the right track, \u201d says harada. but his greatest achievement, he says, is having developed a community around the project, which makes it advance much more quickly than an invention with a single author. \u201c if you are developing environmental technology, you want to make sure it is going to reach the greatest number at the lowest cost possible, as fast as possible, \u201d he says. the biggest barrier to solving technical problems with any project isn \u2019 t the pace of discovery, harada says, but the requirement of keeping a tight hold on intellectual property that comes with receiving funding. so he dispensed with the idea of a traditional company and launched the project on kickstarter with an open hardware license. the community is documenting the shifting design process and every prototype it makes. at each step of the way, it offers its lessons to the world. \u201c version after version, we keep improving the design and discovering new properties, \u201d harada says. if successful, protei could go well beyond oil spills. \u201c we have several hundreds of millions of tons of plastic in the ocean to collect. we need distributed surface instrumentation to study disappearing corals reefs, monitor shrinking fisheries, measure radioactivity leaks and much more, \u201d harada says. \u201c saying we are \u2018 motivated \u2019 is a weak word. \u201d all images courtesy protei", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49602981737553664, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.760775"} {"text": "when implementing a wlan, the concepts generally associated with network management come into a whole new light. with a traditional wired lan, most network management can be done through configuration of switches, routers, and the layout of the physical cable plant. monitoring takes place through management tools that watch the network through the devices and statistics or network - related information can be gathered through these tools. in a wlan, it has been difficult to port these types of management tools and procedures over to a whole new network infrastructure. most of the existing tools are not designed to handle wlans, and the tools that are designed for wlans are not necessarily designed to interface well with existing network tools. this has led to difficulty in wlans being adopted into corporate environments where network management is a critical and necessary part of daily operations. as the wireless technologies improve, more and more tools are available to help integrate wlans into an existing wired lan infrastructure. obviously, one of these tools is the subject of this book, the cisco wireless - aware lan. this concept is covered later in this chapter and throughout the remainder of the book. the important point to remember is that wireless technologies evolve almost daily and as time goes on, the integration of wlans and wired lans will become easier to administer and control.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4704496836124215, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.762107"} {"text": "sorry, no definitions found. \u201c the other method is known as the abjad method or ordinal method. \u201d \u201c phoenico - hebrew alphabet and the \" abjad \" of the arabs. \u201d \u201c for mnemonic purposes the 28 letters are distributed into eight words of which the first and second are abjad and hawwaz. \u201d \u201c they are disposed in the order of the letters of the abjad - hawwaz or older alphabet, 420 according to their numerical power, and in them are secret virtues which none knoweth save allah ( extolled and exalted be he! ) and the stablished in science. \u201d \u201c to this i may add that the french translators have sadly corrupted the words which should be abjad, hawwaz, hutti, kalaman, sa ' fas, and karashat ; whilst sakhiz and zuzigh are not found in the hebrew and cognate dialects. \u201d \u201c [ en # 62 ] el - abjad, the oldest existing form of the arabic alphabet ; to judge from its being identical with the hebrew. \u201d \u201c abjad alphabet which contains only the hebrew and syriac letters not the six arabic. \u201d \u201c pixxiplamtu is a porbeagle which is very close to a great white which in turn is called kelb il - bahar abjad. \u201d \u201c abjad ( \u0627\u0628\u062c\u062f ) style or showed your list with arabic numbers ( on an arabic website ) instead of english? \u201d \u201c in the indian subcontinent the abjad numerals became quite popular. \u201d \u2018 abjad \u2019 hasn ' t been added to any lists yet. looking for tweets for abjad.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5631141107140397, "token_count": 350, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.763681"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. total loss of vision, especially when occurring without pathological changes to the eye. century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. a partial or total loss of sight independent of any discoverable lesion in the eye itself : formerly and still sometimes called gutta, serena ; by milton \u201c a drop serene, \u201d p. l., iii. 25. - n. any form of blindness that is accompanied to no obvious change to the eye ; often the result of disease of the optic nerve gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. ( med. ) a loss or decay of sight, from loss of power in the optic nerve, without any perceptible external change in the eye ; - - called also gutta serena, the \u201c drop serene \u201d of milton. - n. partial or total loss of sight without pathology of the eye ; caused by disease of optic nerve or retina or brain - greek amaurosis, from amauros, dark. ( american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) \u201c so, too, i said i would treat a negative disease, such as amaurosis or torpidity of liver, with the negative pole, placing the positive pole on either some healthy or morbidly positive part. \u201d \u201c in ' amaurosis ', the eye is beautifully clear, and, for a little while, this clearness imposes upon the casual observer ; but there is a peculiar pellucid appearance about the eye - - a preternatural and unchanging brightness. \u201d \u201c haas was born with a kind of degenerative blindness called leber ' s congenital amaurosis. \u201d \u201c last fall, a team led by researchers at children ' s hospital of philadelphia and university of pennsylvania school of medicine reported they had successfully injected a gene via a genetically engineered vector into the retinas of 12 patients suffering from a blindness - causing genetic disease called leber ' s congenital amaurosis. \u201d \u201c susan robinson, chief executive officer of seattle - based targeted genetics corp., which is involved in an ongoing gene - therapy trial in britain for leber ' s congenital amaurosis. \u201d \u201c there has been a lot of ink recently about a new study where researchers used gene therapy to restore sight to patients suffering from a rare form of congenital blindness known as leber congenital amaurosis. \u201d \u201c about 2, 000 people in the u. s. have leber ' s congenital amaurosis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5896542605348576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.768637"} {"text": "study where researchers used gene therapy to restore sight to patients suffering from a rare form of congenital blindness known as leber congenital amaurosis. \u201d \u201c about 2, 000 people in the u. s. have leber ' s congenital amaurosis no. 2, caused when a child inherits a certain flawed gene from both parents. \u201d \u201c although the patients had a rare form of blindness called leber ' s congenital amaurosis, researchers believe the approach can ultimately be used for a broad spectrum of disorders, including retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration. \u201d \u201c but suppose i do what nearly all of the doctors do, who use electricity with any regard to polarity ; that is, if treating acutely inflamed eyes, for example, apply the negative pole to the eyes, thinking thereby to make them more negative ; or, if treating amaurosis, apply the positive electrode to the affected parts, thinking thereby to make them more positive! \u201d \u201c simple glaucoma, 104 cases ; improvement, o. 96 per cent ; condition as before, 10. 5 per cent ; deterioration, 52 per cent ; amaurosis, 36. 5 per cent. \u201d these user - created lists contain the word \u2018 amaurosis \u2019. another compilation of spelling words suitable for intermediate to advanced spellers. list of words ( or phrases ) containing eye -, - eye -, or - eye. beginning with red - eye and eyebright. i ' ve since begun adding other more oblique terms that lack the string - eye -, but that... \" luciferous logolepsy is a collection of over 9, 000 obscure english words. though the definition of an ' english ' word might seem to be straightforward, it is not. there exist so many adopted, deriv... words i ' ve come across while reading and looked up in the dictionary. found in the wild ( i. e., not on wordie! ) the perfect site for any true wordie who wants to help in small ways. looking for tweets for amaurosis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5453345979170463, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.769678"} {"text": "american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition - n. a small cup - shaped structure or organ, such as the cup at the base of an acorn or one of the suckers on the feet of certain flies. century dictionary and cyclopedia - n. a small cup - shaped depression, as in rock. - n. in botany : a form of involucre, occurring in the oak, beech, chestnut, and hazel, consisting of bracts which in fruit cohere into a kind of cup. in fungi, a receptacle shaped like the cup of an acorn, as in peziza. - n. in entomology, a little cup - shaped organ ; specifically, one of the sucking - disks on the lower surface of the tarsi of certain aquatic beetles. - n. also cupula. - n. any small structure shaped like a cup, such as at the base of an acorn, or the sucker on the feet of some flies gnu webster ' s 1913 - n. ( bot. ) a cuplet or little cup, as of the acorn ; the husk or bur of the filbert, chestnut, etc. - n. ( zool. ) a sucker or acetabulum. - n. cup - shaped structure of hardened bracts at the base of an acorn - n. a sucker on the feet of certain flies - late latin cupula, little cask, diminutive of latin cupa, tub. ( american heritage\u00ae dictionary of the english language, fourth edition ) \u201c 6d : nut with a cupule ( acorn ) - remembered this feature from some earlier discussion we had about the word \" cupule \u201d \u201c a common form of prehistoric rock - art here in california is the cupule. \u201d \u201c each girl ground a cupule at the completion of the rite and families had their own special rock faces where this was done. \u201d \u201c cohesion of the bracts by their edges, so as to form a tubular involucre, or by their surfaces, so as to form a cupule, is not of uncommon occurrence, under natural conditions, and may be met with in plants which ordinarily do not exhibit this appearance. \u201d \u201c ps ( 2008 ) molecular phylogenetics and cupule evolution in fagaceae as inferred from nuclear crabs claw sequences. \u201d \u201c [ dr. johnson again. ] acorn... the nut of the oak usu. seated in or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5153272547036096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.772366"} {"text": "estadio centenario stadium in montevideo was born when fifa assigned the first world cup football championship to uruguay. an adequate venue was missing to host this important event. the uruguayan delegation was engaged in the building of a gigantic stadium that could hold 100, 000 spectators. the entire tournament had to be played in this stadium! works had to start right away. within a year the tournament would start! the stadium was designed by architects juan antonio scasso and jose domato. the initial project consisted of four sectors built in an elliptical shape. if followed a strict geometrical order and was designed to include an athletics track. the different sectors were characterized by a geometrical continuity and by an equal distance to the centre of the playing field. however, it turned out impossible to complete the stadium with three levels of tiers. therefore, the initial project was modified and the third ring was remodelled. it got built on one sector of the stadium only. base areas with standing room were added below the tribunes and therefore the athletics track could not be built anymore. the capacity of remodelled stadium dropped to 70 000. the first world cup tournament was set to start on july 13th, 1930. construction of the stadium was finished only 5 days later. therefore, the first opening match in world cup ' s history was relocated to pocitos stadium, a small stadium that belonged to a local football club named penarol. the new stadium was named ' centenario ' to celebrate the first century of uruguay ' s independency. at that time, the stadium was very modern and functional. it had two levels of tiers, three sections with base areas, and a main tribune with three levels of tiers. on the latter, a tower of 100 meters ( 328 feet ) was built, symbol of the monumental project. on top of the tower, the winning country ' s flag of the world cup tournament flew. in successive years, the stadium was enlarged several times. a third ring of tiers was built on two other sections of the stadiums ( the ones behind the goals ). during the seventies, the stadium could hold a capacity of 90 000 spectators. during these years, a school and museum on football were opened under the tribunes of the stadium. today the stadium contains several stands and it has a capacity of almost 74 000, mostly seating. it is also used for other events. in recent history, for example, it often served as the arrival of the ' vuelta ciclista ', a cycling competition in uruguay.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40900086453109374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.775922"} {"text": "by bill daley, tribune newspapers november 14, 2012 george washington carver was a scientist who did more to raise the peanut ' s public profile than any other figure in american life, with the possible exception of former farmer - turned - president jimmy carter and planters ' mr. peanut. carver ' s work with peanuts and other crops at alabama ' s famed tuskegee institute benefited millions of farmers in the first half of the 20th century. \" the primary idea in all my work was to help the farmer and fill the poor man ' s empty dinner pail, \" he once said. \" my idea was to help the ' man farthest down, ' this is why i have made every process just as simple as i could put it within his reach. \" food science is a field viewed with mixed feelings by many these days. but carver ' s research was seen at the time as a blessing for farmers, especially for african - americans struggling to make a living across the rural south. cotton was king, or so the old saying went, but cotton also robbed the soil of all nutrients. carver promoted peanuts, soybeans and sweet potatoes as crops that could restore farmland to productivity. but he didn ' t stop there. carver realized farmers wouldn ' t grow these plants unless there was a strong enough demand for them. so he created uses for these crops that extended far beyond the kitchen \u2014 some 285 uses for peanuts alone, according to a 1941 time magazine article. \" he gave black farmers a means of staying on the land. we all couldn ' t move north to chicago and new york, \" said michael twitty, a rockville, md. - based writer, food historian and blogger at afroculinaria. com. \" carver knew the value of working the land, of being with the land, of working with each other. \" carver cared not just for the health of the land but the health of the farmers, twitty added, noting that the diet of poor african - americans at the time was often referred to as the \" three m ' s \" : meat, meal and molasses. carver promoted crops designed to enrich the diet. a man of faith as well as science and a very talented artist, carver took a green approach to life that many would recognize today. \" i love to think of nature as an unlimited broadcasting system, through which god speaks to us every hour, if we will only tune in, \" he once said. besides championing farmers, carver promoted natural medicines and believed in recycling.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42797471064939796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.781938"} {"text": "today. \" i love to think of nature as an unlimited broadcasting system, through which god speaks to us every hour, if we will only tune in, \" he once said. besides championing farmers, carver promoted natural medicines and believed in recycling. he was \" a pioneer of the green manure movement, \" said gary r. kremer, author of 2011 ' s \" george washington carver : a biography \" and executive director of the state historical society of missouri. kremer said carver was ultimately unsuccessful in his dream to transform the south and its economy, largely because so many farmers didn ' t own the land they worked. but the author said carver transformed the lives of so many others by inspiring and empowering them. born a slave in the last years of the civil war, carver became one of the most prominent african - americans in what was then a legally segregated united states. henry ford was his friend. time lauded him as the \" black leonardo. \" so potent a symbol did he become that eight years after his death in 1943, the federal government issued a commemorative half dollar honoring him and booker t. washington, tuskegee ' s founder and first president. carver ' s birthplace in southwestern missouri was also turned into a national monument and park. for twitty, the attention and respect paid to carver by whites during the jim crow era had a double edge. \" here ' s a shining example of the negro thriving under segregation, \" he said. \" if they stay in their own place, build their own bricks and don ' t ask us for anything, then everything is ok. we can deflect all the tensions and all the negative. \" yet twitty noted that carver ' s work has a \" subversive \" element ; many who studied with him went on to build the civil rights movement. take 88 - year - old eliot battle of columbia, mo. he went to the tuskegee institute so he could study under carver. what struck him most about carver? \" his brilliance, and his ability to talk and visit with anybody and not make them feel he was as brilliant as he was or that we were as average as we were, \" recalled battle, who went on to a career as an educator and civil rights leader. \" he always gave time to anyone who approached him. \u2026 he was a positive man with such strength of character. \" given the growing interest in the agricultural topics carver was exploring a century ago, there ' s been a resurgence of interest in him. \" a lot of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4094750685485914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.783873"} {"text": "time to anyone who approached him. \u2026 he was a positive man with such strength of character. \" given the growing interest in the agricultural topics carver was exploring a century ago, there ' s been a resurgence of interest in him. \" a lot of people writing cookbooks focusing on natural, healthy foods are following in his footsteps, \" twitty said. \" peanuts and sweet potatoes wouldn ' t have been emphasized if not for dr. carver. \" peanut cookies, number one prep : 25 minutes bake : 17 - 19 minutes per batch makes : 72 cookies note : this cookie, reproduced as worded in george washington carver ' s 1916 bulletin, \" how to grow the peanut and 105 ways of preparing it for human consumption, \" has a delicacy, an elegance, not associated with the robust kids ' cookie made with peanut butter. \" sweet milk \" is regular whole milk. we added 3 / 4 teaspoon salt with the dry ingredients and used lightly salted nuts. the recipe calls for vanilla to taste ; we used 2 teaspoons. carver ' s instruction to \" bake quickly \" today would mean baking the cookies in a 375 - degree oven ; we baked them 17 - 19 minutes. for ground peanuts, chop in a food processor until coarsely ground. 3 cups flour 1 / 2 cup butter 1 cup sweet milk 1 cup sugar 1 teaspoon baking powder 1 1 / 2 cups ground peanuts ( 9 ounces ) cream butter and sugar ; add eggs well beaten ; now add the milk and flour ; flavor to taste with vanilla ; and the peanuts last ; drop one spoonful to the cooky in well greased pans ; bake quickly. per serving : 63 calories, 3 g fat, 1 g saturated fat, 9 mg cholesterol, 7 g carbohydrates, 2 g protein, 44 mg sodium, 0 g fiber.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4033589134537193, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.784943"} {"text": "a piece of space debris left over from a 2007 chinese missile test collided with a russian satellite earlier this year, rendering the satellite unusable, a researcher said saturday. the collision appears to have happened january 22. that ' s when it ' s thought a piece of the feng yun 1c weather satellite, which was destroyed in the 2007 missile test, accidentally hit the russian satellite, said t. s. kelso, a senior research astrodynamicist at the center for space standards & innovation. the collision changed the orientation and orbit of the russian satellite, which was being used in scientific experiments, kelso said. it may have also damaged it. \" there has been a piece of debris catalogued by u. s. strategic command as a result of that collision, \" kelso said. \" that would suggest that at least a part of the satellite broke off because of the collision. \" it was february 4 when two scientists with the institute for precision instrument engineering in moscow noticed a change in the orbit of the satellite, known as blits, kelso said. the scientists estimated the change happened january 22. they contacted kelso because cssi operates a service that looks for close satellite approaches, he said. cssi looked for objects that may have had a nearby approach with the blits satellite around the time of the collision. the chinese debris was the only object they found. although the predicted distance between the debris and the satellite seemed to preclude a collision, the fact that the close approach happened within 10 seconds of the change in orbit made the feng yun 1c debris the likely culprit, kelso wrote in a blog post. cssi is now working with the russian scientists to find out more about the collision. blits is a small glass sphere that reflected laser beams for research. because of the collision, the satellite now faces the wrong way and can ' t be used, kelso said.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5123345687898793, "token_count": 398, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.787151"} {"text": "walton county \u2013 the florida department of health ( doh ) of walton county advises private well owners affected by flood waters to take precautions against disease - causing organisms that may make water unsafe to drink. doh recommends one of the following : \u00b7 boil water before use, holding it at rolling boil for at least one minute before using it for drinking, brushing teeth, washing food, cooking, or washing dishes. \u00b7 disinfect water by adding 8 drops ( about 1 / 8 tsp. \u2013 this would form a puddle about the size of a dime ) of plain, unscented household bleach ( 4 to 6 percent active ingredient ) per gallon of water, and then let it stand for 30 minutes. if the water is cloudy after 30 minutes, repeat the procedure once. use a container that has a cap or cover for disinfecting and storing water to be used for drinking. this will prevent contamination. \u00b7 use bottled water, especially for mixing baby formula. after the flooding subsides : \u00b7 disinfect your well using the procedures provided by your county or state health department : http : / / www. myfloridaeh. com / water / privatewells. html. you may also visit the u. s. environmental protection agency \u2019 s website for instructions : http : / / water. epa. gov / drink / info / well / whatdo. cfm. \u00b7 if available, have your water tested through your county health department or by a laboratory certified by the state to perform a drinking water analysis for coliform bacteria. for more information, please contact the florida department of health in walton county ( 850 ) 892 - 8021 or visit www. doh. state. fl. us or www. floridadisaster. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4104456690510986, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.789522"} {"text": "malaria resurges around the globe there is a disease that annually sickens over one - half billion people, killing over 1 million. because of climate change, increasingly aggressive resource extraction, and growing multi - drug resistance, every year, the disease fells 16 percent more than it did the year before. by the turn of the century, this disease will be the world ' s most deadly contagion. it isn ' t ebola, or sars, or avian influenza. it isn ' t multi - drug - resistant staphylococcus bacteria. it isn ' t aids. it ' s malaria, a wily parasite that has plagued humankind and shaped our lopsided world for millennia. \" world malaria day \" is april 25, and will undoubtedly be full of events and fundraisers drawing attention to the fight against malaria, and most importantly the need for people to step up and donate their dollars. let ' s remember, as we empty our wallets, the depths of our failures against this disease. we ' ve known how to prevent and cure malaria for over a hundred years and yet - still, unforgivably - hundreds of millions are infected very year and scores perish. worse, malaria infection leaves people much more vulnerable to other infections, including hiv. why? according to the editors of the esteemed journal nature, part of the problem is that the public isn ' t hearing the real story. \" the agencies involved in the malaria fight, including the who, have for too long been driven by advocacy, \" nature complained in a february 28 editorial. the result : \" good news spin \" that prevents us from understanding the true complexities, challenges, and failures in the fight against this age - old pathogen. minor, predictable gains are painted as major breakthroughs to maintain the donor support that our tepid fight against this neglected, forgotten disease requires. meanwhile the microbe that causes malaria - the protozoan parasite plasmodium, the malignant spawn of an ancient plant gone wrong - proceeds on its rounds, barely deterred. the fundraisers say all that is required is a $ 5 donation to buy a mosquito net for some vulnerable child. as if the failures to control this disease hinge upon some lack of charitability. if only it were so simple. i ' m standing on the cameroonian shore of the gulf of guinea, a gray blob shimmering on the sea at the horizon. it ' s bioko island, where marathon oil has built a giant natural gas installation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4314004720949509, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.802440"} {"text": "it were so simple. i ' m standing on the cameroonian shore of the gulf of guinea, a gray blob shimmering on the sea at the horizon. it ' s bioko island, where marathon oil has built a giant natural gas installation, along with hundreds of neat ranch houses of the type that are commonly found in texas. the ranch houses are supposed to be full of texan oil workers and their families, but they are all empty. \" too much damn malaria, \" the late malariologist andy spielman, who consulted for marathon, told me. nobody wants to come and risk the bite of a local mosquito. malaria ' s ability to stymie the most powerful companies on earth is testament to its longstanding capacity to transform the history of the landscapes in which it settles, from west africa to london to panama. the mosquito - borne disease is exquisitely sensitive to opportunities in newly disrupted ecologies, which is part of why it has proved such a powerful foe, for we alter our environment as surely as beavers build dams. from the streets of modern panama city to the villas of ancient rome, when malaria parasites are introduced into biologically altered landscape, they ' ve exploited the opportunity, with far - reaching consequences. the net effect of climate change on malaria is a matter of ongoing scientific controversy. what is clear is that our changing climate will exact its pounds of flesh, at least for some, in some places. it isn ' t hard to see how. take for instance the summer of 2005. the clouds never came to the amazon river that year. the patch of warm ocean and rising air that unleashed hurricane katrina in the southeastern united states had the opposite effect across the amazon river basin : instead of tempestuous rains, a lengthy drought. the long clear days of summer had a sudden effect on the river, whose serpentine gulleys carry a fifth of the planet ' s fresh water. in september, the water level plummeted by nearly 2 feet every day. as the water level plunged, the fish started to smother. soon, it was impossible to navigate a canoe down the muddy trickle. thousands of boats were marooned on red, cracked earth. by december, the mighty amazon had turned into a grassy swamp, and the brazilian government was forced to airlift food, water, and medicines to over 800 towns and villages stranded along the former river ' s banks. horacio ramos had planned to drive his boat back 30 miles to his village, but the houseboat was stuck in the mucky", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43927889611265425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.803571"} {"text": "to airlift food, water, and medicines to over 800 towns and villages stranded along the former river ' s banks. horacio ramos had planned to drive his boat back 30 miles to his village, but the houseboat was stuck in the mucky riverbed. with all the local rivers dry, he said, \" there ' s no way back home. \" while ramos and scores of others idled hungrily, clinicians waited grimly for what appeared inevitable. without the rains to flood them away, the eggs of millions of anopheles mosquitoes would soon hatch. the flies would find the people weakened by hunger, lingering dazed around the still, dirty puddles left in the wake of their vanished river. and one day, a dormant malaria parasite - whether from cameroon, india, or a few miles upstream - would awaken, and sense its opportunity. multiply this picture times one hundred, and you can begin to see the new malaria landscape emerging. malaria is largely a forgotten disease in the most powerful countries of the west. political will to challenge malaria waxes and wanes within the limits of the political and business ambitions of western leaders. it is ironic, in a way, since malaria flourished as lushly in these regions as it does today in sub - saharan africa. malaria once spread across the united states, from massachusetts to florida to iowa and california. but in the world ' s economic centers, malaria receded before anyone really understood much about it, with the result that we ' ve been able to indulge our most cherished vanities about why. in the united states, the peculiar history of malaria ' s recession ( our wanton destruction of mosquito - breeding wetlands had much to do with it ) gave rise to the unspoken notion that malaria is mainly a business problem ; in britain, to the idea that malaria is mostly the inevitable result of poverty. in other words, anything but the peculiar ecological and demographic disease that it is. and so with the most accessible natural resources of the west largely in decline, from minerals to timber, western companies now exploit the more distant, difficult resources of the tropics. but far from alleviating malaria, the new \" economic development in agriculture and mining \" was fingered by the who in the early 1990s as culprits in the spread of malaria, especially in their leading frontiers, where war and lawlessness reign. the highways built through the brazilian amazon brought settlers, workers, and new development projects to the region, for example, but the jungle ' s mosquitoes feast", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43670347172114454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.804649"} {"text": "in the spread of malaria, especially in their leading frontiers, where war and lawlessness reign. the highways built through the brazilian amazon brought settlers, workers, and new development projects to the region, for example, but the jungle ' s mosquitoes feasted upon the non - immune newcomers regardless, transmitting residual parasites darting in their guts. human flesh was too conveniently available, laid out in crude houses perched along the region ' s newly felled rivers and lakes. in the late 1990s, more than 120, 000 fell prey to falciparum malaria in peru, compared to under 150 cases a year earlier in the decade. the fast - falling rainforest, far from depriving the local malarial mosquito anopheles darlingii of the shady, fast - flowing streams they liked to breed in, had proved fruitful for the flies, which settled thickly in the disturbed lands around new man - made fish farms and ponds. with political commitment limited and scientific consensus scarce, only a magic - bullet technology - something awe - inspiring, super - potent and fast - unites the scientific and political community to turn against malaria, en masse. ddt, promoted by chemical warriors and pro - business american public health leaders after world war ii, was just the thing. africa was purposely excluded from the 1950s \" global \" malaria eradication campaign which sent ddt sprayers fanning across the globe. when ddt - resistant mosquitoes started to fly, the campaign refocused on another chemical onslaught : the antimalarial drug chloroquine, which was in some places added to the table salt. when chloroquine - resistant parasites started to spread, political commitment to the program dissipated. it took just three decades for drug - resistant malaria to sweep across the globe, carried by mosquitoes coolly impervious to the most deadly insecticides known to man. by the late 1990s, deadlier, faster, and harder - to - contain resistant malaria was annexing whole new swaths of the planet, from the war zones of afghanistan and the highlands of kenya to the banks of the panama canal and the alleys of mumbai. the death toll, compared to 1961, quadrupled. the parasite continually invades its former stomping grounds, in the 1, 200 malarial travelers, refugees, soldiers, and miners that toss and turn on american hospital and clinic beds every year. little besides sheer metal mesh prevent the parasites from re - entering the hungry anopheles mosquitoes outside, re -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4796219089295892, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.805613"} {"text": "1, 200 malarial travelers, refugees, soldiers, and miners that toss and turn on american hospital and clinic beds every year. little besides sheer metal mesh prevent the parasites from re - entering the hungry anopheles mosquitoes outside, re - igniting an epidemic. anopheles flit in every state of the u. s. union, save for hawaii, and the swarms double in size for every half - degree uptick in the global temperature. the sun streams into the squat, whitewashed red cross malaria clinic, the cerulean sea lapping the shore visible from its open - air windows. fishermen are untangling their netting on the beach. inside, there are 2 small rooms, with 2 small cots, and a dozen silent workers wearing bright white smocks to tend to the hundreds of villagers who patronize this humble facility. this clinic is in the right place, a small village outside douala, cameroon, where nearly every inhabitant is infected with malaria parasites. with the right drugs, given at the right time, they could render malaria absolutely toothless. for almost as long as we ' ve had malaria, we ' ve known about potent compounds that vanquish the parasite. many come from plants, the weedy type that can grown almost anywhere. but the steel medicine cabinet, when i peek into it, is bare. i count maybe a dozen small vials. i ' ve got more drugs in my bedside table at home. the one drug that effectively treats multi - drug resistant malaria is based on an ancient chinese medicine called artemisinin, an extract from the sweet wormwood tree. but political disinterest and profit - driven drug companies have already compromised its effectiveness. it is essential that the drug is taken in combination with other drugs, so that the parasite is not able to evolve resistance to this one last cure. throughout the 1980s and 1990s, drug companies did just that, selling stand - alone artemisinin drugs throughout africa and asia. by 1994, chinese scientists, who had formulated a combination artemisinin drug, sold the rights to drug giant novartis. but novartis didn ' t launch the combination drug until 1999, and when they did, they priced it at $ 44 per course. when the who declared that the novartis drug should be the first - line drug against malaria, in 2001, novartis dropped the price to $ 2 / course, but that was still 10 to 20 times more expensive than the older - but useless - malaria", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44201614224798247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.806546"} {"text": "declared that the novartis drug should be the first - line drug against malaria, in 2001, novartis dropped the price to $ 2 / course, but that was still 10 to 20 times more expensive than the older - but useless - malaria drugs like chloroquine. and western aid organizations refused to foot the bill. according to usaid ' s dennis carrol, despite the who ' s recommendation, coartem was \" not ready for prime time. \" in a 2003 malaria epidemic in ethiopia, unicef expressly refused to pay for and distribute artemisinin combination drugs. there wasn ' t enough supply on hand, they said, and the new drug therapy would cause confusion. african and malaria aid physicians were appalled. \" i couldn ' t believe my ears, \" said ghanian epidemiologist fred binka. donors ' reluctance was \" frankly, very difficult to understand, \" said msf ' s bernard pecoul. but without usaid or other funders ' support, there was no way developing countries ' health ministries could weather a 10 - fold increase in malaria drug prices. in the financial and regulatory vacuum, the underground market in stand - alone artemisinin drugs continued to thrive. by 2004, the parasite had been widely exposed to stand - alone artemisinin, and had started to evolve resistance. artemisinin combination drugs might still work on these parasites, but probably not for long, commentators in the lancet noted. for the first time ever, the who publicly criticized the drug companies that sold stand - alone artemisinin drugs, demanding that the industry immediately stop marketing the drugs. \" it will be at least 10 years before a drug that good is discovered, \" bemoaned the who ' s arata kochi, referring to artemisinin. \" basically we ' re dead. \" new resolve to tackle malaria emerged in the late 1990s and early 2000s, in the wake of intensifying business interest in the natural resources of africa. led by business leaders such as exxonmobil and bill gates, malaria ' s new challengers brazenly call for a fight to the finish. working toward anything less than complete eradication of malaria from the face of the earth, bill gates said in october 2007, would be to admit defeat. and yet, controlling environmental disruptions that aggravate malaria, building better housing that separates human from mosquito, and public - health - oriented drug development and distribution remain, effectively, off the table. gates and exxon et al want more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4294143565675263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.807462"} {"text": "the architecture of apartheid the word \" revenge \" is scrawled in hebrew on a palestinian school in hebron. the windows are covered with screens and the play yard obstructed with more screens tipped with barbed wire, to obstruct the stones regularly pelted down by jewish settlers. the space between the school and the neighboring building is blocked off with large, wooden slabs, to ensure that palestinian school children do not encroach into settler territory. nearby checkpoints and cameras placed on rooftops serve as constant reminder that these kids ' every movement is monitored and contained. this schoolyard scene, on an empty weekend day, illustrates the separation and containment that has become written into the architecture of hebron. in this city where 1, 500 israeli soldiers are stationed on any given day, the 170, 000 palestinians living here are kept under constant watch, their movements restricted while their safety is under constant threat. the jewish settlers who have been moving in since the late ' 70s, now numbering 800, are known for repeatedly attacking palestinians while israeli soldiers sit idly by. walking into hebron literally feels like a nightmare. shahuda street, one of the main roads, is traveled only by settlers on foot or in speeding cars, soldiers and police, and packs of fighting dogs. palestinians living on this street have to climb into their houses from the rear, either cutting across neighbors ' rooftops, carving holes in their walls, or, like one little girl we watched, scaling a rope to the second story. their front doors have been welded shut or barricaded with rusty metal, like the countless shops in hebron, closed by military order. streets are sealed off with concrete and bales of ribbon wire. \" security is the magic word here, \" says hisham sharabati, a journalist who has been living in hebron for most of his life, gesturing towards an israeli military checkpoint at the entrance of the abraham mosque, in the middle of the old city. \" israel uses that word in any way it likes, so that it can justify denying palestinian human rights. \" in 1994, a settler named baruch goldstein opened fire in the mosque at abraham ' s tomb, a sacred site to muslims, jews, and christians. we saw the torn marble, bullet holes in the arch that points towards mecca. 29 palestinians were killed while praying, then more when the military opened fire on people trying to run out of the mosque. the response? palestinians were placed under 30 days of curfew, the fruit and vegetable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42363778228263804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.815726"} {"text": "in the arch that points towards mecca. 29 palestinians were killed while praying, then more when the military opened fire on people trying to run out of the mosque. the response? palestinians were placed under 30 days of curfew, the fruit and vegetable market was shut down, and the \" system of separation \" developed. since then, palestinians living in hebron have been controlled by the military and attacked by settlers - a \" security \" structure that many say was intended to push out palestinians to make way for settlers. the city was carved up into the h1 area - controlled by the palestinian authority, and the h2 area, controlled by the israeli military. within the h2 area, jewish and palestinian quarters were cordoned off by a matrix of roads, many of them off - limits to palestinian use. vibrant marketplaces and city centers were shut down, some of them slowly taken over by jewish settlers, others turned into ghost towns guarded by military checkpoints. israeli soldiers now patrol every street in the h2 area, in a tactic that serves as a constant reminder of the israeli military presence. jewish settlers claim that they have rights to the land, invoking a bloody massacre in 1929 that left 67 jews dead. there are varying accounts of this tragedy : mikhael manekin from breaking the silence, a group of former idf soldiers who now speak out about what they witnessed and acts they perpetrated, told us that many of the murderers had come in from surrounding villages. he claims that several palestinian locals risked their lives to defend the jews, and some of them were granted certificates of appreciation by jewish organizations for doing so. local settlers have used the 1929 massacre to justify pushing palestinian hebron residents out of their homes, with a sign placed in the middle of a settlement that reads, \" these arabs are living on stolen land. \" what happened in 1929 is horrible, but it does not justify mass displacement and systemic degradation of a people. the massacre is being used to target arabs and perpetuate racism in a way that has not been directed towards european populations guilty of massacring jews on a far larger scale. the painful landscape of hebron is an example of how trauma can beget trauma : a population of jews, traumatized by a history of violence and discrimination, has turned around and traumatized another people, and in doing so, is doing untold damage to their own community. settlers here occupy a city that has become a hotbed of religious / ethnic tension and blatant racial discrimination. this is not good for anyone who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4525303437896099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.818226"} {"text": "traumatized another people, and in doing so, is doing untold damage to their own community. settlers here occupy a city that has become a hotbed of religious / ethnic tension and blatant racial discrimination. this is not good for anyone who grows up in such an environment, whether israeli or palestinian. hisham guided us through the city all morning ; in the afternoon, we met with mikhael, who as an israeli, could take us into the areas hisham is prohibited from entering although he ' s lived in hebron his whole life. mikhael explained that there are 2 or 3 soldiers per settler, a ratio clearly intended to control the large palestinian population. rather than correlate the military presence to the amount of settlers ; the logic is based in military containment and control of the \" enemy, \" under the guise of protection. mikhael served as an officer in hebron, and now is one of the breaking the silence members who leads tours there for israelis and internationals. the settlements within hebron have been declared illegal by the geneva conventions. the official city maps, which are the documents used by israeli courts, are wildly inaccurate. they claim that ghost streets, long sealed off by concrete and metal, are functioning thoroughfares and marketplaces. walking through the streets of hebron, you find a city carved up by the violent military presence and constant threat of settler violence. some roads have a concrete barrier running along the edge, leaving a few feet for palestinians to walk along while two wide lanes are reserved for settlers. the souks, old city markets, have wire screens or makeshift netting overhead : insufficient protection for attacks from settlers living on the floors above. the wire screens are heavy with trash, bricks, giant concrete chunks, and exploded plastic bags that contained sewage and urine when they burst onto the people and racks of goods below. hisham told us one young man was in a coma after a sharpened metal rod came through the screen and penetrated his skull. now, when you look up, you can see piles of objects that got caught in the screen : crowbars, bricks, stones, chairs. while walking through a market, we saw a settler woman throw sand from her third story apartment down at a crowded market where palestinians were shopping. it fell on a palestinian woman ' s head, as well as on one of our delegation members, eddie, who because of being mexican - american has often been perceived to be arab on this trip. an older man who lives at the edge of shahuda street,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45282917148829493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.819529"} {"text": "a palestinian woman ' s head, as well as on one of our delegation members, eddie, who because of being mexican - american has often been perceived to be arab on this trip. an older man who lives at the edge of shahuda street, in the last meters palestinians living on that block are allowed to walk up to, explains that he has to apply for permits if his children or grandchildren want to visit his home. he is not allowed any other visitors, like every palestinian who remains in their home in h2. on the other hand, settler children take field trips on his street. we watched a group of elementary school - aged settler children walk down shahuda, accompanied by a few adults including with some with assault rifles strung over their shoulders. standing on a rooftop overlooking the old city, we could see concrete and stone buildings, punctuated by military bases in the center of the city, and on opposing hills. these military installations have either expelled or built on the rooftops of people living in top floor apartments. many of the rooftops held water tanks, important storage for a neighborhood whose water is diverted to the nearby settlements and sold back at higher prices to palestinians. in the hills south of mount hebron, settlers attack palestinians going to graze their sheep. a friend told us about a village that was expelled in 2000, and until a few weeks ago, was living in caves near their lands. the israeli court actually ruled that they could go back to their village, and on friday settlers attacked their flocks and killed a lamb. when israeli solidarity activists called the police, who came hours later, the police accused the elderly palestinians of having killed their own animal to frame the settlers. olive harvest accompaniment is prioritized not only because the olive trees sustain many people, but also because legal loopholes are used to take away peoples ' land if they aren ' t able to reach it for a certain period of time. it is reminiscent of the eminent domain laws used to steal people ' s land in the lower 9th ward : if displaced new orleanians weren ' t able to return to the city to cut their grass regularly the city would claim their plot - often an overgrown lot with only the foundations left where the house was blown away by the wall of water. solidarity work in this area sounds like it mostly takes the form of accompaniment, whether it ' s escorting children to school to protect them against stone - throwing settlers, or walking with people to their grazing lands. settler children throw stones at palestinian children on their way to school - children under", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43699861030544623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.820516"} {"text": "like it mostly takes the form of accompaniment, whether it ' s escorting children to school to protect them against stone - throwing settlers, or walking with people to their grazing lands. settler children throw stones at palestinian children on their way to school - children under 14 cannot be held responsible, mikhael told us, so they are careful about who throws the stones. one school finally had to change its hours and days so that the children would not be walking to school when settler children were home to attack them - they ' re the only palestinian school not open on saturdays, and the kids have no recess so they can leave early enough to get home safely. every day. \" the palestinians are the ones who take the burden of the separation policy into their lives, \" hisham says. palestinian residents of hebron have been organizing to revitalize their communities and challenge military occupation and settler violence. the hebron rehabilitation committee fixes up battered neighborhoods to encourage people to come home, planting gardens and repainting dilapidated storefronts. youth against settlements has organized creative direct actions : a recent protest involved setting up mock checkpoints next to israeli ones, getting arrested after five minutes but still drawing attention to the conditions they live in. hebron is situated in the center of global power struggles and alliances situated around israel. this city is the logical conclusion of a religious / ethnic state - a city where military occupation is woven into the fabric of daily life and residents are forced to build screen fortresses to protect themselves from stones and bricks. from the shut down city centers, with welded doors and security cameras pointing towards the emptiness, to the settlement military bases that sit in the center of town, this is the reality of the current state of israel. this is what we, as u. s. citizens are supporting, when our government sends military aid so that israel can buy tanks and weapons to patrol these streets.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4213981960767077, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.821252"} {"text": "permanent url to this publication : http : / / dx. doi. org / 10. 5167 / uzh - 46196 background : cyanobacteria are one of the oldest and morphologically most diverse prokaryotic phyla on our planet. the early development of an oxygen - containing atmosphere approximately 2. 45 - 2. 22 billion years ago is attributed to the photosynthetic activity of cyanobacteria. furthermore, they are one of the few prokaryotic phyla where multicellularity has evolved. understanding when and how multicellularity evolved in these ancient organisms would provide fundamental information on the early history of life and further our knowledge of complex life forms. results : we conducted and compared phylogenetic analyses of 16s rdna sequences from a large sample of taxa representing the morphological and genetic diversity of cyanobacteria. we reconstructed ancestral character states on 10, 000 phylogenetic trees. the results suggest that the majority of extant cyanobacteria descend from multicellular ancestors. reversals to unicellularity occurred at least 5 times. multicellularity was established again at least once within a single - celled clade. comparison to the fossil record supports an early origin of multicellularity, possibly as early as the \u201c great oxygenation event \u201d that occurred 2. 45 - 2. 22 billion years ago. conclusions : the results indicate that a multicellular morphotype evolved early in the cyanobacterial lineage and was regained at least once after a previous loss. most of the morphological diversity exhibited in cyanobacteria today \u2014 including the majority of single - celled species \u2014 arose from ancient multicellular lineages. multicellularity could have conferred a considerable advantage for exploring new niches and hence facilitated the diversification of new lineages. | item type : | | journal article, refereed, original work | | communities & collections : | | 07 faculty of science > institute of evolutionary biology and environmental studies | | ddc : | | 570 life sciences ; biology | 590 animals ( zoology ) | deposited on : | | 08 mar 2011 19 : 55 | | last modified : | | 23 nov 2012 17 : 45 | | free access at : | | publisher doi. an embargo period may apply. | | wos citation count : | | 9 | users ( please log in ) : suggest update or correction for this item repository staff only : item control page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5267353382191792, "token_count": 496, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.823947"} {"text": "learn to make smart food choices on a limited budget. all it takes is a little planning and creativity. plan out your meals to keep stress low, surprises rare, and more money in your pocket. learn budget - survival strategies for the grocery store. shop and save online course \u2014 families can learn to save money at the grocery store with this short, free online course. are you in the mfip / tanf program? this course counts as one hour of core tanf activity for life skills training. simply good eating \u2014 classes that help people with limited income discover how to make healthy food choices while stretching food dollars and be more active. cooking matters\u00ae minnesota \u2014 hands - on, cooking based nutrition education programs that help low - income families prepare healthy and tasty meals. resource management for daily life \u2014 builds personal resource management skills through decision - based education and online resources. families in tough times \u2014 resource for families experiencing, avoiding, or recovering from tough times. materials on farm families, stress, disaster recovery, and more. supplemental nutrition assistance program ( snap ) and food assistance programs \u2014 minnesota department of human services \u2014 learn how to apply for food assistance and other food support. find hunger and food resources \u2014 hunger solutions minnesota \u2014 find a food shelf, meals on wheels, summer food service program, food support office, or wic program near you. women, infants, & children ( wic ) program \u2014 minnesota department of health \u2014 supplemental food program for pregnant women, infants and children. find an office near you : english | spanish | hmong | somali", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4537345807241434, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.825719"} {"text": "annual report to congress fy 2004 | ms word ( 417 kb ) | making a difference congress enacted the civil rights laws as a mandate to bring the formerly excluded into the mainstream of american education. these laws also are designed to carry out the u. s. department of education ' s commitment to assuring access to equal educational opportunity for every individual. the federal civil rights laws have helped bring about profound changes in american education and improved the educational opportunities of millions of students. many barriers that once prevented minorities, women and girls, and individuals with disabilities from freely choosing the educational opportunities and careers they would like to pursue have been eliminated. while we applaud this progress, we recognize that there are persons who continue to be denied equal access to quality education. however, behind statistical data and research findings is a human face \u2014 a student hoping for a chance to learn and excel. this hope is expressed eloquently in the letter below from a college student with a disability. the statement serves as a reminder of the potential impact of the civil rights laws in making a difference in improving individual lives. i am one of the millions of students who have a learning disability, dyslexia, and i also have health problems that make ordinary daily living a challenge \u2026. the life i live is hard but not impossible. i am not looking for pity or sympathy or platitudes. i do not want undeserved special treatment. i am not an exception, a freak, a statistical abnormality. i am a real person with real disabilities. the problems i live with are hard for you to see. i have no wheelchair, white cane or hearing aid. if you use your imagination, maybe you can picture my life, wanting to talk, to listen, to read, to learn, and not being able to. now add to that the confusion of harsh, chronic pain and frequent loss of motor control. this is my condition, a condition compounded by stress and frustration. all i ask is a little respect in a world where people and institutions are allowed to discriminate against disabled persons in the interest of convenience and conformity. i can achieve anything, learn to do anything, but not in an environment of censure and bureaucratic red tape. i am asking for a chance, a fair chance, to get an education. i am willing to fight for my future. i should not be penalized by the attitudes of people who are allowed to sweep the disabled under a rug, refusing them their rights as individuals. i am presenting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44247942558582887, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.828471"} {"text": "1. what is spastic dysarthria due to? due to bilateral damage of the upper motor neuron tracts of the pyramidal and extra - pyramidal tracts ( has an effect on both sets of lower motor neurons ) 2. describe the speech and the reason why it sounds that way. speech is slow effortful and has a harsh vocal quality increased tone, but also has weakness, reduced range of motion and decreased fine motor control in many of the same muscles. 3. describe the role of upper motor neurons in spastic dysarthria. role of upper motor neurons in spastic dysarthria : review of anatomy : umn are part of cns. they originate in the cortex and brainstem. umn are grouped into pyramidal and e - pyramidal tracts. umn ( pyramidal - direct pathway from cortex and course down to the lmn ) - umn are divided : cortex to cranial nerves ( corticobulbar tract ) cortex to spinal nerves ( corticospinal tract ) pyramidal tract is responsible for transmitting neural impulses for discrete skilled movements down to the lower motor neurons, which sends them to the muscles. speech is a discrete skilled mvmt. damage to parts of the pyramidal system serving speech will result in weakness and slowness in the musculature, i. e., weak slow movements of the tongue, lips, velum etc. umn ( extrapramidal - indirect pathway from cortex to lmn ) originate in the cortex and brainstem with numerous interconnections including the reticular formation and the red nucleus. umn of extrapyramidal system eventually synapse w / lmn of cranial and spinal nerves. extrapayramidal system is responsible for maintaining posture, regulating reflexes and monitoring muscle tone ( done at the same time the pyramidal is transmitting its neural impulses ) normally, the pyramidal and e - pyramidal work together resulting in allowing complex movements effortlessly. damaged to extra and pyramidal systems weak and slow muscle mvmt ( pyramidal ) weakness, increased muscle tone ( spasticity ) and abnormal reflexes ( ex - pyramidal ) 4. describe the effects of the difference between bilateral damage and unilateral damage to the umn. spastic dysarthria : bilateral damage to both pyramidal and ex - pyramidal systems that innervate speech. ( affects tongue, lips, velum, larynx ) significance of bilateral damage : speech production muscles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4469020337330756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.837741"} {"text": "to the umn. spastic dysarthria : bilateral damage to both pyramidal and ex - pyramidal systems that innervate speech. ( affects tongue, lips, velum, larynx ) significance of bilateral damage : speech production muscles will be weak, slow, ( weak and slow mostly in the tongue and lips ) spastic ( most noticeable in laryngeal muscles and maybe velum \u2013 causing incomplete vp closure during the production of non - nasals ) and have abnormal reflexes. ( unilateral damage causes unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria. this is not as serious because most of the cranial n. serving speech ( except lower face and tongue ) receive bilateral innervation from the umn of pyramidal and expyramidal system ) 5. describe the different etiologies of spastic dysarthria. etiologies of spastic dysarthria stroke : most common cause of spastic dysarthria. must have either 2 or more strokes ( bilateral ) in cerebral hemispheres or one in the brainstem ( right and left pyramidal and expyramidal tracts are very close in the brain stem ). als results in progressive degeneration of lmn and umn. some people begin with involvement in lmn and exhibit flaccid dysarthria and weakness in the legs and muscle atrophy some begin with umn involvement demonstrate spastic dysarthria, hyperactive gag and jaw reflexes and swallowing disorders. eventually both umn and lmn are affected and result in mixed dysarthria. hi can produce widespread damage ( stretched and torn axons, lacerated brain tissue and blood vessel hemorrhage ) ms is a suspected immunological disorder that results in the inflammation or complete destruction of the myelin sheath covering the axons. ms can affect myelin anywhere w / in cns ( cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord ) so depending on where the damage is.. this will be the dysarthria exhibited i. e., ataxic dysarthria, mixed dysarthria ). brainstem tumor, cerebral anoxia, viral or bacterial infections in the cerebral tissue 6. describe the speech characteristics of spastic d imprecise consonants ( not helpful diagnostically \u2014 common characteristic among dysarthrias ) 1. abnormally short voice onset time for voiceless consonants 2. incomplete articulator", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46905434268037943, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.838671"} {"text": "the cerebral tissue 6. describe the speech characteristics of spastic d imprecise consonants ( not helpful diagnostically \u2014 common characteristic among dysarthrias ) 1. abnormally short voice onset time for voiceless consonants 2. incomplete articulatory contact 3. incomplete consonants clusters harsh vocal quality \u201c friction of air \u201d characteristic harshness occurs when air leaks through a partially open glottis. perhaps caused by purposeful partial abduction of vf to help prevent spastic muscle tone in larynx from closing the glottis too tightly during speech. they let some subglottic air leak through their tense, partly abducted vf. strained - strangled vocal quality ( noticeable characteristic, but not always present ) sound created by subglottic air being forced through a narrow, tightly constricted larynx due to spasticity of vf causing tight hyperadduction of the vf hypernasality caused by spasticity in the velum which slows and reduces its range of movement ( not as severe as that seen in flaccid d. and does not include nasal emission as in flaccid d. ) monopitch ( one of the most obvious characteristics ) caused by overall tenseness of laryngeal muscles resulting in a reduced ability to contract and relax ( contracting and relaxing vf is what helps us vary our pitch ) monoloudness caused by overall tenseness in laryngeal muscles ( by increasing and decreasing vf tension, the larynx can precisely regulate the amount of subglottic air that passes through the glottis. short phrases - probably due to speaking through a tight larynx. the energy required to force air through the tightly adducted vf is great so they shorten their utterances. frequent inhalations interrupt the rhythm of speech slow rate of speech caused by reduced speed and range of movement in articulators. weakness in articulators may contribute to slower speaking rate. slowed rate may be the result of speaking against tight adduction of the vf not really a problem, but there may be some abnormal respiratory movmts. deviant movemtns can cause reduced inhalation and exhalation, uncoordinated breathing patterns and reduced vc. 7. of the speech characteristics what are the most definitive? phonation and prosody are the most definitive in spastic d 8. what are some defining non - speech characteristics of spastic dysarthria and how might they be treated", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46659272217935144, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.839636"} {"text": "7. of the speech characteristics what are the most definitive? phonation and prosody are the most definitive in spastic d 8. what are some defining non - speech characteristics of spastic dysarthria and how might they be treated? additional defining non - speech characteristics : 1. emotional liability known as the pseudobulbar effect may be due to damage to areas that inhibit emotions crying is more common than laughing embarrassing to person. distressing to family treatment limited. drugs ineffective. effect lessens with recovery 2. drooling : most prominent in spastic d. probably due to impaired oral control of saliva and possibly to swallowing. client often reports that the injury resulted in the production of too much saliva. embarrassing treatments : behavioral \u2013 cuing to swallow. drugs. surgery spastic dysarthia vs flaccid d. 9. define bulbar and pseudobulbar palsy bulbar palsy : atrophy and weakness in muscles innervated through the medulla. ( tongue, velum, larynx and pharynx ) ; a name for flaccid dysarthria pseudobulbar palsy : ( false bulbar palsy ) means weakness and slowness to the same muscles. ( tongue, velum, larynx, and pharynx ) ; a name for spastic dysarthria 10. describe the difference between spastic and flaccid dysarthria. difference betw. spastic and flaccid dysarthria the distinction between the two is their different etiologies. bulbar palsy : lower motor neuron ; pseudo bulbar palsy : umn 1. spastic d bilateral damage to upper motor neurons of the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems. flaccid d. damage to lower motor neurons check medical reports for site and type of lesion. 2. hypernasality is more severe in flaccid d. and has nasal emissions. hypernasality may appear more intermittent in spastic d. 3. spastic d may have a tight, strained strangled voice quality ( but not always : it may more frequently have a harsh vocal quality instead ) 4. spastic d. : may have pseudobalbar effect ( emotional liability ) and drooling. 11. what are the key evaluation tasks and what are you looking key evaluation tasks : 1. conversation / reading : hypernasality, imprecise consonants, monopitch / loudness, reduced stress", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5105664354579673, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.840543"} {"text": "( emotional liability ) and drooling. 11. what are the key evaluation tasks and what are you looking key evaluation tasks : 1. conversation / reading : hypernasality, imprecise consonants, monopitch / loudness, reduced stress, short phrases, 2. amr : slow 3. vowel prolongation will evoke the phonatory deficits ( harsh voice quality, strained - strangled voice quality, low pitch 12. what are some possible areas of focus for treatment? possible areas of focus : 1. decreasing hyperadduction of the vf 2. increasing articulatory precision ( artic. therapy ) 3. prosody ( more natural intonation 4. hypernasality ( lifts etc. ) 5. respiration is usually not affected. 13. what is the treatment for the processes that may be affected by spastic d. 1. hyperadduction : ( duffy says little success in reducing hyperadduction ) forget any exercise that does not include speech easy onset of phonation to make softer glottal closures. yawn - sigh : ( similar to the above ) perhaps begin with yawn sigh to initiate easy onset of phonation. articulation : ( weakness, reduced speed of movement, and reduced range working on imprecise articulation. what is the purpose of tongue / lip stretching and strengthening exercises? to reduce hyper - tonicity and increase speed and rom ; watch out \u2014 may be counterproductive and increase hyper - tonicity. 1. client reads words. clinician ( not looking ) tries to identify words. if unable to understand, tell the client what was wrong with the production. * * 2. exaggerated consonants : overarticulation * * 3. minimal contrast drills ( just like articulation ) treatment of prosody * * contrastive stress drills * * teaching appropriate phrasing pitch range exercise and intonation markings ( on read passages ) might work if the client is able to demonstrate ability to reduce tenseness in vf during conversation enough to make pitch changes. treatment of resonance ( sluggish velum ) palatal lift ( hyperactive gag reflex may make this difficult ) exercises ( only after surgical tx when closure can be achieved ) biofeedback with nasal mirror for nasal emission ; use of see scape increased loudness ( use visual feedback voice light and vu meter or a sound level meter ) this may work simply because the person opens their mouth which will increase intelligibility and encourages overarticulation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4702332917747801, "token_count": 511, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.841503"} {"text": "volume 10, number 7 \u2014 july 2004 emerging infections : what have we learned from sars? given the current size and mobility of the human population, emerging diseases pose a continuing threat to global health. this threat became reality with the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome ( sars ). the emergence of a disease requires two steps : introduction into the human population and perpetuated transmission. although preventing the introduction of a new disease is ideal, containing a zoonosis is a necessity. the lessons that we have learned from sars were the topic of a meeting of the royal society on january 13, 2004, in london, england. zoonoses are responsible for most emerging infectious diseases, including infections caused by ebola virus, west nile virus, monkeypox, hantavirus, hiv, and new subtypes of influenza a. in the case of sars coronavirus ( sars - cov ), serologic evidence indicates that the virus was spread through interspecies transmission from wild game markets in guangdong, china ( malik peiris, university of hong kong ). this finding led to bans in the wild meat trade from nan shan zhong ( guangzhou respiratory disease research institute ) similar to the ban on eating nervous system tissue from cows that was implemented after new variant creutzfeldt - jakob disease emerged in britain. ecologic changes, concomitant with increasing contact between humans and animal disease reservoirs, contribute to zoonoses. the emergence of sars was facilitated by increased contact between people and animal disease reservoirs as the wild meat industry expanded recently. global warming will likely contribute to the spread of dengue beyond tropical regions ( tony mcmichael, national centre for epidemiology and population health, canberra, australia ). habitat fragmentation by deforestation may increase the contact between people and reservoir species. for example, hemorrhagic fever virus has been linked to deforestation in south america. containing an emerging disease depends on rapidly designing and implementing a control strategy appropriate to the epidemiology of the disease. interdisciplinary and international collaboration occurred with unprecedented rapidity during the sars outbreak. the network of laboratories in 17 countries organized by the world health organization ( who ) coordinated information sharing ( david heymann, who ) and was instrumental in rapidly identifying the etiologic agent of sars ( 1 ) and in fulfilling koch \u2019 s postulates ( 2 ) ( albert osterhaus, erasmus university, rotterdam ). as is typical of an emerging disease, no vaccines or drugs to combat sar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.473865029361974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.847940"} {"text": "the etiologic agent of sars ( 1 ) and in fulfilling koch \u2019 s postulates ( 2 ) ( albert osterhaus, erasmus university, rotterdam ). as is typical of an emerging disease, no vaccines or drugs to combat sars existed, making quarantine, patient isolation, travel restrictions, and contact precautions the only means of limiting transmission. mathematic models provided a framework for evaluating alternative control measures and making predictions about the course of the epidemic ( 3, 4 ). previously, similar models had guided public health policy, for example, in halting an outbreak of hoof and mouth disease in the united kingdom in 2001 ( 5, 6 ). one of the complications in setting parameters in an emerging disease model is the difficulty in estimating epidemiologic limits from the initially small sample sizes. thus, openly sharing data and analysis of key model parameters are vital. the model must be appropriate to the nature of the disease and the accuracy of the parameter estimates ( 7 ). stochasticity inherent in transmission dynamics will be particularly pronounced when infection prevalence is low. population heterogeneity and the network structure of human interactions will affect the spread of an emerging disease. in the 2003 sars outbreak, healthcare workers were at particular risk ( 8 ) and acted as bridges carrying the infection from the hospital and causing community wide epidemics. high - risk \u201c core groups \u201d have been a major focus of hiv / aids models for years ( 9 ), but the movement of sars patients into the core ( i. e., the hospital ) adds a further complication ( 3 ). the two waves of sars clusters in toronto ( robert maunder, mount sinai hospital, toronto ) highlight the need for surveillance even after an outbreak appears extinguished. management of the sars epidemic also demonstrated that public service infrastructure, which affords the greatest chance of success ( 3 ), is essential to the rapid containment of an outbreak. in areas most affected, contact tracing was important ( 10 ). in guangdong, police departments tracked down contacts of infected persons, who were then followed up for 10 days after exposure. evaluating the surge capacity of public health services and hospitals is one way to assess the preparedness of a medical system. the case - fatality rate is a key determinant of the public health impact of an emerging disease and was high for sars at approximately 15 % ( 11 ). the relationship between infectiousness and onset of symptoms is also important. patient isolation has greater potential as a control strategy if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5479680828007492, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.848910"} {"text": "key determinant of the public health impact of an emerging disease and was high for sars at approximately 15 % ( 11 ). the relationship between infectiousness and onset of symptoms is also important. patient isolation has greater potential as a control strategy if the illness can be diagnosed before the person becomes infectious ( roy anderson, imperial college london ). in contrast, persons infected with influenza virus are highly infectious before they become symptomatic. the rapidity of pathogen turnover means that evolution in pathogen populations can occur on a time scale that is epidemiologically relevant. indeed, sars - cov evolved during the course of the sars outbreak in china ( 12 ). similarly, influenza is perpetuated in the human population by the evolution of new antigenic variants every year ( robin bush, university of california, irvine ) ( 13 ). even if the transmissibility of an emerging disease is initially below the threshold necessary to sustain it in a population, the potential for the organism \u2019 s evolution to higher levels may exist ( 14, 15 ). thus, one should not become complacent about diseases that are repeatedly introduced through zoonosis, but teeter on the edge of sustainability within the human population. the success with which who coordinated the global collaboration in containing sars galvanized the world health assembly to grant who greater authority to verify outbreaks, conduct investigations of outbreak severity, and evaluate the adequacy of control measures. the outcome of this new authority will depend on integrating the expertise of public health officials, medical doctors, and epidemiologists worldwide with guidance from disease transmission models. the sars outbreak demonstrated that an epidemic in one part of the world is not just an individual nation \u2019 s problem but a global problem. - kuiken t, fouchier ra, schutten m, rimmelzwaan gf, van amerongen g, van riel, et al. newly discovered coronavirus as the primary cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. lancet. 2003 ; 362 : 263 \u2013 70. - fouchier ra, kuiken t, schutten m, van amerogen g, van doornum gj, van hoogen bg, aetiology : koch \u2019 s postulates fulfilled for sars virus. nature. 2003 ; 423 : 240. - lloyd - smith jo, galvani ap, getz wm. curtailing transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome within a community and its hospital. proc r soc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47810751787632993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.850179"} {"text": "decennial abc : q as in quality with regard to wikipedia, many people ask about the quality of the content, whether one can trust the information, how reliable the whole thing is. we then explain about our procedures, and yes, amazingly they work. but \u2013 how about the quality of earlier, \u2018 traditional \u2019 encyclopedias? it is not a tit - for - tat - response if the question is returned to them. in the middle ages, quality meant that the writer of an encyclopedia was a faithful compiler of already existing texts. the encyclopedias were more like anthologies. when in early renaissance the person of an author received a different status then also the requirements for a good encyclopedia started slowly to shift. publishing an encyclopedia was and is not only a scientific or educational, but above all a commercial enterprise. of course, a thorough and newly written, up - to - date text costs a lot of work of a skilled lexicographer. in his myth of the britannica, harvey einbinder named a lot of examples for low quality but also some reasons. the 1963 edition of eb told anecdotes about the youth of francisco de goya, about his involvement in street gangs and a trip to rome. einbinder : \u2018 no documentary evidence exists describing this trip, but the idea that goya joined a group of bull - fighters fits the popular image of the artist. \u2019 ( s. 122 / 123. ) britannica showed a lot of dubious or dated articles because it is difficult to write a good article on a complicated subject ; copyediting costs time and time is money. taking over an article from a previous edition is cheaper than writing it new. and this given the fact that britannica authors have not been paid well. britannica claimed in 1960 that, from 1950 on, 34 million words in 49, 000 articles had been revised. but that does that mean? with in total 38 million words in 42, 000 articles, does that mean that several articles had been altered several times, einbinder asked. ( s. 265. ) \u2018 apparently \u2019 this is how it went : if someone made some minor changes in an article then all words of the article were counted as \u2018 revised \u2019. ( s. 279 / 280. ) maybe someone likes to calculate how many million words are \u2018 revised \u2019 in english wikipedia every day? 1 comment \u00bb leave a reply - wikimedia conferentie nederland 2012 with \u2018 father of wikipedia \u2019 - wca : deputy chair of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47463608439117577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.854901"} {"text": "the aeronca c - 2 was the first truly light airplane certified by the department of commerce, bureau of aeronautics and produced in substantial numbers in the united states. safe, economical, and easy to fly, this delightful but unassuming monoplane changed the face of aviation by tapping a new market, that of private aircraft ownership. this aeronca is the production prototype ; it first flew on october 20, 1929. the single - seat aeronca c - 2 and the two - seat c - 3 capitalized on the enthusiasm of the post - lindbergh flight era by offering small and affordable designs to the general public. during the depression, while many larger aircraft proved to be too expensive to operate, the aeronca c - 2 sold for under $ 1, 300 and could be rented for only $ 4. 00 an hour. this aeronca flew for 10 years with several owners. gift of aeronca, inc. country of origin : united states of america wingspan : 10. 9 m ( 36 ft ) length : 6. 1 m ( 20 ft ) height : 2. 1 m ( 7 ft 6 in ) weight, empty : 184 kg ( 406 kg ) weight, gross : 318 kg ( 700 lb ) top speed : 180 km / h ( 80 mph ) engine : aeronca e - 107a, 26 hp manufacturer : aeronautical corporation of america, cincinnati, ohio, 1929 fuselage : steel tube, fabric cover wings : wood with fabric cover x626n ; 1929 single - seat, light sport monoplane ; aeronca e - 107a engine ; low - wing, tailwheel design. the aeronca c - 2 of 1929 was the first truly light airplane certified by department of commerce, bureau of aeronautics and produced in substantial numbers in the united states. safe, economical, and easy to fly, this delightful but unassuming monoplane changed the face of aviation by opening a market never before successfully tapped - that of private aircraft ownership. the aeronautical corporation of america, a small company whose name was shortened to aeronca, was formed in 1928 at lunken airport near cincinnati, ohio. aeronca bought production rights to a small and light airplane designed solely for recreational flying by french - born jean a. roche, senior aeronautical engineer for the u. s. army air service. the airplane, engineered for production by roger e. schlemmer of the university of cincinnati ' s aeronautical school, was designated the c - 2 ( roche ' s hand - built plane being considered the first of the type ). work began on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42025888892377794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.860636"} {"text": "the airplane, engineered for production by roger e. schlemmer of the university of cincinnati ' s aeronautical school, was designated the c - 2 ( roche ' s hand - built plane being considered the first of the type ). work began on the production prototype in 1929 and it first flew on october 20, 1929. painted bright yellow and orange, it was assigned registration nx626n. before the aeronca c - 2, purely recreational aircraft were rare. there was almost no private ownership during the decade following world war i for the open - cockpit biplanes had to work to earn their keep. even the barnstormer ' s jenny - despite inexpensive price and romantic images - was strictly a commercial venture that bore little resemblance to the luxury of owning an automobile. by the late 1920s and early 1930s, aircraft manufacturers began to cater to the lucrative but limited market of the wealthy sportsman pilot. charles lindbergh ' s 1927 flight from new york to paris in the ryan nyp spirit of st. louis heightened public awareness of the airplane, but, ironically, it was the depression that further promoted the emergence of light airplanes by making larger aircraft too expensive to operate. these factors, and advances in airframe and engine technology, set the stage for one of the most significant trends in aviation between the wars when it became possible for a significant segment of american society to own and fly an airplane. the first c - 2s that aeronca demonstrated at aviation expositions around the country won enthusiastic acceptance during the latter half of 1930. squat and bug - eyed, the diminutive aeronca c - 2 was a simple airplane with modest performance and delightful flying characteristics. its steel - tube fuselage and wooden wings were covered with fabric and braced with wires. the pilot, seated before a stick and rudder bar, had just four instruments : oil temperature, oil pressure, nonsensitive altimeter, and tachometer. the single - seat c - 2 was powered by a two - cylinder aeronca e - 107 engine rated at 26 - 30 hp. in 1929, the aeronca c - 2 sold for $ 1, 495. by mid - 1930, the price had dropped to $ 1, 245 as a result of the depression. c - 2s were economical at 1 cent a mile for oil and gas, and they could often be rented for just $ 4. 00 an hour. furthermore, they were simple to fly, easy to maintain, and had no bad characteristics to spring on a novice pilot. by 1931, more than 100 c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42086677634829583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.861695"} {"text": "oil and gas, and they could often be rented for just $ 4. 00 an hour. furthermore, they were simple to fly, easy to maintain, and had no bad characteristics to spring on a novice pilot. by 1931, more than 100 c - 2s had been sold and aeronca introduced the two - seat c - 3, with an aeronca e - 1 13 36 - 40 hp engine. with seating for two side - by - side, the c - 3 offered greater utility than the c - 2 and quickly became popular as a trainer. \" airknockers \" or \" flying bathtubs, as they were affectionately known, made it possible for the average person to fly. other light aircraft began to appear but the aeronca style remained popular and c - 3 production ended in 1937 with more than 500 produced built. nx626n flew for ten years with a variety of owners. in 1940, it was reacquired by the aeronca company for display at its new factory in middletown, ohio. in 1948, after the establishment of the national air museum in 1946, the aeronca company answered a call by the smithsonian institution to various companies and organizations for historic aircraft and donated the first aeronca, c - 2 nx626n. the c - 2 was restored 1976 and was briefly displayed in the general aviation gallery.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4332027608551226, "token_count": 275, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.862235"} {"text": "reflections, questions, speculations december 2, 2009 alice \u2019 s adventures in wonderland. what is preconceived as a children \u2019 s story may actually hold lessons that can be applicable to both children and adults. is this simply an addition to keep adults enticed during a bedtime story? or could the story be meant solely for adults, with the outrageously inappropriate references and joking yet truthful morals? or, contrastly, was the story just a gift to a young alice liddell whom lewis carroll adored? what is the significance of the other characters? what of the characters, perhaps based on real figures of alice liddell \u2019 s life, that are thrown in and out of the text randomly? and what of the size of the characters? if a playing card is a standard, are the other characters just as minute? again, regarding size, what about alice \u2019 s own size and her frequent transformations? could it signify the difference between lewis carroll and his young, untouchable love alice liddell? what of the word play, rhyming, and utter nonsense? is there true meaning or are we reading too much into a story meant for a simple interpretation? is overanalyzing ruining a work of art? is the story even a work of art? or is it simply an old man secretly laughing at the frantic questions intellectuals ( or students, like myself ) ask themselves? is it just a dream? or is it a lazy ending, a poor explanation for a world of possibilities? or is it an ending meant for the younger audience that would prove to be satisfactory ( to them )? what is alice \u2019 s adventures in wonderland, truly? leave a reply % d bloggers like this :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5086611898557597, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.863988"} {"text": "caligula - emperor julio - claudian page on caligula from an annotated gallery of the first 12 emperors of ancient rome. caligula - paper on caligula, by jay key history has not been kind to caligula, and for good reason, due to the lasting volumes of maniacal and savage anecdotes depicting a mad ruler. however, during his first year in office, caligula was effective and somewhat politically capable to be ruler of the world, and his vicious maneuvers were a necessary part of his political agenda - - to return rome to caesar ' s form of rule. chronology by barbara f. mcmanus who says caligula ' s \" behavior demonstrates what can happen when absolute power is combined with a total lack of responsibility and respect for others. \" gaius caligula of rome article on the madness of caligula, schizophrenia, which got worse after his illness in a. d. 37. crazy caesars of rome madness among royals frequently comes from inbreeding, but that wasn ' t the case with the julio - claudians. caligula had epilepsy and appears to have suffered from post - encephalitic schizophrenia. from your guide, the names and dates of rule of the emperors from augustus in 27 b. c. to numerian ( 285 a. d. ). an online encyclopedia of roman emperors articles on julio - claudian and flavian emperors with timeline for emperors through constantine xi ( xiii ) palaeologus. stemmata of the julio - claudian emperors the lines of consanguinity among the first five emperors are hard to keep straight. even with this chart, it will take time to unravel the bloodline, marriage and adoption threads, but it ' s a useful reference tool.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.35036878023775875, "token_count": 367, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.866126"} {"text": "sat february 23, 2013 early in life we learn to count and to do simple arithmetic, but there ' s nothing simple about counting the animals - dogs, cats, and even rabbits - who are victims of the pet overpopulation problem. if i were to ask you how much is one plus one, you would probably answer \u201c two \u201d. but in the pet world, sometimes one plus one can equal pretty large number if you \u2019 re talking about animals that are allowed to breed unchecked. experts say that the average female cat could have three litters in one year, each with up to six kittens in a litter. the average female dog could have about two litters per year, but one litter could have 8 puppies. that means that one female pet that continues to breed and her offspring that also continue to breed could result in tens of thousands of cats or dogs in just a few years. it \u2019 s no wonder that around six million animals are surrendered to animal shelters in this country every year, and that almost half \u2013 or about three million companion animals \u2013 must be euthanized because there are just too many of them and not enough homes. while it may make you sad to think of all those animals who never have a chance to show someone what great pets they could have been, the saddest part for me is that pet overpopulation is easily prevented. all it takes, is for owners to have their female dogs and cats spayed and their male animals neutered. if you think it is too expensive to have your pet \u201c fixed \u201d, it may surprise you to learn that it costs more to raise one litter of puppies or kittens than to have your dog or cat spayed or neutered. if finances are tight and your budget has little room in it for veterinary surgery, check online for lower cost opportunities in your area. call your local animal shelter and ask if they can help. many states, including alabama, have a low - cost spay - neuter clinic that offers affordable options. you might start by talking with your own veterinarian, to see if you can work out a payment plan. this is the right time to get your pet spayed or neutered, because this tuesday is world spay day, established to remind everyone of the important role each of us plays in preventing pet overpopulation. make sure your dog or cat is not contributing to the problem \u2013 become part of the solution, so that someday, one plus one really will equal two when you \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4370294874692784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.869947"} {"text": "as the first postage stamps issued by the bureau of engraving and printing, the series of 1894 holds a unique position in u. s. philately. generations of collectors have referred to the series as the ' first bureau issue '. the stamp designs were the legacy from the american bank note company dies, to which the bureau added ' triangles ' in the upper corners. until july 1894, when the first stamps of the series was issued, private companies had printed all postage stamps under contracts with the post office department. series of 1894 stamps are categorized in three groups based primarily on whether or not watermarked paper was used and on color. the series includes thirteen denominations, ranging from one cent to five dollars. issued in july 1894, the first denomination of the first group was the 6 - cent garfield stamp. most of the other stamps were issued in the fall of 1894, though the 8 - cent sherman was not issued until march 1895. the bureau of engraving and printing issued all stamps in this first group on unwatermarked paper, just as the american bank note company had done. a decision was made in 1895 to print stamps on watermarked paper. series of 1894 stamps that had only recently appeared on unwatermarked paper now appeared again on paper with a double - line usps watermark. they were the first postage stamps printed on watermarked paper and constitute the second group of stamps in the first bureau issue. the third group in the first bureau issue includes stamps whose colors were changed to conform to universal postal union regulations. the 1 - cent franklin was changed from blue to green and the 5 - cent grant from chocolate to blue. in order to avoid confusing postal clerks and the public, the 10 - cent webster, previously printed in green, was reissued in brown and orange brown, and the 15 - cent clay, previously printed in blue, was reissued in olive green.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4187204598932573, "token_count": 379, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.871940"} {"text": "think about how small a half cup of ice cream, a standard serving size, looks in a large bowl. when it doesn ' t look like much, the tendency is to compensate and add more. the more room on your plate, the more food you are likely to eat. if a smaller plate is not available at your next holiday party, resolve not to fill your plate to overflowing. most of us have the tendency to eat whatever amount of food has been offered. researchers call this \" compulsion completion. \" it means that when you see a portion of food, your mind drives you to finish the entire amount regardless of the size of the portion. food portions have increased substantially in the last 20 years. you can see the change yourself by going to http : / / hp2010. nhlbihin. net / portion and taking the portion distortion quiz. one example given is for cheesecake. the typical piece of cheesecake is now more than twice as big, which translates into 380 extra calories. another reason you may eat more is because there are more choices. the challenge to controlling how much you eat during the holiday season is due in part to the variety of special foods that are offered. variety is a driving force behind how much we eat. if we think there are more options, we are likely to want to taste all of them. try having just a few different foods on your plate at one time. at your next holiday gathering, before you start filling up your plate, take a minute to see what your options are. when possible, choose a smaller plate. cut a holiday treat into a smaller size before serving yourself. and, finally, take note of how many choices there are and resolve to eat only a few. by the time the new year arrives, you ' ll be on your way to making that resolution a reality. lynn little is a family and consumer sciences educator with university of maryland cooperative extension in washington county.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48487966799334914, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.873888"} {"text": "newport news, va. a? dieters often fear fat, but it actually is crucial to good health. the trick is to eat foods with the right kinds of fat and avoid the others. some tips from nutritionists : 1. understand what \" good \" fats do. the body uses these substances for many functions, including creating energy, maintaining cells, transporting vitamins and creating hormone - like compounds that help regulate blood pressure and heart rate. healthy fats also can help lower bad cholesterol levels. 2. go for monounsaturated fats a? good food sources include olive oil, fish oil, avocados and olives a? yes, fruits can contain healthy fats a? and most nuts. 3. polyunsaturated fats a? soybeans, whole - grain wheat and vegetable oils, including corn, saffron, sunflower and soy, contain these fats. 4. a? and omega - 3 fatty acids. these types of polyunsaturated fats appear to lower the risk of coronary artery disease and may guard against irregular heartbeats and high blood pressure. go for salmon, herring, flaxseeds, walnuts and leafy green vegetables. 5. limit trans and saturated fats. trans fats are common in commercial baked goods such as crackers and cookies, as well as in fried foods like doughnuts. saturated fats are most often found in animal products ( full - fat dairy and red meat ), partially - hydrogenated oils such as crisco and coconut, palm and other tropical oils. 6. use moderation. all types of fat are high in calories, so keep portions small. a handful of nuts a? roughly 25 almonds, for example a? is all you need for a snack. if you ' re cooking with olive oil, spray a small amount into a non - stick pan or lightly brush the oil onto meat, fish or vegetables before grilling. 7. eat well and exercise. weight gain doesn ' t come from fat ( or carbohydrates ) per se a? it comes from too many calories overall and not enough activity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4208948261673482, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.875859"} {"text": "kolkata : arsenic contamination in groundwater has assumed menacing proportions in west bengal as nine districts including kolkata are severely affected, an assembly committee report said. studies conducted by the experts of jadavpur university found traces of arsenic in tubewells of jadavpur, alipore and tollygunge in kolkata. \" but a detailed study of kolkata ' s groundwater should be taken up by the cmc and public health engineering department immediately, \" said saugata roy, chairman of the last assembly ' s standing committee on public health. in its last report, the committee pointed out that indiscriminate withdrawal of groundwater for irrigation was a prime reason for increased arsenic concentration in groundwater. similarly, withdrawal of groundwater for drinking and other domestic purposes without any significant recharge contributes to health hazards, too. other factors mentioned include the burning of fossil fuels in power stations and copper ore smelting. the slow poisoning by arsenic has become widespread in districts like malda, murshidabad, nadia, hooghly, howrah, north and south 24 - parganas. as most of the rural and urban population was dependent on water from tubewells or deep tubewells, the contamination has spread rapidly. according to the committee, the eastern part of the river bhagirathi is seriously affected and murshidabad is the worst hit. though the state government has set up three water treatment plants at malda and murshidabad, projects for north and south 24 - parganas are yet to take off as a result of centre - state stand - off regarding financial participation. similar hassles have put the surface water treatment projects for nadia and murshidabad on the backburner, the report observed. the kaliachak plant at malda was the worst hit. \" the plant was inaugurated in november 1995. but till date nothing has progressed, \" said the report. it suggested long - term groundwater management strategies and popular technologies to detoxify water in the affected areas.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4266169855382772, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.877918"} {"text": "animal species : sergeant baker, hime purpurissatus richardson, 1843 the sergeant baker is probably named after governor phillip ' s orderly sergeant, william baker. the species is commonly seen by divers in on the new south wales coast. the sergeant baker can be recognised by its long tapering body, blotched colouration and its behaviour. the species is commonly observed by divers as it perches on the substrate with its head raised. adult males and females are easy to tell apart. several of the anterior rays of the first dorsal fin are greatly elongated in males, nearly reaching the adipose fin. the elongated dorsal fin rays can be seen in the middle image. the sergeant baker is probably named after governor phillip ' s orderly sergeant, william baker. sergeant baker came to australia as a corporal of marines on the transport ship charlotte. he was reported to have been a keen fisherman, and possibly the first white settler to have caught this species. it grows to about 68 cm in length. this species is endemic to australia. it is recorded from temperate waters from the central western australian coast to southern queensland. the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums. click on the map for detailed information. source : atlas of living australia. distribution by collection data feeding and diet dietary items include molluscs, fishes and crustaceans. it is reported to be a poor to fair table fish. - edgar, g. j. 1997. australian marine life : the plants and animals of temperate waters. reed books. pp. 544. - glover, c. j. m. in gomon, m. f., glover, c. j. m. & r. h. kuiter ( eds ). 1994. the fishes of australia ' s south coast. state print, adelaide. pp. 992. - hutchins, b. & r. swainston. 1986. sea fishes of southern australia. complete field guide for anglers and divers. swainston publishing. pp. 180. - kuiter, r. h. 1993. coastal fishes of south - eastern australia. crawford house press. pp. 437. - kuiter, r. h. 1996. guide to sea fishes of australia. new holland. pp. 433. mark mcgrouther, collection manager, ichthyology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3926235745940235, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.880233"} {"text": "by don trotter should we teach our children about nature? hello fellow earthlings and welcome to the garden. in our ongoing attempt to bring nature back into your gardens we have not really touched on one of the most important reasons why natural / organic gardening is so smart. our children and the children of our communities, regardless of their socioeconomic background, really deserve to know as much as we can teach them about how nature works. the obvious classroom for this knowledge is the garden. let \u2019 s take a walk and discuss some of the ways we can increase awareness of the natural world for our kids. as our society continues to sprawl into open spaces that once surrounded our communities, we are continuing to lose precious native areas that once allowed us to take our families on hiking trips or picnics. these spaces continue to shrink and our choices for immersing our children \u2019 s inherent curiosity in a natural place are getting fewer by the week. this is where the home garden, parks, or community / botanical gardens come in very handy. consider the amazing questions your children will ask you while they ponder the relationship between the soil and a plant or why certain bugs eat plants while other bugs eat them. this is something we gardeners can teach without having to resort to long trips that are excruciatingly boring to kids. there is a classroom right outside the front or back door. opportunities to increase the vocabulary of our children to include such words as environment, or to give them an opportunity to make their own sense out of how things in nature work is definitely worth the minimal investment in time on our parts. last year i made my annual pilgrimage to the flower fields in carlsbad ( california ) to admire the beauty of the colors and to see what new evolutions this wonderful place had made. i was enthralled by the myriad of questions being lobbed at a teacher who had taken her third or fourth grade class on a field trip. the children were more interested in how the plants grew than they were about the obvious eye candy the flowers provide. i grew up with these fields and the gladiolus fields that are now becoming homes closer to the coast highway. i never tired of considering all the possible ways these plants grew. i used to come up with some very creative theories and often shared them with my grandfather who was a farmer of local tomatoes. i remember once asking him on a sunny day if the stuff they were spraying on the plants was suntan oil so the plants could receive more sun power. after busting out laughing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43173183768187284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.885730"} {"text": "often shared them with my grandfather who was a farmer of local tomatoes. i remember once asking him on a sunny day if the stuff they were spraying on the plants was suntan oil so the plants could receive more sun power. after busting out laughing ( of course, i was hurt ), he took the time to tell me about insects that ate the plants and that the stuff they were spraying was a poison for the insects. my next question, of course, was why the good bugs he had told me about weren \u2019 t eating all of the bad ones. he thought for a moment and said that was a good question. i was lucky enough to have a farmer in my family and my grandfather was an oracle of wisdom. he used conventional methods of farming but helped me grow my gardens without chemicals. constant exposure to agricultural chemicals ( including ddt ) took his life way too soon, but his wisdom remains with me today. no one has to be an expert biologist or horticulturist to give their children insights on how nature works. in the end kids will make their own conclusions on how things \u201c really \u201d work. nature excites their imaginations and feeds their tireless hunger for knowledge. it also gets them out from in front of the bloody nintendo machine. they will get an opportunity to breathe in nature, just watch them grow. when my nephew brandon was very young he used to be fascinated by snails. he could watch them for hours. it reminded me of my interest in ant behavior in the vacant lot by my house when i was much younger ( before imported fire ants ). brandon showed all the signs of a born scientist, his curiosity and attention to detail was astounding. he shared his theories about snails and his insights were both hilarious and astute. it was very entertaining. while more land may not be possible for many, there are an abundance of local places where a child \u2019 s exposure to nature can take place. my favorite places are botanical gardens and regional parklands. by taking our children to these natural places they will get a better idea of their heritage and of their role in preserving the beauty of the natural world. in closing this column i would like you to encourage your children to get involved in the home garden, as well as giving them opportunities to experience nature away from the home. they will bloom like the flowers you let them grow and pick. it only makes sense to familiarize them with what is likely the only planet on which they will live. next time we will be discussing the purpose of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4631548614772871, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.886723"} {"text": "autumn 1998 ( 6. 3 ) the man who loved too much by jean - pierre guinhut, french ambassador to azerbaijan nizami, poet of the most famous version of \" leyli and majnun. \" \" leyli and majnun \" is an immortal love story sometimes compared to \" romeo and juliet \" though it predates shakespeare in oral tradition by more than 1, 000 years. today, it is still one of the most popular epics of the middle east and central asia among arabs, turks, persians, afghans, tajiks, kurds, indians, pakistanis, and, of course azerbaijanis. the story ' s influence extends beyond eastern tradition. if we go back to the middle ages at the time of the troubadours and crusaders of the 11th - 13th centuries, we discover that much of western courtly literature can be traced to oriental literature which, in turn, has influenced more recent works such as the 13th century german epic by gottfried von strassburg \" tristan und isolde, \" the early 13th century french fable, \" aucassin et nicolette, \" as well as william shakespeare works of the 16th century and innumerable others. jean - pierre guinhut ( pronounced geh - noo ), the french ambassador to azerbaijan, is an orientalist at heart and a connoisseur of eastern culture and philosophy. a polyglot, he is fluent in azeri, turkish, persian, arabic, english and french. for the last 30 years, he has both studied as well as worked in diplomacy in egypt, qatar, iran, libya and now azerbaijan. his extensive experience and knowledge give him a broad scope that few contemporaries enjoy or can equal. publishing such an article as guinhut ' s in azerbaijan international is rather unusual for us as it is longer than our usual articles and tends to be more academic in style. however, we found guinhut ' s treatment of the topic to be extremely valuable. he not only places the poem in its historical regional context, but also sheds light on its various philosophical interpretations. in the process of preparing this article, the ambassador supplemented his own reference works with materials he discovered in baku ' s institute of manuscripts. some of the miniatures featured on these pages are from treasures found there. this year, 1998, marks the 90th jubilee of the first staging of the opera \" leyli and majnun \" by azerbaijani composer uzeyir hajibeyov. its first performance was staged on january 25, 1908", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4835136197137494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.913466"} {"text": "treasures found there. this year, 1998, marks the 90th jubilee of the first staging of the opera \" leyli and majnun \" by azerbaijani composer uzeyir hajibeyov. its first performance was staged on january 25, 1908 at the taghiyev music comedy theater in baku. it was the first work ever created in the italian musical genre in the muslim world. perhaps, some of you have enjoyed seeing the enactment of \" leyli and majnun \" at the opera and ballet theater in baku a few nights per year and listening to the talented alim gasimov play majnun. hajibeyov ' s version of the story is an enormously successful synthesis between east and west, and between european classical music and oriental culture. but we ask : what are the origins of this work? coming from where? and meaning what? to whom? let me share a few observations and memories about this landmark legend as a former scholar and amateur with the view of giving those of you who liked the play or those who may wish to see it, a hint of its orientalist luster, having first read the story of \" leyli and majnun \" in arabic ( majnun leyla ), many years ago, i was delighted to see it on screen some years later in a popular cinema in the outskirts of peshawar ( western pakistan ). the movie aptly fit all the criteria of the sub - continent ' s film industry : musical, full of splendor and deeply emotional. when the lovers eventually met at the end and died from the insanity of their love ( amour fou ), the entire audience, composed mainly of afghani fierce fighters and pathan merchants, was sobbing. in fact, the theater was so emotionally charged that i myself wasn ' t able to hold back the tears. the film was in urdu. the actors were famous and extremely handsome. and the music - traditional indian raga - was celestial. you ' re familiar with the question : \" if you were deserted on an island, what dozen books would you want to have with you? \" no doubt i would stuff my luggage not only with that pakistani version of the story but also with another book, inspired by the leyli - majnun legend - the french book \" le fou d ' elsa \" ( the madman of elsa ), the oriental - inspired french divan published in 1963 by louis aragon ( 1897 - 1982 ), one of europe ' s greatest poets. aragon ' s leyla in real life was elsa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48420902356675205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.914516"} {"text": "fou d ' elsa \" ( the madman of elsa ), the oriental - inspired french divan published in 1963 by louis aragon ( 1897 - 1982 ), one of europe ' s greatest poets. aragon ' s leyla in real life was elsa triolet ( born kagan ), a pretty russian immigrant with an unpredictable, hot temper. aragon was crazy about her. influenced by his great passion, he wrote some of france ' s most famous verses, such as : \" un jour, elsa, j ' ai cru te perdre. cette agonie, pour moi, n ' aura jamais de fin \" ( each day, elsa, i ' ve cried about losing you. that agony, for me, will never have an end ). \" le fou d ' elsa \" is a series of poetic reveries set on the eve of the collapse of the sultan of boabdil ' s granada by pressure from catholic king ferdinand and queen isabella ( 1492 ). the themes and topics of the bedouin majnun tradition are revived in these poems and include the period of peaceful friendship between youth, the sudden and absolute love that begins with just a glance, the separation caused by fate brought about by the refusal of the bride ' s family, the long wait to see one another and the rare occasions where the couple actually met. another similarity between aragon ' s work and the oriental traditions of courtly love is that the poems are intermingled with poetic prose. many have been deemed so beautiful that they were set to music. these are modern versions of \" leyli and majnun. \" but let ' s examine some of the origins of the original legend. the beginning - the arab aura in fact, the competitions were so revered that seven of the best poems were hung as national treasures in the place most sacred to arabia - the ka ' bah, the shrine in the center of the great mosque in mecca. right : statue to nizami in the center of baku. an elaborate poem by prince imru ' al qays is still taught in arabic literature classes. it begins : \" kifa, nabki, min zikra habibin oua manzili, ala sikkat el ' liqua \" ( my friends, let ' s stop here and weep, in remembrance of my beloved, on her traces, here at the edge of the dune ). the scene is dramatic and the reader ( or the listener, as it may be ) is at once immersed in an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46619650287539316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.915561"} {"text": "let ' s stop here and weep, in remembrance of my beloved, on her traces, here at the edge of the dune ). the scene is dramatic and the reader ( or the listener, as it may be ) is at once immersed in an atmosphere of nostalgia and sorrow. the time for love has passed. the beloved will never return, and the lover so carefully portrayed in the poem remains prisoner of his own endless wounded passion, fueled by the evidence of the missing beauty and memories of happier days gone by. but he loves this anguished confinement and cannot stop loving it, sealing an irreversible fate. the story of leyli and majnun is of the same tradition. majnun is left at the crossroads between death and madness. at first he becomes mad and his poetry becomes his salvation. he survives his sorrow because he is living in another realm with his mind wandering amidst poetic symbols. poetry, in the context of \" poesis \" of the ancient greeks, becomes his \" creation. \" and for this reason, he does not die out of pain but stokes it alive, renewing it daily. trying to ease the pain in the boy ' s heart, majnun ' s father takes him to a sacred temple to ask for god ' s help. however, instead of praying for relief from his madness, majnun pleads, \" dear god, for your own sake and for the sake of love, let my love grow stronger with each passing hour. love is all i have, all i am, and all i ever want to be! \" without this emotion, majnun knows his life would be deprived of all meaning. eventually, majnun retreats to the wilderness, preferring the company of wild beasts to that of men. there he communes with the animals and recites his poetry. he continues to decline and eventually dies, out of madness, having exhausted all symbolic and psychological desire. left : scene from hajibeyov ' s opera, leyli and majnun. upon his final meeting with his beloved, he no longer wishes to live and cannot prevent his death and so he dies, contented. leyli dies as well. the conclusion clearly elaborates the death of the lovers, but not the death of love. in some versions of the story, it is leyli who dies first and then afterwards majnun. lying upon her tomb, he passes away, guarded by his only friends, the wild animals. so many art miniatures have been painted depicting this scene from nizam", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5107843801315362, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.916970"} {"text": "of the story, it is leyli who dies first and then afterwards majnun. lying upon her tomb, he passes away, guarded by his only friends, the wild animals. so many art miniatures have been painted depicting this scene from nizami ' s lines. they were especially prevalent between the 15th and 17th centuries, inspired by the miniature schools of tabriz, isfahan, shiraz, herat and bukhara. today, these paintings can be found in st. petersburg, paris, london and tehran. at least one such original manuscript is kept in baku at the institute of manuscripts. despite the age of the story, it still has a profound effect on modern audiences, especially youth. why? always in the past, love had been a matter of privacy. union between a couple had been a matter of family diplomacy. the dilemma still causes trauma today, especially for eastern families who have settled in the united states. consider southern california, for example, where 1 million iranians reside. many families have been devastated by the existential contradictions between oriental traditions and the impact of the western sexual liberation ideology of the 1960s and 70s ( see the film : my beautiful laundret ). for this reason, even up to the contemporary period, in most oriental countries for any youth or lover who has experienced passionate love the identification or association to majnun or leyli is immediate. keep in mind that the essence of this poetry is still alive enough to communicate to any gathering of young people a sort of collective ecstasy, just by listening to this traditional love and court poetry. the story still affects youth today just as the troubadour or ashug ' s song did eight or 10 centuries ago. i myself have met young arab lovers who could not face the distress of an impossible love and ended up dying either by becoming mad or by committing suicide. this brings us to consider the very nature of majnun as understood through the ages. first, and foremost, majnun is a poet and that sets him apart from others. he is able to create a sanctuary within his soul, from which he re - creates his love in the poems he recites. eventually, his idealized portrait of leyli differs so much from her real personality that she ceases to be the object of his love. the gaps between the pristine purity of majnun ' s feelings and the commonness or \" petitesse \" of leyli as an object of his feelings diverges. right : miniature : majnun in the desert among the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49061045659322433, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.917978"} {"text": "of his love. the gaps between the pristine purity of majnun ' s feelings and the commonness or \" petitesse \" of leyli as an object of his feelings diverges. right : miniature : majnun in the desert among the wild animals, bukhara ( 1648 ). down through the ages, the arab, as well as turk and persian, memorialists and moralists have written about the trappings of poetic psychology which nourishes its own existence as a substitute for the real experience of love. in this sense, the emotion of love may be no more than a pretext for poetic inspiration. for example in the story when leyli wants to express her own feelings of love to majnun, he reproaches her : \" do not speak, for you disturb me from my love for leyli! \" at this point, it is obvious that majnun has created an idealized portrait of her that is so completely different from her real self that she has stopped being the object of his love. certainly, majnun is not a revolutionary character. he removes himself from the social order, despite the fact that he was born into royalty and privilege, and could have profited from his family ' s wealth. at first, he remains in the city and accepts his new status fatalistically as someone deranged in the eyes of his compatriots. he becomes majnun ( the word means \" mad one, \" possessed by demons or jinn ). never - theless, majnun still expects his friends to stay with him and deliver his messages and poems to his beloved, but only under the condition that they will not harm her and her clan. he seeks no revenge, neither does he revolt. and last, but not least, majnun the poet expects his audience to heed his poems and remember him by reciting his verses to others. note the inseparable union between poetry and music in arabic, as well as in persian, turkic and urdu traditions that date back as far as history records. the inclination of even the simplest people for classical love poetry, particularly when recited or sung, is obvious. in arabic poetic tradition, the first verses of poems are devoted to love stories - a tradition which has not changed even up through our modern period. the word for \" poem \" is called \" qassida \" and its introductory section is the \" nassib. \" by the way, both words are still in contemporary use in the azeri language", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5119627143604899, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.919027"} {"text": "not changed even up through our modern period. the word for \" poem \" is called \" qassida \" and its introductory section is the \" nassib. \" by the way, both words are still in contemporary use in the azeri language. the nassib was also used by musicians for its own sake in establishing the mood in the introduction. love poetry became the source of most musical inspiration. to this day, the orient remains faithful to its traditions. traditional musicians transmit their artistic knowledge from master to disciple. they rarely play music without singers, and rarely do they sing except classical poetry, mainly love poems. this is the living reality that connects the north moroccan city of fez to kashgar, an oasis city in the uighur region of western china. anyone who is interested in this topic can detect it everywhere. the origin of mugam which hajibeyov used in his interpretation of \" leyli and majnun \" is certainly based on this very ancient tradition. this provides us with an easy transition from the arabs to the persians, whose immemorial culture was present in the arab jahiliyah period far before mohammad ' s revelation. even the koran itself is a monument of poetic and epic language, even if it warned of the duplicity of poets and the dangerous fascination of musicians. after the arab conquest, iranian music was forced to become secretive and clandestine, and music instruments were reduced in size and were performed only in private circles. the question is : who won in the end? i ' m convinced both iran and islam both did. this may explain why the same heritage has been interpreted in different ways between those living in iran and those from other regions of the middle east. but the same thing could be said about other decisive religious dogmas. it is certainly true about the interpretation of our legend, \" leyli and majnun \" - leyli va majnun ( azeri ) or majnun leyla ( arabic ), or lili - o majnun ( persian ). iranians may not have been more religious than arabs, but they showed an exceptional propensity in mastering islamic heritage and theology. as we noted before, persians were present and influential in mecca far before the time of prophet mohammad, of whom salman - e pak ( salman, the pure ) was among the closest friends. he was an iranian christian. in the iranian tradition, the character of majnun has been given the status of a mystical hero. simply his philosophy was nothing more than st", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5090941836116007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.920015"} {"text": "- e pak ( salman, the pure ) was among the closest friends. he was an iranian christian. in the iranian tradition, the character of majnun has been given the status of a mystical hero. simply his philosophy was nothing more than striving to draw closer to god on the highest level. human love served as an initiation to divine love and enabled the believer to reach a level of spirituality, which would bring a normal human being to the very limits of mental coherence. this experience has been described in the most rational terms, first by plato ( the banquet, the republic ), then by descartes, himself, who states in his discours de la methode, that having reached the limits of reason by practicing systematic doubt, he found himself suddenly close to mental alienation. even the koran describes the impact of revelation on prophet mohammad ' s mind, and refers to the accusations of madness directed to him by mecca ' s skeptical society with that most appropriate word, \" majnun. \" another common source of iranian poets and scholars during the golden age of oriental philosophie des lumieres ( ichraq of the 12 - 13th century ) is the ancient greek philosophical heritage called the prime sciences ( al - olum al - awai ' il ). one of the major contributions of plato to humanity is certainly the belief that there are several stages to understanding the nature of man, the world and the divine. passionate love ( ishg ) for the beauty of a creature gradually brings lovers to the love of all creatures and the beauty which is vested in them and then to the love of pure beauty, which is the eternal idea of beauty itself. in islamic terms, this means god himself, because nothing else is eternal and beauty is a part of his being ( al - jamil ). there is a traditional muslim saying : \" god is beautiful and likes beauty. \" this is one of the pillars of the iranian perception of majnun, who is perceived as a mystic. leyla, therefore, is an instrument of god - woman as a way to god. women are, like gardens, inseparable from the vision of paradise. and the belief in a better life, void of deceit, cannot be disassociated from the idea of the temporary nature of life in this world ( dunya ). creatures are not forbidden to fulfill their material destiny, whose pleasures and afflictions have to be understood as progressing many steps forward. in this respect the islamic scriptures include those very", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5584692719176164, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.921077"} {"text": "idea of the temporary nature of life in this world ( dunya ). creatures are not forbidden to fulfill their material destiny, whose pleasures and afflictions have to be understood as progressing many steps forward. in this respect the islamic scriptures include those very human and modern words : \" god knows that you cannot help thinking of women. \" but it is clear for mystics as well as those who are more inclined with secular concerns that there is a gradation between the love of creatures and the love of god himself, the creator. those who are called, who are tempted by god and take the risk of becoming god ' s friends, know that god replies and that his love must prevail above everything else, including human reason. this explains why there are so many names of god that can be translated as epithets of passionate love. ( see the middle ages scholastic theory about the divine attributes. ) for the mystic, god is loving but he is also jealous and takes revenge at will. but he also listens and always comes back to his friends, whose souls must be both satisfied and satisfying. this sentence has been considered by generations of poets and mystics as the key words of the revelation : \" ya ayyatuha ' l nafsu ' l mutma ' inna, irji ' i ila rabbika, raziyatan marziya. \" ( thou, appeased soul, come back to thy lord, satisfying and satisfied ). one can understand how and why such a strong mystical tradition appeared in the persian society, after the teachings of muhyiddin ibn arabi ( \" the greatest sheikh \" ) and abu yazid al bastami ( died 874 ), and how the society has benefited from this providential drama of majnun, where leyli is mainly a reminder of god, and the experience of an impossible love, the regenerating initiation to a heavenly future. abu daoud al - isfahani, the most famous oriental analyst of the psychology of love, explains in his book ( kitab ez - zahra, the book of the rose ) that the nature of total love implies that it be kept secret. once revealed, it becomes a mere fact of life. moreover, it is dangerous to disclose the longings of love because god would be jealous. a first conclusion against such a background is that poetic love contradicts, in principle, the secret of love, which it violates by publishing it in the middle of the city. majnun", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5470610861267448, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.922012"} {"text": "longings of love because god would be jealous. a first conclusion against such a background is that poetic love contradicts, in principle, the secret of love, which it violates by publishing it in the middle of the city. majnun ' s sin is worse than sexual license because it violates the secret of love ( urbiet orbi ). herein lies the very reason why leyli ' s family, leyli ' s tribe, leyli ' s cultural environment reject majnun the poet - the mad majnun. he is no longer a human being because of this experience. his public disclosure of his most intimate feelings, which were supposed to be kept secret ( until the negotiated decision of the families to marry their children as lovers ) has led first to the separation of the couple and the consequential effect on majnun ' s reason. but god gives and takes what he wants, and he may even accelerate the course of destiny to those who, intentionally behave against him and themselves. that is why most interpreters and writers in the iranian tradition and the turkic ones as well, view majnun as a pure and absolute martyr of divine love. however, such interpretation is not in the original arab legend, unless one concludes that the mecca episode should thus be viewed when majnun asks god to make his love for leyli irreversible. another aspect should be kept in mind in the frame of the oriental tradition of courtly love, which differs from the occidental one. in eastern tradition, the mad love which leads to death and to god, is chaste love. many traditionalists in the muslim world have referred to the islamic tradition which states that separated lovers who die are considered totally purified and go to heaven - platonic idyll. this is not because of puritanism ; on the contrary, it is because the death of virgin lovers is viewed as a major scandal that god would not tolerate without proper retribution against those who had killed them. western tradition in the middle ages is just the opposite. the lovers are not separated and prevented from being together before consummating their love. separation follows because they have realized their love against society ' s wishes or against the law. romeo, tristan and lancelot were consumed by their passion. their ill - fated life is but the consequence of their own behavior. they are punished for their love. as aragon said on this matter, \" en amour, tout interdit. \" ( in love, everything is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4946451437695393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.922937"} {"text": "were consumed by their passion. their ill - fated life is but the consequence of their own behavior. they are punished for their love. as aragon said on this matter, \" en amour, tout interdit. \" ( in love, everything is forbidden. ) that simple statement combines both oriental and western tradition in one sentence. in the persian world, the mystic tradition of majnun gave birth to innumerable works, mainly in the form of \" gazals, \" ( love poems on the archetype form of the poet hafiz ) or \" akhbar \" ( recollections on illustrious persons of the past ). this form continued between the 9th - 12th century. then comes the period of nizami. his influence became so wide and so deep that it has influenced all the major thinkers and writers in the persian language after him. for geographical reasons, we will come back to more discussion about him in the last section of this article - azerbaijan. at about the time of nizami, the shape of poetic writing starts to change. it becomes \" mathnawi, \" like rumi ' s long epic and narrative poems, comprised of independent verses but characterized by internal rhyme and rhyming of couplets. after nizami, the most famous poet of the leyli and majnun narrative was jami ( 1414 - 1492 ), a poet of herat ( now afghanistan ) who was initiated into the nakshbandi sufi order. his influence on ottoman literature was immense, especially on ahmad sinan beheshti, who also lived in herat for awhile. a french translation of his divan was made in 1805 by chezy. poets writing in ottoman and other classical turkic languages found their inspiration mainly in the sufi traditions, in nizami and jani, as well as fuzuli. keep in mind two names : mir ali shir nava ' i ( known as the prince of poets ) and mohammad ali khan ( prince of khakand ) who wrote in chagatai ( turkmenistan ) and died when he was only 20 years old in 1842. first placed under the authority of the caliphates of damascus, then of baghdad, with numerous arab amirs, the region that is actually azerbaijan today enjoyed, from the beginning, the fresh cultural input brought by the arab conquest which was incorporated into an ancient persian heritage. from the 5th century b. c., the persian empire ' s northern border extended to darband, now in daghestan.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4881387645200424, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.924008"} {"text": "from the beginning, the fresh cultural input brought by the arab conquest which was incorporated into an ancient persian heritage. from the 5th century b. c., the persian empire ' s northern border extended to darband, now in daghestan. the seljuk ( turkish ) dynasties and tribes slowly took over from this rich heritage ( 11th to 14th century a. d. ) and became progressively integrated to the turkic languages area, though remaining under iranian domain ( but, in reality, under uninterrupted turkish authority ) up to 1804 when the russians took ganja and to 1823 when the qajars of tehran relinquished their rights on the area that is now known as northern azerbaijan and eastern armenia. for all these reasons, evidence of the leyli and majnun legend so common to the muslim world, is to be found early in azerbaijan though mainly in the wake of persian tradition. the arab context of the drama was not considered unusual ( its nomadic and aristocratic environment being consolidated by the seljuk experience ) and the mystical interpretation was familiar, due to shi ' ite islam. ( just this summer, bibi - heybat ' s burial place and mosque which is recognized as a holy site, has been restored in baku. bibi - heybat is acknowledged as the daughter of the 7th imam of shi ' ism ). consequently, persian education and turkic sensitivity both gave rise to the two main streams of the majnun cycle : the persian treatment by nizami ganjavi and the turkish one by mohammad fuzuli. nizami ' s legacy is immense as one of the strongest artistic and intellectual personalities of the second half of the 12th century. his works were known in every part of the oriental world at that time. his \" khamsa \" ( five poems ) includes the love story of \" leyli and majnun. \" nizami was commissioned by the shirvanshah ( abul - muzaffar akhsitan ) in 1188 a. d. to write the story ; he completed it in 1197. ( the shirvanshah ruled shirvan and darband. his capital was first shemakhi but was moved to baku from 1234 onwards. the shirvanshah palace can be seen inside the ancient inner city, ichari shahar, today and still stands as a landmark of architectural elegance ). but nizami was neither a court poet nor a politician. he was a humanist who described nature with fe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4519069771425762, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.924933"} {"text": "\" of the gitanos in spain. in azerbaijan, mugam is the immemorial tradition of the western part of the country, the mountainous karabakh, specifically shusha, the wounded heart of the country where male, female and young boys ' voices are equally talented and praised. thus, in the genius of hajibeyov, music and poetry were reunited as was the practice in the original arab poetry. it ' s just that with hajibeyov, the larger musical genre takes the shape of an italian opera, where the orchestra gives floor to traditional instruments which accompany the solo recitatives. this unique blend of symphonic orchestra and mugam first performed in 1908 effectively amplified the strength of the dramatic effects of the story. there are other works inspired by leyli and majnun ' s legend. in 1947, for example, gara garayev ( 1918 - 1982 ) based a symphonic piece by the same name on nizami ' s model. though garayev was considered the best azerbaijani composer, the delicacy of this music does not really belong to oriental aesthetics, but rather fits with the charm of gara garayev ' s master, dmitri shostakovich. for an eye witness account of the event, see \" leyli and majnun \" - 90th jubilee, the opera that shaped the music of a nation by ramazan khalilov in ai 5. 4, winter 1997. the new national music comedy theater is now under construction on the exact location of the original taghiyev theater. it is scheduled to open soon. the future is veiled from our eyes. the threads of each man ' s fate extend well beyond the boundaries of the visible world. where they lead, we cannot see. who can say that today ' s key will not be tomorrow ' s lock, or today ' s lock not tomorrow ' s key? ( page 3 ) dearest heart, if i had not given my soul to you, it would have been better to give it up for good, to lose it forever. i am burning in love ' s fire ; i am drowning in the tears of my sorrow... i am the moth that flies through the night to flutter around the candle flame. o invisible candle of my soul, do not torture me as i encircle you! you have bewitched me, you have robbed me of my sleep, my reason, my very being. ( 15 ) time passes, but true love remains. the life of this world is,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4729717748884907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.926880"} {"text": "not torture me as i encircle you! you have bewitched me, you have robbed me of my sleep, my reason, my very being. ( 15 ) time passes, but true love remains. the life of this world is, for the most part, nothing but a succession of illusions and deceptions. but true love is real, and the flames which fuel it burn forever, without beginning or end. ( 31 ) every breeze that blows brings your scent to me ; every bird that sings calls out your name to me ; every dream that appears brings your face to me ; every glance at your face has left its trace with me. i am yours, i am yours, whether near or far ; your grief is mine, all mine, wherever you are. ( 103 ) in the garden, the leaves were falling like tears. the flowers had cast off their many - colored summer gowns and donned the somber robes of autumn. the silver of the jasmine had lost its luster ; the rose wept petals as it mourned the passing of summer ; the narcissus bade its companions farewell and made ready to depart... as the garden slowly withered, so did layla : her spring was over, made winter by the freezing finger of fate, by the icy touch of life ' s most trying tribulations.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5057981437655479, "token_count": 273, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.927364"} {"text": "you \u2019 ve got mail : a history of the post office for more than two centuries, neither snow nor rain nor heat nor gloom of night has kept american letter carriers from delivering the mail. but with the usps facing $ 6. 5 billion in losses so far this fiscal year, it now seems like budget woes might do what the weather couldn \u2019 t. ( at least on saturdays. ) in this episode, the history guys will explore the rise \u2013 and fall \u2013 of the post office system. most of us think of the mail primarily as a communications medium, but in the early days of our nation \u2019 s history, it served a vitally important political function as well. national politicians used the mail to reach a geographically - scattered electorate, and citizens used it to engage one another on the important issues of the day. if that weren \u2019 t enough, we also have the postal system to thank for the nation \u2019 s early road network. so what would it mean for our country if the mail only came a few days a week \u2014 or not at all? when you think about the post office, do you think \u201c pillar of democracy \u201d or just \u201c bloated bureaucracy? \u201d what would you most like to know about the history of the mail? please help us shape this episode \u2014 post your thoughts, stories, and questions below!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45806882352337014, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.928656"} {"text": "\" diabetes mellitus, \" more commonly referred to as \" diabetes, \" is a condition that causes blood sugar to rise to dangerous levels : a fasting blood glucose of 126 milligrams per deciliter ( mg / dl ) or more. most of the food you eat is turned into glucose, or sugar, for your body to use for energy. the pancreas, an organ near the stomach, produces a hormone called insulin. this hormone is necessary for the body to be able to use sugar or glucose, the basic fuel for cells in the body. insulin ' s role is to take sugar from the blood into the cells. when your body does not produce enough insulin and / or does not efficiently use the insulin it produces, sugar levels rise and build up in the bloodstream. when this happens, it can cause two problems : how diabetes develops 1. right away, the body ' s cells may be starved for energy. 2. over time, high blood glucose levels may damage the eyes, kidneys, nerves or heart. there are two main types of diabetes : type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. both types may be inherited in genes, so a family history of diabetes can significantly increase a person ' s risk of developing the condition. types of diabetes precursors to diabetesin addition to full - blown diabetes mellitus, there are precursors to the disease : untreated diabetes can lead to many serious medical problems, including heart disease and stroke. that ' s why it ' s important to be aware of the symptoms as well as the risk factors and to take appropriate steps to prevent and treat insulin resistance and diabetes. this content was last reviewed on 6 / 28 / 2012.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48864931079183516, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.941743"} {"text": "beyond just great fun and entertainment, certain toys also foster cognitive development. experts say that building blocks encourage kids to be creative and use their imaginations. other advantages of building blocks include the development of problem - solving and frustration tolerance skills, as kids learn to overcome failure. a great example of that is greyson maclean. at age eleven greyson invented brickstix ; reusable cling decals for toy building blocks. greyson has been playing with building blocks for years. when he was only nine years old, he realized there was a \u201c market need \u201d in the building blocks world. greyson was frustrated with the regular stickers that came with brick sets. if he put them on, he couldn \u2019 t get them off. plus, they were limited. he wanted to customize his brick creations into different stories, but there wasn \u2019 t a product in the market that would allow him to create and identify the scenarios alive in his mind. the young inventor realized he needed stickers that could be detached and reused just like his bricks. some days he wanted a brick to be a newspaper, another day a clock, a control panel, a window \u2026 he told his mom about the problem. he told her he wanted to be able to add details to his builds, and have the ability to change his mind and make something else. she thought it was a great idea. so greyson \u2019 s family started working. that \u2019 s how brickstix were born. and just like that, from a creative child \u2019 s mind a product idea came to life, giving greyson maclean and his family the opportunity to open a toy company, brickstix llc, and enter one of the largest toy categories in the united states. in 2010 toy building sets alone totaled $ 2. 1 billion dollars in us sales. congratulations, greyson! you are an inspiration to both kid and adult inventors.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49764229297789386, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.944085"} {"text": "martina liebsch, director of policy for caritas internationalis, traveled to brazil in june to attend the united nations conference on sustainable development. she also visited a caritas project in the region and reports back on caritas \u2019 efforts to help flood survivors. \u201c in my 67 years i have not seen something like this, \u201d says a woman in brazil whose house was destroyed during powerful floods in january 2011. she now lives in a modest house with her sister, who takes care of her. the deadly mixture of heavy rains filling the rivers and fatal landslides damaged the city of nova friburgo and fertile land nearby. worst hit was san jose do vale do rio preto, where some of the houses are literally standing in the river. today those houses that still stand are damaged and inhabitable, though the rivers that caused the damage now look very small and innocent. although the disaster happened over a year ago, the signs of devastation are still apparent. the director of caritas nova friburgo showed us the place right behind caritas where a landslide stripped off part of an apartment building and damaged the caritas building. once you are sensitized you suddenly realize that the landscape is full of these scars : signs of erosion and places where parts of the hill just came down, destroying buildings or damaging them so much that the authorities declared them inhabitable. climate change is more and more visible and we have to get prepared for these kinds of emergencies happening more often. according to official figures, 25, 000 people lost their houses because of the disaster. churches opened their buildings and hosted affected people as a temporary solution. then people started to move in with family members \u2014 or, if they had nowhere else to go, back into their damaged houses in spite of the danger. a caritas colleague in nova friburgo, himself affected by the emergency, is upset as he talks about the ongoing situation. there are still 7000 people without proper shelter or new housing, and many feel that corruption and bureaucracy are hindering the construction of new houses. in a valley near nova friburgo, small scale farmers produce the vegetables necessary to feed the population of rio. during the floods, mud and water streaming down from the hills covered the fields and the crops were destroyed. those who lived there thought they would need at least a year or more to get back on track, but in fact, it only took them 5 months ; the valley looks as if nothing has ever happened there. jose magalhaes, emergency coordinator of caritas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3918538697699372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.948364"} {"text": "by martin nanawa, childfund philippines rice, biscuits, canned goods and bottled water sold briskly at the local supermarket in malita, philippines, as typhoon bopha approached the islands in early december. food supplies would have to last days, possibly weeks. this, at least, is what panic - buyers reasoned as they crowded the store. many families could not store much, however, as they would need to haul all their essentials to designated evacuation centers. but time was on their side, as authorities had called for families to evacuate two full days before the typhoon would strike on dec. 4. malita is a town in davao oriental, on the eastern seaboard of mindanao island in the southern philippines. no strangers to the tempests that the pacific ocean would occasionally send them, the residents of malita fully understood their vulnerability to typhoons, as well as the flooding and landslides often found in their wake. a 2011 typhoon, washi, which wreaked considerable harm, was their most recent reminder of this danger, at least until typhoon pablo, the local name for bopha. the storm was forecast to cross right over northern mindanao and past the western visayas island group. residents in malita braced for the worst, supported by childfund and other humanitarian and government agencies that had helped them create emergency response plans. these efforts toward preparedness saved lives. early warning systems, successful evacuations and storm shelters all helped ensure that as many people as possible were able to protect themselves from harm. childfund has been working in malita for 28 years now and deeply understands the local community \u2019 s geographical risks. childfund \u2019 s local partner organization is staffed almost entirely by former sponsored children who grew up there. partner organization manager maribel says, \u201c the malita river makes the community vulnerable to flooding and landslides. malita is also vulnerable to tsunamis from the pacific. \u201d these risk factors are why childfund has been working with local authorities to improve disaster preparedness. childfund supports and complements government programs, directing efforts and resources toward supporting these measures. childfund \u2019 s youth association in malita also joined a local group associated with the national disaster risk reduction and management council. there they were trained in first aid, evacuation plans, water safety and rescue. parents of sponsored children also signed up at the barangay ( village ) office to assist with distributing relief supplies. thelma oros, a disaster risk reduction management ( drrm ) officer for malita, says the local disaster plan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41500573600737045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.953818"} {"text": "upon reading chapter two in the course textbook about research methods, i came across the section about facilitated communication. with facilitated communication, the facilitators unknowingly guided the fingers of the children toward the keyboard, and the resulting words were coming from the facilitator ' s minds, not the minds of the children. i enjoyed reading about the various examples, but the one which struck me as the most interesting was the part about ouiji boards. according to the textbook, a ouiji board is \" a popular device used by spiritualists to communicate with the dead. \" i consider a ouiji board as a fun and interesting game to play with my friends when we are bored. when using a ouiji board, everyone puts their hands on a central pointer which is guided around to spell various things like names, ages, and anything else a \" spirit \" wants to tell the participants. i myself have never been able to successfully communicate with the dead with a ouiji board but a group of people i know were able to \" successfully \" contact the dead when they tried. when i asked them about it they were all convinced that they had reached another world. i admit, the stories that they told me were so elaborate and they were so convinced, that it was hard for me not to believe them. although there are no studies which can prove that ouiji boards are real, or that it is even possible for a spiritualist to contact the dead, when others tell stories about their experiences, it is hard not to get wrapped up in the excitement. the excitement is what often helps guide the central pointer and even though the participants may think that there is another force guiding the pointer, it is the participants who are doing all of the work. here is an example of a man who had an experience in which he was able to contact a spirit and when you watch his account it is very tempting to believe him even though there is no research to back it up. does anyone else agree with me that it is easy to get caught up in all of the anecdotes and believe something as unbelievable as ouiji boards? does anyone have any accounts of being able to successfully contact the dead?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5549127942149068, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.956241"} {"text": "illegal demand for rhino horns for use in traditional asian medicine has soared in recent years. as a result, rhino deaths by poaching hit an all - time high in 2010, and 2011 is likely to beat that number. last year, the owner of the rhino & lion nature reserve near johannesburg, south africa, proposed a new idea to help save rhinos : poison their horns. by injecting the horns with cyanide \u2014 a process that would not harm the rhinos but could sicken or even kill anyone who tried to consume \u201c medicine \u201d made from the horns \u2014 ed hern theorized that he could disrupt the market for illegal rhino horns. a year later, hern and his rhino rescue project have taken the idea further. they are now proposing instead to inject an anti - tick parasiticide into rhinos \u2019 horns. \u201c the treatment is for the benefit and improved health of the animal \u2014 but it is highly toxic to humans, \u201d hern \u2019 s daughter lorinda, who serves as the reserve \u2019 s marketing manager, said last week at a press conference. symptoms of ingesting the drug cocktail \u2014 developed by a veterinarian at rhino & lion nature reserve \u2014 include nausea, vomiting and disruptions of the nervous system. in addition to the parasiticide, a pink dye would also be injected into the living animals \u2019 horns. although this would not change the horns \u2019 outward appearance, the dye would show up in horns or powders passed through airport x - ray scanners, helping officials to identify the illegal materials being transported by smugglers. the third step would involve implanting a gps device in the horns of living rhinos ( to help track horns after poachers kill an animal and before the horns are ground into powder ). they also propose creating a database of rhino dna to help link seized rhino horn to its area of origin, which could make it easier to prosecute poachers. the rhino rescue project \u2019 s facebook page discusses how last year \u2019 s idea of using cyanide gave way to a less lethal alternative : \u201c our original idea of poisoning the horns was circumvented by the need to treat the horn, and thus the animal, against parasites instead. furthermore, our legal advisors strongly advised against the idea of intentionally poisoning horns. ectoparasiticides are not intended for consumption by humans, and are registered as such. although not lethal in small quantities, [ they ] remain extremely toxic \u2026 because of these side effects, the treated rhinos and their horns have to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4095079216605537, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.960080"} {"text": ". ectoparasiticides are not intended for consumption by humans, and are registered as such. although not lethal in small quantities, [ they ] remain extremely toxic \u2026 because of these side effects, the treated rhinos and their horns have to be visibly identifiable to avoid ingestion of treated horns by people. we then realized that the treatment of the horns with a mixture of ectoparasiticides coupled with an indelible dye would go a long way to helping us achieve our goal of protecting all rhinos in south africa from poaching. \u201d the herns said they will make the parasiticide cocktail available to other private rhino owners. other groups are not so sure about the effectiveness or ethics of the treatment. \u201c if it makes people sick, it will surely make animals sick, \u201d an endangered wildlife trust spokesperson told south africa \u2019 s news24. \u201c what if the rhinos use their horns to scratch themselves? the toxins may enter the bloodstream and have an effect. every rhino is an individual with unique behavior. our main concern is that this treatment is not damaging rhino or other wildlife. \u201d ironically, the use of poison to protect rhinos comes at a time when many poachers are poisoning rhino carcasses to hide their tracks. dead rhinos attract flocks of vultures, which can alert rangers to recent poaching activities. poachers are killing rhinos, chopping off the horns, and then poisoning the carcasses to kill any scavengers, including the endangered cape vulture ( gyps coprotheres ). \u201c vultures feed in groups. so, one poisoned rhino carcass can kill at least 50 vultures at one go, kerri wolter of the vulture conservation programme told johannesburg \u2019 s the citizen last week. \u201c this is frightening considering the fact that in southern africa, we only have 2, 400 pairs of breeding cape vultures. \u201d photo by johann snyman via flickr. used under creative commons license", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3922705387658923, "token_count": 405, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.960875"} {"text": "in the swedish language, there are lots of different avledningar, or bound morphemes that you can add to words to change their part of speech as well as their function in a given context. some examples of avledningar are : - for - ( when unemphasized ) and there are many more. but two avledningar that have been particularly useful to me in speaking swedish are - aktig ( pronounced / \u2019 ak : tig / ) and - massig ( pronounced / \u2019 mes : ig / ). so what do these suffixes mean? well, - aktig could be translated as the english suffix - like, as in \u2018 cat - like \u2019 ( kattaktig ) or \u2018 machine - like \u2019 ( maskinaktig ). what \u2019 s interesting here is that swedish also has the suffix - lig, which comes from the same place that the english - like comes from, but has a much closer connection to english - ly in meaning. in the case of english, - ly was an early grammaticalization of the word like, and with time its form and meaning as a suffix has changed. more recently, the same word like has been grammaticalized a second time ( which is why we still pronounce it [ lajk ] ) to mean what - like means today as a suffix. here \u2019 s an example of a word with the suffix - aktig in a sentence : michael phelps ar verkligen fiskaktig nar han simmar. \u2013 michael phelps is really fish - like when swims ( lit. when he swims ). - massig is also a very useful avledning. it corresponds to the english suffix - wise : svenskabloggen pa transparent. com har mycket att erbjuda innehallsmassigt. \u2013 the swedish blog at transparent. com has a lot to offer content - wise. there is a suffix - vis in swedish which comes from the same place as - wise, but it is not used in the same way. for example, gradvis isn \u2019 t exactly the same as \u2018 grade - wise \u2019 or \u2018 degree - wise \u2019, but rather means \u2018 gradually \u2019 or \u2018 bit by bit \u2019. hope i have been able to enrich your swedish vocabulary! good luck using these avledningar!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5371348570302953, "token_count": 489, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.963245"} {"text": "it has been said that no one can understand the mind of the medieval knight, and the implication is that his blend of arrogance, quick temper, risk - taking and irrationality is a thing of the past. curiously enough, the automobile has created its own species of knights. lulled into a false sense of security by the armour around him, flattered by the speed which he controls with the touch of the foot, arrogant towards those with inferior mounts or with no mounts at all, the modern motorist will display chivalry towards an attractive woman, pay grudging deference to the owner of a vehicle which is clearly superior, but otherwise behave with stupid over - competitive hostility to every other road - user. the clearest conviction of the modern motorist is that every other driver is in the wrong ; he is driving too fast, too slowly, too timidly or too aggressively. even the carnage of the multiple accident leaves him relatively unmoved ; the massacre of a few peasants had much the same effect on a feudal baron \u2019 s emotions. like the medieval predecessor, the knight of the road goes into the lists and challenges all comers. this is the melee where he can work off his repressions and the ill - temper which everyday life engenders. some drivers are worse than others but few of us have a completely unblotted escutcheon. perhaps we are not so remote in thought from our distant ancestors as we like to believe. \u2014 philip warner, the medieval castle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4813203186185545, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.964779"} {"text": "what is feline hyperthyroidism? feline hyperthyroidism is a systemic disorder caused by excessive thyroid hormone. thyroid hormone regulates metabolism, and therefore, affects almost every system in the body. hyperthyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder diagnosed in cats over 8 years of age. the average age of onset is 12 to 13 years. what are the signs of feline hyperthyroidism? the signs of hyperthyroidism include weight loss, hyperactivity, increased appetite, increased thirst and urination, vomiting, diarrhea, heat intolerance, poor hair coat, increased heart rate, abnormal heart beat and / or heart murmur. advanced cases may show signs such as anorexia, depression and weakness. these are general signs and only raise the suspicion of a thyroid disorder. what causes feline hyperthyroidism? increased production of thyroid hormone results from an enlarged thyroid gland. in most cases the enlargement is due to a non - cancerous overgrowth ( hyperplasia ) of the thyroid gland. many times your veterinarian may even be able to feel the enlargement of the gland. the thyroid gland is difficult to feel in a normal cat. many clinically normal cats with an enlarged thyroid will eventually develop signs of hyperthyroidism. thyroid cancer is rare and only accounts for only 1 - 2 % of all cases. how is feline hyperthyroidism diagnosed? if after examining your cat the veterinarian finds the signs of hyperthyroidism a blood test to measure the level of thyroid hormone can be done. other blood tests may be performed to evaluate other body systems. there is a link between hyperthyroidism, liver, kidney and heart problems. therefore, careful monitoring of liver and kidney function is essential. frequent examinations by your veterinarian are the best way to detect changes in your pet especially any problems with the heart. if your cat is not treated, it will continue to exhibit the signs of hyperthyroidism and eventually become sick and suffer. the disease will not resolve on its own ; however, with the proper veterinary treatment your cat can resume a normal life. how do veterinarians treat feline hyperthyroidism? there are three treatment options for hyperthyroidism : medication - methimazole or tapazole is the most common treatment. there are few side effects from this drug and patients are usually controlled with one tablet two times a day. tapazole blocks the production of thyroid hormone but does not destroy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41815967852419683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.969687"} {"text": "medication - methimazole or tapazole is the most common treatment. there are few side effects from this drug and patients are usually controlled with one tablet two times a day. tapazole blocks the production of thyroid hormone but does not destroy the abnormal thyroid tissue. if the medication is discontinued the signs of hyperthyroidism will recur within 24 to 72 hours. the first few months of treatment require repeated blood tests to assure the proper dosage of medication is being given. after the correct dosage is achieved, your veterinarian may recommend regular blood tests to monitor the condition. radioactive iodine - radioactive iodine provides a simple, effective and safe treatment for cats with hyperthyroidism. the radioactive iodine concentrates in the thyroid and destroys the abnormal tissue. this may not be the best treatment option if there is also heart or kidney disease. treatment involves an extended stay at the hospital. a single dose of the radioactive iodine usually restores normal thyroid hormone levels. occasionally after treatment, hypothyroidism develops and thyroid supplementation is needed. repeat blood testing is required after treatment. this treatment is only available at hospitals licensed to use radioactive medications. surgery - thyroidectomy or removal of the thyroid gland is an effective treatment for hyperthyroidism. there are potential complications such as nerve damage to the eye or voice box, low blood levels of calcium and damage to the parathyroid ( the gland that is next to the thyroid gland ). surgery may not be an option for those patients who have heart conditions or other illnesses that prevent them from undergoing anesthesia. after surgery, there is a possibility for recurrence of hyperthyroidism ; therefore, thyroid hormone levels should be monitored yearly after surgery. with the advent of radioactive iodine treatments, surgery is less likely to be recommended.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4290787880685655, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.970606"} {"text": "here we go again. on two occasions since 2007, the world economy has endured rapid and extreme increases in food prices that have inflicted great pain, especially on the poor. now, with drought in the midwestern u. s. burning through one of the most important food - producing regions in the world, get ready for a dizzying feeling of deja vu. corn and soybean prices recently reached record highs. wheat has also spiked. jim kim, president of the world bank, is already warning that rising food prices can cause families to eat cheaper, less healthy food or pull kids out of school, steps that \u201c can have catastrophic lifelong effects on the social, physical, and mental well - being of millions of young people. \u201d that is bad news for the global economy. we are already facing all sorts of hurdles in our so far futile efforts to climb out of the great recession. joblessness in the u. s. and europe remains high. the euro - zone debt crisis continues to boil. the world \u2019 s emerging markets are slowing down. rising food prices will just add to the gloom, since they can kill growth in two important ways. first, there is a consumption effect. when families are forced to allocate a larger share of their weekly income to milk, bread and other basics, they are unable to spend as much on clothes, toys and other stuff, dampening overall consumer spending. this could be a big issue in the advanced economies, where unemployment is already straining the finances of the average household. second, there is a policy effect. rising food prices often cause higher inflation, which could force central banks to react by hiking interest rates to control the upward pressure on prices, slowing down growth in the process. this could prove a big problem in the developing world. with economies in china, india, brazil and elsewhere cooling off, central banks have been encouraged to cut rates to stimulate growth. higher inflation, though, could stymie that effort by forcing central bankers to keep rates high to control inflation even if growth continues to sag. since emerging markets are playing a larger role in overall global growth, a continued slowdown in china, india and other big developing nations could dampen the entire global outlook. how likely is that? so far, economists are taking the position that higher food prices won \u2019 t stop central bankers in china and elsewhere from easing money to spur more growth. here \u2019 s capital economics on this, from a late july report on china : the recent surge in global agricultural commodity prices \u2014 if sustained \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4467353465471313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.975305"} {"text": "that higher food prices won \u2019 t stop central bankers in china and elsewhere from easing money to spur more growth. here \u2019 s capital economics on this, from a late july report on china : the recent surge in global agricultural commodity prices \u2014 if sustained \u2014 will add to the downside risks to china \u2019 s economy but it is unlikely to be a decisive factor. overall inflationary pressures are weak and the authorities will not be deflected from loosening policy further \u2026 the people \u2019 s bank [ china \u2019 s central bank ] has raised interest rates and reserve requirements in the past when food price inflation has surged, but only when the chinese and global economies were strong. this emphatically is not the case today. if the chinese authorities want to alleviate food price inflation they are now more likely to do so via subsidies and stock releases, rather than tighter monetary policy. some economists feel similarly about the entire global economy. they are so far staying calm about the impact the recent surge of food prices could have on global growth. economists at bank of america merrill lynch, in a recent report, argued that slower growth and other factors could limit how elevated food prices would translate into increased inflation, and thus limit their impact on overall economic growth. despite the significant jump in crop futures prices, we see a host of factors helping to delay and / or mitigate the impact on inflation \u2026 on the policy front, our em [ emerging markets ] team expects local central banks to remain focused on growth \u2026 but even if higher food prices constrain central banks on the margin, the impact on global growth should be limited. economists, however, always like to leave themselves an escape route to change their outlook down the road, and they are doing so again. the impact of high food prices on global growth will depend on how high those prices go. that will depend on factors that are impossible to predict \u2014 the weather, for example. a bit more rain in the u. s. midwest might salvage some of the corn crop and bring prices down, for example. or continued drought in the u. s. combined with problems elsewhere in the world ( for example, a feeble indian monsoon ) could conspire to deal a harder blow to the global economy. personally, i \u2019 m more negative than the merrill gang about the effect of rising food prices. i think consumer sentiment, especially in the advanced economies, is so fragile right now that bigger bills at the supermarket, even only slightly bigger bills, could convince many families of the need to retrench. generally, though,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41991138650712123, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:49.976382"} {"text": "university of manchester and national university of singapore researchers have shown how building multi - layered heterostructures in a three - dimensional stack can produce an exciting physical phenomenon exploring new electronic devices. the breakthrough, published in science, could lead to electric energy that runs entire buildings generated by sunlight absorbed by its exposed walls ; the energy can be used at will to change the transparency and reflectivity of fixtures and windows depending on environmental conditions, such as temperature and brightness. collectively, such 2d crystals demonstrate a vast range of superlative properties : from conductive to insulating, from opaque to transparent. every new layer in these stacks adds exciting new functions, so the heterostructures are ideal for creating novel, multifunctional devices. the manchester and singapore researchers expanded the functionality of these heterostructures to optoelectronics and photonics. by combining graphene with monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides ( tmdc ), the researchers were able to created extremely sensitive and efficient photovoltaic devices. such devices could potentially be used as ultrasensitive photodetectors or very efficient solar cells. in these devices, layers of tmdc were sandwiched between two layers of graphene, combining the exciting properties of both 2d crystals. tmdc layers act as very efficient light absorbers and graphene as a transparent conductive layer. this allows for further integration of such photovoltaic devices into more complex, more multifunctional heterostructures. a shattered windshield has a story to tell. the key to hearing it is counting the cracks. the number of cracks that emerge in a plate of glass or plexiglas relates to the speed of the object that broke it, researchers demonstrate in physical review letters. this simple relationship could prove useful for forensic scientists, archaeologists and even astronomers. over the past century, most research into cracks has focused on parameters that determine whether a material remains intact when struck. nicolas vandenberghe and his colleagues at aix - marseille university in france decided to try something different : they wanted to push glass and other materials past their breaking points and study the resulting fractures. they wondered if they could connect the patterns of cracks to the properties of the impact that created them, something no one had done before, vandenberghe says. so he and his team set up a shooting gallery. knowing that cracks emerge within a matter of microseconds of impact, vandenberghe employed a high - speed camera to capture the instant of collision. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.607073167528444, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.014815"} {"text": "vandenberghe says. so he and his team set up a shooting gallery. knowing that cracks emerge within a matter of microseconds of impact, vandenberghe employed a high - speed camera to capture the instant of collision. the photographic evidence revealed a clear connection : after taking into account the type of material and its thickness, the number of cracks doubled for every fourfold increase in the ball \u2019 s speed. for example, a 70 - kph pellet caused an average of four cracks in 1 - millimeter - thick plexiglas plates, while a 280 - kph one made eight. though they be but little, they are fierce. the most powerful batteries on the planet are only a few millimeters in size, yet they pack such a punch that a driver could use a cellphone powered by these batteries to jump - start a dead car battery \u2014 and then recharge the phone in the blink of an eye. developed by researchers at the university of illinois at urbana - champaign, the new microbatteries out - power even the best supercapacitors and could drive new applications in radio communications and compact electronics. \u201c this is a whole new way to think about batteries, \u201d says william p. king, a bliss professor of mechanical science and engineering. \u201c a battery can deliver far more power than anybody ever thought. in recent decades, electronics have gotten small. the thinking parts of computers have gotten small. and the battery has lagged far behind. this is a microtechnology that could change all of that. now the power source is as high - performance as the rest of it. \u201d with currently available power sources, users have had to choose between power and energy. for applications that need a lot of power, like broadcasting a radio signal over a long distance, capacitors can release energy very quickly but can only store a small amount. for applications that need a lot of energy, like playing a radio for a long time, fuel cells and batteries can hold a lot of energy but release it or recharge slowly. professor jeremy kilburn ( vice - principal for science and engineering ) and professor martin dove ( director ) launched the new materials research institute at queen mary, university of london, on april 15, 2013. the afternoon consisted of talks from queen mary academics and internationally - acclaimed experts, who presented recent developments in the area of materials research. the talks were followed by a reception held in the queens \u2019 building senior common room, and provided an opportunity for informal discussion and networking.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5202701419648024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.016141"} {"text": "of talks from queen mary academics and internationally - acclaimed experts, who presented recent developments in the area of materials research. the talks were followed by a reception held in the queens \u2019 building senior common room, and provided an opportunity for informal discussion and networking. the launch was a success, which received excellent feedback from visitors and colleagues. in kanpur, india, defense materials and stores research and development ( dmsrde ), a unit of defense research and development organization ( drdo ), has been working in frontier area of non - matellic materials. to celebrate drdo technology day, dmsrde organised an open house for the students to show their products and technologies abilities. around 500 students, along with their teachers from different schools, came to dmsrde on this occasion to see the exhibition. the students therein saw different defense - related product, such as bullet proof jackets, coils used in the bofors gun, camouflage and stealth materials etc. dmsrde is working in very important area of material development for high temperature structural applications. it has developed capabilities to produce the polycorbosilane precursor materials which are used in production of silicon carbide based strategic products. this material in turn can also be converted to high heat resistance silicon carbide fibers for composite development which have enormous applications in defence, atomic energy, and aerospace industries. it can withstand temperature between 1, 500 \u2013 2, 000\u00b0c. these materials were displayed in the exhibition. the possible future restrictions to the supply of critical materials have been the subject of debate for several years. in response to these an international consortium has been brought together to develop new solutions to the european requirement for rare earth metals. remanence is an ambitious program designed to dramatically increase the amount of rare earth materials recovered and remanufactured from existing waste streams. the project brings together european industry and academia across the supply chain to develop the innovative technologies, business models and market information required to exploit this valuable resource reducing dependence on primary sources. the partners will develop new and innovative processes for the recovery and recycling of neodymium iron boron magnets ( ndfeb ) from a range of waste electronic and electrical equipment ( weee ). advanced sensing and mechanical separation techniques will be developed in combination with innovative processes to recover the rare earth magnets in the weee. remanence brings together europe \u2019 s leading experts in sensing, disassembly, recycling technology and materials processing in a multi - disciplinary project able to deliver significant technical advances. c - tech", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5611957271843874, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.018056"} {"text": "the rare earth magnets in the weee. remanence brings together europe \u2019 s leading experts in sensing, disassembly, recycling technology and materials processing in a multi - disciplinary project able to deliver significant technical advances. c - tech innovation ltd will lead a consortium including university of birmingham, stena technoworld ab, acreo swedish ict ab, leitat technological centre, optisort ab, chalmers industriteknik, magneti ljubljana and kolektor magnet technology gmbh. ( mit technology review ) a new generation of engines being developed by the world \u2019 s largest jet engine maker, cfm ( a partnership between ge and snecma of france ), will allow aircraft to use about 15 percent less fuel - enough to save about $ 1 million per year per airplane and significantly reduce carbon emissions. the first of these new engine, called leap, will feature a technology that has never been used in a large - scale production jet engines before : ceramic composite materials that weigh far less than the metal alloys they \u2019 ll replace and can endure far higher temperatures. the engine will also make use of parts produced through 3d printing, a new kind of manufacturing that can produce complex shapes that would be difficult or impossible to make with conventional manufacturing techniques. these technologies could eventually be used to make more parts of the engine, leading to further advances in efficiency, says gareth richards, leap program manager for ge aviation. recent innovations in leds have improved the energy efficiency of streetlights, but, until now, their glow still wastefully radiated beyond the intended area. a team of researchers from taiwan and mexico has developed a new lighting system design that harnesses high - efficiency leds and ensures they shine only where they \u2019 re needed, sparing surrounding homes and the evening sky from unwanted illumination. the team reported their findings in the open - access journal optics express. the proposed lamp is based on a novel three - part lighting fixture. the first part contains a cluster of leds, each of which is fitted with a special lens, called a total internal reflection lens, that focuses the light so the rays are parallel to one another instead of intersecting. these lens - covered leds are mounted inside a reflecting cavity, which \u201c recycles \u201d the light and ensures that as much of it as possible is used to illuminate the target. finally, as the light leaves the lamp it passes through a diffuser or filter that cuts down on unwanted glare. the combination of collimation and filtering also allows researchers to control the beam \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5864248280983231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.019673"} {"text": "possible is used to illuminate the target. finally, as the light leaves the lamp it passes through a diffuser or filter that cuts down on unwanted glare. the combination of collimation and filtering also allows researchers to control the beam \u2019 s shape : the present design yields a rectangular light pattern ideally suited for street lighting, the researchers say. in addition to cutting light pollution and glare, the new model could also save energy. a general led street light could reduce power consumption by 40 to 60 percent. the increased efficiency of the proposed design would likely save an additional 10 to 50 percent. furthermore, the module would be simple to fabricate, since it comprises just four parts, including a type of led bulb commonly used in the lighting industry. the union of theory and practice makes broadband, low - loss optical devices practical, which is why two groups of penn state engineers collaborated to design optical metamaterials that have custom applications that are easily manufactured. in the past, to control the optics of metamaterials, researchers used complicated structures including 3 - dimensional rings and spirals that are difficult if not impossible to manufacture in large numbers and small sizes at optical wavelengths. from a practical perspective, simple and manufacturable nanostructures are necessary for creating high - performance devices. \u201d we must design nanostructures that can be fabricated, \u201d says theresa s. mayer, distinguished professor of electrical engineering and co - director of penn state \u2019 s nanofabrication laboratory. designing materials that can allow a range of wavelengths to pass through while blocking other wavelengths is far more difficult than simply creating something that will transmit a single frequency. minimizing the time domain distortion of the signal over a range of wavelengths is necessary, and the material also must be low loss. the design team looked at existing fishnet structured metamaterials and applied nature - inspired optimization techniques based on genetic algorithms. they optimized the dimensions of features such as the size of the fishnet and the thicknesses of the materials. one of the transformative innovations made by the researchers was the inclusion of nanonotches in the corners of the fishnet holes, creating a pattern that could be tuned to shape the dispersion over large bandwidths. university of nebraska - lincoln materials engineers have developed a structural nanofiber that is both strong and tough, a discovery that could transform everything from airplanes and bridges to body armor and bicycles. their findings are featured on the cover of the american chemical society \u2019 s journal, acs nano. \u201c our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5894393282015788, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.020824"} {"text": "a structural nanofiber that is both strong and tough, a discovery that could transform everything from airplanes and bridges to body armor and bicycles. their findings are featured on the cover of the american chemical society \u2019 s journal, acs nano. \u201c our discovery adds a new material class to the very select current family of materials with demonstrated simultaneously high strength and toughness, \u201d says the team \u2019 s leader, yuris dzenis, mcbroom professor of mechanical and materials engineering and a member of unl \u2019 s nebraska center for materials and nanoscience. dzenis and colleagues developed an exceptionally thin polyacrilonitrile nanofiber, a type of synthetic polymer related to acrylic, using electrospinning. dzenis suggests that toughness comes from the nanofibers \u2019 low crystallinity. in other words, it has many areas that are structurally unorganized. these amorphous regions allow the molecular chains to slip around more, giving them the ability to absorb more energy. resistive memory cells ( reram ) are regarded as a promising solution for future generations of computer memories. they will dramatically reduce the energy consumption of modern it systems while significantly increasing their performance. unlike the building blocks of conventional hard disk drives and memories, these novel memory cells are not purely passive components but must be regarded as tiny batteries. this has been demonstrated by researchers of julich aachen research alliance. the new finding radically revises the current theory and opens up possibilities for further applications. the research group has already filed a patent application for their first idea on how to improve data readout with the aid of battery voltage. in complex experiments, the scientists from forschungszentrum julich and rwth aachen university determined the battery voltage of typical representatives of reram cells and compared them with theoretical values. this comparison revealed other properties ( such as ionic resistance ) that were previously neither known nor accessible. \u201d the demonstrated internal battery voltage of reram elements clearly violates the mathematical construct of the memristor theory. this theory must be expanded to a whole new theory \u2013 to properly describe the reram elements, \u201d says eike linn, a specialist for circuit concepts. ( berkeley national lab / youtube ) a worldwide race is on for scientists to develop ever more powerful x - ray microscopes. with ultra - high resolution x - ray optics at ultra - bright synchrotrons \u2014 such as the 120 - meter - long hard x - ray nanoprobe ( hxn ) being developed for the national", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5555221343407006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.021935"} {"text": "powerful x - ray microscopes. with ultra - high resolution x - ray optics at ultra - bright synchrotrons \u2014 such as the 120 - meter - long hard x - ray nanoprobe ( hxn ) being developed for the national synchrotron light source ii ( nsls - ii ) at brookhaven lab \u2014 researchers will see structure and chemistry deep inside natural and engineered materials as they address some of the biggest questions in materials science, physics, chemistry, environmental sciences, and biology. unprecedented capabilities, however, bring critical technical challenges, but scientists at brookhaven lab are on the job. in this video of the 486th brookhaven lecture, yong chu illustrates unique challenges and innovative approaches for x - ray microscopy at the nanoscale. he also discusses measurement capabilities for the first science experiments at nsls - ii. chu joined the photon sciences directorate at brookhaven lab as group leader for the hxn beamline at nsls - ii in 2009. the innovative research of a montana state university student, neerja zambare, a senior from pune, india, majoring in both chemical engineering and biological engineering, was selected as one of the country \u2019 s undergraduate researchers for her poster about a bio - cement that effectively plugs cracks near wells and drilling sites. zambare exhibited her research poster, \u201c biofilm induced biomineralization in a radial flow reactor, \u201d at the council on undergraduate research \u2019 s posters on the hill exhibition april 23 - 24 in washington, d. c., one of the country \u2019 s most prestigious undergraduate research fairs. zambare was accompanied by robin gerlach, msu professor of chemical and biological engineering and zambare \u2019 s research mentor. gerlach said zambare convinced him that she would be the right person to join his lab group in the center for biofilm engineering. the group trained her and then asked her to join a project that the lab had been working on for some time \u2014 a bacterium that makes calcium carbonate and has potential applications in sealing ponds, plugging cracks emitting carbon dioxide near carbon sequestration wells as well as abandoned wells. ( arxiv ) two modifications have been made to a miniature ceramic anvil high pressure cell ( mcac ) designed for magnetic measurements at pressures up to 12. 6 gpa in a commercial superconducting quantum interference ( squid ) magnetometer. replacing the cu - be piston in the former mcac with a composite piston composed of the cu - be and ceramic cylinders reduces the background", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5780505242653622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.022983"} {"text": "pressures up to 12. 6 gpa in a commercial superconducting quantum interference ( squid ) magnetometer. replacing the cu - be piston in the former mcac with a composite piston composed of the cu - be and ceramic cylinders reduces the background magnetization significantly smaller at low temperatures, enabling more precise magnetic measurements at low temperatures. a second modification to the mcac is the utilization of a ceramic anvil with a hollow in the center of the culet surface. high pressures up to 5 gpa were generated with the \u201c cupped ceramic anvil \u201d with the culet size of 1. 0 mm. ( gigaom ) it \u2019 s all very well talking about the evolution of wearable computing and the internet of things, but something has to power these thin and / or tiny devices. for that reason, it \u2019 s a good thing that so many ideas are popping up in the field of energy harvesting and storage. some of these ideas were on display this week at the printed electronics europe 2013 event in berlin, which took in a variety of sub - events including the energy harvesting & storage europe show. the concepts ranged from the practical to the experimental, so let \u2019 s start with the practical. finding a way to exponentially double the hydrogen atoms to create a sustainable amount of hydrogen regeneration so that a new form of energy can be harvested is the ultimate goal of researchers at the south dakota school of mines & technology. rajesh shende, phd, and jan puszynski, phd, of the department of chemical and biological engineering, have been awarded a $ 299, 975 nsf three - year grant to test high - temperature water splitting in multiple thermochemical cycles. using thermally - stabilized redox materials, particularly ferrites, already the team has documented reliable multiple - cycle results, sparking hope that sustainable hydrogen energy through the use of thermal hydro - splitting will one day be feasible, says shende. just two other us. locations, and possibly a third, are conducting similar research, according to shende. one of the aspects that makes the mines experiments unique is that the group has successfully split water molecules during multiple cycles at significantly lower temperatures than other documented research efforts. while others have demonstrated thermochemical splitting at 800 - 1, 500\u00b0c, the school of mines has documented multiple cycles at 700 - 1, 100\u00b0c, which could potentially lead to a more affordable large - scale effort. ( youtube ) scientists at johannes gutenberg university mainz and the max planck institute for polymer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6318512800253135, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.024165"} {"text": "to produce. ( mit technology review ) buyers considering an electric car must bear in mind that using battery - powered heating and air conditioning can decrease the car \u2019 s range by a third or more. but, a heating and cooling system being developed by researchers at mit almost eliminates the drain on the battery. the researchers are working with ford on a system that they hope to test in ford \u2019 s focus ev within the next two years. the work is being funded with a $ 2. 7 million grant from the arpa - e. the researchers describe their new device as a thermal battery. it uses materials that can store large amounts of coolant in a small volume. as the coolant moves through the system, it can be used for either heating or cooling. in the system, water is pumped into a low - pressure container, evaporating and absorbing heat in the process. the water vapor is then exposed to an adsorbant \u2014 a material with microscopic pores that have an affinity for water molecules. this material pulls the vapor out of the container, keeping the pressure low so more water can be pumped in and evaporated. this evaporative cooling process can be used to cool off the passenger compartment. as the material adsorbs water molecules, heat is released ; it can be run through a radiator and dissipated into the atmosphere when the system is used for cooling, or it can be used to warm up the passenger compartment. the system requires very little electricity - just enough to run a small pump and fans to blow cool or warm air. eventually the adsorbant can \u2019 t take in any more water, but the system can be \u201c recharged \u201d by heating the adsorbant above 200\u00b0c. this causes it to release the water, which is condensed and returned to a reservoir. in honor of doe secretary chu \u2019 s last day at the department, here \u2019 s a look back at his time overseeing important investments in science, innovation, and clean energy technologies that are making america more competitive and helping us win the race for a clean energy future. for more than four years, he has provided remarkable leadership in pursuing both president obama \u2019 s nuclear security agenda as well as an all - of - the - above approach to energy that invests in clean energy, reduces our dependence on foreign oil, addresses the global climate crisis, and supports the clean energy jobs of the future. the same material that formed the first primitive transistors more than 60 years ago can be modified in a new way to advance future electronics", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.6184027965509606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.026736"} {"text": "reduces our dependence on foreign oil, addresses the global climate crisis, and supports the clean energy jobs of the future. the same material that formed the first primitive transistors more than 60 years ago can be modified in a new way to advance future electronics, according to a new study. chemists at ohio state university have developed the technology for making a one - atom - thick sheet of germanium, and found that it conducts electrons more than ten times faster than silicon and five times faster than conventional germanium. the material \u2019 s structure is closely related to that of graphene \u2014 a much - touted two - dimensional material comprised of single layers of carbon atoms. as such, graphene shows unique properties compared to its more common multilayered counterpart, graphite. graphene has yet to be used commercially, but experts have suggested that it could one day form faster computer chips, and maybe even function as a superconductor, so many labs are working to develop it. joshua goldberger, assistant professor of chemistry at ohio state, decided to take a different direction and focus on more traditional materials. in a paper published online in acs nano, he and his colleagues describe how they were able to create a stable, single layer of germanium atoms. in this form, the crystalline material is called germanane. researchers have tried to create germanane before. this is the first time anyone has succeeded at growing sufficient quantities of it to measure the material \u2019 s properties in detail, and demonstrate that it is stable when exposed to air and water. here is what we are hearing : morgan technical ceramics, a market leader in the design and manufacture of high - quality ceramic solutions, is extending its material portfolio with the launch of a new piezoelectric material. pzt5k1 is suitable for applications in the fields of scientific instrumentation, maritime, medical, energy harvesting. and general industry. pzt5k1 is just one of a range of pzt materials supplied by the company. the new material \u2019 s high density and low porosity mean the material can be used for machining 1 - 3 composite structures in highly sensitive sonar and medical ultrasonic transducers, as well as high - performance actuators, specialist sensors, and energy harvesting devices. using an innovative new core process, morgan manufactures the material to offer optimised voltage charge coefficients. its high d33 rating improves the electrical charge generated in energy harvesting applications, while its high d31 coefficient enhances the levels of displacement in actuators.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.573503979934598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.027907"} {"text": "innovative new core process, morgan manufactures the material to offer optimised voltage charge coefficients. its high d33 rating improves the electrical charge generated in energy harvesting applications, while its high d31 coefficient enhances the levels of displacement in actuators. bimorph components are available in a variety of sizes and shapes, as squares, rectangles and discs. sizes range from 6 - 74mm in length and 1 - 43mm in width. discs and components up to 254mm in diameter can be manufactured in an extensive range of thicknesses, between 3 - 35mm. components are typically supplied with fired - on silver electrodes although options include thin nickel electrodes. the conference will be held in conjunction with the exhibition and will provide a platform for the hollow and container glass manufacturing industries to meet in an intimate, relaxed environment and do business with decision makers involved in all aspects of design, process and production. the program will discuss market trends and analysis, technology developments, case studies and innovation. speakers include : stolzle glass, feve, glass global, british glass, polish institute of ceramics and building materials, tses glass, tu freiberg ( freiberg university ), arc international, agms, glass service, pneumofore, forehearth services, xpar vision, heye international, ilis gmbh, msc & sgcc, jli vision, athena, and vertech osram is illuminating the tenth cruise ship of the aida fleet with 9, 000 lamps and more than 1 kilometer of led strips. the \u201c swimming city \u201d has a total length of 253. 33 metres and a width of 32. 20 metres, and offers space for around 2, 500 passengers. \u201c cruise ships with their complex range of demands are in reality lighthouses for lighting applications, \u201d commented martin nuboldt, the manager responsible for the project at osram. the ship was inaugurated with the name of aidastella in warnemunde, germany, on march 16, 2013. diverse areas were equipped with 9, 000 osram halogen eco lamps and 1, 200 metres of flexible led modules ensure both white and coloured light. panalytical, the world \u2019 s leading supplier of analytical x - ray equipment and software, is set to launch its new software for x - ray fluorescence ( xrf ) systems. panalytical developed stratos, a brand new software package, for both the epsilon 3 and axios spectrometer ranges. the company will also be releasing an upgrade of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5587155944610271, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.029009"} {"text": "new software for x - ray fluorescence ( xrf ) systems. panalytical developed stratos, a brand new software package, for both the epsilon 3 and axios spectrometer ranges. the company will also be releasing an upgrade of the fingerprint software for the epsilon 3 range. stratos features built - in intelligence and can quickly and accurately analyze the thickness and composition of coatings, surface layers and layered structures. multi - layer samples can be analyzed with bulk standards, without the need for in - type standards that are sometimes hard to source. another significant advantage of the software is its flexibility and the ease of use provided by the \u2018 virtual analyst \u2019. this unique tool is a consultant for advanced method development and provides optimum measurement settings for analysis, which can be time - consuming for complex stack structures. stratos is able to analyze more than 16 layers, depending on their thickness and composition. it is also easily combined with panalytical \u2019 s omnian semi - quantitative software. morgan thermal ceramics announced the availability of cerox fired refractory shapes, offered in a range of material compositions, including many specifically used for the manufacture of rotating and non - rotating airplane components and automotive turbochargers. dense, hard, and chemically stable, cerox fired refractory shapes offer resistance to chemical attack from acids, slags, and gases to produce the cleaner, contaminant - free metal desired by end users in aerospace and automotive steel foundries. fired shapes manufactured from sillimanite cerox 200 are composed of 74 percent alumina and fired mullite, which are prized for their chemical attack resistance, good thermal shock, and excellent non - wetting characteristics at temperatures as high as 2, 850\u00b0f. other materials available include cerox 700 which has a high alumina content as well as versatile shape capability, making it ideal for products with complex shapes, including crucibles, tundishes, and launder systems. for complex shapes, cerox 720 which also features a high alumina content, is particularly adapted to developing shapes with thin walls, due to its fine grain and high strength. to provide clean and green energy alternatives at an affordable cost, mayur renergy solution ( a pune - & boston - based corporation ) has signed a contract with the fraunhofer institute for ceramic technologies and systems ( ikts ), germany, to develop solid oxide fuel cell products for the markets in developing countries. the main goal is the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5277486301334147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.030056"} {"text": "pune - & boston - based corporation ) has signed a contract with the fraunhofer institute for ceramic technologies and systems ( ikts ), germany, to develop solid oxide fuel cell products for the markets in developing countries. the main goal is the development of a fuel cell product at local prices that will help to solve the electricity situation in india and other developing countries. envisioned is a micro power plant which will be installed in every house. as part of this promising project fraunhofer ikts will develop prototypes based on the established eneramic fuel cell system, which will be extended for higher power classes. mayur \u2019 s vision is to combine solar, wind, biogas and fuel cell technologies to provide energy independence to rural india and thus bringing prosperity and stability to the rural economy. fraunhofer ikts will develop first prototypes until 2014 and transfer the know how to mayur, who in turn will work on commercializing the technology. h. c. starck, one of the leading manufacturers of customer - specific powders and components made from technology metals and advanced ceramics, has sustained its position in 2012 despite a more difficult market environment. the company achieved 862. 9 million euros in sales, after 883. 2 million euros in the extraordinary strong growth year 2011. as of december 31, 2012, the company had 2, 926 employees ( 2011 : 2, 816 ). \u201c h. c. starck was able expand its market position in all major industries, maintain its sales at the level of the previous year despite falling metal prices, and achieve the second best result in the last ten years, \u201d says andreas meier, chairman. the company was able to strengthen its powder business by gaining market share for high capacity tantalum powders and expanding its niobium business significantly. in the business segment of fabricated products and components, h. c. starck has successfully responded to strong demand from the semiconductor industry and the chemical processing industry. also, the company successfully expanded into the rapidly growing market of high temperature furnaces with the production of highly complex heat shields and crucibles made of molybdenum and tungsten for sapphire furnaces used in led production. the company invested a double - digit million euro sum in the expansion of its asia business and in the targeted expansion of production capacities at its german sites. research and development activities of h. c. starck focused on a new generation of high - capacity tantalum powders. the company also will continue to drive future technologies. since", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5058950343809778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.031070"} {"text": "and in the targeted expansion of production capacities at its german sites. research and development activities of h. c. starck focused on a new generation of high - capacity tantalum powders. the company also will continue to drive future technologies. since mid - 2012, h. c. starck operates a joint venture with japan new chisso corp. for cathode material for high - performance lithium ion batteries. part of h. c. starck \u2019 s long - term strategy is the recycling of raw materials. in the procurement of primary raw materials, the company continues to rely exclusively on conflict - free raw materials in accordance with the guidelines of the electronic industry citizenship coalition. vector strategy \u2019 s 2013 us military body armor procurement analysis is available for immediate purchase and delivery effective. this report provides an analysis of 2000 to 2013 us military body armor procurement and three scenarios for 2014 to 2020 procurement. each scenario is based on a different set of assumptions about procurement of next generation body armor systems, sustainment of legacy body armor systems, and industrial base sustainment policies or outcomes. we have outlined tradeoffs that the dod will need to make as they develop future funding requirements for the army \u2019 s soldier protection system and the usmc \u2019 s modular scalable protection system. the report also provides an in depth analysis of 2008 to 2013 us military sustainment awards and questions dod \u2019 s strategy regarding the sustainment of their body armor inventory. this report is essential for organizations who need to understand future us military body armor procurement and the tradeoffs made when optimizing modernization, sustainment, and the industrial base in an era of severe dod fiscal constraint. here is what we are hearing : lynas corp. is pleased to confirm that the lynas advanced material plant in malaysia ( lamp ) has produced its first rare earths products for customers. lynas announced on jan. 7, 2013, the successful commissioning of the cracking and leaching rare earth extraction units at the lamp. the recovery rates from the cracking units continue to be high, in excess of 90 percent of the contained rare earth oxides ( reo ). following commissioning of the cracking and leaching circuits, the company has been working through early stage production issues that are typical for any start up of a new plant. our focus is on increasing throughput and optimizing use of equipment. these issues have not materially impacted on the overall production ramp - up schedule. the company \u2019 s target for the phase 1 nameplate production capacity of 11, 000 tons per annum of re", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47265147807392005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.033885"} {"text": "on increasing throughput and optimizing use of equipment. these issues have not materially impacted on the overall production ramp - up schedule. the company \u2019 s target for the phase 1 nameplate production capacity of 11, 000 tons per annum of reo remains q2 2013. a report from companiesandmarkets. com says that the north american market for technical and advanced structural ceramics was $ 3. 2 billion in 2010 and $ 3. 4 billion in 2011. the report predicts this value will increase to $ 4. 4 billion in 2016, a compound annual growth rate of 5. 1 percent between 2011 and 2016. bioceramics, the largest segment constituting 64 percent of the 2011 total technical and advanced ceramics market, should continue to hold that much of the market over the next five years. the advanced armor and military market is expected to show slower growth than in the recent past due to the gradual us disengagement from iraq and afghanistan. the qualitative and quantitative judgments in this report represent a valuable contribution to the knowledge of leading companies in advanced and structural ceramic materials, components, processing techniques, applications and markets. though emphasis is on company expertise and their market niche, direction is given in each structural ceramic application category and their respective properties, processing technologies, and properties. the increasing global nature of the advanced and structural ceramic market is evidenced through the companies discussed and their subsidiaries. the european ceramic industry further strengthens its representation in brussels. newly appointed construction and sustainability manager nuno pargana encountered his first kiln early as a child of a portuguese ceramic decorator. after having worked for reuters in poland and finishing his dissertation on the lca of thermal insulation materials, nuno now augments cerame - unie \u2019 s technical expertise and handles everything concerning construction policy and sustainability for the ceramic industry. among the eight sectors represented by cerame - unie, nuno will be responsible for the clay pipe and the sanitaryware markets. to increase the industry \u2019 s visibility, the austrian benjamin wilhelm got promoted to communications manager, who until recently coordinated the genesis of the remark - able ceramic roadmap to 2050. the team will be further strengthened by the arrival of anne - sophie gerst, detached by the french association fftb. anne - sophie explored the cement industry in parallel to her studies. specialized in european affairs and energy issues, she will now work particularly on ets and environment with directors adolfo aiello and astrid volckaert. director general renaud batier is certain \u201c the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4265263916393781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.035944"} {"text": "the cement industry in parallel to her studies. specialized in european affairs and energy issues, she will now work particularly on ets and environment with directors adolfo aiello and astrid volckaert. director general renaud batier is certain \u201c the ceramic industry \u2019 s voice will be heard loud and clear in 2013. \u201d bryan a. shinn, president and chief executive officer of u. s. silica holdings inc., says \u201c 2012 was truly exceptional for u. s. silica, starting with our successful initial public offering at the beginning of the year and concluding with record financial results for the full twelve months. our success is due largely to the power of our business model, our strong customer relationships and the drive and determination of our talented group of employees. \u201d shinn continues, \u201c looking ahead, we have strategically positioned ourselves well in all of our major markets to provide a strong platform for sustained growth and increased profitability in 2013. \u201d revenue totaled $ 441. 9 million compared with $ 295. 6 million in 2011, driven primarily by strength in the oil and gas proppants segment. overall sales volumes increased to 7. 2 million tons or 14 % above the prior year sales volume of 6. 3 million tons. contribution margin totaled $ 193. 7 million compared with $ 120. 6 million in 2011. adjusted ebitda was $ 150. 6 million or 34. 0 % of revenue compared with $ 93. 6 million or 31. 7 % of revenue in 2011. net income was $ 79. 2 million or $ 1. 50 per basic and diluted share compared with $ 30. 3 million or $ 0. 61 per basic and diluted share for the full year 2011. sri ventures vp norman winarsky sits down with techcrunch \u2019 s anthony ha to discuss sri \u2019 s spin out philosophy and process, our current and future projects, and the contemporary ecosystem of innovation from incubators to research institutes. from the creation of the first computer mouse to the development of siri, sri international has been propelling tech innovation for over half a century. the nonprofit research institute is responsible for advancements across any number of fields, from media to medicine, education to economics, arpanet to modern ai. sri has created and launched more than 40 ventures, with a total market capitalization exceeding $ 20 billion, and hundreds of high value licenses for their ip. behind this effort is a process of research, development, deployment and commercialization for ventures and licenses that brings to bear its own innovative practices. in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4436853891308109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.037019"} {"text": "with a total market capitalization exceeding $ 20 billion, and hundreds of high value licenses for their ip. behind this effort is a process of research, development, deployment and commercialization for ventures and licenses that brings to bear its own innovative practices. in this conversation, techcrunch \u2019 s anthony ha sits down with winarsky to discuss sri \u2019 s spin out philosophy and process, their current and future projects, and the contemporary ecosystem of innovation from incubators to research institutes. schott north america inc. is sponsoring a wood stove design challenge to promote clean - burning wood stoves. in addition to its sponsorship, the company will offer expertise in glass - ceramics to the challenge \u2019 s finalists in hopes of finding new innovations in home heating as well as raising awareness about clean - burning wood stoves wood stoves have been heating homes for hundreds of years, but not the way today \u2019 s high - tech, clean - burning stoves do. modern woodstoves have seen major upgrades that have made them efficient, cost - effective, and environmentally friendly, and new innovations are uncovered every day to make them more sustainable. that \u2019 s why schott, supplier of robax, a glass - ceramic for environmentally friendly woodstoves and fireplaces, is partnering with and sponsoring the design challenge, which seeks out next - generation stove designs and draws attention to clean - burning wood stoves. as part of its sponsorship, schott will make available its expertise in glass - ceramic materials to the 14 challenge finalists, whose stoves will be tested and judged on the national mall in washington, d. c., in nov. 2013. the wood stove design challenge seeks to promote next - generation stove designs, build a community of innovators, and showcase stove innovation to the public. few consumers, homebuilders, and politicians are aware of the technological advancements in wood stoves that have turned such units into highly efficient heating units. refractron technologies corp. is proud to announce that it will be exhibiting at interwire 2013 at booth 870, from april 23 - 25 in atlanta, georgia. as the largest and longest - running wire and cable marketplace in the americas, the international trade event draws speakers, attendees, and exhibiting companies from over 50 different countries and spans dozens of industries. wire association international, the organizer of the event, is a worldwide society for wire and cable industry professionals. this year, refractron will be promoting its izory tetragonally toughened zirconia drawing cones", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.512241532904257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.038470"} {"text": "\" gaaaar! i ' m gonna hold you down and eat you alive! while flapping! \" photo by dominique pipet, via flickr. what did deinonychus really do with its feet? john ostrom initially painted the picture of a fleet - footed predator, chasing down prey animals and slashing at them with the enlarged claw on its second toe. to take it from crichton, they were slitting bellies and dancing in spilled viscera. a few years ago, phil manning of the university of manchester suggested they were more likely \" climbing crampons, \" allowing them to cling to the panicky tenontosaurs they were attacking. in a new plos one paper, denver fowler, with elizabeth freedman, john scannella, and robert kambic, puts forward another option : they were grasping tools for holding down smaller prey ( or, in typically colorful science - speak, prey of \" subequal body size \" ). to come to this conclusion, fowler and team compared the feet of deinonychus to other animals : a diverse group of extinct theropod genera as well as living birds. when compared to dinosaurs, the proportions of their feet differed strikingly from ornithomimids and alvarezsaurs, both groups whose leg proportions strongly suggest a cursorial lifestyle. they were runners. as matt martyniuk recently wrote in an excellent dinogoss post, the sticky assumption that dromaeosaurs were particularly quick animals, chasing down prey, isn ' t really supported by the evidence. noting that ostrom ' s first ideas changed once he took full stock of the proportions of deinonychus ' s metatarsus length to its tibia length, matt writes, \" not only was deinonychus not particularly fast, it probably could not have been nearly as fast as most other small theropods, including modern flightless birds, let alone cheetahs. \" to test his hypothesis that deinonychus was instead using its feet to hold onto prey as it killed it, fowler compared its foot proportions to living birds who use their feet in diverse ways, including accipiters, owls, falcons, passerines, vultures, osprey, woodpeckers, and pheasants. accipiters, aka hawks and eagles, are adept at holding down prey, using second toes which have larger claws than the others. this second claw was the closest analog to the dromaeosaur \" sick", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43974098458255173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.043913"} {"text": "and pheasants. accipiters, aka hawks and eagles, are adept at holding down prey, using second toes which have larger claws than the others. this second claw was the closest analog to the dromaeosaur \" sickle - claw \" yet found. the metatarsal bones were short and stocky like those of owls, suggesting that they were just as good at grasping small prey, if not built to constrict around prey and squeeze the life out of it the way accipiters can. also assisting deinonychus in subduing and keeping a grip on its prey, fowler suggests, is that feathered forelimbs could have been used the way accipiters use their wings, flapping to maintain stability on top of a struggling prey animal. he writes, even if deinonychosauria were not capable of a full avian - like flapping ability, they may have been able to perform a rudimentary flight stroke during stability flapping. similarly, long feathered tails are conspicuous in accipiters and aid in maneuverability and balance during stability flapping. basal paraves and deinonychosauria possessed long bony tails which are shown to have been well feathered... and would have assisted balance during predation and stability flapping. this suggests another use for flapping, feathered forelimbs other than flight. the dromaeosaur would ambush its prey, hold it down by plunging its enlarged second claw into it, holding it down by its own weight, flapping to keep its balance and maintain its grip. those long forearm feathers and fiercely clawed hands would have also been useful to \" mantle \" their meal, protecting it from rivals and further preventing escape. fowler writes, an important part of our interpretation is that ground - based predation need not necessarily be conducted at high speed. it is commonplace for extant terrestrial predators to employ surprise ambush techniques ; goshawks and other forest raptor species commonly hunt on the ground, employing ambush and maneuverability as strategies, rather than outright pursuittroodontids also figure into this, as fowler notes their common presence in ecosystems alongside dromaeosaurs. comparitively, the feet of troodontids were better suited for chasing down their prey. as dromaeosaurs went for larger prey, troodontids may have been specialized for hunting small mammals, for example, perhaps in darkness as suggested by their famously large eyes. noting that extant avian therop", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4534708203321584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.045008"} {"text": "chasing down their prey. as dromaeosaurs went for larger prey, troodontids may have been specialized for hunting small mammals, for example, perhaps in darkness as suggested by their famously large eyes. noting that extant avian theropods such as golden eagles aren ' t afraid to go after much larger prey, fowler writes that his research here doesn ' t necessarily preclude the long - inferred habit of dromaeosaurs to pick on animals their own size or larger. had they worked up the gumption to have tenontosaur for supper, the \" climbing crampon \" quality of the second toe claw noted by phil manning would certainly come in handy for prey riding. in a sort of cretaceous rodeo, the dromaeosaur would have leaped onto the back of a passing tenontosaur, holding on for dear life as it thrashed about until blood loss and exhaustion finally brought it down. this research is rich with possibilities for future studies, and it will be fun to see what comes of it. there are the biomechanical implications of stability flapping to look at, as well as plenty of argument over how this hypothesis impacts the early evolution of flight. lots of meat on this bone. also published in plos one yesterday : scannella and jack horner continue to strike genera from the books, this time adding nedoceratops to the list of ontogenetic phases of triceratops. another deals with how reproductive strategies affect body size in a variety of animals, including dinosaurs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4727777965969268, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.045823"} {"text": "rediscovery of \" extinct \" species on mauritius spurs joint action to secure its future 21 june 2001 | news story gland, switzerland ( iucn ) 21. 06. 01. the rediscovery of a mauritian plant last seen in the wild in 1863 has spurred collaborative efforts on the island to help save the species. trochetia parviflora, a small, attractive tree found only on mauritius, was recently rediscovered by vincent florens and his colleague jean - claude sevathian during their third expedition to find the species. vincent is a member of the indian ocean island plant specialist group, of iucn ' s species survival commission. the pair found one plant clinging to a rocky slope in the corps de garde mountain nature reserve, some 6km from the nearest area in which it was previously known. \" we could not believe we had found the species, it seemed too good to be true \", said vincent. \" we both knew the plant very well from old herbarium samples and knew what it was immediately. the plant is exquisite with its curvy trunk, dense branches, small pointed leaves and pale green fruits, and has survived for centuries in the harsh conditions of the cliff edge. \" since the initial rediscovery, vincent and jean - claude have intensified their search on the mountain and have now found 63 plants. although thrilled by the find, vincent is concerned for the continued survival of the species. \" all the plants are in a precarious situation, within a 500m stretch of mountain slope which is vulnerable to landslides and fire that could destroy the population \", he said. the genus trochetia is well known in mauritius as trochetia boutoniana is the country ' s national flower, known locally as boucle d ' oreille ( french for ear - ring ). the flora of mauritius is one of the most endangered in the world with nearly 300 threatened species - approximately 28 % of the island ' s estimated 1, 100 native species. the main threat is invasive introduced plant species that have taken over almost all the island ' s natural habitats, and are choking the small area inhabited by t. parviflora. introduced rats and monkeys eat the tree ' s fruit, and the plants are attacked by termites. vincent and jean - claude have taken cuttings from the trees and collected seeds to try to propagate the species to help boost the wild population. efforts to secure the species have been boosted by a $ 2, 500 grant from the chicago zoological society applied for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4058945855287074, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.050124"} {"text": "jean - claude have taken cuttings from the trees and collected seeds to try to propagate the species to help boost the wild population. efforts to secure the species have been boosted by a $ 2, 500 grant from the chicago zoological society applied for by the indian ocean island plant specialist group. work to protect the wild population and propagate new plants will involve the mauritius herbarium arboretum, part of the mauritius sugar industry research institute, forestry service nurseries, and other nurseries of the national parks and conservation service. surveys by vincent, his sister danielle florens, who is also a member of the specialist group, and jean - claude have increased the known number of native species on corps de garde by 20 %. all three work for the mauritius herbarium. vincent and jean - claude have dedicated the rediscovery to their friend, adrien wiehe, a local priest who has a keen interest in mauritian botany. now in his 70s, it has been his lifetime dream to rediscover this plant, and only four days before the event, he was looking for rare plants on the same mountain. \" now that this almost mythical species has been rediscovered maybe we can hope that one day, people could find other ' extinct ' species clinging to life in other remote areas \", vincent added. for more information contact : vincent florens tel : + 230 454 1061 or + 230 686 2357 firstname. lastname @ example. org jean - claude sevathian tel : + 230 454 1061 or + 230 466 7780 anna knee tel : + 41 22 9990153 email @ example. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43642610204203347, "token_count": 336, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.050920"} {"text": "forests, people and climate change : the redd solution 01 october 2009 | news story major reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions are necessary if we are to avoid disastrous climate change. given that deforestation and forest degradation account for up to 17 % of man - made global greenhouse gas emissions, conservation and sustainable management of forests is a good place to start. the relatively new approach of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation ( redd ) can help achieve this goal if it is based on good social and environmental principles and fully integrated into broader strategies aimed at achieving deep cuts in carbon emissions from fossil fuels. with the impacts of climate change more serious than previously thought, redd can offer a \u2018 bridging strategy, \u2019 reducing short - term emissions and buying time while the world adapts to a low carbon path. to maximize its effectiveness, redd needs to be broadened to include the restoration of degraded forests and enhancement of carbon stocks, alongside conservation and sustainable forest management. this is known as \u2018 redd - plus \u2019 and offers multiple environmental and social benefits. in the build - up to the un framework convention on climate change conference in copenhagen in december, we \u2019 re starting a three - month climate change focus, beginning by highlighting some of the issues involved in redd. we also profile people from around the world who are working hard to make redd a reality for their country.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45914245475838644, "token_count": 278, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.053562"} {"text": "establishment of the pacific resource and environmental economics network ( preen ) 29 january 2010 | news story the use of resource and environmental economic analytical information to support and or underpin economic development and environmental conservation decisions is relatively new in the pacific. resource management has conventionally either not involved consideration of economic factors at all or has involved it only inadequately. similarly environmental conservation decisions often did not include livelihood or opportunity cost considerations. the failure of some environmental or natural resource management initiatives has consequently been attributed to the poor policy or project design arising from that economics gap. part of the reason for inadequate consideration of economic issues in natural resource management is the lack of capacity in natural resource economics in the pacific. many pacific island country governments do not have the resources to employ dedicated natural resource economists in their administration. in any event, there are few trained resource and environmental economist around to employ ; most economics graduates find employment in the financial, macroeconomic or general planning sector while others may move overseas or not use their economics training at all. for those few natural resource economists that do operate in the pacific, progress in conducting economic analysis can be hampered by isolation ; there are few resource economists around with whom to share ideas, develop initiatives or share work. building on loose network of resource and environmental economists and those interested in the use of economics to inform resource and environmental management in the pacific, the iucn oceania regional office with the support of the pacific islands applied geoscience commission ( sopac ) and the south pacific community, formally established the pacific resource and environmental economics network ( preen ). the main goal of preen is to foster improved cooperation and communication between practicing economists and other stakeholders to help mainstream the use of economic analysis in resource and environmental management in the pacific. the network was kick - started with a two day workshop held in late september to facilitate discussions on current research, issues and experiences between the members. abstracts of these papers have been published in the first preen newsletter which is downloadable from preen ' s newly created homepage. read more about this and visit the website : the peer - reviewed papers presented at this workshop will be made available in the workshop proceedings in early 2010.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4572617295518685, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.056006"} {"text": "once upon a time two explorers came upon a clearing in the jungle. in the clearing were growing many flowers and many weeds. one explorer says, \" some gardener must tend this plot. \" the other disagrees, \" there is no gardener. \" so they pitch their tents and set a watch. no gardener is ever seen. \" but perhaps he is an invisible gardener. \" so they set up a barbed - wire fence. they electrify it. they patrol with bloodhounds. ( for they remember how h. g. well ' s the invisible man could be both smelt and touched though he could not be seen. ) but no shrieks ever suggest that some intruder has received a shock. no movements of the wire ever betray an invisible climber. the bloodhounds never give cry. yet still the believer is not convinced. \" but there is a gardener, invisible, intangible, insensible, to electric shocks, a gardener who has no scent and makes no sound, a gardener who comes secretly to look after the garden which he loves. \" at last the sceptic despairs, \" but what remains of your original assertion? just how does what you call an invisible, intangible, eternally elusive gardener differ from an imaginary gardener or even from no gardener at all? \" darwin and the evolutionists see a gardener, and to these motivated believers evolution is true despite even glaring question marks and failed expectations that have other observers wondering how evolutionists can be so sure their idea is a fact. and as in flew ' s parable, sometimes evolutionists have creative explanations for why the evidence does not seem to reveal their gardener. consider prestin, a protein important in mammalian hearing. prestin, a transmembrane protein in the outer hair cells of the cochlea, is a frequency - selective amplifier in a sound system that works something like this. as sound enters the ear, it deflects the outer hair causing tiny amounts of stretching or compression in the outer hair cells. there are channel proteins that sit in the membrane of these cells which are sensitive to such mechanical strain. these proteins provide a tunnel ( or channel ) across the membrane so that ions can easily cross, and the mechanical strain can cause the channels to open. these channels are precisely designed to allow only certain types of ions to cross. for example, some channels allow the positively charged potassium ion to cross but not the positively charged sodium ion, and vice - versa. when a channel opens, ions usually tend to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5932922944635499, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.070633"} {"text": "these channels are precisely designed to allow only certain types of ions to cross. for example, some channels allow the positively charged potassium ion to cross but not the positively charged sodium ion, and vice - versa. when a channel opens, ions usually tend to cross through the membrane ( either into the cell or out of the cell ) because the ion concentration is not uniform, and because there is a voltage, across the membrane. such differences in concentrations across the membrane, and the voltage, are actively maintained by the cell. they serve as a sort of battery whose energy can be tapped at any time by opening membrane channels. when the incoming sound causes certain channels to open, the ions that cross cause a change in the membrane voltage. in the outer hair cells, this voltage change encourages negatively charged chlorine ions to exit the cell. they interact with the prestin protein, in the membrane, to cause a mechanical deformation resulting in the elongation of the cell. in other words, the incoming sound, that caused the hair to move, ends up causing yet more hair movement, and this serves precisely to amplify the incoming sound. this amplification is greater at low sound levels, as it should be. one of the interesting features of this system is the speed at which it operates. obviously in order to amplify sound you need to respond as fast as the changes in sound occur. protein motors often use chemical energy ( such as the splitting of the atp molecule ) but that would be too slow for the ear ' s sound system. instead, prestin uses the membrane ' s voltage. this electrical energy can be used much faster and prestin operates at microsecond rates. here is how one paper summarized the system : the exquisitely high sensitivity and frequency selectivity of the mammalian hearing organ originates from a mechanical amplification mechanism that resides in the organ of corti, the sense organ of hearing in mammals. the gain provided by this amplification can reach as high as a thousandfold ; it is highest at low sound levels and progressively diminishes with increasing sound energy. of course evolution has no explanation for the origin of this system beyond unfounded speculation, but that is no surprise. new research is, however, adding a twist to the story. we now know that prestin proteins in certain bat and whale species ( used in their biosonar systems ) are more similar than evolution would expect. the massive prestin protein has too many amino acids that match up between these species.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5314155842465429, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.073824"} {"text": ". we now know that prestin proteins in certain bat and whale species ( used in their biosonar systems ) are more similar than evolution would expect. the massive prestin protein has too many amino acids that match up between these species. if one were to construct an evolutionary tree on the basis of prestin comparisons alone, then the bat and whale would be grouped together, and that cannot be correct. this fact alone need not be a problem for evolutionists. they simply say that prestin is under the influence of strong selection. in other words, there are strong functional constraints on prestin that require more similarity, even between distant species, than we typically find in proteins. in particular, researchers identified nine amino acids in prestin that seem to be responsible for the overly - consistent whale - bat matchup. those nine amino acids must be under very strong selection. if one of them mutated then the biosonar system would not work well. the bat or whale would not survive, and that is why we don ' t observe such changes. that is how natural selection works. but if all nine amino acids are required, how did evolution stumble onto the design in the first place? it would be highly unlikely for the right nine amino acids to arise via blind mutations, at the same time. of course this conundrum is not confined to the prestin protein. biology is packed with incredible designs that appear to be finely - tuned. and dozens of finely - tuned design parameters do not appear to be the result of evolution. the typical evolutionary explanation for biology ' s wonders is that those design parameters evolved one at a time. it was a gradual process as each setting independently contributed to increased fitness. in other words, a long series of lesser designs preceded today ' s marvels. but if a lesser design was good enough before, then why is it not good enough today? why are those nine amino acids maintained today in prestin if before only a few were required for success? the evolutionary answer is that there was an arms race. yes, lesser designs did the job before, but that was then and this is now. the competition has improved and so what worked before no longer does the job. but like flew ' s gardener, these other worlds are forever up for speculation. the competition may or may not have had this or that capability at this or that particular time. the precise timings and interactions can always be tweaked to fit the evolutionary narrative. and if it turns out that pre", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5595336341696027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.076033"} {"text": "unit title : integrating website activities in math for elementary teachers unit goal : to integrate web - based activities with text and hands - on manipulatives in the teaching of mathematics content to pre - service teachers unit summary : the four modules contained in this unit represent templates for the inclusion of content based, interactive websites throughout a semester long mathematics course for pre - service teachers. the modules \u2019 sequence is based on chapters 2 - 5 of mathematics for elementary school teachers ( houghton mifflin, 2nd ed ) by tom bassarear. this text is supplemented by the text author \u2019 s mathematics for elementary school teachers : explorations and a start with manipulatives kit from eta / cuisenaire. in each module, students are asked to explore and reflect on a given content based website prior to classroom instruction. ( a recommended site is given for each module ) following content instruction ( which include additional web - based activities and hands - on manipulatives, investigations and lecture ) students are required, in teams, to research other web sites which provide additional opportunities for content enhancement. their findings are then reported back to the class at the close of the semester. grade level ( k - 16 ) : 13 - 15 general subject area ( s ) : math for elementary school teachers minimum time required for the unit : 1 semester concepts learned across all unit modules : - accessing and evaluating interactive web sites - communicating student understanding of different pedagogical styles via journal writing - demonstrating competencies in addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division with respect to the given numeration system - recognizing patterns and properties of the fundamental operations - demonstrating competencies in whole, integer, rational and real number operations standards addressed by unit modules : mathematics curriculum, instruction, and assessment teaching strategies and activities that will aid in the development, delivery, and evaluation of the following : conceptual knowledge and procedural knowledge - curriculum components \u2013 for example, scope and sequence of skills and materials ; appropriate materials and technology ; learner objectives - use of manipulatives and developmentally appropriate materials ; variety and reliability - pre - number and number concepts \u2013 for example, counting objects, comparing objects ; classifying objects ; exploring sets ; ordering sets ; number patterns - problem solving \u2013 for example, investigate and understand content ; formulate problems from everyday situations ; develop strategies applicable to a wide range of problems ; verify and interpret results ; build student confidence ; identify and solve problems that are developmentally appropriate - content specific pedagogy \u2013 for example, theories necessary for implementing a sound instructional program", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5237863420081482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.087300"} {"text": "everyday situations ; develop strategies applicable to a wide range of problems ; verify and interpret results ; build student confidence ; identify and solve problems that are developmentally appropriate - content specific pedagogy \u2013 for example, theories necessary for implementing a sound instructional program such as accessing prior knowledge, constructing knowledge, modeling, informal reasoning, graphic organizers - addition and subtraction of whole numbers \u2013 for example, computational procedures ; relationships between addition and subtraction ; relationship between subtraction and division ; regrouping ; modeling the operations ; story problems - multiplication and division \u2013 for example, modeling the operations, interpretations for the operations ; computational procedures ; skill development ; story problems - concepts related to number theory \u2013 for example, factors, multiples, primes and composites, remainders, odd and even - rational numbers \u2013 for example, fraction and decimal equivalence ; computation ; modeling demonstrate number sense and operation sense, that is, an understanding of the foundational ideas of numbers, number properties, and operations defined on numbers. formal mathematical reasoning - order : demonstrate an understanding of order among whole numbers, fractions, and decimals - equivalence : demonstrate an understanding that a number can be represented in more than one way - numeration and place value : demonstrate an understanding of how numbers are named, place value, and order of magnitude of numbers - number properties : demonstrate an understanding of the properties of whole numbers without necessarily knowing the names of the properties - computation : perform computations ; adjust the result of a computation to fit the context of a problem ; identify numbers or information or operations needed to solve a problem - equations : solve simple equations and inequalities ; predict the outcome of changing some number or condition in a problem - estimation : estimate the result of a calculation ; determine the reasonableness of an estimate - algorithmic thinking : demonstrate an understanding of the algorithmic point of view \u2014 that is, follow a given procedure ; recognize various ways to solve a problem ; identify, complete, or analyze a procedure ; discover patterns in a procedure demonstrate an ability to use the basics of logic in a quantitative context. - logical connectives and quantifiers : interpret statements that use logical connectives ( and, or, if \u2013 then ) as well as quantifiers ( some, all, none ) - validity of arguments : use deductive reasoning to determine whether an argument ( a series of statements leading to a conclusion ) is valid or invalid - generalization : identify an appropriate generalization, an example that disproves an inappropriate generalization", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6073758090641914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.088598"} {"text": ") - validity of arguments : use deductive reasoning to determine whether an argument ( a series of statements leading to a conclusion ) is valid or invalid - generalization : identify an appropriate generalization, an example that disproves an inappropriate generalization, or a hidden assumption demonstrate the ability to : - use technology tools and information resources to increase productivity, promote creativity, and facilitate academic learning. - use content - specific tools ( e. g., software, simulation, environmental robes, graphing calculators, exploratory environments, web tools ) to support learning and research. - use technology resources to facilitate higher order and complex thinking skills, including problem solving, critical thinking, informed decision making, knowledge construction, and creativity. - use technology to locate, evaluate, and collect information from a variety of sources. - observe and experience the use of technology in their major field of study. technology needed in unit modules : - computer with internet access - computer with power point software - projection device for computer technology - enhanced instructional strategies employed : - technology - enriched problem - based learning - computer - based simulations / games / role - playing - web - based learning - electronic portfolio development - technology - enhanced demonstrations title of each module : # 1 \u2013 fundamental concepts # 2 \u2013 four fundamental operations # 3 \u2013 number theory # 4 \u2013 extending the number system unit culminating activity : student groups ( four person ) will present their website research results for the four chapters. these presentations will include : demonstrations of the web sites, evaluation of the websites, a comparison of website activity to text \u2019 s and hands - on manipulatives \u2019 approaches ( as applicable ) to the content area, and a written commentary. the commentary is to include : a summary of the individual chapter reflections, a personal reflection of their individual process in the acquisition of their chosen websites, a comparison of website activity to text \u2019 s and hands - on manipulatives \u2019 approaches ( as applicable ) to the content area and a description of the content skill ( s ) could be enhanced by a student using the web - based activities. view the culminating activity rubric unit authors : john august", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5135792479497598, "token_count": 431, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.089618"} {"text": "| an extraordinary or unusual thing, person, or event ; an exceptional example or instance. | | a gadget ; dingus ; thingumbob. | | 1. | | meat from the back and sides of a pig, dried, salted, and usually smoked | | 2. | | informal bring home the bacon | | a. to achieve success | | b. to provide material support | | 3. | | informal ( brit ) save someone ' s bacon to help someone to escape from danger | | [ c12 : from old french bacon, from old high german bahho ; related to old saxon baco ; see | | 1. | | francis, baron verulam, viscount st albans. 1561 - - 1626, english philosopher, statesman, and essayist ; described the inductive method of reasoning : his works include essays ( 1625 ), the advancement of learning ( 1605 ), and novum organum ( 1620 ) | | 2. | | francis. 1909 - - 92, british painter, born in dublin, noted for his distorted, richly coloured human figures, dogs, and carcasses | | 3. | | roger.? 1214 - - 92, english franciscan monk, scholar, and scientist : stressed the importance of experiment, demonstrated that air is required for combustion, and first used lenses to correct vision. his opus majus ( 1266 ) is a compendium of all the sciences of his age | | bacon ( ba ' k\u0259n ) pronunciation key english scientist and philosopher who is noted for the wide range of his knowledge and writing on scientific topics. bacon pioneered the idea that mathematics is fundamental to science and that experimentation is essential to test scientific theories. our living language : roger bacon was something of a renaissance man before there was a renaissance. over the course of his long life, his energetic research would lead him to study everything from languages to mathematics to optics. he is most remembered for his insistence on the importance of pursuing fruitful lines of scientific research through experimentation. his writings describe countless experiments ; while the majority were probably never performed by him, the profusion alone of experimental ideas is nothing short of astounding. his own laboratory work dealt primarily with alchemy, optics, and mechanics. he was among the first to apply geometric and mathematical principles to problems in optics and the behavior of light, allowing him to make important observations on reflection and refraction. his interest in mechanics led him to describe flying machines and other devices that had not yet been invented.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6273047647407182, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.092519"} {"text": "breaking boards and barriers you \u2019 ve seen it on the big screen : martial - arts greats kicking and punching themselves out of harm \u2019 s way. but is it possible from a wheelchair? when you think about what you \u2019 ve seen in the media or contemplate what you \u2019 ve heard about the training or competitions that often accompany martial arts, you might not see yourself being a martial artist. but, why not? whether learning the forms required for belt rank progression, getting \u201c in the ring \u201d and sparring with an opponent, becoming proficient at various weaponry tactics, using skills for self - defense or just having fun with a new passion, martial arts can be for everyone. in fact, the skills of the various martial arts can be therapeutic in many ways, as the training can benefit your mind, body and spirit. people have naturally been fighters and hunters and engaged in war since the beginning of time. and from nearly every corner of the earth, combat techniques developed into various styles of martial arts. the term \u201c martial arts \u201d comes from the latin, as it was considered the \u201c arts of mars, \u201d derived from the roman god of war. today \u2019 s martial arts have history in nearly every continent and continue to grow in number as additional off - shoots of the traditional arts are developed. although many of the most recognized martial arts come from asian countries, especially china, japan and korea, the list is nearly endless. something for everyone bill and patty auvenshine run auvenshine \u2019 s school of tae kwon do, based in illinois. students, young and old, with or without disability, can learn the martial arts. the martial arts encompass a wide array of techniques including full - contact combat sport, military - based styles, arts focused on fitness, self - defense tactics, meditative arts, weapons - based styles and martial arts that emphasize punches, kicks, grappling or throws. and even if an art involves kicks and you do not have use of your legs, there \u2019 s no reason you can \u2019 t train in it. martial arts are for everyone. in fact, they are one of the greatest resources for increasing core and body strength, self - confidence and overall health. if someone like the now infamous aaron fotheringham, born with spina bifida, can do a back flip from his wheelchair at a skate park, there are no limits for those with disabilities in any sport, including the martial arts. finding a school that has a committed instructor and flexible program is key. if you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44954454974539015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.096687"} {"text": "bifida, can do a back flip from his wheelchair at a skate park, there are no limits for those with disabilities in any sport, including the martial arts. finding a school that has a committed instructor and flexible program is key. if you focus on hard work, dedication and advancement, you will quickly find yourself healthier, mentally and physically, regardless of where you were when you entered your first class. your specific disability may fit better with some arts than others, but you shouldn \u2019 t feel limited to what traditional definitions or popular portrayals prescribe. regardless of your physical needs or challenges, nearly every move can be adapted, such as doing a wheelie or punch in place of a kick or a spin in place of a roundhouse maneuver. you can punch with one hand instead of another or position your body differently to accomplish other movements. if you are a chair user or end up on the ground, you \u2019 re in a great position for self - defense techniques, as the groin is often a key target and you \u2019 ll likely be in direct striking range. martial arts training can be an incredible asset to rehabilitation and regaining skills such as balance, coordination and mental focus. students with single or multiple limb amputations can use prostheses to replicate nearly every move. those with visual impairments often practice the martial arts with very minor adaptations, as people who are not disabled often practice their forms or spar blindfolded to gain increased skill and use their \u201c sixth sense, \u201d something those with variations of blindness often already possess. but replicating the actual movements is not the essence of martial arts : it \u2019 s the heart and effort you put into learning your selected art that \u2019 s truly important.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4381954812092704, "token_count": 346, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.097487"} {"text": "\" if something bad can happen to even one child it shouldn \u2019 t be done \" \u2013 paraphrased comment from meeting of a variety of decs and aeu ( australian education union ) representatives, al upton, and his principal in order to protect their beloved daughter, the king and queen in \" sleeping beauty \" took the extraordinary step of banning spindles from their kingdom. never having seen or handled such a tool, the young woman had no idea of either its utility or danger. \" the years went by, the little princess grew and became the most beautiful girl in the whole kingdom. her mother was always very careful to keep her away from spindles, but the princess, on her sixteenth birthday, as she wandered through the castle, came into a room where an old servant was spinning. \" what are you doing? \" she asked the servant. \" i ' m spinning. haven ' t you seen a spindle before? \" \" no. let me see it! \" the servant handed the girl the spindle... and she pricked herself with it and. with a sigh, dropped to the floor. \" - charles perault, la belle au bois dormant ( the sleeping beauty in the wood ) sleep, ignorance, inexperience are no substitute for vigilance, knowledge, guided practice. graham wegner wonders about the nature of risks : if one child could slip and possibly fall with injurious consequences, then there is risk. but the benefits of the playground far outweigh the negatives - the learning, the gaining of skills, the creation of games and the friendship of playing with your mates. and we are careful with the playground environment - no sharp edges, designs that cater for a variety of skill levels, soft fall on the ground, rules for safe play, teacher supervision - so that the risks are managed and lead to beneficial learning of physical skills. why would we treat the risks regarding, say, the use of blogs in the classroom any differently? why do risks associated with technology seem to be so threatening that shutting down and banning is seen as the appropriate way to deal with it? and are those responsible for recommending or enforcing these methods really in touch with real or perceived risks? although both al upton and his australian colleague, sue waters, stress that \" they [ upton and his principal ] are after constructive helpful comments and thoughts ; and a balanced discussion of the issues, \" comments from the meeting seem to indicate that the minilegends blog would have to be stripped of all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.517443003113597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.102686"} {"text": "east asian landscape cultures since the mid - 1990s, dumbarton oaks has developed research on east asian landscape cultures through library collections, public lectures, scholarly meetings, and publications as part of its commitment to situate garden and landscape studies in a broader domain of cultural and visual studies. on the one hand, time - honored east asian landscape traditions, originating in garden making, rock art, mountain - and - water paintings and poems, and natural philosophy and aesthetics, have fascinated scholars since the age of enlightenment ; on the other hand, this tradition is undergoing dramatic changes as a result of rapid modernization and globalization in china, japan, and korea. by considering the subject through the perspective of living landscape cultures, this research helps to break eurocentric patterns and link the historical past to contemporary issues such as cultural heritage, environment, urbanism, and tourism. chinese garden texts translation group in october 1999, dumbarton oaks initiated a roundtable on \" an anthology of chinese garden texts in english, \" which was attended by a group of 16 sinologists from america, europe, and australia. during this meeting, they agreed to create an anthology containing a selection of writings on chinese gardens from the han to qing dynasties. the english translations will be accompanied by original chinese texts, annotations, and short introductory essays as well as a glossary of terms. the anthology will avoid imposing a definition of what a chinese garden is, and instead will show how discourse on gardens appears to have aggregated gardens, sites, parks, agricultural lands, and how this aggregation changed and developed over the centuries. by including a great diversity of materials from different periods and literary genres, the aim is to counter the reductive tendencies in contemporary discussions of the history of chinese gardens. from 2000 \u2013 2004, dumbarton oaks sponsored this group, together with several branches of asia studies at harvard university ( the asia center, the fairbank center for east asian research, and the department of east asian language and civilization ). the translation group met three times to pursue this ambitious collaboration. the first two meetings were hosted by dumbarton oaks, while the third meeting took place at harvard university. at present, the translated texts are under preparation for a proposed two - volume publication, the dumbarton oaks readings on chinese gardens, edited by stanislaus fung ( the university of new south wales, au ) and introduced by michel conan ( former director of garden and landscape studies, dumbarton oaks ) and peter bol ( harvard university ). other scholars participating in this project include : duncan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5001760904287458, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.107238"} {"text": "##islaus fung ( the university of new south wales, au ) and introduced by michel conan ( former director of garden and landscape studies, dumbarton oaks ) and peter bol ( harvard university ). other scholars participating in this project include : duncan m. campbell ( new zealand ), sophie campistron ( france ), bing chiu che ( france ), antoine gournay ( france ), kenneth j. hammond ( united states ), philip hu ( united states ), alison hardie ( united kingdom ), james hargett ( united states ), david knechtges ( united states ), georges metailie ( france ), martin powers ( united states ), david sensabaugh ( united states ), richard e. strassberg ( united states ), jan stuart ( united kingdom ), stephen h. west ( united states ), yinong xu ( australia ), xiaoshan yang ( united states ), hui zou ( united states ). china - america working group in march 2005, dumbarton oaks organized a three - day working group on chinese garden and landscape culture. the group was consisted of three american scholars and three chinese scholars : peter bol ( philosophy, harvard university ), martin powers ( art history, university of michigan ), stephen h. west ( literature, uc berkeley ), chen wangheng ( aesthetics, wuhan university ), wang yi \u738b ( philosophy & literature, chinese academy of social sciences ) and yang hongxun ( archeology, chinese academy of social sciences ). the late architecture historian zhou weiquan ( tsinghua university ) was invited, but could not attend for health reasons. after intense discussion, the group agreed upon future cooperation on the topic of \" garden and city life \" in the hope of addressing the endangered landscape in the context of contemporary chinese urban sprawl, and to highlight the function of gardens in fostering a beneficial city culture. this led to a dumbarton oaks - wuhan university joint conference in china in october 2006, and the publication of an anthology in 2008 : gardens, city life and culture : a world tour ( its chinese edition with slight variation was published under the title, \u57ce \u6797 \uff1a \u6797 \u57ce \u751f \u6587 \u7684 = city and garden : contribution of gardens to city life and culture, by wuhan university press in 2006 ). the study of east asian landscape cultures at dumbarton oaks has received", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.466906367330577, "token_count": 494, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.108327"} {"text": "- copy data to or from a kernel image or running system cc [ flag \u2026 ] file \u2026 - lkvm [ library \u2026 ] # include < kvm. h > ssize _ t kvm _ read ( kvm _ t * kd, uintptr _ t addr, void * buf, size _ t nbytes ) ; ssize _ t kvm _ write ( kvm _ t * kd, uintptr _ t addr, void * buf, size _ t nbytes ) ; the kvm _ read ( ) function transfers data from the kernel image specified by kd ( see kvm _ open ( 3kvm ) ) to the address space of the process. nbytes bytes of data are copied from the kernel virtual address given by addr to the buffer pointed to by buf. the kvm _ write ( ) function is like kvm _ read ( ), except that the direction of data transfer is reversed. to use this function, the kvm _ open ( 3kvm ) call that returned kd must have specified write access. if a user virtual address is given, it is resolved in the address space of the process specified in the most recent kvm _ getu ( 3kvm ) call. the kvm _ read ( ) and kvm _ write ( ) functions are obsolete and might be removed in a future release. the functions described on the kvm _ kread ( 3kvm ) manual page should be used instead. on success, these functions return the number of bytes actually transferred. on failure, they return - 1. see attributes ( 5 ) for descriptions of the following attributes :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48915582587905165, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.109915"} {"text": "this module provides mechanisms to use signal handlers in python. some general rules for working with signals and their handlers : - a handler for a particular signal, once set, remains installed until it is explicitly reset ( python emulates the bsd style interface regardless of the underlying implementation ), with the exception of the handler for sigchld, which follows the underlying - there is no way to ` ` block ' ' signals temporarily from critical sections ( since this is not supported by all unix flavors ). - although python signal handlers are called asynchronously as far as the python user is concerned, they can only occur between the ` ` atomic ' ' instructions of the python interpreter. this means that signals arriving during long calculations implemented purely in c ( such as regular expression matches on large bodies of text ) may be delayed for an arbitrary amount of time. - when a signal arrives during an i / o operation, it is possible that the i / o operation raises an exception after the signal handler returns. this is dependent on the underlying unix system ' s semantics regarding interrupted system calls. - because the c signal handler always returns, it makes little sense to catch synchronous errors like sigfpe or sigsegv. - python installs a small number of signal handlers by default : sigpipe is ignored ( so write errors on pipes and sockets can be reported as ordinary python exceptions ) and sigint is translated into a keyboardinterrupt exception. all of these can be - some care must be taken if both signals and threads are used in the same program. the fundamental thing to remember in using signals and threads simultaneously is : always perform signal ( ) operations in the main thread of execution. any thread can perform an alarm ( ), getsignal ( ), or pause ( ) ; only the main thread can set a new signal handler, and the main thread will be the only one to receive signals ( this is enforced by the python signal module, even if the underlying thread implementation supports sending signals to individual threads ). this means that signals can ' t be used as a means of inter - thread communication. use locks instead. the variables defined in the signal module are : this is one of two standard signal handling options ; it will simply perform the default function for the signal. for example, on most systems the default action for sigquit is to dump core and exit, while the default action for sigcld is to simply ignore it. this is another standard signal handler, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4923993408798376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.114261"} {"text": "the default function for the signal. for example, on most systems the default action for sigquit is to dump core and exit, while the default action for sigcld is to simply ignore it. this is another standard signal handler, which will simply ignore the given signal. all the signal numbers are defined symbolically. for example, the hangup signal is defined as signal. sighup ; the variable names are identical to the names used in c programs, as found in the unix man page for ` signal ( ) ' lists the existing signals ( on some systems this is signal ( 2 ), on others the list is in signal ( 7 ) ). note that not all systems define the same set of signal names ; only those names defined by the system are defined by this module. one more than the number of the highest signal number. the signal module defines the following functions : if time is non - zero, this function requests that a sigalrm signal be sent to the process in time seconds. any previously scheduled alarm is canceled ( only one alarm can be scheduled at any time ). the returned value is then the number of seconds before any previously set alarm was to have been delivered. if time is zero, no alarm id scheduled, and any scheduled alarm is canceled. the return value is the number of seconds remaining before a previously scheduled alarm. if the return value is zero, no alarm is currently scheduled. ( see the unix man page return the current signal handler for the signal signalnum. the returned value may be a callable python object, or one of the special values signal. sig _ ign, signal. sig _ dfl or none. here, signal. sig _ ign means that the signal was previously ignored, signal. sig _ dfl means that the default way of handling the signal was previously in use, and none means that the previous signal handler was not installed cause the process to sleep until a signal is received ; the appropriate handler will then be called. returns nothing. not on windows. ( see the unix man page signal ( 2 ). ) set the handler for signal signalnum to the function handler. handler can be a callable python object taking two arguments ( see below ), or one of the special values signal. sig _ ign or signal. sig _ dfl. the previous signal handler will be returned ( see the description of getsignal ( ) above ). ( see the unix man page signal ( 2 ). ) when threads are enabled, this function", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49905357583442, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.115255"} {"text": "julie masura is heading out into tacoma \u2019 s commencement bay in search of plastic. she \u2019 s a researcher with the center for urban waters, where members of various academic and government organizations come together to study water pollution and human - environment interactions in puget sound. getting down to the particulars though : masura is looking for microplastics, which are defined as plastic particles smaller than 5 millimeters. the boat slows down to about 4 miles per hour and masura drops over the side a device that looks like the lovechild of a manta ray and a model airplane. it \u2019 s got a wingspan of about four and a half feet and a gaping mouth that hovers right at the surface. water rushes through the mouth as the boat moves along and gets sifted through a long net floating behind it. after 15 minutes, masura pulls the net back into the boat to collect the sample. in the bottom of the net tiny bits of brightly colored plastic pepper the usual organic debris you \u2019 ll find floating in the water column. masura and her team have been conducting these microplastic sampling trips every month for a year and a half now and today \u2019 s results, she says, are consistent. \u201c unfortunately we \u2019 ve found plastic in all of our samples that we \u2019 ve taken from all over the puget sound and the west coast of vancouver island, \u201d she says. microplastics have turned up in samples taken from every ocean on the planet and species from the bottom to the top of the marine food chain have been found to ingest these tiny particles \u2013 from sharks, seabirds and turtles to filter - feeders and krill. mark browne studies microplastics at the university college in dublin, ireland and has found that with plastic anyway, it could be the little things that kill. \u201c what the research that we \u2019 ve done shows is that over 65 percent of the plastic on beaches, in terms of abundance, is actually microscopic plastic debris, \u201d he says. so in theory, if you went out and blindly collected 100 pieces of plastic, of all sizes, 65 of those pieces would be too small for us to see - but for krill or filter feeders - it looks like food. ok. so marine animals are ingesting plastic. so what? shouldn \u2019 t those tiny pieces just go in one end and out the other? not exactly, says browne. some research on mussels showed that these filter feeders not only accumulate plastic in their gut, but those particles make their way", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45270562530182523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.120612"} {"text": "what? shouldn \u2019 t those tiny pieces just go in one end and out the other? not exactly, says browne. some research on mussels showed that these filter feeders not only accumulate plastic in their gut, but those particles make their way into the circulatory system where they \u2019 re stored in cells for periods of up to 50 days. and that, brown says, could be a problem. \u201c if we \u2019 re consuming these organisms as part of our diet or other organisms that also consume them \u2026 what are the ramifications of transferring plastics that are likely to have chemicals absorbed onto them, therefore transferring from the environment into the animal and then being stored there? \u201d he says. ask the parents of any two year old and they \u2019 ll tell you eating plastic probably isn \u2019 t a great idea. research on lab animals has shown many plastic products contain chemicals that can be carcinogenic, neurotoxic or disruptive to the body \u2019 s hormonal messaging system. but when it comes to figuring out what exposure to microplastics might mean for sea life and human health, there are some gaps in our knowledge, says joel baker, science director at the center for urban waters in tacoma. \u201c we really need to understand more details about the effects of the microplastics on marine organisms but also more clearly understand what the future holds in terms of likely impacts, \u201d he says. baker says microplastics may not measure up to climate change, overfishing or ocean acidification in terms of threats to the world \u2019 s oceans. but, he warns, \u201c if we continue to build up the levels of plastics in any of these systems it \u2019 s conceivable that eventually we \u2019 ll get to the point where it \u2019 s causing problems. \u201d the impacts of microplastics in marine ecosystems may not be entirely clear yet, but baker says now is the time to do the research that will lay the groundwork for dealing with this pervasive form of pollution in the future. share your experiences as part of earthfix ' s public insight network. join our public insight network!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46365574013376315, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.121561"} {"text": "lower slate lake, ak. ( photo : irene alexakos. ) the supreme court ' s decision in the kensington mine case will have impacts well beyond alaska ' s remote lower slate lake. any industrial facilities with significant components of solids in their wastewater \u2014 and there are many \u2014 will now be able to potentially dump their waste into nearby lakes, rivers or streams. the decision has its most obvious effect on ore processing mills like the one at the kensington mine at issue in coeur alaska. since 1975, epa ' s effluent limits have prohibited mills of this type from discharging their process wastewater directly into water bodies. under the court ' s decision, those limits are no longer effective. all mines will be able to dump their wastewater \u2014 or \" tailings \" \u2014 directly into lakes, rivers, streams, or wetlands. an example of immediate concern is the massive proposed pebble mine in southwest alaska, which has proposed to dump its waste into headwater lakes and streams of bristol bay, waters that support one of the largest salmon fisheries in the world. but the same risk now exists for the many industries that, like the ore processing mill at the kensington mine, have significant solids in their untreated wastewater. coal - fired power plants, aluminum smelters, cement manufacturing plants, and large beef cattle feedlots are just a few examples of the many industrial sources whose wastewater may, in the future, be discharged as \" fill material \" directly into water bodies, exempt from the strict effluent limitations that have long governed them. the obama administration can and should act immediately to avoid these threats by repealing the bush administration ' s misguided 2002 \" fill \" rule and making clear that fill material permits may not be used for industrial wastes. there is also a bill pending in congress \u2014 h. r. 1310, the clean water protection act \u2014 that would repeal the bush \" fill material \" definition.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4501470894301308, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.123665"} {"text": "smarter schools | by michael spencer with ( or without ) an impending android tablet boom \u2014 blended learning should address these key education issue areas. many of our students simply don \u2019 t get the individually focused, flexible learning they truly need in what we call traditional classrooms. parents, educators and school leaders who choose a blended learning environment understand the importance of an individualized education. in parallel, with the android tablet market heating up and prices coming down \u2014 true individualized and personalized learning is increasingly possible as we begin to see 1 - to - 1 mobile computing solutions being used in more schools and across more campuses. following are five areas of study that are well - suited for a blended learning environment and can help a student succeed in life. 1. supplemental education. schools are struggling to keep up with quality, cost - effective course options for their students. advanced placement or honors - type courses, courses students are interested in to explore a future career, or courses that simply don \u2019 t fit into a student \u2019 s schedule are all reasons why more high schools are choosing to virtualize their offerings. 2. reading programs. these will always be a fundamental part of any type of education. properly done, reading instruction can rapidly open the doors to all of education \u2014 math, science, history, and so on. for beginners, phonics - based programs are essential. some get it faster than others and can move on, but it \u2019 s a basic starting point for any student. 3. summer school. while there are conflicting claims as to why we even have summer vacation, we do know that year - round schools and other schedule variations are now more frequent. education continues long after an arbitrary schedule and students can take advantage of learning offered during nontraditional times. 4. languages. besides english - language natives, many people also speak english as their second language. properly taught, and taught early enough, kids love learning other languages, and in the process they learn english better and they naturally impress the people they deal with in cultural and eventually business contexts. technology tools make it very easy to hear, translate, pronounce and generally learn any language, and instantly connect with the people who speak it. 5. credit recovery. this is a key area when it comes to blended ( in - class and online ) learning. scheduling conflicts and standard life issues that inevitably arise can actually prevent graduating on time, which adds stress to an already stressful time. in other cases, a student needs to make up a course they did poorly in, no matter whether graduation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4223462626321911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.129380"} {"text": ") learning. scheduling conflicts and standard life issues that inevitably arise can actually prevent graduating on time, which adds stress to an already stressful time. in other cases, a student needs to make up a course they did poorly in, no matter whether graduation hinges upon it. the flexibility provided by the accessibility and credit a student can recover in a school - approved online course can help both students and parents breathe a lot easier. there are certainly more areas that could be on this list. i am curious to know what areas you might have on the top of your mind that were not include here. consider blended learning environments, new mobile 1 : 1 computing technologies and the emerging android tablet market \u2014 and let me know what you think. engaging, individualized learning that meets a student \u2019 s needs \u2014 learning that \u2019 s personalized and brings real meaning to a student \u2019 s life \u2014 is what education solutions are trending toward. and these days, it \u2019 s getting a lot easier to provide that. looking forward to hearing from you! michael spencer is senior vice president of american education corporation. an education and technology industry veteran, he is the former president and founder of one2onemate and several other silicon valley startups all of which have received multiple awards for innovation and product development. his expertise spans from advocating for one - to - one, mobile and blended learning environments where tailored tools providing individualized education are key to student performance and achievement \u2014 to the international front, where michael is fluent in spanish and has worked with european and latin american governments and school systems to bring about 21st - century educational reforms. he has traveled extensively and enjoys the entrepreneurial side of business. he is a regular columnist for edtech digest, where he writes a column on creating smarter schools.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4729495348300509, "token_count": 353, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.130193"} {"text": "temporal range : 420 \u2013 0ma silurian to recent | \" arachnida \" from ernst haeckel ' s kunstformen der natur, 1904 | arachnids are a class ( arachnida ) of joint - legged invertebrate animals in the subphylum chelicerata. all arachnids have eight legs, although the front pair of legs in some species has converted to a sensory function, while in other species, different appendages can grow large enough to take on the appearance of extra pairs of legs. the term is derived from the greek word \u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7 ( arachne ), meaning \" spider \". almost all extant arachnids are terrestrial. however, some inhabit freshwater environments and, with the exception of the pelagic zone, marine environments as well. they comprise over 100, 000 named species, including spiders, scorpions, harvestmen, ticks, mites and solifugae. almost all adult arachnids have eight legs, and arachnids may be easily distinguished from insects by this fact, since insects have six legs. however, arachnids also have two further pairs of appendages that have become adapted for feeding, defense, and sensory perception. the first pair, the chelicerae, serve in feeding and defense. the next pair of appendages, the pedipalps have been adapted for feeding, locomotion, and / or reproductive functions. in solifugae, the palps are quite leg - like, so that these animals appear to have ten legs. the larvae of mites and ricinulei have only six legs ; the fourth pair appears when they moult into nymphs. however, there are also adult mites with six, or even four legs. arachnids are further distinguished from insects by the fact they do not have antennae or wings. their body is organized into two tagmata called the prosoma, or cephalothorax, and the opisthosoma, or abdomen. the cephalothorax is derived from the fusion of the cephalon ( head ) and the thorax, and is usually covered by a single, unsegmented carapace. the abdomen is segmented in the more primitive forms, but varying degrees of fusion between the segments occur in many groups. it is typically divided into a preabdomen and postabdomen, although this is only clearly visible in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4734914215547126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.163766"} {"text": "carapace. the abdomen is segmented in the more primitive forms, but varying degrees of fusion between the segments occur in many groups. it is typically divided into a preabdomen and postabdomen, although this is only clearly visible in scorpions, and in some orders, such as the acari, the abdominal sections are completely fused. like all arthropods, arachnids have an exoskeleton, and they also have an internal structure of cartilage - like tissue called the endosternite, to which certain muscle groups are attached. the endosternite is even calcified in some opiliones. most arachnids lack extensor muscles in the distal joints of their appendages. spiders and whipscorpions extend their limbs hydraulically using the pressure of their hemolymph. solifuges and some harvestmen extend their knees by the use of highly elastic thickenings in the joint cuticle. scorpions, pseudoscorpions and some harvestmen have evolved muscles that extend two leg joints ( the femur - patella and patella - tibia joints ) at once. the equivalent joints of the pedipalps of scorpions though, are extended by elastic recoil. there are some characteristics that are particularly important for the terrestrial lifestyle of arachnids, such as internal respiratory surfaces in the form of tracheae, or modification of the book gill into a book lung, an internal series of vascular lamellae used for gas exchange with the air. while the tracheae are often individual systems of tubes, similar to those in insects, ricnuleids, pseudoscorpions, and some spiders possess sieve tracheae, in which several tubes arise in a bundle from a small chamber connected to the spiracle. this type of tracheal system has almost certainly evolved from the book lungs, and indicates that the tracheae of arachnids are not homologous with those of insects. further adaptations to terrestrial life are appendages modified for more efficient locomotion on land, internal fertilisation, special sensory organs, and water conservation enhanced by efficient excretory structures as well as a waxy layer covering the cuticle. the excretory glands of arachnids include up to four pairs of coxal glands along the side of the prosoma, and one or two pairs of malpighian tubules, emptying into the gut. many ara", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4360478256198727, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.164791"} {"text": ". the excretory glands of arachnids include up to four pairs of coxal glands along the side of the prosoma, and one or two pairs of malpighian tubules, emptying into the gut. many arachnids have only one or the other type of excretory gland, although several do have both. the primary nitrogenous waste product in arachnids is guanine. the blood of arachnids is variable in composition, depending on the mode of respiration. arachnids with an efficient tracheal system do not need to transport oxygen in the blood, and may have a reduced circulatory system. in scorpions and some spiders, however, the blood contains haemocyanin, a copper - based pigment with a similar function to haemoglobin in vertebrates. the heart is located in the forward part of the abdomen, and may or may not be segmented. some mites have no heart at all. diet and digestive system arachnids are mostly carnivorous, feeding on the pre - digested bodies of insects and other small animals. only in the harvestmen and among mites, such as the house dust mite, is there ingestion of solid food particles, and thus exposure to internal parasites, although it is not unusual for spiders to eat their own silk. several groups secrete venom from specialized glands to kill prey or enemies. several mites are parasites, some of which are carriers of disease. arachnids pour digestive juices produced in their stomachs over their prey after killing it with their pedipalps and chelicerae. the digestive juices rapidly turn the prey into a broth of nutrients which the arachnid sucks into a pre - buccal cavity located immediately in front of the mouth. behind the mouth is a muscular, sclerotised pharynx, which acts as a pump, sucking the food through the mouth and on into the oesophagus and stomach. in some arachnids, the oesophagus also acts as an additional pump. the stomach is tubular in shape, with multiple diverticula extending throughout the body. the stomach and its diverticula both produce digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients from the food. it extends through most of the body, and connects to a short sclerotised intestine and anus in the hind part of the abdomen. arachnids", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4267784783341107, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.165904"} {"text": "diverticula both produce digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients from the food. it extends through most of the body, and connects to a short sclerotised intestine and anus in the hind part of the abdomen. arachnids have two kinds of eyes, the lateral and median ocelli. the lateral ocelli evolved from compound eyes and may have a tapetum, which enhances the ability to collect light. the median ocelli develop from a transverse fold of the ectoderm. the ancestors of modern arachnids probably had both types, but modern ones often lack one type or the other. the cornea of the eye also acts as a lens, and is continuous with the cuticle of the body. beneath this is a transparent vitreous body, and then the retina and, if present, the tapetum. in most arachnids, the retina probably does not have enough light sensitive cells to allow the eyes to form a proper image. in addition to the eyes, almost all arachnids have two other types of sensory organs. the most important to most arachnids are the fine sensory hairs that cover the body and give the animal its sense of touch. these can be relatively simple, but many arachnids also possess more complex structures, called trichobothria. finally, slit sense organs are slit - like pits covered with a thin membrane. inside the pit, a small hair touches the underside of the membrane, and detects its motion. slit sense organs are believed to be involved in proprioception, and possibly also hearing. arachnids may have one or two gonads, which are located in the abdomen. the genital opening is usually located on the underside of the second abdominal segment. in most species, the male transfers sperm to the female in a package, or spermatophore. complex courtship rituals have evolved in many arachnids to ensure the safe delivery of the sperm to the female. - \u2020 trigonotarbida \u2014 extinct - amblypygi \u2014 \" blunt rump \" tailless whip scorpions with front legs modified into whip - like sensory structures as long as 25 cm or more ( 140 species ) | phylogeny of the chelicerata ( after giribet et al. 2002 ) | - araneae \u2014 true spiders ( 40, 000 species ) - \u2020 phalangiotarbida \u2014 extinct - opiliones \u2014 phalangids,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4840250654977052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.167315"} {"text": "of the chelicerata ( after giribet et al. 2002 ) | - araneae \u2014 true spiders ( 40, 000 species ) - \u2020 phalangiotarbida \u2014 extinct - opiliones \u2014 phalangids, harvestmen or daddy - long - legs ( 6, 300 species ) - palpigradi \u2014 microwhip scorpions ( 80 species ) - pseudoscorpionida \u2014 pseudoscorpions ( 3, 000 species ) - ricinulei \u2014 ricinuleids, hooded tickspiders ( 60 species ) - schizomida \u2014 \" split middle \" whip scorpions with divided exoskeletons ( 220 species ) - scorpiones \u2014 scorpions ( 2, 000 species ) - solifugae \u2014 solpugids, windscorpions, sun spiders or camel spiders ( 900 species ) - \u2020 haptopoda \u2014 extinct - thelyphonida \u2014 vinegarroons or whip scorpions ( formerly uropygida ) forelegs modified into sensory appendages and a long tail on abdomen tip ( 100 species ) - acari \u2014 mites and ticks ( 30, 000 species ) it is estimated that a total of 98, 000 arachnid species have been described, and that there may be up to 600, 000 in total, including undescribed species. acari or acarina is a taxon of arachnids that contains mites and ticks. its fossil history goes back to the devonian period, although there is also a questionable ordovician record. the devonian period was the time frame in which certain species of animals developed legs. in most modern treatments, the acari is considered a subclass of arachnida and is composed of 2 \u2013 3 orders or superorders : acariformes, parasitiformes, and opilioacariformes. most acarines are minute to small ( e. g. 0. 080 \u2013 1. 00 mm ), but the giants of the acari ( some ticks and red velvet mites ) may reach lengths of 10 \u2013 20 mm. it is estimated that over 50, 000 species have been described ( as of 1999 ) and that a million or more species are currently living. the study of mites and ticks is called acarology. only the faintest traces of primary segmentation remain in mites, the prosoma and opisthosoma being insensibly fused,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4454994263246778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.168808"} {"text": "or more species are currently living. the study of mites and ticks is called acarology. only the faintest traces of primary segmentation remain in mites, the prosoma and opisthosoma being insensibly fused, and a region of flexible cuticle ( the cirumcapitular furrow ) separates the chelicerae and pedipalps from the rest of the body. this anterior body region is called the gnathosoma ( or capitulum ) and is also found in the ricinulei. the remainder of the body is called the idiosoma and is unique to mites. most adult mites have four pairs of legs, like other arachnids, but some have fewer. for example, gall mites like phyllocoptes variabilis ( superfamily eriophyioidea ) have a wormlike body with only two pairs of legs ; some parasitic mites have only one or three pairs of legs in the adult stage. larval and prelarval stages have a maximum of three pairs of legs ; adult mites with only three pairs of legs may be called ' larviform '. acarine ontogeny consists of an egg, a prelarval stage ( often absent ), a larval stage ( hexapod except in eriophyoidea, which have only 2 pairs of legs ), and a series of nymphal stages. larvae ( and prelarvae ) have a maximum of 3 pairs of legs ( legs are often reduced to stubs or absent in prelarvae ) ; legs iv are added at the first nymphal stage. acarines live in practically every habitat, and include aquatic ( freshwater and sea water ) and terrestrial species. they outnumber other arthropods in the soil organic matter and detritus. many are parasitic, and they affect both vertebrates and invertebrates. most parasitic forms are external parasites, while the free living forms are generally predaceous and may even be used to control undesirable arthropods. others are detritivores that help to break down forest litter and dead organic matter such as skin cells. others still are plant feeders and may damage crops. damage to crops is perhaps the most costly economic effect of mites, especially by the spider mites and their relatives ( tetranychoidea ), earth mites ( penthaleidae ), thread - footed mites ( tarson", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46416783425196306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.170165"} {"text": "damage to crops is perhaps the most costly economic effect of mites, especially by the spider mites and their relatives ( tetranychoidea ), earth mites ( penthaleidae ), thread - footed mites ( tarsonemidae ) and the gall and rust mites ( eriophyoidea ). some parasitic forms affect humans and other mammals, causing damage by their feeding, and can even be vectors of diseases such as scrub typhus and rickettsial pox. a well - known effect of mites on humans is their role as an allergen and the stimulation of asthma in people affected by the respiratory disease. the use of predatory mites ( e. g. phytoseiidae ) in pest control and herbivorous mites that attack weeds is also important. an unquantified, but major positive contribution of the acari is their normal functioning in ecosystems, especially their roles in the decomposer subsystem. amblypygids are also known as tailless whip scorpions or cave spiders. approximately 5 families, 17 genera and 136 species have been described. they are found in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. some species are subterranean ; many are nocturnal. during the day, they may hide under logs, bark, stones, or leaves. they prefer a humid environment. amblypygids may range from 5 to 40 mm. their bodies are broad and highly flattened and the first pair of legs ( the first walking legs in most arachnid orders ) are modified to act as sensory organs. ( compare solifugids, uropygids, and schizomids. ) these very thin modified legs can extend several times the length of body. they have no silk glands or venomous fangs, but can have prominent pincer - like pedipalps. amblypygids often move about sideways on their six walking legs, with one \" whip \" pointed in the direction of travel while the other probes on either side of them. prey are located with these \" whips \", captured with pedipalps, then torn to pieces with chelicerae. fossilised amblypygids have been found dating back to the carboniferous period. amblypygids, particularly the species phrynus marginemaculatus and damon diadema, are thought to be one of the few species of arachnids that show signs of social behavior. research conducted at cornell university by entomologists", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45481139592620246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.171204"} {"text": "\" ) are arachnids that are harmless to people and are known for their exceptionally long walking legs, compared to their body size. as of december 2011 [ update ], over 6, 500 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide. the order opiliones is divided into four suborders : cyphophthalmi, eupnoi, dyspnoi and laniatores. well - preserved fossils have been found in the 410 - million year old rhynie cherts of scotland ; they look surprisingly modern, suggesting that the basic structure of the harvestmen has not changed much since then. the difference between harvestmen and spiders is that in harvestmen the two main body sections ( the abdomen or opisthosoma with ten segments and the cephalothorax or prosoma ) are nearly joined, so that they appear to be one oval structure. in more advanced species, the first five abdominal segments are often fused into a dorsal shield called the scutum, which is normally fused with the carapace. sometimes this shield is only present in males. the two hindmost abdominal segments may be reduced or separated in the middle on the surface to form two plates lying next to each other. the second pair of legs is longer than the others and works as antennae. they have a single pair of eyes in the middle of their heads, oriented sideways. they have a pair of prosomatic scent glands that secrete a peculiar smelling fluid when disturbed. harvestmen do not have spinnerets and do not possess poison glands, posing absolutely no danger to humans. they breathe through tracheae. between the base of the fourth pair of legs and the abdomen is a pair of spiracles, one opening on each side. in more active species, spiracles are also found upon the tibia of the legs. they have a gonopore on the ventral cephalothorax, and copulation is direct, as the male has a penis ( while the female has an ovipositor ). typical body length does not exceed 7 millimetres ( 0. 28 in ) even in the largest species. however, leg span is much larger and can exceed 160 mm ( 6. 3 in ). most species live for a year. many species are omnivorous, eating primarily small insects and all kinds of plant material and fungi ; some are scavengers of the decays of any dead animal, bird dung and other fecal material. they are mostly nocturnal and coloured in hues", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43617648702721973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.173452"} {"text": "species are omnivorous, eating primarily small insects and all kinds of plant material and fungi ; some are scavengers of the decays of any dead animal, bird dung and other fecal material. they are mostly nocturnal and coloured in hues of brown, although there are a number of diurnal species that have vivid patterns in yellow, green and black with varied reddish and blackish mottling and reticulation. palpigradi, commonly known as \" microwhip scorpions \", are tiny cousins of the uropygid, or whip scorpion, no more than 3 mm in length. they have a thin, pale, segmented carapace that terminates in a whip - like flagellum, made up of 15 segments. the carapace is divided into two plates between the third and fourth leg set. they have no eyes. some species have three pairs of book lungs, while others have no respiratory organs at all. approximately 80 species of palpigradi have been described worldwide, in the families eukoeneniidae and prokoeneniidae, with a total of seven genera. they are believed to be predators like their larger relatives, feeding on minuscule insects in their habitat. their mating habits are unknown, except that they lay only a few relatively large eggs at a time. microwhip scorpions need a damp environment to survive, and they always hide from light, so they are commonly found in the moist earth under buried stones and rocks. they can be found on every continent, except in arctic and antarctic regions. phalangiotarbi is an extinct arachnid order known exclusively from the palaeozoic ( devonian to permian ) of europe and north america. the affinities of phalangiotarbids are obscure, with most authors favouring affinities with opiliones ( harvestmen ) and / or acari ( mites and ticks ). phalangiotarbida has been recently proposed to be sister group to ( palpigradi + tetrapulmonata ) : the taxon megoperculata sensu shultz ( 1990 ). pseudoscorpions are small arthropods with a flat, pear - shaped body and pincers that resemble those of scorpions. they range from 2 to 8 mm ( 0. 079 to 0. 31 in ) long. the opisthosoma is made up of twelve segments, each guarded by plate - like tergites above and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4615787336190016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.174308"} {"text": "that resemble those of scorpions. they range from 2 to 8 mm ( 0. 079 to 0. 31 in ) long. the opisthosoma is made up of twelve segments, each guarded by plate - like tergites above and sternites below. the abdomen is short and rounded at the rear, rather than extending into a segmented tail and stinger like true scorpions. the colour of the body can be yellowish - tan to dark - brown, with the paired claws often a contrasting colour. they may have two, four or no eyes. they have two very long pedipalps with palpal chelae ( pincers ) that strongly resemble the pincers found on a scorpion. the pedipalps generally consist of an immobile \" hand \" and \" finger \", with a separate movable finger controlled by an adductor muscle. a venom gland and duct are usually located in the mobile finger ; the poison is used to capture and immobilise the pseudoscorpion ' s prey. during digestion, pseudoscorpions pour a mildly corrosive fluid over the prey, then ingest the liquefied remains. pseudoscorpions spin silk from a gland in their jaws to make disk - shaped cocoons for mating, molting, or waiting out cold weather. another trait they share with their closest relatives, the spiders, is breathing through spiracles. most spiders have one pair of spiracles, and one of book lungs, but pseudoscorpions do not have book lungs. there are more than 2, 000 species of pseudoscorpions recorded. they range worldwide, even in temperate to cold regions, but have their most dense and diverse populations in the tropics and subtropics. the fossil record of pseudoscorpions dates back over 380 million years, to the devonian period, near the time when the first land - animal fossils appear. during the elaborate mating dance, the male of some pseudoscorpion species pulls a female over a spermatophore previously laid upon a surface. in other species, the male also pushes the sperm into the female genitals using the forelegs. the female carries the fertilised eggs in a brood pouch attached to her abdomen, and the young ride on the mother for a short time after they hatch. up to two dozen young are hatched in a single brood ; there may be more than one brood per year. the young go through three molts over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48519837350793993, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.175190"} {"text": "to her abdomen, and the young ride on the mother for a short time after they hatch. up to two dozen young are hatched in a single brood ; there may be more than one brood per year. the young go through three molts over the course of several years before reaching adulthood. adult pseudoscorpions live 2 to 3 years. they are active in the warm months of the year, overwintering in silken cocoons when the weather grows cold. pseudoscorpions are generally beneficial to humans since they prey on clothes moth larvae, carpet beetle larvae, booklice, ants, mites, and small flies. they are small and inoffensive, and are rarely seen due to their size. they usually enter the home by \" riding along \" with larger insects ( known as phoresy ), or are brought in with firewood. they are often observed in bathrooms or laundry rooms, since they seek humidity. they may sometimes be found feeding on mites under the wing covers of certain beetles. ricinulei ( hooded tickspiders ) are 5 \u2013 10 mm long. their most notable feature is a \" hood \" that can be raised and lowered over the head ; when lowered, it covers the mouth and the chelicerae. ricinulei have no eyes. the pedipalps end in pincers that are small relative to their bodies, when compared to those of the related orders of scorpions and pseudoscorpions. the heavy - bodied abdomen forms a narrow pedicel, or waist, where it attaches to the prosoma. in males, the third pair of legs are modified to form copulatory organs. malpighian tubules and a pair of coxal glands make up the excretory system. they have no lungs, as gas exchange takes place through the trachea. ricinulei are predators, feeding on other small arthropods. little is known about their mating habits ; the males have been observed using their modified third leg to transfer a spermatophore to the female. the eggs are carried under the mother ' s hood, until the young hatch into six - legged \" larva \", which later molt into their adult forms. ricinulei require moisture to survive. approximately 57 species of ricinuleids have been described worldwide, all in a single family that contains 3 genera. schizomida is an order of arachnids that tend to live in the top layer of soils", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45012714395039066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.176216"} {"text": "moisture to survive. approximately 57 species of ricinuleids have been described worldwide, all in a single family that contains 3 genera. schizomida is an order of arachnids that tend to live in the top layer of soils. schizomids present the prosoma covered by a large protopeltidium and smaller, paired, mesopeltidia and metapeltidia. there are no eyes. the opisthosoma is a smooth oval of 12 recognisable somites. the first is reduced and forms the pedicel. the last three are much constricted, forming the pygidium. the last somite bears the flagellum, which in this order is short and consists of not more than four segments. the name means \" split or cleaved middle \", referring to the way the cephalothorax is divided into two separate plates. like the related orders uropygi, amblypygi, and solpugida, the schizomids use only six legs for walking, having modified their first two legs to serve as sensory organs. they also have large well - developed pedipalps ( pincers ) just behind the sensory legs. scorpions are characterised by a metasoma ( tail ) comprising six segments, the last containing the scorpion ' s anus and bearing the telson ( the sting ). the telson, in turn, consists of the vesicle, which holds a pair of venom glands and the hypodermic aculeus, the venom - injecting barb. the abdomen ' s front half, the mesosoma, is made up of six segments. the first segment contains the sexual organs as well as a pair of vestigial and modified appendages forming a structure called the genital operculum. the second segment bears a pair of featherlike sensory organs known as the pectines ; the final four segments each contain a pair of book lungs. the mesosoma is armored with chitinous plates, known as tergites on the upper surface and sternites on the lower surface. the cuticle of scorpions is covered with hairs in some places that act like balance organs. an outer layer that makes them fluorescent green under ultraviolet light is called the hyaline layer. newly molted scorpions do not glow until after their cuticle has hardened. the fluorescent hyaline layer can be intact in fossil rocks that are hundreds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4860255542758048, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.177241"} {"text": "outer layer that makes them fluorescent green under ultraviolet light is called the hyaline layer. newly molted scorpions do not glow until after their cuticle has hardened. the fluorescent hyaline layer can be intact in fossil rocks that are hundreds of millions of years old. scorpions are opportunistic predators of small arthropods and insects. they use their chela ( pincers ) to catch the prey initially. depending on the toxicity of their venom and size of their claws, they will then either crush the prey or inject it with neurotoxic venom. the neurotoxins consist of a variety of small proteins as well as sodium and potassium cations, which serve to interfere with neurotransmission in the victim. scorpions use their venom to kill or paralyze their prey so that it can be eaten ; in general it is fast acting, allowing for effective prey capture. scorpion venoms are optimised for action upon other arthropods and therefore most scorpions are relatively harmless to humans ; stings produce only local effects ( such as pain, numbness or swelling ). a few scorpion species, however, mostly in the family buthidae, can be dangerous to humans. the scorpion that is responsible for the most human deaths is the androctonus australis, or fat - tailed scorpion of north africa. the toxicity of a. australis ' s venom is roughly half that of the deathstalker ( leiurus quinquestriatus ), but since a. australis injects quite a bit more venom into its prey, it is the most deadly to humans. human deaths normally occur in the young, elderly, or infirm ; scorpions are generally unable to deliver enough venom to kill healthy adults. some people, however may be allergic to the venom of some species, in which case the scorpion ' s sting can more likely kill. a primary symptom of a scorpion sting is numbing at the injection site, sometimes lasting for several days. it has been found that scorpions have two types of venom : a translucent, weaker venom designed to stun only, and an opaque, more potent venom designed to kill heavier threats. unlike the majority of arachnida species, scorpions are viviparous. the young are born one by one, and the brood is carried about on its mother ' s back until the young have undergone at least one moult. the young generally resemble their parents, requiring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47821585894850227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.179113"} {"text": "most species feeding on termites, darkling beetles, and other small arthropods ; however, solifugae have been videotaped consuming larger prey such as lizards. prey is located with the pedipalps and killed and cut into pieces by the chelicerae. the prey is then liquefied and the liquid ingested through the pharynx. reproduction can involve direct or indirect sperm transfer ; when indirect, the male emits a spermatophore on the ground and then inserts it with his chelicerae in the female ' s genital pore. the order trigonotarbida is an extinct group of arachnids whose fossil record extends from the silurian to the lower permian. they are known from several localities in northern asia, north america and argentina. they superficially resemble spiders, to which they were clearly related. these early arachnids seem to have been adapted to stalking prey on the ground. they have been found within the very structure of ground - dwelling plants, possibly where they hid to await their prey. trigonotarbids are currently among the oldest known land arthropods. they lack silk glands on the opisthosoma and cheliceral poison glands, and most likely represented independent offshoots of the arachnida. the thelyphonida ( formerly uropygida ), commonly known as vinegarroons or whip scorpions, range from 25 to 85 mm in length ; the largest species, of the genus mastigoproctus, reaches 85 mm ( 3. 3 in ). like the related orders schizomida, amblypygi, and solifugae, the vinegarroons use only six legs for walking, having modified their first two legs to serve as antennae - like sensory organs. many species also have very large scorpion - like pedipalps ( pincers ). they have one pair of eyes at the front of the cephalothorax and three on each side of the head. whip scorpions have no poison glands, but they do have glands near the rear of their abdomen that can spray a combination of acetic acid and octanoic acid when they are bothered. other species spray formic acid or chlorine. as of 2006, over 100 species have been described worldwide. whip scorpions are carnivorous, nocturnal hunters feeding mostly on insects but sometimes on worms and slugs. the prey is crushed between special teeth on the inside of the troch", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43653741010803243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.180994"} {"text": "kury ( 2011 ). order opiliones sundevall, 1833 ( pdf ). in z. - q. zhang. \" animal biodiversity : an outline of higher - level classification and survey of taxonomic richness \". zootaxa 4138 : 112 \u2013 114. - glauco machado, ricardo pinto - da - rocha & gonzalo giribet ( 2007 ). \" what are harvestmen? \". in ricardo pinto - da - rocha, glauco machado & gonzalo giribet. harvestmen : the biology of opiliones. harvard university press. pp. 1 \u2013 13. isbn 0 - 674 - 02343 - 9. - herbert w. levi ( 1967 ). \" adaptations of respiratory systems of spiders \". evolution 21 ( 3 ) : 571 \u2013 583. doi : 10. 2307 / 2406617. jstor 2406617. - jessica r. pollitt, simon j. braddy & jason a. dunlop ( 2004 ). \" the phylogenetic position of the extinct arachnid order phalangiotarbida haase, 1890, with reference to the fauna from the writhlington geological nature reserve ( somerset, uk ) \". transactions of the royal society of edinburgh : earth sciences 94 ( 3 ) : 243 \u2013 259. doi : 10. 1017 / s0263593300000651. - steve jacobs. \" entomological notes : pseudoscorpion fact sheet \". pennsylvania state university, department of entomology. - peter weygoldt ( 1966 ). \" spermatophore web formation in a pseudoscorpion \". science 153 ( 3744 ) : 1647 \u2013 1649. doi : 10. 1126 / science. 153. 3744. 1647. pmid 17802636. - proctor, heather c. ( 1993 ). \" mating biology resolves trichotomy for cheliferoid pseudoscorpions ( pseudoscorpionida, cheliferoidea ) \". journal of arachnology ( american arachnological society ) 21 ( 2 ) : 156 \u2013 158. - david cheng ( june 23, 2005 ). \" scorpion sting \". emedicine. - jan ove rein ( 1993 ). \" sting use in two species of parabuthus scorpions ( buthidae ) \". journal of arachnology 21 : 60 \u2013 63. - w. r. lourenco (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4611684574558918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.186190"} {"text": "##ne. - jan ove rein ( 1993 ). \" sting use in two species of parabuthus scorpions ( buthidae ) \". journal of arachnology 21 : 60 \u2013 63. - w. r. lourenco ( 2000 ). \" reproduction in scorpions, with special reference to parthenogenesis \" ( pdf ). in scharff, n. ; toft, s\u00f8ren ; henriksen, per g. european arachnology 2000 : 19th european colloquium of arachnology, aarhus, denmark, 17 - 22 july 2000. aarhus : aarhus university press. pp. 71 \u2013 85. isbn 87 - 7934 - 001 - 6. - neil f. hadley ( 1970 ). \" water relations of the desert scorpion hadrurus arizonensis \" ( pdf ). journal of experimental biology 53 ( 3 ) : 547 \u2013 558. pmid 5487163. - k. hoshino, a. t. v. moura & h. m. g. de paula ( 2006 ). \" selection of environmental temperature by the yellow scorpion tityus serrulatus lutz & mello, 1922 ( scorpiones, buthidae ) \". journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases 12 ( 1 ) : 59 \u2013 66. doi : 10. 1590 / s1678 - 91992006000100005. | wikispecies has information related to : arachnida | | wikimedia commons has media related to : arachnida | - a guide to arachnids with care sheets.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4580421519079441, "token_count": 339, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.189799"} {"text": "the ex - gay movement is a controversial movement that consists of people and organizations that seek to encourage people to refrain from entering or pursuing same - sex relationships, to eliminate homosexual desires, to develop heterosexual desires, or to enter into a heterosexual relationship. the \" ex - gay \" movement relies on the involvement of individuals who formerly identified themselves to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual but no longer do ; these individuals may either claim that they have eliminated their attraction to the same sex altogether or simply that they abstain from acting on such attraction. there have been various scandals related to this movement, including some self - claimed ex - gays having been found in same - sex relationships despite having denied this, as well as controversies over gay minors being forced to go to ex - gay camps against their will, and over admissions by organizations related to the movement that conversion therapy does not work. a large body of research and global scientific consensus indicates that being gay, lesbian, or bisexual is compatible with normal mental health and social adjustment. because of this, major mental health professional organizations discourage and caution individuals against attempting to change their sexual orientation to heterosexual, and warn that attempting to do so can be harmful. definition of change various ex - gay organizations have working definitions of change. exodus international describes change as, \" attaining abstinence from homosexual behaviors, lessening of homosexual temptations, strengthening their sense of masculine or feminine identity, correcting distorted styles of relating with members of the same and opposite gender. \" people can change defines change as, \" any degree of change toward greater peace, satisfaction and fulfillment, and less shame, depression and darkness \", and emphasizes that for most people, heterosexuality is not the ultimate goal. when the term ex - gay was introduced to professional literature in 1980, e. mansell pattison defined it as describing a person who had \" experienced a basic change in sexual orientation \". some ex - gays advocate entering ( or remaining ) in a heterosexual marriage as part of the process. some in mixed - orientation marriages acknowledge that their sexual attractions remain primarily homosexual, but seek to make their marriages work anyway. the president of exodus international said that he agrees that people cannot necessarily change their sexual orientation, but he said that they can, \" live in accord with their beliefs and faith \". motivation of participants the american psychological association reported that some ex - gay groups may help counteract and buffer minority stress, marginalization, and isolation in ways similar to other support groups, such as offering social support, fellowship, role models, and new ways to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5382906684679383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.212317"} {"text": "of participants the american psychological association reported that some ex - gay groups may help counteract and buffer minority stress, marginalization, and isolation in ways similar to other support groups, such as offering social support, fellowship, role models, and new ways to view a problem through unique philosophies or ideologies. additionally, the same researchers also found that people joined ex - gay groups due to : a lack of other sources of social support ; a desire for active coping, including both cognitive and emotional coping ; and access to methods of sexual orientation identity exploration and reconstruction. the same report found that some have described the ex - gay groups as, \" a refuge for those who were excluded both from conservative churches and from their families, because of their same - sex sexual attractions, and from gay organizations and social networks, because of their conservative religious beliefs. \" according to the apa report, \" ex - gay groups appear to relieve the distress caused by conflicts between religious values and sexual orientation and help participants change their sexual orientation identity, but not their sexual orientation. \" the apa goes on to report that some believed that by, \" taking on ' ex - gay ' cultural norms and language and finding a community that enabled and reinforced their primary religious beliefs, values, and concerns \", that they could resolve identity conflicts by, \" ( a ) adopting a new discourse or worldview, ( b ) engaging in a biographical reconstruction, ( c ) embracing a new explanatory model, and ( d ) forming strong interpersonal ties. \" one of the apa ' s sources for the report found that, \" ex - gay groups recast homosexuality as an ordinary sin, and thus salvation was still achievable. \" another one of their sources is summarized as having observed that, \" such groups built hope, recovery, and relapse into an ex - gay identity, thus expecting same - sex sexual behaviors and conceiving them as opportunities for repentance and forgiveness. \" the apa report warns however that, \" some [ ex - gay ] groups may reinforce prejudice and stigma by providing inaccurate or stereotyped information about homosexuality. \" ex - gay organizations the first ex - gay ministry, love in action, was formed in 1973. three years later, with other ex - gay organizations, it formed exodus international, the largest ex - gay organization and the largest organization under the exodus global alliance. other ex - gay organizations cater to a specific religious groups, such as courage international for catholics, evergreen international for mormons ( lds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5205754593156748, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.213529"} {"text": "gay organizations, it formed exodus international, the largest ex - gay organization and the largest organization under the exodus global alliance. other ex - gay organizations cater to a specific religious groups, such as courage international for catholics, evergreen international for mormons ( lds ), and jonah for jews. some groups follow a specific technique, such as homosexuals anonymous, modeled after the alcoholics anonymous twelve - step program. other ex - gay organizations include parents and friends of ex - gays and gays. people associated with the ex - gay movement | | this section has multiple issues. please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. - joe dallas is the program director of genesis counseling. he has written six books on human sexuality. - donnie mcclurkin wrote about his experience with homosexuality in his book, eternal victim, eternal victor. he describes himself as going through a process by which he became \" saved and sanctified. \" mcclurkin has been criticized for stating homosexuality is a curse. he speaks openly about sexual issues since becoming the biological father of a child with a woman to whom he was not married. he uses these experiences in his concerts and speaking engagements. in 2004, he sang at the republican national convention. the appearance generated criticism for the event organizers and mcclurkin for his statements on homosexuality. - jeffrey satinover is an american psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, and physicist. he is a member of the scientific advisory committee of narth. - charles socarides was an american psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, physician, educator, and author. he helped found narth in 1992. people who no longer support the ex - gay movement - gunter baum originally founded an ex - gay ministry in germany. later he formed zwischenraum, which helps gay christians to accept their sexuality and to reconcile it with their beliefs. - john paulk, then leader of focus on the family ' s love won out conference and chairman of the board for exodus international north america, was spotted visiting a washington, d. c. gay bar in september 2000. he was photographed outside of the bar from behind by wayne besen, and later stepped down from the two organizations. in 2013, he formally apologized for his involvement in promoting the ex - gay concept and for the harm his work had done. - anthony venn - brown is a former australian evangelist in the assemblies of god and an author whose book describes his experience in australia \u2019 s first ex - gay program. venn - brown co - founded \" freedom 2 b [", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42846177220657844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.214677"} {"text": "work had done. - anthony venn - brown is a former australian evangelist in the assemblies of god and an author whose book describes his experience in australia \u2019 s first ex - gay program. venn - brown co - founded \" freedom 2 b [ e ] \" which offers support to glbt people from church backgrounds and who have been displaced from the ex gay movement. in 2007 he co - ordinated the release of a statement from five australian ex - gay leaders who publicly apologized for their past actions. - john smid was the leader of love in action in memphis. he resigned that position in 2008, and in 2010 apologized for any harm that he ' d caused, noting that his teen program \" further wounded teens that were already in a very delicate place in life. \" he has announced that he is still homosexual and admitted never seeing a man successfully converting to heterosexuality in his group. - warren throckmorton is a past president of the american mental health counselors association. he wrote and produced the documentary i do exist about ex - gay people, but subsequently came to \" believe that categorical change in sexual attractions, especially for men, is rare \" and repudiated some of the claims he made in the film. - peterson toscano is an actor who was involved in the ex - gay movement for 17 years. he performs a related one - man satire titled doin ' time in the homo no mo halfway house, and with christine bakke co - runs beyond ex - gay, a support website for people coming out of ex - gay experiences. sexual orientation change efforts some ex - gay organizations, such as exodus international, recommend to their members that they undertake sexual orientation change efforts, such as conversion therapy. exodus warns against going to counselors that tells the patient that they \" can definitely eliminate all attractions to your same gender, or that you can definitely acquire heteroerotic attractions. \" evergreen international does not advocate any particular form of therapy, and warns that \" therapy will likely not be a cure in the sense of erasing all homosexual feelings. \" soce are controversial and the american psychological association reported that, \" the available evidence, from both early and recent studies, suggests that although sexual orientation is unlikely to change, some individuals modified their sexual orientation identity ( i. e., individual or group membership and affiliation, self - labeling ) and other aspects of sexuality ( i. e. values and behavior ). \" virtually all major mental health organizations have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public against", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41979410288527075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.215770"} {"text": "i. e., individual or group membership and affiliation, self - labeling ) and other aspects of sexuality ( i. e. values and behavior ). \" virtually all major mental health organizations have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public against treatments that purport to change sexual orientation. the national association for research & therapy of homosexuality, an ex - gay organization, argues that mainstream health and mental health organizations have, in many cases, taken public positions on homosexuality and same - sex marriage that are based on their own social and political views rather than the available science. in 2012, the pan american health organization ( the north and south american branch of the world health organization ) released a statement cautioning against services that purport to \" cure \" people with non - heterosexual sexual orientations as they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well - being of affected people, and noted that the global scientific and professional consensus is that homosexuality is a normal and natural variation of human sexuality and cannot be regarded as a pathological condition. the pan american health organization further called on governments, academic institutions, professional associations and the media to expose these practices and to promote respect for diversity. the world health organization affiliate further noted that gay minors have sometimes been forced to attend these \" therapies \" involuntarily, being deprived of their liberty and sometimes kept in isolation for several months, and that these findings were reported by several united nations bodies. additionally, the pan american health organization recommended that such malpractices be denounced and subject to sanctions and penalties under national legislation, as they they constitute a violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are protected by international and regional agreements. controversy over teenagers a controversial aspect of the ex - gay movement has been the focus of some ex - gay organizations on gay teenagers, including occasions where teenagers have been forced to attend ex - gay camps against their will by their parents. a 2006 report by the national gay and lesbian taskforce outlined evidence that ex - gay and conversion therapy groups were at the time increasingly focusing on children. several legal researchers have responded to these events by arguing that parents who force their children into aggressive conversion therapy programs are committing child abuse under various state statutes. one case of emancipation involved lyn duff. duff was admitted to rivendell psychiatric center in west jordan, utah on december 19, 1991, at age fifteen, after being involuntarily transported there at her mother \u2019 s behest. duff was subjected to a regimen of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5277546247685726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.218547"} {"text": "duff was admitted to rivendell psychiatric center in west jordan, utah on december 19, 1991, at age fifteen, after being involuntarily transported there at her mother \u2019 s behest. duff was subjected to a regimen of conversion therapy, including aversion therapy, hypnosis, psychotropic drugs, solitary confinement, therapeutic messages linking lesbian sex with \" the pits of hell \", behavior modification techniques, unreasonable forms of punishment for small infractions, and \" positive peer pressure \" group sessions in which patients demeaned and belittled each other for both real and perceived inadequacies. on may 19, 1992, after 168 days of incarceration, duff escaped from rivendell and traveled to san francisco, where she lived on the streets and in safe houses. in 1992, duff initiated legal action against the facility and her mother. the ex - gay organization love in action was involved in a controversy surrounding a teenager. in july 2005, the new york times ran a feature story about 16 - year - old zachary stark, whose parents forced him to attend an ex - gay camp run by the group. in july 2005, stark was released from the camp. an investigation of the camp by the tennessee department of children ' s services did not uncover signs of child abuse. in september 2005, tennessee authorities discovered that unlicensed staff had been administering prescription drugs. a settlement was reached shortly thereafer. lia closed the camp in 2007. see also - environment and sexual orientation - mixed - orientation marriage - american family association v. city and county of san francisco - \" just the facts about sexual orientation & youth \". american psychological association. retrieved 2011 - 04 - 02. - \" bachmann silent on allegations her clinic offers gay conversion therapy \". abc news. retrieved june 13, 2011. - \" what ' s your \" success rate \" in changing gays into straights? \". retrieved 2007 - 03 - 27. [ dead link ] - what do we mean by change [ dead link ] - throckmorton, warren ; pattison, m. l. ( june 2002 ). \" initial empirical and clinical findings concerning the change process for ex - gays \". professional psychology : research and practice ( american psychological association ) 33 ( 3 ) : 242 \u2013 248. doi : 10. 1037 / 0735 - 7028. 33. 3. 242. - \" no easy victory \". christianitytoday. com. march 11, 2002. retrieved november 13, 2011", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4412292820190794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.219552"} {"text": "( 3 ) : 242 \u2013 248. doi : 10. 1037 / 0735 - 7028. 33. 3. 242. - \" no easy victory \". christianitytoday. com. march 11, 2002. retrieved november 13, 2011. - ex - gay or just exploited?, orange county register, june 17, 2007 - apa task force on appropriate therapeutic responses to sexual orientation. ( 2009 ). \" report of the task force on appropriate therapeutic responses to sexual orientation. \" washington, dc : american psychological association. accessed august 2, 2011 - levine, m., perkins, d. d., & perkins, d. v. ( 2004 ). principles of community psychology : perspectives and applications ( 3rd ed. ). new york : oxford university press. - folkman, s., & lazarus, r. s. ( 1980 ). an analysis of coping in a middle - aged community sample. journal of health and social behavior, 21, 219 \u2013 239. - ponticelli, c. m. ( 1999 ). crafting stories of sexual identity reconstruction. social psychology quarterly, 62, 157 \u2013 172. - wolkomir, m. ( 2001 ). emotion work, commitment, and the authentication of the self : the case of gay and ex - gay christian support groups. journal of contemporary ethnography, 30, 305 \u2013 334. - erzen, t. ( 2006 ). straight to jesus : sexual and christian conversions in the ex - gay movement. los angeles : university of california press. - history. retrieved april 14, 2007. - \" homosexuals anonymous fellowship services \u2013 home \". ha - fs. org. retrieved november 13, 2011. - kwon, lillian ( june 25, 2007 ). \" exodus freedom speaker warns of ' the gay gospel ' \". christian post. - \" joe dallas l genesis counseling l sexual addiction recovery \". joedallas. com. retrieved november 13, 2011. - dl foster ( ( isbn 1 - 56229 - 162 - 9 ) ). \" eternal victim / eternal victor : making the case for victory \". - richard leiby ( august 29, 2004 ). \" donnie mcclurkin, ready to sing out against gay ' curse ' \". the washington post. - lawton, kim ( may 6, 2005 ). \" profile : donnie mcclurkin ( interview ) \". pbs religion & ethics newsweekly. - \" the donnie mcclurkin story : from darkness to light \". donnie mcc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48575525089794275, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.220510"} {"text": "post. - lawton, kim ( may 6, 2005 ). \" profile : donnie mcclurkin ( interview ) \". pbs religion & ethics newsweekly. - \" the donnie mcclurkin story : from darkness to light \". donnie mcclurkin. november 23, 2004. - \" news : : glbt \". edge boston. october 24, 2007. retrieved november 13, 2011. - \" dr. jeffrey satinover testifies before massachusetts senate committee studying gay marriage \". april 28, 2003. retrieved august 21, 2011. - \" a tribute to charles w. socarides \". retrieved august 21, 2011. - evangelical press with additional reporting by jody veenker ( october 1, 2000 ). \" ex - gay leader disciplined for gay bar visit \". christianity today. retrieved 2007 - 08 - 29. - besen, wayne ( 2003 ). anything but straight : unmasking the scandals and lies behind the ex - gay myth. harrington park press. isbn 1 - 56023 - 445 - 8. - \" anthony venn - brown : book \". - freedom 2 b [ e ] - \" former \" ex - gay \" leaders in australia apologize, claim that ex - gay conversion does more harm than good \". soulforce. org. retrieved november 13, 2011. - branston, john. \" fly on the wall | the fly - by \". memphis flyer. retrieved november 13, 2011. - jason says : ( march 30, 2010 ). \" ex - gay leader apologises | star online \". starobserver. com. au. retrieved november 13, 2011. - \" where is the repentance? \". grace rivers. october 7, 2011. retrieved november 13, 2011. - \" i do exist faqs \". 2008. retrieved august 21, 2011. - \" a new test of orthodoxy \". wthrockmorton. com. retrieved november 13, 2011. - exodus international policy statements, exodus international. retrieved july 4, 2007. - \" how to find the right counselor for you \u2013 exodus international \". exodusinternational. org. january 11, 2010. retrieved november 13, 2011. - evergreen myths the bottom line : evergreen does not advocate any particular form of therapy. \" - \" therapy - evergreen international - helping latter - day saints overcome same - sex attraction ( homosexuality ) \". evergreeninternational. org. retrieved november 13, 2011. - \" expert affidavit of gregory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44167112824178306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.221489"} {"text": "form of therapy. \" - \" therapy - evergreen international - helping latter - day saints overcome same - sex attraction ( homosexuality ) \". evergreeninternational. org. retrieved november 13, 2011. - \" expert affidavit of gregory m. herek, phd \" ( pdf ). retrieved november 13, 2011. - royal college of psychiatrists : royal college of psychiatrists \u2019 position statement on sexual orientation - letter from the attorney general of the united states to the speaker of the u. s. house of representatives, re : doma, february 23, 2011, \" second, while sexual orientation carries no visible badge, a growing scientific consensus accepts that sexual orientation is a characteristic that is immutable \" - \" \" therapies \" to change sexual orientation lack medical justification and threaten health \". pan american health organization. retrieved may 26, 2012. archived here. - cianciotto, j. ; cahill, s. ( 2006 ). \" youth in the crosshairs : the third wave of ex - gay activism \" ( pdf ). national gay and lesbian task force. retrieved 2007 - 08 - 29. - hicks, a ( 1999 ) reparative therapy : whether parental attempts to change a child ' s sexual orientation can legally constitute child abuse ; retrieved january 29, 2011 - talbot, t. reparative therapy for homosexual teens : the choice of the teen should be the only choice discussed, 27 j. juv. l. 33. 2006. - cohan, j. parental duties and the right of homosexual minors to refuse \" reparative \" therapy, 11 buff. women ' s l. j. 67, 2002. - mirken, bruce ( june 1994 ). \" setting them straight \". san francisco : 10 percent. pp. 54 \u2013 60. - press clipsvillage voice ( new york, ny ), october 06, 1998, 1595 words, by andy hsiao - chris holmlund & justin wyatt ( 2005 ) \" contemporary american independent film : from the margins to the mainstream \" page 190. psychology press. http : / / books. google. com / books? id = 9sydqh2facsc & pg = pa190 & dq = % 22lyn + duff % 22 & hl = en & ei = dip5tou4idk5hafmmvsscq & sa = x & oi = book _ result & ct = result & resnum = 8 & ved = 0cekq", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5251299713853307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.222395"} {"text": "22 & hl = en & ei = dip5tou4idk5hafmmvsscq & sa = x & oi = book _ result & ct = result & resnum = 8 & ved = 0cekq6aewbw # v = onepage & q = % 22lyn % 20duff % 22 & f = false - \" gender identity problems ; gays angered about doctors forcing issue \" the houston chronicle, august 2, 1995, wednesday, 2 star edition, houston ; pg. 3, 1310 words, carole rafferty ; knight - ridder tribune news - pela, robert l. ( november 11, 1997 ). \" boys in the dollhouse, girls with toy trucks \". the advocate. pp. 55 \u2013 59. -. the lambda update. fall 1993. p. 4. missing or empty - david b. cruz ( 1999 ) \" controlling desires : sexual conversion and the limits of law \" southern california law review 72 : 1297. http : / / www - bcf. usc. edu / ~ usclrev / pdf / 072502. pdf - churcher, sharon ( 1998 ) \" going straight. \" sunday mail ( queensland, australia ), september 6, 1998, sunday, news ; pg. 40, 1274 words - ladie terry. ( 1994 ) ' orphans ' speak out. san jose mercury news ( california ) tuesday morning final edition. december 13, 1994. editorial ; pg. 7b - family law, public policy and new federalism by steven k. wisensale. retrieved july 10, 2007. - williams, alex ( july 17, 2005 ). \" gay teenager stirs a storm \". new york times. retrieved 2007 - 10 - 06. - palazzolo, rose ( june 28, 2005 ). \" ex - gay camp investigation called off \". abc news. retrieved november 13, 2011. - ex - gaytruth. com, presents issues related to the ex - gay movement from a conservative christian perspective - christian perspectives on homosexuality and bisexuality at the open directory project - views opposing homosexuality and bisexuality at the open directory project - beyond ex - gay support website co - run by peterson toscano and christine bakke, for people coming out of ex - gay experiences - cure for love, a national film board of canada documentary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4971563650338918, "token_count": 484, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.223291"} {"text": "federal police ( germany ) | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( january 2013 ) | | common name | | federal police | | logo of the bpol ( since 2009 ) | | formed | | july 1 2005 | | preceding agency | | bundesgrenzschutz ( bgs ) ( federal border guard ) | | legal personality | | governmental : government agency | the bundespolizei ( bpol ) is a ( primarily ) uniformed federal police force in germany. it is subordinate to the federal ministry of the interior ( bundesministerium des innern ( bmi ) ). ordinary police forces ( which are much more sizable in combined numbers ) fall under the administration of the individual german states ( bundeslander ) and are known as the landespolizei. the bundespolizei was previously known as the bundesgrenzschutz ( bgs ) ( \" federal border guard \" ) and had a more restricted role until july 1, 2005 when the law renaming the bgs as the bpol was enacted. prior to 1994 bpol members also had military combatant status due to their historical foundation and border guard role. the bpol has the following missions : - border security, ( grenzpolizei or grepo ) to include passport control and the provision of coast guard services along germany ' s 700 km coasts. - protection of federal buildings of constitutional organs like schloss bellevue, the residence of the german bundesprasident ; they also protect the two highest german courts, both in karlsruhe : - providing the federal government ' s mobile response force for internal security events, - providing transportation security at international airports and on the german railways - provides counter - terrorism forces ( gsg 9 ). - provides air ( or sky ) marshals. - supports international police missions for the united nations and eu in kosovo, sudan, liberia, afghanistan, gaza strip, moldova and georgia. - document adviser for airlines around the world - provides in - house security for german embassies in several countries - it is one of several civil organisations providing rescue helicopter service. the bundespolizei can also be used to reinforce state police if requested to do so by a state ( land ) government. the bpol maintains these reserve forces to deal with major demonstrations, disturbances or emergencies to supplement the capabilities of the state operational support units. several highly trained detachments are available for crisis situations requiring armored cars, water cannon or other special equipment. the bpol has investigators who conducts criminal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48116238898883923, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.231668"} {"text": "reserve forces to deal with major demonstrations, disturbances or emergencies to supplement the capabilities of the state operational support units. several highly trained detachments are available for crisis situations requiring armored cars, water cannon or other special equipment. the bpol has investigators who conducts criminal investigations only within its jurisdiction ; otherwise the cases are referred to the appropriate state police force or to the federal criminal investigative agency, the federal criminal police ( bundeskriminalamt, bka ). in addition, the bundespolizei cooperates closely with german state executive authorities such as the prosecutor ' s offices called staatsanwaltschaft in pursuing criminal investigations. the bundespolizei consists of around 40, 000 personnel, - 30, 000 are fully trained police officers. - 10, 000 salaried civilian ( unarmed ) support personnel, the bpol national headquarters ( bpol - prasidium ) is in potsdam performing all central control functions. eight regional headquarters ( bpol - direktion ) control the bpol stations conducting rail police and border protection missions. these areas of responsibility conform to the federal state boundaries which they did not do prior to 1 march 2008. the regional headquarters are as follows : - bad bramstedt covering schleswig - holstein and mecklenburg - vorpommern, - hanover covering bremen, hamburg and lower saxony, - sankt augustin covering northrhine - westfalia, - koblenz covering saarland, rhineland - palatinate and hesse, - stuttgart covering baden - wurttemberg, - munich covering bavaria, - pirna covering saxony, saxony - anhalt and thuringia, and - berlin covering berlin and brandenburg. these regional headquarters each have an investigation department and a mobile inspection and observation unit. moreover, they control the 67 bpol stations ( bpol - inspektion ) which in turn control the bundespolizeireviere or precincts located in places that require a 24 - hour presence by bpol officers. a special direktion is responsible for frankfurt international airport. the central school for advanced and vocational training is in lubeck and controls the five basic training schools in swisttal, neustrelitz, oerlenbach, walsrode and eschwege. it is also in charge of the federal police sport school in bad endorf and a competitive sport project in kienbaum near berlin. the sport school specialises in winter sport events and has trained many of germany ' s top skiers and skaters such as claudia pechstein. the zentrale direkti", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4433108765969765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.232673"} {"text": "bad endorf and a competitive sport project in kienbaum near berlin. the sport school specialises in winter sport events and has trained many of germany ' s top skiers and skaters such as claudia pechstein. the zentrale direktion bundesbereitschaftspolizei controls the mobile support and rapid reaction battalions located in bayreuth, deggendorf, blumberg ( near berlin ), hunfeld, uelzen, duderstadt, sankt augustin, bad bergzabern, bad duben and ratzeburg. the number of bereitschaftspolizei companies increased in march 2008 from 28 to 29 comprising approx. 25 percent of germany \u2019 s police support units. bpol special units the following special units also exist : - the bpol aviation group is directly subordinate to the bpol hq in potsdam. it controls the five aviation squadrons around the country that operate the force ' s helicopters. these are located in fuhlendorf ( north, with satellite airfield in gifhorn ), blumberg ( east ), fuldatal ( centre ), oberschlei\u00dfheim ( south ) and sankt augustin ( west ). its duties include ; border surveillance, monitoring installations belonging to german rail, helping in serious accidents and disasters in germany and abroad, searching for missing persons, searching for criminals on the run, supporting the police forces of the federal states, providing transportation for persons whose security is endangered, providing transportation for guests of the federal government, supporting federal and state authorities, and providing air search and rescue services in coordination with the 12 air rescue centers throughout germany. - the bpol information and communications center is now a department of the bpol hq in potsdam. - the water police stations with 16 patrol craft and helicopters are part of the german federal coast guard and assigned to coastal bpol stations. the watercraft include six offshore patrol vessels, e. g. those of the bad bramstedt class, as well as a number of fast inshore vessels and one tugboat. in 1951 the german government established a federal border protection force ( bundesgrenzschutz or bgs ) composed of 10, 000 men under the federal interior ministry \u2019 s jurisdiction. the force replaced allied military organisations such as the u. s. constabulary then patrolling germany \u2019 s international borders. the bgs was described as a mobile, lightly armed police force for border and internal security despite fears that it would be the nucleus of a new west german army. when west", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4310672830646194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.234617"} {"text": "as the u. s. constabulary then patrolling germany \u2019 s international borders. the bgs was described as a mobile, lightly armed police force for border and internal security despite fears that it would be the nucleus of a new west german army. when west germany did raise an army, bgs personnel were given the choice of staying in the bgs or joining the army. most decided to join the army. in 1953, the bgs took control of the german passport control service. in 1976, the state police grades replaced the military rank structure and bgs training was modified to closely match that of the state police forces ( landespolizei ). the west german railway police ( bahnpolizei ), formerly an independent force, and the east german transportpolizei were restructured under the bgs in 1990. in july 2005, the bgs was renamed the bundespolizei or bpol ( federal police ) to reflect its transition to a multi - faceted federal police agency. the change also involved the shift to blue uniforms and livery for vehicles and helicopters. the german interior ministry reviewed the structure of the bpol in 2007 and in march 2008 made the structure leaner to get more officers out of offices and onto patrol. bundespolizei vehicles have number plates that are based on the bp xx - yyy system. bp stands for bundespolizei. older vehicles may still have the bgs \" bg \" plates. xx is a number from 10 to 55 indicating the type of vehicle : - 10 to 12 : motorcycle - 15 to 19 : car - 20 to 24 : four wheel drive car - 25 to 29 : car - 30 to 39 : medium four wheel drive vehicle - 40 to 49 : trucks and buses - 50 to 54 : armoured cars. - 55 : trailers yyy is a combination of up to three numbers. the bundespolizei have favoured, and in some cases still favour ( where the model is still in production ), the following types of car : - bmw 5 - series sedans and station wagons - volkswagen passat sedans and variant station wagons - volkswagen golf - volkswagen transporter vans aircraft inventory | eurocopter ec - 120 | | training helicopter | | ec 120 | | 6 | | replaced allouette ii in training role | | bell 212 | | rescue - / transport helicopter | | bell 212 | | 5 | | to be replaced by 5 ec - 155 in 2010 - 2012 | | eurocopter super puma | |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4741311810152024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.237582"} {"text": "allouette ii in training role | | bell 212 | | rescue - / transport helicopter | | bell 212 | | 5 | | to be replaced by 5 ec - 155 in 2010 - 2012 | | eurocopter super puma | | transport helicopter | | as 332 l1 | | 20 | | last super puma to arrive in 2010 | | eurocopter ec 135 | | utility helicopter | | ec 135 | | 42 | | replaced allouette ii, bell uh - 1d in liaison and medevac role | | eurocopter ec 155 | | transport helicopter | | ec 155 b | | 15 | | 5 further ec - 155 ordered to replace remaining bell 212 | former aircraft | aerospatiale alouette ii | | training and utility helicopter | | sa 318c | | - | | last allouette left the fleet in 2007 | | aerospatiale puma | | transport helicopter | | sa 330 | | - | | last puma left the fleet in 2008, replaced by super pumas | | mbb bo 105 | | rescue helicopter | | bo 105cbs | | - | | replaced by eurocopter ec - 135t2i | canine support approximately 500 working dogs are used in the federal police at present. most of the dogs are german shepherds. other dog races are also used such as malinois, dutch shepherd, german wirehaired pointer, giant schnauzer and rottweiler. they accompany their handlers on daily missions in railway facilities, at airports, at the border or in physical security. most working dogs live with the families of their handlers. basic and advanced training is performed under the supervision of the federal police academy at the federal police canine schools in bleckede ( lower saxony ) and neuendettelsau ( bavaria ) where dogs and handlers go through patrol dog and explosive detection courses. see also - law enforcement in germany - landespolizei - german state police - volkspolizei - former east german police - osce entry on bpol http : / / polis. osce. org / countries / details. php? item _ id = 17 # country _ profile _ section _ 211 - official bpol news release on reorganisation ( in german ) - \" einsatzschiffe sowie kontroll - und streifenboote \" [ cruise and patrol vessels ] ( in german ). bundespolizei. retrieved 18 june", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.425059488202017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.240187"} {"text": "pope gregory xiii | papacy began | | 13 may 1572 | | papacy ended | | 10 april 1585 | | created cardinal | | 12 march 1565 | | birth name | | ugo boncompagni | | born | | 7 january 1502 bologna, papal states | died | | 10 april 1585 ( aged 83 ) rome, papal states gregory xiii ( latin : gregorius pp. xiii ; italian : gregorio xiii ; 7 january 1502 \u2013 10 april 1585 ), born ugo boncompagni, was pope from 1572 to 1585. he is best known for commissioning and being the namesake for the gregorian calendar, which remains the internationally accepted civil calendar to this date. during his pontificate, gregory fostered cultural patronages associated with his papacy. he strengthened many ecclesiastical and diplomatic envoys to asia, namely the islands of japan and the philippines. he was also the first pope to bestow the immaculate conception as patroness to the philippine islands on 9 february 1579. early biography ugo boncompagni was born the son of cristoforo boncompagni ( 10 july 1470 \u2013 1546 ) and of his wife angela marescalchi in bologna, where he studied law and graduated in 1530. he later taught jurisprudence for some years, and his students included notable figures such as cardinals alexander farnese, reginald pole and charles borromeo. he had an illegitimate son before he took holy orders. career before papacy at the age of thirty - six he was summoned to rome by pope paul iii ( 1534 \u2013 1549 ), under whom he held successive appointments as first judge of the capital, abbreviator, and vice - chancellor of the campagna. pope paul iv ( 1555 \u2013 1559 ) attached him as datarius to the suite of cardinal carlo carafa, pope pius iv ( 1559 \u2013 1565 ) made him cardinal - priest of san sisto vecchio and sent him to the council of trent. he also served as a legate to philip ii of spain ( 1556 \u2013 1598 ), being sent by the pope to investigate the cardinal of toledo. it was here that he formed a lasting and close relationship with the spanish king, which was to become very important in his foreign policy as pope. election as pope upon the death of pope pius v ( 1566 \u2013 1572 ), the conclave chose cardinal boncompagni, who assumed the name of gregory xiii in homage to the great reforming pope,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3979032551720574, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.252444"} {"text": "in his foreign policy as pope. election as pope upon the death of pope pius v ( 1566 \u2013 1572 ), the conclave chose cardinal boncompagni, who assumed the name of gregory xiii in homage to the great reforming pope, gregory i ( 590 \u2013 604 ), surnamed the great. it was a very brief conclave, lasting less than 24 hours. many historians have attributed this to the influence and backing of the spanish king. gregory xiii ' s character seemed to be perfect for the needs of the church at the time. unlike some of his predecessors, he was to lead a faultless personal life, becoming a model for his simplicity of life. additionally, his legal brilliance and management abilities meant that he was able to respond and deal with major problems quickly and decisively, although not always successfully. | papal styles of pope gregory xiii | reference style | | his holiness | | spoken style | | your holiness | | religious style | | holy father | reform of the church once in the chair of saint peter, gregory xiii ' s rather worldly concerns became secondary and he dedicated himself to reform of the catholic church. he committed himself to putting into practice the recommendations of the council of trent. he allowed no exceptions for cardinals to the rule that bishops must take up residence in their sees, and designated a committee to update the index of forbidden books. he was the patron of a new and greatly improved edition of the corpus juris canonici. in a time of considerable centralisation of power, gregory xiii abolished the cardinals consistories, replacing them with colleges, and appointing specific tasks for these colleges to work on. he was renowned for having a fierce independence ; some confidants noted that he neither welcomed interventions nor sought advice. the power of the papacy increased under him, whereas the influence and power of the cardinals substantially decreased. formation of clergy and promotion of the arts and sciences a central part of the strategy of gregory xiii ' s reform was to apply the recommendations of trent. he was a liberal patron of the recently formed society of jesus throughout europe, for which he founded many new colleges. the roman college of the jesuits grew substantially under his patronage, and became the most important centre of learning in europe for a time, known as the university of the nations. it is now named the pontifical gregorian university. pope gregory xiii also founded numerous seminaries for training priests, beginning with the german college at rome, and put them in the charge of the jesuits. in 1575 he gave official status to the congregation of the or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3912309282658212, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.253623"} {"text": "now named the pontifical gregorian university. pope gregory xiii also founded numerous seminaries for training priests, beginning with the german college at rome, and put them in the charge of the jesuits. in 1575 he gave official status to the congregation of the oratory, a community of priests without vows, dedicated to prayer and preaching ( founded by saint filippo neri ). in 1580 he commissioned artists, including ignazio danti, to complete works to decorate the vatican and commissioned the gallery of maps. the gregorian calendar pope gregory xiii is best known for his reformation of the calendar, with the aid of jesuit priest / astronomer christopher clavius, who is credited as the calendar ' s chief architect. the reason for the reform was that the average length of the year in the julian calendar was too long \u2013 it treated each year as 365 days, 6 hours in length, whereas calculations showed that the actual mean length of a year is slightly less ( 365 days, 5 hours and 49 minutes ) as a result, the date of the actual vernal equinox had slowly ( over the course of 13 centuries ) slipped to 10 march, while the computus ( calculation ) of the date of easter still followed the traditional date of 21 march. this was verified by the observations of clavius, and the new calendar was instituted when gregory decreed, by the papal bull inter gravissimas of 24 february 1582, that the day after thursday, 4 october 1582 would be not friday, 5 october, but friday, 15 october 1582. the new calendar duly replaced the julian calendar, in use since 45 bc, and has since come into universal use. because of gregory ' s involvement, the reformed julian calendar came to be known as the gregorian calendar. the switchover was bitterly opposed by much of the populace, who feared it was an attempt by landlords to cheat them out of a week and a half ' s rent. however, the catholic countries of spain, portugal, poland, and italy complied. france, some states of the dutch republic and various catholic states in germany and switzerland ( both countries were religiously split ) followed suit within a year or two, and hungary followed in 1587. however, more than a century passed before protestant europe accepted the new calendar. denmark, the remaining states of the dutch republic, and the protestant states of the holy roman empire and switzerland adopted the gregorian reform in 1700 \u2013 01. by this time, the calendar trailed the seasons by 11 days. great britain and its american colonies reformed in 1752", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43991296051807355, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.254605"} {"text": "the remaining states of the dutch republic, and the protestant states of the holy roman empire and switzerland adopted the gregorian reform in 1700 \u2013 01. by this time, the calendar trailed the seasons by 11 days. great britain and its american colonies reformed in 1752, where wednesday, 2 september 1752 was immediately followed by thursday, 14 september 1752 ; they were joined by the last protestant holdout, sweden, on 1 march 1753. the gregorian calendar was not accepted in eastern christendom for several hundred years, and then only as the civil calendar. the gregorian calendar was instituted in russia by the bolsheviks in 1917, romania accepted it in 1919 under king ferdinand of romania ( 1 november 1919 became 14 november 1919 ), turkey in 1923 under ataturk, and the last orthodox country to accept the calendar was greece also in 1923. while some eastern orthodox national churches have accepted the gregorian calendar dates for feast days that occur on the same date every year, the dates of all movable feasts ( such as easter ) are still calculated in the eastern orthodox churches by reference to the julian calendar. foreign policy though he expressed the conventional fears of the danger from the turks, gregory xiii ' s attentions were more consistently directed to the dangers from the protestants. he also encouraged the plans of philip ii to dethrone elizabeth i of england ( reigned from 1558 \u2013 1603 ), thus helping to develop an atmosphere of subversion and imminent danger among english protestants, who looked on any roman catholic as a potential traitor. in 1578, to further the plans of exiled english and irish catholics such as nicholas sanders, william allen, and james fitzmaurice fitzgerald, gregory outfitted adventurer thomas stukeley with a ship and an army of 800 men to land in ireland to aid in the hope for overthrow of elizabeth ' s rule through the catholic leader and former leader of the first desmond rebellion, fitzmaurice. to his dismay, stukeley joined his forces with those of king sebastian of portugal against emperor abdul malik of morocco instead. another papal expedition sailed to ireland in 1579 with a mere 50 soldiers under the command of fitzmaurice, accompanied by sanders as papal legate. the resulting second desmond rebellion was equally unsuccessful. gregory ' s greatest success came in his patronage of colleges and seminaries which he founded on the continent for the irish and english, among others. in 1580 he was persuaded by english jesuits to moderate or suspend the bull regnans in excelsis ( 1570 ) which had excommunicated queen elizabeth i of england. catholics were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4289422663016824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.256108"} {"text": "founded on the continent for the irish and english, among others. in 1580 he was persuaded by english jesuits to moderate or suspend the bull regnans in excelsis ( 1570 ) which had excommunicated queen elizabeth i of england. catholics were advised to obey the queen outwardly in all civil matters, until such time as a suitable opportunity presented itself for her overthrow. after the st. bartholomew ' s day massacres of huguenots in france in 1572, pope gregory celebrated a te deum mass. however, some hold that he was ignorant of the nature of the plot at the time, having been told the huguenots had tried to take over the government but failed. three frescoes in the sala regia palace of the vatican depicting the events were painted by giorgio vasari, and a commemorative medal was issued with gregory ' s portrait and on the obverse a chastising angel, sword in hand and the legend ugonottorum strages ( \" massacre of the huguenots \" ). cultural patronage he appointed his illegitimate son giacomo, born to his mistress at bologna before his papacy, castellan of sant ' angelo and gonfalonier of the church ; venice, anxious to please, enrolled him among its nobles. philip ii of spain appointed him general in his army. gregory also helped his son to become a powerful feudatary through the acquisition of the duchy of sora, on the border between the papal states and the kingdom of naples. in order to raise funds for these and similar objects, he confiscated a large proportion of the houses and properties throughout the states of the church. this measure enriched his treasury for a time, but alienated a great body of the nobility and gentry, revived old factions, and created new ones. gregory xiii died on 10 april 1585. see also notes and references - the cardinals of the holy roman church : ugo boncompagni - henry, jonathan. \" chapter 3. \" earth science. clearwater, fl : clearwater christian college, 2010. print. - p. j. corish, \" the origins of catholic nationalism \", part 8, vol. iii, pp 15 \u2013 18, in \" the history of irish catholicism \" ( dublin, 1967 ) - schaff, philip ( 1910 ). history of the christian church, volume vii. modern christianity. the german reformation. new york : charles scribner ' s sons. note 53. - ugo boncompagni had giacomo legitimated on 5 july 1548 by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4064531400622281, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.257232"} {"text": "| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( july 2009 ) | | freikorps leader henlein, september 1938 | | reichsstatthalter and gauleiter of the reichsgau sudetenland | 1 may 1939 \u2013 8 may 1945 6 may 1898 | | died | | 10 may 1945 plzen ( pilsen ), czechoslovakia | political party | | sdp ( until 1938 ) nsdap ( from 1939 ) converted to protestantism in 1926 konrad ernst eduard henlein ( 6 may 1898 \u2013 10 may 1945 ) was a leading sudeten german politician in czechoslovakia. upon the german occupation he joined the nazi party as well as the ss and was appointed reichsstatthalter of the sudetenland in 1939. early life the son of an accounts clerk was born in maffersdorf ( present - day vratislavice nad nisou ), in what was then the bohemian crown land of austria - hungary. in light of his being a leader of the sudeten german movement, henlein ' s origin was not without problems. his mother, hedvika ( hedwig ) anna augusta dvoracek, was the daughter of a german - speaking mother but her father was of czech origin. as henlein after 1938 pursued a germanisation policy to non - german aryans, therefore he was forced to change his still - living mother ' s name from dvoracek to the more german spelling of dworatschek, which would be thus more comfortable for henlein ' s career as a high nazi official. he attended business school in gablonz ( jablonec nad nisou ). henlein entered military service as a kriegsfreiwilliger, assigned to k. u. k. tiroler kaiser - jager - regiment nr. 3. in may, 1916, he attended offiziersschule and then was assigned to k. u. k. infanterie - regiment nr. 27 ( base - graz ). he saw frontline service in the dolomites at monte forno, mont sief, and monte maletta from may, 1916 to 17 november 1917. henlein was severely wounded, then captured by italian troops, and spent the remainder of the war as a pow held in italian captivity at asinara island. there henlein spent his time studying the history of the german turner ( gymnastics ) movement of friedrich ludwig jahn. he returned home after the breakup of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4045610760066772, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.263338"} {"text": "spent the remainder of the war as a pow held in italian captivity at asinara island. there henlein spent his time studying the history of the german turner ( gymnastics ) movement of friedrich ludwig jahn. he returned home after the breakup of the austro - hungarian monarchy in 1919. henlein worked as a bank clerk in gablonz, part of the newly established czechoslovakian state. influenced by the german national movement, henlein became a gym teacher of the gymnastics club in asch ( as ) in 1925, which, similar to the czech sokol movement, took an active part in sudeten german communal life. party leader on 1 october 1933, henlein founded the sudetendeutsche heimatfront ( \" sudeten german home front \", shf ). although the shf was originally meant as a successor organisation of the banned anti - czech german national socialist workers ' party and german national party, it soon became a big tent right - wing movement in order to achieve a status of autonomy for the german minority, rivalling with the german social democratic workers party. on 19 april 1935 the shf was renamed sudeten german party ( sudetendeutsche partei, sdp ) under pressure from the czechoslovak government. in the first half of the 1930s, henlein held a pro - czechoslovak and overtly anti - nazi view in his public views and speeches. in the parliamentary election of may 1935, the sdp with massive support by the nazi party gained 15. 2 % of the votes cast, becoming the strongest of all czechoslovak parties, and had won about 68 % of the german votes. even with the newfound power of the sdp, gained with the help of the nazis, henlein did not become a declared follower of adolf hitler until 1937 ; after the pro - german camp within the sdp represented by karl hermann frank emerged victorious. newer research shows his position within the sdp became very difficult, when in 1937 heinz rutha, one of his closest allies, was tipped off to the czechoslovak authorities ( possibly by german secret service ) and imprisoned for alleged homosexuality. henlein then swiftly aligned himself with the slogan ein volk, ein reich, ein fuhrer! ( \" one people, one country, one leader! \" ), thus calling for the predominantly ( typically more than 80 % ) german - speaking sudetenland to be a part of germany. henlein ' s political party ' s dominance of the sudetenland in the 1930s contributed to the munich agreement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4627206917165323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.264407"} {"text": ", thus calling for the predominantly ( typically more than 80 % ) german - speaking sudetenland to be a part of germany. henlein ' s political party ' s dominance of the sudetenland in the 1930s contributed to the munich agreement on 30 september 1938, which was due in part to his influence with the british delegate lord runciman during the latter ' s visit of czechoslovakia. henlein presented his party ' s policy as striving to fulfill the \" justified claims \" of the then largely nazified german minority. henlein, often under direct orders from berlin, deliberately had worked to help create a sense of crisis that was useful to hitler ' s diplomatic and military efforts ; as he once stated, \" we must make demands that cannot be satisfied \". from 12 september 1938, forward, he helped organise hundreds of terrorist attacks and two coup attempts by the sudetendeutsches freikorps paramilitary organisation affiliated with the ss - totenkopfverbande, immediately after hitler ' s frenetic and threatening speech in nuremberg at the nazi party ' s annual rally. the attempted uprising was quickly suppressed by czechoslovak forces, whereafter henlein fled to germany only to start numerous intrusions into czechoslovak territory around asch as a commander of sudeten german guerilla bands. german occupation upon the wehrmacht ' s entry into the sudetenland, henlein was appointed reichskommissar and became a ss - gruppenfuhrer ( later an ss - obergruppenfuhrer ). the sdp merged with hitler ' s nsdap on 5 november 1938. henlein joined the nazi party in january 1939 and was appointed reichstag deputy. in march and april 1939 he served as the head of civil service in the protectorate of bohemia and moravia but soon most of the power went to the hands of his long - time rival karl hermann frank. on 1 may 1939 henlein was named reichsstatthalter and gauleiter of the newly established reichsgau sudetenland, a position he held until the end of the war. his political influence was limited. several attempts by rsha leader reinhard heydrich and others to remove him from office, supposedly because he was not radical enough, failed due to henlein ' s good relations with hitler. in fiction in harry turtledove ' s \" hitler ' s war \", henlein is assassinated by a czech named jaroslav stribny around 28 september 1938. hitler, in the story, then", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4315615646552725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.265347"} {"text": "| the formation of neural crest during the process of neurulation. neural crest is first induced in the region of the neural plate border. after neural tube closure, neural crest delaminates from the region between the dorsal neural tube and overlying ectoderm and migrates out towards the periphery. | neural crest cells are a transient, multipotent, migratory cell population unique to vertebrates that gives rise to a diverse cell lineage including melanocytes, craniofacial cartilage and bone, smooth muscle, peripheral and enteric neurons and glia. after gastrulation, neural crest cells are specified at the border of the neural plate and the non - neural ectoderm. during neurulation, the borders of the neural plate, also known as the neural folds, converge at the dorsal midline to form the neural tube. subsequently, neural crest cells from the roof plate of the neural tube undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition, delaminating from the neuroepithelium and migrating through the periphery where they differentiate into varied cell types. the emergence of neural crest was important in vertebrate evolution because many of its structural derivatives are defining features of the vertebrate clade. underlying the development of neural crest is a gene regulatory network, described as a set of interacting signals, transcription factors, and downstream effector genes that confer cell characteristics such as multipotency and migratory capabilities. understanding the molecular mechanisms of neural crest formation is important for our knowledge of human disease because of its contributions to multiple cell lineages. abnormalities in neural crest development cause neurocristopathies, which include conditions such as frontonasal dysplasia, waardenburg - shah syndrome, and digeorge syndrome. therefore, defining the mechanisms of neural crest development may reveal key insights into vertebrate evolution and neurocristopathies. neural crest was first described in the chick embryo by wilhelm his in 1868 as \" the cord in between \" ( zwischenstrang ) because of its origin between the neural plate and non - neural ectoderm. he named the tissue ganglionic crest since its final destination was each lateral side of the neural tube where it differentiated into spinal ganglia. during the first half of the 20th century the majority of research on neural crest was done using amphibian embryos which was reviewed by horstadius ( 1950 ) in a well known monograph. cell labeling techniques advanced the field of neural crest because they allowed researchers to visual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5118170691831382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.277670"} {"text": "of the 20th century the majority of research on neural crest was done using amphibian embryos which was reviewed by horstadius ( 1950 ) in a well known monograph. cell labeling techniques advanced the field of neural crest because they allowed researchers to visualize the migration of the tissue throughout the developing embryos. in the 1960s weston and chibon utilized radioisotopic labeling of the nucleus with tritiated thymidine in chick and amphibian embryo respectively. however, this method suffers from drawbacks of stability, since every time the labeled cell divides the signal is diluted. modern cell labeling techniques such as rhodamine - lysinated dextran and the vital dye dii have also been developed to transiently mark neural crest lineages. the quail - chick marking system, devised by nicole le douarin in 1969, was another instrumental technique used to track neural crest cells. chimeras, generated through transplantation, enabled researchers to distinguish neural crest cells of one species from the surrounding tissue of another species. with this technique, generations of scientists were able to reliably mark and study the ontogeny of neural crest cells. a molecular cascade of events is involved in establishing the migratory and multipotent characteristics of neural crest cells. this gene - regulatory network can be subdivided into the following four sub - networks described below. inductive signals first, extracellular signaling molecules, secreted from the adjacent epidermis and underlying mesoderm such wnts, bmps and fgfs separate the non - neural ectoderm ( epidermis ) from the neural plate during neural induction. wnt signaling has been demonstrated in neural crest induction in several species through gain - of - function and loss - of - function experiments. in coherence with this observation, the promoter region of slug ( a neural crest specific gene ) contains a binding site for transcription factors involved in the activation of wnt - dependent target genes, suggestive of a direct role of wnt signaling in neural crest specification. the current role of bmp in neural crest formation is associated with the induction of the neural plate. bmp antagonists diffusing from the ectoderm generates a gradient of bmp activity. in this manner, the neural crest lineage forms from intermediate levels of bmp signaling required for the development of the neural plate ( low bmp ) and epidermis ( high bmp ). fgf from the paraxial mesoderm has been suggested as a source of neural crest ind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49468033222085817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.278689"} {"text": "intermediate levels of bmp signaling required for the development of the neural plate ( low bmp ) and epidermis ( high bmp ). fgf from the paraxial mesoderm has been suggested as a source of neural crest inductive signal. researchers have demonstrated that the expression of dominate - negative fgf receptor in ectoderm explants blocks neural crest induction when recombined with paraxial mesoderm. our current understanding of the role of bmp, wnt, and fgf pathways on neural crest specifier expression remains incomplete. neural plate border specifiers signaling events that establish the neural plate border lead to the expression of a set of transcription factors delineated here as neural plate border specifiers. these molecules include zic factors, pax3 / 7, dlx5, msx1 / 2 which may mediate the influence of wnts, bmps, and fgfs. these genes are expressed broadly at the neural plate border region and precede the expression of bona fide neural crest markers. experimental evidence places these transcription factors upstream of neural crest specifiers. for example, in xenopus msx1 is necessary and sufficient for the expression of slug, snail, and foxd3. furthermore, pax3 is essential for foxd3 expression in mouse embryos. neural crest specifiers following the expression of neural plate border specifiers is a collection of genes including slug / snail, foxd3, sox10, sox9, ap - 2 and c - myc. this suite of genes, designated here as neural crest specifiers, are activated in emergent neural crest cells. at least in xenopus, every neural crest specifier is necessary and / or sufficient for the expression of all other specifiers, demonstrating the existence of extensive cross - regulation. outside of the tightly regulated network of neural crest specifiers are two other transcription factors twist and id. twist, a bhlh transcription factor, is required for mesenchyme differentiation of the pharyngeal arch structures. id is a direct target of c - myc and is known to be important for the maintenance of neural crest stem cells. neural crest effector genes finally, neural crest specifiers turn on the expression of effector genes, which confer certain properties such as migration and multipotency. two neural crest effectors, rho gtpases and cadherins, function in delamination by regulating cell morphology and adhesive properties. sox9 and sox", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47668084804605343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.279613"} {"text": "\" new head \" theory, gans and northcut argue that the presence of neural crest was the basis for vertebrate specific features, such as sensory ganglia and cranial skeleton. furthermore, the appearance of these features was pivotal in vertebrate evolution because it enabled a predatory lifestyle. however, considering the neural crest a vertebrate innovation does not mean that it was created de novo. instead, new structures often arise through modification of existing developmental regulatory programs. for example, regulatory programs may be changed by the co - option of new upstream regulators or by the employment of new downstream gene targets, thus placing existing networks in a novel context. this idea is supported by in situ hybridization data that shows the conservation of the neural plate border specifiers in protochordates, which suggest that part of the neural crest precursor network was present in a common ancestor to the chordates. in some non - vertebrate chordates such as tunicates a lineage of cells ( melanocytes ) has been identified, which are similar to neural crest cells in vertebrates. this implies that a rudimentary neural crest existed in a common ancestor of vertebrates and tunicates. neural crest derivatives mesectoderm : odontoblasts, dental papillae, the chondrocranium ( nasal capsule, meckel ' s cartilage, scleral ossicles, quadrate, articular, hyoid and columella ), tracheal and laryngeal cartilage, the dermatocranium ( membranous bones ), dorsal fins and the turtle plastron ( lower vertebrates ), pericytes and smooth muscle of branchial arteries and veins, tendons of ocular and masticatory muscles, connective tissue of head and neck glands ( pituitary, salivary, lachrymal, thymus, thyroid ) dermis and adipose tissue of calvaria, ventral neck and face peripheral nervous system : sensory neurons and glia of the dorsal root ganglia, cephalic ganglia ( vii and in part, v, ix, and x ), rohon - beard cells, some merkel cells in the whisker, satellite glial cells of all autonomic and sensory ganglia, schwann cells of all peripheral nerves melanocytes and iris pigment cells see also - huang, x., and saint - jeannet, j. p. ( 2004 ). \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.513095009857809, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.281612"} {"text": "its use in experimental embryology \". dev biol. 30 217 - 22. doi : 10. 1016 / 0012 - 1606 ( 73 ) 90061 - 4 - vallin, j. et al. ( 2001 ). \" cloning and characterization of the three xenopus slug promoters reveal direct regulation by lef / beta - catenin signaling \". j biol chem. 276, 30350 - 8. doi : 10. 1074 / jbc. m103167200 - mayor, r., guerrero, n., martinez, c. ( 1997 ). \" role of fgf and noggin in neural crest induction \". dev biol. 189 1 - 12. doi : 10. 1006 / dbio. 1997. 8634 - tribulo, c. et al. ( 2003 ). \" regulation of msx genes by bmp gradient is essential for neural crest specification \". development. 130, 6441 - 52. doi : 10. 1242 / dev. 00878 - dottori, m., gross, m. k., labosky, p., and goulding, m. ( 2001 ). \" the winged - helix transcription factor foxd3 suppresses interneuron differentiation and promotes neural crest cell fate \". development 128, 4127 \u2013 4138. - vincentz, j. w. et al. ( 2008 ). \" an absence of twist1 results in aberrant cardiac neural crest morphogenesis \". dev biol. 320, 131 - 9. doi : 10. 1016 / j. ydbio. 2008. 04. 037 - light, w. et al. ( 2005 ). \" xenopus id3 is required downstream of myc for the formation of multipotent neural crest progenitor cells \". development. 132, 1831 - 41. doi : 10. 1242 / dev. 01734 - taneyhill, l. a. ( 2008 ). \" to adhere or not to adhere : the role of cadherins in neural crest development \". cell adh migr. 2, 223 - 30. - gans, c. and northcutt, r. g. ( 1983 ). \" neural crest and the origin of vertebrates : a new head \". science 220, 268 \u2013 274. doi : 10. 1126 / science. 220. 4594. 268 - sauka - spengler", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4990580143988049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.283610"} {"text": "( 1983 ). \" neural crest and the origin of vertebrates : a new head \". science 220, 268 \u2013 274. doi : 10. 1126 / science. 220. 4594. 268 - sauka - spengler, t. and bronner - fraser, m. ( 2006 ). \" development and evolution of the migratory neural crest : a gene regulatory perspective \". curr opin genet dev. 13, 360 - 6. doi : 10. 1016 / j. gde. 2006. 06. 006 - donoghue, p. c., graham, a., kelsh, r. n. ( 2008 ). \" the origin and evolution of the neural crest \". bioessays. 30, 530 - 41. doi : 10. 1002 / bies. 20767 - abitua, p. b. ; wagner, e. ; navarrete, i. a. ; levine, m. ( 2012 ). \" identification of a rudimentary neural crest in a non - vertebrate chordate \". nature. doi : 10. 1038 / nature11589. - kalcheim, c. and le douarin, n. m. ( 1998 ). the neural crest ( 2nd ed. ). cambridge, u. k. : cambridge university press. - van keymeulen a, mascre g, youseff kk, harel i, michaux c, de geest n, szpalski c, achouri y, bloch w, hassan ba, blanpain c. epidermal progenitors give rise to merkel cells during embryonic development and adult homeostasis. j cell biol. 2009 oct 5 ; 187 ( 1 ) : 91 - 100. pubmed pmid 19786578. - szeder v, grim m, halata z, sieber - blum m. neural crest origin of mammalian merkel cells. dev biol. 2003 jan 15 ; 253 ( 2 ) : 258 - 63. pubmed pmid 12645929. - embryology at unsw notes / ncrest - neuronames ancil - 445 - diagram at university of michigan - hox domains in chicks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4967501982522462, "token_count": 471, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.284431"} {"text": "| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( may 2009 ) | background to philatelic literature consider a letter found pressed between the pages of an old book, sent from a relative working in a remote part of the world. how did the letter get from there to here? was there a company mail boat that carried it, or was there a remote town with its own post office? was the sender in an independent country, or a colony too small to issue its own stamps? why did the recipient ' s country accept the expense of carrying the letter the rest of the way, and if it didn ' t, how did it arrange to get paid for delivering the letter? come to think of it, how did the letter cross the border? philatelic and postal history research answer these sorts of questions, and the results are then published in a variety of books and journals. philatelic literature is held by stamp collectors and dealers, philatelic societies, and general and specialist libraries. the holdings of the british library, for instance, are estimated at 30 - 35, 000 works. main types of philatelic literature philatelic literature is generally divided into the following categories : - stamp catalogues - single country catalogues - worldwide catalogues - geographic area catalogues ( e. g. africa ) - time period catalogues ( e. g. reign of king george v ) - specialized catalogues ( e. g. postmarks, plate blocks, perfins, etc. ) - society newsletters - auction catalogues - bibliographies of philatelic literature - background material - non philatelic material useful to stamp collectors. for example, currency exchange rates, maps, newspapers etc. the stamp catalogue perhaps the most basic sort of literature is the stamp catalogue. this is basically a list of types of postage stamps along with their market values. the first catalogues in great britain were published in 1862 by frederick booty, mount brown, and dr. john edward gray. the first in the united states was the stamp collector ' s manual by a. c. kline ( a pseudonym for john william kline ), also 1862. some catalogues, like the michel catalogue and various one - country catalogues, offer a great deal of information going beyond the basic properties of each stamp type. the single country book another common sort of book is the comprehensive \" stamps and postal history \" of a single country. these go beyond the basic date, denomination, and market price seen in the catalogues,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4464357715730911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.292189"} {"text": "beyond the basic properties of each stamp type. the single country book another common sort of book is the comprehensive \" stamps and postal history \" of a single country. these go beyond the basic date, denomination, and market price seen in the catalogues, explaining why particular stamps were issued, where and how they used, and more generally how the country ' s postal system worked in various periods. the specialised study the next level of specialization is remarkable both for the level of minutiae and the number of works that have been published. specialists write monographs summarizing everything that is known about a single type of stamp - the history of its design, the printing process, when and where the stamp was sold to the public, and all the ways it was used on mail. if the stamps is particularly rare ( the inverted jenny or the missionary stamps of hawaii ), the book may actually include a census of every single copy known to exist. as might be expected, the audience is small, and the print runs of these books are small too. classic works out of print may be much - sought - after, sometimes even more than the stamps they are describing! other kinds of specialized work include comprehensive studies of postal usage in limited areas and times, perhaps mail in montana territory before it became a state, or mail from missionaries in uganda before it became a british colony. the philatelic journal in addition to books, there are a great number of philatelic journals. the first stamp magazine was the monthly intelligencer from birmingham, england, followed shortly by many others. the journals and newsletters of clubs and societies also have an important role in philatelic literature. many journals only run for a few numbers and then cease but they often contain information found nowhere else and therefore are valuable sources for philatelists. some popular philatelic periodicals are : - the american philatelist - worldwide topics with a focus on usa - canadian stamp news - worldwide topics with a focus on canada - deutsche briefmarken zeitung ( germany ) - gibbons stamp monthly ( uk ) - worldwide topics with a focus on great britain and the british commonwealth - linn ' s stamp news ( usa ) - worldwide topics with a focus on usa philatelic bibliography the scale and complexity of philatelic literature is such that it has its own journal, the philatelic literature review, published quarterly by the american philatelic research library. there are also a number of libraries devoted solely to philatelic literature. ( see link below ) see also - [ catalogue of postage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4996199210224326, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.293142"} {"text": "has its own journal, the philatelic literature review, published quarterly by the american philatelic research library. there are also a number of libraries devoted solely to philatelic literature. ( see link below ) see also - [ catalogue of postage and telegraph stamps 4th ed 1895. jpg philatelic research at the british library ] by david beech, barnet & district philatelic society, 2013. retrieved 3 may 2013. - phillips, stanley. stamp collecting : a guide to modern philately, revised edition, stanley gibbons, london, 1983, p. 243. isbn 0 - 85259 - 047 - 4. - \" early postage stamp catalogs \" by george b. sloane in stamps, 13 july 1946. - herbert a. trenchard and george t. turner, \" john william kline america ' s first philatelic author \", in philatelic literature review, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 24 - 41, 1993 further reading | wikimedia commons has media related to : philatelic literature | - birch, brian. the philatelic bibliophile ' s companion, 3rd edition, standish, wigan, 2007. - negus, james. philatelic literature. compilation techniques and reference sources, james bendon, limassol, cyprus, 1991. isbn 9963 - 7624 - 3 - 3 - pearson, patrick. advanced philatelic research, arthur barker, london, 1971. isbn 0 - 213 - 00326 - 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4233458887956133, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.293937"} {"text": "temporal range : early pleistocene \u2013 recent | the common brown rat ( rattus norvegicus ) | fischer de waldheim, 1803 stenomys thomas, 1910 rats are various medium - sized, long - tailed rodents of the superfamily muroidea. \" true rats \" are members of the genus rattus, the most important of which to humans are the black rat, rattus rattus, and the brown rat, rattus norvegicus. many members of other rodent genera and families are also referred to as rats, and share many characteristics with true rats. rats are typically distinguished from mice by their size ; rats are generally large muroid rodents, while mice are generally small muroid rodents. the muroid family is very large and complex, and the common terms rat and mouse are not taxonomically specific. generally, when someone discovers a large muroid, its common name includes the term rat, while if it is small, the name includes the term mouse. scientifically, the terms are not confined to members of the rattus and mus genera, for example, the pack rat and cotton mouse. species and description the best - known rat species are the black rat ( rattus rattus ) and the brown rat ( rattus norvegicus ). the group is generally known as the old world rats or true rats, and originated in asia. rats are bigger than most old world mice, which are their relatives, but seldom weigh over 500 grams ( 1. 1 lb ) in the wild. the term \" rat \" is also used in the names of other small mammals which are not true rats. examples include the north american pack rats, a number of species loosely called kangaroo rats, and others. rats such as the bandicoot rat ( bandicota bengalensis ) are murine rodents related to true rats, but are not members of the genus rattus. male rats are called bucks, unmated females are called does, pregnant or parent females are called dams, and infants are called kittens or pups. a group of rats is either referred to as a pack or a mischief. the common species are opportunistic survivors and often live with and near humans ; therefore, they are known as commensals. they may cause substantial food losses, especially in developing countries. however, the widely distributed and problematic commensal species of rats are a minority in this diverse genus. many species of rats are island endemics and some have become endangered due to habitat loss or competition with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49362665840792075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.318206"} {"text": "substantial food losses, especially in developing countries. however, the widely distributed and problematic commensal species of rats are a minority in this diverse genus. many species of rats are island endemics and some have become endangered due to habitat loss or competition with the brown, black or polynesian rat. wild rodents, including rats, can carry many different zoonotic pathogens, such as leptospira, toxoplasma gondii, and campylobacter. the black death is traditionally believed to have been caused by the micro - organism yersinia pestis, carried by the tropical rat flea ( xenopsylla cheopis ) which preyed on black rats living in european cities during the epidemic outbreaks of the middle ages ; these rats were used as transport hosts. other zoonotic diseases linked to pest rodents include classical swine fever and foot - and - mouth disease. the average lifespan of any given rat depends on which species is being discussed, but many only live about a year due to predation. the black and brown rats diverged from other old world rats during the beginning of the pleistocene in the forests of asia. specially bred rats have been kept as pets at least since the late 19th century. pet rats are typically variants of the species brown rat, but black rats and giant pouched rats are also known to be kept. pet rats behave differently from their wild counterparts depending on how many generations they have been kept as pets. pet rats do not pose any more of a health risk than pets such as cats or dogs. tamed rats are generally friendly and can be taught to perform selected behaviors. subjects for scientific research in 1895, clark university in worcester, massachusetts ( united states ) established a population of domestic albino brown rats to study the effects of diet and for other physiological studies. over the years, rats have been used in many experimental studies, which have added to our understanding of genetics, diseases, the effects of drugs, and other topics that have provided a great benefit for the health and well - being of humankind. laboratory rats have also proved valuable in psychological studies of learning and other mental processes ( barnett, 2002 ), as well as to understand group behavior and overcrowding ( with the work of john b. calhoun on behavioral sink ). a 2007 study found rats to possess metacognition, a mental ability previously only documented in humans and some primates. domestic rats differ from wild rats in many ways. they are calmer and less likely to bite ; they can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47975542847988756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.319507"} {"text": "sink ). a 2007 study found rats to possess metacognition, a mental ability previously only documented in humans and some primates. domestic rats differ from wild rats in many ways. they are calmer and less likely to bite ; they can tolerate greater crowding ; they breed earlier and produce more offspring ; and their brains, livers, kidneys, adrenal glands, and hearts are smaller ( barnett 2002 ). brown rats are often used as model organisms for scientific research. since the publication of the rat genome sequence, and other advances, such as the creation of a rat snp chip, and the production of knockout rats, the laboratory rat has become a useful genetic tool, although not as popular as mice. when it comes to conducting tests related to intelligence, learning, and drug abuse, rats are a popular choice due to their high intelligence, ingenuity, aggressiveness, and adaptability. their psychology, in many ways, seems to be similar to humans. entirely new breeds or \" lines \" of brown rats, such as the wistar rat, have been bred for use in laboratories. much of the genome of rattus norvegicus has been sequenced. because of the ability to learn, rats were early on investigated to see whether they may exhibit general intelligence like larger or more complex animals. a 1929 study did not find a g factor, nor did a 1990 work ; a 1935 study did : robert thorndike, for example, provided strong evidence for g in rats by the use of a variety of tests such as mazes, problem - solving tasks, and simple avoidance conditioning ( thorndike 1935 ). performances tended to correlate across tasks, with stronger associations found between mazes and problem - solving than with simple avoidance tasks. thorndike ( 1935 ) also reviewed a dozen earlier studies which also suggested that the highest correlations are found between more complex problem - solving tasks. however, it should be noted that there were other contemporary studies that found split or near zero - order correlation matrices for other populations of rats across cognitive batteries ( see royce 1950 ). \u2014 in 1993, anderson measured rat performance and factor analysis produced a g, and also correlations with rat brain size ( like in humans and primates ). locurto & scanlon 1998, matzel et al. 2003, matzel et al. 2004, kolata et al. 2009 and matzel et al. 2011 replicated the factor ( but did not investigate brain size ) ; 2003 locurto", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5498487714722415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.320589"} {"text": "scanlon 1998, matzel et al. 2003, matzel et al. 2004, kolata et al. 2009 and matzel et al. 2011 replicated the factor ( but did not investigate brain size ) ; 2003 locurto et al., 2006 locurto et al. in contrast found their factor analysis giving 4 factors rather than 1. a 2011 controlled study found that rats are actively prosocial. they demonstrate altruistic behaviour to other rats in experiments, including freeing them from cages. when presented with readily available chocolate chips, test subjects would first free the caged rat, and then share the food. all female rats in the study displayed this behaviour, while 30 % of the males did not. rat meat is a food that, while taboo in some cultures, is a dietary staple in others. taboos include fears of disease or religious prohibition, but in many places, the high number of rats has led to their incorporation into the local diets. in some cultures, rats are or have been limited as an acceptable form of food to a particular social or economic class. in the mishmi culture of india, rats are essential to the traditional diet, as mishmi women may eat no meat except fish, pork, wild birds and rats. conversely, the musahar community in north india has commercialised rat farming as an exotic delicacy. in the traditional cultures of the hawaiians and the polynesians, rat was an everyday food for commoners. when feasting, the polynesian people of rapa nui could eat rat meat, but the king was not allowed to, due to the islanders ' belief in his \" state of sacredness \" called tapu. in studying precontact archaeological sites in hawaii, archaeologists have found the concentration of the remains of rats associated with commoner households accounted for three times the animal remains associated with elite households. the rat bones found in all sites are fragmented, burned and covered in carbonized material, indicating the rats were eaten as food. the greater occurrence of rat remains associated with commoner households may indicate the elites of precontact hawaii did not consume them as a matter of status or taste. bandicoot rats are an important food source among some peoples in southeast asia, and the united nations food and agriculture organization estimated rat meat makes up half the locally produced meat consumed in ghana, where cane rats are farmed and hunted for their meat. african slaves in the american south were known to hunt wood rats ( among other animals ) to supplement", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5080216009518755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.321618"} {"text": "nations food and agriculture organization estimated rat meat makes up half the locally produced meat consumed in ghana, where cane rats are farmed and hunted for their meat. african slaves in the american south were known to hunt wood rats ( among other animals ) to supplement their food rations, and aborigines along the coast in southern queensland, australia, regularly included rats in their diet. ricefield rats ( rattus argentiventer ) have traditionally been used as food in rice - producing regions such as valencia, as immortalized by vicente blasco ibanez in his novel canas y barro. along with eel and local beans known as garrafons, rata de marjal is one of the main ingredients in traditional paella ( later replaced by rabbit, chicken and seafood ). ricefield rats are also consumed in the philippines, the isaan region of thailand, and cambodia. in late 2008, reuters reported the price of rat meat had quadrupled in cambodia, creating a hardship for the poor who could no longer afford it. elsewhere in the world, rat meat is considered diseased and unclean, socially unacceptable, or there are strong religious proscriptions against it. islam and kashrut traditions prohibit it, while both the shipibo people of peru and siriono people of bolivia have cultural taboos against the eating of rats. rats are a common food item for snakes, both in the wild, and as pets. captive - bred ball pythons, in particular, are fed a diet of mostly rats. rats, as food items, are available from many suppliers individual snake owners, as well as to large reptile zoos. in britain, the government in 2007 ruled out the feeding of any live mammal to another animal. the rule says the animal must be dead ( frozen ) then given to the animal to eat. the rule was put into place mainly because of the pressure of the rspca and people who found it cruel. rats have a keen sense of smell and are easy to train. these characteristics have been employed, for example, by the belgian non - governmental organization apopo, which trains rats ( specifically african giant pouched rats ) to detect landmines and diagnose tuberculosis through smell. rats as pests rats have long been considered deadly pests. once considered an modern myth, the rat plague in india has now been verified. indeed every fifty years, armies of bamboo rats descend upon rural areas and devour everything in their path. rats have long been held up as the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.455268197113088, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.322639"} {"text": "considered deadly pests. once considered an modern myth, the rat plague in india has now been verified. indeed every fifty years, armies of bamboo rats descend upon rural areas and devour everything in their path. rats have long been held up as the chief villain in the spread of the bubonic plague, however recent studies show that they alone could not account for the rapid spread of the disease through europe in the middle ages. still, the center for disease control does list nearly a dozen diseases directly linked to rats. most urban areas battle rat infestations. rats in new york city are famous for their size and prevalence. some statistics claim there are more rats than people in the big apple and that they are pretty wily characters. new york has specific regulations for getting rid of rats \u2014 multi - family residences and commercial businesses must use a specially trained and licensed exterminator. places to look for rat infestations are around pipes, behind walls and near garbage cans. effective rat control requires municipal workers and individuals to work together. rats as invasive species when introduced into locations where rats previously did not exist they cause a huge amount of environmental degradation. rattus rattus, the black rat, is considered to be one of the world ' s worst invasive species. as part of island restoration some islands have had their rat populations eradicated to protect or restore the ecology. hawadax island, alaska was declared rat free after 229 years and campbell island, new zealand after almost 200 years. breaksea island in new zealand was declared rat free in 1988 after an eradication campaign based on a successful trial on the smaller hawea island nearby. ancient romans did not generally differentiate between rats and mice, instead referring to the former as mus maximus ( big mouse ) and the latter as mus minimus ( little mouse ). the rat ( sometimes referred to as a mouse ) is the first of the twelve animals of the chinese zodiac. people born in this year are expected to possess qualities associated with rats, including creativity, intelligence, honesty, generosity, ambition, a quick temper and wastefulness. people born in a year of the rat are said to get along well with \" monkeys \" and \" dragons \", and to get along poorly with \" horses \". in indian tradition, rats are seen as the vehicle of ganesha, and a rat ' s statue is always found in a temple of ganesh. in the northwestern indian city of deshnoke, the rats at the karni mata temple are held to be destined for rein", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46175712702523797, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.323663"} {"text": "as the vehicle of ganesha, and a rat ' s statue is always found in a temple of ganesh. in the northwestern indian city of deshnoke, the rats at the karni mata temple are held to be destined for reincarnation as sadhus ( hindu holy men ). the attending priests feed milk and grain to the rats, of which the pilgrims also partake. european associations with the rat are generally negative. for instance, \" rats! \" is used as a substitute for various vulgar interjections in the english language. these associations do not draw, per se, from any biological or behavioral trait of the rat, but possibly from the association of rats ( and fleas ) with the 14th - century medieval plague called the black death. rats are seen as vicious, unclean, parasitic animals that steal food and spread disease. however, some people in european cultures keep rats as pets and conversely find them to be tame, clean, intelligent, and playful. rats are often used in scientific experiments ; animal rights activists allege the treatment of rats in this context is cruel. the term \" lab rat \" is used, typically in a self - effacing manner, to describe a person whose job function requires them to spend a majority of their work time engaged in bench - level research ( such as postgraduate students in the sciences ). rats are frequently blamed for damaging food supplies and other goods, or spreading disease. their reputation has carried into common parlance : in the english language, \" rat \" is often an insult or is generally used to signify an unscrupulous character ; it is also used, as the term nark, to mean an individual who works as a police informant or who has turned state ' s evidence. writer / director preston sturges created the humorous alias \" ratskywatsky \" for a soldier who seduced, impregnated, and abandoned the heroine of his 1944 film, the miracle of morgan ' s creek. it is a term ( noun and verb ) in criminal slang for an informant - \" to rat on someone \" is to betray them by informing the authorities of a crime or misdeed they committed. describing a person as \" rat - like \" usually implies he or she is unattractive and suspicious. depictions of rats in fiction are historically inaccurate and negative. the most common falsehood is the squeaking almost always heard in otherwise realistic portrayals ( i. e. nonanthropomorphic ). while the recordings may be of actual squeaking rats", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5258789388029408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.324673"} {"text": "depictions of rats in fiction are historically inaccurate and negative. the most common falsehood is the squeaking almost always heard in otherwise realistic portrayals ( i. e. nonanthropomorphic ). while the recordings may be of actual squeaking rats, the noise is uncommon - they may do so only if distressed, hurt, or annoyed. normal vocalizations are very high - pitched, well outside the range of human hearing. rats are also often cast in vicious and aggressive roles when in fact, their shyness helps keep them undiscovered for so long in an infested home. the actual portrayals of rats vary from negative to positive with a majority in the negative and ambiguous. the rat plays a villain in several mouse societies ; from brian jacques ' s redwall and robin jarvis ' s the deptford mice, to the roles of disney ' s professor ratigan and kate dicamillo ' s roscuro and botticelli. they have often been used as a mechanism in horror ; being the titular evil in stories like the rats or h. p. lovecraft ' s the rats in the walls and in films like willard and ben. another terrifying use of rats is as a method of torture, for instance in room 101 in george orwell ' s nineteen eighty - four or the pit and the pendulum by edgar allan poe. selfish helpfulness \u2014 those willing to help for a price \u2014 has also been attributed to fictional rats. templeton, from e. b. white ' s charlotte ' s web, repeatedly reminds the other characters that he is only involved because it means more food for him, and the cellar - rat of john masefield ' s the midnight folk requires bribery to be of any assistance. by contrast, the rats appearing in the doctor dolittle books tend to be highly positive and likeable characters, many of whom tell their remarkable life stories in the mouse and rat club established by the animal - loving doctor. some fictional works use rats as the main characters. notable examples include the society created by o ' brien ' s mrs. frisby and the rats of nimh, doctor rat, rizzo the rat from the muppets, and animated films such as pixar ' s ratatouille. mon oncle d ' amerique ( \" my american uncle \" ), a 1980 french film, illustrates henri laborit ' s theories on evolutionary psychology and human behaviors by using short sequences in the storyline showing lab rat experiments. in harry turtledove ' s science fiction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48509907677720976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.325629"} {"text": "amerique ( \" my american uncle \" ), a 1980 french film, illustrates henri laborit ' s theories on evolutionary psychology and human behaviors by using short sequences in the storyline showing lab rat experiments. in harry turtledove ' s science fiction novel homeward bound, humans unintentionally introduce rats to the ecology at the home world of an alien race which previously invaded earth and introduced some of its own fauna into its environment. and a. bertram chandler pitted his space - bound protagonist, commodore grimes, against giant, intelligent rats who took over several stellar systems and enslaved their human inhabitants. \" the stainless steel rat \" is nickname of the ( human ) protagonist of a series of humorous science fiction novels written by harry harrison. the pied piper one of the oldest and most historic stories about rats is the pied piper of hamelin, in which a rat - catcher leads away an infestation with enchanted music \u2014 the piper is later refused payment, so he in turn leads away the town ' s children. this tale, placed in germany around the late 13th century, has inspired the realms of film, theatre, literature, and even opera. the subject of much research, some theories have intertwined the tale with events related to the black plague, in which black rats may have played an important role. fictional works based on the tale that focus heavily on the rat aspect include pratchett ' s the amazing maurice and his educated rodents, and belgian graphic novel le bal du rat mort ( the ball of the dead rat ). taxonomy of rattus the genus rattus is a member of the giant subfamily murinae. several other murine genera are sometimes considered part of rattus : lenothrix, anonymomys, sundamys, kadarsanomys, diplothrix, margaretamys, lenomys, komodomys, palawanomys, bunomys, nesoromys, stenomys, taeromys, paruromys, abditomys, tryphomys, limnomys, tarsomys, bullimus, apomys, millardia, srilankamys, niviventer, maxomys, leopoldamys, berylmys, mastomys, myomys, praomys, hylomyscus, heimyscus, stochomys, dephomys, and aethomys. the genus rattus proper contains 64 extant species.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4954294492382529, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.326504"} {"text": "mastomys, myomys, praomys, hylomyscus, heimyscus, stochomys, dephomys, and aethomys. the genus rattus proper contains 64 extant species. a subgeneric breakdown of the species has been proposed, but does not include all species. genus rattus - typical rats - incertae sedis - annandale ' s rat ( rattus annandalei ) \u2013 indonesia, malaysia, and singapore - enggano rat ( rattus enganus ) \u2013 indonesia - philippine forest rat ( rattus everetti ) \u2013 the philippines - polynesian rat ( rattus exulans ) \u2013 fiji and most polynesian islands, new zealand, easter island, and hawaii - hainald ' s rat ( rattus hainaldi ) \u2013 indonesia - hoogerwerf ' s rat ( rattus hoogerwerfi ) \u2013 indonesia - korinch ' s rat ( rattus korinchi ) \u2013 indonesia - \u2020 maclear ' s rat ( rattus macleari ) \u2013 christmas island - nillu rat ( rattus montanus ) \u2013 sri lanka - molaccan prehensile - tailed rat ( rattus morotaiensis ) \u2013 indonesia - \u2020 bulldog rat ( rattus nativitatis ) \u2013 christmas island - kerala rat ( rattus ranjiniae ) \u2013 india - new ireland forest rat ( rattus sanila ) - andaman rat ( rattus stoicus ) \u2013 andaman islands - timor rat ( rattus timorensis ) \u2013 timor - r. norvegicus group - himalayan field rat ( rattus nitidus ) \u2013 bangladesh, bhutan, china, india, indonesia, laos, myanmar, nepal, palau, the philippines, thailand, and vietnam - brown rat or norway rat ( rattus norvegicus ) \u2013 worldwide except antarctica - turkestan rat ( rattus pyctoris ; obs. rattus turkestanicus ) \u2013 afghanistan, china, india, iran, kyrgyzstan, nepal, and pakistan - r. rattus group - sunburned rat ( rattus adustus ) \u2013 enggano island, indonesia - sikkim rat ( rattus andamanensis ) \u2013 bhutan, cambodia, china, india, laos, myanmar, nepal, thailand, and vietnam - rice - field rat ( rattus argentiventer ) \u2013 southeast asia - summit rat ( rattus baluensis ) \u2013 malaysia - aceh rat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42995454126109167, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.327311"} {"text": "bhutan, cambodia, china, india, laos, myanmar, nepal, thailand, and vietnam - rice - field rat ( rattus argentiventer ) \u2013 southeast asia - summit rat ( rattus baluensis ) \u2013 malaysia - aceh rat ( rattus blangorum ) - nonsense rat ( rattus burrus ) \u2013 india - hoffmann ' s rat ( rattus hoffmanni ) \u2013 indonesia - koopman ' s rat ( rattus koopmani ) \u2013 indonesia - lesser rice - field rat ( rattus losea ) \u2013 china, laos, taiwan, thailand, and vietnam - mentawai rat ( rattus lugens ) \u2013 indonesia - mindoro black rat ( rattus mindorensis ) \u2013 the philippines - little soft - furred rat ( rattus mollicomulus ) \u2013 indonesia - osgood ' s rat ( rattus osgoodi ) \u2013 vietnam - palm rat ( rattus palmarum ) \u2013 india - black rat ( rattus rattus ) \u2013 worldwide except antarctica - sahyadris forest rat ( rattus satarae ) - simalur rat ( rattus simalurensis ) \u2013 indonesia - tanezumi rat ( rattus tanezumi ) \u2013 afghanistan, bangladesh, cambodia, china, cocos ( keeling ) islands, fiji, india, indonesia, japan, north korea, south korea, laos, malaysia, myanmar, nepal, pakistan, the philippines, taiwan, thailand, and vietnam - tawi - tawi forest rat ( rattus tawitawiensis ) \u2013 the philippines - malayan field rat ( rattus tiomanicus ) \u2013 indonesia, malaysia, the philippines, and thailand - r. xanthurus group - r. leucopus group ( new guinean group ) - arfak rat ( vogelkop mountain rat ) ( rattus arfakiensis ) - western new guinea mountain mat ( rattus arrogans ) - sula rat ( rattus elaphinus ) \u2013 indonesia - spiny ceram rat ( rattus feliceus ) \u2013 indonesia - giluwe rat ( rattus giluwensis ) \u2013 papua new guinea - japen rat ( rattus jobiensis ) \u2013 indonesia - cape york rat ( rattus leucopus ) \u2013 australia, indonesia, and papua new guinea - eastern rat ( rattus mordax ) \u2013 papua new guinea - moss - forest rat ( rattus niobe ) \u2013 papua new guinea, indonesia - new guinean rat ( rattus novaeguinea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4078691596116548, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.328124"} {"text": ", indonesia, and papua new guinea - eastern rat ( rattus mordax ) \u2013 papua new guinea - moss - forest rat ( rattus niobe ) \u2013 papua new guinea, indonesia - new guinean rat ( rattus novaeguineae ) \u2013 papua new guinea - arianus ' s rat ( rattus omichlodes ) - pocock ' s highland rat ( rattus pococki ) - large new guinea spiny rat ( rattus praetor ) \u2013 indonesia, papua new guinea, and solomon islands - glacier rat ( rattus richardsoni ) \u2013 indonesia - stein ' s rat ( rattus steini ) \u2013 indonesia and papua new guinea - van deusen ' s rat ( rattus vandeuseni ) \u2013 papua new guinea - slender rat ( rattus verecundus ) \u2013 indonesia and papua new guinea - r. fuscipes group ( australian group ) - dusky rat ( rattus colletti ) \u2013 australia - bush rat ( rattus fuscipes ) \u2013 australia - australian swamp rat ( rattus lutreolus ) \u2013 australia - dusky field rat ( rattus sordidus ) \u2013 australia, indonesia, and papua new guinea - pale field rat ( rattus tunneyi ) \u2013 australia - long - haired rat ( rattus villosissimus ) \u2013 australia - meerburg bg, singleton gr, leirs h ( 2009 ). \" the year of the rat ends : time to fight hunger! \". pest manag sci 65 ( 4 ) : 351 \u2013 2. doi : 10. 1002 / ps. 1718. pmid 19206089. - meerburg bg, singleton gr, kijlstra a ( 2009 ). \" rodent - borne diseases and their risks for public health \". crit rev microbiol 35 ( 3 ) : 221 \u2013 70. doi : 10. 1080 / 10408410902989837. pmid 19548807. - \" wild rats in captivity and domestic rats in the wild \". ratbehaviour. org. retrieved 2009 - 07 - 04. - \" merk veterinary manual global zoonoses table \". merckvetmanual. com. retrieved 2006 - 11 - 24. - foote, allison l. ; jonathon d. crystal ( 20 march 2007 ). \" metacognition in the rat \". current biology 17 ( 6 ) : 551 \u2013 555. doi : 10.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4044629184843556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.328951"} {"text": "11 - 24. - foote, allison l. ; jonathon d. crystal ( 20 march 2007 ). \" metacognition in the rat \". current biology 17 ( 6 ) : 551 \u2013 555. doi : 10. 1016 / j. cub. 2007. 01. 061. pmc 1861845. pmid 17346969. - \" rats capable of reflecting on mental processes \". sciencedaily. com. 2007 - 03 - 09. retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24. - gibbs ra et al : genome sequence of the brown norway rat yields insights into mammalian evolution. : nature. 2004 april 1 ; 428 ( 6982 ) : 475 - 6. - \" genome project \". www. ensembl. org. retrieved 17 february 2007. - lashley, k., brain mechanisms and intelligence, dover publications, new york, 1929 / 1963, 186 pp. - thompson, r., crinella, f. and yu, j., brain mechanisms in problem solving and intelligence. a lesion survey of the rat brain, plenum, new york, 1990, 237 pp. - thorndike, r., \" organization of behavior in the albino rat \", genet. psychol. monogr., 17 ( 1935 ) 1 - 70 - quote from 2002 galsworthy et al \" evidence for general cognitive ability ( g ) in heterogeneous stock mice and an analysis of potential confounds \" - 1993 anderson, \" evidence from the rat for a general factor that underlies cognitive performance and that relates to brain size : intelligence? \" \" the data on a group of 22 rats, each measured for their speed of reasoning, accuracy of reasoning, response flexibility, and attention for novelty, were subjected to two different methods of factor analysis. by both methods, the correlation matrix of their performance was consistent with a single - factor model. in a second cohort of rats, where brain size was known, the score for this \u2018 general factor \u2019 was computed. the regression for brain weight and the general factor was significant. \" - \" individual differences and a spatial learning factor in two strains of mice ( mus musculus ) \" - \" individual differences in the expression of a \" general \" learning ability in mice \". neuro. cjb. net. retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24. [ dead link ] - \" novelty - seeking in outbred mice covaries with general learning abilities irrespective", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5475553294033697, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.329813"} {"text": "\" general \" learning ability in mice \". neuro. cjb. net. retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24. [ dead link ] - \" novelty - seeking in outbred mice covaries with general learning abilities irrespective of stress reactivity, emotionality, and physical attributes \" ( pdf ). ruccs. rutgers. edu. retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24. [ dead link ] - usa ( 2012 - 05 - 24 ). \" domain - specific and domain - general learning factors are expressed in genetically heterogeneous cd - 1 mice \". ncbi. nlm. nih. gov. retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24. - \" individual differences in animal intelligence : learning, reasoning, selective attention and inter - species conservation of a cognitive trait \" ( pdf ). retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24. [ dead link ] - \" rats free each other from cages \". nature. com. retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24. - newvision archive ( 2005 - 03 - 10 ). \" rats for dinner, a delicacy to some, a taboo to many \". newvision. co. ug. retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24. - \" rat meat taboo \". news. google. com. retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24. - mills, j. p. ( january 1952 ) the mishmis of the lohit valley, assam. the journal of the royal anthropological institute of great britain and ireland, vol. 82, no. 1. pp. 1 - 12 - musahar hindus commercialise rat farming [ dead link ] - leach, helen. ( february 2003 ) did east polynesians have a concept of luxury foods? world archaeology, vol. 34, no. 3, luxury foods. pp. 442 - 457. - kirch, patrick v. ; sharyn jones o ' day. ( february 2003 ) new archaeological insights into food and status : a case study from pre - contact hawaii. world archaeology, vol. 34, no. 3. pp. 484 - 497 - otto, john solomon ; augustus marion burns iii. ( december 1983 ) black folks, and poor buckras : archeological evidence of slave and overseer living conditions on an antebellum plantation. journal of black studies, vol. 14, no. 2. pp. 185 - 200 - hobson, keith a. ; stephen collier. ( april 1984 ) marine and terrestrial protein in australian aboriginal diets. current anthropology, vol. 25, no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5303235042127918, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.330646"} {"text": "of black studies, vol. 14, no. 2. pp. 185 - 200 - hobson, keith a. ; stephen collier. ( april 1984 ) marine and terrestrial protein in australian aboriginal diets. current anthropology, vol. 25, no. 2. pp. 238 - 240 - manuel vazquez montalban, la cocina de los mediterraneos, ediciones b - mexico - behrens, clifford a. ( september 1986 ) shipibo food categorization and preference : relationships between indigenous and western dietary concepts. american anthropologist, nathan new series, vol. 88, no. 3. pp. 647 - 658. - priest, perry n. ( october 1966 ) provision for the aged among the siriono indians of bolivia. american anthropologist, new series, vol. 68, no. 5. pp. 1245 - 1247 - \" video of bart weetjens talk on use of rats as odour detectors \". ted. com. retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24. - \" massive plagues of rats swarm across india every fifty years \". io9. com. retrieved 2013 - 03 - 15. - \" the black plague \". unc. edu. retrieved 2013 - 03 - 15. - maev kennedy. \" black death study lets rats off the hook | world news \". the guardian. retrieved 2013 - 03 - 15. - \" cdc - diseases directly transmitted by rodents - rodents \". cdc. gov. 2011 - 06 - 07. retrieved 2013 - 03 - 15. - \" sean wilsey reviews \u2018 rats \u2019 by robert sullivan \u00b7 lrb 17 march 2005 \". lrb. co. uk. retrieved 2013 - 03 - 15. - [ dead link ] - \" 100 of the world ' s worst invasive alien species \". global invasive species database. retrieved 17 february 2013. - \" nevada journal : louts and the rat world \". nj. npri. org. retrieved 2012 - 09 - 24. - clute, john ; john grant ( march 15, 1999 ). the encyclopedia of fantasy. st. martin ' s griffin. p. 642. isbn 0 - 312 - 19869 - 8. - barnett, s. anthony ( 2002 ) the story of rats : their impact on us, and our impact on them, allen & unwin, crows nest, nsw, 202 pages, isbn 1 - 86508 - 519 - 7. - hendrickson, r. ( 1983 ) more cunning than man", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4686801612326743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.331498"} {"text": ": their impact on us, and our impact on them, allen & unwin, crows nest, nsw, 202 pages, isbn 1 - 86508 - 519 - 7. - hendrickson, r. ( 1983 ) more cunning than man : a complete history of the rat and its role in civilization, kensington books. isbn 1 - 57566 - 393 - 7. - jahn, g. c., p. cox, s. mak, and n. chhorn ( 1999 ) \" farmer participatory research on rat management in cambodia \", in g. singleton, l. hinds, h. leirs and zhibin zhang [ eds. ] ecologically - based rodent management aciar, canberra. ch. 17, pp. 358 \u2013 371. isbn 1 - 86320 - 262 - 5. - leung, lkp ; cox, peter g. ; jahn, g. c. ; nugent, robert ( 2002 ). \" evaluating rodent management with cambodian rice farmers \". cambodian journal of agriculture 5 : 21 \u2013 26. - matthews, i. ( 1898 ). full revelations of a professional rat - catcher, after 25 years \u2019 experience. 1st ed. manchester : friendly societies printing co. isbn 1 - 905124 - 64 - 3. - musser, g. g. and m. d. carleton. 1993. \" family muridae \" in d. e. wilson and d. m. reeder eds. \" mammal species of the world a taxonomic and geographic reference \", smithsonian institution press, washington, d. c. pp. 501 \u2013 755. - nowak, r. m. ( 1999 ) walker ' s mammals of the world vol. 2. johns hopkins university press, london. - sullivan, robert ( 2004 ). rats : a year with new york ' s most unwanted inhabitants. granta books, london. - sullivan, robert ( 2005 ). rats : observations on the history and habitat of the city ' s most unwanted inhabitants. bloomsbury usa. isbn 1 - 58234 - 477 - 9. | wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to : rats | | wikimedia commons has media related to : rats | - high - resolution images of the rat brain - national bio resource project for the rat in japan - rat behaviour and biology - rat genome database - texts on wikisource :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4387914874860852, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.332504"} {"text": "sent representatives to the eastern roman emperor zeno, whom it asked to formally reunite the two halves of the empire : \" the west \u2026 no longer required an emperor of its own : one monarch sufficed for the world \". he was also asked to make odoacer a patrician, and administrator of italy in zeno ' s name. zeno pointed out that the senate should rightfully have first requested that julius nepos take the throne once more, but he nonetheless agreed to their requests. odoacer then ruled italy in zeno ' s name. later life the ultimate fate of romulus is a mystery. the anonymus valesianus wrote that odoacer, \" taking pity on his youth \", spared romulus ' life and granted him an annual pension of 6, 000 solidi before sending him to live with relatives in campania. jordanes and marcellinus comes say odoacer exiled romulus to campania but do not mention any reward from the germanic king. the sources do agree that romulus took up residence in the lucullan villa, an ancient castle originally built by lucullus in campania. from here, contemporary histories fall silent. in the history of the decline and fall of the roman empire, edward gibbon notes that the disciples of saint severinus of noricum were invited by a \" neapolitan lady \" to bring his body to the villa in 488 \" in the place of augustulus, who was probably no more. \" the villa was converted into a monastery before 500 to hold the saint ' s remains. cassiodorus, then a secretary to theodoric the great, wrote a letter to a \" romulus \" in 507 confirming a pension. thomas hodgkin, a translator of cassiodorus ' works, wrote in 1886 that it was \" surely possible \" the romulus in the letter was the same person as the last western emperor. the letter would match the description of odoacer ' s coup in the anonymus valesianus, and romulus could have been alive in the early sixth century. but cassiodorus does not supply any details about his correspondent or the size and nature of his pension, and jordanes, whose history of the period abridges an earlier work by cassiodorus, makes no mention of a pension. last emperor as romulus was a usurper, julius nepos claimed to legally hold the title of emperor when odoace", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.37896478781426773, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.343862"} {"text": "history of the period abridges an earlier work by cassiodorus, makes no mention of a pension. last emperor as romulus was a usurper, julius nepos claimed to legally hold the title of emperor when odoacer took power. however, few of nepos ' s contemporaries were willing to support his cause after he ran away to italy. some historians regard julius nepos, who ruled in dalmatia until being murdered in 480, as the last lawful western roman emperor. following odoacer ' s coup, the roman senate sent a letter to zeno stating that \" the majesty of a sole monarch is sufficient to pervade and protect, at the same time, both the east and the west \". while zeno told the senate that nepos was their lawful sovereign, he did not press the point, and he accepted the imperial insignia brought to him by the senate. in popular culture - the 2007 film the last legion, and the novel on which it is based, includes a heavily fictionalized account of the reign and subsequent life of romulus augustus ; escaping captivity with the aid of a small band of loyal romans, he reaches britain, where he takes a place in what will become arthurian legend as uther pendragon, the father of king arthur, and a previous wielder of excalibur ( here the sword of julius caesar ). - the marvel comics character known as tyrannus has the \" real name \" of \" romulus augustus \", and originates in ancient rome. - the play romulus the great ( 1950 ), by friedrich durrenmatt, an \" ungeschichtliche historische komodie \" ( unhistorical historical comedy ) about the reign of \" romulus augustus \" and the end of the roman empire in the west. - the movie \" 476 a. d. \", about romulus augustus ' s deposition by odoacer, the chieftain of the ostrogoths, and the end of the roman empire, will be released in 2013, by ivan pavletic. - older literature ( appr. up to 1850 ) also refers to him as romulus momyllus, momyllus augustulus, etc., momyllus being a corruption of romulus. cf. gibbon, decline and fall, 4. 36. - de imperatoribus romanis - gibbon, edward, the history of the decline and fall of the roman empire", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.37127664544267247, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.344789"} {"text": "., momyllus being a corruption of romulus. cf. gibbon, decline and fall, 4. 36. - de imperatoribus romanis - gibbon, edward, the history of the decline and fall of the roman empire, david womersley, ed. london ; penguin books, 1994. vol. 3, p. 312. - for a famous example, cf. gibbon, p. 405. - gibbon, pp. 391, 400. - gibbon, p. 402. - hollister, c. warren, medieval europe : a short history. new york ; mcgraw hill, 1995, 32. - norwich, 54. - bryce 1961, p. 25 - bryce, james, the holy roman empire - gibbon, p. 406 - gibbon, p. 407 - cassiodorus, variae, iii, 35. - duckett, eleanor shipley, \" i \", the gateway to the middle ages, p. 1, isbn 978 - 0 - 472 - 06051 - 1 - gibbon, p. 404. - bryce, james bryce. the holy roman empire, schocken books, 1961. - gibbon, edward. the history of the decline and fall of the roman empire, vol. 3, david womersley, ed. london ; penguin books, 1994. - heather, peter. the fall of the roman empire, 2005 - hollister, c. warren, medieval europe : a short history. new york ; mcgraw hill, 1995. - murdoch, adrian, the last roman : romulus augustulus and the decline of the west, stroud ; sutton, 2006. - norwich, john julius. byzantium : a short history. new york, vintage, 1997 - sandberg, kaj. the so - called division of the roman empire. notes on a persistent theme in western historiography, arctos 42 ( 2008 ), 199 - 213. - ralph, and geoffrey nathan, \" romulus augustulus ( 475 \u2013 476 a. d. ) - - two views \", de imperatoribus romanis media related to romulus augustus at wikimedia commons | western roman emperor with julius nepos in dalmatia ( 475 \u2013 476 ) as western roman emperor as roman governor roman emperor in dalmatia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40321397698427563, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.345565"} {"text": "sag harbor, new york | sag harbor, new york | | \u2014 village \u2014 | | \u2022 total | | 2. 3 sq mi ( 6. 0 km2 ) | | \u2022 land | | 1. 8 sq mi ( 4. 7 km2 ) | | \u2022 water | | 0. 5 sq mi ( 1. 4 km2 ) | | elevation | | 26 ft ( 8 m ) | | \u2022 density | | 940 / sq mi ( 360 / km2 ) | | time zone | | eastern ( est ) ( utc - 5 ) | | \u2022 summer ( dst ) | | edt ( utc - 4 ) | | gnis feature id | | 0963216 | sag harbor is about three fifths in southampton and two fifths in east hampton. the dividing line is division street which becomes town line road just south of the village. most of the defining landmarks of the village \u2014 including its main street, the whalers church, jermain library, whaling museum, the old burying ground, oakland cemetery, mashashimuet park, and otter pond are in southampton. however, almost all the bay street marina complex, including sag harbor yacht club and breakwater yacht club, at the foot of main street, is in east hampton, as are the village ' s high school, the sag harbor state golf course, and the freed slave community of eastville. sag harbor was settled sometime between 1707 and 1730. the first bill of lading using the name sag harbor was recorded in 1730. while some accounts say it was named for neighboring sagaponack, which at the time was called \" sagg \", sagaponack and sag harbor both got their name from a tuber the metoac algonquins raised. one of the first crops that was sent back to england, the tuber - producing vine is now called the apios americana. the metoac called it sagabon. that is how the harbor and neighboring village got its name. such namings were not unusual. tuckahoe in westchester county, about 80 miles ( 130 km ) from sag harbor, got its name from the aboriginal term for the peltandra virginica, the arrow arum. the port supplanted the east hampton community of northwest which is about 5 miles ( 8 km ) east of sag harbor. international ships and the whaling industry had started in northwest, but its port was too shallow. the most valuable whale product was whale oil which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4272218354789944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.357737"} {"text": "pyrrhus concer, a former slave who was the first black man the japanese had seen. cooper ' s adventures were to continue on another voyage out of sag harbor when on january 26, 1853, sailing the levant, he became the first person to set foot on east antarctica. during world war i the e. w. bliss company tested torpedoes in the harbor a half mile north of the village. as part of the process, long wharf in sag harbor was reinforced with concrete, and rail spurs were built along the wharf as the torpedoes were loaded onto ships for testing. the torpedoes were shipped via the long island rail road along sag harbor to the wharf which was owned by the railroad at the time. among those observing the tests was thomas alva edison. most of today ' s buildings on the wharf, including the bay street theatre, were built during this time. the torpedoes which did not have live warheads are occasionally found by divers on the bay floor. various industries have operated locally, the last of which was the bulova watchcase factory, which closed in 1981. sag harbor was author john steinbeck ' s residence from 1955 until his death in 1968. the sag harbor - north haven bridge, renamed the lcpl jordan haerter veterans ' memorial bridge in november 2008, is notable as the site of pop artist ray johnson ' s presumed suicide in 1995 as well as two abortive suicide attempts by monologist spalding gray, in september 2002 and october 2003. sag harbor is located at ( 40. 996603, - 72. 292190 ). according to the united states census bureau, the village has a total area of 2. 3 square miles ( 6. 0 km2 ), of which 1. 8 square miles ( 4. 7 km2 ) is land and 0. 54 square miles ( 1. 4 km2 ), or 22. 44 %, is water. as of the census of 2010, there were 2, 313 people, 1, 120 households, and 583 families residing in the village. the population density was 1, 345. 1 people per square mile ( 519. 2 / km\u00b2 ). there were 1, 942 housing units at an average density of 1, 129. 4 per square mile ( 435. 9 / km\u00b2 ). the racial makeup of the village was 85. 78 % white, 7. 44 % african american, 0. 52 % native american, 0. 95 % asian, 2. 72 % from other races,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4329474919629345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.359958"} {"text": "mile ( 435. 9 / km\u00b2 ). the racial makeup of the village was 85. 78 % white, 7. 44 % african american, 0. 52 % native american, 0. 95 % asian, 2. 72 % from other races, and 2. 59 % from two or more races. hispanic or latino of any race were 7. 31 % of the population. as of the most recent census in 2010 there are now 2, 423 village residents. there were 1, 120 households out of which 18. 8 % had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39. 6 % were married couples living together, 9. 4 % had a female householder with no husband present, and 47. 9 % were non - families. 40. 7 % of all households were made up of individuals and 18. 4 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. the average household size was 2. 06 and the average family size was 2. 81. in the village the population was spread out with 16. 5 % under the age of 18, 5. 4 % from 18 to 24, 25. 4 % from 25 to 44, 28. 6 % from 45 to 64, and 24. 2 % who were 65 years of age or older. the median age was 46 years. for every 100 females there were 91. 6 males. for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89. 8 males. the median income for a household in the village was $ 52, 275, and the median income for a family was $ 70, 536. males had a median income of $ 41, 181 versus $ 34, 750 for females. the per capita income for the village was $ 40, 566. about 1. 8 % of families and 4. 2 % of the population were below the poverty line, including 1. 9 % of those under age 18 and 3. 8 % of those age 65 or over. \" sag harbor ' s earliest newspapers published little in the way of local news. concentrating instead on a story, sermon, and both national and international events. it is likely that folks learned all the local gossip and goings on at the general store barber shop, or on the street corner, \" wrote noted local historian dorothy zaykowski, in her book sag harbor \u2013 the story of an american beauty. it wasn \u2019 t until the corrector was first published in 1822 that sag harbor had a well - established community paper. according to zaykowski, henry", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37306244086395335, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.360916"} {"text": "zaykowski, in her book sag harbor \u2013 the story of an american beauty. it wasn \u2019 t until the corrector was first published in 1822 that sag harbor had a well - established community paper. according to zaykowski, henry wentworth hunt arrived in the village from boston with his three sons, two of whom went on to helm sag harbor papers. the corrector was published on a weekly basis until 1837, when it became a semi - weekly until hunt died in 1859. after hunt ' s death, his son alexander and brinley sleight took over, publishing the newspaper daily, though this business model proved unsuccessful and the paper reverted back to a weekly publication. the corrector went on to become the sag harbor corrector. the sag harbor corrector was eventually purchased by burton corwin, owner of the sag harbor news, in 1919 and became the sag harbor news and corrector. this amalgamated newspaper was subsequently purchased by the gardner family, owners of the the sag harbor express, in the late 1920s to become the only sag harbor newspaper. the majority of sag harbor lies on a flat coastal plain which makes up much of long island and extends down to the coast. small hills rise up from the shore at about 0. 3 miles ( 0. 48 km ) inland. knolls and hills are dominated mostly by red and scarlet oak trees which are interspersed with pitch and white pines. on many of the protected bay shores, wetlands and dune ecosystems dominate the land. sag harbor union free school district includes both the sag harbor elementary school and pierson middle - high school. stella maris regional school was located in sag harbor but closed in 2011. nature and protected areas thanks to its surrounding nature preserves, sag harbor has very rich fauna for its region. many endangered species call sag harbor home such as the eastern tiger salamander which inhabits wetlands surrounding the village. the \" long pond greenbelt \", which straddles sag harbor ' s southern boundary, is a well known chain of ponds formed by a retreating glacier. other natural sites around the village include barcelona neck preserve, millers ground preserve, sag harbor woods preserve and the recently acquired cilli farm which lies in the center of the village. mammals which call these places home include the red fox, eastern coyote, long - tailed weasel, mink, muskrat, woodchuck, several bat species, bottlenose dolphins, harbour porpoises and possibly river otters which are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4171939926921389, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.361995"} {"text": "mammals which call these places home include the red fox, eastern coyote, long - tailed weasel, mink, muskrat, woodchuck, several bat species, bottlenose dolphins, harbour porpoises and possibly river otters which are close to local extinction in long island with only an estimated 8 individuals thought to have recently migrated from connecticut. a large array of amphibian and reptilian species also live in the area, including the marbled salamander, tiger salamander, spotted salamander, box turtle, spotted turtle, gray tree frog, eastern newt, black racer snake, hognose snake and rough green snake, to name a few. the cilli farm this preserve is a refuge for wildlife in the area. it serves as an ecological island giving large animals like white - tailed deer a home base. although protected, dumping and littering are major threats to this invaluable preserve. various habitats, including marshes, grasslands, birch forests, cedar groves, sand flats, and coastal watersheds provide key habitat for wildlife and support great botanic diversity. - \" geographic identifiers : 2010 demographic profile data ( g001 ) : sag harbor village, new york \". u. s. census bureau, american factfinder. retrieved 2012 - 12 - 21. - keene, robert ( 2008 - 02 - 07 ). \" history of sag harbor \". corner bar 1 main street sag harbor new york 11963. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04. - \" long island history room \". john jermain memorial library, sag harbor, ny. 2007 - 03 - 27. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04. \" please see image labeled sagg harbor 1840. \" [ dead link ] - wick, steve ( 2008 - 02 - 23 ). \" sag harbor ' s heyday - - newsday. com \". newsday. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04. - \" result for query \" harbor \" \". the princeton text archive. the educational technologies center, princeton university. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04. - melville, herman ( 1851 ). \" chapter xii \u2014 biographical \". moby dick. retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04. - reitwiesner, william addams ( 2007 - 07 - 01 ). \" ancestry of howard dean \". retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04. \" born 6 oct. 1808, killed 4 jan. 1838 by a whale and buried at sea, m. sag harbor, long island,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3833970974727392, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.362890"} {"text": "2007 - 07 - 01 ). \" ancestry of howard dean \". retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04. \" born 6 oct. 1808, killed 4 jan. 1838 by a whale and buried at sea, m. sag harbor, long island, n. y., 12 may 1833 \" - \" push is on to rebuild church steeple \" \u2014 east hampton press by oliver peterson \u2014 june 13, 2007 - bleyer, bill ( 2008 - 02 - 23 ). \" sag harbor \u2014 a port bigger than new york \". retrieved 22008 - 07 - 04. \" the business then declined rapidly as ships and crews were lured by the 1849 california gold rush and oil was discovered in pennsylvania. the last sag harbor whaler was the myra, which sailed in 1871 and wrecked three years later. \" - \" us gazetteer files : 2010, 2000, and 1990 \". united states census bureau. 2011 - 02 - 12. retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23. - maier, marissa ( 9 july 2009 ). \" history of sag harbor \u2019 s newspapers \". the sag harbor express ( sag harbor, suffolk county, long island, n. y. : bryan boyhan ). retrieved 2010 - 07 - 16. \" as the sag harbor express celebrates its 150th anniversary this week,... \" | wikimedia commons has media related to : sag harbor, new york | - village of sag harbor official website - zaykowski, dorothy ingersoll ( 1991 ). sag harbor : the story of an american beauty. sag harbor, n. y. : sag harbor historical society. isbn 0 - 8488 - 0899 - 1. - suffolk historic newspapers \u2014 online archives, the corrector ( 1822 \u2013 1911 ) and the sag harbor express ( 1885 \u2013 1898 ) - the sag harbor express", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.35837829532632814, "token_count": 383, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.363675"} {"text": "strauss \u2013 howe generational theory the strauss \u2013 howe generational theory, created by authors william strauss and neil howe, identifies a recurring generational cycle in american history. strauss and howe lay the groundwork for the theory in their 1991 book generations, which retells the history of america as a series of generational biographies going back to 1584. in their 1997 book the fourth turning, the authors expand the theory to focus on a fourfold cycle of generational types and recurring mood eras in american history. their consultancy, lifecourse associates, has expanded on the concept in a variety of publications since then. the theory was developed to describe the history of the united states, including the 13 colonies and their anglo antecedents, and this is where the most detailed research has been done. however, the authors have also examined generational trends elsewhere in the world and identified similar cycles in several developed countries. the books are best - sellers and the theory has been widely influential and acclaimed. eric hoover has called the authors pioneers in a burgeoning industry of consultants, speakers and researchers focused on generations. academic response to the theory has been mixed \u2014 some applauding strauss and howe for their \" bold and imaginative thesis, \" and others criticizing the theory. criticism has focused on the lack of rigorous empirical evidence for their claims, and a perception that aspects of the argument gloss over real differences within the population, william strauss and neil howe \u2019 s partnership began in the late 1980s when they began writing the book generations, which tells the history of america as a succession of generational biographies. each had written on generational topics : strauss on baby boomers and the vietnam war draft, and howe on the g. i. generation and federal entitlement programs. strauss co - wrote books about how the vietnam war affected the baby boomers called chance and circumstance : the draft the war and the vietnam generation ( 1978 ) and reconciliation after vietnam ( 1977 ) with lawrence baskir. neil howe studied what he believed to be america ' s entitlement attitude of the 1980s and co - authored on borrowed time : how america ' s entitlement ego puts america ' s future at risk of bankruptcy in 1988 with peter george peterson. the authors \u2019 interest in generations as a broader topic emerged after they met in washington, d. c., and began discussing the connections between each of their previous work. they wondered why boomers and g. i. s had developed such different ways of looking at the world, and what it was about these generations \u2019 growing up experiences", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5496416765478642, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.406927"} {"text": "d. c., and began discussing the connections between each of their previous work. they wondered why boomers and g. i. s had developed such different ways of looking at the world, and what it was about these generations \u2019 growing up experiences that prompted their different outlooks. they also wondered whether any previous generations had acted along similar lines, and their research showed that there were indeed historical analogues to the current generations. the two ultimately identified a recurring pattern in anglo - american history of four generational types, each with a distinct collective persona, and a corresponding cycle of four different types of era, each with a distinct mood. the groundwork for this theory was laid out in generations in 1991. strauss and howe expanded on the theory and updated the terminology in the fourth turning in 1997. generations helped popularize the idea that people in a particular age group tend to share a distinct set of beliefs, attitudes, values and behaviors because they all grow up and come of age during a particular period in history. in the mid - 1990s, the authors began receiving inquiries about how their generational insights could help solve strategic problems in organizations. strauss and howe were quickly established as pioneers in a growing field, and started speaking frequently about their work at events and conferences. in 1999, strauss and howe founded lifecourse associates, a publishing, speaking, and consulting company built on their generational theory. as lifecourse partners, they have offered keynote speeches, consulting services, and customized communications to corporate, nonprofit, government, and education clients. they have also written six books on how the millennial generation is transforming various sectors, including schools, colleges, entertainment, and the workplace. on december 18, 2007, william strauss died at the age of 60 from pancreatic cancer. neil howe has continued to expand lifecourse associates and to write books and articles on a variety of generational topics. each year mr. howe gives about 60 speeches, often followed by customized workshops, at colleges, elementary schools, and corporations. strauss and howe ' s first book, generations ( 1991 ), tells the history of america as a succession of anglo - american generational biographies from 1584 to the present, and identifies a recurring generational cycle in american history. the authors posit a pattern of four repeating phases, generational types and a recurring cycle of spiritual awakenings and secular crises, from the founding colonials through the present day. strauss and howe followed in 1993 with their second book, 13th gen : abort, retry, ignore, fail?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.563752946455776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.408069"} {"text": ", generational types and a recurring cycle of spiritual awakenings and secular crises, from the founding colonials through the present day. strauss and howe followed in 1993 with their second book, 13th gen : abort, retry, ignore, fail?, which examines the generation born between 1961 and 1981, \" gen - xers \" ( alias \" 13ers \", since they are literally the thirteenth generation since america became a nation ). the book shows how 13ers ' location in history \u2014 they were children during the consciousness revolution \u2014 explains their pragmatic attitude. in 1997, the authors published the fourth turning : an american prophecy, which expanded on the ideas presented in generations and extended their cycles back into the early 15th century. the authors began the use of more colorful names for generational archetypes - e. g. \" civics \" became \" heroes, \" \" adaptives \" became \" artists \" - and of the terms \" turning \" and \" saeculum \" for the generational cycles. the title is a reference to what their first book called a crisis period, which they expected to recur soon after the turn of the millennium. in 2000, the two authors published millennials rising : the next great generation. this work investigated the personality of the generation currently coming of age, whose first cohorts were the high school graduating class of 2000. strauss and howe show how today ' s teens and young adults are recasting the image of youth from downbeat and alienated to upbeat and engaged. they write that millennials are held to higher standards than adults apply to themselves ; they ' re a lot less violent, vulgar, and sexually charged than the teen culture older people are producing for them. over the next decade, they will transform what it means to be young. according to the authors, millennials could emerge as the next great generation. defining a generation strauss and howe define a social generation as the aggregate of all people born over a span of roughly twenty years or about the length of one phase of life : childhood, young adulthood, midlife, and old age. generations are identified ( from first birthyear to last ) by looking for cohort groups of this length that share three criteria. first, members of a generation share what the authors call an age location in history : they encounter key historical events and social trends while occupying the same phase of life. in this view, members of a generation are shaped in lasting ways by the eras they encounter as children and young adults and they share certain common beliefs and behaviors", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5434770887421162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.409181"} {"text": "in history : they encounter key historical events and social trends while occupying the same phase of life. in this view, members of a generation are shaped in lasting ways by the eras they encounter as children and young adults and they share certain common beliefs and behaviors. aware of the experiences and traits that they share with their peers, members of a generation would also share a sense of common perceived membership in that generation. strauss and howe say they based their definition of a generation on the work of various writers and social thinkers, from ancient writers such as polybius and ibn khaldun to modern social theorists like jose ortega y gasset, karl mannheim, john stuart mill, emile littre, auguste comte, and francois mentre. generational archetypes and turnings while writing generations, strauss and howe discovered a pattern in the historical generations they examined which revolved around generational events which they call turnings. in generations, and in greater detail in the fourth turning, they identify the four - stage cycle of social or mood eras ( i. e. turnings ). according to strauss and howe, the first turning is a high. this is a post - crisis era when institutions are strong and individualism is weak. society is confident about where it wants to go collectively, though those outside the majoritarian center often feel stifled by the conformity. according to the authors, america \u2019 s most recent first turning was the post - world war ii american high, beginning in 1946 and ending with the assassination of president john f. kennedy on november 22, 1963. the silent generation ( artist archetype, born 1925 to 1942 ) came of age during this era. known for their caution, conformity, and institutional trust, silent young adults epitomized the mood of the high. most married early, sought stable corporate jobs, and moved into new suburbs. according to the theory, the second turning is an awakening. this is an era when institutions are attacked in the name of personal and spiritual autonomy. just when society is reaching its high tide of public progress, people suddenly tire of social discipline and want to recapture a sense of personal authenticity. young activists look back at the previous high as an era of cultural and spiritual poverty. america \u2019 s most recent awakening was the \u201c consciousness revolution, \u201d which spanned from the campus and inner - city revolts of the mid - 1960s to the reelection of ronald reagan. the boom generation ( prophet archetype, born 1943 to 1960 ) came of age during this era. their idealism and search for authentic self", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5677340214502777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.410250"} {"text": "from the campus and inner - city revolts of the mid - 1960s to the reelection of ronald reagan. the boom generation ( prophet archetype, born 1943 to 1960 ) came of age during this era. their idealism and search for authentic self - expression epitomized the mood of the awakening. according to strauss and howe, the third turning is an unraveling. the mood of this era is in many ways the opposite of a high : institutions are weak and distrusted, while individualism is strong and flourishing. highs come after crises, when society wants to coalesce and build. unravelings come after awakenings, when society wants to atomize and enjoy. america \u2019 s most recent unraveling was the long boom and culture war, beginning in the mid - 1980s and ending in the late 2000s. the era began during the second term of ( reagan \u2019 s \u201c morning in america \u201d ), which eventually developed into a \" debased \" popular culture, a pervasive distrust of institutions and leaders, and the splitting of national consensus into competing \u201c values \u201d camps. generation x ( nomad archetype, born 1961 \u2013 1981 ) came of age during this era. according to the authors, the fourth turning is a crisis. this is an era in which america \u2019 s institutional life is destroyed and rebuilt in response to a perceived threat to the nation \u2019 s survival. civic authority revives, cultural expression redirects towards community purpose, and people begin to locate themselves as members of a larger group. fourth turnings have all been new \u201c founding moments \u201d in america \u2019 s history, moments that redefined the national identity. america \u2019 s most recent fourth turning began with the stock market crash of 1929 and climaxed with the end of world war ii. the g. i. generation ( a hero archetype, born 1901 to 1924 ) came of age during this era. their confidence, optimism, and collective outlook epitomized the mood of the era. today \u2019 s youth, the millennial generation ( hero archetype, born 1982 to 2004 ), show many traits similar to those of the g. i. youth, including rising civic engagement, improving behavior, and collective confidence. each turning lasts about 20 \u2013 22 years. four turnings comprise a full cycle of approximately 80 to 90 years, which the authors term a saeculum, after the latin word meaning both \u201c a long human life \u201d and \u201c a natural century. \u201d generational change drives the cycle of turnings", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5228975259574294, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.411316"} {"text": "turnings comprise a full cycle of approximately 80 to 90 years, which the authors term a saeculum, after the latin word meaning both \u201c a long human life \u201d and \u201c a natural century. \u201d generational change drives the cycle of turnings and determines its periodicity. as each generation ages into the next life phase ( and a new social role ) society \u2019 s mood and behavior fundamentally changes, giving rise to a new turning. therefore, a symbiotic relationship exists between historical events and generational personas. historical events shape generations in childhood and young adulthood ; then, as parents and leaders in midlife and old age, generations in turn shape history. each of the four turnings has a distinct mood that recurs every saeculum. strauss and howe describe these turnings as the \u201c seasons of history. \u201d at one extreme is the awakening, which is analogous to summer, and at the other extreme is the crisis, which is analogous to winter. the turnings in between are transitional seasons, similar to fall and spring. strauss and howe have identified 26 turnings over 7 saecula in anglo - american history, from the year 1435 through today. at the heart of the strauss - howe theory is a basic alternation between two different types of eras, crises and awakenings. both of these are defining eras in which people observe that historic events are radically altering their social environment. crises are periods marked by major secular upheaval, when society focuses on reorganizing the outer world of institutions and public behavior ( the last american crisis was the period spanning the great depression and world war ii ). awakenings are periods marked by cultural or religious renewal, when society focuses on changing the inner world of values and private behavior ( the last american awakening was the \u201c consciousness revolution \u201d of the 1960s and 1970s ). during crises, great peril provokes a societal consensus, an ethic of personal sacrifice, and strong institutional order. during awakenings, an ethic of individualism emerges, and the institutional order is attacked by new social ideals and spiritual agendas. according to the authors, about every eighty to ninety years \u2014 the length of a long human life \u2014 a national crisis occurs in american society. roughly halfway to the next crisis, a cultural awakening occurs ( historically, these have often been called great awakenings ). in describing this cycle of crises and awakenings, strauss and howe draw from the work of other historians and social scientists who have identified long cycles in american and european history. the strauss \u2013 howe", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.54051624753408, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.412296"} {"text": "historically, these have often been called great awakenings ). in describing this cycle of crises and awakenings, strauss and howe draw from the work of other historians and social scientists who have identified long cycles in american and european history. the strauss \u2013 howe cycle of crises corresponds with long cycles of war identified by such scholars as arnold j. toynbee, quincy wright, and l. l. ferrar jr., and with geopolitical cycles identified by william r. thompson and george modelski. strauss and howe say their cycle of awakenings corresponds with anthony wallace \u2019 s definitive work on revitalization movements, strauss and howe also say recurring crises and awakenings correspond with two - stroke cycles in politics ( walter dean burnham, arthur schlesinger sr. and jr. ), foreign affairs ( frank l. klingberg ), and the economy ( nikolai kondratieff ) as well as with long - term oscillations in crime and substance abuse. the two different types of eras and two formative age locations associated with them ( childhood and young adulthood ) produce four generational archetypes that repeat sequentially, in rhythm with the cycle of crises and awakenings. in generations, strauss and howe refer to these four archetypes as idealist, reactive, civic, and adaptive. in the fourth turning ( 1997 ) they update this terminology to prophet, nomad, hero, and artist. the generations in each archetype not only share a similar age - location in history, they also share some basic attitudes towards family, risk, culture and values, and civic engagement. in essence, generations shaped by similar early - life experiences develop similar collective personas and follow similar life - trajectories. to date, strauss and howe have identified 25 generations in anglo - american history, each with a corresponding archetype. the authors describe the archetypes as follows : prophet generations are born near the end of a crisis, during a time of rejuvenated community life and consensus around a new societal order. prophets grow up as the increasingly indulged children of this post - crisis era, come of age as self - absorbed young crusaders of an awakening, focus on morals and principles in midlife, and emerge as elders guiding another crisis. due to their location in history, such generations tend to be remembered for their coming - of - age fervor and their values - oriented elder leadership. their main societal contributions are in the area of vision, values, and religion. their best - known", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5491904504450777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.413443"} {"text": "to their location in history, such generations tend to be remembered for their coming - of - age fervor and their values - oriented elder leadership. their main societal contributions are in the area of vision, values, and religion. their best - known historical leaders include john winthrop, william berkeley, samuel adams, benjamin franklin, james polk, abraham lincoln, herbert hoover, and franklin roosevelt. these people were principled moralists who waged idealistic wars and incited others to sacrifice. few of them fought themselves in decisive wars, and they are remembered more for their inspiring words than for great actions. ( example among today \u2019 s living generations : baby boomers. ) nomad generations are born during an awakening, a time of social ideals and spiritual agendas, when young adults are passionately attacking the established institutional order. nomads grow up as under - protected children during this awakening, come of age as alienated, post - awakening adults, become pragmatic midlife leaders during a crisis, and age into resilient post - crisis elders. due to their location in history, such generations tend to be remembered for their adrift, alienated rising - adult years and their midlife years of pragmatic leadership. their main societal contributions are in the area of liberty, survival and honor. their best - known historical leaders include nathaniel bacon, william stoughton, george washington, john adams, ulysses grant, grover cleveland, harry truman, and dwight eisenhower. these were shrewd realists who preferred individualistic, pragmatic solutions to problems. ( example among today \u2019 s living generations : generation x. ) hero generations are born after an awakening, during a time of individual pragmatism, self - reliance, and laissez faire. heroes grow up as increasingly protected post - awakening children, come of age as team - oriented young optimists during a crisis, emerge as energetic, overly - confident midlifers, and age into politically powerful elders attacked by another awakening. due to their location in history, such generations tend to be remembered for their collective military triumphs in young adulthood and their political achievements as elders. their main societal contributions are in the area of community, affluence, and technology. their best - known historical leaders include cotton mather, thomas jefferson, james madison, john f. kennedy and ronald reagan. these have been vigorous and rational institution builders. in midlife, all have been aggressive advocates of economic prosperity and public optimism, and all have maintained a reputation for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47658952090704354, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.414462"} {"text": "cotton mather, thomas jefferson, james madison, john f. kennedy and ronald reagan. these have been vigorous and rational institution builders. in midlife, all have been aggressive advocates of economic prosperity and public optimism, and all have maintained a reputation for civic energy and competence in old age. ( examples among today \u2019 s living generations : g. i. generation and the millennials. ) artist generations are born during a crisis, a time when great dangers cut down social and political complexity in favor of public consensus, aggressive institutions, and an ethic of personal sacrifice. artists grow up overprotected by adults preoccupied with the crisis, come of age as the socialized and conformist young adults of a post - crisis world, break out as process - oriented midlife leaders during an awakening, and age into thoughtful post - awakening elders. due to their location in history, such generations tend to be remembered for their quiet years of rising adulthood and their midlife years of flexible, consensus - building leadership. their main societal contributions are in the area of expertise and due process. their best - known historical leaders include william shirley, cadwallader colden, john quincy adams, andrew jackson, and theodore roosevelt. these have been complex social technicians and advocates for fairness and inclusion. ( examples among today \u2019 s living generations : silent and homelanders. ) generations that come of age as young adults during a crisis or an awakening directly absorb the lessons of that defining era, and carry these lessons forward in their attitudes and behaviors later in life. strauss and howe label these dominant generations. generations that grow up as children during a crisis or awakening take a dependent role during that defining era, which shapes their later attitudes and behaviors very differently. strauss and howe label these recessive generations. as a youth generation comes of age and defines its collective persona, an opposing generational archetype is in its midlife peak of power. one reason why the cycle of archetypes recurs is that each youth generation tries to correct or compensate for what it perceives as the excesses of the midlife generation in power. for example, boomers ( a prophet generation, whose strength is individualism, culture and values ) raised millennial children ( a hero generation, whose strength is in collective civic action ). archetypes do not create archetypes like themselves, they create opposing archetypes. as strauss and howe explain, \u201c your generation isn \u2019 t like the generation that shaped you, but it has much in common with the generation that shaped the generation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5184367163603778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.415536"} {"text": "| unraveling : retreat from france | | humanist generation | | artist ( adaptive ) | | 1461 \u2013 1482 ( 21 ) | | crisis : war of the roses | | reformation saeculum ( 104 ) | | reformation generation | | prophet ( idealist ) | | 1483 \u2013 1511 ( 28 ) | | high : tudor renaissance | | reprisal generation | | nomad ( reactive ) | | 1512 \u2013 1540 ( 28 ) | | awakening : protestant reformation | | elizabethan generation | | hero ( civic ) | | 1541 \u2013 1565 ( 24 ) | | unraveling : intolerance and martyrdom | | parliamentary generation | | artist ( adaptive ) | | 1566 \u2013 1587 ( 21 ) | | crisis : armada crisis | | new world saeculum ( 112 ) | | puritan generation | | prophet ( idealist ) | | 1588 \u2013 1617 ( 29 ) | | high : merrie england | | cavalier generation | | nomad ( reactive ) | | 1618 \u2013 1647 ( 29 ) | | awakening : puritan awakening | | glorious generation | | hero ( civic ) | | 1648 \u2013 1673 ( 25 ) | | unraveling : reaction and restoration | | enlightenment generation | | artist ( adaptive ) | | 1674 \u2013 1700 ( 26 ) | | crisis : king philip ' s war / | revolutionary saeculum ( 90 ) | | awakening generation | | prophet ( idealist ) | | 1701 \u2013 1723 ( 22 ) | | high : augustan age of empire | | liberty generation | | nomad ( reactive ) | | 1724 \u2013 1741 ( 17 ) | | awakening : great awakening | | republican generation | | hero ( civic ) | | 1742 \u2013 1766 ( 24 ) | | unraveling : french and indian war | | compromise generation | | artist ( adaptive ) | | 1767 \u2013 1791 ( 24 ) | | crisis : american revolution | | civil war saeculum ( 67 ) | | transcendental generation | | prophet ( idealist ) | | 1792 \u2013 1821 ( 29 ) | | high : era of good feeling | | gilded generation | | nomad ( reactive ) | | 1822 \u2013 1842 ( 20 ) | | awakening : transcendental awakening | | progressive generation | | artist ( adaptive ) | | 1843 \u2013 1859 ( 16 ) | | crisis : american civil war | | great power saeculum ( 85 ) | | missionary generation | | prophet ( idealist ) | | 1860 \u2013 1882", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5017650329437879, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.419077"} {"text": "| progressive generation | | artist ( adaptive ) | | 1843 \u2013 1859 ( 16 ) | | crisis : american civil war | | great power saeculum ( 85 ) | | missionary generation | | prophet ( idealist ) | | 1860 \u2013 1882 ( 22 ) | | high : reconstruction / gilded age | | lost generation | | nomad ( reactive ) | | 1883 \u2013 1900 ( 17 ) | | awakening : missionary awakening | | g. i. generation | | hero ( civic ) | | 1901 \u2013 1924 ( 23 ) | | unraveling : world war i / prohibition | | silent generation | | artist ( adaptive ) | | 1925 \u2013 1942 ( 17 ) | | crisis : great depression / world war ii | | millennial saeculum ( 65 + ) | | baby boom generation | | prophet ( idealist ) | | 1943 \u2013 1960 ( 17 ) | | high : superpower america | | nomad ( reactive ) | | 1961 \u2013 1981 ( 20 ) | | awakening : consciousness revolution | | millennial generation2 | | hero ( civic ) | | 1982 \u2013 2004 ( 22 ) | | unraveling : culture wars, postmodernism | | homeland generation34 | | artist ( adaptive ) | | 2005 \u2013 present | | crisis : global financial crisis, climate change, war on terror | note ( 0 ) : according to the above chart, generational types have appeared in anglo - american history in a fixed order for more than 500 years, with one hiccup in the civil war saeculum. the reasons for this is because according to the chart, the civil war came about ten years too early ; the adult generations allowed the worst aspects of their generational personalities to come through ; and the progressives grew up scarred rather than ennobled. note ( 1 ) : strauss and howe use the name \" 13th generation \" instead of the more widely accepted \" generation x \" in their book, which was published mere weeks before douglas coupland ' s generation x : tales for an accelerated culture was. the generation is so numbered because it is the thirteenth generation alive since american independence ( counting back until benjamin franklin ' s ). note ( 2 ) : although there is as yet no universally accepted name for this generation, \" millennials \" is becoming widely accepted. other names used in reference to it include generation y ( as it is the generation following generation x ) and \" the net generation. \" another name \" generation next \" stems from a pepsi - cola corporation ad campaign featuring one symbol of generation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4983903008930591, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.420157"} {"text": "widely accepted. other names used in reference to it include generation y ( as it is the generation following generation x ) and \" the net generation. \" another name \" generation next \" stems from a pepsi - cola corporation ad campaign featuring one symbol of generation y, the spice girls. note ( 3 ) : new silent generation was a proposed holding name used by howe and strauss in their demographic history of america, generations, to describe the generation whose birth years began somewhere in the early 2000s and the ending point will be around the early 2020s. howe now refers to this generation ( most likely currently being born ) as the homeland generation. note ( 4 ) : there is no consistent agreement among participants on the fourth turning message board that the war on terror lies fully within a crisis era. the absence of any attempt to constrict consumer spending through taxes or rationing and the tax cuts of the time suggest that any crisis era may have begun, if at all, later, as after hurricane katrina or the financial meltdown of 2008. the basic length of both generations and turnings \u2014 about twenty years \u2014 derives from longstanding socially and biologically determined phases of life. [ who? ] this is the reason it has remained relatively constant over centuries. some have argued that rapid increases in technology in recent decades are shortening the length of a generation. according to strauss and howe, however, this is not the case. as long as the transition to adulthood occurs around age 20, the transition to midlife around age 40, and the transition to old age around age 60, the basic length of both generations and turnings will remain the same. in their book, the fourth turning, however, strauss and howe emphasize that the precise boundaries of generations and turnings are erratic. the generational rhythm is not like certain simple, inorganic cycles in physics or astronomy, where time and periodicity can be predicted to the second. instead, it resembles the complex, organic cycles of biology, where basic intervals endure but precise timing is difficult to predict. strauss and howe compare the saecular rhythm to the four seasons, which inevitably occur in the same order, but with slightly varying timing. just as winter may come sooner or later, and be more or less severe in any given year, the same is true of a fourth turning in any given saeculum. america ' s current position in the cycle howe posits that america is currently in or about to enter a fourth turning. the individualism, risk - taking, and conspicuous consumption of the recent third turning", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5171924370605304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.421158"} {"text": "fourth turning in any given saeculum. america ' s current position in the cycle howe posits that america is currently in or about to enter a fourth turning. the individualism, risk - taking, and conspicuous consumption of the recent third turning are winding down, and today \u2019 s social mood is marked by new sobriety about unpaid debts at home and unmet challenges abroad. society is beginning to view the recent third turning as a period of drift when public problems were allowed to accumulate \u2014 problems that are now reaching a level of urgency where the nation must tackle them head - on. like all turnings, fourth turnings are pushed by the aging of each generation into a new phase of life. yet unlike other turnings, the emerging lineup of generational archetypes is likely to push history forward in a sudden, concerted, and decisive direction. according to howe, this is true today as well. as boomers replace the silent as elder leaders, they will reject caution and compromise and act on moral absolutes. as gen xers replace boomers in midlife, they will apply a new pragmatic survivalism to management decisions. as millennials replace gen xers in young adulthood, they will revitalize community, social discipline, and public purpose. according to strauss and howe, there are many potential threats that could feed a growing sense of public urgency as the fourth turning progresses, including financial collapse, a protracted war on terror, a crisis of weapons proliferation, an environmental crisis, an energy shortage, or new civil wars abroad. the generational cycle cannot explain the role or timing of these individual threats. nor can it account for the great events of history, like the bombing of pearl harbor, president kennedy \u2019 s assassination, or 9 / 11. what the generational cycle can do, however, is explain how society is likely to respond to these events in different eras. it is the response, not the initial event, which defines an era. with the generations aligned as they are now, the risk of a major continuing crisis remains high for the next twenty years. yet howe emphasizes that the fourth turning will also offer crucial opportunities to fix national or even global problems that seem unsolvable today. critical reception the strauss and howe retelling of history through a generational lens has received mixed reviews. many reviewers have praised the authors ' books and theory for their ambition, erudition and accessibility. former u. s vice president al gore \u2014 who graduated from harvard university with mr. strauss \u2014 called generations the most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5095812746037406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.422234"} {"text": "claimed that the theory is essentially \" non - falsifiable \" and \" mystifying, \" although he believed the authors did have some insights into modern american history. 13th gen in 1993, andrew leonard reviewed the book 13th gen : abort, retry, ignore, fail?. he wrote \u201c as the authors relentlessly attack the iniquitous ' child - abusive culture ' of the 1960 ' s and 70 ' s and exult in heaping insult after insult on their own generation - - they caricature baby boomers as countercultural, long - haired, sex - obsessed hedonists - - their real agenda begins to surface. that agenda becomes clear in part of their wish list for how the 13th generation may influence the future : \" 13ers will reverse the frenzied and centrifugal cultural directions of their younger years. they will clean up entertainment, de - diversify the culture, reinvent core symbols of national unity, reaffirm rituals of family and neighborhood bonding, and re - erect barriers to cushion communities from unwanted upheaval. \" again in 1993, writing for the globe and mail, jim cormier reviewed the same book : \" self - described boomers howe and strauss add no profound layer of analysis to previous pop press observations. but in cobbling together a more extensive overview of the problems and concerns of the group they call the 13ers, they ' ve created a valuable primer for other fogeys who are feeling seriously out of touch. \" cormier believed that the authors \" raised as many new questions as answers about the generation that doesn ' t want to be a generation. but at least they ' ve made an honest, empathetic and good - humoured effort to bridge the bitter gap between the twentysomethings and fortysomethings. \" in 1993, charles laurence at the london daily telegraph wrote that, in 13th gen, strauss and howe offered this youth generation \" a relatively neutral definition as the 13th american generation from the founding fathers, \". according to alexander ferron ' s review in eye magazine, \" 13th gen is best read as the work of two top - level historians. while its agenda is the 13th generation, it can also be seen as an incredibly well - written and exhaustive history of america from 1960 to 1981 - - examining the era through everything except the traditional historical subjects ( war, politics, famine, etc ). twenty years later, jon d. miller, at the longitudinal study of american youth ( funded by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5248890576163645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.425403"} {"text": "exhaustive history of america from 1960 to 1981 - - examining the era through everything except the traditional historical subjects ( war, politics, famine, etc ). twenty years later, jon d. miller, at the longitudinal study of american youth ( funded by the national science foundation ) wrote that strauss and howe ' s 1961 to 1981 definition of \" generation x \" ( although they called it the 13th generation ) birth years has been used widely in both popular and academic literature. millennials rising david brooks reviewed the follow - up book about the next generation titled millennials rising ( 2000 ). \" millennials \" is a term coined by strauss and howe. brooks, wrote : \u201c this is not a good book, if by good you mean the kind of book in which the authors have rigorously sifted the evidence and carefully supported their assertions with data. but it is a very good bad book. it ' s stuffed with interesting nuggets. it ' s brightly written. and if you get away from the generational mumbo jumbo, it illuminates changes that really do seem to be taking place. \u201d further, mr. brooks wrote that the generations aren ' t treated equally : \" basically, it sounds as if america has two greatest generations at either end of the age scale and two crummiest in the middle \". in 2001, reviewer dina gomez wrote in nea today that strauss and howe make their case \u201c convincingly, \u201d with \u201c intriguing analysis of popular culture. \u201d while conceding that the book \" over - generalizes \", gomez also argues that it is \u201c hard to resist the book \u2019 s hopeful vision for our children and future. many of the theories they wrote about in their two previous books \u2014 generations and the fourth turning \u2014 have indeed come to pass. \u201d in 1991, jonathan alter wrote in newsweek that generations was a \u201c provocative, erudite and engaging analysis of the rhythms of american life. \u201d however, he believed it was also \u201c an elaborate historical horoscope that will never withstand scholarly scrutiny. \u201d he continued, \u201c these sequential ' peer personalities ' are often silly, but the book provides reams of fresh evidence that american history is indeed cyclical, as arthur schlesinger jr. and others have long argued. \u201d he complained, \u201c the generational boundaries are plainly arbitrary. the authors lump together everyone born from 1943 to 1961 ( baby boomers ), a group whose two extremes have little in common. and the predictions are facile and reckless. \u201d he concluded", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5240428378900903, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.426380"} {"text": "complained, \u201c the generational boundaries are plainly arbitrary. the authors lump together everyone born from 1943 to 1961 ( baby boomers ), a group whose two extremes have little in common. and the predictions are facile and reckless. \u201d he concluded : \u201c however fun and informative, the truth about generational generalizations is that they generally unsatisfactory. \u201d arthur e. levine, a former president of the teachers college of columbia university said \" generational images are stereotypes. there are some differences that stand out, but there are more similarities between students of the past and the present. but if you wrote a book saying that, how interesting would that book be? \" in response to criticism that they stereotype or generalize all members of a generation the authors said, \" we ' ve never tried to say that any individual generation is going to be monochromatic. it ' ll obviously include all kinds of people. but as you look at generations as social units, we consider it to be at least as powerful and, in our view, far more powerful than other social groupings such as economic class, race, sex, religion and political parties. \" gerald pershall wrote in 1991 : \" generations is guaranteed to attract pop history and social - science buffs. among professional historians, it faces a tougher sell. period specialists will resist the idea that their period is akin to several others. sweeping theories of history are long out of fashion in the halls of ivy, and the authors ' lack of academic standing won ' t help their cause. their generational quartet is \" just too wooden \" and \" just too neat, \" says one yale historian. \" prediction is for prophets, \" scoffs william mcloughlin, professor of history at brown, who says it is wrong to think that \" if you put enough data together and have enough charts and graphs, you ' ve made history into a science. \" the book is likely to get a much friendlier reception in sociology and political - science departments. two of harvard ' s grand old men, david riesman and richard neustadt, for example, offer strong, if qualified, praise. sociologist riesman found in the work an \" impressive grasp of a great many theoretical and historical bits and pieces. \" political scientist neustadt says strauss and howe \" are asking damned important questions, and i honor them. \" responding to criticism, strauss and howe accepted that some historians might not like their theory, which they presented as a new paradigm for looking at american", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5272391062810964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.427401"} {"text": "political scientist neustadt says strauss and howe \" are asking damned important questions, and i honor them. \" responding to criticism, strauss and howe accepted that some historians might not like their theory, which they presented as a new paradigm for looking at american history, that filled a need for a unifying vision of american history : people are looking for a new way to connect themselves to the larger story of america. that is the problem. we ' ve felt adrift over the past 10 years, and we think that the way history has been presented over the past couple of decades has been more in terms of the little pieces and people are not as interested in the little pieces now. they ' re looking for a unifying vision. we haven ' t had unifying visions of the story of america for decades now, and we ' re trying to provide it in this book. the kinds of historians who are drawn to our book - - and i ' m sure it will be very controversial among academics because we are presenting something that is so new - - but the kinds who are drawn to it are the ones who themselves have focused on the human life cycle rather than just the sequential series of events. some good examples of that are morton keller up at brandeis and david hackett fischer. these are people who have noticed the power in not just generations, but the shifts that have happened over time in the way americans have treated children and older people and have tried to link that to the broader currents of history. \u2014 william strauss, in 1993, gregg aanestad, wrote in his doctoral dissertation that he \u201c applauded \u201d the ambition of generations which was \u201c lively \u201d and \u201c colorful \u201d, but he thought that much of the evidence was cherry picked and did not take into account crucial factors such as generation size, the relative speeding up of generations, or the important role of chance outside events. in 2006, frank giancola wrote an article in human resource planning ( an academic journal ) that stated \" the emphasis on generational differences is not generally borne out by empirical research, despite its popularity \". one criticism of strauss and howe ' s theory, and the field of \" generational studies \" in general, is that conclusions are over - broad and do not reflect the reality of every person in each generation regardless of their race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age, disability, or genetic information for example, hoover cites the case of millennials : \" commentators have tended to slap the millennial label on white, affluent teenagers who accomplish great things", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5343964470880327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.428480"} {"text": "of their race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age, disability, or genetic information for example, hoover cites the case of millennials : \" commentators have tended to slap the millennial label on white, affluent teenagers who accomplish great things as they grow up in the suburbs, who confront anxiety when applying to super - selective colleges, and who multitask with ease as their helicopter parents hover reassuringly above them. the label tends not to appear in renderings of teenagers who happen to be minorities, or poor, or who have never won a spelling bee. nor does the term often refer to students from big cities and small towns that are nothing like fairfax county, va. or who lack technological know - how. or who struggle to complete high school. or who never even consider college. or who commit crimes. or who suffer from too little parental support. or who drop out of college. aren ' t they millennials, too? \" in their 2000 book millennials rising strauss and howe brought attention to the millennial children of immigrants in the united states, \" who face daunting challenges. \" they wrote \" one - third have no health insurance, live below the poverty line and live in overcrowded housing \". in 1991, professor and new york times writer jay dolan critiqued generations for not talking more about class, race and sex, to which neil howe replied that they \" are probably generalizations not even as effective as a generation to say something about how people think and behave. one of the things to understand is that most historians never look at history in terms of generations. they prefer to tell history as a seamless row of 55 - year - old leaders who always tend to think and behave the same way - - but they don ' t and they never have. if you look at the way america ' s 55 - year - old leaders were acting in the 1960s - - you know, the ebullient and confidence of the jfks and lbjs and hubert humphreys - - and compare them with today ' s leaders in congress - - the indecision, the lack of sure - footedness - - i think you would have to agree that 55 - year - olds do not always act the same way and you ' re dealing with powerful generational forces at work that explain why one generation of war veterans, war heroes, and another generation which came of age in very different circumstances tend to have very different instincts about acting in the world. \u201d - howe, neil ; strauss, william", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4839625457365024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.429455"} {"text": "powerful generational forces at work that explain why one generation of war veterans, war heroes, and another generation which came of age in very different circumstances tend to have very different instincts about acting in the world. \u201d - howe, neil ; strauss, william ( 1991 ). generations : the history of america ' s future, 1584 to 2069. new york : william morrow & company. isbn 978 - 0 - 688 - 11912 - 6. - howe, neil ; strauss, william ( 1993 ). 13th gen : abort, retry, ignore, fail?. vintage books. isbn 9780679743651. - howe, neil ; strauss, william ( 1997 ). the fourth turning : what the cycles of history tell us about america \u2019 s next rendezvous with destiny. new york : broadway books. isbn 978 - 0 - 7679 - 0046 - 1. - howe, neil ; strauss, william ( 2000 ). millennials rising : the next great generation. knopf doubleday publishing group. isbn 9780375707193. - howe, neil ; strauss, william ( 2007 ). millennials & k - 12 schools : educational strategies for a new generation. great falls : lifecourse associates. isbn 978 - 0 - 9712606 - 5 - 8. - howe, neil ; strauss, william ( 2007 ), \" the next twenty years : how customer and workforce attitudes will evolve \", harvard business review : 41 \u2013 52 - howe, neil ; strauss, william ( 2008 ). millennials go to college : strategies for a new generation on campus ( 2nd ed. ). great falls : lifecourse associates. isbn 9780971260610. - strauss & howe, 1991. - strauss & howe, 1997. - strauss & howe 1997, pp. 119 \u2013 121. - hoover, 2009. generations established its creators as pioneers in a burgeoning field. they soon became media darlings, best - selling authors, and busy speakers. generations would popularize the idea that people in a particular age group share distinct personae and values by virtue of occupying the same \" place \" in time as they grow up. - jones,, gary l. ( fall 1992 ). \" strauss, william and neil howe ' generations : the history of america ' s future, 1584 \u2013 2069 ' ( book review ) \". perspectives on political science 21 ( 4 ) : 218. issn 10457097. - hoover,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5124755867470709, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.431161"} {"text": "strauss, william and neil howe ' generations : the history of america ' s future, 1584 \u2013 2069 ' ( book review ) \". perspectives on political science 21 ( 4 ) : 218. issn 10457097. - hoover, eric ( 11 october 2009 ). \" the millennial muddle : how stereotyping students became a thriving industry and a bundle of contradictions \". the chronicle of higher education ( the chronicle of higher education, inc. ). retrieved 11 january 2011. - giancola, 2006. - strauss & howe, 1991. p. 14. - \" william strauss, founding partner \". lifecourse associates. retrieved 6 november 2012. - howe, neil. on borrowed time : : how the growth in entitlement spending threatens america ' s future. google books. retrieved 6 november 2012. more than one of - millennials : a profile of the next great generation ( dvd ). wmfe & pbs. isbn 978 - 0 - 9712606 - 7 - 2. - strauss & howe, 1997. p. 338. - \" lifecourse associates : history \". retrieved 6 october 2010. - ringle, ken ( 22 december 2007 ). \" bill strauss : he was the life of the parody \". the washington post. retrieved 24 may 2010. - \" neil howe \". international speakers bureau. retrieved 6 november 2012. - strauss & howe, 1993. - strauss & howe, 2000. - strauss & howe 1991, pp. 58 \u2013 68. - strauss & howe 1991, pp. 433 \u2013 446. - strauss & howe 1997, p. 101. - strauss & howe 1997, pp. 145 \u2013 152. - strauss & howe 1997, p. 102. - strauss & howe 1997, pp. 171 \u2013 179. - strauss & howe 1997, pp. 102 \u2013 103. - strauss & howe 1997, pp. 103 \u2013 104. - strauss & howe 1997, pp. 254 \u2013 260. - strauss & howe 2007, pp. 23 \u2013 24. - strauss & howe 1997, pp. 2 \u2013 3. - strauss & howe 1997, pp. 14 \u2013 15. - strauss & howe 1997, pp. 58p62. - galland, david ( 2009 ). \" into the fourth turning : a casey research interview with neil howe, co - author of the fourth turning \". casey research special report. retrieved 3 september 2010. - strauss & howe 1997, pp. 40 \u2013 41. - strauss & howe 1991", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5136098180659171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.432117"} {"text": "\" into the fourth turning : a casey research interview with neil howe, co - author of the fourth turning \". casey research special report. retrieved 3 september 2010. - strauss & howe 1997, pp. 40 \u2013 41. - strauss & howe 1991, pp. 123 \u2013 137. names, dates, and descriptions of the saecula and turnings are also available at the lifecourse associates website. retrieved 6 november 2012. - strauss & howe 1991, pp. 69 \u2013 72. - strauss & howe 1991, p. 71. - strauss & howe 1991, p. 93. - strauss & howe 1997, pp. 36 \u2013 41. - strauss & howe 1997, p. 40. - strauss & howe 1997, pp. 106 \u2013 116. - strauss & howe 1991, pp. 73 \u2013 74. - strauss & howe 1997, p. 70. - strauss & howe 1991, pp. 357 \u2013 365. - for the first 24 generations, see strauss & howe 1991, pp. 123 \u2013 137 ; for the 25th generation now being born, the homeland generation, see strauss & howe 2008, pp. 109 \u2013 111. generational names, birthdates, and descriptions are also available at http : / / www. lifecourse. com / about / method / timelines / generations. html. retrieved 05 - 07 - 2012. - strauss & howe 1997, p. 84. - strauss & howe 1997, p. 96. - strauss & howe 1991, pp. 69 \u2013 73. - strauss & howe 1997, p. 79. - strauss & howe 2007, pp. 21 \u2013 24. - strauss & howe 1991, p. 300. - \" lifecourse associates : generations in anglo - american history \". retrieved 7 may 2012. - strauss & howe 1997, pp. 53 \u2013 62. - simon, 2010. - strauss & howe 1997, pp. 51 \u2013 52. - neil howe ( 2009 ). the winter of history : an interview with neil howe on \u201c the fourth turning \u201d. lifecourse associates. isbn 978 - 0 - 9712606 - 6 - 5. retrieved november 6, 2012. - strauss & howe 1997, pp. 266 \u2013 271. - howe, neil ; & strauss, william ( 2007 ) \u201c the next twenty years : how customer and workforce attitudes will evolve \u201d. harvard business review. july \u2013 august ed, pp. 41 \u2013 52. - strauss & howe 1997, pp. 273 \u2013 279 ; on the current fourth turning see galland 2009. -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4663252211948453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.434410"} {"text": "twenty years : how customer and workforce attitudes will evolve \u201d. harvard business review. july \u2013 august ed, pp. 41 \u2013 52. - strauss & howe 1997, pp. 273 \u2013 279 ; on the current fourth turning see galland 2009. - strauss & howe 1997, pp. 6 \u2013 7 ; on the current fourth turning see howe, neil ; & strauss, william ( 2007 ) \" the next twenty years : how customer and workforce attitudes will evolve \". harvard business review, july \u2013 august ed, p. 41 - 52. - brooks, david ( 5 november 2000 ). \" what ' s the matter with kids today? not a thing \". the new york times. retrieved 21 october 2012. - parshall, gerald ( 8 april 1991 ). \" history ' s cycle ride \". u. s. news & world report. - michael lind ( january 26, 1997 ). \" generation gaps \". new york times review of books. retrieved 1 november 2010. \" the idea that history moves in cycles tends to be viewed with suspicion by scholars. although historians as respected as arthur m. schlesinger jr. and david hackett fischer have made cases for the existence of rhythms and waves in the stream of events, cyclical theories tend to end up in the sargasso sea of pseudoscience, circling endlessly ( what else? ). the fourth turning is no exception. \" - aanestad, gregg ( 1993 ). the bust generation : a cohort analysis ( ph. d. ). university of hawaii. http : / / scholarspace. manoa. hawaii. edu / handle / 10125 / 10141. - piccoli, sean ( 3 april 1991 ). \" 13ers ; the story of the new ' lost generation ' ( and america ' s hottest sound bite ) \". the washington times. p. e1. - parshall, gerald ( april 8, 1991 ). \" history ' s cycle ride \". u. s. news & world report. - bowman, james ( april 5, 1991 ). \" another grand theory comes of age \". - kaiser, david ( january 12, 1997 ). \" turning and turning in a widening gyre \". the boston sunday globe. retrieved 22 december 2012. - kaiser, david. \" confirmation \". retrieved 22 december 2012. - kaiser, david. \" the president takes up the challenge of our time \". blogspot. retrieved 22 december 2012. - kaiser, david. \" is civilization", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5269335932336306, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.436101"} {"text": "december 2012. - kaiser, david. \" confirmation \". retrieved 22 december 2012. - kaiser, david. \" the president takes up the challenge of our time \". blogspot. retrieved 22 december 2012. - kaiser, david. \" is civilization in danger? \". blogspot. retrieved 22 december 2012. - leonard, andrew ( 23 may 1993 ). \" the boomers ' babies \". the new york times. retrieved 21 october 2012. - cormier, jim ( 8 may 1993 ). \" a young whine, with a sharp bite 13th gen : abort, retry, ignore, fail? \". the globe and mail. - laurence, charles ( may 11, 1993 ). \" the bitter new generation and why they are criticizing their baby boomer parents \". london daily telegraph. - ferron, alexander ( july 1, 1993 ). \" 13th generational malaise \". eye magazine. - \" ' xplaining generation x - an nsf - sponsored webcast \". national science foundation. retrieved november 6, 2012. - miller, jon d. \" the generation x report : active, balanced, and happy : these young americans are not bowling alone \". university of michigan, longitudinal study of american youth, funded by the national science foundation. retrieved october 30, 2012. - horovitz, bruce ( 5 / 4 / 2012 ). \" after gen x, millennials, what should next generation be? \". usa today. retrieved november 24, 2012. - gomez, dina ( may 2001 ). \" the next great generation \". nea today, v. 19 no. 4. retrieved 22 december 2012. - alter, jonathan ( 15 april 1991 ). \" the generation game \". newsweek. - host : brian lamb ( 14 april 1991 ). \" generations : the history of america ' s future \". booknotes. c - span. http : / / www. booknotes. org / watch / 17548 - 1 / william + strauss. aspx. retrieved 21 october 2012. - giancola, frank ( 2006 ). \" the generation gap : more myth than reality \". human resource planning 29 ( 4 ) : 32 \u2013 37. \" research and expert opinion do not fully support the generational premise. for example, two duke university sociologists have found that the three assumptions behind the premise are not always supported by a body of research ( hughes & o ' rand, 2005 )... according to an independent review of the literature,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4941713724337409, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.437286"} {"text": "tioga river ( chemung river ) the tioga river ( / / tie - o - guh ) is a tributary of the chemung river, approximately 58 miles ( 93 km ) long, in northern pennsylvania and western new york in the united states. it drains a region of ridges in the northern allegheny plateau in the watershed of the susquehanna river. it rises in the mountains of western bradford county and flows initially southwest into tioga county, passing through tioga state forest. in southern tioga county it turns north, cutting gaps in four separate ridges while flowing past blossburg and mansfield, then through tioga reservoir. north of tioga it receives crooked creek from the west, then crosses into steuben county, new york, near lawrenceville, pennsylvania. it receives the cowanesque river from the west approximately 1 mi ( 2 km ) north of the state line, then receives the canisteo river from the west in southwestern steuben county, approximately 10 mi ( 15 km ) southwest of corning. it joins the cohocton river at painted post, just west of corning, to form the chemung, a tributary of the susquehanna. in the 19th century the tioga valley supported a large shipbuilding industry. logs were floated down the tioga and the chemung to the susquehanna river and on to the chesapeake bay and the shipyards of baltimore. tioga reservoir the tioga river has one major impoundment, the tioga reservoir, formed by a dam just after the borough of tioga, pennsylvania and just before it receives crooked creek. the lake has a surface area of 498 acres ( 2. 02 km2 ) and is administered by the united states army corps of engineers, which built the tioga dam from 1973 to 1979. built together with the adjoining hammond dam and hammond lake ( on crooked creek ), the total project cost $ 200 million. the dam projects were initially authorized by the united states congress in the flood control act of 3 july, 1958 ( public law 85 - 500 ). construction was begun in the aftermath of the devastating floods caused by hurricane agnes in june 1972. a channel connects the two lakes so that hammond lake ( which has greater storage capacity ) may be used to store excess ( flood ) water from tioga lake. however, in addition to flood control on the chemung and susquehanna rivers, the dams are also meant to help decrease the acidity of water in the tioga river downstream of the dams by dilution with the more neutral waters of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.36286618744624555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.444061"} {"text": "january 2010 : extremes and monthly summary the globe recorded its fourth warmest january since record keeping began in 1880, according to noaa ' s national climatic data center. nasa ' s goddard institute for space studies rated january 2010 as the 2nd warmest january on record, behind january 2007. january 2010 global ocean temperatures were the 2nd warmest on record, next to 1998. land temperatures in the southern hemisphere were the warmest on record, but in the northern hemisphere, they were the 18th warmest. the relatively cool northern hemisphere land temperatures may have been due to the well - above average amount of snow on the ground - - january 2010 snow cover in the northern hemisphere was the 6th highest in the past 44 years. global satellite - measured temperatures for the lowest 8 km of the atmosphere were the warmest on record in january, according to both the university of alabama huntsville ( uah ) and rss data sets. this was the second time in the past three months that the uah data set has shown a record high global atmospheric temperature. figure 1. departure of surface temperature from average for january 2010. image credit : national climatic data center. a few notable global weather highlights from january 2010 : according to the united kingdom ' s met office, the u. k. as a whole had its coolest january since 1987 and the eighth coolest january since records began in 1914. scotland had its coolest january since 1979. during the first two weeks of january, the irish republic experienced a spell of extreme cold weather that began in mid - december, resulting in the most extreme cold spell over ireland since early 1963, according to the irish meteorological service. most places of the irish republic had its coolest january since 1985 and the coolest january since 1963 in the dublin area. a rare summer snowfall occurred on january 18th in the town of bombala, new south wales, australia. the town received a light dusting of accumulation, marking the first summer snow in the high terrain of southeast australia since records began in 1965. the town has an elevation of around 3, 000 feet ( 900 meters ) above sea - level. forecasters said that snow at such low elevations is unusual at any time of year, especially summer. six days before the snow, temperatures had hit 37\u00b0c ( 99\u00b0f ) in bombala. eleven inches ( 28 cm ) of snow fell in seoul, south korea on the 3rd, marking the greatest snowfall amount for that city since records began in 1937 ( source : bbc ). central beijing, china received 3 inches ( 8 cm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4656678001112786, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.461363"} {"text": "bombala. eleven inches ( 28 cm ) of snow fell in seoul, south korea on the 3rd, marking the greatest snowfall amount for that city since records began in 1937 ( source : bbc ). central beijing, china received 3 inches ( 8 cm ) of snow on the 2nd, the most for a single day since january 1951, while suburbs of the city reported 13 inches ( 33 cm ). over 90 percent of flights at beijing. s international airport were affected. on january 6th, temperatures in beijing dropped to - 16. 7\u00b0c ( 1. 9\u00b0f ), the lowest minimum temperature in the first ten days of january since 1971. figure 2. an unusual sight : virtually all of britain was covered by snow on january 7, 2010. image credit : nasa. january 2010 : near - average temperatures in the u. s. for the contiguous u. s., the average january temperature was 0. 3\u00b0f above average, making it the 55th coolest january in the 115 - year record, according to the national climatic data center. the u. s. has been on quite a roller coaster of temperatures over the past four months - - the nation recorded its third coldest october on record, followed by its third warmest november, followed by its 14th coolest december, followed by an average january. the coolest january temperature anomalies were in florida, which had its 10th coldest such month. the pacific northwest was very warm, with oregon and washington recording their 4th warmest january on record. seattle experienced its warmest january since records began in 1891. figure 3. ranking of temperatures by state for january 2010. florida had its 10th coldest january on record, while washington and oregon had their 4th warmest. image credit : national climatic data center. precipitation across the u. s. was near average in january. notably, arizona had its 5th wettest january and new mexico its 7th wettest. the only state much drier than average was michigan, which had its 8th driest january. at the end of january, 3 % of the contiguous united states was in severe - to - exceptional drought, a decrease of 4 % from the previous month. this is the lowest drought footprint for the country since detailed drought statistics began in 1999. a few notable records set in the u. s. during january 2010, courtesy of the national climatic data center : : all - time low pressure records were set across most of california, arizona, nevada, and southern oregon on january 20 - 21. this was approximately 10", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4516683815261611, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.462586"} {"text": "set in the u. s. during january 2010, courtesy of the national climatic data center : : all - time low pressure records were set across most of california, arizona, nevada, and southern oregon on january 20 - 21. this was approximately 10 - 15 % of the area of the u. s. arizona set its all - time 24 - hour state snowfall record : 48 \" at sunrise mountain jan. 21 - 22. the 50. 7 inches ( 129 cm ) that fell in flagstaff, az jan. 16 - 23 was the third highest five - day total ever recorded there. yuma, arizona ' s total of 2. 44 inches of rain ( 62 mm ) was their 2nd greatest january total ever, narrowly missing the record of 2. 49 ( 63 mm ) set in 1949. their daily total of 1. 95 ( 50 mm ) inches on the 21st was the greatest one - day january total ever. near wikieup, az, the big sandy river crested at 17. 9 feet, washing away numerous roads and setting a new all - time record crest, breaking the previous record of 16. 4 feet set back in march 1978. burlington, vt had its largest single snowstorm on record, 33. 1 \" on jan. 1 - 3. sioux city, ia tied its all - time max snow depth record ( 28 \" on jan. 7 ). beckley, wv had its snowiest january on record ( 40. 9 \" ; old record 37. 3 \" in 1996 ) bellingham, washington tied its record highest january temperature of 65\u00b0f on january 11. hondo, texas tied its record coldest january temperature of 12\u00b0f on january 9. cotulla la salle, texas tied its record coldest january temperature of 16\u00b0f on january 9. records were broken or tied at daytona beach, orlando, melbourne, and vero beach florida for the greatest number of consecutive days in which the daily high temperature remained below 60 degrees f ( 15. 5 c ). daytona beach ' s string was twelve days. jackson, ky and london, ky tied their record for longest streak of consecutive days falling below 32\u00b0f ( 11 days ). pensacola, fl had its 2nd longest such streak ( 10 days ), and mobile, al its 3rd longest ( 10 days ). key west, fl had its 2nd coldest temperature ever measured, 42\u00b0f. the record is 41\u00b0f, set in 1981 and 1886. moderate el nino conditions continue moderate el nino conditions continue over the tropical eastern pacific", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43829056399649624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.463477"} {"text": "( 10 days ). key west, fl had its 2nd coldest temperature ever measured, 42\u00b0f. the record is 41\u00b0f, set in 1981 and 1886. moderate el nino conditions continue moderate el nino conditions continue over the tropical eastern pacific. ocean temperatures in the area 5\u00b0n - 5\u00b0s, 120\u00b0w - 170\u00b0w, also called the \" nina 3. 4 region \", were at 1. 2\u00b0c above average on february 10, in the middle of the 1. 0\u00b0c - 1. 5\u00b0c range for a moderate el nino, according to the australian bureau of meteorology. the strength of el nino has been roughly constant for the first two weeks of february. a burst of westerly winds that developed near the date line in january has pushed eastwards towards south america over the past month, and this should keep the current el nino at moderate strength well into march. all of the el nino models forecast that el nino has peaked and will weaken by summer. most of the models predict that el nino conditions will last into early summer, but cross the threshold into neutral territory by the height of hurricane season. january sea ice extent in the arctic 4th lowest on record january 2010 northern hemisphere sea ice extent was the 4th lowest since satellite measurements began in 1979. ice extent was lower than in 2009 and 2008, but greater than in 2005, 2006, and 2007, according to the national snow and ice data center ( nsidc ). the weather pattern over the arctic in the first half of january 2010 featured a strongly negative arctic oscillation ( ao ). this pattern tends to slow the winds that typically flush large amounts of sea ice out of the arctic between greenland and iceland. in this way, a negative ao could help retain some the second - and third - year ice through the winter, and potentially rebuild some of the older, multi - year ice that has been lost over the past few years. however, the ice pack is the thinnest on record for this time of year, and much above average temperatures this summer would likely cause a new record summertime sea ice loss. my next post will be monday or tuesday.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47489865817480537, "token_count": 438, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.464381"} {"text": "epa works with our mexican neighbors on the u. s. - mexico environmental program, a collaboration between the united states and mexico to improve the environment and protect the health of the nearly 12 million people living along the border. the bi - national program focuses on cleaning the air, providing safe drinking water, reducing the risk of exposure to hazardous waste, and ensuring emergency preparedness along the u. s. - mexico border. the border 2012 program closed this year after successfully meeting and exceeding program goals and objectives. along the border, more than 12 million scrap tires were removed and properly disposed of, more than 54, 000 homes were connected to safe - drinking water system, and more than 540, 000 homes were connected to wastewater systems. 2012 national coordinators meeting epa administrator lisa p. jackson and mexican secretary for the environment juan elvira quesada met in tijuana on august 8, 2012 to sign the border 2020 framework agreement for continued environmental cooperation along the u. s - mexico border. they were joined by u. s. and mexican officials attending the annual national coordinator meeting ( pdf ). the border 2020 program is the latest environmental initiative implemented under the 1983 la paz agreement. building on the border 2012 environmental program, it emphasizes regional, bottom - up approaches for decision making, priority setting, and project implementation to address the environmental and public health problems in the border region. border 2020 will seek to reduce pollution in water, air, and on land, reduce exposure to chemicals from accidental releases or terrorism, and improve environmental stewardship. learn more about border 2020 goals and objectives. border 2020 will build on the success of border 2012 by maintaining the bottom - up approach to program design, and by committing to strategic priorities to achieve an ambitious set of goals and objectives. explore our work : - new! border 2020 program - border 2012 program - becc and nadbank - border activities on air quality - preparing for and preventing environmental emergencies - us - mexico border : water infrastructure program additional resources about environment and the mexico - u. s. border : - border eco web. this site is designed to facilitate public - access to environmental information about the mexico - u. s. border region. information is available in both spanish and english. - international boundary and water commission ( ibwc ). the u. s. and mexico have cooperated on their shared border environment for over a hundred years. much of this cooperation took place under the auspices of the ibwc, a u. s. - mexico international organization with a presence in both countries. the ibwc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4265949839979478, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.469165"} {"text": "munida subrugosa is the most abundant galatheid crab species in the beagle channel ( 55\u00b0s 68\u00b0w ) off tierra del fuego, argentina. samples of crabs and the epibenthic community were taken on a monthly basis at two different depth strata ( < 40m and > 70m ), by means of epibenthic trawling from 1998 to 1999. stomach contents from 1582 crabs were analysed, out of which only 2 % had empty stomachs. the quantity of food in the stomach contents was clearly seasonal and similar at both depths. the organic matter varied throughout the year and between both depths, being significantly higher in summer / spring than in autumn / winter. munida subrugosa shows two different and simultaneous feeding habits : ( 1 ) as a predator m. subrugosa feeds on crustaceans, algae, and polychaetes ; and ( 2 ) as a deposit feeder m. subrugosa consumes particulate organic matter and organisms associated with the superficial layer of of the sediment. the composition of the diet of munida subrugosa was similar for both years, and independent of depth, sex or season. munida subrugosa selected crustaceans only in autumn and winter, whereas most food items were found according to their availability in the habitat. helmholtz research programs > marcopoli ( 2004 - 2008 ) > pol4 - response of higher marine life to change", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46321945285717225, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.472052"} {"text": "trinidad head baseline observatory battered by winter stormjanuary 26, 2006 the noaa trinidad head baseline atmospheric observatory located on the northern california coastline ( 41. 05 n, 124. 15 w ), and one of the five noaa global baseline atmospheric observatories, was shut down for 3 days due to regional power outages produced by a severe winter storm that battered the california and oregon coasts earlier this month. wind speeds of 97 mph ( 42 m s - 1 ) produced waves of 25 ft ( 8 m ) and uprooted three large 150 year old monterey cypress trees located near the observatory, one of which moderately damaged the roof of the ozonesonde balloon launch facility. nevertheless, the observatory was up and running within hours of power restoration. the trinidad head observatory, established in the spring of 2002, provides continuous measurements of atmospheric pollutants and climate forcing agents entering the west coast of the u. s. from asia. in addition to its long term monitoring mission, the facility has hosted or supported a number of large intensive studies including the noaa 2002 intercontinental transport and chemical transformation ( itct ) campaign, the 2004 intex ozone network study ( ions ) and the 2005 altair integrated system flight demonstration project. in addition to the normal complement of baseline observatory instruments, the observatory presently supports, or has supported in the past, instruments noaa / csd, nasa - goddard space flight center ( gsfc ), uc - berkeley, uc - davis, uc - san diego, scripps institution of oceanography ( sio ), and the university of wisconsin - madison. the advanced global atmospheric gases experiment ( agage ), operated since 1995 by sio, is also located on trinidad head. the trinidad head observatory suffered only minimal damage in a severe 50 - year storm, and was back in operation within hours of the resumption of power. this same storm produced significant loss of standing timber including up to 70 % loss of trees just north of the observatory, presumably due to a reported funnel cloud. funnel clouds are a very unusual phenomenon for the west coast. the extreme wind event was the result of intense pressure gradients associated with the formation of a bent back occluded front, itself a relatively rare event on the california coast. to see views of the observatory, tree damage, and surfers riding huge waves coming ashore near half moon bay, following the storm go to the link below and view the images in the photo gallery at the bottom of the page.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46155308737639067, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.477722"} {"text": "- informed consent has two components : information and consent. this right to information stems form the patient ' s right of self - determination as laid down in articles 10 and 11 of the dutch constitution. this means that medical treatment of patients is only allowed with their consent or that of people empowered to decide for them. information and consent seem to occur but that is not necessarily so. the medical practitioner ' s obligation to supply information has been a long - standing, major issue in literature. - consent to treatment is a basic principle in health care and serves as the justification of the doctor ( s intervention. without it, there is, generally speaking, a situation of matreatment for which the physician can be prosecuted. the patient then will have to state and prove that an action has been carried out without his consent, unless the burden of proof lies elsewhere because of any special regulation or the demands of reasonebleness and fairness. - a distinction is usually made between consent ot enter into a contract for medical treatment and consent to the medical treatment itself. explicit consent is required for a contract for medical treatment, which must be emphatically distinguished from the various separate, medical actions. consent once granted does not imply consent to each and every medical action, the separate actions require consent as well. on the other hand, separate consent is not required for each and every medical action, however slight it may be. cosent may be revoked at any time. - the requirement of consent for treatment to be undergone does not imply that explicit consent has to be asked for each medical action. the physicion can inform a patient explicitly without asking for his explicit consent for the medical action. the physician may presume consent to have been granted if the medical action itself or its consequences are not major ones, such as the taking of blood during an operation. presumed consent may also be deduced from a person ' s behaviour. a physician should not presume consent too easily with furhter - reaching treatment. if he does so, he will have to furnish proof of consent. - in an emergency consent in its generality may be presumed, the duty of medical care then overriding the principle of consent. an instance here could be when during an operation the need arised to perform a follow - up operation, which has not been considered to. considerations here are : the severity and emergency of the unforeseen situation and the inconvenience of a separate operation. here, as elsewhere, reasonableness and fairness are the criteria for a physician ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4926674039852961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.494217"} {"text": "which has not been considered to. considerations here are : the severity and emergency of the unforeseen situation and the inconvenience of a separate operation. here, as elsewhere, reasonableness and fairness are the criteria for a physician ' s actions : what would a patient in sound mind have wandted. another instance is the situation when a patient is brought in unconscious. a physican should be allowed to act ' although the contract for medical treatment has not been closed. ' the physician who does not aks for consent, solely motivated by the fear of the patient ' s refusal to consent to the operation, acts reprehensibly. - a new phenomenon in the nehterlands os tje filling out of forms of consent. a written declaration has the advantage of being able to contain all kinds of general information about illness and its treatment. an additional advantage of such a written declaration for the patient is the considerable facilitation of his own proof of consent to certain medical actions. another novelty is the recognition of the submitted written declaration of will, which is also called ' life testament ', and should not be confused with a declaration of euthanasia. such a life treatment can be used to indicate that, and in which circumstances, treatment and / or reanimation should not be given. more in general, such a document may indicate what kind of action should be taken inf a patient himself is no logner able to do so. wgbo does not define the specific requirements for such a life testament ; its legal status requires the medical practitioner to in principle adhere to the patient ' s will expressed in the document. in reaching his final decision, however, a medical practitioner may be guided by the following questions : - what is the date of the life testament ; - have there been any changes in the situation of the person concerned since then ; - under what circumstances and in what way did the document come into being? ( source : international encyclopaedia of laws - medical law - the netherlands )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4678625230798985, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.495702"} {"text": "the canterbury tales : the parson ' s prologue the manciple ' s tale heere folweth the prologe by that the maunciple hadde his tale al ended, the sonne fro the south lyne was descended so lowe that he nas nat, to my sighte, degrees nyne and twenty as in highte. foure of the clokke it was tho, as i gesse, for ellevene foot, or litel moore or lesse, my shadwe was at thilke tyme, as there, of swiche feet as my lengthe parted were in sixe feet equal of proporcioun. therwith the moones exaltacioun, i meene libra, alwey gan ascende, as we were entryng at a thropes ende ; for which oure hoost, as he was wont to gye, as in this caas, oure joly compaignye, seyde in this wise : \" lordynges everichoon, now lakketh us no tales mo than oon. fulfilled is my sentence and my decree ; i trowe that we han herd of ech degree ; almoost fulfild is al myn ordinaunce. i pray to god, so yeve hym right good chaunce, that telleth this tale to us lustily. \" sire preest, \" quod he, artow a vicary? or arte a person? sey sooth, by the fey! be what thou be, ne breke thou nat oure pley ; for every man, save thou, hath toold his tale. unbokele, and shewe us what is in thy male ; for, trewely, me thynketh by thy cheere thou sholdest knytte up wel a greet mateere. telle us a fable anon, for cokkes bones! \" this persoun answerde, al atones, \" thou getest fable noon ytoold for me ; for paul, that writeth unto thymothee, repreveth hem that weyven soothfastnesse, and tellen fables and swich wrecchednesse. why sholde i sowen draf out of my fest, whan i may sowen whete, if that me lest? for which i seye, if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47998776034724844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.504835"} {"text": ", and tellen fables and swich wrecchednesse. why sholde i sowen draf out of my fest, whan i may sowen whete, if that me lest? for which i seye, if that yow list to heere moralitee and vertuous mateere, and thanne that ye wol yeve me audience, i wol ful fayn, at cristes reverence, do yow plesaunce leefful, as i kan. but trusteth wel, i am a southren man, i kan nat geeste ' rum, ram, ruf, ' by lettre, ne, god woot, ryn holde i but litel bettre ; and therfore, if yow list - i wol nat glose - i wol yow telle a myrie tale in prose to knytte up al this feeste, and make an ende. and jhesu, for his grace, wit me sende to shewe yow the wey, in this viage, of thilke parfit glorious pilgrymage that highte jerusalem celestial. and if ye vouche sauf, anon i shal bigynne upon my tale, for which i preye telle youre avys, i kan no bettre seye. but nathelees, this meditacioun i putte it ay under correccioun of clerkes, for i am nat textueel ; i take but the sentence, trusteth weel. therfore i make protestacioun that i wol stonde to correccioun. \" upon this word we han assented soone, for, as it seemed, it was for to doone, to enden in som vertuous sentence, and for to yeve hym space and audience ; and bade oure hoost he sholde to hym seye that alle we to telle his tale hym preye. oure hoost hadde the wordes for us alle : \" sire preest, \" quod he, \" now faire yow bifalle! telleth, \" quod he, \" youre meditacioun. but hasteth yow, the sonne wole adoun ; beth fructuous, and that in litel space, and to do wel god", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4742915859874931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.506193"} {"text": "the widely - accepted name for a system developed by the former soviet union to allow the country to retaliate against a nation aggressor ( though let ' s be honest, we all know who they meant ) should a nuclear strike destroy or incapacitate the soviet leadership. such a strike is called nuclear decapitation. in fact the u. s. also has a similar system, though it is slightly - slightly - less terrifying in its execution. both share the predictable goal of nuking the aggressor back to the stone age, despite the destruction of the home country and much of civilization. basically the last word in \" if i go down, i ' m taking you with me. \" the soviet system was developed in the 1970s in line with its doctrine of centralised control over all of the union ' s machinations. it became operational sometime during the 1980s. according to one source the west did not even know it existed until a 1993 article on it in the new york times ( one of the sources for this writeup ), penned by a former minuteman launch officer citing unnamed russian sources. the soviet leadership used a procedure that would guarantee a nuclear retaliation, in the event of their being killed or incapacitated by a nuclear attack. how was this ensured? communications between the soviet leadership and the general staff ( the country ' s highest military organisation ; the u. s equivalent is the joint chiefs of staff ), various installations such as radar tracking stations, missile silos and military command centres were / are all monitored. if a sudden loss of communications occurs, together with the detection of nuclear explosions ( how this was / is monitored for is unclear ), the system activates and retaliates. destruction complete, case closed, crisis over. in 1984 the system was tested, though at the time it was unknown outside the soviet union that it was anything beyond a missile test. two ballistic missile firings were detected by western surveillance satellites, spaced about 40 minutes apart. an ss - 20 communications rocket was launched from kapustin yar ; after a flight of about 35 minutes it relayed launch instructions to an ss - 18 missile silo in kazakhstan, which fired a test missile that impacted on the kamchatka peninsula. this is a handy illustration of how the system would work. should the system be triggered, a series of ballistic missiles would be launched from predetermined sites around the country. the missiles, in place of their ' regular ' payload of nuclear warheads, carry communication packages.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.537631134246377, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.515054"} {"text": "how the system would work. should the system be triggered, a series of ballistic missiles would be launched from predetermined sites around the country. the missiles, in place of their ' regular ' payload of nuclear warheads, carry communication packages. they fly such trajectories as to collectively overfly virtually every nuclear missile silo in the soviet union, ( presumably ) now the russian federation. when in range of each respective installation, the missile relays an electronic launch command which locks out external ( read : human ) commands at the silo, which then automatically launches its missiles. there is some discrepancy between sources as to whether the system is automatically or manually activated ; some state the system is automatically triggered once the preconditions are met, others state that a small number of operators are required to trigger the system but that it subsequently operates automatically. russia has purportedly continued spending money to keep the system current, including the construction of new communication facilities to relay launch instructions to russian boomers. facilities are currently being built under about 1000ft of granite in the ural mountains and it is believed by many that they are intended to support the dead hand system. one of the installations is reported to include the huge extremely low frequency communications equipment needed to transmit to submarines worldwide. there is no recorded name for the u. s. system so i ' ll just refer to it as the doomsday machine, another common moniker for the soviet / russian version. the doomsday machine ( dm ), like dead hand, works off a nationwide network of sensors and monitors on communication lines. these monitors are placed on links between, for example, command centres such as norad and nuclear missile silos, or early warning radar stations. the dm is triggered upon detection of a number of nuclear explosions and the simultaneous loss of communications between these facilities. upon detection of this, a series of ballistic missiles are launched from around the country. as with the soviet / russian system these missiles contain communication packages. between them they overfly every nuclear missile silo in the continental u. s. ( possibly missile regiments based abroad are also covered, though i could not find confirmation of this ). on passing each missile silo a message is relayed containing an order to the installation commander to launch all missiles, together with the pal key codes required for doing so. the commanders, human hesitation notwithstanding, then proceed to launch their missiles. the difference here is that there is room for human error - should the russian system be triggered by accident there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5320705584146332, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.517336"} {"text": "launch all missiles, together with the pal key codes required for doing so. the commanders, human hesitation notwithstanding, then proceed to launch their missiles. the difference here is that there is room for human error - should the russian system be triggered by accident there would be no way to stop it, short of shooting down the communication rockets. having said that, if any country has the capability to do that at the time of writing it ' s probably russia. one thing that popped up a couple of times during the limited research that was possible for this subject is the idea that if you want to destroy america, ' all ' you have to do is nuke russia. stay with me. since the mutual detargeting agreement between russia and america ( subsequently adopted by britain too ), the nuclear missiles of each country are no longer aimed at the other. ignore that said agreement has, at best, symbolic significance. instead, consider that while most american icbms are currently targeted at various oceans ( trident and peacekeeper missiles have no targets ), russian missiles all have no targets and if launched without change, would automatically revert back to their default targets. guess where they are? * if one could ape the conditions of a nuclear attack taking place in russia ( the simultaneous severing of multiple, critical communication lines and the foiling of enough nuclear explosion sensors ) the country, like the world ' s deadliest headless chicken, may launch all of its icbms against the united states. i am avoiding certainty here because i do not know whether the system is triggered manually or automatically. i will also take this opportunity to say that the dead hand system is not universally accepted as existing. still, in considering that possibility, consider also the u. s ' s recent interest in nuclear bunker - buster bombs and that the jane ' s information group - not exactly a bastion of frenzied, unfounded speculation - has reportedly confirmed the existence of the system. it is worth noting that with the current russian policy by which nuclear launch codes are disseminated to lower level officers, nuclear launch authority is essentially delegated to local commanders. this authority could be employed regardless of any dead hand system, if it was believed that the russian leadership had been destroyed by nuclear bombardment. sources do disagree somewhat on the current usability of the system. some paint it as being the most up - to - date system in the russian military, while others as a decaying relic of a country clinging to the belief in the western imperialist enemy ( if there is a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.533366696603273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.520407"} {"text": "current usability of the system. some paint it as being the most up - to - date system in the russian military, while others as a decaying relic of a country clinging to the belief in the western imperialist enemy ( if there is a difference ). still others declare its present status unknown. certainly there were fears that the system might be triggered on january 1, 2000 because of year 2000 problem clashing with ageing russian equipment. still, an interesting perspective on the belief that a nuclear war can be won, and the lengths to which tit for tat can be taken. the book ' dead hand ', by harold coyle, is a tale of the system ' s accidental activation by an asteroid strike. it sounds pretty bad. master villian says re dead hand nuclear retaliation - it ' s like they watched dr strangelove and missed the point. before you / msg me telling me i ' m talking out of my arse, let me say that the limited number of available sources for this subject, together with my status as a slightly - more - informed - than - normal nobody means this writeup should perhaps be considered slightly higher than speculation. interesting speculation, though. * - the launch command may contain target data too, rendering this point irrelevant. it would certainly make sense if targets were supplied, though if the system has not, in fact, been updated then it is just as likely that they would be old, cold war - era targets. jasinski, michael ; \" russia : strategic early warning, command and control, and missile defense overview \" ; - sanders, kevin ; \" y2k, nuclear weapons and nuclear power \" ; - blair, bruce g ; - \" russia ' s doomsday machine \" ; - \" we keep building nukes for all the wrong reasons \" ; fas public interest report ; \" launch on warning : basic russian plan \" ; \" national defense authorization act for fiscal year 1998 ( house of representatives - june 20, 1997 ) \" ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5259783932832003, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.521305"} {"text": "shaw in algeria and tunis \u2014 hornemann in fezzan \u2014 adamson at senegal \u2014 houghton in senegambia \u2014 mungo park and his two voyages to the djoliba, or niger \u2014 sego \u2014 timbuctoo \u2014 sparmann and lavaillant at the cape, at natal, and in the interior \u2014 lacerda in mozambique, and at cazembe \u2014 bruce in abyssinia \u2014 sources of the blue nile \u2014 tzana lake \u2014 browne ' s journey in darfur. an englishman named thomas shaw, a chaplain in algeria, had profited by his twelve years ' stay in barbary to gather together a rich collection of natural curiosities, medals, inscriptions, and various objects of interest. although he himself never visited the southern portion of algeria, he availed himself of the facts he was able to obtain from well - informed travellers, who imparted to him a mass of information concerning the little known and scarcely visited country. he published a book in two large quarto volumes, which embraced the whole of ancient numidia. it was rather the work of a learned man than the account of a traveller, and it must be admitted that the learning is occasionally ill - directed. but in spite of its shortcomings as a geographical history, it had a large value at the time of its publication, and no one could have been better situated than shaw for collecting such an enormous mass of material. the following extract may give an idea of the style of the work : \u2014 \" the chief manufacture of the kabyles and arabs is the making ' hykes, ' as they call their blankets. the women alone are employed in this work ; like andromache and penelope of old, they do not use the shuttle, but weave every thread of the woof with their fingers. the usual size of a hyke is six yards long and five or six feet broad, serving the kabyle and arab as a complete dress during the day, and as a covering for the bed at night. it is a loose but troublesome garment, as it is often disarranged and slips down, so that the person who wears it is every moment obliged to tuck it up and rearrange it. this shows the great use there is of a girdle whenever men are in active employment, and explains the force of the scripture injunction of having our loins girded. the method of wearing this garment, with the use it is at other times put to as bed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4350184556944819, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.526280"} {"text": "there is of a girdle whenever men are in active employment, and explains the force of the scripture injunction of having our loins girded. the method of wearing this garment, with the use it is at other times put to as bed - covering, makes it probable that it is similar to if not identical with the peplus of the ancients. it is likewise probable that the loose garment flung over the shoulder, the toga of the romans, was of this kind, as the drapery of statues is arranged very much in the same manner as the arab hyke. \" it is unnecessary to linger over this work, which has little interest for us. we shall do better to turn our attention to the journey of frederic conrad horneman to fezzan. this young german offered his services to the african society of london, and, having satisfied the authorities of his knowledge of medicine and acquaintance with the arabic language, he was engaged, and furnished with letters of introduction, safe - conducts, and unlimited credit. leaving london in july, 1797, he went first to paris. lalande introduced him to the institute, and presented him with his \" memoire sur l ' afrique, \" and broussonet gave him an introduction to a turk from whom he obtained letters of recommendation to certain cairo merchants who carried on business in the interior of africa. during his stay at cairo, horneman devoted himself to perfecting his knowledge of arabic, and studying the manners and customs of the natives. we must not omit to mention that the traveller had been presented by monge and berthollet to napoleon buonaparte, who was then in command of the french forces in egypt. from him he received a cordial welcome, and buonaparte placed all the resources of the country at his service. | \" he received a cordial welcome. \" | as the safer method of travelling, horneman resolved to disguise himself as a mohammedan merchant. he quickly learned a few prayers, and adopted a style of dress likely to impose upon unsuspecting people. he then started, accompanied by a fellow - countryman named joseph frendenburg, who had been a mussulman for more than twelve years, had already made three pilgrimages to mecca, and was perfectly familiar with the various turkish and arabic dialects. he was to act as horneman ' s interpreter. on the 5th of september, 1798, the traveller left cairo with a caravan, and visited the famous oasis of jupiter ammon or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46716581982781646, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.527323"} {"text": "te kurapa was the third of five children born to te tuhera te kurapa and his wife matahera. as a young child he was given to his mother ' s cousin, te whenuanui ii ( also known as rangiteremauri ), as a tamaiti whangai, and raised traditionally. after a few years he was sent to his paternal grandfather, haniko te ao, at ruatoki, but he ran away, back to te whenuanui when he was seven. his elders at ruatahuna were widely respected tohunga, masters of different aspects of maori and tribal culture and tradition, religious and practical, and te kurapa was a diligent student. they were also devout members of te kooti ' s ringatu religion. at first he and his family lived on a very isolated farm, but when the eldest was 10 they moved back to ruatahuna to be near schools. he gradually succeeded to spiritual leadership of the ringatu church in the district, and he passed on his traditional knowledge to his children, grandchildren, and others of the tuhoe tribe. his leadership also succeeded in stopping a government - inspired plan to amalgamate lands in the area, but one of his sons died, explained by the te urewera sub - tribe ( the party he supported in the dispute ) as the price exacted by the gods for success. he had two wives and 17 children, four of whom were sent as tamaiti whangai to other families.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4188657488911288, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.529693"} {"text": "\" it is tragic what we do in the poorest neighborhoods, entrapping children in, first of all, child laws, which are truly stupid, \" said the former house speaker friday at the kennedy school of government at harvard. \" most of these schools ought to get rid of the unionized janitors, have one master janitor and pay local students to take care of the school. the kids would actually do work, they would have cash, they would have pride in the schools, they ' d begin the process of rising. \" newt gingrich considers himself to be a \" historian, \" which dictionary. com says means \" an expert in history ; authority on history. \" and history is, in turn, \" the branch of knowledge dealing with past events. \" perhaps gingrich really is an expert on past events, in that he knows that they happened, and even perhaps what happened. for example, he is likely aware of the horrific abuse of children in the past, before there were \" truly stupid \" laws governing how and when children could work. he is probably not so aware of widespread problems today of child slavery and abuse - ' cause it ' s not in the past and he is a historian. but he also seems to be a blithering idiot. how else to explain his belief that you could pay some really poor children in a school to clean up after the other, better - off children, and that this would be a good thing ( instill a work ethic, and so forth )? was he ever a child? perhaps his grasp of personal history is terribly weak. children can be incredibly cruel beings. how long would it take before some evil bullies started taking dumps right on the floors in the bathroom stalls? or deliberately eating and then puking up lots of disgusting stuff? the children who took these jobs would become laughingstocks of the entire school, objects of scorn and abuse. but, ok, suppose that wasn ' t the case. suppose that all the children in the school are really nice to each other, and would never think of doing such awful things to one another? presumably the school has more than a handful of really poor children, anxious to put the janitor father of some other children out of work ( thereby sending the whole family into poverty ) so that they can work their way out of laziness and someday become a grown - up janitor ( but not at a school ). which of these deserving and desperate children get the jobs? how do you choose", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4198274902151784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.537110"} {"text": "whole family into poverty ) so that they can work their way out of laziness and someday become a grown - up janitor ( but not at a school ). which of these deserving and desperate children get the jobs? how do you choose? or perhaps you rotate the honor, so that the income ( surely well below minimum wage, that job killer, right, newt? ) and lessons are spread across many young minds and bodies? but then the lesson will be diluted. they might only be able to pull themselves up by a quarter of a bootstrap, which might not be enough in the 21st century. and so on. we all had a great laugh at herman cain ' s expense when he couldn ' t come up with an answer to how he felt about obama ' s actions in libya. and that was pretty funny ( and awful, too, when you consider that this man claims to want us to take him seriously as a possible finger on the button of nuclear destruction ). but why isn ' t gingrich being similarly mocked and taken to task? he is supposed to be some sort of deep intellectual, fully informed about past events, ready to take on the future. and this is the best he can do? offer up some half - assed, incredibly destructive, completely un - thought - out call to return to a past in which children were routinely abused and taken advantage of in order to increase profit margins? shame on you, newt gingrich.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3619277375024753, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.538222"} {"text": "describing a new cryptodont dicynodont from the permian of tanzania 2013 reu project : dicynodonts are an extinct group of ancient mammal relatives, and during the permian and triassic periods of earth history they were the most diverse and abundant terrestrial vertebrate herbivores. the best fossil record of permian dicynodonts comes from the karoo basin of south africa, but recently i have conducted fieldwork with collaborators in the permian rocks preserved in the ruhuhu basin of southwestern tanzania. research methods and techniques : we will describe a new species of dicynodont from the permian of tanzania. the species is represented by the skull, jaw, and partial postcranial skeleton of a subadult individual, and a skull fragment of a second larger individual. we will describe the morphology of the specimen, compare it to other dicynodonts to firmly establish that it is a distinct species, discuss the reasons why the primary specimen seems to be a subadult, examine how it is related to other dicynodonts, and investigate its biogeographic implications. the project will provide the opportunity to learn about vertebrate anatomy and morphology - based taxonomic and phylogenetic methods. curator / advisor : dr. kenneth d. angielczyk ( assistant curator of paleomammalogy, geology )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4536091130320117, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.540174"} {"text": "uv - rays shouldn \u2019 t be your only skin concern when frequenting the pool this summer. if you don \u2019 t take the necessary precautions, you might be walking away from a fun filled day in the sun with that itchy, burning disease known as athlete \u2019 s foot. athlete \u2019 s foot is a contagious fungal infection. there are three main types of athlete \u2019 s foot. first, there \u2019 s toe web infection, which causes the skin between your fourth and fifth toes to become scaly, peel and crack. another kind of foot fungus is a moccasin - type infection. this fungal infection starts out with a general feeling of soreness and then causes the skin around the heel to become thick and crack. it can even cause your toenails to thicken, crumble, and fall out. vesicular infection is the third type. if you contract this type of fungal infection, you \u2019 ll experience an outbreak of fluid - filled blisters on your foot. a certain amount of fungi on your skin is normal, and it usually stays under control as long as you keep your skin clean and dry. an infection develops after you come into contact with an environment that has a thriving population of fungi. the most treacherous areas are warm moist places, like swimming pools, where your feet come into contact with the same ground that hundreds of other feet have tread upon. more breeding spots for fungi include shoes and towels. even if your feet come into contact with fungi, you won \u2019 t necessarily develop athlete \u2019 s foot. some people are more susceptible than others. those at higher risk for contracting the disease include men, those with a history of fungal infections, those with an impaired immune system due to diabetes, cancer, or hiv, those living in warm damp climates and older individuals. while fungal infections run more rampant during the summertime, there are some steps you can take to prevent contraction. keep your feet dry, especially the area between your toes, and give your feet some breathing time at home. wear socks made out of natural, moisture wicking material like cotton or wool and change your socks often \u2014 two times a day or more if you have sweaty feet. when it comes to buying shoes, avoid tight shoes and shoes made with vinyl or rubber materials. instead, buy lighter, more ventilated options. also, never share your shoes. remember to switch up your shoes every day so each pair has ample drying time before you take another stroll in them. lastly, enjoy yourself at the pool safely this summer by wearing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44979904786263886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.545472"} {"text": "low - cost rabies clinic is saturday, february 2 posted on 1 / 17 / 2013 please have dogs on leashes and cats and ferrets be in carriers. if you do not have a carrier, loaners are available. pets must be 3 months of age or older to receive the rabies shot. this clinic is only for 1 - year vaccinations. forsyth county animal control is located at 5570 sturmer park circle in winston - salem ( just off university parkway ). for more information, call ( 336 ) 703 - 2480. in 2012, there were 14 confirmed cases of rabies in forsyth county. rabies is a preventable disease of mammals most often transmitted through the bite of a rabid animal. that is because rabid animals have the disease in their saliva or drool. if rabies enters the body, it attacks the brain and spinal cord. in north carolina, raccoons are more likely to have rabies than any other animal. however, cats, dogs, foxes, skunks, and farm animals can also get rabies. even humans can get rabies. rabies kills if it is not prevented. once signs of the disease appear in an animal or a human, they usually die within 10 days. but you can get anti - rabies shots to fight off the disease. rabies shots need to be given as soon as possible after a bite has occurred, before symptoms appear. the vaccination consists of a series of six shots given over 30 days.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40757791485429373, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.554031"} {"text": "environment and property act of 2012 repeal 17 now the agenda 21 link takes you to the sovereignty international website where years of data about agenda 21 has been collected. the repeal 17 now link takes you to the repeal 17 coalition website where the case for repealing the 17th amendment is presented, along with a growing list of organizations that are supporting the effort. the freedom movement | organization members | the freedom21 logo | freedom21 responsibilities freedom21 is the manifestation of the belief that american society operates best when it is founded upon these principles : - people have inherent, natural, unalienable rights to life, liberty, property, and the pursuit of happiness - the foundations of sovereignty. - governments exist expressly to protect these rights. - governments derive power from the consent of the governed, to protect these rights. - public policies which constrain people ' s rights must be enacted only by representatives elected by the people. - constitutionally limited government is the best form of government. - that government is best which governs least. - no foreign government shall supersede the authority of the government of the united states of america. these principles were identified, debated, and adopted by the people who attended the first annual national freedom21 conference, july 9 - 12, 2000, in st. louis, missouri. freedom21 \u2019 s mission is to advance these principles in public policy at every level of government. freedom21 began in 1999 when its predecessor, the environmental conservation organization, asked the leaders of about a dozen other organizations to assemble in washington, dc. the purpose of the meeting was to develop a new strategy to counter the explosion of new laws and regulations that ignored private property rights and individual freedom. the meeting was hosted by the committee for a constructive tomorrow. the group quickly agreed that the president \u2019 s council on sustainable development, working to implement the recommendations set forth in agenda 21, was a major source of the freedom - eroding policies being implemented by the government. the group recognized, and agreed, that the efforts of our various organizations were mostly defensive, working to defeat the proposals and policies advanced by the pcsd, and its proponents. what was needed, the group decided, was to develop a strong offense, to develop a positive strategy to advance the principles of freedom, in addition to defeating the proposals produced by the pcsd. the first step was the first annual freedom21 national conference held in st. louis, missouri in 2000. more than a hundred leaders of grassroots organizations from around the country attended the conference. speakers outlined the new strategy. attendees divided", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4674931448627331, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.576808"} {"text": "by the pcsd. the first step was the first annual freedom21 national conference held in st. louis, missouri in 2000. more than a hundred leaders of grassroots organizations from around the country attended the conference. speakers outlined the new strategy. attendees divided into committees to develop the principles that would guide the group and to develop priorities and suggest tactics. after considerable discussion and revision, the \u201c principles of freedom \u201d were unanimously adopted. organizations that are members of freedom21 are organizations that have a proven track record of effective, determined work that advances the principles of freedom. these organizations work in a variety of different issue areas. some concentrate on education issues. some work primarily on property rights issues. some focus on the negative aspects of sustainable development policies. freedom is being attacked on every front, and grassroots organizations that work to defend, and advance the principles of freedom are rising to meet the challenge. these are the organizations that are, or should be members of freedom21. working together, these organizations draw strength and support from each other. as one organization confronts a serious challenge, it can call on other freedom21 organizations to join in a coordinated campaign to overcome it. this is the power of the freedom movement. freedom21 is a voluntary, cooperative effort in which no hierarchy issues decisions. instead, any member organization can ask for, and receive support from other freedom21 members on any issue. the more individuals and organizations that participate in freedom21, the more powerful the freedom movement becomes. freedom21 works to promote, publicize, and advance the work of all its member organizations through its publications, websites, press releases, news articles, videos, and other educational materials. individuals and organizations that use the freedom21 logo help to build recognition of freedom21 as the growing freedom movement that it has become. the freedom21 logo is a positive symbol of the principles of freedom with which no american can disagree. america is facing another period in its history when freedom is threatened anew. the enemy is the same : collectivism, but it is dressed in a new uniform. this time, it \u2019 s not hitler - styled socialism, or soviet - styled communism, it is international collectivism wearing a \u201c sustainable development \u201d uniform. and it has beguiled a great many americans who fail to see its dangers. it is our responsibility as individuals, as organizations \u2013 as freedom21 \u2013 to not only expose the dangers, but to offer positive, pro - active policy proposals to city councils, to county commissions, to state legislatures, and to congress to uphold and advance the principles of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5208910427833431, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.583389"} {"text": "responsibility as individuals, as organizations \u2013 as freedom21 \u2013 to not only expose the dangers, but to offer positive, pro - active policy proposals to city councils, to county commissions, to state legislatures, and to congress to uphold and advance the principles of freedom. this is our task. this is our challenge. this is our mission. our success, or failure, will shape the future for generations to come. what we, each of us, do from this day forward will determine our success or failure. we need to become and stay informed about the issues we care about. this is achieved by staying involved with the organizations that are working to advance the principles of freedom within those issues. we need to develop a missionary zeal to help our friends and neighbors learn about those issues through our conversations, our correspondence, community meetings, church, and every other opportunity. we need to respond to our organization \u2019 s call for activism, whether it is attendance at a city council meeting or contacting a congressman. we need to do whatever we can as individuals. we need to support our organizations \u2013 freedom21 organizations. the people who lead these organizations often work with little or no salary for their organizational work, and actually help finance their work from their own paycheck earned from other jobs. they need financial support and they need our freedom21 is a new idea in the market place of grassroots activism. it consists of organizations working in an array of issue areas populated with individuals from all walks of life. the common denominator for individuals and organizations alike is belief in the principles of freedom on which freedom21 is constructed. let \u2019 s determine together to build this movement into a tidal wave of influence that will wash away the last remnant of collectivism that contaminates public policy. this is a long term goal that must be achieved incrementally. every victory, no matter how small, by every individual and every organization, is an incremental step toward this goal. together, we can multiply these victories. together, we can celebrate, and publicize these victories. and in the doing of it, we can attract new members to our organizations, and double and redouble our effectiveness. the structure has been built and the strategy is before us. now, we go to work anew!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.504040442255131, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.601317"} {"text": "have you ever wondered about the meaning of your last name or where your family surname came from? what your ancestors did, how they looked or where they lived? surname meanings can sometimes tell a story about your family, one handed down for hundreds of years. by tracing the possible origin of your last name, you can learn more about the medieval ancestors who first bore the surname and, ultimately, handed it down to you. select a letter to find your surname meaninga | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z to learn more about your last name meaning and ethnic origin, just browse to the appropriate letter in the surname meanings and origins glossary for your last name. this free glossary includes surname meanings and etymologies for english surnames, irish surnames, german surnames, french surnames, italian surnames, spanish surnames, australian surnames, canadian surnames, polish surnames and jewish surnames, plus research links, common surname spelling variations, and surname search tips. plus, surname meanings for the 100 most popular u. s. surnames as well. when searching for the origin or etymology of your surname it is also important to consider that your last name may not have always been spelled the way that it is today. even through at least the first half of the 20th century it is not unusual to see the same individual ' s last name spelled in many different ways from record to record. for example, you might see the seemingly easy - to - spell surname kennedy spelled as kenedy, canady, kanada, kenneday, and even kendy, due to clerks, ministers, and other officials spelling the name as they heard it pronounced. sometimes alternate variants stuck and were passed down to future generations. it is even not that uncommon to see siblings passing down different variants of the same original surname.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4687296767184682, "token_count": 411, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.637015"} {"text": "contemporary medicine brings with it ethical problems that human beings have not faced before. with the advent of modern resuscitative techniques, issues arise of when to start and stop cardiopulmonary resuscitation. in the 1950s, doctors in hospitals often carried a scalpel that was used when a patient went into cardiac arrest \u2013 the chest would be opened, and the heart massaged directly. this method saved the lives of many surgical patients as well as generally healthy pregnant women who had reactions to the anesthesia then routinely given during labor and delivery. it is still used today on trauma victims and on some heart attack victims. in 1960, william b. kouwenhoven and his associates published an article in the journal of the american medical association on closed - chest heart massage, which is still taught to the general public in cpr classes today. in the early days, doctors would sometimes work on a patient for over an hour, and some of these patients recovered without significant brain damage. over the years, many other patients suffered severe, disabling brain damage. as cpr spread beyond drowning victims and victims of cardiac death due to a medical condition ( such as a myocardial infarction, a \u201c heart attack, \u201d debates over when to use it intensified. cpr might, for example, bring back briefly a dying cancer patient, but what would be the point ( unless the patient was waiting for a family member he wished to see before he died or another personal reason )? \u201c do - not - resuscitate \u201d forms came into vogue, in which the patient or a proxy could let his wishes be known on whether he should be given cpr. i have had several relatives and friends die in peace because they did not go through cpr and advanced cardiac life support after cardiac arrest. but what about the following scenario : a young woman collapses while jogging at a marathon. cpr is immediately started, along with advanced cardiac life support by the ambulance crew, and the patient is taken to a hospital. it is twenty minutes after her cardiac arrest. doctors immediately pronounce her \u201c dead on arrival. \u201d this is an actual case ; i am leaving out the names of the marathon, the city, and the hospital. what troubles me is that even today some doctors do not give up after twenty minutes, and patients do recover after an hour of cpr and acls. some of these patients fully recover, physically and mentally. why pronounce a young woman dead twenty minutes after cardiac arrest \u2013 maybe her", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4329374633410708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.664991"} {"text": "doctors do not give up after twenty minutes, and patients do recover after an hour of cpr and acls. some of these patients fully recover, physically and mentally. why pronounce a young woman dead twenty minutes after cardiac arrest \u2013 maybe her heart only had an electrical glitch that, with treatment, could be controlled, or she could be given an implantable defibrillator and live for many years. we would not know \u2013 but twenty minutes seems so short in a decision that guarantees that the woman is dead. one reason i feel strongly about death being pronounced so quickly in such a case is that my mother suffered a cardiac arrest. doctors worked on her over two hours ( and she did have some times in which her heart would beat off and on during that time ), and eventually put one pacemaker line in that did not work ; the second line did. she recovered without neurological effects and received a pacemaker and implantable defibrillator. it seems that too many cpr decisions, both by paramedics and by hospitals, are more based on triage than on what could help patients ( albeit a very small percentage of patients ). i once asked a pa student who had worked at a hospital whether doctors would work on a trauma patient in cardiac arrest ( which they sometimes do if the patient had signs of life at the scene ). he replied it depended on how much time they had. i wonder if this is the same for patients in medical cardiac arrest. now some of these patients may have had a dnr order that was discovered, so when the newspaper says someone was pronounced dead after a short ride to the hospital the dnr is the real reason. but when i read in the paper about drowning victims who were in the water less than five minutes being pronounced doa twenty minutes later, this is troublesome. would not there be a moral obligation, in a life or death situation, to try a bit longer, especially given the existence of some successes in the past? if a fifty - year - old man has his first mi, a witnessed arrest with bystander cpr, is twenty minutes \u2019 effort enough for him? i am sure doctors mean well and are looking at \u201c evidence - based medicine, \u201d and studies that say the success rate of acls after 20 minutes is extremely low. because of such studies, paramedics are calling codes over after 20 minutes of cpr and acls in the field. in an unwitnessed arrest, this may be justified. if the arrest is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4395182583765631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.668218"} {"text": "| little hangleton graveyard | the little hangleton graveyard was the final resting place of the riddle family of little hangleton. the three riddles, thomas, mary, and their son tom, were all laid to rest in this graveyard shortly after being murdered by their teenage son, tom marvolo riddle ( who would grow up to become the infamous dark wizard lord voldemort ). the graveyard was located in the valley county side outside the village of little hangleton. like the village, both the graveyard and its church, were clearly visible from the hillside above the valley. the graveyard was bordered by a stone wall and sat next to the grounds of the vast riddle estate and the riddle house was clearly visible from the graveyard. frank bryce, the riddle \u2019 s groundskeeper, lived in a cottage on the grounds which was located right next to the graveyard and was separated from it by the stone wall. one set of the cottage \u2019 s kitchen windows faced the graveyard. the grave yard was placed in an uneven area which resulted in it having high and low burial ranges nged from wide open to narrow and cramped. there was also a small wooden area filled with yew and other bare trees. in previous years, the little hangleton graveyard was a fine resting place for the citizens of the little hangleton. however by 1994 the graveyard had become overgrown. many of the graves had become covered by ivy and moss. many of the names written on them had become faded. several grave stones had become tilted and sunken into the ground. a number of stone steps had also recessed into the ground and partly hidden. the riddle house can be seen in the distance. gravesas well as having normal graves, the graveyard also had above ground mausoleums and a series of below ground vaults and catacombs. while most of those buried had simple head stones to mark their graves, there were several other monuments that were grander. several were marked by stone obelisks and angels. near the mausoleum and vaults were a number of stone sarcophaguses. several of these were placed on top of each other. the most opulent of the graves belonged to the riddle family. the riddle grave was marked by a large marble headstone that bore the names of thomas riddle, mary riddle and tom riddle sr.. the most striking feature of the grave was the large stone statue of the angel of death. the angel bore a raised scythe in its right hand and featured a skull face and skeletal hands. the riddle murders in 1943, tom marvolo riddle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3924398649026304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.704441"} {"text": ". the most striking feature of the grave was the large stone statue of the angel of death. the angel bore a raised scythe in its right hand and featured a skull face and skeletal hands. the riddle murders in 1943, tom marvolo riddle ( the future lord voldemort ) came to little hangleton to seek out his family and travelled to the gaunt shack, the former home of his mother merope gaunt. there, he found his half - crazed uncle, morfin gaunt, living in deplorable conditions. gaunt ( who had no idea that this boy was his nephew ) immediately mistook riddle for \" that muggle that married my ( morfin ' s ) sister, \". morfin went on to tell his sister merope ' s tragic tale, and how she was abandoned by her husband many years ago. riddle was enraged by what he considered the tale of his father causing his mother ' s death and condemning him to a miserable life in a muggle orphanage. after morfin finished his story, riddle temporarily incapacitated his uncle, and took his wand. he then proceeded to the \" big house over the way \" morfin had told him about, the riddle house. once there, riddle used the killing curse upon his father and his muggle grandparents, thomas riddle and mary riddle. riddle returned to the gaunt shack and replaced morfin ' s wand on his person and altered his memory so that he would confess to killing the riddles and there would be no further investigation into the matter. the riddle ' s gardener, frank bryce, was accused of the murders on the muggle end of the investigation. though, the baffled great hangleton police were forced to release bryce for lack of evidence, as the cause of death could not be determined, bryce ' s life was mired in rumour and speculation. morfin, meanwhile, proudly confessed to killing the riddles to the ministry of magic ( which recognised it as a wizard ' s murder instantly ), and was taken away to azkaban prison to serve a life sentence for the murder of the riddle family. thus, two men paid for the crimes of the future lord voldemort while riddle escaped with marvolo gaunt ' s ring, stolen from his uncle morfin. the three riddles were laid to rest in a prepared family grave in the little hangleton graveyard, where their remains would remain undisturbed for over fifty years. plot against harry potter many years later, the adult lord voldemort hatched a plot to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4376434043391186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.739951"} {"text": "form, briefly duelled harry, who was forced to hide and dodge behind tombstones to avoid voldemort ' s curses. finally, harry fired a disarming charm at voldemort at the same moment voldemort attempted a killing curse on harry. the spells collided and formed a golden thread that connected the two wands. this rare effect, the priori incantatem, occurred due to the wands ' \" twin cores : \" feathers from the same phoenix. harry ' s courage overpowered voldemort ' s destructive will, and his wand forced the dark lord ' s wand to regurgitate \" echoes \" of the spells it had previously cast, in reverse order. first came an \" echo \" of cedric diggory, followed by frank bryce, bertha jorkins, harry ' s mother, lily, and finally harry ' s father, james potter. they instructed harry to break the connection when he was ready and to grab the triwizard cup to return to hogwarts, as they would be able to momentarily hold voldemort at bay. cedric diggory requested that harry take his body back to hogwarts, to his family, which harry agreed to do in honour of his fallen classmate and fellow champion. harry broke the connection, and while the apparitions held voldemort off, he was able to grab cedric ' s body, summon the triwizard cup to him and escape from the little hangleton graveyard. known buried people - tom riddle sr. ( killed by lord voldemort ) - thomas riddle ( killed by lord voldemort ) - mary riddle ( killed by lord voldemort ) - becca ramsea ( unknown death ) - eddi stoddy ( unknown death ) - charles epanel ( unknown death ) - charles pikal ( unknown death ) - gulray ( unknown death ) - rebecca r. ( unknown death ) behind the scenes - according to production designer stuart craig, the inspriation for the graveyard was highgate cemetry in north london which had been reclaimed by nature. - in the film adaptation of harry potter and the goblet of fire ( film ), wormtail trapped harry in the arms of the angel of death statue while in the novel, wormtail ties harry to the riddle headstone with conjured cords. - harry potter and the goblet of fire ( first appearance ) - harry potter and the goblet of fire ( film ) - harry potter and the go", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4531140371811584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.828090"} {"text": "the origin of man there is no scientific evidence for the claim that man evolved. what is put forward as \" proof \" is nothing but one - sided comment on a few fossils. darwin put forward his claim that human beings and apes descended from a common ancestor in his book the descent of man, published in 1871. from that time until now, the followers of darwin ' s path have tried to support this claim. but despite all the research that has been carried out, the claim of \" human evolution \" has not been backed up by any concrete scientific discovery, particularly in the fossil field. the man in the street is for the most part unaware of this fact, and thinks that the claim of human evolution is supported by a great deal of firm evidence. the reason for this incorrect opinion is that the subject is frequently discussed in the media and presented as a proven fact. but real experts on the subject are aware that there is no scientific foundation for the claim of human evolution. david pilbeam, a harvard university paleoanthropologist, says : and william fix, the author of an important book on the subject of paleoanthropology, makes this comment : this claim of evolution, which \" lacks any evidence, \" starts the human family tree with a group of apes that have been claimed to constitute a distinct genus, australopithecus. according to the claim, australopithecus gradually began to walk upright, his brain grew, and he passed through a series of stages until he arrived at man ' s present state ( homo sapiens ). but the fossil record does not support this scenario. despite the claim that all kinds of intermediate forms exist, there is an impassable barrier between the fossil remains of man and those of apes. furthermore, it has been revealed that the species which are portrayed as each other ' s ancestors are actually contemporary species that lived in the same period. ernst mayr, one of the most important proponents of the theory of evolution in the twentieth century, contends in his book one long argument that \" particularly historical [ puzzles ] such as the origin of life or of homo sapiens, are extremely difficult and may even resist a final, satisfying explanation. \" 184 but what is the so - called basis for the human evolution thesis? it is the existence of plenty of fossils on which evolutionists are able to build imaginary interpretations. throughout history, more than 6, 000 species of ape have lived, and most of them have become extinct. today, only 120 species live", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4773607026079976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.925462"} {"text": "evolution thesis? it is the existence of plenty of fossils on which evolutionists are able to build imaginary interpretations. throughout history, more than 6, 000 species of ape have lived, and most of them have become extinct. today, only 120 species live on the earth. these 6, 000 or so species of ape, most of which are extinct, constitute a rich resource for the evolutionists. on the other hand, there are considerable differences in the anatomic makeup of the various human races. furthermore, the differences were even greater between prehistoric races, because as time has passed the human races have to some extent mixed with each other and become assimilated. despite this, important differences are still seen between different population groups living in the world today, such as, for example, scandinavians, african pygmies, inuits, native australians, and many others. there is no evidence to show that the fossils called hominid by evolutionary paleontologists do not actually belong to different species of ape or to vanished races of humans. to put it another way, no example of a transitional form between mankind and apes has been found. after these general explanations, let us now examine how the human evolution scenario contradicts the scientific findings. the imaginary family tree of man the darwinist claim holds that modern man evolved from some kind of ape - like creature. during this alleged evolutionary process, which is supposed to have started from 5 to 6 million years ago, it is claimed that there existed some transitional forms between modern man and his ancestors. according to this completely imaginary scenario, the following four basic categories are listed : evolutionists call the genus to which the alleged ape - like ancestors of man belonged australopithecus, which means \" southern ape. \" australopithecus, which is nothing but an old type of ape that has become extinct, is found in various different forms. some of them are larger and strongly built ( \" robust \" ), while others are smaller and delicate ( \" gracile \" ). evolutionists classify the next stage of human evolution as the genus homo, that is \" man. \" according to the evolutionist claim, the living things in the homo series are more developed than australopithecus, and not very different from modern man. the modern man of our day, that is, the species homo sapiens, is said to have formed at the latest stage of the evolution of this genus homo. fossils like \" java man, \" \" peking man, \" and \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5096868555480947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.926503"} {"text": "modern man. the modern man of our day, that is, the species homo sapiens, is said to have formed at the latest stage of the evolution of this genus homo. fossils like \" java man, \" \" peking man, \" and \" lucy, \" which appear in the media from time to time and are to be found in evolutionist publications and textbooks, are included in one of the four groups listed above. each of these groupings is also assumed to branch into species and sub - species, as the case may be. some suggested transitional forms of the past, such as ramapithecus, had to be excluded from the imaginary human family tree after it was realised that they were ordinary apes. 185 by outlining the links in the chain as \" australopithecines > homo habilis > homo erectus > homo sapiens, \" the evolutionists imply that each of these types is the ancestor of the next. however, recent findings by paleoanthropologists have revealed that australopithecines, homo habilis and homo erectus existed in different parts of the world at the same time. moreover, some of those humans classified as homo erectus probably lived up until very recent times. in an article titled \" latest homo erectus of java : potential contemporaneity with homo sapiens in southeast asia, \" it was reported in the journal that homo erectus fossils found in java had \" mean ages of 27 \u00b1 2 to 53. 3 \u00b1 4 thousand years ago \" and this \" raise [ s ] the possibility that h. erectus overlapped in time with anatomically modern humans ( h. sapiens ) in southeast asia. \" 186 furthermore, homo sapiens neanderthalensis ( neanderthal man ) and homo sapiens sapiens ( modern man ) also clearly co - existed. this situation apparently indicates the invalidity of the claim that one is the ancestor of the other. intrinsically, all the findings and scientific research have revealed that the fossil record does not suggest an evolutionary process as evolutionists propose. the fossils, which evolutionists claim to be the ancestors of humans, in fact belong either to different human races, or else to species of ape. then which fossils are human and which ones are apes? why is it impossible for any one of them to be considered a transitional form? in order to find the answers, let us have a closer look at each category. scientific discoveries have left evolutionist assumptions regarding \" lucy, \" once considered the most important example of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5112249800079602, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.927479"} {"text": "it impossible for any one of them to be considered a transitional form? in order to find the answers, let us have a closer look at each category. scientific discoveries have left evolutionist assumptions regarding \" lucy, \" once considered the most important example of the australopithecus genus, completely unfounded. the famous french scientific magazine, science et vie, accepted this truth under the headline \" goodbye, lucy, \" in its february 1999 issue, and confirmed that australopithecus cannot be considered an ancestor of man. the first category, the genus australopithecus, means \" southern ape, \" as we have said. it is assumed that these creatures first appeared in africa about 4 million years ago, and lived until 1 million years ago. there are a number of different species among the australopithecines. evolutionists assume that the oldest australopithecus species is a. afarensis. after that comes a. africanus, and then a. robustus, which has relatively bigger bones. as for a. boisei, some researchers accept it as a different species, and others as a sub - species of a. robustus. all of the australopithecus species are extinct apes that resemble the apes of today. their cranial capacities are the same or smaller than the chimpanzees of our day. there are projecting parts in their hands and feet which they used to climb trees, just like today ' s chimpanzees, and their feet are built for grasping to hold onto branches. many other characteristics \u2014 such as the details in their skulls, the closeness of their eyes, their sharp molar teeth, their mandibular structure, their long arms, and their short legs \u2014 constitute evidence that these creatures were no different from today ' s ape. however, evolutionists claim that, although australopithecines have the anatomy of apes, unlike apes, they walked upright like humans. this claim that australopithecines walked upright is a view that has been held by paleoanthropologists such as richard leakey and donald c. johanson for decades. yet many scientists who have carried out a great deal of research on the skeletal structures of australopithecines have proved the invalidity of that argument. extensive research done on various australopithecus specimens by two world - renowned anatomists from england and the usa, lord solly zuckerman and prof. charles oxnard,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4866144057625643, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.928501"} {"text": ", with no human characteristics. the great similarity between the skeletal and cranial structures of australopithecines and chimpanzees, and the refutation of the claim that these creatures walked upright, have caused great difficulty for evolutionary paleoanthropologists. the reason is that, according to the imaginary evolution scheme, homo erectus comes after australopithecus. as the genus name homo ( meaning \" man \" ) implies, homo erectus is a human species, and its skeleton is straight. its cranial capacity is twice as large as that of australopithecus. a direct transition from australopithecus, which is a chimpanzee - like ape, to homo erectus, which has a skeleton no different from modern man ' s, is out of the question, even according to evolutionist theory. therefore, \" links \" \u2014 that is, transitional forms \u2014 are needed. the concept of homo habilis arose from this necessity. the classification of homo habilis was put forward in the 1960s by the leakeys, a family of \" fossil hunters. \" according to the leakeys, this new species, which they classified as homo habilis, had a relatively large cranial capacity, the ability to walk upright and to use stone and wooden tools. therefore, it could have been the ancestor of man. new fossils of the same species unearthed in the late 1980s were to completely change this view. some researchers, such as bernard wood and c. loring brace, who relied on those newly - found fossils, stated that homo habilis ( which means \" skillful man, \" that is, man capable of using tools ), should be classified as australopithecus habilis, or \" skillful southern ape, \" because homo habilis had a lot of characteristics in common with the austalopithecine apes. it had long arms, short legs and an ape - like skeletal structure just like australopithecus. its fingers and toes were suitable for climbing. their jaw was very similar to that of today ' s apes. their 600 cc average cranial capacity is also an indication of the fact that they were apes. in short, homo habilis, which was presented as a different species by some evolutionists, was in reality an ape species just like all the other australopithecines. femur knm - er 1472. this femur is no different from that of modern man. the finding of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47810124863553694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.930828"} {"text": "a different species by some evolutionists, was in reality an ape species just like all the other australopithecines. femur knm - er 1472. this femur is no different from that of modern man. the finding of this fossil in the same layer as homo habilis fossils, although a few kilometers away, gave rise to incorrect opinions, such as that homo habilis was bipedal. fossil oh 62, found in 1987, showed that homo habilis was not bipedal, as had been believed. many scientists today accept that homo habilis was a species of ape very similar to australopithecus. research carried out in the years since wood and brace ' s work has demonstrated that homo habilis was indeed no different from australopithecus. the skull and skeletal fossil oh62 found by tim white showed that this species had a small cranial capacity, as well as long arms and short legs, which enabled them to climb trees just like modern apes do. the detailed analyses conducted by american anthropologist holly smith in 1994 indicated that homo habilis was not homo, in other words, human, at all, but rather unequivocally an ape. speaking of the analyses she made on the teeth of australopithecus, homo habilis, homo erectus and homo neanderthalensis, smith stated the following ; within the same year, fred spoor, bernard wood and frans zonneveld, all specialists on anatomy, reached a similar conclusion through a totally different method. this method was based on the comparative analysis of the semicircular canals in the inner ear of humans and apes, which allow them to maintain their balance. spoor, wood and zonneveld concluded that : this finding yielded two important results : the misconception about homo rudolfensis richard leakey misled both himself and the world of paleontology about homo rudolfensis. the term homo rudolfensis is the name given to a few fossil fragments unearthed in 1972. the species supposedly represented by this fossil was designated homo rudolfensis because these fossil fragments were found in the vicinity of lake rudolf in kenya. most paleoanthropologists accept that these fossils do not belong to a distinct species, but that the creature called homo rudolfensis is in fact indistinguishable from homo habilis. richard leakey, who unearthed the fossils, presented the skull designated knm - er 1470, which he said was 2. 8 million years old, as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4730970972850634, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.931859"} {"text": "called homo rudolfensis is in fact indistinguishable from homo habilis. richard leakey, who unearthed the fossils, presented the skull designated knm - er 1470, which he said was 2. 8 million years old, as the greatest discovery in the history of anthropology. according to leakey, this creature, which had a small cranial capacity like that of australopithecus together with a face similar to that of present - day humans, was the missing link between australopithecus and humans. yet, after a short while, it was realized that the human - like face of the knm - er 1470 skull, which frequently appeared on the covers of scientific journals and popular science magazines, was the result of the incorrect assembly of the skull fragments, which may have been deliberate. professor tim bromage, who conducts studies on human facial anatomy, brought this to light by the help of computer simulations in 1992 : when it [ knm - er 1470 ] was first reconstructed, the face was fitted to the cranium in an almost vertical position, much like the flat faces of modern humans. but recent studies of anatomical relationships show that in life the face must have jutted out considerably, creating an ape - like aspect, rather like the faces of australopithecus. 193 the evolutionary paleoanthropologist j. e. cronin states the following on the matter : in summary, classifications like homo habilis or homo rudolfensis, which are presented as transitional links between the australopithecines and homo erectus, are entirely imaginary. it has been confirmed by many researchers today that these creatures are members of the australopithecus series. all of their anatomical features reveal that they are species of apes. this fact has been further established by two evolutionist anthropologists, bernard wood and mark collard, whose research was published in 1999 in science. wood and collard explained that the homo habilis and homo rudolfensis ( skull 1470 ) taxa are imaginary, and that the fossils assigned to these categories should be attributed to the genus australopithecus : the conclusion of wood and collard corroborates the conclusion that we have maintained here : \" primitive human ancestors \" do not exist in history. creatures that are alleged to be so are actually apes that ought to be assigned to the genus australopithecus. the fossil record shows that there is no evolutionary link between these extinct apes and homo, i.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48135208003802227, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.933134"} {"text": "do not exist in history. creatures that are alleged to be so are actually apes that ought to be assigned to the genus australopithecus. the fossil record shows that there is no evolutionary link between these extinct apes and homo, i. e., human species that suddenly appears in the fossil record. according to the fanciful scheme suggested by evolutionists, the internal evolution of the homo genus is as follows : first homo erectus, then so - called \" archaic \" homo sapiens and neanderthal man ( homo sapiens neanderthalensis ), and finally, cro - magnon man ( homo sapiens sapiens ). however all these classifications are really only variations and unique races in the human family. the difference between them is no greater than the difference between an inuit and an african, or a pygmy and a european. let us first examine homo erectus, which is referred to as the most primitive human species. as the name implies, homo erectus means \" man who walks upright. \" evolutionists have had to separate these fossils from earlier ones by adding the qualification of \" erectness, \" because all the available homo erectus fossils are straight to an extent not observed in any of the australopithecines or so - called homo habilis specimens. there is no difference between the postcranial skeleton of modern man and that of homo erectus. the large eyebrow protrusions on homo erectus skulls, and features such as the backward - sloping forehead, can be seen in a number of races in our own day, as in the native shown here. the primary reason for evolutionists ' defining homo erectus as \" primitive \" is the cranial capacity of its skull ( 900 - 1, 100 cc ), which is smaller than the average modern man, and its thick eyebrow projections. however, there are many people living today in the world who have the same cranial capacity as homo erectus ( pygmies, for instance ) and other races have protruding eyebrows ( native australians, for instance ). it is a commonly agreed - upon fact that differences in cranial capacity do not necessarily denote differences in intelligence or abilities. intelligence depends on the internal organization of the brain, rather than on its volume. 198 the fossils that have made homo erectus known to the entire world are those of peking man and java man in asia. however, in time it was realized that these two fossils are not reliable. peking man consists of some elements made of plaster whose originals have been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5303817185062057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.934909"} {"text": "that have made homo erectus known to the entire world are those of peking man and java man in asia. however, in time it was realized that these two fossils are not reliable. peking man consists of some elements made of plaster whose originals have been lost, and java man is composed of a skull fragment plus a pelvic bone that was found yards away from it with no indication that these belonged to the same creature. this is why the homo erectus fossils found in africa have gained such increasing importance. ( it should also be noted that some of the fossils said to be homo erectus were included under a second species named homo ergaster by some evolutionists. there is disagreement among the experts on this issue. we will treat all these fossils under the classification of homo erectus. ) the 10, 000 - year - old homo erectus these two skulls, discovered on october 10, 1967, in the kow swamp in victoria, australia, were named kow swamp i and kow swamp v. alan thorne and phillip macumber, who discovered the skulls, interpreted them both as homo sapiens skulls, whereas they actually contained many features reminiscent of homo erectus. the only reason they were treated as homo sapiens was the fact that they were calculated to be 10, 000 years old. evolutionists did not wish to accept the fact that homo erectus, which they considered a \" primitive \" species and which lived 500, 000 years before modern man, was a human race which had lived 10, 000 years ago. the most famous of the homo erectus specimens found in africa is the fossil of \" narikotome homo erectus, \" or the \" turkana boy, \" which was found near lake turkana in kenya. it is confirmed that the fossil was that of a 12 - year - old boy, who would have been 1. 83 meters tall in adolescence. the upright skeletal structure of the fossil is no different from that of modern man. the american paleoanthropologist alan walker said that he doubted that \" the average pathologist could tell the difference between the fossil skeleton and that of a modern human. \" concerning the skull, walker wrote that he laughed when he saw it because \" it looked so much like a neanderthal. \" 199 as we will see in the next chapter, neanderthals are a human race. therefore, homo erectus is also a human race. even the evolutionist richard leakey states that the differences between homo erectus and present - day man are no more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4685360768120674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.936146"} {"text": "will see in the next chapter, neanderthals are a human race. therefore, homo erectus is also a human race. even the evolutionist richard leakey states that the differences between homo erectus and present - day man are no more than racial variance : homo erectus and the aborigines the turkana boy skeleton shown at the side is the best preserved example of homo erectus that has so far been discovered. the interesting thing is that there is no major difference between this 1. 6 million - year - old - fossil and people of our day. the australian aboriginal skeleton above particularly resembles turkana boy. this situation reveals once again that homo erectus was a genuine human race, with no \" primitive \" features. professor william laughlin from the university of connecticut made extensive anatomical examinations of inuits and the people living on the aleut islands, and noticed that these people were extraordinarily similar to homo erectus. the conclusion laughlin arrived at was that all these distinct races were in fact different races of homo sapiens ( modern man ) : when we consider the vast differences that exist between remote groups such as eskimos and bushmen, who are known to belong to the single species of homo sapiens, it seems justifiable to conclude that sinanthropus [ an erectus specimen ] belongs within this same diverse species. 201 it is now a more pronounced fact in the scientific community that homo erectus is a superfluous taxon, and that fossils assigned to the homo erectus class are actually not so different from homo sapiens as to be considered a different species. in american scientist, the discussions over this issue and the result of a conference held on the subject in 2000 were summarized in this way : most of the participants at the senckenberg conference got drawn into a flaming debate over the taxonomic status of homo erectus started by milford wolpoff of the university of michigan, alan thorne of the university of canberra and their colleagues. they argued forcefully that homo erectus had no validity as a species and should be eliminated altogether. all members of the genus homo, from about 2 million years ago to the present, were one highly variable, widely spread species, homo sapiens, with no natural breaks or subdivisions. the subject of the conference, homo erectus, didn ' t exist. 202 homo erectus ' s sailing culture \" ancient mariners : early humans were much smarter than we suspected \" according to this article in the march 14, 1998, issue of new scientist, the people that evolution", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4966353350572369, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.939303"} {"text": "homo erectus, didn ' t exist. 202 homo erectus ' s sailing culture \" ancient mariners : early humans were much smarter than we suspected \" according to this article in the march 14, 1998, issue of new scientist, the people that evolutionists call homo erectus were sailing 700, 000 years ago. it is impossible, of course, to think of people who possessed the knowledge, technology and culture to go sailing as primitive. the conclusion reached by the scientists defending the abovementioned thesis can be summarized as \" homo erectus is not a different species from homo sapiens, but rather a race within homo sapiens. \" on the other hand, there is a huge gap between homo erectus, a human race, and the apes that preceded homo erectus in the \" human evolution \" scenario ( australopithecus, homo habilis, and homo rudolfensis ). this means that the first men appeared in the fossil record suddenly and without any prior evolutionary history. neanderthals : their anatomy and culture although fossil discoveries show that neanderthals had no \" primitive \" features as compared to us and were a human race, the evolutionist prejudices regarding them continue unabated. neanderthal man is still sometimes described as an \" ape man \" in some evolutionist museums, as shown in the picture to the side. this is an indication how darwinism rests on prejudice and propaganda, not on scientific discoveries. neanderthals ( homo neanderthalensis ) were human beings who suddenly appeared 100, 000 years ago in europe, and who disappeared, or were assimilated by mixing with other races, quietly but quickly 35, 000 years ago. their only difference from modern man is that their skeletons are more robust and their cranial capacity slightly bigger. neanderthals were a human race, a fact which is admitted by almost everybody today. evolutionists have tried very hard to present them as a \" primitive species, \" yet all the findings indicate that they were no different from a \" robust \" man walking on the street today. a prominent authority on the subject, erik trinkaus, a paleoanthropologist from new mexico university, writes : detailed comparisons of neanderthal skeletal remains with those of modern humans have shown that there is nothing in neanderthal anatomy that conclusively indicates locomotor, manipulative, intellectual, or linguistic abilities inferior to those of modern humans. 203 many contemporary researchers define neanderthal man as a subspecies of modern man, and call", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46860562857989896, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.940567"} {"text": "is nothing in neanderthal anatomy that conclusively indicates locomotor, manipulative, intellectual, or linguistic abilities inferior to those of modern humans. 203 many contemporary researchers define neanderthal man as a subspecies of modern man, and call him homo sapiens neanderthalensis. on the other hand, the fossil record shows that neanderthals possessed an advanced culture. one of the most interesting examples of this is a fossilized flute made by neanderthal people. this flute, made from the thighbone of a bear, was found by the archaeologist ivan turk in a cave in northern yugoslavia in july 1995. musicologist bob fink then analyzed it. fink proved that this flute, thought by radio - carbon testing to be between 43, 000 and 67, 000 years old, produced four notes, and that it had half and full tones. this discovery shows that neanderthals used the seven - note scale, the basic formula of western music. fink, who examined the flute, states that \" the distance between the second and third holes on the old flute is double that between the third and fourth. \" this means that the first distance represents a full note, and the distance next to it a half note. fink says, \" these three notes \u2026 are inescapably diatonic and will sound like a near - perfect fit within any kind of standard diatonic scale, modern or antique, \" thus revealing that neanderthals were people with an ear for and knowledge of music. 204 some other fossil discoveries show that neanderthals buried their dead, looked after their sick, and used necklaces and similar adornments. 205 a 26, 000 - year - old sewing needle, proved to have been used by neanderthal people, was also found during fossil excavations. this needle, which is made of bone, is exceedingly straight and has a hole for the thread to be passed through. 206 people who wear clothing and feel the need for a sewing needle cannot be considered \" primitive. \" the best research into the neanderthals ' tool - making abilities is that of steven l. kuhn and mary c. stiner, professors of anthropology and archaeology, respectively, at the university of new mexico. although these two scientists are proponents of the theory of evolution, the results of their archaeological research and analyses show that the neanderthals who lived in caves on the coast of southwest italy for thousands of years carried out activities that required as complex a capacity for thought as modern -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5256898775933176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.941590"} {"text": "proponents of the theory of evolution, the results of their archaeological research and analyses show that the neanderthals who lived in caves on the coast of southwest italy for thousands of years carried out activities that required as complex a capacity for thought as modern - day human beings. 207 kuhn and stiner found a number of tools in these caves. the discoveries were of sharp, pointed cutting implements, including spearheads, made by carefully chipping away layers at the edges of the flint. making sharp edges of this kind by chipping away layers is without a doubt a process calling for intelligence and skill. research has shown that one of the most important problems encountered in that process is breakages that occur as a result of pressure at the edge of the stones. for this reason, the individual carrying out the process has to make fine judgments of the amount of force to use in order to keep the edges straight, and of the precise angle to strike at, if he is making an angled tool. neanderthals : a human race to the side is shown the homo sapiens neanderthalensis amud i skull, found in israel. the owner is estimated to have been 1. 80 meters tall. its brain capacity is as big as that found today : 1, 740 cc. beneath, are shown a fossil skeleton from the neanderthal race, and a stone tool believed to have been used by its owner. this and similar discoveries show that neanderthals were a genuine human race who vanished over time. margaret conkey from the university of california explains that tools made in periods before the neanderthals were also made by communities of intelligent people who were fully aware of what they were doing : in short, scientific discoveries show that neanderthals were a human race no different from us on the levels of intelligence and dexterity. this race either disappeared from history by assimilating and mixing with other races, or became extinct in some unknown manner. but they were definitely not \" primitive \" or \" half - ape. \" neanderthal sewing needle 26, 000 - year - old needle : this interesting find shows that neanderthals had the knowledge to make clothing tens of thousands of years ago ( d. johanson, b. edgar, from lucy to language, page 99 ). a neanderthal flute made from bone. calculations made from this artifact have shown that the holes were made to produce correct notes, in other words that this was an expertly designed instrument. archaic homo sapiens, homo heidelbergensis and cro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5300124232289137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.942625"} {"text": ". a neanderthal flute made from bone. calculations made from this artifact have shown that the holes were made to produce correct notes, in other words that this was an expertly designed instrument. archaic homo sapiens, homo heidelbergensis and cro - magnon man a typical cro - magnon skull. archaic homo sapiens is the last step before contemporary man in the imaginary evolutionary scheme. in fact, evolutionists do not have much to say about these fossils, as there are only very minor differences between them and modern human beings. some researchers even state that representatives of this race are still living today, and point to native australians as an example. like homo sapiens ( archaic ), native australians also have thick protruding eyebrows, an inward - inclined mandibular structure, and a slightly smaller cranial capacity. the group characterized as homo heidelbergensis in evolutionist literature is in fact the same as archaic homo sapiens. the reason why two different terms are used to define the same human racial type is the disagreements among evolutionists. all the fossils included under the homo heidelbergensis classification suggest that people who were anatomically very similar to modern europeans lived 500, 000 and even 740, 000 years ago, in england and in spain. it is estimated that cro - magnon man lived 30, 000 years ago. he has a dome - shaped cranium and a broad forehead. his cranium of 1, 600 cc is above the average for contemporary man. his skull has thick eyebrow projections and a bony protrusion at the back that is characteristic of both neanderthal man and homo erectus. although the cro - magnon is considered to be a european race, the structure and volume of cro - magnon ' s cranium look very much like those of some races living in africa and the tropics today. relying on this similarity, it is estimated that cro - magnon was an archaic african race. some other paleoanthropological finds have shown that the cro - magnon and the neanderthal races intermixed and laid the foundations for the races of our day. as a result, none of these human beings were \" primitive species. \" they were different human beings who lived in earlier times and either assimilated and mixed with other races, or became extinct and disappeared from history. the collapse of the evolutionary tree what we have investigated so far forms a clear picture : the scenario of \" human evolution \" is a complete fiction. in order for such a family tree", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5281598042932631, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.943749"} {"text": "and mixed with other races, or became extinct and disappeared from history. the collapse of the evolutionary tree what we have investigated so far forms a clear picture : the scenario of \" human evolution \" is a complete fiction. in order for such a family tree to represent the truth, a gradual evolution from a common ancestor of apes and human beings to man must have taken place and a fossil record of this process should be able to be found. in fact, however, there is a huge gap between apes and humans. skeletal structures, cranial capacities, and such criteria as walking upright or bent sharply forward distinguish humans from apes. ( we already mentioned that on the basis of research done in 1994 on the inner ear, australopithecus and homo habilis were reclassified as apes, while homo erectus was reclassified as a fully modern human. ) another significant finding proving that there can be no family - tree relationship among these different species is that species that are presented as ancestors of others in fact lived concurrently. if, as evolutionists claim, australopithecus changed into homo habilis, which, in turn, turned into homo erectus, the periods they lived in should necessarily have followed each other. however, there is no such chronological order to be seen in the fossil record. according to evolutionist estimates, australopithecus lived from 4 million up until 1 million years ago. the creatures classified as homo habilis, on the other hand, are thought to have lived until 1. 7 to 1. 9 million years ago. homo rudolfensis, which is said to have been more \" advanced \" than homo habilis, is known to be as old as from 2. 5 to 2. 8 million years! that is to say, homo rudolfensis is nearly 1 million years older than homo habilis, of which it is alleged to have been the \" ancestor. \" on the other hand, the age of homo erectus goes as far back as 1. 6 - 1. 8 million years ago, which means that homo erectus appeared on the earth in the same time frame as its so - called ancestor, homo habilis. alan walker confirms this fact by stating that \" there is evidence from east africa for late - surviving small australopithecus individuals that were contemporaneous first with h. habilis, then with h. erectus. \" 209 louis leakey has found fossils of australopithecus, homo habilis and homo erectus almost next to each other", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5004971220489333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.944784"} {"text": "the very basis of the imaginary family tree of evolutionary theory is the unexpectedly ancient history of modern man. paleoanthropological findings reveal that homo sapiens people who looked exactly like us were living as long as 1 million years ago. it was louis leakey, the famous evolutionary paleoanthropologist, who discovered the first findings on this subject. in 1932, in the kanjera region around lake victoria in kenya, leakey found several fossils that belonged to the middle pleistocene and that were no different from modern man. however, the middle pleistocene was a million years ago. 218 since these discoveries turned the evolutionary family tree upside down, they were dismissed by some evolutionary paleoanthropologists. yet leakey always contended that his estimates were correct. just when this controversy was about to be forgotten, a fossil unearthed in spain in 1995 revealed in a very remarkable way that the history of homo sapiens was much older than had been assumed. the fossil in question was uncovered in a cave called gran dolina in the atapuerca region of spain by three spanish paleoanthropologists from the university of madrid. the fossil revealed the face of an 11 - year - old boy who looked entirely like modern man. yet, it had been 800, 000 years since the child died. discover magazine covered the story in great detail in its december 1997 issue. the skull reconstructed from the atapuerca fossil ( left ) bears a close resemblance to that of man living today ( right ). this fossil even shook the convictions of juan luis arsuaga ferreras, who lead the gran dolina excavation. ferreras said : the fossil highlighted the fact that the history of homo sapiens had to be extended back to 800, 000 years ago. after recovering from the initial shock, the evolutionists who discovered the fossil decided that it belonged to a different species, because according to the evolutionary family tree, homo sapiens did not live 800, 000 years ago. therefore, they made up an imaginary species called homo antecessor and included the atapuerca skull under this classification. huts and footprints there have been many findings demonstrating that homo sapiens dates back even earlier than 800, 000 years. one of them is a discovery by louis leakey in the early 1970s in olduvai gorge. here, in the bed ii layer, leakey discovered that australopithecus, homo habilis and homo erectus species had co - existed at the same time. what is even more interesting was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45369922109055777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.946944"} {"text": "1970s in olduvai gorge. here, in the bed ii layer, leakey discovered that australopithecus, homo habilis and homo erectus species had co - existed at the same time. what is even more interesting was a structure leakey found in the same layer ( bed ii ). here, he found the remains of a stone hut. the unusual aspect of the event was that this construction, which is still used in some parts of africa, could only have been built by homo sapiens! so, according to leakey ' s findings, australopithecus, homo habilis, homo erectus and modern man must have co - existed approximately 1. 7 million years ago. 220 this discovery must surely invalidate the evolutionary theory that claims that modern man evolved from ape - like species such as australopithecus. indeed, some other discoveries trace the origins of modern man back to 1. 7 million years ago. one of these important finds is the footprints found in laetoli, tanzania, by mary leakey in 1977. these footprints were found in a layer that was calculated to be 3. 6 million years old, and more importantly, they were no different from the footprints that a contemporary man would leave. the footprints found by mary leakey were later examined by a number of famous paleoanthropologists, such as donald johanson and tim white. the results were the same. white wrote : 3. 6 - million - year - old human footprints in laetoli, in tanzania. after examining the footprints, louis robbins from the university of north california made the following comments : examinations of the morphological form of the footprints showed time and again that they had to be accepted as the prints of a human, and moreover, a modern human ( homo sapiens ). russell tuttle, who also examined the footprints, wrote : al 666 - 1 : a 2. 3 - million - year - old human jaw fossil al 666 - 1 was found in hadar in ethiopia, together with a. afarensis fossils. this 2. 3 - million - year - old jaw bone had features identical to those of homo sapiens. al 666 - 1 resembled neither the a. afarensis jawbones that were found with it, nor a 1. 75 - million - year - old homo habilis jaw. the jaws of these two species, with their narrow and rectangular shapes, resembled those of present - day apes. although there is no doubt that al 666", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47659256531355615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.947911"} {"text": "with it, nor a 1. 75 - million - year - old homo habilis jaw. the jaws of these two species, with their narrow and rectangular shapes, resembled those of present - day apes. although there is no doubt that al 666 - 1 belonged to a \" homo \" ( human ) species, evolutionary paleontologists do not accept this fact. they refrain from making any comment on this, because the jaw is calculated to be 2. 3 million years old \u2014 in other words, much older than the age they allow for the homo, or human, race. impartial examinations of the footprints revealed their real owners. in reality, these footprints consisted of 20 fossilized footprints of a 10 - year - old modern human and 27 footprints of an even younger one. they were certainly modern people like us. this situation put the laetoli footprints at the center of discussions for years. evolutionary paleoanthropologists desperately tried to come up with an explanation, as it was hard for them to accept the fact that a modern man had been walking on the earth 3. 6 million years ago. during the 1990s, the following \" explanation \" started to take shape : the evolutionists decided that these footprints must have been left by an australopithecus, because according to their theory, it was impossible for a homo species to have existed 3. 6 years ago. however, russell h. tuttle wrote the following in an article in 1990 : skeletal variation among modern human races evolutionary paleontologists portray different homo erectus, homo sapiens neanderthalensis, and archaic homo sapiens human fossils as indicating different species or subspecies on the evolutionary path. they base this on the differences between these fossil skulls. however, these differences actually consist of variations among different human races that have existed, some of which have become extinct or have been assimilated. these differences have grown less pronounced as human races have intermixed over time. despite this, quite striking differences can still be observed between human races living today. the skulls in these pages, all belonging to modern human beings ( homo sapiens sapiens ), are all examples of these differences. to show similar structural differences between races that lived in the past as evidence for evolution is quite simply bias. to put it briefly, these footprints that were supposed to be 3. 6 million years old could not have belonged to australopithecus. the only reason why the footprints were thought to have been left by members of australopithecus was the 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47168916056505983, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.948977"} {"text": ", these footprints that were supposed to be 3. 6 million years old could not have belonged to australopithecus. the only reason why the footprints were thought to have been left by members of australopithecus was the 3. 6 - million - year - old volcanic layer in which the footprints were found. the prints were ascribed to australopithecus purely on the assumption that humans could not have lived so long ago. these interpretations of the laetoli footprints demonstrate one important fact. evolutionists support their theory not based on scientific findings, but in spite of them. here we have a theory that is blindly defended no matter what, with all new findings that cast the theory into doubt being either ignored or distorted to support the theory. briefly, the theory of evolution is not a scientific theory, but a dogma kept alive despite science. the bipedalism problem apart from the fossil record that we have dealt with so far, unbridgeable anatomical gaps between men and apes also invalidate the fiction of human evolution. one of these has to do with the manner of walking. the human skeleton is created to walk upright. ape skeletons, however, with their forward - leaning stance, short legs, and long arms, are suited to walking on four legs. it is not possible for there to be an \" intermediate form \" between them, because this would be extremely unproductive. human beings walk upright on two feet. this is a very special form of locomotion not seen in any other mammalian species. some other animals do have a limited ability to move when they stand on their two hind feet. animals like bears and monkeys can move in this way only rarely, such as when they want to reach a source of food, and even then only for a short time. normally, their skeletons lean forward and they walk on all fours. apes ' hands and feet are curled in a manner suited to living in trees. well, then, has bipedalism evolved from the quadrupedal gait of apes, as evolutionists claim? of course not. research has shown that the evolution of bipedalism never occurred, nor is it possible for it to have done so. first of all, bipedalism is not an evolutionary advantage. the way in which apes move is much easier, faster, and more efficient than man ' s bipedal stride. man can neither move by jumping from tree to tree without descending to the ground, like a chimpanzee, nor run", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5136016846105378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.950283"} {"text": ". the way in which apes move is much easier, faster, and more efficient than man ' s bipedal stride. man can neither move by jumping from tree to tree without descending to the ground, like a chimpanzee, nor run at a speed of 125 km per hour, like a cheetah. on the contrary, since man walks on two feet, he moves much more slowly on the ground. for the same reason, he is one of the most unprotected of all species in nature in terms of movement and defence. according to the logic of evolution, apes should not have evolved to adopt a bipedal stride ; humans should instead have evolved to become quadrupedal. another impasse of the evolutionary claim is that bipedalism does not serve the \" gradual development \" model of darwinism. this model, which constitutes the basis of evolution, requires that there should be a \" compound \" stride between bipedalism and quadrupedalism. however, with the computerized research he conducted in 1996, robin crompton, senior lecturer in anatomy at liverpool university, showed that such a \" compound \" stride was not possible. crompton reached the following conclusion : a living being can either walk upright, or on all fours. 225 a type of stride between the two is impossible because it would involve excessive energy consumption. this is why a half - bipedal being cannot exist. the immense gap between man and ape is not limited solely to bipedalism. many other issues still remain unexplained, such as brain capacity, the ability to talk, and so on. elaine morgan, an evolutionary paleoanthropologist, makes the following confession in relation to this matter : four of the most outstanding mysteries about humans are : 1 ) why do they walk on two legs? 2 ) why have they lost their fur? 3 ) why have they developed such large brains? 4 ) why did they learn to speak? the orthodox answers to these questions are : 1 ) ' we do not yet know ; ' 2 ) ' we do not yet know ; ' 3 ) ' we do not yet know ; ' 4 ) ' we do not yet know. ' the list of questions could be considerably lengthened without affecting the monotony of the answers. 226 evolution : an unscientific faith lord solly zuckerman is one of the most famous scientists in the united kingdom. for years, he studied the fossil record and conducted many investigations, for which he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4525383403597712, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.951992"} {"text": "monotony of the answers. 226 evolution : an unscientific faith lord solly zuckerman is one of the most famous scientists in the united kingdom. for years, he studied the fossil record and conducted many investigations, for which he was elevated to the peerage. zuckerman is an evolutionist. therefore, his comments on evolution cannot be regarded as ignorant or prejudiced. after years of research on the fossils included in the human evolution scenario however, he reached the conclusion that there is no truth to the family tree that is put forward. zuckerman also advanced an interesting concept of the \" spectrum of the sciences, \" ranging from those he considered scientific to those he considered unscientific. according to zuckerman ' s spectrum, the most \" scientific \" \u2014 that is, dependent on concrete data \u2014 fields are chemistry and physics. after them come the biological sciences and then the social sciences. at the far end of the spectrum, which is the part considered to be most \" unscientific, \" are extra - sensory perception \u2014 concepts such as telepathy and the \" sixth sense \" \u2014 and finally human evolution. zuckerman explains his reasoning as follows : robert locke, the editor of discovering archeology, an important publication on the origins of man, writes in that journal, \" the search for human ancestors gives more heat than light, \" quoting the confession of the famous evolutionary paleoantropologist tim white : locke ' s article reviews the impasse of the theory of evolution on the origins of man and the groundlessness of the propaganda spread about this subject : the same fact was also recently accepted by henry gee, the editor of the well - known journal nature. in his book in search of deep time, published in 1999, gee points out that all the evidence for human evolution \" between about 10 and 5 million years ago \u2013 several thousand generations of living creatures \u2013 can be fitted into a small box. \" he concludes that conventional theories of the origin and development of human beings are \" a completely human invention created after the fact, shaped to accord with human prejudices, \" and adds : as we have seen, there is no scientific discovery supporting or propping up the theory of evolution, just some scientists who blindly believe in it. these scientists both believe in the myth of evolution themselves, although it has no scientific foundation, and also make other people believe it by using the media, which cooperate with them. in the pages that follow, we shall examine a few examples of this deceptive propaganda carried", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.537028891259157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.954427"} {"text": "believe in the myth of evolution themselves, although it has no scientific foundation, and also make other people believe it by using the media, which cooperate with them. in the pages that follow, we shall examine a few examples of this deceptive propaganda carried out in the name of evolution. even if evolutionists are unsuccessful in finding scientific evidence to support their theories, they are very successful at one thing : propaganda. the most important element of this propaganda is the practice of creating false designs known as \" reconstructions. \" reconstruction can be explained as drawing a picture or constructing a model of a living thing based on a single bone \u2014 sometimes only a fragment \u2014 that has been unearthed. the \" ape - men \" we see in newspapers, magazines, and films are all reconstructions. reconstruction drawings reflect only evolutionists ' imaginations, since fossils are usually fragmented and incomplete, any conjecture based on them is likely to be completely speculative. as a matter of fact, the reconstructions ( drawings or models ) made by evolutionists based on fossil remains are prepared speculatively precisely to validate the evolutionary thesis. david r. pilbeam, an eminent anthropologist from harvard, stresses this fact when he says : \" at least in paleoanthropology, data are still so sparse that theory heavily influences interpretations. theories have, in the past, clearly reflected our current ideologies instead of the actual data. \" 231 since people are highly affected by visual information, these reconstructions best serve the purpose of evolutionists, which is to convince people that these reconstructed creatures really existed in the past. at this point, we have to highlight one particular point : reconstructions based on bone remains can only reveal the most general characteristics of the creature, since the really distinctive morphological features of any animal are soft tissues which quickly vanish after death. therefore, due to the speculative nature of the interpretation of the soft tissues, the reconstructed drawings or models become totally dependent on the imagination of the person producing them. earnst a. hooten from harvard university explains the situation like this : as a matter of fact, evolutionists invent such preposterous stories that they even ascribe different faces to the same skull. for example, the three different reconstructed drawings made for the fossil named australopithecus robustus ( zinjanthropus ) are a famous example of such forgery. the biased interpretation of fossils and outright fabrication of many imaginary reconstructions are an indication of how frequently evolutionists have recourse to tricks. yet these seem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5610106991748638, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.955819"} {"text": "robustus ( zinjanthropus ) are a famous example of such forgery. the biased interpretation of fossils and outright fabrication of many imaginary reconstructions are an indication of how frequently evolutionists have recourse to tricks. yet these seem innocent when compared to the deliberate forgeries that have been perpetrated in the history of evolution. there is no concrete fossil evidence to support the \" ape - man \" image, which is unceasingly promulgated by the media and evolutionist academic circles. with brushes in their hands, evolutionists produce imaginary creatures ; nevertheless, the fact that these drawings correspond to no matching fossils constitutes a serious problem for them. one of the interesting methods they employ to overcome this problem is to \" produce \" the fossils they cannot find. piltdown man, which may be the biggest scandal in the history of science, is a typical example of this method. the piltdown man scandal for 40 years, piltdown man fossil was accepted as the greatest evidence for human evolution. evolutionist fossil experts claimed to have found a lot of transitional features in the skull. it only emerged later that the fossil was a fake. in 1912, a well - known doctor and amateur paleoanthropologist named charles dawson came out with the assertion that he had found a jawbone and a cranial fragment in a pit in piltdown, england. even though the jawbone was more ape - like, the teeth and the skull were like a man ' s. these specimens were labelled the \" piltdown man. \" alleged to be 500, 000 years old, they were displayed as an absolute proof of human evolution in several museums. for more than 40 years, many scientific articles were written on \" piltdown man, \" many interpretations and drawings were made, and the fossil was presented as important evidence for human evolution. no fewer than 500 doctoral theses were written on the subject. 233 while visiting the british museum in 1921, leading american paleontologist henry fairfield osborn said \" we have to be reminded over and over again that nature is full of paradoxes \" and proclaimed piltdown \" a discovery of transcendent importance to the prehistory of man. \" 234 in 1949, kenneth oakley, from the british museum ' s paleontology department, attempted to use \" fluorine testing, \" a new test used for determining the date of fossils. a trial was made on the fossil of piltdown man. the result was astonishing. during the test, it was realized", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48400376253481464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.956929"} {"text": ". nebraska man was also immediately given a \" scientific name, \" hesperopithecus haroldcooki. many authorities gave osborn their support. based on this single tooth, reconstructions of nebraska man ' s head and body were drawn. moreover, nebraska man was even pictured along with his wife and children, as a whole family in a natural setting. all of these scenarios were developed from just one tooth. evolutionist circles placed such faith in this \" imaginary man \" that when a researcher named william bryan opposed these biased conclusions relying on a single tooth, he was harshly criticized. in 1927, other parts of the skeleton were also found. according to these newly discovered pieces, the tooth belonged neither to a man nor to an ape. it was realized that it belonged to an extinct species of wild american pig called prosthennops. william gregory entitled the article published in science in which he announced the truth, \" hesperopithecus apparently not an ape nor a man. \" 236 then all the drawings of hesperopithecus haroldcooki and his \" family \" were hurriedly removed from evolutionary literature. nebraska man, and henry fairfield osborn, who named it. all the scientific deceptions and prejudiced evaluations made to support the theory of evolution show that the theory is a kind of ideology, and not at all a scientific account. like all ideologies, this one too has its fanatical supporters, who are desperate to prove evolution, at no matter what cost. or else they are so dogmatically bound to the theory that every new discovery is perceived as a great proof of the theory, even if it has nothing to do with evolution. this is really a very distressing picture for science, because it shows that science is being misdirected in the name of a dogma. in his book darwinism : the refutation of a myth, the swedish scientist soren lovtrup has this to say on the subject : further proof that darwinism is the greatest deception in the history of science is provided by molecular biology. 182 richard e. leakey, the making of mankind, sphere books limited, barcelona, 1982, p. 43. 183 william r. fix, the bone peddlers, macmillan publishing company, new york, 1984, pp. 150 - 153. 184 \" could science be brought to an end by scientists ' belief that they have final answers or by society ' s reluctance to pay the bills? \" scientific american, december 1992, p. 20. 185 david", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5163893217362572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.959187"} {"text": "1984, pp. 150 - 153. 184 \" could science be brought to an end by scientists ' belief that they have final answers or by society ' s reluctance to pay the bills? \" scientific american, december 1992, p. 20. 185 david pilbeam, \" rearranging our family tree, \" human nature, june 1978, p. 40. 186 c. c. swisher iii, w. j. rink, s. c. anton, h. p. schwarcz, g. h. curtis, a. suprijo, widiasmoro, \" latest homo erectus of java : potential contemporaneity with homo sapiens in southeast asia, \" science, volume 274, number 5294, issue of 13 dec 1996, pp. 1870 - 1874 ; also see, jeffrey kluger, \" not so extinct after all : the primitive homo erectus may have survived long enough to coexist with modern humans, time, december 23, 1996 187 solly zuckerman, beyond the ivory tower, toplinger publications, new york, 1970, pp. 75 - 94. 188 charles e. oxnard, \" the place of australopithecines in human evolution : grounds for doubt, \" nature, vol. 258, 4 december 1975, p. 389. 189 isabelle bourdial, \" adieu lucy, \" science et vie, may 1999, no. 980, pp. 52 - 62. ( emphasis added ) 190 holly smith, american journal of physical antropology, vol. 94, 1994, pp. 307 - 325. ( emphasis added ) 191 fred spoor, bernard wood & frans zonneveld, \" implications of early hominid labyrinthine morphology for evolution of human bipedal locomotion, \" nature, vol 369, 23 june 1994, p. 645 192 fred spoor, bernard wood & frans zonneveld, \" implications of early hominid labyrinthine morphology for evolution of human bipedal locomotion, \" nature, vol 369, 23 june 1994, p. 648 193 tim bromage, \" faces from the past, \" new scientist, vol. 133, issue 1803, 11 january 1992, p. 41. ( emphasis added ) 194 j. e. cronin, n. t. boaz, c. b. stringer, y. rak, \" tempo and mode in hominid evolution, \" nature", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5375351822095857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.960085"} {"text": "1992, p. 41. ( emphasis added ) 194 j. e. cronin, n. t. boaz, c. b. stringer, y. rak, \" tempo and mode in hominid evolution, \" nature, vol. 292, 1981, pp. 117. 195 c. l. brace, h. nelson, n. korn, m. l. brace, atlas of human evolution, 2. b., rinehart and wilson, new york, 1979. 196 alan walker and richard e. f. leakey, \" the hominids of east turkana \", scientific american, vol. 239 ( 2 ), august 1978, p. 54. 197 bernard wood, mark collard, \" the human genus, \" science, vol. 284, no 5411, 2 april 1999, pp. 65 - 71. 198 marvin lubenow, bones of contention : a creationist assessment of the human fossils, baker books, 1992, p. 83. 199 boyce rensberger, washington post, 19 october 1984, p. a11. 200 richard leakey, the making of mankind, sphere books, london, 1981, p. 116. 201 marvin lubenow, bones of contention : a creationist assessment of the human fossils, baker books, 1992. p. 136. 202 pat shipman, \" doubting dmanisi, \" american scientist, november - december 2000, p. 491 203 erik trinkaus, \" hard times among the neanderthals, \" natural history, vol. 87, december 1978, p. 10 ; r. l. holloway, \" the neanderthal brain : what was primitive, \" american journal of physical anthropology supplement, vol. 12, 1991, p. 94. ( emphasis added ) 204 \" neandertals lived harmoniously, \" the aaas science news service, april 3, 1997. 205 ralph solecki, shanidar, the first flower people, knopf, new york, 1971, p. 196 ; paul g. bahn and jean vertut, images in the ice, windward, leichester, 1988, p. 72. 206 d. johanson, b. edgar, from lucy to language, p. 99. 207 s. l. kuhn, \" subsistence, technology, and adaptive variation in middle paleolithic italy, \" american anthropologist, vol. 94, no. 2, march 1992, pp. 309 - 310. 208 roger lew", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5205203732360706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.960938"} {"text": ". 99. 207 s. l. kuhn, \" subsistence, technology, and adaptive variation in middle paleolithic italy, \" american anthropologist, vol. 94, no. 2, march 1992, pp. 309 - 310. 208 roger lewin, the origin of modern humans, scientific american library, new york, 1993, p. 131. 209 r. e. f. leakey, a. walker, \" on the status of australopithecus afarensis \", science, vol. 207, issue 4435, 7 march 1980, p. 1103. 210 a. j. kelso, physical antropology, 1st ed., j. b. lipincott co., new york, 1970, p. 221 ; m. d. leakey, olduvai gorge, vol. 3, cambridge university press, cambridge, 1971, p. 272. 211 s. j. gould, natural history, vol. 85, 1976, p. 30. ( emphasis added ) 212 jeffrey kluger, \" not so extinct after all : the primitive homo erectus may have survived long enough to coexist with modern humans, \" time, 23 december 1996. 213 john noble wilford, \" 3 human species coexisted eons ago, new data suggest, \" the new york times, 13 december 1996. 214 john whitfield, \" oldest member of human family found, \" nature, 11 july 2002. 215 d. l. parsell, \" skull fossil from chad forces rethinking of human origins, \" national geographic news, july 10, 2002. 216 john whitfield, \" oldest member of human family found, \" nature, 11 july 2002. 217 the guardian, 11 july 2002 218 l. s. b. leakey, the origin of homo sapiens, ed. f. borde, unesco, paris, 1972, pp. 25 - 29 ; l. s. b. leakey, by the evidence, harcourt brace jovanovich, new york, 1974. 219 robert kunzig, \" the face of an ancestral child \", discover, december 1997, pp. 97, 100. ( emphasis added ) 220 a. j. kelso, physical anthropology, 1. b., 1970, ss. 221 ; m. d. leakey, olduvai gorge, volume 3, cambridge : cambridge university press, 1971, s. 272 221 donald c. johanson & m. a. edey", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5247811796562303, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.961901"} {"text": ". b., 1970, ss. 221 ; m. d. leakey, olduvai gorge, volume 3, cambridge : cambridge university press, 1971, s. 272 221 donald c. johanson & m. a. edey, lucy, the beginnings of humankind, simon & schuster, new york, 1981, p. 250. ( emphasis added ) 222 \" the leakey footprints : an uncertain path, \" science news, vol. 115, 1979, p. 196. 223 ian anderson, \" who made the laetoli footprints? \" new scientist, vol. 98, 12 may 1983, p. 373. ( emphasis added ) 224 russell h. tuttle, \" the pitted pattern of laetoli feet, \" natural history, vol. 99, march 1990, p. 64. ( emphasis added ) 225 ruth henke, \" aufrecht aus den baumen, \" focus, vol. 39, 1996, p. 178. 226 elaine morgan, the scars of evolution, oxford university press, new york, 1994, p. 5. 227 solly zuckerman, beyond the ivory tower, toplinger publications, new york, 1970, p. 19. ( emphasis added ) 228 robert locke, \" family fights, \" discovering archaeology, july / august 1999, p. 36 - 39. 229 robert locke, \" family fights, \" discovering archaeology, july / august 1999, p. 36 - 39. 230 henry gee, in search of time : beyond the fossil record to a new history of life, new york, the free press, 1999, p. 126 - 127. 231 david r. pilbeam, \" rearranging our family tree, \" human nature, june 1978, p. 45. ( emphasis added ) 232 earnest a. hooton, up from the ape, mcmillan, new york, 1931, p. 332. ( emphasis added ) 233 malcolm muggeridge, the end of christendom, grand rapids, eerdmans, 1980, p. 59. 234 stephen jay gould, \" smith woodward ' s folly, \" new scientist, 5 april 1979, p. 44. 235 stephen jay gould, \" smith woodward ' s folly, \" new scientist, 5 april 1979, p. 43. ( emphasis added ) 236 william k. gregory, \" hesperopithecus apparently not an ape nor a man, \" science, vol. 66, issue 1720, 16 december 1927, p. 579. 237 s\u00f8ren l\u00f8", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49236199861754415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.962692"} {"text": "friday, feb. 1 ( healthday news ) - - teaching people how to recognize and respond to prescription painkiller overdoses could significantly reduce the number of overdose deaths, a new study suggests. overdoses of these powerful opioid drugs are a major cause of emergency hospital admissions and preventable deaths in many countries. opioids include hydrocodone ( brand name vicodin ), oxycodone ( oxycontin and percocet ), morphine and codeine. since 2005, massachusetts has had more opioid - related overdose deaths than motor vehicle deaths, so the state introduced several strategies to tackle the problem, including training drug users, their families and friends, and potential bystanders to prevent, recognize and respond to opioid overdoses. the participants in the overdose education and naloxone distribution ( oend ) programs received instruction in how to recognize signs of overdose, seek help, stay with victims and use naloxone, a drug that reverses the effects of opioid overdose. in the study, alexander walley, an assistant professor of medicine at boston university school of medicine, and colleagues looked at data from 19 massachusetts communities that had high levels of opioid overdose and various levels of implementation of oend programs. communities with oend programs had a larger reduction in opioid - related overdose deaths than those without the programs. the greater the enrollment in oend programs in communities, the greater the reduction in death rates, according to the study, which was published online jan. 31 in the journal bmj. the findings provide evidence that the programs are an effective way to reduce opioid - related overdose deaths, concluded the team of researchers from the boston medical center, the boston university schools of medicine and public health, and the massachusetts department of public health. from 1996 to 2010, more than 50, 000 people were trained by oend programs in the united states, resulting in more than 10, 000 opioid overdose rescues, according to background information included in a journal news release. the u. s. national institute on drug abuse has more about opioids. copyright \u00a9 2012 healthday. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46167268188531496, "token_count": 447, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.968142"} {"text": "from the minute the doors opened at the rice regional dental clinic in willmar, minn., late in 2007, it was clear there was an overwhelming need for access to dental care, especially among low - income adults and children. the staff reported being inundated with phone calls for appointments. for anyone who has ever visited the dental clinic or is familiar with the services it provides, it surely must have been no surprise when the institute of medicine issued a report this week on the state of oral health care for america \u2019 s low - income and vulnerable citizens. the report \u2019 s main conclusion : millions of americans are not receiving necessary dental care because of \u201c persistent and systemic \u201d barriers. children, seniors, minorities and the poor are especially affected. perhaps the most compelling point of the report is this : although dental care is a basic need for people of all ages, it \u2019 s one of the areas in which disparities are the widest. the authors wrote, more than half of the population does not visit a dentist each year. poor and minority children are substantially less likely to have access to oral health care than are their nonpoor and nonminority peers. americans living in rural areas have poorer oral health status and more unmet dental needs than their urban counterparts. older adults, especially those living in long - term care facilities, have a high prevalence of oral health problems and difficulty accessing care by individuals trained in their special needs. disabled individuals uniformly confront access barriers, regardless of their financial resources. the consequences of these disparities in access to oral health care have a strong influence not only on oral health but on overall health as well. the report identifies multiple reasons for this troubling state of affairs. for one thing, the cost of dental care is an issue for many households. according to the iom report, an estimated 4. 6 million children did not receive needed dental care in 2008 because their family couldn \u2019 t afford it. among older adults on medicare, fewer than half have dental coverage. what your smile looks like is in fact a dead giveaway of socioeconomic status, an observation that has been confirmed by several studies. teeth that are discolored, crooked or missing are often a marker of poverty and / or inadequate dental care. the burden of oral diseases such as tooth decay also falls primarily on the poor. even having dental insurance doesn \u2019 t necessarily guarantee access to care, however. many dentists don \u2019 t accept clients on publicly funded programs such as medicaid or minnesotacare because the rei", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.43181367628567957, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.972934"} {"text": "diseases such as tooth decay also falls primarily on the poor. even having dental insurance doesn \u2019 t necessarily guarantee access to care, however. many dentists don \u2019 t accept clients on publicly funded programs such as medicaid or minnesotacare because the reimbursement is so low. and rural and inner - city regions of the united states have a shortage of dental professionals, period. i \u2019 ve seen projections indicating minnesota \u2019 s dental workforce is aging and that it may be increasingly difficult to replace these professionals when they retire. what can be done to change this? the iom report makes several recommendations. chief among them is increasing the reimbursement rate for medicaid and the children \u2019 s health insurance program so dentists have a greater incentive to see these patients. another recommendation is to give dentistry students more opportunities to gain skills in treating patients with special needs. the report also calls for enlisting other parts of the health care delivery system to provide some aspects of oral health care. for example, mid - level professionals could do screenings for oral disease and offer basic preventive care. a measure that creates licensing standards in minnesota for two new types of mid - level providers \u2013 dental therapists and advanced dental therapists - was passed by the legislature in 2009. this is a ground - breaking initiative that has the potential to make a difference. it \u2019 s too soon to know, however, whether it will truly help improve access to dental care, especially to those who are the most underserved. it should also be noted that many dentists have raised concerns about training and supervision of these mid - level professionals. in spite of the deep disparities that exist in access to oral health care, there are a handful of bright spots \u2013 projects and programs that are creative, innovative and that help shrink the gulf of unmet needs. the iom report doesn \u2019 t list them by name, but i \u2019 d like to single out one of them : the rice regional dental clinic in willmar, a partnership between rice memorial hospital and the university of minnesota. here, students in the university \u2019 s dentistry and dental hygiene programs gain hands - on experience with a wide variety of patients in a rural setting. in exchange, low - income and uninsured individuals in the region can receive much - needed dental care. according to statistics collected by the dental clinic, the majority of patients are children and young adults. for many of these youngsters, it \u2019 s the first time they \u2019 ve ever been seen by a dentist. i \u2019 ve spoken to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42377087241944955, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.973876"} {"text": "monday, june 11 ( healthday news ) - - most people with thyroid cancer live as long as people who don ' t have the disease, a new study finds. patients with advanced thyroid cancer are the exception. german researchers analyzed data from 1, 502 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer ( which includes two types of thyroid cancer, follicular and papillary ) had been treated with radioiodine therapy. only patients with advanced disease ( stage 4 - c ) had a lower chance of long - term survival than the general population. survival did not vary based on age or sex, or even if a patient ' s cancer had reached the beginning of stage 4. the study was scheduled for monday presentation at the society of nuclear medicine annual meeting in miami beach, fla. \" with these survival rates, patients with differentiated thyroid cancer in stages 1 to 4 - a could even be considered healthy patients, \" lead investigator dr. alexis vrachimis, at the department of nuclear medicine, university hospital muenster, said in a society news release. the researchers said the findings highlight the excellent diagnostic and treatment methods available to patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, which is the most common form of the disease. more than 56, 000 americans will be diagnosed with thyroid cancer and nearly 1, 800 will die of the disease in 2012, according to the u. s. national cancer institute. because this study was presented at a medical meeting, the data and conclusions should be viewed as preliminary until published in a peer - reviewed journal. the american cancer society has more about thyroid cancer. source : society of nuclear medicine, news release, june 7, 2012 copyright \u00a9 2013 healthday. all rights reserved. healthdaynews articles are derived from various sources and do not reflect federal policy. healthfinder. gov does not endorse opinions, products, or services that may appear in news stories. for more information on health topics in the news, visit health news on healthfinder. gov.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43824250093017353, "token_count": 397, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.975762"} {"text": "exposure to radiation short term and infrequently does not do significant harm. chronic long term exposure to even lower levels can cause significant cellular damage leading to mutations and cancer. there are certain nutrients which protect the cells from the compounds making up radiation such as : cesium - 137 and radioactive iodine. potassium iodide ( ki ) is most well - known to protect the thyroid from radioactive iodine. given that most americans are iodine deficient, supplementing with 200 mcg a day of potassium iodide may do the general population some good in general - even without radioactive fallout concerns. over half of pregnant women in the usa are iodine deficient which sets up the newborn to mental retardation. however, potassium iodide is by far not the only nutrient needed to protect the body from radioactive fallout. complete trace minerals are needed. when the body is deficient in minerals, the more apt it is to absorb heavy metals and radiation. sulfur compounds such as n - acetyl - l - cysteine and msm are also useful in protecting the liver, lungs and kidneys. taking hot epsom salt baths to help sweat and pull out heavy metals is good. adding moor mud to enhance sweating and detoxification is even better. make sure to replace electrolytes and additional minerals after profuse sweating. probiotics are known to protect the intestines from radiation - induced diarrhea and likey also help prevent absorption of heavy metals found in radioactive fallout. supplementing with l - glutamine to prevent damage and / or heal the small intestine may be necessary. sodium butyrate or cal / mag butyrate may be needed to help heal the large intestine from radiation - induced intestinal and colon damage. greens such as spirulina, wheat grass, chlorella along with miso, tempeh, kombu and other seaweeds are excellent detoxifiers and supporters of healthy iodine levels. questions about radiation exposure? please post at the radiation exposure forum and your questions will be answered. the radiation exposure forum has some excellent documents available for download to help you prepare further. do visit this forum and download. again, questions, do ask.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47830388886473596, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.977821"} {"text": "cardio and weight training are two important components of well - balanced fitness plans. knowing which types of exercises fall into which category can help you construct your workouts more effectively, and can give you more options so you don \u2019 t get bored with your workouts. when designing your fitness plan, consider adding some stretching and flexibility training. simply add a few minutes of stretching at the end of your cardio and weight training workouts. cardio, or aerobic, exercises require you to move the large muscle groups in your hips, legs and arms. the movement must be continuous and rhythmic, and you must move for a sustained period. the centers for disease control and prevention recommends that adults get at least 2 1 / 2 hours of moderate - intensity cardio exercise each week. alternately, you can perform an hour and 15 minutes of vigorous cardio exercise. by regularly performing cardio exercise, you can improve your cardiovascular health, manage your weight more easily and enjoy a sense of well - being. examples of cardio exercises examples of cardio exercise include basketball, biking, brisk walking, dancing, jogging, jumping rope, rowing, running, swimming, tennis and water aerobics. even some household chores - - such as mowing the lawn - - can count as cardio. the intensity with which you perform these activities determines whether they are moderate or vigorous. moderate - intensity cardio exercises will raise your heart rate and make you breathe faster, while still allowing you to talk. when performing vigorous cardio exercises, you will find it difficult to say more than just a few words before pausing to breathe. weight training exercises in weight - training exercises, you generally focus on one muscular group at a time, doing enough repetitions of the exercise to tire the muscles. the centers for disease control and prevention recommends that adults do weight - training exercises at least twice a week. ideally, target all your major muscle groups : chest, shoulders, arms, abdomen, back, hips and legs. by performing weight - training exercises, you can build strength in your muscles, increase the amount of lean muscle in your body, manage your weight more easily and lower your risk of injury. examples of weight - training exercises you can perform weight - training exercises with free weights - - dumbbells and barbells. examples of these exercises include biceps curls and squats. weight machines offer other options for weight training. you can perform leg presses, standing calf raises, chest flyes and pull - down exercises on these machines. other types of weight - training exercises require", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49428633683745626, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.980465"} {"text": "more people die of heart attacks in the united states than any other disease. it is but obvious that heart health issues have become more prominent now than ever before, not just in america, but all over the world as heart disease is on the rise. statistics from harvard health publications state that in america alone, 65 million people have high blood pressure 70 million have had heart attacks 11 million more have some type of cardiovascular disease while we may be alarmed by these growing statistics, we can take courage in the fact that there are factors within our control which can help support heart and circulatory health. heart disease is the no. 1 killer of men and women despite the advances in medicine. in fact some might argue that our advances in medicine have overshadowed common sense and may even be contributing to the mortality rate. heart health supplements and some important lifestyle changes offer promise for people in the prevention of heart disease and heart attack, and for the support of the heart and cardiovascular system if you have heart disease or have had a heart attack. so if we know that our hearts are important we should begin taking strides to take care of our heart health. it doesn ' t have to be overwhelming. we can begin the process with some very simple steps. 1. begin choosing to eat less saturated fat. one very simple why to begin working on our heart health is to just cut back on our consumption of saturated fat. saturated fat is the fat that comes from animal products. it has been shown to be a direct cause of coronary heart disease. the main sources of saturated fat are beef, most pork, and the dark meat from chicken. eating these foods puts 40 % saturated fat into your body. by comparison, the white meat of chicken has 20 % saturated fat. 2. choose to move more. it seems like such a simple concept. we need to move to keep our hearts healthy, but you ' d be amazed at the number of people who do almost no physical activity. if you ' re someone who hasn ' t been doing much, don ' t overdo it in the beginning. 3. spent 15 minutes a day on your emotional heart health. its been well documented that our emotions influence our heart health. negative emotions : fear, anger, sadness, frustration, depression, anxiety, and just plain old stress - can have a harmful effect on our bodies. they can create heart disease. the best supplements for heart health should address as many of the major controllable risk factors for developing heart disease as possible. there are numerous health heart supplements, but only", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4324834225164278, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.985124"} {"text": "- can have a harmful effect on our bodies. they can create heart disease. the best supplements for heart health should address as many of the major controllable risk factors for developing heart disease as possible. there are numerous health heart supplements, but only a few may actually be beneficial. there are also risk factors that one cannot avoid such as heredity, gender and age that raise the risk of heart attack. though you are not in a position to prevent this, the chances are you may not get heart disease at all, as these are probable factors only. what are the tests that determine your heart health and how does one diagnose it? one of the simple techniques such as your heart beat will give the first inclination to your physician whether you have a healthy heart. by checking your pulse, the doctor will be able to come to a conclusion of your heart health from the rhythm, rate and regularity of the heart. another test that will help diagnose your heart health is your blood pressure. blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury, and this will indicate the blood pressure in the arteries. there are two types of pressure readings when the reading is done and they are systolic and diastolic. an electrocardiogram ( ecg ) is a test where the physicians are able to find whether a person has suffered a silent heart attack. this is test that is considered and regular monitoring is done through ecg to find out when heart ailment is suspected.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4695102320751775, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.985779"} {"text": "i look for and find small to large areas on and under the ground : lands and rocks that have something we want, something that we will mine if we can make enough money. first, we drive or fly into an area of great promise, so we can put small and large rocks into bags. these rocks in bags are sent away so we can find out what they are made of, so we can see what the numbers will tell us. if we like what the numbers say, then we walk around the area of interest making notes and drawing lines in our field books and on large pieces of paper, and searching, always searching for the right signs. after that, if the signs are good and the numbers from the rocks are even better, we push long, round, empty spaces into the ground and pull out rocks to place in bags or boxes, all so we can continue to find out what the rocks are made of. after looking at several areas, we eventually find exactly what we are trying to find - - rocks that can make us some money ( the numbers, some computers, and men and women that study numbers and work with computers tell us how it all came out ; they * never * let us just go with our best guess ). then we put in a mine by using picks and other, larger and louder things, to go as deep under the ground as needed. after that, we take the money we made - - while finding the good rocks or while working at the mine - - to a bar, where we drink out of large glasses or bottles filled with something we like ( fill in the _ _ _ _ ). : - ) then we go back out into new areas to look for more rocks that can make us some money ( or rocks that we at least like, because we all like rocks, except maybe for the men and women who really like numbers and computers ). permalink for this description of what i do as a mineral exploration geologist at the up - goer five text editor. meme directive from ann and chris at highly allochthonous : go to the up goer 5 text editor and explain your research or discipline in the 10 hundred most common words. ten hundred words of science : a compilation of many of these descriptions. twitter : # upgoerfive # upgoer5", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4955930697163331, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.988109"} {"text": "- invasion of iwo jima and okinawa, 1 april 1945 - invasion of iwo jima and okinawa, map of 9 april - 30 june 1945 map of the invasion of iwo jima and okinawa, 1945 - operations map of iwo jima, prepared 23 oct 1944 iwo jima maps, ww ii part of the images are used with the kind permission from the history department at the united states military academy see also : general maps about the far east and the pacific during the ww ii the battle of iwo jima ( february 19, 1945 \u2013 march 26, 1945 ) was the united states capture of the island of iwo jima from japan, producing some of the fiercest fighting in the pacific campaign of world war ii. the japanese positions on the island were heavily fortified, with vast bunkers, hidden artillery, and 18 kilometers ( 11 mi ) of tunnels. the battle was the first american attack on the japanese home islands and the imperial soldiers defended their positions tenaciously. of the 21, 000 japanese soldiers present at the beginning of the battle, over 20, 000 were killed and only 216 taken prisoner. the u. s. invasion, known as operation detachment, was charged with the mission of capturing the airfields on iwo jima. the battle was immortalized by joe rosenthal \u2019 s photograph of the raising of the u. s. flag atop the 166 meter ( 546 ft ) mount suribachi by five marines and one navy corpsman. the photograph records the second flag - raising on the mountain, which took place on the fifth day of the 35 - day battle. the picture became the iconic image of the battle and has been heavily reproduced. \u2013 raising the flag on iwo jima, a photo by joe rosenthal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3870134277971574, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.990787"} {"text": "chapter xv. the commune. the story of the commune is piteous, disheartening, shameful, and terrible. it seems as if during three months of 1871 \" human nature, \" as carlyle says of it in his \" french revolution, \" \" had thrown off all formulas, and come out human! \" it is the story of those whom the french call \" the people, \" - we \" the mob, \" or \" the populace, \" - let loose upon society, and society in its turn mercilessly avenging itself for its wrongs. by march 12, 1871, the prussian soldiers had quitted the environs of paris, and were in full march for their homes. two of the detached forts, however, remained eighteen months longer in their hands. on march 20 the national assembly was to begin its session at versailles. the provinces were very mistrustful of paris, and the assembling of the deputies at versailles was of itself a proof of the want of national confidence in the parisians. when it was made known that the german army was to enter paris, the national guard of belleville and montmartre stole cannon from the fortifications, and placed them in position in their own quarter on the heights, so that they could fire into the city. on march 18 general vinoy, who had succeeded trochu as military commander of paris, demanded that these cannon should be given back to the city. many of them had been purchased by subscription during the siege, but they were not the property of the men of belleville and montmartre, but of the whole national guard. a regiment of the line was ordered to take possession of them, and they did so. but immediately after, the soldiers fraternized with the national guard of belleville, and surrendered their prize. an officer of chasseurs had been killed, and general lecomte twice ordered his men to fire on the insurgents. they refused to obey him. \" general lecomte is right, \" said a gentleman who was standing in a crowd of angry men at a street - corner near the scene of action. he was seized at once, and was soon recognized as general clement thomas, formerly commander of the national guard of paris. he had done gallant service during the siege ; but that consideration had no weight with the insurgents. general lecomte had been already arrested. \" we will put you with him, \" cried the mob, - \" you, who dare to speak in defence of such a sc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4249626162638813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.994846"} {"text": "during the siege ; but that consideration had no weight with the insurgents. general lecomte had been already arrested. \" we will put you with him, \" cried the mob, - \" you, who dare to speak in defence of such a scoundrel. \" both the unfortunate generals were immediately imprisoned. [ footnote 1 : leighton, paris under the commune. ] at four p. m. they were brought forth by about one hundred insurgent national guards ; lecomte ' s hands were tied, those of general thomas were free. they were marched to an empty house, where a mock trial took place. no rescue was attempted, though soldiers of the line stood by. the two prisoners were then conducted to a walled enclosure at the end of the street. as soon as the party halted, an officer of the national guard seized general thomas by the collar and shook him violently, holding a revolver to his head, and crying out, \" confess that you have betrayed the republic! \" the general shrugged his shoulders. the officer retired. the report of twenty muskets rent the air, and general thomas fell, face downward. they ordered lecomte to step over his body, and to take his place against the wall. another report succeeded, and the butchery was over. by evening the national guard had taken possession of the hotel - de - ville, and the outer boulevards were crowded by men shouting that they had made a revolution. on this day the insurgents assumed the name of \" federes, \" or federals, denoting their project of converting the communistic cities of france into a federal republic. in vain the government put forth proclamations calling on all good citizens, and on the old national guard, to put down insurrection and maintain order and the republic. the old battalions of the national guard, about twenty thousand strong, had been composed chiefly of tradesmen and gentlemen ; these, as soon as the siege was over, had for the most part left the city. bismarck ' s proposition to jules favre had been to leave the old national guard its arms, that it might preserve order, but to take advantage of the occasion to disarm the new battalions. as we have seen, all were permitted to retain their arms ; but the chancellor told jules favre he would live to repent having obtained the concession. the friends of order, in spite of the government ' s proclamations, could with difficulty be roused to action. there were two parties in paris, - the passives, and the active", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4450421213329623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.996965"} {"text": "you must be familiar with slope - intercept form ( y = mx + b ), and understand which numbers in the equation are m and b, and how to graph them. mark b on the graph, then graph the slope ( m ) from that point. inequalities are very similar, with only a few differences : - it ' s not a line of solutions as in a linear equation ; it is a solid or dashed boundary line that shows on which side all the solutions are. - shade above or below the boundary line, showing on which side all the solutions are. - change the direction of the inequality ( >, < ) if you divide by a negative number. your work by using ( 0, 0 ) as a test point. this will help you know if your answer is correct, and if you forgot to change the direction of the inequality. these videos cover the same topic, but go about solving in slightly different ways. i watched all of them, and gleaned a little more from each one. ( 1 ) from yourteacher. com - graphing using a table ( 2 ) boundary line ( 3 ) graphing using slope - intercept form, y = mx + b ( 4 ) graphing using slope - intercept form. he is fast, so pause and read the text on the board. ( 5 ) graphing using slope - intercept form", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4775242571395687, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:50.999242"} {"text": "by oliver lamere retold by richard l. dieterle when the villagers found out about this they went hunting for the raccoon. as hard as he tried, raccoon could not control his laughter, and soon the villagers found him. after they shot him dead, they took his hide and fastened it to a tree trunk. commentary. \" fell into the lake \" \u2014 raccoons have the odd habit of taking their prey and \" washing \" them in water before eating them. ( few scientists actually believe that they are washing their food, but just what they are doing is a subject of speculation. ) thus the raccoon causes many other animals to take an unwilling bath, in a way that looks like a cruel joke. \" raccoon could not control his laughter \" \u2014 in contemporary america, raccoons are noted for the mischief they cause in invading trash cans to eat discarded food. they generally come out only in the dark when all humans are blind, but the noise they make in the course of this mischief usually gives them away, making it easy for hunters to dispatch them. \" a tree trunk \" \u2014 ne other waika associates tree trunks with raccoons. the association may derive at least partly from raccoons using the water that collects in tree stumps to emerse their food before eating it. however, there is probably much more to it. comparative material : a lakota story has some interesting similarities to our hocak tale. one day as hare was wandering about, he encountered a solitary lodge that looked very much like an oak tree. there inside he found an old man who had gone completely blind. the grandfather told hare that the great spirit had provided for him by giving him bags of food of the very best kind so that he would not be in want ; furthermore, a rope path had been constructed to the lake, and another one out into the woods where firewood could be gathered. hare thought this an idyllic life, and offered to trade his own eyes for the grandfather ' s lodge. the grandfather warned him, but hare would not be dissuaded. so the two of them made the trade. hare loved the easy and tasty food, but had to go to the lake to fetch some water. unlike the old grandfather, hare walked briskly and when he stumbled, he pulled half the rope down. soon he was navigating without any guide and suddenly fell down a slippery slope into the lake. later he went out to fetch firewood, but broke that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42790864496544256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.005693"} {"text": "grandfather, hare walked briskly and when he stumbled, he pulled half the rope down. soon he was navigating without any guide and suddenly fell down a slippery slope into the lake. later he went out to fetch firewood, but broke that rope too, and could not find his way back. so he called upon his brother, who could always hear him, for aid. his brother brought the grandfather back and the traded back again. the old man liked the bow and arrow, but was too feeble to easily use them and was glad to be back to his lodge in the oak tree. the hidatsa story replaces raccoon with coyote. one day coyote was traveling about when he came across a lodge with a string attached to it leading down to the river bank. there he saw an old man fishing. inside the lodge was another very old man sleeping. he soon discovered that both these men were blind. the man at the river caught a fish, but coyote quietly scooped it up and brought it back to the lodge. the other man got up and began to prepare a kettle for the fish he found inside. meanwhile, the other old man noticed his fish was missing. the second man told him that he had a fish, and that they could share it, but coyote had taken the fish and eaten everything but the bones, which he threw back into the pot. when they took out the fish, they found only bones. each accused the other of having eaten it. coyote swatted each with a hot poker, and they were soon fighting one another. eventually, they realized that they had been hit with a single stick, but by then coyote had gone back to the village. stories : featuring raccoons as characters : the abduction and rescue of trickster, the were - fish, lake waksikhomigra ( mendota ) : the origin of its name, the spirit of maple bluff, bladder and his brothers, the raccoon coat, trickster and the mothers ; mentioning blind people : a raccoon tricks four blind men, hare visits the blind men, the raccoon coat, big eagle cave mystery, the roaster, eats the stinking part of the deer ankle, owl goes hunting. themes : blindness : the raccoon coat, a raccoon tricks four blind men, hare visits the blind men, big eagle cave mystery, thunderbird and white horse ; people are led astray by a raccoon : a raccoon tricks four blind men, bladder and his brothers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45592236199537683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.006695"} {"text": "starting point : pedagogic resources for teaching and learning economics abstractthis article describes starting point : teaching and learning economics, a web - based portal that makes innovative pedagogic resources and effective teaching practices easily accessible to economists. starting point introduces economists to teaching innovations through 16 online modules, each containing a general description of a specific pedagogic method, theory and evidence supporting effective use of the method, classroom implementation guides, and a library of economics - based examples that illustrate use of the teaching method. in addition, each module includes an online form allowing faculty to contribute their own classroom - based teaching examples to the examples library. download infoif you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. in case of further problems read the ideas help page. note that these files are not on the ideas site. please be patient as the files may be large. bibliographic infoarticle provided by taylor and francis journals in its journal the journal of economic education. volume ( year ) : 43 ( 2012 ) issue ( month ) : 2 ( april ) contact details of provider : you can help add them by filling out this form. reading list or among the top items on ideas. access and download statistics for technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact : ( michael mcnulty ). if references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5547872389470678, "token_count": 302, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.008172"} {"text": "the anatomy of health insurance in : handbook of health economics abstractthis article describes the anatomy of health insurance. it begins by considering the optimal design of health insurance policies. such policies must make tradeoffs appropriately between risk sharing on the one hand and agency problems such as moral hazard ( the incentive of people to seek more care when they are insured ) and supplier - induced demand ( the incentive of physicians to provide more care when they are well reimbursed ) on the other. optimal coinsurance arrangements make patients pay for care up to the point where the marginal gains from less risk sharing are just offset by the marginal benefits from reduced provision of low valued care. empirical evidence shows that both moral hazard and demand - inducement are quantitatively important. coinsurance based on expenditure is a crude control mechanism. moreover, it places no direct incentives on physicians, who are responsible for most expenditure decisions. to place such incentives on physicians is the goal of supply - side cost containment measures, such as utilization review and capitation. this goal motivates the surge in managed care in the united states, which unites the functions of insurance and provision, and allows for active management of the care that is delivered. the analysis then turns to the operation of health insurance markets. economists generally favor choice in health insurance for the same reasons they favor choice in other markets : choice allows people to opt for the plan that is best for them and encourages plans to provide services efficiently. but choice in health insurance is a mixed blessing because of adverse selection - - the tendency of the sick to choose more generous insurance than the healthy. when sick and healthy enroll in different plans, plans disproportionately composed of poor risks have to charge more than they would if they insured an average mix of people. the resulting high premiums create two adverse effects : they discourage those who are healthier but would prefer generous care from enrolling in those plans ( because the premiums are so high ), and they encourage plans to adopt measures that deter the sick from enrolling ( to reduce their overall costs ). the welfare losses from adverse selection are large in practice. added to them are further losses from premiums that vary with observable health status. because insurance is contracted for annually, people are denied a valuable form of intertemporal insurance - - the right to buy health coverage at average rates in the future should they get sick today. as the ability to predict future health status increases, the lack of intertemporal insurance will become more problematic. the article concludes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5258782950122083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.011979"} {"text": "##temporal insurance - - the right to buy health coverage at average rates in the future should they get sick today. as the ability to predict future health status increases, the lack of intertemporal insurance will become more problematic. the article concludes by relating health insurance to the central goal of medical care expenditures - - better health. studies to date are not clear on which approaches to health insurance promote health in the most cost - efficient manner. resolving this question is the central policy concern in health economics. download infoif you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. in case of further problems read the ideas help page. note that these files are not on the ideas site. please be patient as the files may be large. this chapter was published in : this item is provided by elsevier in its series handbook of health economics with number v : 1 : 1 - 11. contact details of provider : web page : http : / / www. elsevier. com / wps / find / bookseriesdescription. cws _ home / bs _ he / description other versions of this item : - i1 - health, education, and welfare - - health you can help add them by filling out this form. blog mentionsas found by econacademics. org, the blog aggregator for economics research : citec project, subscribe to its rss feed for this item. this item has more than 25 citations. to prevent cluttering this page, these citations are listed on a separate page. reading list or among the top items on ideas. access and download statistics for technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact : ( wendy shamier ). if references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5157877688255174, "token_count": 376, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.012711"} {"text": "financing lifelong learning abstractthis paper describes and analyzes different financial schemes to promote lifelong learning. considered are financial instruments to stimulate successful early learning, financial aid schemes and subsidization mechanisms. theoretical analyses about funding of early learning have mainly focused on vouchers. yet, the available empirical evidence is more ambiguous about the effects of vouchers than about the effects of conditional cash transfers and financial incentives for pupils and teachers. positive effects of financial incentives to pupils are not restricted to high ability pupils, as low ability students also seem to benefit. the evidence regarding the effects of subsidy forms is limited. the most prominent knowledge gaps regarding the effects of various financing schemes related to lifelong learning are the effects of vouchers in compulsory education ; financial aid schemes for students ; and entitlements and individual learning accounts. download infoif you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. in case of further problems read the ideas help page. note that these files are not on the ideas site. please be patient as the files may be large. bibliographic infopaper provided by the world bank in its series policy research working paper series with number 4569. date of creation : 01 mar 2008 date of revision : tertiary education ; access to finance ; primary education ; teaching and learning ; economics of education ; this paper has been announced in the following nep reports : you can help add them by filling out this form. citec project, subscribe to its rss feed for this item. - peter w jones, 2005. \" financing for life long education : for real gdp growth in jamaica, \" development and comp systems 0511022, econwpa. for technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact : ( roula i. yazigi ). if references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5088256423785636, "token_count": 399, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.014637"} {"text": "charles stuart ballantine born : 22 september 1897 born on september 22, 1897, at germantown, philadelphia, pennsylvania, mr. ballantine ' s interest in radio developed from a boyhood hobby to a life work. he was educated at drexel institute, and in the graduate school of harvard university, specializing in mathematical physics. during the first world war he served as an expert radio aide in the philadelphia navy yard, where he had charge of the development of the navy coil - type compass, a forerunner of radar. he discovered the \" antenna effect \" in coil - type systems and invented the capacity compensator for its control. in 1923 he was awarded the john tyndall fellowship in physics at harvard university. at this time he developed the principle of negative feedback to stabilize and reduce distortion in transmission circuits, modulators, amplifiers, and detectors. mr. ballantine engaged in extensive studies of detection at high signal levels, fluctuation noise in radio receivers and tubes, development of technique for sound measurements of loudspeakers and receivers, microphone calibration, and broadcast receiver design. he invented a method of stabilizing radio - frequency amplifiers by means of a wheatstone - bridge circuit, and in 1929 made important contributions to the design and use of vacuum tubes for radio receiving sets, later improving condenser microphones in such a way as to permit increased fidelity in the transmission of sound programs. one of the most widely known of his many contributions to radio was his invention of the first \" throat microphone \" to pick up voice sounds directly from the larynx, a device of major importance to aviators, later widely used by the army air force. he founded the ballantine laboratories in 1934 and was its president until his death. mr. ballantine joined the institute of radio engineers as an associate in 1916 and transferred to the fellow grade in 1928. he organized the philadelphia section of the institute in 1920, acting as its chairman until 1926. he served on numerous committees of the institute, and was its president in 1935. he was a member of the franklin institute, the radio club of america, the american institute of electrical engineers, and the american association for the advancement of science. he was also a fellow of the american physical society and the acoustical society of america. he was awarded the morris liebmann memorial prize by the institute of radio engineers in 1931 for his outstanding accomplishments in acoustical and electrical inventions, and in 1934 he received the elliott cresson gold medal from the franklin", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5243028495295654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.019338"} {"text": "in the third lesson of this course, you will learn to say how you \u2019 re doing, ask about others and say where you are. first, a review of what you know. you can say what something is : 1 translation : this is tea. ( this - tea. ) you can also say that something is good : 2 translation : this tea good. you can ask if something ( like coffee - kofe ) is good ( using mi ) : 3 translation : this coffee good? you can say that something is not ( emas ) good : 4 translation : this coffee good not. you can ask where ( qayerda ) something ( like the hotel - bu mehmonxona ) is : 5 translation : the hotel where? you can say where something is. 6 translation : here 7 translation : there 8 translation : at the hotel you know how to say that is good : u yaxshi }. but if you want to say that you are good, you use an ending, [ man : i am good = yaxshiman say you are good : 9 translation : good - am. in uzbek, you don \u2019 t need the subject pronoun, i ( men ), but you can add it for emphasis : 10 translation : i good - am. you can also use this with \" post - positional phrases \". i am in the room = ( men ) bu xonadaman ( xona : room + - da : in + - man : am ) emphasizing the i by starting with men, say i am at the hotel : 11 translation : i hotel - at - am. now say i am here. 12 translation : i here - am. the word for you is siz. and - siz is the ending for saying ( you ) are. so asking where someone is goes like this : where are you? = you where - at - are? = siz qayerdasiz? 13 translation : where are you? and how would you say, you are there ( use siz at the beginning for emphasis ) : 14 translation : you are there. when you use the question word mi with the endings man and siz, it comes before these personal endings : are you good? = siz yaxshimisiz? ( yaxshi : good + mi :? + siz : are ) are you here? = siz buyerdamisiz? ( bu : this + yer : place + da : at + mi :? +", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5267924813826885, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.024958"} {"text": "##xshimisiz? ( yaxshi : good + mi :? + siz : are ) are you here? = siz buyerdamisiz? ( bu : this + yer : place + da : at + mi :? + siz : are ) how would you ask, are you at the hotel? ( skip the emphatic siz ) : 15 translation : this hotel - at -? - are give the answer, yes, i \u2019 m at the hotel : 16 translation : yes, this hotel - at - am. as you know, emas is not. to negate a sentence with - man or - siz, add them to emas. so, to say you \u2019 re not at the hotel goes like this : i am not at the hotel = this hotel - at not - am = bu mehmonxonada emasman say you \u2019 re not in the room : 17 translation : this room - at not - am. let \u2019 s have a short phone conversation. note that when i and you are in surrounded by dashes ( - i - ), you should start the sentence with men or siz for emphasis. your colleague starts by asking if you are well. 18 translation : are you well? 19 translation : - i - am well. are - you - well? he answers, yaxshi, good, then asks where you are. 20 translation : where are - you -? tell him you \u2019 re at the hotel. 21 translation : i \u2019 m at the hotel. he says he \u2019 ll see you later and you hang up, before preparing for lesson 4. in the next lesson, you \u2019 ll learn more about postpositions and how to ask for things.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5007290006233622, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.025564"} {"text": "for many of us, the term \u201c american indian \u201d brings to mind stories of indians \u2019 mastery of agriculture, and how they gave the earliest european settlers a few pointers that may have kept them alive. american indians \u2019 connection to the land \u2014 land they worked and harvested before anyone else \u2014 is ingrained in their identity. but sadly, over the last century or so, many indian traditions \u2014 including their practices of agriculture and cooking \u2014 became diluted or disappeared completely. sustainable economic development became hard to come by, and poverty skyrocketed. as a result, nutrition \u2014 followed by overall health \u2014 deteriorated among native peoples. without indigenous sources of food, junk food consumption became the norm. today, american indians and alaska natives are almost twice as likely ( 39. 4 percent ) as white americans ( 24. 3 percent ) to be obese, meaning they have a body - mass index of 30 or greater. perhaps most startling of all, american indians have the highest prevalence of diabetes in the nation, 16. 1 percent, compared to other major racial and ethnic groups \u2014 and more than twice that of white americans. but could an agricultural revolution, led by the tribes \u2019 youngest members, reverse this disturbing health trend among indians? when agriculture lawyer janie simms hipp, herself a citizen of the chickasaw nation, looks at recent data and the growing number of agriculture projects popping up among the nation \u2019 s 566 federally recognized tribes, she is hopeful. for one, the number of farms run by american indians or alaska natives almost doubled between 2002 and 2007, according to the united states department of agriculture \u2019 s census ( the 2012 census numbers have not been released yet ). and according to the national congress of american indians, agriculture is now the second largest employer of native people in the united states. \u201c there \u2019 s this growing realization that tribes that have access to land are ramping up their agricultural production, \u201d hipp says. \u201c it \u2019 s still a small percentage of overall number of farms, but when you start to put the lens around it that it is in proportion to native people \u2019 s general population and their utilization of the land in indian country, it really starts to have a pretty profound picture. \u201d but hipp adds that it doesn \u2019 t mean these agriculture projects are economically or environmentally sustainable, not to mention the difficulty tribal leaders have in creating policies around agriculture production. these problems led hipp and stacy leeds from the university of arkansas school of law \u2014 the nation \u2019 s only american indian law school dean \u2014 to en", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4128491303990944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.031373"} {"text": "economically or environmentally sustainable, not to mention the difficulty tribal leaders have in creating policies around agriculture production. these problems led hipp and stacy leeds from the university of arkansas school of law \u2014 the nation \u2019 s only american indian law school dean \u2014 to envision a legal entity that could shepherd tribes through issues of food systems, agriculture and community sustainability. having most recently served as the senior adviser for tribal relations to usda secretary thomas vilsack, hipp now serves as the founding director of the university of arkansas school of law \u2019 s indigenous food and agriculture initiative \u2014 which will work with tribes and tribal leaders to craft policies and business models that bolster sustainable food systems not only as a means of nutrition, but as an economic driver for the community. \u201c there \u2019 s a lot of awareness, a lot of interest, \u201d hipp says. \u201c what we haven \u2019 t had really is a focused interest in how you govern around food and agriculture. how does a tribal chairperson craft policy that resonates among their people, but also speaks to how they will deal with food issues around the reservation? \u201d rethinking these issues could not come soon enough for many american indian tribes, either, given the health epidemics that have taken hold in many communities. in 2011, the cdc reported that a third of the american indians in southern arizona have been diagnosed with diabetes, and in other native communities half or more of the adult population is diabetic. a recent study found that only 16 percent of native americans have a healthful diet, a reality hipp believes is largely brought on by poverty and lack of food access. \u201c when you are living in a community where 80 percent of the people are unemployed and no one can afford to put in food outlets, you get in a car with other people and you drive 100 miles off reservation to get food, \u201d she says. \u201c you can \u2019 t make that drive every day, so you are going to by definition pick up as many foods as you can that have as long a shelf life as possible. \u201d for hipp, hope for the future comes from looking at the energy of young american indians. like young people in the general population, there is evidence to suggest that native youth are more interested in food issues than their parents. the nationwide future farmers of america organization counts 12, 000 american indians among its membership. on a visit last fall to a tribal college in north dakota, hipp saw four community gardens on campus, and students reported gardens starting up in the numerous tribal communities that send youth to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47446556369748005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.032338"} {"text": "sex, gender, and sport at the olympic games this summer, competitors from around the world will present dazzling displays of athleticism and sportsmanship \u2014 that is, if they meet the international olympic committee \u2019 s ( ioc ) sex criteria. on june 22nd, just five weeks before the opening ceremonies in london, the ioc ruled that testosterone levels will be used to determine the eligibility of olympic athletes to compete in female - only events. this ruling came as a result of the controversial and humiliating investigation of caster semenya, the south african middle distance runner whose muscular physique and brilliant win in the 800 meters at the 2009 world championships raised questions about her sex. at the time these doubts were voiced, the international association of athletics federations ( iaaf ) lacked a clear policy for investigating such concerns. semenya was subjected to invasive medical testing and was banned from competition while the investigation continued. she was reinstated in 2010 and was recently named south africa \u2019 s flag bearer for the opening ceremonies of the london games. sex verification is not new ; questions about the \u201c true \u201d sex of olympic athletes have been raised since the 1920s, when women were first allowed to compete. tests \u2014 which counted the number of x chromosomes, or tested for the presence of sry, a gene on the y chromosome \u2014 looked for a single biological determinant of sex. in the 1960s, the ioc instituted universal testing, but ditched the mandate in 1999. single - sex sporting events exist to create fair and equal competitive environments, and in theory, sex testing protects the sanctity of these events. however, in the long history of official and non - official sex testing of female competitors, only a few men have been \u201c caught. \u201d instead, sex testing tends to uncover intersex characteristics and other disorders of sexual development ( dsd ) in women. the ioc \u2019 s new policy will not impose sex testing on all female athletes, but will only focus on female athletes whose sex is called into question and who are thought by an ioc or national olympic committee medical officer to have hyperandrogenism \u2014 higher than usual levels of testosterone. testosterone is a hormone naturally produced in men by the testes, in women by the ovaries, and in both sexes by the adrenal glands. if an athlete does not pass the exam, she will be prohibited from competing until she lowers her testosterone levels, either surgically or pharmaceutically. the policy is based on the beliefs that normal male and female testosterone levels do not overlap and that excess testosterone gives an unfair advantage", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45717830146556987, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.040187"} {"text": "not pass the exam, she will be prohibited from competing until she lowers her testosterone levels, either surgically or pharmaceutically. the policy is based on the beliefs that normal male and female testosterone levels do not overlap and that excess testosterone gives an unfair advantage because of its muscle building properties. however, many have denounced the policy as scientifically flawed, questioning the supposed gap between male and female testosterone ranges. furthermore, testosterone levels alone cannot predict athletic ability because every individual body responds differently to the hormone. although most people think of sex as a simple male - female binary, there is actually profound variation in the sex of even \u201c normal \u201d people. sex can be identified using at least six markers : chromosomes, gonads, hormones, secondary sex characteristics, and external and internal genitalia. no two people have exactly the same combination of these characteristics. the controversy over the ioc \u2019 s ruling is indicative of much larger societal uncertainties regarding gender and sexuality. is our binary approach to sex out of date? the ioc \u2019 s new policy is flawed and unfair, but it has forced us to reevaluate our views. while it is tempting to think that anyone who doesn \u2019 t fulfill traditional sex and gender expectations is a rare exception to biological rules, we must remember that none of us are really normal. sex isn \u2019 t just male or female, but a complex equation of factors. there will always be athletes with natural advantages \u2014 height, musculature, mental toughness, better work ethic, the list goes on. and there will always be winners and losers, too \u2014 that \u2019 s a fact of sport. so should a higher than normal testosterone level disqualify a woman from competing? probably not : hormone levels don \u2019 t necessarily confer an unfair advantage, and they certainly don \u2019 t determine sex on their own. although the ioc \u2019 s new rule was an earnest attempt to save competitors from embarrassing physical tests, it is neither scientifically nor ethically sound. testosterone testing isn \u2019 t the right solution. katrina hacker is a summer intern at the montefiore - einstein center for bioethics. she is a rising senior at princeton university, where she studies the history of science. after graduation, she plans to complete a post - baccalaureate pre - med program and attend medical school.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.47742925583608287, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.041178"} {"text": "botanical name : dioscorea villosa \u00a9 steven foster wild yam plants are found across the midwestern and eastern united states, latin america ( especially mexico ), and asia. several different species exist. all of which possess similar constituents and properties. the root is used medicinally. wild yam has been used in connection with the following conditions ( refer to the individual health concern for complete information ) : | science ratings | | health concerns | and relatively consistent scientific data showing a substantial health benefit. contradictory, insufficient, or preliminary studies suggesting a health benefit or minimal health benefit. for an herb, supported by traditional use but minimal or no scientific evidence. for a supplement, little scientific support and / or minimal health benefit. wild yam has been used by herbalists as an expectorant for people with coughs. it was also used for gastrointestinal upset, nerve pain, and morning sickness. 1 eventually, it was discovered that the saponins from wild yam could be converted industrially into cortisone, estrogens, and progesterone - like compounds. wild yam and other plants with similar constituents continue to be a source for these drugs. the steroidal saponins ( such as diosgenin ) account for some of the activity of wild yam. another compound, dioscoretine, has been shown in animal studies to lower blood sugar levels. 2 an extract of wild yam was also found in a clinical trial to have antioxidant properties and raised hdl, the \u201c good, \u201d cholesterol in elderly adults. 3 contrary to popular claims, wild yam roots do not contain and are not converted into progesterone or dehydroepiandrosterone ( dhea ) in the body. 4 5 pharmaceutical progesterone is made from wild yam using a chemical conversion process. this can lead to confusion \u2014 while wild yam can be a source of progesterone, it cannot be used without this pharmaceutical conversion, which cannot be duplicated by the body. women who require progesterone should consult with their physician and not rely on wild yam supplements. up to 2 \u2013 3 ml of wild yam tincture can be taken three to four times per day. alternatively, 1 gram of dried, powdered root can be taken three times each day. 6 some people may experience nausea or vomiting when taking large amounts of wild yam ( several times the amounts listed above ). the safety of wild", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4266828200134969, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.045107"} {"text": "per day. alternatively, 1 gram of dried, powdered root can be taken three times each day. 6 some people may experience nausea or vomiting when taking large amounts of wild yam ( several times the amounts listed above ). the safety of wild yam during pregnancy and breast feeding has not been established. at the time of writing, there were no well - known drug interactions with wild yam. 1. lust jb. the herb book. new york : bantam books, 1974, 401. 2. iwu mm, okunji co, ohiaeri go, et al. hypoglycaemic activity of dioscoretine from tubers of dioscorea dumetorum in normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. planta med 1990 ; 56 : 264 \u2013 7. 3. araghiniknam m, chung s, nelson - white t, et al. antioxidant activity of dioscorea and dehydroepiandrosterone ( dhea ) in older humans. life sci 1996 ; 11 : 147 \u2013 57. 4. araghiniknam m, chung s, nelson - white t, et al. antioxidant activity of dioscorea and dehydroepiandrosterone ( dhea ) in older humans. life sci 1996 ; 11 : 147 \u2013 57. 5. dollbaum cm. lab analyses of salivary dhea and progesterone following ingestion of yam - containing products. townsend letter for doctors and patients oct 1995 : 104. 6. bertram t. encyclopedia of herbal medicine. dorset, england : grace publishers, 1995, 454. copyright \u00a9 2007 healthnotes, inc. all rights reserved. www. healthnotes. com learn more about healthnotes, the company. learn more about the authors of healthnotes. the information presented in healthnotes is for informational purposes only. it is based on scientific studies ( human, animal, or in vitro ), clinical experience, or traditional usage as cited in each article. the results reported may not necessarily occur in all individuals. for many of the conditions discussed, treatment with prescription or over the counter medication is also available. consult your doctor, practitioner, and / or pharmacist for any health problem and before using any supplements or before making any changes in prescribed medications. information expires september 2008.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42846685595099177, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.046104"} {"text": "can occur anywhere in the world where convective storms occur. near mountainous terrain, the additional uplift often increases hail occurrences. some of the highest frequencies of hail occur in western china and northern india. hail also occurs frequently near the alps in europe, andes in s. america, and in mountainous east africa. australia also has hail, particularly in new south wales. for information on australian hail, see : http : / / www. boin. gov. au / weather / nsw / sevwx / hailfact. shtml for the 1999 sidney, australia hailstorm. the climatology of hailstorms in great britain may be seen at : http : / / www. torro. org. in the united states, hails most frequently occur in hail alley : the great plains states, especially northeastern colorado and southeastern wyoming, receive more hail yearly than any other part of the united states. the states experiencing the most frequent hail include : colorado, wyoming, nebraska, kansas, texas, and oklahoma. hail in this area of the country is most likely to fall late in the afternoon during the months of may and june and is often responsible for extensive crop loss, property damage and livestock deaths. while hail is most frequent in ne colorado, severe hail ( 3 / 4 \u201d or greater, or damaging ) shows highest frequencies further east, in oklahoma. geography of large hail large hail is known to farmers and insurance companies as the most destructive. in the map below, hail of 2 \u201d and greater is mapped. ( source : nssl, noaa ) to look for hail occurrences in any state of the united states, please go to http : / / www. nssl. noaa. gov / hazard / hazardmap. html a map of severe hail in colorado shows that not all of the state has high risk for damaging hail. however, of the 1200 reported events, clusters appear in ne colorado over the high plains parallel to the rocky mountains. distribution of severe hail in colorado. for more information on colorado hail, please go to hailstorm of 1998 is discussed at : canadian hailstorms occur most frequently to the east of the rockies in alberta, with damaging hail also occurring along the southern portions of the prairie for information on hailstorm patterns in alberta using radar, see :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4209551731518116, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.048716"} {"text": "download full text ( 640 kb ) decision - making problems in water resources are often associated with multiple objectives and multiple stakeholders. to enable more effective and acceptable decision outcome, it is required that more participation is ensured in the decision making process. this is particularly relevant for flood management problems where the number of stakeholders could be very large. although application of multi - objective decision - making tools in water resources is very wide, application with the consideration of multiple stakeholders is much more limited. the solution methodologies adapted for multi - objective multi - participant decision problems are generally based on aggregation of decisions obtained for individual decision makers. this approach seems somewhat inadequate when the number of stakeholders is very large, as often is the case in flood management. the present study has been performed to have an overview of existing solution methodologies for multi - objective decision making approaches in water resources. decision making by single and multiple stakeholders has been considered under both deterministic and uncertain conditions. it has been found that the use of fuzzy set theory to represent various uncertainties associated with decision making situations under multi - objective multiple - participant environment is very promising. coupled with multi - objective methods ( e. g. compromise programming and goal programming ), fuzzy approach has also the ability to support group decisions, to reflect collective opinions and conflicting judgments. department of civil and environmental engineering, the university of western ontario london, ontario, canada overview, multiple objectives, multiple stakeholders, decision - making, flood management civil and environmental engineering akter, taslima and simonovic, slobodan p., \" a general overview of multi - objective multiple - participant decision making for flood management \" ( 2002 ). water resources research report. book 4.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5284373098591391, "token_count": 340, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.051886"} {"text": "i am usually questioned by friends regarding java io. questions usually revolve between byte and char conversion and what determines the codepage used. my answer to them is always the same : if you are using streams you are dealing with bytes and if you are dealing with readers and writers then you are dealing with chars ( usually you specified codepage to be used or it is using system default ). i usually tell them to distrust any class named somethingstream that have any method that operates over strings ( eg. : servletoutputstream ) cause they \u2019 ll usually do some implicit conversion ( either using system codepage or something else out of your control ). i \u2019 ve prepared a diagram to clarify the main java io classes ( and their main methods also ) : on the bottom you \u2019 ll find stream classes, they operate on bytes so codepage here is irrelevant. in the middle you \u2019 ll find conversion classes : those are the ones that allow you to forcefully define a codepage, they are the bridge classes that allow you to plug a writer on an outputstream or a reader on an inputstream. you may use them to specify, for example, a codepage for writing on a tcp socket. and lastly, on top, you \u2019 ll find character ( and therefore string ) oriented classes : reader and writer. you may have noticed that i have included the buffered version of the stream classes. the output one provides better performance under certain scenarios. the bufferedinputstream on the other hand allows you to mark and rewind its content, something usually useful for implementing protocol interpreters.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5025189109246921, "token_count": 325, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.053543"} {"text": "entanglement of large whales a new area of work for the iwc is to assist countries and properly trained individuals in responding to large whales that have become entangled in fishing gear or other marine debris. entanglement of all species of large whales can occur, at varying rates, throughout their geographical range. such events create severe welfare issues for the entangled animal which may ultimately die. an additional, and very important consideration lies with the safety of teams tasked with attempting to free an entangled whale. the iwc has addressed this issue by holding two international workshops in order to develop recommendations for action. the first workshop was held in 2010 in maui, hawaii and its report can be found here. this report includes several recommendations, including to establish local response capabilities, with appropriate national authority. it developed an assessment and decision tree for structuring the response to entangled whales, and also addressed the question of euthanasia should all efforts to free an animal fail. the report of the second workshop, held in provincetown ( usa ) in 2011 can be found here. this workshop was attended by representatives from every major whale disentanglement response team in the world, and its recommendations were developed by drawing on their collective experiences. the workshop recognised the benefits that would arise from the formation of a global network of large whale entanglement response organisations, and suggested that there would be great value in the network being established under the auspices of the iwc. since the conclusion of the workshop the iwc \u2019 s secretariat has continued to promote the development of large whale entanglement response teams around the world by conducting a training programme, which uses the principles and guidelines, training strategy and curriculum developed by the global network at the provincetown workshop ( appendi e and f of the report ). click here to be taken to our entanglement photo gallery", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5695861129648324, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.055429"} {"text": "the different pitch accent patterns is easily the most noticeable phonetic difference when you look at the kansaiben dialects ( and it ' s important to mention that this is a group of dialects rather than a single dialect with no internal regional variation ), so it ' s easy to conclude that this is the only real different in pronunciation between standard japanese and kansaiben. if i understand correctly you are not interested in the many differences in vocabulary and grammar between the two dialects, so i ' ll stick to phonetics and phonology. in the realm of basic phonology, modern kansaiben seems to maintain more or less the same phoneme distinctions as standard japanese. it doesn ' t have ( or at least i ' m not aware of ) distinctions that don ' t exist in standard japanese such as distinguishing an extra consonant or vowel sound. when kansaiben does seem to differ phonologically, it ' s usually deeper into the territory where these phonological differences may have already morphed into vocabulary differences. kansaiben has a noted tendency to extend short, one - mora words ( a lot of which are body part names ), into two - morae words by lengthening the vowels. oddly enough, these words also may have different pitch accents depending on the word, so ( \u76ee, eye ) has a lh pitch, while (, hair ) has an hl pitch and ( ) blood bears a flat hh pitch. in standard japanese there are only two possible pitch patterns for these words and they can both be properly distinguished only if some particle follows that word ( because the pitch accent is relative and can only be distinguished when hearing the pitch rising or falling ). while short - vowels in one - mora words are lengthened, long vowels are sometimes shortened ( as in the long o - form of verbs ) and conversely again, a \u3063 ( small - tsu ) sound is often replaced by lengthening of the previous vowels. but both of these changes are not as regular or sweeping as the previous one, and they seem to fall more properly into the realms of vocabulary and grammar. sometimes the boundary between phonology and vocabulary becomes quite murky, and this seems to be the case here. even the lengthening of one - mora words, which does seem to be sweeping, is probably not an enforced phonological constraint anymore, since practically any young ( as in younger than 50 years old : ) ) kansaiben speaker can easily say these words without lengthening the vowel, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47504499673044903, "token_count": 507, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.059105"} {"text": ", which does seem to be sweeping, is probably not an enforced phonological constraint anymore, since practically any young ( as in younger than 50 years old : ) ) kansaiben speaker can easily say these words without lengthening the vowel, and in fact most do just that when they speak standard japanese. this is actually a tendency you everywhere in the modernized world, where mass media and higher mobilization has caused people to be bilingual in both their dialect and the standard language. this means that even if your dialect lacks some phoneme that is present in the standard language, when you borrow that word into your dialect you ' re much more likely to keep this phoneme as - is, since you can pronounce it anyway. but there is one phonological feature of kansaiben ( besides the accent ) which is strikingly different from standard japanese and cannot be attributed to vocabulary : devoicing of vowels. i think the video jkerian linked makes this quite apparent : when tokyo chicken and osaka dog pronounce ( chopsticks ), they don ' t only differ by the pitch accent they use, but also by how much they elide the last vowel of the word. tokyo chicken sometimes discards the vowel completely ( saying [ ha\u0283 ] instead of [ ha\u0283i ] ), but osaka dog will always pronounce it. in general, devoicing of the vowels / i / and / u /, which is so common in standard japanese, is much more rare in kansaiben. what ' s more interesting, is that even if it does occur, it may not necessarily occur in the same places as in standard japanese, since the pitch accent does have some influence on whether a vowel gets elided or not. in this case, if tokyo chicken would have said with the same pitch accent as osaka dog ( or if it just said \u6a4b or in tokyo dialect, like it did later ), the vowel / i / would never get devoiced.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49462343930978636, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.059897"} {"text": "look for the best html books to get you up to speed or hone your skills? html is easy to learn, understand, and master. partnered with css, it is the building block of all web design and development today. if you are just starting out learning web languages, a html crash course is where you want to start. it \u2019 s best to first develop both your traditional html and css skills, then move on to building a working knowledge of what \u2019 s new with html5 and css3. html and css : design and build websites this book is one that delivers html and css in a way that makes it accessible to everyone \u2013 hobbyists, students, bloggers and professionals. it is primarily aimed at those new to the subject. if you \u2019 re looking for a great book to introduce web design and development to someone, then this one is a definite winner. extremely visual in nature and beautifully designed, this book presents concepts and codes with full - colour diagrams, figures and screenshots. the information is well organised and explained in a very easy to follow manner. it covers relevant topics that go beyond html, including deploying your file and incorporating google analytics into your site. the # 1 book on this list for good reason. read more.. head first html with css & xhtml the head first series is renowned for presenting information to beginners in a clear, fun and informative manner. the book is a breeze to follow and introduces its audience to html through examples, case studies and flowing text. it manages to take the conceptually easy but sometimes difficult to grasp topics of html, xhtml and css and break them down into a way that anyone can follow. if you \u2019 re concerned about your ability to gain a solid understanding of html and css or feel other \u2018 technical \u2019 books in this list are too much, then grab this html book and you won \u2019 t look back. read more.. html, xhtml, and css, sixth edition another well written and easy to understand html book, aimed at entry - level web designers and full of great examples. it is an easy read that successfully introduces its audience to html & css, and small enough that you can pretty much read the whole thing in a day. cleanly designed and well laid out, this one will have you up and running in no time. read more.. html, xhtml, and css : your visual blueprint for designing effective web pages this is a unique guide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42344137792988457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.064102"} {"text": "day. cleanly designed and well laid out, this one will have you up and running in no time. read more.. html, xhtml, and css : your visual blueprint for designing effective web pages this is a unique guidebook that takes a visual approach to teaching professional technical topics. full of screenshots detailing key html & css techniques, this book is logical, comprehensive and well thought out. this html book is a great primer and its depth is second to none, aimed at both beginners and more advanced designers alike. it covers topics such as search engines, css hacks, and common pitfalls as well as providing a wealth of html knowledge. direct and to the point, without the expected dryness, it is highly rated and popular among web enthusiasts. read more.. sams teach yourself html and css in 24 hours sure, you could cram an entire book and learn html and css in 24 hours if you really wanted to. if you look past the title ( as i generally do with these types of books ) you \u2019 ll find a clear, well - written book of lessons. each one builds upon the previous, allowing beginners to learn the essentials from the ground up. aimed at those truly new to html and css, this book will have you understanding the languages in no time at all. this book does skip some important topics however, and the constant advertisements were quite unnecessary. read more.. html & css : the complete reference this is the most comprehensive, complete and up to date reference book for css and html. perfect if you don \u2019 t want to learn as a complete novice and prefer to follow a detailed and technical approach. this book comes complete with a thorough index and list of attributes as well as solid examples of code usage. it will teach you enough of the fundamentals and syntax of the languages while acting like a reference point for more advanced users. read more.. html & xhtml : the definitive guide this is a definitive guide to html and is definitely one you \u2019 ll want in your collection. very popular and well received, well - written and informative. great as a starting point or for reference material you \u2019 ll continue to use long after its first read. this book covers every tag and related attributes, provides a solid introduction to the fundamentals of html and web design, and good information on trends and browser compatibility. read more.. html a beginner \u2019 s guide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4521156598051026, "token_count": 503, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.065109"} {"text": "w. mentor, j. d., ph. d. role of media presented \" experts \" in minor problems with the search methodology became apparent during the process of data coding. the columbine incident included the use of bombs and an attempt to use explosives to destroy parts of the building. as a result, media reports often referred to \" bomb experts. \" mention of this type of expert accounted for 28 of the 125 columbine stories. another factor that increased the number of stories was that as these incidents became larger news events, the media would use hints of new information as hooks to motivate the viewer to stay tuned. these hooks, placed at the end of a news report that presented expert commentary on issues unrelated to school shootings, led to an increased number of stories that contained the requested search terms. frequency of nbc stories related to school shootings on october 1, 1997, luke woodham opened fire on classmates in pearl, mississippi. while not the first school shooting of the year ( shootings in florida and alaska had been previously reported ), this was the first school shooting to receive more than a single mention on nbc news. nbc ' s coverage of these shootings began with a statement that was not supported by their news coverage over the previous ten months. tom brokaw introduced the story. \" almost every week now, it seems, some peaceful place in america is rocked by a teen - age crime so violent it is difficult to fathom. tonight it ' s a small town in mississippi, a 16 - year - old boy with girlfriend problems \" ( nbc nightly news, october 1, 1997 ). over the next three weeks nbc news mentioned the incident in seventeen news broadcasts. the next school shooting occurred on december 1, in paducah, kentucky. forty - five stories mentioned the shootings over the next three weeks. coverage of the paducah shooting, like the pearl stories and those that would follow, included the definition of, and introduction to, an individual who became a hero as a result of his or her actions. another theme that began to emerge was related to questions regarding whether or not to try the teen shooter as an adult. jonesboro was the site of the third school shooting ( march 24, 1998 ). nbc news broadcast eighty - five shooting related stories over the next three weeks. it is interesting to note that one of the jonesboro stories included a description of an arkansas incident in which two students were wounded by a sniper shooting from a wooded area ( nbc news at sunrise, december 16,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4272619014572877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.105196"} {"text": "related stories over the next three weeks. it is interesting to note that one of the jonesboro stories included a description of an arkansas incident in which two students were wounded by a sniper shooting from a wooded area ( nbc news at sunrise, december 16, 1997 ). surprisingly, this was the only mention of an incident that appears to be very similar to the jonesboro shootings a few months later. on april 25 a teacher was shot and killed at a school dance in edinboro, pennsylvania. this story, somewhat merged with the jonesboro stories, was mentioned in fourteen broadcasts, bringing the total stories, from march 24 to may 8, to ninety - nine. while we might expect that the cumulative impact of these incidents would result in an increasing number of stories, the increase in coverage was greater than that which could be explained by the overlapping coverage of several similar incidents. the jonesboro stories made only passing reference to the previous incidents and none of the ninety - nine stories had the previous incidents as a major focus. on may 21, 1998, another school shooting occurred in springfield, oregon. this story was mentioned in seventy - five broadcasts over the next eight days. the trial of luke woodham, the pearl shooter, began june 2. the trial resulted in thirty - nine stories, over twice the number of stories that originally discussed the shootings. another shooting, resulting in the wounding of two school employees, occurred on june 15. twelve broadcasts discussed this incident. the jonesboro trial began august 9, resulting in fifteen additional stories related to the jonesboro shootings. the columbine incident occurred on april 28, 1999. this story resulted in one hundred thirty - nine stories within eight days. at the end of three weeks the shootings had generated two hundred and eighty stories. a simple count of news stories indicates that nbc news increased their coverage with each incident. the total number of stories went from 17 for the first incident to 45 for the next. the jonesboro shootings resulted in 85 stories over a three - week period. the springfield shooting was the subject of 75 stories, now compressed into eight days following the shooting. finally, the columbine shootings generated 139 stories in the eight days following the incident. interestingly, although the news coverage had significantly increased with each new incident, the information provided had not necessarily increased at the same rate. many broadcasts now included brief mention of the incident, often mixed with non related stories. for example, the today show and dateline nbc would often include program notes such as \" ahead in this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4315819124972653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.106323"} {"text": "the information provided had not necessarily increased at the same rate. many broadcasts now included brief mention of the incident, often mixed with non related stories. for example, the today show and dateline nbc would often include program notes such as \" ahead in this hour, we ' re going to talk about school violence. that terrible story about the school shooting in arkansas is just one of many lately, and if you ' re a parent, it has to be a cause for great concern. in just a few moments, we ' re going to ask a school safety expert about what can be done about it \" ( today, march 25, 1998 ). these teases increased with each incident. nbc news had determined that these stories \" had legs. \" surette ( 1998 ) writes of stories that have \" consonance \" with other events. a story that fits with established themes is more likely to be selected as newsworthy. repeated instances of extreme violence in schools created a clear opportunity for connecting these incidents to one another. at times it seemed that the lines between these stories had blurred, perhaps in an effort to increase the level of consonance. this research attempted to examine the coverage of a single event. this blurring of lines made this task more difficult that it would have been if the jonesboro shootings had been an isolated incident. however, if it was an isolated incident, it is clear that there would have been far fewer stories. figure 1 : comparison of expert presentation by incident as mentioned above, it appears that the media altered their presentation of experts in their coverage and analysis of the columbine incident. their reliance on experts, as indicated in figure 1, was greatly reduced relative to the total number of stories. it seems logical to assume that the media, in their effort to fill close to 1400 stories related to a single incident, would increase their reliance on experts. instead, when hooks and stories related to bomb experts are removed, the number of stories in which experts were quoted remained relatively constant. this finding merits further study. jonesboro - dominant themes and presentation of experts on march 24, 1998, two students opened fire on their classmates at westside middle school in jonesboro, arkansas. this was the third highly publicized school shooting of the school year. in the months prior to the jonesboro shootings similar incidents had occurred in pearl, mississippi and paducah, kentucky. expert commentary was offered to viewers on the night of the jonesboro shooting. professor david halperin of the john jay college of criminal justice, said that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4902639096178917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.107476"} {"text": "jonesboro shootings similar incidents had occurred in pearl, mississippi and paducah, kentucky. expert commentary was offered to viewers on the night of the jonesboro shooting. professor david halperin of the john jay college of criminal justice, said that \" these are - - are angry, violent kids who are - - who feel very powerless. and the gun gives them a sense of total power. \" the reporter, jim avila, responded in a voiceover, \" that may be the thinking. but tonight, in jonesboro, arkansas, very little makes sense at all \" ( dateline nbc, march 24, 1998 ). this brief dialogue is representative of an issue that is apparent in this analysis of news coverage of the events in jonesboro. rather than make an effort to understand the professor ' s statement, and probe for more information that might help the viewers understand the events of the day, the reporter quickly dismisses the statement. key themes - cause much of the media interest centered on the question of \" why? \" the media looked for answers, but did so in a way that was not likely to yield helpful information. experts were called upon to provide insight, but they provided limited information in a context that prevented an thorough discussion of events. the focus of the \" cause \" question may be on youth violence in general or the actions of the boys involved in the jonesboro shootings. the general and individual issues often overlapped as an effort was made to place these boys into predetermined categories. the \" why \" includes an examination of societal and individual factors, again, with an effort to categorize the behavior of these boys. the categorization efforts were so strong that, in essence, the media made little effort to specifically understand why 13 - year - old mitchell johnson and 11 - year - old andrew golden did these shootings. the following quote provides an example of the tendency to generalize and categorize, in spite of the expert ' s efforts. this quote is from a dateline nbc interview with a social worker who has spent hundreds of hours interviewing children who kill. dr. miller : the one truth is... that they have had within them, as a result of early experiences, a great deal of rage. the rage is more often than not related to very serious physical and sexual abuse. now, i ' m not talking about abuse to the inner child or any - - i ' m talking about gross, basic abuse. curry : ( voiceover ) again, dr. miller does not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40832892215650085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.108540"} {"text": "not related to very serious physical and sexual abuse. now, i ' m not talking about abuse to the inner child or any - - i ' m talking about gross, basic abuse. curry : ( voiceover ) again, dr. miller does not know andrew golden or mitchell johnson, and none of the parents has any known history of physical or sexual abuse. but in every other case he ' s worked with, he says there is a family secret the child is harboring. curry : in all the cases you ' ve dealt with? dr. miller : in all the cases i ' ve dealt with. curry : every single one? dr. miller : virtually every one. i can ' t think of one now where there wasn ' t something like this ( dateline nbc, march 30, 1998 ). ms. curry pointed out that dr. miller did not know the boys or their families. however, the generalization effort continued. dr. miller, led by ms. curry, went on to describe the prevalence of brain injury in kids who display extreme violence. ms. curry discussed the link between guns, emotional distress, and violence. as she asks about the girlfriend as trigger, ms. curry attempts to lead dr. miller to an explanation of behavior specific to the jonesboro case. dr. miller : there is usually some specific incident that triggers it. curry : how often is that trigger something to do with a girlfriend? dr. miller : it ' s very often has to do with a girlfriend or a wife or a mother. curry : ( voiceover ) though no one knows for sure what happened in the arkansas case, mitchell johnson was believed to be extremely upset when candace potter, who he considered his girlfriend, reportedly broke up with him. dr. miller says mitchell ' s reaction was another sign that something was amiss. dr. miller : it ' s very unusual, in my experience, for a 13 - year - old to be that taken with another 13 - year - old that their whole life would depend upon that relationship. curry : ( voiceover ) and dr. miller says that in general, a child who is on shaky ground emotionally can become dangerous if he has access to guns. dr. miller : identity is very much tied into the ability of some folks to possess a gun. it tells them they ' re real men ( dateline nbc, march 30, 1998 ). as we see in this quote, dr. miller resists the attempt to explain this event as a result of a 13 - year old '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48226873590246044, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.109546"} {"text": "a gun. it tells them they ' re real men ( dateline nbc, march 30, 1998 ). as we see in this quote, dr. miller resists the attempt to explain this event as a result of a 13 - year old ' s frustration over a failed relationship. as a result of this interview viewers may begin to define mitchell johnson as an abused, brain damaged, emotionally unstable child with a gun. while this may be true, any effort to understand mitchell johnson is mere speculation, especially if we base our search for answers on this interview. the rush to understand this tragedy, through categorization and generalization, prevents us from truly understanding the behavior of these boys. the easy availability of guns was another theme that was discussed in many broadcasts. the culture of gun use, especially in the south, was a related theme. the \" southern culture \" theme was first raised on march 25 in a today show interview. although the expert failed to support the theory raised by katie couric, the theme returned the next morning. in the following dialogue, which comprises nearly the entire march 26 interview, ms. couric quickly moves through each of these topics. dr. gregory kowalski ( auburn university ) : good morning, katie. couric : you - - you say that the way these two boys began their shooting spree was very reminiscent of deer hunting. what do you mean by that? dr. kowalski : well, in a sense that the way they went out, you know, with the camouflage outfits. they had their line of fire set up. and, of course, the children came out in that line of fire. so it ' s very much like sitting in a deer stand and attracting deer to come in, you know, for the kill. couric : are you a proponent of the theory that somehow the fact that these school shootings have taken place in the south is indicative of a - - of a southern culture that - - that might, i don ' t know, be more permissive of this kind of activity, or somehow encouraged by the - - by the acceptance of guns and hunting? dr. kowalski : well, it ' s more accepting of guns and hunting. i don ' t think it ' s more promiscuous in terms of what governor huckabee said in terms of killing people. but because there is certainly a rite of passage oftentimes associated with the hunting culture, and the south does kind of go ahead and expound the notion of the gun culture much", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4941143694137715, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.110665"} {"text": "of what governor huckabee said in terms of killing people. but because there is certainly a rite of passage oftentimes associated with the hunting culture, and the south does kind of go ahead and expound the notion of the gun culture much more vigorously than just about every other part of the country, except for the west. couric : what about the idea that those under 21, it ' s perfectly legal for them to possess rifles and - - and - - and other guns that are used in hunting? do you think there will be an outcry to change that law? dr. kowalski : well, i would hope so, although i don ' t think that ' s the issue here. i mean, omni - - omnibus crime bill does goes ahead and prohibit the use of handguns, the carrying and possession of handguns. but over the shoulder weapons, like rifles and so on, are not included in that, and perhaps they should be. and there probably should be more rigorous control exactly of the age of the child engaged in the hunting experience, and the teaching of hunting should be perhaps more closely regulated. couric : ok. dr. gregory kowalski, thanks very much ( today, march 26, 1998 ). the interview with professor kowalski was tightly controlled. hunting, southern culture, gun availability, goodbye. the issues were determined prior to the interview. in fact, professor kowalski was contacted specifically because nbc producers, after scanning the auburn university media guide, determined that dr. kowalski had expertise in the area of \" southern gun culture \" ( kowalski, 1999 ). the interview began with an effort to define the events as \" reminiscent of deer hunting. \" couric opens this line of inquiry by referring to a prior statement allegedly made by professor kowalski. in fact, professor kowalski does not know where ms. couric got that information ( kowalski, 1999 ). another theme common to nbc ' s coverage of the jonesboro shootings was related to the influence of the media. natural born killers, the basketball diaries, mortal combat, and other movies or video games were mentioned as violent media images that appeal to youth in general, as well as to andrew golden and mitchell johnson. stone phillips, on dateline nbc, introduced a story on violence and the media. this interview, quoted at length, is an example of media resistance to a theory that is repeatedly raised by experts and lay people. john larson reporting : ( voiceover ) in 12 hours your kids or grandkids will likely sit down for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4538095032807065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.111723"} {"text": "media. this interview, quoted at length, is an example of media resistance to a theory that is repeatedly raised by experts and lay people. john larson reporting : ( voiceover ) in 12 hours your kids or grandkids will likely sit down for a little saturday morning cartoon. watched many lately? after cartoons they may want to play a few video games. played many lately? or maybe your kids are into music videos. seen many lately? but do violent images like these actually make children more violent?... larson : ( voiceover ) rall huseman, a psychology professor at the university of michigan, studied a group of 800 children for more than 20 years. he says the effects of too many hours in front of violent programming lasts a long time. mr. huseman : what we found in this study was that boys who were watching more tv violence when they were six, seven, eight, nine years old, grew up in their 20s to be more aggressive.... larson : in your study, were you measuring the other factors? mr. huseman : yeah, we looked at all sorts of factors in childhood, the socioeconomic background, the intellectual capabilities of the child, the kinds of child rearing. larson : you can still see that media played a roll? mr. huseman : yes. larson : ( voiceover ) but surely all kids are not affected the same way. aggressive images are one thing, but does that really lead to violence? larson : did you watch a lot of violence as a kid? i mean, bugs bunny... mr. huseman : i watched a fair amount of violence. larson : roadrunner. lone ranger, depending on the generation. mr. huseman : yes. larson : do you think it made you more violent? mr. huseman : i think it made me more likely to respond aggressively in certain situations than i otherwise would have been, yes. larson : the reason i bring it up is - - is because you ' re not a convicted felon, you ' re not in jail, and p - - many parents out there would say, ' well, you know, he probably had a pretty good family, and he was able to somehow distinguish between tv and movies and real life. so, you know, lighten up. ' mr. huseman : well, you know, i - - i think everything you say it true, but why are we finding a relation between early tv violence viewing and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5407005449277917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.112660"} {"text": "movies and real life. so, you know, lighten up. ' mr. huseman : well, you know, i - - i think everything you say it true, but why are we finding a relation between early tv violence viewing and adult violence and aggression? larson : ( voiceover ) there are many other studies that find the same thing. this network, nbc, does not produce programs for young children, but nbc has been outspoken in challenging the validity of studies linking tv and violence. in fact, one study done in 1982 by nbc, involving 3200 children and teen - agers, concluded there is no \" causal connection between television violence and the development of aggressive behavior patterns. \" nbc claims studies linking media violence and aggression are fatally flawed. the network says those studies do not prove cause and effect. for instance, nbc says, if tv is such an important factor in causing violence, why do two different cities, whose residents see the same tv programming, detroit and windsor, canada, have such different crime rates? and if tv is so important, why does japan, whose cartoons are often violent, have a lower crime rate than we do? ( dateline nbc, september 25, 1998. ) at times the reporter appears to be badgering his guest. at one point in the interview mr. larson challenges dr. huseman by asking whether he watched violent programs, including bugs bunny and the roadrunner, as a kid. dr. huseman responded that he had and larson pointed out that the invited expert watched violence and didn ' t end up in prison. at one point, arguably playing the devil ' s advocate, larson tells the expert to \" lighten up. \" dr. huseman doesn ' t fall for the bait and restates the relationship between early violence viewing and adult violence. mr. larson then moved to a second expert, this one pointing out that \" kids spend many more hours with their family and their - - and their teachers than they do watching television. therefore, anybody who tries to insulate tv as the single guilty party is barking up the wrong tree. \" finally, the broadcast defended network television as they quote a \" recent study by ucla, funded by the broadcast industry, [ that ] found the level of violence on prime - time has gone down over the years. and on cable tv, some of the most violent programs are often the most watched. for instance, the premium channels, the better - known movie channels for which people pay a premium to see un - edited movies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4619274210641189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.113594"} {"text": "has gone down over the years. and on cable tv, some of the most violent programs are often the most watched. for instance, the premium channels, the better - known movie channels for which people pay a premium to see un - edited movies. \" the problem, as defined by mr. larson, in the presence if not with the support of experts, is cable, rather than network tv. finally, in an apparent effort to suggest a cure, larson suggests that \" children with strong religious beliefs are less inclined to be violent \" ( dateline nbc, september 25, 1998 ). the use of leading questions is another common tactic apparent in the analysis of media reports. it seems safe to assume that reporters recognize the difference between a leading question and a reflective response. the fact that they so often choose the former prevents the airing of honest interpretations, ideas, and feelings. the following dialogue, in which the comments of only the reporter are included, clearly illustrates the effort to frame, and limit, debate. the interview was with eric holder, the deputy attorney general of the united states. although mr. holder offered brief responses to each statement, like tim russert, we will ignore what he had to say. this, at least in this case, is not done out of disrespect for mr. holder. mr. russert : one of the researches i have seen indicates that there are obviously tens of millions of kids who come home to empty houses. either the dad doesn ' t live there anymore or mom and dad are both working. mr. russert : and millions of kids are watching \" the jerry springer show \" in the afternoon. mr. russert : so turn off \" jerry springer. \" mr. russert : video games - - the level of violence in video games is overwhelming, as i monitor my own sons ' games. mr. russert : and availability of guns - - 12 percent of the children in the united states say they have brought a gun to school. how do we deal with that? how do we detect it? and if we observe it, what do teachers and students and families do about it? mr. russert : millions of parents are watching this program this morning, and they ' re as bewildered as you and i am about why this is happening, this insensitivity to violence, this callousness about human life, this changing culture. can the department of justice really do anything, or is it something that must be done in each and every family? mr. russert", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4868939878184998, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.114527"} {"text": "is happening, this insensitivity to violence, this callousness about human life, this changing culture. can the department of justice really do anything, or is it something that must be done in each and every family? mr. russert : when will we receive this justice department report? mr. russert : do you expect or fearful of more copycat school killings? ( meet the press, may 24, 1998 ). clearly, tim russert had a lot on his mind. if he were a recognized expert on the issue of school violence, it might have been helpful for him to expound on his views. the truth is, these statements were made while an expert was available. the expert input was, literally, reduced to a serious of \" mm - hmm ' s. \" meet the press, in contrast to the today show, provides a format in which in depth discussion of issues can take place. again, an opportunity to more clearly understand the issues was missed. it is interesting to note that the previous dialogue was sandwiched between questions regarding the ken starr hearing and investigations regarding campaign contributions. nbc news, in the effort to inform viewers about causes for the jonesboro shootings, focused on certain topics. themes of guns, violence, and media ran throughout their coverage of this story. an effort to categorize the behavior of the shooters was also apparent. criminology theory allows multiple, and overlapping explanations for criminal behavior. those of us who teach in sociology or criminology are familiar with students who attempt to explain an individual ' s behavior through the use of a single theoretical construct. the media makes the same error. we may never understand the true motivation for the behavior of mitchell johnson and andrew golden. we can be sure that their behavior was motivated by a variety of factors. an effort to categorize their behavior ignores the fact that this exact combination of factors is unlikely to repeat itself. this is not meant to suggest that we are helpless in the effort to reduce the potential for similar events in the future. understanding, and informed reaction, occurs only after we are willing to accept the unique nature of each incident of school violence. key themes - cure we now turn to the issue of \" cure, \" which includes pro active measures as well as reactions specific to mitchell johnson and andrew golden. as discussed in the last section, the \" why \" includes an examination of societal and individual factors. the same is true in relation to the discussion of efforts to prevent another act of school violence such as we saw in jonesboro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5280408282995522, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.115496"} {"text": "johnson and andrew golden. as discussed in the last section, the \" why \" includes an examination of societal and individual factors. the same is true in relation to the discussion of efforts to prevent another act of school violence such as we saw in jonesboro. as with many of our efforts to develop logical and effective crime control policy, in the jonesboro case the link between \" cause \" and \" cure \" is not very strong. while discussion of \" cause \" included societal factors, the media presentation of \" cure, \" especially in relation to the specific events in jonesboro, has focused on punishment and deterrence. one key theme in the area of \" cure \" was closely tied to concerns regarding guns. cure related comments were related to metal detectors, uniformed police, and other school - based measures. these issues were raised repeatedly, nearly always by reporters. there was never an instance where an expert raised the issue of metal detectors. this issue was discussed by experts only in reaction to a question or statement made by the interviewer. for example, ronald stephens, the director of the national school safety center, was interviewed by katie couric on the today show. the following interaction followed his comments about recognizing signals that may point to a possibility of school violence. couric : so - so, students really need to be taught the warning signs. so when students like - - like these kids hear a child or a teen - ager talking about a potentially violent act, they can know how to assess it and how to report it to the proper people. mr. stephens : exactly. it ' s important to follow up on any kind of rumors or threats that might be out there. take a look at incidents that may have happened in the community the weekend before. because oftentimes, these circumstances spill over from the community into the school, and vice versa ( today, march 25, 1998 ). mr. stephens, who is a regular commentator on the issue of school violence, discussed an intervention that is directly related to the culture of the school. his suggestions focused on behavior and an effort to recognize precursors to school violence. ms. couric responded, \" what about things like metal detectors and increased security force at schools? \" a similar dialogue occurred on the nbc nightly news. reporter robert hager introduced william riceman, \" an expert on youth violence. \" mr. william riceman : the first thing parents need to do is go into their child ' s bedroom. everything a child is or wants to be is on their walls ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.512227644156289, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.116654"} {"text": "hager introduced william riceman, \" an expert on youth violence. \" mr. william riceman : the first thing parents need to do is go into their child ' s bedroom. everything a child is or wants to be is on their walls ; it ' s a reflection of that. hager : schools are trying. ninety - six percent make visitors sign in, 53 percent control access to buildings, but only 1 percent use metal detectors every day. the above dialogue between katie couric and ronald stephens provides a good example of a reflective statement. ms. couric ' s reflection was so accurate that mr. stephens ' response was \" exactly, \" followed by a more thorough elaboration of his opinion. the fact that ms. couric derailed the conversation with the metal detector question should not detract from the fact that this interview allowed the expert the opportunity to state his opinions. at other times the reporter is less generous. as evident in the interview with mr. riceman, the reporter ignored the expert ' s comments and seamlessly moved from the role of parents to the reactions available to security minded schools. the final \" cure \" related theme was evident in the discomfort regarding the sentences these young men would receive. one report referred to \" the very adult crimes of murder \" ( nbc news at sunrise, august 11, 1998 ). two reporters used the term \" premeditated murder ' as they discussed juvenile sentences ( dateline nbc, august 23, 1998 ; nbc nightly news, august 11, 1998 ). it was clear that nbc news realized that this was a theme that resonated for many americans. interestingly, experts were not asked, and did not volunteer, to discuss the sentencing issue. however, the frequency in which the issue of sentencing was raised by reporters, without expert commentary and knowledge, may have diverted attention from more substantial recommendations made by experts who were attempting to understand these incidents in the hope of developing a reasoned response. several issues related to the role of media presented experts became apparent in the coverage of school shootings. one issue is related to the expertise and motivations of \" experts. \" some experts, regardless of political motivation, represent the dominant ideology that supports \" get tough \" policy initiatives. these individuals are often employed within the criminal justice system. others are more overt in their ideological stances, whether conservative or liberal. others, without reference to ideology, stand to profit from certain policy initiatives. other experts, often with university affiliations, present facts and evidence presumably without ideological motivation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49918541524500615, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.118636"} {"text": "system. others are more overt in their ideological stances, whether conservative or liberal. others, without reference to ideology, stand to profit from certain policy initiatives. other experts, often with university affiliations, present facts and evidence presumably without ideological motivation. finally, the network employs individuals who may be seen, and presented, as experts. for example, nbc provided ms. wendy murphy, \" msnbc senior legal analyst, \" as an expert in a discussion on school safety. each of us has an ideological grounding that becomes active in our presentation and interpretation of events. the news media presents experts from a range ( perhaps not a wide as we would like ) of ideological viewpoints. however, these experts are typically presented with little evidence, aside from their statements, that they are motivated by a particular ideology. this leads to questions regarding the motivation of the news provider as well as the expert. this also leads to an opportunity for the motivated expert. in some cases the experts appear to have multiple motives for appearing on television. for example, ronald stephens is a frequent contributor in the nbc news coverage of these events. dr. stephens is also the director of the \" national school safety center. \" this is an organization, associated with pepperdine university, whose \" objectives are implemented by conducting training programs and providing technical assistance for education and law enforcement practitioners as well as for legislators and other key governmental policyshapers \" ( nssc, 1999 ). although beyond the scope of this research, it would be safe to suggest that many nssc initiatives and actions often support themes typical of the dominant ideology. however, relative to similar organizations, nssc is not clearly classified by ideology. for example, the \" justice policy institute \" is positioned as a relatively progressive \" private non - profit organization whose mission is to reduce society ' s reliance on the use of incarceration as a solution to social problems \" ( jpi : 1999 : 1 ). the ideological stance of the justice policy institute is relatively clear to visitors of the organization ' s web site. however, this is not clear to the average television news viewer. this can lead to a biased presentation of events. for example, vincent schiraldi, of the justice policy institute, was quoted in a story broadcast by nbc news at sunrise ( march 27, 1998 ). he commented on the lack of evidence regarding the effectiveness of trying juveniles as adults. his comments were followed by a supportive statement regarding the negative lessons learned in prison. this statement was made by dan macallair, who was reported to be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5347617052517877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.119745"} {"text": "1998 ). he commented on the lack of evidence regarding the effectiveness of trying juveniles as adults. his comments were followed by a supportive statement regarding the negative lessons learned in prison. this statement was made by dan macallair, who was reported to be affiliated with the \" center on juvenile justice. \" this report, using two experts that appear to be in agreement, failed to mention that the center for juvenile justice is affiliated with the justice policy institute and that schiraldi and maccallair are, respectively, the director and associate director of the \" center on juvenile and criminal justice. \" similarly, and in the opposite ideological direction, ms. jeanne allen, of the \" center for education reform, \" was quoted in a nbc news at sunrise ( may8, 1998 ) report about firearms in schools. her comments, like those of schiraldi and maccallair, were little more than brief sound bites. as with the other examples, her motives and affiliations are unclear to the average viewer. research indicates that ms. allen is the president of the center for education reform, an organization whose primary interest appears to be in the areas of \" school choice \" and charter schools. her biography, found on the organization ' s web site, provides no evidence of her expertise in the area of school violence or guns in school ( cer, 1999 ). it is important to question whether viewers have heard of the justice policy institute, the center for education reform, or the national center for school safety. of course, we have heard of the national rifle association and are able to filter the comments of an nra representative according to our own beliefs. similarly, we are aware of the opinions of the aclu. representatives of the better known organization face difficulties when they seek to provide their messages to a skeptical public. in contrast, \" experts \" with affiliations to lesser - known organizations are able to speak without similar limitations. the media, in defining events, is similarly liberated from overt ideological connections. another issue related to the ideology and utilization of experts is apparent in the presentation of experts with conflicting opinions. an interview on the saturday today show provides an example of what we refer to as \" dueling experts. \" in this case one of the experts appears to act as a hired gun for the show ' s co - host. jody applegate, saturday today co - host, is interviewing author charles ewing, bill modzeleski, the director of the department of education ' s safe schools program, and wendy murphy, who is introduced as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46303801356679936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.120836"} {"text": "show ' s co - host. jody applegate, saturday today co - host, is interviewing author charles ewing, bill modzeleski, the director of the department of education ' s safe schools program, and wendy murphy, who is introduced as \" the senior legal consultant for msnbc. \" dr. ewing suggested that there is an increased level of youth violence and that this issue is receiving greater attention as this violence comes to schools and is directed at students. ms. applegate responds with a question for mr. modzeleski. applegate : bill modzeleski, are young people more violent or are we just seeing this particular kind of violence more and more? mr. bill modzeleski ( us department of education ) : i think that basically what we ' re seeing is that there has been an - - a general reduction of youth violence in the united states. as the previous speaker mentioned, i think that it ' s the location of the crime which has highlighted this type of incident. applegate : wendy murphy, do you agree with that, a general reduction in violence among young people? ms. wendy murphy ( msnbc senior legal analyst ) : well, actually, he ' s right, that the overall number of violent incidents has gone down a bit, and partly that ' s due to demographics. the youth population has, in fact, gone down. but what we do know is that children at a much younger age are committing more violent offenses. so while the numbers in fact may be lower, the type of violence is much more grave. ( saturday today, may 23, 1998. ) in this dialogue the nbc expert steps in to support a statement made by the reporter. although not specifically saying that youth are more violent, ms. murphy ' s statement diminishes the force of the statement mr. modzeleski was trying to make. criminologists often ask why the fear of crime, and public perception of the frequency of crime, is consistently greater that the reality? mr. modzeleski is attempting to address this question. ms. murphy, while agreeing with his statement, refers to much younger children committing more violent offenses. this example of dueling experts illustrates two issues. first, this dialogue provides another example of the media ' s use of the term \" expert. \" in the previous dialogue we heard from an author, who is a psychology professor. we also heard from the director of a federal program. finally, we heard from an expert employed by the network that was providing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4453789627600576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.121896"} {"text": "s use of the term \" expert. \" in the previous dialogue we heard from an author, who is a psychology professor. we also heard from the director of a federal program. finally, we heard from an expert employed by the network that was providing the news and analysis. not only do we have an on camera duel, but a debate regarding the relative expertise of these experts. a second issue is related to the intensity of these on screen discussions. if the goal is to encourage a loud and contentious argument between the guests, like the jerry springer show but arguably more civil, we cannot expect to learn about the issues. several transcripts provided an example of the power associated with being the last speaker in an interview that must quickly wrap up to go to commercials. this power is not always used to extend commentary on the issue of school violence. for example, tanya metaska, who was introduced as \" the chief lobbyist for the national rifle association, \" was interviewed on the today show. couric : and, very quickly, ms. metaksa, you can have the last word. ms. metaksa : ok, katie, despite - - despite our critics, the nra promotes safety, rebuilds personal responsibility and protects freedom. and we ' ll keep doing that, and mr. clinton will keep banning guns, because that ' s his passion. and - - after all, it ' s just one of his passions. ( today, april 9, 1998. ) this comment illustrates the ideological nature of comments, as well as the motivation to make statements with no relevance to the issues the expert was invited to discuss. although made at a time in which the interviewer was attempting to exercise her control in an effort to end the interview, the situation was actually one with few controls. ms. metaska ' s this statement was made in a situation that allowed little chance of rebuttal. bill modzeleski, who was quoted above, was also given a \" last word \" opportunity. earlier in the interview he had been cut off, and disagreed with, by another expert. he had remained relatively quite after that point. the reporter may have felt that he had earned a chance to speak, or that his potential for contribution had been undermined by the other guests. applegate : bill modzeleski, you can have the last word on this subject. what can we do about this? mr. modzeleski : i think there ' s a lot that we could do about it. i bel - -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4884169816779034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.122872"} {"text": "it ' s still a rare event. going overboard, doing excessive extremes like this, of arming our teachers, is the wrong way to go \" ( today, may 26, 1998 ). as a result of his regular television appearances dr. fox, of northeastern university, is one of the most recognized criminologists in the country. perhaps he is allowed to speak because of his, in part media created, stature. another possibility is that dr. fox, with his extensive media experience, is able to recognize and resist the effort to frame events and, in effect, put words in his mouth. professor fox has been helpful to the media. as such, they are less likely to question his responses. the media relies heavily on dependable sources of information and are less likely to challenge sources that they will call upon in the future. as a result of relying on these insiders, who, more often or not are state agents, standard approaches to understanding and responding to crime are reinforced ( chermack, 1997 ). this poses a catch - 22 problem for experts who may be seen as expendable. unless an expert is able to develop a relationship with the media, he or she has the potential for being abused. however, an honest evaluation of events may impede the effort to develop this relationship since this honesty may run counter to the story the media is constructing. barak ( 1988 ) began to define the role of the \" newsmaking criminologist. \" this role requires more than a willingness to be available for interviews. the criminologist is likely to be more satisfied with his or her media performance, and be less likely to be a pawn in the media ' s efforts to define events, with advance planning. the newsmaking criminologist should have a clear idea of how the newsmaking enterprise works in order to effectively function in that environment. televised media seeks to entertain. although they are attempting to cover a news story from a variety of angles, they are always aware of the potential for channel surfing. when the goal is to entertain, rather than inform, the newsmaking criminologist intent on educating is at a distinct disadvantage. another issue, which is apparent in the many \" one - liners \" or \" sound bites \" that are repeatedly replayed by the media, is that the expert has no control over the context in which his or her statements are used. the expert may have to become adept at carefully delivering sound bites that efficiently communicate the desired statement. this study indicates that expert statements, more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5064127951197909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.124846"} {"text": "by the media, is that the expert has no control over the context in which his or her statements are used. the expert may have to become adept at carefully delivering sound bites that efficiently communicate the desired statement. this study indicates that expert statements, more often than not, are short and freestanding sound bites that are added, perhaps in an effort to legitimize the story, between comments and information provided by the reporter. the expert comments may be edited so that, outside of the original context, the comments are very different than intended. the contribution of experts often falls short of the goal of increasing our understanding of important issues. at times these \" experts \" don ' t even speak for themselves. instead, their statements are paraphrased by reporters. at other times the reporter will refer to unnamed \" experts, \" who have previously commented on the issues at hand. at other times the expert ' s contribution is questioned and / or minimized, typically by a reporter with little knowledge of the issue. while this questioning can be supported with a standard \" devil ' s advocate \" exemption, it is interesting to note that reporters are quick to question some statements while others, no more accurate or insightful, are not challenged. the \" news \" is created by journalists who select facts created for them by individuals ( surrette, 1998 ). before entering into the enterprise the newsmaking criminologist should be aware of the media ' s efforts to create an interpretation of events that may not be consistent with the view of the individual expert or of experts in general. experts who seek to advance a view that is not consistent with that of the newsmaking enterprise will face the challenging prospect of providing \" facts \" that are acceptable to the media and therefore more likely to be included in the news media ' s interpretation of events. barak writes that \" by participating in the newsmaking process as credible spokespersons, criminologists can work to redefine the parameters of acceptable or favorable themes about crime and justice \" ( 1988 : 577 ). we believe this statement is true today, although this examination of the efforts of experts indicate that the statement may be a bit idealistic. this is especially true if our newsmaking attempts rely on opportunities presented by network news media. the newsmaking criminologist preparing the enter this arena is placed in a difficult situation in which he or she is asked to respond to questions that may have little relation to the expert ' s area of expertise. this fact alone is sure to limit the strength of the expert", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49969533298796454, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.125873"} {"text": "issues in schools and the justice system. however, can sensible debate about these issues occur in the context of these unusual incidents of sudden and extreme school violence? instead, a reliance on these themes is likely to result in poorly reasoned policy decisions and subsequent limitation of issues. we also sought to describe the specific contribution of experts, especially regarding these themes. experts were used as interchangeable commodities. the value of \" experts \" was reduced in these stories as the media defined just about anyone as an expert. the media appeared to be looking for 10 seconds of video than could be plugged into multiple news stories. the context in which statements were made was completely ignored. the commodity nature of expert knowledge creates opportunities for those with ulterior motives. the individual who is presented as an expert may be appearing on the program to advance issues unrelated to those he or she was called on to discuss. finally, we examined the degree to which experts were allowed to challenge media generated themes. in fact, there were numerous instances where experts questioned the usefulness of \" solutions \" proposed by reporters. some experts even found opportunities to speak freely. their comments, if taken seriously could have expanded the debate. ideally, alternate themes would replace the dominant themes that have grown so stale. based on the evidence, we do not see this happening. although themes were challenged, they returned the next day, seemingly uncontested. we found no evidence of successfully adopted replacement themes initially offered by experts. it would be wrong to suggest that coverage of the shootings in jonesboro yielded no helpful information. the events in jonesboro were described, fairly accurately, by the media. however, our understanding of the motivation for the shootings, and a greater awareness of the potential for reducing the likelihood of future tragedies, was not enhanced by the media ' s coverage of these events. unfortunately, the story of this tragic event was told in a context in which media outlets compete for stories, viewers, and income. this context does not encourage an in depth examination of issues. it is important that we learn from our collective experiences. school shootings are unfortunate and tragic experiences shared by our society. the media has the power to define these experiences. in effect, what we learn is influenced by how the media defines the story. what did we learn from the coverage of the jonesboro shootings? we learned that arkansas has not followed the ( misguided? ) lead of many states who now routinely waive sixth graders to adult courts. to a certain extent we missed the opportunity for serious debate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5194856709679762, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.128350"} {"text": "from the coverage of the jonesboro shootings? we learned that arkansas has not followed the ( misguided? ) lead of many states who now routinely waive sixth graders to adult courts. to a certain extent we missed the opportunity for serious debate on this issue as the media ignored the possibility that these boys might someday be able to lead productive lives. - we learned that these boys were apparently filled with rage. we failed to learn how this rage could have become so active in children so young. - we learned that guns were an active part of the lives of these and other children. we missed the opportunity to seriously debate the problems associated with guns. more important, we missed the opportunity to understand why there is so much resistance to the idea that guns are a problem. - we heard a lot about the problem of violent media images. we also learned that nbc news is somewhat defensive, and takes no responsibility for the effects of these images. - we learned about the tragic events in jonesboro. we failed to examine the long term impact this event will have on this small community. - we heard a lot about school security. we learned very little about why, other that the extremely rare incidents of the past year, school security is suddenly an important issue. - if we had listened to the experts, and ignored the reporters, we may have learned that many of our efforts are not going to be productive. - if we listened to the families, of the victims and offenders, we could have learned more about the motivations and reactions that were active in jonesboro. in short, and somewhat cliche, the media has a great deal of power. in many ways they did not responsibly exercise that power as they covered the tragic events in jonesboro. the media presented expert was treated as a commodity. as a result, experts did little to expand the debate beyond the narrow, 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( 1995 ). the social construction of corporate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.526785519583976, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.132421"} {"text": "healthy living today : stopping the flu | video | 1 / 24 / 2013 about 2, 500 people in north dakota have tested positive for the flu. countless more weren ` t tested, but were diagnosed based on symptoms alone. while the season appears to be leveling off, the flu still poses a danger, especially to the very young and the very old. those who care for our most vulnerable are taking steps to keep them from getting sick. if you ` re walking into the infant room at first steps child care, you ` d better sanitize your hands first. \" i will chase them down with sanitizer, \" said geri herring with first steps daycare. that ` s just one of the steps this daycare center is taking to prevent the flu from spreading. \" it ` s almost quarantined off, \" herring said. they also ask parents to keep kids home until they ` ve been off medication and fever - free for 24 hours. \" we try to do everything we can to prevent it, \" herring said. the center cares for several infants who are too young to get the flu shot, so they ` re sure to take extra precautions when flu season comes around. long term care centers are in a similar situation, trying to prevent the flu from spreading to their vulnerable residents. \" we know influenza is a serious illness for anybody, but especially when it ` s affecting an elderly population or immune compromised population, \" said terra greff with st. gabriel ` s community. they have a plan in place if the flu does hit, which it has this season, that includes keeping sick people in their rooms as much as possible and keeping sick visitors out. \" we ask people not to visit if they are ill, \" greff said. the center also offers free flu shots to employees and encourages them to stay home if they are sick. the north dakota department of health says there have been more than 30 flu outbreaks reported in long term care facilities across the state so far this year.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4208697454525029, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.136136"} {"text": "- to motivate their children - reduce electronic media usage - teach children about saving and spending children need limits and boundaries. kids cash gives parents a tool to reduce tv and video game overuse. teach children to : - learn how to save and manage money while having fun acting like an adult \u2013 earning money and paying for items that cost money to run. - focus on other activities, not electronics as electronic entertainment is a reward to be earned, and has ongoing costs ( even for adults! ) - use kids cash to teach children to spend only what they have ( no borrowing money ). we need to reverse the current trend of \u2018 spending money before we have it \u2019. as adults, we go to work so that we can afford both essential items like food, clothing and housing, but also so that we can afford things outside of the essentials, like movies, electronic entertainment, etc. so that your children can learn about real life, kids cash produced 15 minute coupons for your children to earn and then they pay you for using electronic entertainment devices. kids cash wants to reverse the current trend in our society of \u201c get what you want and pay later \u201d & \u201c watch / play what i want, when i want \u201d. give kids cash as a reward for : - washing dishes \u2022 homework - walking the dog \u2022 setting the table - good behaviour while shopping - any other chores in your household. your child pays you to use : - television \u2022 video \u2019 s \u2022 dvd \u2019 s - computers \u2022 the internet - electronic games - or any electronic device in your household.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4491923475815494, "token_count": 316, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.138111"} {"text": "you ' ve lived through 2 am feedings, toddler temper tantrums, and the back - to - school blues. so why is the word \" teenager \" causing you so much anxiety? when you consider that the teen years are a period of intense growth, not only physically but morally and intellectually, it ' s understandable that it ' s a time of confusion and upheaval for many families. despite some adults ' negative perceptions about teens, they are often energetic, thoughtful, and idealistic, with a deep interest in what ' s fair and right. so, although it can be a period of conflict between parent and child, the teen years are also a time to help kids grow into the distinct individuals they will become. understanding the teen years so when, exactly, does adolescence start? the message to send your kid is : everybody ' s different. there are early bloomers, late arrivers, speedy developers, and slow - but - steady growers. in other words, there ' s a wide range of what ' s considered normal. but it ' s important to make a ( somewhat artificial ) distinction between puberty and adolescence. most of us think of puberty as the development of adult sexual characteristics : breasts, menstrual periods, pubic hair, and facial hair. these are certainly the most visible signs of puberty and impending adulthood, but kids who are showing physical changes ( between the ages of 8 and 14 or so ) also can be going through a bunch of changes that aren ' t readily seen from the outside. these are the changes of adolescence. many kids announce the onset of adolescence with a dramatic change in behavior around their parents. they ' re starting to separate from mom and dad and to become more independent. at the same time, kids this age are increasingly aware of how others, especially their peers, see them and are desperately trying to fit in. their peers often become much more important, as compared with their parents, in terms of making decisions. kids often start \" trying on \" different looks and identities, and they become very aware of how they differ from their peers, which can result in episodes of distress and conflict with parents. one of the common stereotypes of adolescence is the rebellious, wild teen continually at odds with mom and dad. although it may be the case for some kids and this is a time of emotional ups and downs, that stereotype certainly is not representative of most teens. but the primary goal of the teen years is to achieve independence. for this to occur,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46058916899184854, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.146020"} {"text": ". although it may be the case for some kids and this is a time of emotional ups and downs, that stereotype certainly is not representative of most teens. but the primary goal of the teen years is to achieve independence. for this to occur, teens will start pulling away from their parents \u2014 especially the parent whom they ' re the closest to. this can come across as teens always seeming to have different opinions than their parents or not wanting to be around their parents in the same way they used to. as teens mature, they start to think more abstractly and rationally. they ' re forming their moral code. and parents of teens may find that kids who previously had been willing to conform to please them will suddenly begin asserting themselves \u2014 and their opinions \u2014 strongly and rebelling against parental control. you may need to look closely at how much room you give your teen to be an individual and ask yourself questions such as : \" am i a controlling parent?, \" \" do i listen to my child?, \" and \" do i allow my child ' s opinions and tastes to differ from my own? \" tips for parenting during the teen years looking for a roadmap to find your way through these years? here are some tips : read books about teenagers. think back on your own teen years. remember your struggles with acne or your embarrassment at developing early \u2014 or late. expect some mood changes in your typically sunny child, and be prepared for more conflict as he or she matures as an individual. parents who know what ' s coming can cope with it better. and the more you know, the better you can prepare. talking about menstruation or wet dreams after they ' ve already started means you ' re too late. answer the early questions kids have about bodies, such as the differences between boys and girls and where babies come from. but don ' t overload them with information \u2014 just answer their questions. if you don \u2019 t know the answers, help them find someone who does, like a trusted friend or your pediatrician. you know your kids. you can hear when your child ' s starting to tell jokes about sex or when attention to personal appearance is increasing. this is a good time to jump in with your own questions such as : are you noticing any changes in your body? are you having any strange feelings? are you sad sometimes and don ' t know why? a yearly physical exam is a great time to bring up these things. a doctor can tell your preadolescent \u2014 and you \u2014 what", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4667006046942124, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.147018"} {"text": "in your body? are you having any strange feelings? are you sad sometimes and don ' t know why? a yearly physical exam is a great time to bring up these things. a doctor can tell your preadolescent \u2014 and you \u2014 what to expect in the next few years. an exam can serve as a jumping - off point for a good parent / child discussion. the later you wait to have this discussion, the more likely your child will be to form misconceptions or become embarrassed about or afraid of physical and emotional changes. furthermore, the earlier you open the lines of communication, the better chance you have of keeping them open through the teen years. give your child books on puberty written for kids going through it. share memories of your own adolescence. there ' s nothing like knowing that mom or dad went through it, too, to put a child more at ease. put yourself in your child ' s place practice empathy by helping your child understand that it ' s normal to be a bit concerned or self - conscious, and that it ' s ok to feel grown - up one minute and like a kid the next. pick your battles if teenagers want to dye their hair, paint their fingernails black, or wear funky clothes, think twice before you object. teens want to shock their parents and it ' s a lot better to let them do something temporary and harmless ; leave the objections to things that really matter, like tobacco, drugs and alcohol, or permanent changes to their appearance. ask why your teen wants to dress or look a certain way and try to understand how your teen is feeling. you might also want to discuss how others might perceive them if they look different \u2014 help your teen understand how he or she might be viewed. teens will likely act unhappy with expectations their parents place on them. however, they usually understand and need to know that their parents care enough about them to expect certain things such as good grades, acceptable behavior, and adherence to the rules of the house. if parents have appropriate expectations, teens will likely try to meet them. without reasonable expectations, your teen may feel you don ' t care about him or her. inform your teen - and stay informed yourself the teen years often are a time of experimentation, and sometimes that experimentation includes risky behaviors. don ' t avoid the subjects of sex, or drug, alcohol, and tobacco use ; discussing these things openly with kids before they ' re exposed to them increases the chance that they ' ll act responsibly when the time comes. share your family values", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47877748810262755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.148058"} {"text": "t avoid the subjects of sex, or drug, alcohol, and tobacco use ; discussing these things openly with kids before they ' re exposed to them increases the chance that they ' ll act responsibly when the time comes. share your family values with your teen and talk about what you believe is right and wrong. know your child ' s friends \u2014 and know their friends ' parents. regular communication between parents can go a long way toward creating a safe environment for all teens in a peer group. parents can help each other keep track of the kids ' activities without making the kids feel that they ' re being watched. know the warning signs a certain amount of change may be normal during the teen years, but too drastic or long - lasting a switch in personality or behavior may signal real trouble \u2014 the kind that needs professional help. watch for one or more of these warning signs : any other inappropriate behavior that lasts for more than 6 weeks can be a sign of underlying trouble, too. you may expect a glitch or two in your teen ' s behavior or grades during this time, but your a / b student shouldn ' t suddenly be failing, and your normally outgoing kid shouldn ' t suddenly become constantly withdrawn. your doctor or a local counselor, psychologist, or psychiatrist can help you find proper counseling. some parents, understandably, have a very hard time with this one. they may feel that anything their kids do is their business. but to help your teen become a young adult, you ' ll need to grant some privacy. if you notice warning signs of trouble, then you can invade your child ' s privacy until you get to the heart of the problem. but otherwise, it ' s a good idea to back off. in other words, your teenager ' s room, texts, e - mails, and phone calls should be private. you also shouldn ' t expect your teen to share all thoughts or activities with you at all times. of course, for safety reasons, you should always know where teens are going, when they ' ll be returning, what they ' re doing, and with whom, but you don ' t need to know every detail. and you definitely shouldn ' t expect to be invited along! start with trust. let your teen know that you trust him or her. but, if the trust gets broken he or she may enjoy fewer freedoms until the trust is rebuilt. monitor what kids see and read tv shows, magazines and books, the internet \u2014 kids have access to tons of information. be aware of what yours", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4612326611908837, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.149021"} {"text": ". but, if the trust gets broken he or she may enjoy fewer freedoms until the trust is rebuilt. monitor what kids see and read tv shows, magazines and books, the internet \u2014 kids have access to tons of information. be aware of what yours watch and read. don ' t be afraid to set limits on the amount of time spent in front of the computer or the tv. know what they ' re learning from the media and who they may be communicating with online. teens shouldn ' t have unlimited access to tv or the internet in private \u2014 these should be public activities. access to technology should also be limited after certain hours ( say 10 pm or so ) to encourage adequate sleep. it ' s not unreasonable to have cell phones and computers off limits after a certain time. make appropriate rules bedtime for a teenager should be age appropriate, just as it was when your child was a baby. teens still need about 8 - 9 hours of sleep. reward your teen for being trustworthy. does your child keep to a 10 pm curfew on weekends? move it to 10 : 30 pm. and does a teen always have to go along on family outings? encourage a reasonable amount of family time together. decide what your expectations are, and don ' t be insulted when your growing child doesn ' t always want to be with you. think back : you probably felt the same way about your mom and dad. will this ever be over? as kids progress through the teen years, you ' ll notice a slowing of the highs and lows of adolescence. and, eventually, they ' ll become independent, responsible, communicative young adults. so remember the motto of many parents with teens : we ' re going through this together, and we ' ll come out of it \u2014 together!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48050972925562474, "token_count": 361, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.150608"} {"text": "the arrival of a new baby can bring many changes to a family. parents spend a lot of energy on preparations, and after the baby arrives, much of the family ' s attention involves meeting the newborn ' s basic needs. all this change can be hard for older siblings to handle. it ' s common for them to feel jealousy toward the newborn and to react to the upheaval by acting out. but parents can prepare kids for an addition to the family. discussing the pregnancy in terms that make sense to kids, making some arrangements, and including kids in the care of the newborn can make things easier for everyone. there ' s not one right time or perfect way to tell a child about an impending sibling. when discussing the pregnancy, consider your own comfort level and your child ' s maturity level. preschoolers, for example, may not grasp concepts of time, so it might not mean much if you say that the baby will arrive in a few months. it may be more useful to explain that the baby will arrive in a particular season, such as winter or when it ' s cold outside. how much detail should you provide? let your child ' s questions be your guide. for example, a 4 - year - old child may ask : \" where do babies come from? \" despite how it sounds, the child isn ' t asking you to explain sex but probably wants to know where, literally, they come from. it may be enough to explain : \" the baby comes from the uterus, which is inside the mother ' s belly. \" a child who wants to know more will ask. if your child shows more interest in the baby, these activities can encourage that : going through your child ' s baby pictures reading books about childbirth ( make sure they ' re developmentally appropriate ) visiting friends who have infants packing a bag for the hospital thinking of potential baby names going to the doctor to hear the baby ' s heartbeat also look into sibling birth classes, which many hospitals offer to provide orientation for soon - to - be brothers and sisters. these classes can include lessons on how to hold a baby, explanations of how a baby is born, and opportunities for kids to discuss their feelings about having a new brother or sister. as your due date draws near, make arrangements for older kids for the time when you ' re in the hospital. discuss these plans so kids know what to expect when the day arrives. consider letting your child visit you in the hospital as soon as possible after the baby is born, ideally when no other visitors are around \u2014", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44118172673854394, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.154774"} {"text": "time when you ' re in the hospital. discuss these plans so kids know what to expect when the day arrives. consider letting your child visit you in the hospital as soon as possible after the baby is born, ideally when no other visitors are around \u2014 this helps reinforce the birth as an intimate family event. try to keep routines as regular as possible in the days and weeks around the baby ' s arrival. if you plan to make any room shifts to accommodate the baby, do it a few weeks before your due date. if older kids are approaching a major milestone, like potty training or moving from a crib to a bed, try to make those changes well before your due date or put them off until after the baby has been home for a while. bringing the new baby home once the baby is home, you can help your other kids adjust to the changes. include them as much as possible in the daily activities involving the baby so that they don ' t feel left out. many kids want to help take care of a new baby. though that \" help \" may mean that each task takes longer, it can give an older child a chance to interact with the baby in a positive way. depending on their age, a big brother or sister may want to entertain the baby during a diaper change, help push the carriage, talk to the baby, or help dress, bathe, or burp the baby. if your child expresses no interest in the baby, don ' t be alarmed and don ' t force it. it can take time. some occasions, like breastfeeding, excludes older kids. for these times, try to have toys on hand so that you can feed the baby without being interrupted or worrying about an older child feeling left out. try to take advantage of opportunities for one - on - one time with older kids. spend time together while the baby is sleeping and, if possible, set aside time each day for older kids to get one parent ' s undivided attention. knowing that there ' s special time exclusively for them may help reduce any resentment or anger about the new baby. also remind relatives and friends that your older child might want to talk about something other than the new baby. if relatives or friends ask how they can help, suggest a fun activity or something special for the older child. with all of the changes that a new baby can bring, some older kids might struggle as they try to adjust. encourage older kids to talk about their feelings about the new baby. if a child cannot articulate those", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.44050620394509893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.155750"} {"text": "contrary to what you may have heard, acne is not caused by dirty skin. acne is caused by overactive oil glands in the skin and an accumulation of oil, dead skin cells, and bacteria, which leads to inflammation in pores. oil glands become stimulated when hormones become active during puberty, which is why people are likely to get acne in their teens. because the tendency to develop acne is partly genetic, if other people in your family had ( or have ) acne, you may be more likely to develop it too. although there is no surefire way to prevent acne, try these tips to help reduce the number and severity of your breakouts : washing your skin is essential ( it helps remove excess surface oils and dead skin cells that can clog your pores ), but washing too much can actually cause damage by overdrying your skin or irritating existing acne. remember to wash after exercising because sweat can clog your pores and make your acne worse. if you work around greasy food or oil or if you ' ve been sweating from heat or because you ' ve been working hard, wash your face and other acne - prone areas as soon as possible. if you use skin products, such as lotions or makeup, look for ones that are noncomedogenic or nonacnegenic, which means that they don ' t clog pores. if you can ' t live without your hair spray or styling gel, be sure to keep them away from your face as much as possible. many hair products contain oils that can make acne worse. try to use water - based products. if you get acne on areas such as your chest or back, avoid wearing tight clothes, which can rub and cause irritation. for some people, over - the - counter ( otc ) products work to help clear up acne. it may take some time to find one that works best for you \u2014 some may not do the trick and others may cause irritation. otc acne products come in different strengths. the most popular and effective otc acne - fighting ingredient is benzoyl peroxide. another ingredient, salicylic acid, can help to dry up pimples. if you find otc products aren ' t working for you, it ' s best to seek a doctor ' s advice. a doctor can prescribe special gels or creams, pills, or a combination of both. it may feel a bit awkward or embarrassing to talk about your acne", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4389389139562532, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.158897"} {"text": "working for you, it ' s best to seek a doctor ' s advice. a doctor can prescribe special gels or creams, pills, or a combination of both. it may feel a bit awkward or embarrassing to talk about your acne with someone, but your doctor is trained to help get your skin looking its best. what about pimples you already have? it ' s tempting, but popping or squeezing a pimple usually won ' t get rid of the problem. squeezing can actually push infected material and pus further into the skin, which can lead to more swelling and redness ( not what you want before a big date! ), and even scarring, which can be permanent. if you ' re taking a prescription acne medication, finish your entire prescription even if your skin clears up, unless your dermatologist says you can stop. if you stop too early, there ' s a chance your skin could break out all over again. eating nutritious foods can help keep you healthy, of course, and your skin will benefit from getting enough vitamins and minerals. but the bottom line is that you don ' t need to be obsessive about what you eat or how often you wash your face to control acne. if you don ' t find an otc product that works for you, talk to your doctor or a dermatologist for some advice on living through the acne years.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41313417860857876, "token_count": 289, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.159427"} {"text": "why do students bring guns, knives, or other weapons to school? some are just showing off, others feel that they need a weapon to protect themselves, and some are actively looking to threaten or harm others. whatever the reason, though, no one should be bringing a weapon to school. if you suspect that someone has a weapon or is threatening someone else ' s life, the best thing to do is to speak up. but how can you do that? if you find out that someone at school has a weapon, here are some tips for handling the situation. seek safety. if you see someone with a weapon, walk the other way. remove yourself from the situation as quickly and quietly as possible. report the situation. notify an adult you trust immediately. find someone you can talk to, such as a school counselor, principal, teacher, coach, or parent. these people should know how to handle the situation appropriately, and they can keep your name confidential. tell them exactly what you saw, what type of weapon it was ( a knife, a gun, etc. ), where the incident happened, and who was involved. tell them about the situation \u2014 such as whether the weapon was being shown off or used to threaten another student. if you don ' t trust an adult or can ' t find someone you believe will protect your identity, make an anonymous phone call to your school office and report the incident. you can also call 911 and ask them to keep your identity confidential. write it down. keep a written record of everything you can remember about the incident, including the people involved, the type of weapon, the date and time it happened, and where it happened. you should also record whether the incident was reported and, if so, to whom. writing this information down while it ' s still fresh in your mind will help you remember details if you ' re asked about it later. violence can happen even when a kid doesn ' t have a weapon. it ' s important to remember that violence comes in many different forms. it can be physical, like pushing, punching, or fighting with someone. violence can also be psychological and may include name - calling, harassment, taunting, and other forms of bullying. people who are more likely to become violent may show some of these warning signs : cruelty to pets and other animals talking about weapons and violence fascination with violent video games, television, and movies threatening or bullying others isolation from family and friends of course, these signs don ' t necessarily mean that a person will become violent or bring a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4165393174208739, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.162042"} {"text": "at a glance why get tested? to monitor the level of an aminoglycoside antibiotic such as gentamicin, tobramycin, or amikacin in the blood to ensure adequate dosing and help avoid toxic side effects when to get tested? at regular intervals during treatment with an aminoglycoside a blood sample drawn from a vein in your arm test preparation needed? none, but timing of the sample for testing is important ; follow your doctor ' s directions. the test sample what is being tested? aminoglycosides are a group of antimicrobials ( antibiotics ) that are used to treat serious bacterial infections. these tests measure the level of the prescribed aminoglycoside in the blood in order to adjust doses as necessary and ensure effective treatment while avoiding toxic side effects. gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin are the most commonly prescribed aminoglycosides, and they are used to treat infections cause by certain types of bacteria called gram - negative bacteria as well as a few gram - positive bacteria. ( for more on these, see the article on the gram stain ). it is important to monitor the concentration of aminoglycosides because their effectiveness depends on an adequate level in the blood. furthermore, aminoglycosides are associated with serious toxic side effects, including damage to hearing and / or balance ( ototoxicity ) and acute kidney damage ( nephrotoxicity ). the kidney damage is usually reversible, but the hearing and / or balance loss is frequently permanent. these complications can occur at any time, but the risk is greater with elevated blood levels, indicating that the drug is not being cleared from the blood at a typical rate, and when it is given for an extended period of time. aminoglycosides are not well absorbed by the digestive system so they must typically be administered either through a needle into a vein ( intravenously, iv ) or by injection into a muscle ( intramuscularly, im ). they are given using dosing intervals ( such as every 8 - 12 hours ) or given as a larger single dose once every 24 to 48 hours ( also called extended - interval or pulse dosing ). the amount of an aminoglycoside given per dose depends on a variety of factors, including kidney function, other drugs the person may be taking, age, and weight. for interval dosing, drug monitoring typically involves assessing the maximum concentration soon after a dose is given ( called a peak level ) and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45474525169018004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.170895"} {"text": "depends on a variety of factors, including kidney function, other drugs the person may be taking, age, and weight. for interval dosing, drug monitoring typically involves assessing the maximum concentration soon after a dose is given ( called a peak level ) and the minimum concentration just before the next dose is given ( called a trough level ). depending on the results, the dose of drug may be adjusted up or down. for example, a person with decreased kidney function may not be able to clear the drug out of his system efficiently, resulting in increased concentration in the blood, so the dose may be adjusted lower or the drug may be given less frequently. on the other hand, if a person is given too little drug to maintain a sufficient minimum level in the blood, then it is unlikely that treatment will be effective. for extended - interval dosing, testing may be performed on a timed sample taken 8 - 12 hours after dosing. aminoglycosides are sometimes used alone but are often combined with other antibiotics. monitoring the antibiotic blood level is important in the presence of other medications as they can affect the ability of the body to process ( metabolize ) and clear the drug. how is the sample collected for testing? a blood sample is obtained by inserting a needle into a vein in the arm. note : if undergoing medical tests makes you or someone you care for anxious, embarrassed, or even difficult to manage, you might consider reading one or more of the following articles : coping with test pain, discomfort, and anxiety, tips on blood testing, tips to help children through their medical tests, and tips to help the elderly through their medical tests. another article, follow that sample, provides a glimpse at the collection and processing of a blood sample and throat culture. is any test preparation needed to ensure the quality of the sample? no test preparation is needed, but the timing of the sample for testing is important. for interval dosing, trough levels are collected just prior to a person ' s next aminoglycoside dose. peak levels are collected about 30 minutes after the completion of an intravenous dose or 60 minutes after an intramuscular dose. for extended - interval dosing, the recommended collection time may vary ( 8 - 12 hours after dose ), but the time of the completion of the last dose and the time of the blood sample collection will be recorded and compared. follow the doctor ' s directions for collection. it may be helpful to tell the laboratorian when the administration of the last dose was completed. ask a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48270256886241725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.171977"} {"text": "completion of the last dose and the time of the blood sample collection will be recorded and compared. follow the doctor ' s directions for collection. it may be helpful to tell the laboratorian when the administration of the last dose was completed. ask a laboratory scientist this form enables you to ask specific questions about your tests. your questions will be answered by a laboratory scientist as part of a voluntary service provided by one of our partners, american society for clinical laboratory science. if your questions are not related to your lab tests, please submit them via our contact us form. thank you. * indicates a required field note : this article is based on research that utilizes the sources cited here as well as the collective experience of the lab tests online editorial review board. this article is periodically reviewed by the editorial board and may be updated as a result of the review. any new sources cited will be added to the list and distinguished from the original sources used. billings, k. ( updated 2012 april 6 ). ototopical antibiotics. medscape reference [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / emedicine. medscape. com / article / 873963 - overview through http : / / emedicine. medscape. com. accessed september 2012. devabhakthuni, s. ( updated 2011 may ). antibiotic pharmacokinetic monitoring. american society of health - system pharmacists [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. ashp. org / doclibrary / membercenter / npf / 2011pearls / antibiotic - pharmacokinetic - monitoring. aspx through http : / / www. ashp. org. accessed september 2012. dugdale, d. ( updated 2011 september 20 ). acute tubular necrosis. medlineplus medical encyclopedia [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. nlm. nih. gov / medlineplus / ency / article / 000512. htm. accessed september 2012. ( \u00a9 2012 ). causes of dizziness. vestibular disorders association [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / vestibular. org / node / 2 through http : / / vestibular. org. accessed september 2012. ( reviewed 2010 may ). aminoglycoside extended interval dosing and monitoring in adults. new york - presbyterian hospital guideline : medication", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5069302798956197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.172932"} {"text": ". medscape. com. accessed september 2012. gonzalez, u. and spencer, j. ( 1998 november 15 ). aminoglycosides : a practical review. am fam physician. v58 ( 8 ) : 1811 - 1820. [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. aafp. org / afp / 1998 / 1115 / p1811. html throughhttp : / / www. aafp. org. accessed september 2012. levison, m. ( revised 2009 july ). aminoglycosides. merck manual for healthcare professionals [ on - line information ]. available online through http : / / www. merckmanuals. com. accessed september 2012. jasmin, l. ( updated 2011 october 30 ). vertigo - associated disorders. medlineplus medical encyclopedia [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. nlm. nih. gov / medlineplus / ency / article / 001432. htm. accessed september 2012. tan, k. et. al. ( 2003 march 15 ). aminoglycoside prescribing and surveillance in cystic fibrosis. am. j. respir. crit. care med v167 ( 6 ) 819 - 823 [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / ajrccm. atsjournals. org / content / 167 / 6 / 819. full through http : / / ajrccm. atsjournals. org. accessed september 2012. levison, m. ( revised 2008 september ). antibiotics. merck manual home health handbook [ on - line information ]. available online at http : / / www. merckmanuals. com / home / print / infections / antibiotics / antibiotics. html through http : / / www. merckmanuals. com. accessed september 2012. ( 2011 april 18 ). extended interval aminoglycoside monitoring and dosing guideline ( gentamicin / tobramycin only ). alberta health services, covenant health, regional laboratory services [ on - line information ]. available online through http : / / www. albertahealthservices. ca. accessed september 2012. hammett - stabler, c. and johns, t. ( 1998 may ). laboratory guidelines for monitoring of antimicrobial drugs. clinical chemistry may 1998 v 44 ( 5 ) 112", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4734048919120711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.175029"} {"text": "planting prariegrass & wildflowers there is a growing interest in wildflower and native grass plantings by acreage owners. if properly planned and established these plantings will provide a very pleasing and low maintenance ground cover that will help prevent weeds. no herbicides were labeled for use in controlling weeds during establishment and maintenance of these plantings until american cyanamid company introduced the herbicide plateau. it may be used to control weeds in native grass and wildflower plantings. selecting grass and wildflower species the grasses and wildflowers selected most have tolerance to plateau herbicide. it is also desirable to select species that require a low level of maintenance. if shorter growing grasses are selected. little or no mowing will be required to remove excess growth. | short grasses | | perennial wildflower and legumes tolerant to plateau herbicide | sideoats grama | | * shasta daisy | | upright prairie coneflower | | blue grama | | * purple prairieclover | | leadplant | | buffalograss | | * illinois bundleflower | | bicolor lespedeza | | * black - eyed susan | | gold yarrow | | * purple coneflower | | sensitive vine | * these are species that were planted along with a plateau herbicide application in the spring of 1997 on a one acre site in the county. see location of site below. some seed suppliers are putting together seed packets that are considered plateau ready. these include stock seed farms. planting and establishment of native grasses and wildflowers ( 1 ) the first key to a successful planting is a weed - free, firm seed bed. ( 2 ) the second key is using a seeding method that results in good seed - soil contact. a grass drill does the best job. if broadcast seeding is used, dragging and compacting the seedbed after planting will improve the seed - soil contact. ( 3 ) apply 4oz of plateau herbicide in early spring as needed to control weeds on established stands of grass and wildflowers. application of plateau herbicide follow label driections or hire a commercial applicator to make the application. see a native grass and wildflower planting you can observe a planting that was made in the spring of 1997. this planting is located on the south side of w. alvo rd 1 / 4 mile east of nw27th st. just north of the kawasaki plant and hiway 34.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4028184442787818, "token_count": 492, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.177356"} {"text": "an mri uses magnetic waves to make pictures of the inside of the body. it can make two - dimensional and three - dimensional pictures. reasons for test you may have an mri to diagnose a condition or look for internal injuries. mris can look at any body part, from your head to your toes. mris can also be used to see if medication or treatment is working. mris can be harmful if you have metal inside your body, such as joint replacements or a pacemaker. make sure your doctor knows of any internal metal before the test. a contrast dye may be used to enhance some images. some people may have a bad reaction to this dye. talk to your doctor about any allergies you have or if you have liver or kidney problems. liver and kidney problems may make it difficult for your body to get rid of the contrast. what to expect prior to test follow your doctors instructions regarding eating and drinking before the test. this will depend on what part of the body is being examined. at the mri center : your doctor may give you a medicine to calm you if you are anxious about the test. if your doctor prescribes a sedative you will need to arrange for a ride home. be sure to follow your doctor ' s instructions on when to take the sedative. it may need to be taken 1 - 2 hours before the exam. you will be asked about the following : - medical and surgical history - other conditions that you may have \u2014 if your mri involves contrast material, your doctor will ask about the health of your kidneys. there is a risk of complications in people who have kidney disease and receive contrast material. you will be asked if you have something in your body that would interfere with the mri, such as : - pacemaker or implantable defibrillator. - ear implant. - metal fragments in your eyes or in any other part of your body. be sure to tell your doctor if your work involves metal filings or particles. - implanted port device, such as an insulin pump. - metal plate, pins, screws, or surgical staples. - metal clips from aneurysm repair. - retained bullets. - any other large metal objects in your body. tooth filling and braces are usually fine. - you will be asked to remove any metal objects such as, jewelry, hearing aids, or glasses. - you will also be asked to remove all medicine skin patches, such as duragesic patch. they may contain metal elements and cause skin burns.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5598756268103793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.185449"} {"text": "you will be asked to remove any metal objects such as, jewelry, hearing aids, or glasses. - you will also be asked to remove all medicine skin patches, such as duragesic patch. they may contain metal elements and cause skin burns. - an x - ray may be taken to check for any metal objects in your body. you may be : - given ear plugs or headphones. the mri machine makes a loud banging noise. - given an injection of contrast dye into your vein. - allowed to have a family member or friend with you during the test. description of test if a contrast dye is used, a small iv needle is inserted into your hand or arm. you will lie very still on a sliding table. depending on your condition, you may have monitors to track your pulse, heart rate, and breathing. the table will slide into a narrow, enclosed cylinder. in some machines, the sides are open, so you can look out into the room. the technician will leave the room. through the intercom, the technician will give you directions. you can talk to the technician through this intercom as well. the technician will take the pictures. when the exam is done, you will slide out of the machine. if you have an iv needle, it will be removed. if you are claustrophobic or unable to lie on a flat table, there are open mri machines available. they allow you to have the test done without being put in a narrow cylinder. there are also mri machines that allow a patient to be in a sitting position. this may be important for patients with concerns, like a painful back. you will be asked to wait at the facility while the images are examined. the technician may need more images. if you took a sedative, do not drive, operate machinery, or make important decisions until it wears off completely. if you are breastfeeding and receive a contrast dye, you and your doctor should discuss when you should resume breastfeeding. information available has not found any ill effects to the baby of a breastfeeding mother who has had contrast dye. how long will it take? will it hurt? the exam is painless. if you have dye injected, there may be stinging when the iv needle is inserted. you may also feel a slight cooling sensation as the dye is injected. after the exam, a radiologist will analyze the images and send a report to your doctor. your doctor will talk to you about the results and any further tests or treatment. call your doctor after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5386863776134958, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.186574"} {"text": "riverside, calif. \u2013 ( www. lasierra. edu ) when ancient near eastern civilizations fought their adversaries they used swords, spears and arrows. but how did they make these weapons, how much damage did they do, and how did kings supply their far - flung troops? a new, multidimensional exhibit at the western science center in hemet, in partnership with la sierra university, helps answer these and other questions through a display of ancient weapons and cultural artifacts, audio - visual media and a hands - on weapons replica table. visitors experience the sights and sounds of ancient war, preparations for battle, learn about the rituals performed before going to war, and ways in which ancient wars impacted history. the exhibit, \u201c weapons & war in the iron age, \u201d is comprised of artifacts from la sierra \u2019 s extensive collection, some excavated by la sierra archaeologists from ancient sites in jordan, and some from sites in israel and palestine. most of the artifacts, including arrows, spears and swords, date from 1200bc to 600bc during the iron age of the near east when iron became the prevalent material in making tools and weapons. \u201c weapons & war in the iron age \u201d will run through the fall. western science center admission is adults $ 8 ; senior citizens and students $ 6. 50 ; youth $ 6 ; children age four and under free ; active - duty military free. the science center is located at 2345 searl parkway, hemet. for additional information call 951 - 791 - 0033, or visit www. westernsciencecenter. org. hours are tues. \u2013 sun., 10 a. m. \u2013 5 p. m. the bank of hemet and eric and gisela gosch are sponsoring the exhibit. the science center held an opening reception on june 21 attended by la sierra archaeology professors, science center board directors and visitors. bill marshall, a member of the center \u2019 s board of directors and a retired superintendent of the san jacinto unified school district described the weapons & war exhibit as \u201c fascinating, \u201d particularly as it reveals the productivity of past civilizations. \u201c i \u2019 ve always \u2026 believed you can learn from what people did in the past. it \u2019 s wise to know where you came from and what people did prior to you, \u201d said marshall.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4376798939463383, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.189320"} {"text": "updated with more inaugural resources : jan. 22, 2013 though president obama actually took the oath of office on jan. 20, public inaugural celebrations take place on jan. 21, the same day that martin luther king will be celebrated this year. in honor of both of these occasions, this will be our only post on monday. below, some resources for teaching and learning about each. martin luther king day the slide show of historic times photos about the civil rights movement at the top of this post is a collection we first published last february. you might apply the three questions we ask weekly in our what \u2019 s going on in this picture? series to any one of them to think more about what is depicted, why and who. below, more from the learning network about martin luther king, jr. and the civil rights movement \u2014 each with links to historic times articles, lesson plans, crosswords, student opinion questions and more : - celebrating mlk day - reader ideas : teaching the civil rights movement - resources : black history month - historic headlines : april 4, 1968 | the assassination of martin luther king if you were to write your own inaugural address, what would you say? how would you draw on america \u2019 s past while acknowledging the present moment? how would you unite americans? what challenges would you note, and what would you say about the role of government? one way to play with those questions is through the times \u2019 s interactive build your own inaugural address. below, more resources for celebrating inauguration day : on the 2013 inauguration - article | obama offers liberal vision : \u2018 we must act \u2019 - interactive | president obama \u2019 s inaugural address - slide show | president obama \u2019 s second inauguration - interactive | a closer look at the inaugural ceremony - news analysis | a call for progressive values : evolved, unapologetic and urgent - article | speech gives climate goals center stage - op - ed | a map of human dignity - article | a day of celebration for a diverse crowd savoring a moment in history - article | washington prepares for festive but scaled - down version of 2009 events - room for debate forum | what should obama say? - op - ed | a sneaky peek at obama \u2019 s speech - article | as droves flock to washington, republicans find somewhere else to be on inaugural speeches and celebrations past : - 2013 graphic | annotating the second inaugural addresses - 2009 illustration | maira kalman | the inauguraton. at last ( 2009 ) - 2009 lesson plan | an oath for the ages : examining historic inaugural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40550836946376534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.192169"} {"text": "view a plan this is a resume writing for teens lesson 9, 10, 11, 12 title \u2013 resume writing for teens by \u2013 jennie withers primary subject - language arts secondary subjects - grade level \u2013 9 - 12 - hey, get a job! available at http : / / www. heygetajob. com ( optional, but very helpful ) - free resume template s for teens at http : / / www. heygetajob. com ( if unavailable, try ms word or publisher resume templates ) - 2 50 - minute class periods - students learn the purpose of a resume and the basic rules for writing a resume. they will then begin to create a resume of their own. ( section 3 \u2013 hey, get a job! ) - language arts teachers may choose to have students write a resume for a character in a novel or story instead or as a warm - up for students writing their own resume. for example, what if beowulf had to apply for a job? what would his resume look like? - social studies teachers might assign students the task of creating a resume for an historical figure at a certain time in their life. they could compare resumes of presidents before they were elected. what famous person was a haberdasher and who was a house painter before they stepped on the world stage? - examples ( both good and bad ) - a worksheet or questionnaire to get them started on their own resumes - list what a resume is used for : - getting a job - college applications - scholarship applications - to give to those you would like to write letter of recommendations for you - hand out or project resume examples : - discuss which are good and which are not. - there are some good ones from teens on www. heygetajob. com on the resume templates link. this should lead into a discussion of the basics of resume writing. - resumes must be typed - print resumes on high quality paper \u2013 office supply stores call it resume paper - keep your resume to one page - use a proper format \u2013 use a template - write in the active voice - no : i have written - yes : i wrote - focus on these three skills \u2013 point out to students that even if they have no work experience, they should have skills to put in a resume - communication skills - problem solving skills - technical skills - pay attention to words - brainstorm a list of words with students to use on resumes. - they should come up with 25 - 50 to get the idea of work - oriented", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4602848967764053, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.196533"} {"text": "in a resume - communication skills - problem solving skills - technical skills - pay attention to words - brainstorm a list of words with students to use on resumes. - they should come up with 25 - 50 to get the idea of work - oriented action words. - some examples : - assisted, implemented, contributed, organized, planned, trained, supervised, selected, earned, presented, mediated, taught, represented - tell the truth \u2013 that includes exaggeration - references \u2013 this is often times not on a resume, but they need to understand they will need to have contact information for the standard three references - customize the resume for the purpose \u2013 a job resume is going to be different from a resume for a college application. - check, check and double check and then have someone else proof it - create a worksheet or some questions that include things teens can put on a resume. it \u2019 s a way to get them writing and it is a lot less intimidating than giving them a template and telling them to plug it in. things to be included : - objective \u2013 one sentence that states why you \u2019 re sending the resume to them and it \u2019 s a worthwhile place to plug some positive characteristics. - challenging or relevant workplace oriented classes they \u2019 ve taken in school. their gpa, if it \u2019 s good. - work experience if they have any. most recent job, what they did and for whom, list of duties ( remind them of the words you brainstormed earlier ). - volunteer or community service. - stress the importance of this, particularly if they have little to no work experience. - list their title or roll, what they did and for whom, list of duties. - talents or skills they have that would be relevant. - honors and awards ( academic, athletic, community ) - extra - curricular activities \u2013 clubs, associations, activities outside of school, hobbies and interests. - students will create professional resume using a template -. ( free templates that were designed for teens with little to no work experience are at -. if this resource is unavailable, ms word and publisher have basic templates that could be adapted. ) - computer and printer - resume template - show students the templates available to them. - they need to choose the template that works best for them. - for example, if they don \u2019 t have any work experience, they don \u2019 t want to choose one that highlights work experience. - students need to copy and paste the chosen template into a word document. they can make", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45369247258483264, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.197644"} {"text": "\" the free application for federal student aid ( known as the fafsa ) is a form that can be prepared annually by current and prospective college students ( undergraduate and graduate ) in the united states to determine their eligibility for student financial aid ( including the pell grant, federal student loans and federal work - study ). despite its name, the application is not for a single federal program, being rather the gateway of consideration for : - the nine federal student - aid programs - the 605 state aid programs - most of the institutional aid available \" ( wikipedia ) a searchable list of the school codes used to complete the free application for federal student aid ( fafsa ). from the u. s. department of education. \" five federal agencies - - u. s. department of agriculture, u. s. department of education, u. s. department of housing and urban development, u. s. small business administration, and the u. s. department of veterans affairs - - have come together to create this single point of access for federal loan information on the web. \" browse or search for loans for farming, businesses, students, disaster relief, and more. includes a glossary of loan terms and links to additional resources. \" this site from the u. s. department of education ' s federal student aid ( fsa ) program describes funding and loan repayment considerations relating to attending schools from elementary through graduate. also find information about preparing for college, selecting a school, and applying to a program. provides information for students, parents, and counselors. available in english and spanish. searchable. shelf location : reference lb 2337. 4s3536 2010 - 2012 shelf location : reference lb 2337. 2 m663 2010 - 2012 shelf location : reference lb 2337. 2 m667 2010 - 2012 shelf location : reference lb 2338 s35 2012 provides information on financial aid for the student who is completing high school ; who is starting or is already enrolled in post - secondary education ; who is a graduate student, a post - graduate student, a researcher, or a student of law, medicine, dentistry or veterinary medicine. shelf location : general collection lb 2338 t36 2012 resource center for re - entry and nontraditional students, with lots of information about everything from choosing a college to using academic reference materials. \" national security education program ( nsep ) is a unique scholarship opportunity for u. s. undergraduates to gain knowledge of languages and cultures in areas of the world less frequently studied.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4771599238003333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.202638"} {"text": "information about everything from choosing a college to using academic reference materials. \" national security education program ( nsep ) is a unique scholarship opportunity for u. s. undergraduates to gain knowledge of languages and cultures in areas of the world less frequently studied. \" a free website for finding scholarships. this requires an extensive registration. this scholarship application site is for currently enrolled truman students to apply for scholarships that will be awarded in subsequent semesters at truman. peterson ' s undergraduate financial aid database is a comprehensive source of information about college - administered financial aid sources for undergraduate students. the data elements included describe the kinds of aid these students receive at a given institution, and how much aid of each type \u2014 need - based and non - need based ( specific characteristics, special talents, or achievements ) \u2014 is typically awarded, as well as self - help options like work - study jobs and various college - administered loan programs. also included are data describing aid awarded to the entering freshman class and undergraduate international students. required financial aid forms and filing deadlines, notification dates, and reply deadlines are also contained in this database. this site has information for truman students about automatic scholarships ; competitive scholarships and scholarship renewal. features information about the programs, scholarships, and member colleges of this \" minority higher education assistance organization. \" include a timeline of the organization, information about scholarships for students attending historically black colleges and universities, and profiles of member colleges ( browsable by name and discipline ). tel : ( 660 ) 785 - 7417 = restricted resource = some full text = openurl enabled = video files = audio files", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5122805594216941, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.203327"} {"text": "now installed on more than 20 million internet domains around the world, php is an undisputed leader in web programming languages. database connectivity, powerful extensions, and rich object - orientation are all reasons for its popularity, but nearly everyone would agree that, above all, php is one of the easiest languages to learn and use for developing dynamic web applications. the ease of development and simplicity of php, combined with a large community and expansive repository of open source php libraries, make it a favorite of web designers and developers worldwide. php in a nutshell is a complete reference to the core of the language as well as the most popular php extensions. this book doesn ' t try to compete with or replace the widely available online documentation. instead, it is designed to provide depth and breadth that can ' t be found elsewhere. php in a nutshell provides the maximum information density on php, without all the fluff and extras that get in the way. the topic grouping, tips, and examples in this book complement the online guide and make this an essential reference for every php programmer. this book focuses on the functions commonly used by a majority of developers, so you can look up the information you need quickly. whether you ' re just getting started or have years of experience in php development, php in a nutshell is a valuable addition to your desk library.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5338287423090938, "token_count": 270, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.204673"} {"text": "as early as october 23, weather forecast models predicted that tropical storm sandy would be a threat to the mid - atlantic states and new england. by the 25th, the forecasts from several weather centres provided a consistent story of a large hurricane that would turn sharply to the west, and cross the coast in new jersey. the story from the forecast turned out to be largely correct. the model predictions provided time to plan \u2013 to anticipate so that risk and loss could be reduced. this storm is also a climate - change case study. it reveals, even with the benefit of preparedness, the weather - related vulnerabilities of our society. we see the connections between subway tunnels, financial markets, chemical plants, refineries, environmental risk, and the personal loss of houses by wind, flood, and fire \u2013 all rooted in increased weather volatility in a warming climate. in this time of intense political scrutiny in the u. s., the occurrence of hurricane sandy spawned countless articles. some mentioned the impacts that hurricane andrew had on president george h. w. bush \u2019 s re - election ; others, the practical considerations of this season \u2019 s campaigns being halted. many focused on the opportunity for the candidates to show leadership, seriousness, sympathy, and empathy. there are learned and speculative analyses of the benefits of bad weather on republicans and democrats. but there has been little written about how hurricane sandy highlights the dangerous absence of climate change in us politics. climate change is one of many important subjects that politicians in the us cannot seem to address. we feel our climate through weather. we already have measured evidence of increased numbers of extreme storms. we also have measured changes in how storms are steered across north america ; they are moving more slowly. slower storms mean they stay around longer. it rains more and the wind blows for a longer time \u2013 trees fall, power grids fail, streets and fields flood. hurricane sandy is enormous in size. rather than moving north and east into the north atlantic, it moved, unusually, to the west ; it then churned, moving slowly in central pennsylvania. this is how climate affects us, present and future \u2013 except that in the future this story will be told more often. i started this piece by noting that the forecast of hurricane sandy gave us the ability to plan and to reduce risk and loss. that is what climate models offer as well \u2013 opportunity. there are individuals, organizations, corporations, and countries using this knowledge. but the u. s. national political position is to look away from this problem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47672039815394085, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.208805"} {"text": "the battle started when magellan and his men neared the island. they saw that the army of lapu - lapu divided into three groups. when the warriors saw the foreigners, they started screaming and rushing towards them. for half an hour the spaniards kept shooting their crossbows but to no avail. lapu - lapu and his men eventually came into contact with them as magellan and his men came into the island. pigaffeta wrote that magellan meant to scare the warriors by burning their houses. instead this provoked them more and they became furious and started attacking resulting in the death of some of his men. when a poisoned arrow hit magellan in the right leg, he gave the order to retreat slowly but they all ran away except 8 of them including pigaffeta who escorted the captain. lapu - lapuis men targeted their legs because they had no armor in that part of their body. magellan himself received a blow in the leg from a kampilan ( a long edged muslim sword ) and a spear in the arm. he was able to... read more the black nazarene has many names. in spanish it is called the nuestro padre jesus nazareno. in filipino it is known as mahal na itim na nazareno or itim na nazareno. but its formal name in english is \" our father jesus nazarene \". the black nazarene is wooden sculpture of jesus christ. it is a life - sized figure carrying the cross. filipino catholics believe the wooden figure to be possessed with miraculous nature. in the beginning the black nazarene had a fair complexion. but because of a fire that burned the ship it was carried on, it turned black. luckily, the sculpture survived. the sculptor of the image has always been unanimous. according to history, it was brought to manila from acapulco, mexico via a galleon ship. originally, the black nazarene had an identical twin sculpture which was brought to manila. this is found in the intramuros district church records. it is said that the first one kept in bagumbayanis san nicolas de tolentino church before it was transferr... read more the coron palawan hopping trip is the perfect choice for family members and couples who just want to have fun and enjoy the beauty of nature. if a person feels the need to reconnect with mother nature, then it is better that the traveler take the next flight to coron island. viewing the magnificent and spectacular", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4108509579236962, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.214749"} {"text": "and couples who just want to have fun and enjoy the beauty of nature. if a person feels the need to reconnect with mother nature, then it is better that the traveler take the next flight to coron island. viewing the magnificent and spectacular sceneries in coron isle is such a fantastic experience. this is especially true for someone who wants to have a breather. if the traveler want to discover the nation ' s best gifts like its spectacular sea side and unique coral reefs, then now is your chance to travel to coron palawan. visiting the kalachuchi reefs viewing the breathtaking kalachuchi barrier reefs is just one of the best parts of the coron island hopping trip. travelers who love scuba diving will certainly appreciate these lovely tourist spots. different types of sea creatures regularly visit and breed in these places. the coral reefs are perfect for marine biology studies. more and more sea creat... read more clear blue sky oh! we want to fly for we are always in low because of this bitter blow where are you mom and dad? why you have left us in this bloody flood? we donit understand, we are the gift from above sadly, we are in the street living from otheris love look around you their actions were few too blind to see, is this the reality? peace on earth, a better world not in action, only a word a goal for the common good yet, their heart is not in mood tender, loving care this is our little dare is this too much or just fair? help us! we are too young for this nightmare. sometimes you need to experience everything so that you would learn. there ' s no easy way in living life so live it as it is.. and don ' t miss the chances life is giving you because the most important things are not \" things \" at all most of the time, they are \" people \" making your life worth living. vintas are traditional boats originating from the southern island called mindanao in the philippines. the bajau and moros of sulu and zamboanga created these boats. they are also called lepa - lepa or sakayan and were used since ancient times to transport people and goods to and from different islands... read more the tabon caves are set in lipuun point reservation in palawan. it is a 138 - hectare of island which is linked to palawanis mainland by a forest. they are groups of caves found in the northern parts of the quezon municipality in palawan province on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47111914092694473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.215707"} {"text": "provided by : freebsd - manpages _ 8. 0 - 1 _ all signal, sigaddset, sigdelset, setemptyset, sigfillset, sigismember, sigisempty, signotempty, sigseteq, sigsetneq, sigsetor, sigsetand, sigsetnand, sigsetcantmask, sig _ stopsigmask, sig _ contsigmask, sigpending, cursig, execsigs, issignal, killproc, pgsigio, postsig, sigexit, siginit, signotify, trapsignal - kernel signal functions sigaddset ( sigset _ t set, int signo ) ; sigdelset ( sigset _ t set, int signo ) ; sigismember ( sigset _ t set, int signo ) ; sigseteq ( sigset _ t set1, sigset _ t set2 ) ; sigsetneq ( sigset _ t set1, sigset _ t set2 ) ; sigsetor ( sigset _ t set1, sigset _ t set2 ) ; sigsetand ( sigset _ t set1, sigset _ t set2 ) ; sigsetnand ( sigset _ t set1, sigset _ t set2 ) ; sigpending ( struct proc * p ) ; cursig ( struct thread * td ) ; execsigs ( struct proc * p ) ; issignal ( struct thread * td ) ; killproc ( struct proc * p, char * why ) ; pgsigio ( struct sigio * * sigiop, int sig, int checkctty ) ; sigexit ( struct thread * td, int signum ) ; siginit ( struct proc * p ) ; signotify ( struct thread * td ) ; trapsignal ( struct thread * td, int sig, u _ long code ) ; the sigaddset ( ) macro adds signo to set. no effort is made to ensure that signo is a valid signal number. the sigdelset ( ) macro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4594810875806169, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.224414"} {"text": "* td, int sig, u _ long code ) ; the sigaddset ( ) macro adds signo to set. no effort is made to ensure that signo is a valid signal number. the sigdelset ( ) macro removes signo from set. no effort is made to ensure that signo is a valid signal number. the sigemptyset ( ) macro clears all signals in set. the sigfillset ( ) macro sets all signals in set. the sigismember ( ) macro determines if signo is set in set. the sigisempty ( ) macro determines if set does not have any signals set. the signotempty ( ) macro determines if set has any signals set. the sigseteq ( ) macro determines if two signal sets are equal ; that is, the same signals are set in both. the sigsetneq ( ) macro determines if two signal sets differ ; that is, if any signal set in one is not set in the other. the sigsetor ( ) macro ors the signals set in set2 into set1. the sigsetand ( ) macro ands the signals set in set2 into set1. the sigsetnand ( ) macro nands the signals set in set2 into set1. the sig _ cantmask ( ) macro clears the sigkill and sigstop signals from set. these two signals cannot be blocked or caught and sig _ cantmask ( ) is used in code where signals are manipulated to ensure this policy is enforced. the sig _ stopsigmask ( ) macro clears the sigstop, sigtstp, sigttin, and sigttou signals from set. sig _ stopsigmask ( ) is used to clear stop signals when a process is waiting for a child to exit or exec, and when a process is continuing after having been suspended. the sig _ contsigmask ( ) macro clears the sigcont signal from set. sig _ contsigmask ( ) is called when a process is stopped. the sigpending ( ) macro determines if the given process has any pending signals that are not masked. if the process has a pending signal and the process is currently being traced, sigpending ( ) will return true even if the signal is masked. the cursig ( ) function returns the signal number that should be delivered to process td - > td", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.507350491452829, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.225416"} {"text": "the process has a pending signal and the process is currently being traced, sigpending ( ) will return true even if the signal is masked. the cursig ( ) function returns the signal number that should be delivered to process td - > td _ proc. if there are no signals pending, zero is the execsigs ( ) function resets the signal set and signal stack of a process in preparation for an execve ( 2 ). the lock for p must be held before execsigs ( ) is called. the issignal ( ) function determines if there are any pending signals for process td - > td _ proc that should be caught, or cause this process to terminate or interrupt its current system call. if process td - > td _ proc is currently being traced, ignored signals will be handled and the process is always stopped. stop signals are handled and cleared right away by issignal ( ) unless the process is a member of an orphaned process group and the stop signal originated from a tty. the sched _ lock lock may be acquired and released, and if giant is held, it may be released and reacquired. the sigacts structure td - > td _ proc - > p _ sigacts must be locked before calling issignal ( ) and may be released and reacquired during the call. the process lock for td - > td _ proc must be acquired before calling issignal ( ) and may be released and reacquired during the call. the lock for the parent of td - > td _ proc may also be acquired and released. default signal actions are not taken for system processes and init. the killproc ( ) function delivers sigkill to p. why is logged as the reason why the process was killed. the pgsigio ( ) function sends the signal sig to the process or process group sigiop - > sio _ pgid. if checkctty is non - zero, the signal is only delivered to processes in the process group that have a controlling terminal. if sigiop - > sio _ pgid is for a process ( > 0 ), the lock for sigiop - > sio _ proc is acquired and released. if sigiop - > sio _ pgid is for a process group ( < 0 ), the process group lock for sigiop - > sio _ pgrp is acquired and released. the lock si", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4744638109143378, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.226328"} {"text": "sprains and strains are common injuries that we sustain with daily activities, recreation, and competitive sports. but what is a sprain and what is a strain? a strain is the tearing of muscle fibers. muscle fibers are the individual units that make up your muscles. when you call upon the muscle to perform strong or repeated contractions, you may suffer a strain. to further confuse the layperson, strains are classified into grades i, ii, and iii. another way to think of these grades is mild ( grade i ), moderate ( grade ii ), severe ( grade iii ). a grade i strain is a mild disruption of the muscle fibers. there may be mild swelling, mild tenderness, and it may be painful to stretch and use the injured muscle. a grade ii muscle strain indicates moderate muscle fiber damage. the pain is moderate to severe, it definitely hurts to use and stretch the injured muscle, and ecchymosis may be present. ecchymosis ( commonly called bruising ) indicates that there was internal damage to blood vessels that resulted in bleeding within and around the muscle. this bleeding is often visible under the skin as a purple, blue, red, yellow, and even green in color. a grade iii strain is the most severe. it is the complete tearing of a muscle into two pieces, or separation of the muscle from its associated tendon. there is severe pain, complete loss of muscle strength, swelling is normally present with ecchymosis, and there may be a palpable \" indentation \" where the muscle is torn. medical intervention is ususally necessary. typically, an orthopaedist ( musculoskeletal specialist ) will evaluate your condition and surgical repair may be necessary. sprains are tears of the ligaments and capsules ( tissues around joints ). ligaments are made up of bundles of somewhat elastic, collagen tissue and attach one bone to another. capsules typically partially or completely surround a joint. in a synovial joint, there is lubricating and nourishing fluid within the capsule called synovial fluid. like strains, sprains are classified as grade i, ii, or iii in their severity. a grade i sprain involves a minimal number of ligament fibers. there may be pain, swelling, and only mild loss of function. a grade ii sprain is a moderate or partial ligament tear. there is usually moderate to severe pain, swelling and bruising are typically present, and there is a loss of joint function", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49620908269270125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.229798"} {"text": "pasadena, calif. - an image from the high resolution imaging science experiment ( hirise ) camera aboard nasa ' s mars reconnaissance orbiter captured the curiosity rover still connected to its 51 - foot - wide ( almost 16 meter ) parachute as it descended towards its landing site at gale crater. \" if hirise took the image one second before or one second after, we probably would be looking at an empty martian landscape, \" said sarah milkovich, hirise investigation scientist at nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory in pasadena, calif. \" when you consider that we have been working on this sequence since march and had to upload commands to the spacecraft about 72 hours prior to the image being taken, you begin to realize how challenging this picture was to obtain. \" the image of curiosity on its parachute can be found at : the image was taken while mro was 211 miles ( 340 kilometers ) away from the parachuting rover. curiosity and its rocket - propelled backpack, contained within the conical - shaped back shell, had yet to be deployed. at the time, curiosity was about two miles ( three kilometers ) above the martian surface. \" guess you could consider us the closest thing to paparazzi on mars, \" said milkovich. \" we definitely caught nasa ' s newest celebrity in the act. \" curiosity, nasa ' s latest contribution to the martian landscape, landed at 10 : 32 p. m. aug. 5, pdt, ( 1 : 32 on aug. 6, edt ) near the foot of a mountain three miles tall inside gale crater, 96 miles in diameter. in other curiosity news, one part of the rover team at the jpl continues to analyze the data from last night ' s landing while another continues to prepare the one - ton mobile laboratory for its future explorations of gale crater. one key assignment given to curiosity for its first full day on mars is to raise its high - gain antenna. using this antenna will increase the data rate at which the rover can communicate directly with earth. the mission will use relays to orbiters as the primary method for sending data home, because that method is much more energy - efficient for the rover. curiosity carries 10 science instruments with a total mass 15 times as large as the science payloads on the mars rovers spirit and opportunity. some of the tools are the first of their kind on mars, such as a laser - firing instrument for checking rocks ' elemental composition from a distance. later in the mission, the rover will use a drill and scoop at the end of its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47250842109077984, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.234935"} {"text": "opportunity. some of the tools are the first of their kind on mars, such as a laser - firing instrument for checking rocks ' elemental composition from a distance. later in the mission, the rover will use a drill and scoop at the end of its robotic arm to gather soil and powdered samples of rock interiors, then sieve and parcel out these samples into analytical laboratory instruments inside the rover. to handle this science toolkit, curiosity is twice as long and five times as heavy as spirit or opportunity. the gale crater landing site places the rover within driving distance to layers of the crater ' s interior mountain. observations from orbit have identified clay and sulfate minerals in the lower layers, indicating a wet history. the mission is managed by jpl for nasa ' s science mission directorate in washington. the rover was designed, developed and assembled at jpl. for more information on the mission, visit follow the mission on facebook and twitter at hirise is operated by the university of arizona, tucson. the instrument was built by ball aerospace & technologies corp., boulder, colo. the mars reconnaissance orbiter project and the mars exploration rover project are managed by nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, pasadena, calif., for nasa ' s science mission directorate, washington. jpl is a division of the california institute of technology in pasadena. lockheed martin space systems, denver, built the orbiter. for more about the mars reconnaissance orbiter, see http : / / www. nasa. gov / mro. guy webster / dc agle 8180 - 354 - 6278 / 818 - 393 - 9011 jet propulsion laboratory, pasadena, calif. email @ example. com / firstname. lastname @ example. org dwayne brown 202 - 358 - 1726 nasa headquarters, washington", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48893040119585573, "token_count": 363, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.235707"} {"text": "see also the dr. math faq : 3d and higher browse middle school word problems stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. selected answers to common questions : - what is the number? [ 3 / 29 / 1995 ] you know that a certain 5 - digit number is a power of 7 and that its ones digit also is 7. what is the number? - what is the speed of the truck? [ 3 / 20 / 1995 ] a storm is 50 miles offshore and its path is perpendicular to a straight shoreline. it is approaching the shore at a rate of 4mph.... - what is the value of k? [ 01 / 24 / 2003 ] for positive integer walues on n, define n! to be the sum of integers 1 to n inclusive. - what ' s his street address? how many neighbors does he have? [ 09 / 29 / 2010 ] a student struggles with a word problem that asks for specific sums of counting numbers. three different doctors weigh in with increasingly sophisticated and comprehensive problem - solving approaches : programming spreadsheet formulas ; applying combinatorics ; and invoking quadratic diophantine and pell equations. - what time did ajay start? [ 08 / 06 / 2003 ] three persons, ajay, bhanu, and chandu, plan to travel from p and reach q at 4. 00 pm... - what time does she get to work? [ 04 / 30 / 2002 ] lillian drives to work at an average speed of 45 miles per hour. if she travels 30 miles to work and leaves at 8 : 00 a. m., what time does she get to work? - when was king george born? [ 08 / 23 / 2002 ] king george died 180 years after king alfred was born. their combined age when they died was 73 years. king alfred died in 315 a. d. in what year was king george born? - where would the two trains meet? [ 6 / 5 / 1995 ] if a train left baltimore at 6 : 00 pm and travels at 19 m. p. h. and another train left philadelphia travelling at 85 mph in the opposite direction, where would they meet? - who gets the job? [ 12 / 11 / 2001 ] each job candidate can see the other two candidates ' black or red dots but not his own. whoever can figure out the color of his own dot gets the - who picked the most? [ 09 / 12 / 1998 ] arrange the names of the people in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.513443326318114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.239656"} {"text": "job candidate can see the other two candidates ' black or red dots but not his own. whoever can figure out the color of his own dot gets the - who picked the most? [ 09 / 12 / 1998 ] arrange the names of the people in the order of the number of peaches that each picked, starting with the person who picked the most. - who will win the race? [ 11 / 26 / 2002 ] who will win the race and by how many meters? - the width of a walkway surrounding a garden [ 04 / 04 / 1998 ] a walkway surrounds a 24x30 garden and is 1 / 4th the area of the garden. how wide is the walkway? - winking lights [ 09 / 12 / 1998 ] a red light winks every 6 seconds, a white one every 10 seconds and a green one every 14 seconds. how often do they wink together?... - with how much money did each start the game? [ 04 / 24 / 2002 ] ferne, donna, and susan have just finished playing three games... after three rounds, each has $ 24. 00. how much money did each have at the start of the game? - word problem using whole numbers [ 5 / 25 / 1996 ] if someone went to the store and bought 20 fish for $ 45... - working backward [ 11 / 30 / 1999 ] a woman sells half of her eggs and half an egg to peter. later, she sells half her eggs again and half an egg to john, and so on with more people. finally the woman is left with only one egg. how many eggs did she start - working backward [ 01 / 22 / 2001 ] ann, barry, chip, doug, evelyn, and fred went to lunch to celebrate evelyn ' s and fred ' s birthdays... how much should each person pay? - writing equations for word problems [ 09 / 01 / 1998 ] can you help me convert the following word problems to equations and solve them? an oil painting is 16 years older than a watercolor.... - writing expressions with variables [ 09 / 13 / 1998 ] write an expression that represents a $ 500 donation plus $ 5 for every - the youngest of the tennis player [ 5 / 9 / 1995 ] five friends get together to play 5 doubles matches. the sums of the ages of the players for the different matches are 124, 128, 130, 136 and 142 years. what is the age of the youngest player?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5397633594665405, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.240846"} {"text": "there ' s big doings down there in corvallis, oregon as oregon state university begins construction on an ambitious $ 5 million facility to test a \" hot \" new nuclear technology. although a number of new tech designs incorporating small size and passive water - cooled systems - making them meltdown - proof - have been tested ( and corvallis spinoff nuscale has reportedly begun marketing such modular systems ), the design this facilty will test is a new \" superhot \" version, cooled by helium. operating temperature is about 2000 degrees ; three times hotter than other nuke plants, but the design precludes meltdowns while producing electricity some 50 % more efficiently than current alternatives - with half the waste. moreover, than can also produce hydrogen for fuel cells, and efficiently desalinate water. and the apocalyptic greenies will love this part : it produces zero \" greenhouse gas \" emissions. better yet, the system ' s being built in newberg, oregon. sort of like \" farm to fork \" science. think of the reduction in \" carbon footprint \" achieved by buying locally! there is one teeny problem : the planet ' s running out of helium, and man - made global warming aside, we ' re presently too cold to make more of the stuff. if this tech takes off, we may need to send robot ships off - planet to capture and return more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.569026366748563, "token_count": 281, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.244189"} {"text": "link id ' d for introduction of fish, childhood wheeze the introduction of fish between the ages of 6 and 12 months, but not consumption afterward, correlates with a reduction in the risk of wheezing in children at age 48 months, according to a study published online nov. 12 in pediatrics. ( healthday ) \u2014 the introduction of fish between the ages of 6 and 12 months, but not consumption afterward, correlates with a reduction in the risk of wheezing in children at age 48 months, according to a study published online nov. 12 in pediatrics. jessica c. kiefte - de jong, r. d., ph. d., from erasmus medical center in rotterdam, netherlands, and colleagues assessed the association of asthma - like symptoms in preschool age children ( 36 and 48 months ) with the timing of introduction of fish to infants ( assessed at 12 and 14 months of age ). semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires were used to assess fish consumption. the researchers found that introduction of fish between age 6 and 12 months correlated significantly with a reduced risk of wheezing at 48 months ( odds ratio [ or ], 0. 64 ), compared with no introduction during the first year. no introduction in the first year and introduction between 0 and 6 months correlated with significantly increased risk of wheezing at 48 months ( or, 1. 57 and 1. 53, respectively ), compared with introduction between 6 and 12 months of age. there was no correlation between the amount of fish consumed at age 14 months and asthma - like symptoms. \" introduction of fish between 6 and 12 months but not fish consumption afterward is associated with a lower prevalence of wheezing, \" the authors write. \" a window of exposure between the age of 6 and 12 months might exist in which fish might be associated with a reduced risk of asthma. \" one author disclosed financial ties to pfizer nutrition. more information : abstract full text ( subscription or payment may be required ) journal reference : pediatrics copyright \u00a9 2012 healthday. all rights reserved. - fishy diet in early infancy cuts eczema risk sep 25, 2008 | not rated yet | 0 - breastfeeding may prevent asthma jul 22, 2011 | not rated yet | 0 - babies who eat fish before nine months are less likely to suffer pre - school wheeze nov 22, 2011 | not rated yet | 0 - breastfeeding protects against asthma up to six years of age feb 10, 2012 | not rated yet | 0", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45207284109935414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.252392"} {"text": "who eat fish before nine months are less likely to suffer pre - school wheeze nov 22, 2011 | not rated yet | 0 - breastfeeding protects against asthma up to six years of age feb 10, 2012 | not rated yet | 0 - viral infections in infancy are not associated with wheezing symptoms in later childhood may 23, 2012 | not rated yet | 0 - motion perception revisited : high phi effect challenges established motion perception assumptions apr 23, 2013 | 3 / 5 ( 2 ) | 2 - anything you can do i can do better : neuromolecular foundations of the superiority illusion ( update ) apr 02, 2013 | 4. 5 / 5 ( 11 ) | 5 - the visual system as economist : neural resource allocation in visual adaptation mar 30, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 9 - separate lives : neuronal and organismal lifespans decoupled mar 27, 2013 | 4. 9 / 5 ( 8 ) | 0 - sizing things up : the evolutionary neurobiology of scale invariance feb 28, 2013 | 4. 8 / 5 ( 10 ) | 14 is this plasma ( picture in thread ) 50 minutes ago http : / / postimg. org / image / d530nwobf / basic physics understanding. could someone explain? 3 hours ago i ' m trying to get a grip on some classic physics by watching a stanford lecture. i ' ve made it through the first one, and now in the second one all... change in flux of a transformer 3 hours ago hello, as i understand, a simple transformer works by using the input ac in the primary coil to generate magnetic field in the iron core, which... electric field between parallel plate capacitor 4 hours ago if you have an infinite non - conducting plate, the electric field just outside is equal to sigma / 2 * epsilon. the electric field just outside a... why angle of projectile has 2 solutions? 4 hours ago i have the final answer of : sin2 ( theta ) = 0. 871 why does ( theta ) = 30. 3 deg or ( theta ) = 59. 7 deg i get why this could be physically, but... how much negative charge do i accumulate by touching the earth? 6 hours ago the earth carries a negative electric charge of roughly 500 thousand coulombs ( according to different sources i ' ve seen ). if i touch the earth i... - more from physics forums - classical physics more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5728612994103592, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.253626"} {"text": "touching the earth? 6 hours ago the earth carries a negative electric charge of roughly 500 thousand coulombs ( according to different sources i ' ve seen ). if i touch the earth i... - more from physics forums - classical physics more news stories existing research shows that bicyclists who wear helmets have an 88 percent lower risk of brain injury, but researchers at boston children ' s hospital found that simply having bicycle helmet laws in place showed a 20 percent... pediatrics may 23, 2013 | not rated yet | 0 ( healthday ) \u2014 over the last decade, the number of american children who die each year awaiting an organ donation dropped by more than half, new research reveals. and increasing numbers of children are receiving... pediatrics may 22, 2013 | not rated yet | 0 phthalates : study links chemicals widely found in plastics, processed food to elevated blood pressure in children, teens plastic additives known as phthalates ( pronounced thal - ates ) are odorless, colorless and just about everywhere : they turn up in flooring, plastic cups, beach balls, plastic wrap, intravenous tubing and \u2014 according to the... pediatrics may 22, 2013 | not rated yet | 1 | a study by alexandra l. c. martiniuk, m. sc, ph. d., of the george institute for global health, sydney, australia, and colleagues suggests less sleep per night is associated with a significant increase in the risk for motor... pediatrics may 20, 2013 | not rated yet | 0 whole - cell pertussis vaccines were more effective at protecting against pertussis than acellular pertussis vaccines during a large recent outbreak, according to a new kaiser permanente study published in pediatrics. pediatrics may 20, 2013 | not rated yet | 0 | ( medical xpress ) \u2014 a new study by researchers in the us has shown that an ancient virus can be modified to help in the fight against the simian immunodeficiency virus siv, which is the equivalent in monkeys... 9 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 3 ) | 0 | women at a particular stage in their monthly menstrual cycle may be more vulnerable to some of the psychological side - effects associated with stressful experiences, according to a study from ucl. 6 hours ago | 5 / 5 ( 1 ) | 0 | biological processes are generally based on events at the molecular and cellular level. to understand what happens in the course", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5260923360740092, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.254708"} {"text": "new stem cell approach for blindness successful in mice ( w / video ) cells which have re - formed the light sensitive layer of the retina are shown in green. ( medical xpress ) \u2014 blind mice can see again, after oxford university researchers transplanted developing cells into their eyes and found they could re - form the entire light - sensitive layer of the retina. videos show the nocturnal mice, which once didn ' t notice the difference between light and dark at all, now run from the light and prefer to be in the dark \u2013 just like mice with normal vision. the researchers say the approach has relevance for treating patients with retinitis pigmentosa, a condition in which the light - sensing cells in the retina gradually die leading to progressive blindness. the study was led by professor robert maclaren in the nuffield department of clinical neurosciences at the university of oxford, together with dr mandeep singh, an eye surgeon from the national university hospital of singapore who is currently undertaking phd studies in oxford. the findings are published online in the journal pnas. the researchers worked with mice that are blind due to complete loss of the light - sensing photoreceptor cells in their retinas. this is the most relevant mouse model for treating patients who are blind from retinitis pigmentosa. this video is not supported by your browser at this time. after two weeks, the researchers showed the cells transplanted into the eye had re - formed a full light - detecting layer on the retina and the mice could see. the cells used were mouse ' precursor ' cells that are on an initial path towards developing into retinal cells. a pupil constriction test showed that, of the 12 mice that received the cell transplant, 10 showed improved pupil constriction in response to light. this shows that the retinas of the mice were sensing the light once more, and this was being transmitted down the optic nerve to the brain. dr singh says : ' we found that if enough cells are transplanted together, they not only become light sensing but they also regenerate the connections required for meaningful vision. ' professor maclaren explains : ' stem cells have been trialled in patients to replace the pigmented lining of the retina, but this new research shows that the light - sensing layer might also be replaced in a similar way. the light - sensing cells have a highly complex structure and we observed that they can resume function as a layer and restore connections after transplantation into the completely blind retina", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5023179949872054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.262441"} {"text": "research shows that the light - sensing layer might also be replaced in a similar way. the light - sensing cells have a highly complex structure and we observed that they can resume function as a layer and restore connections after transplantation into the completely blind retina. ' in looking forward towards potential cell treatments for blindness in humans, professor maclaren explains that they would like to use induced pluripotent stem cells, or ips cells. these are stem cells that have been generated from the patient ' s own cells, such as skin or blood cells, and can then be directed to form precursors of the retina cells. professor maclaren says that this has been achieved by others : ' all the steps are there for doing this in patients in the future. ' the next step is to find a reliable source of cells in patients that can provide the stem cells for use in such transplants, he says. while these are more long - term developments to work towards, professor maclaren says ' our study shows what we could achieve with a cell - based approach. ' ' we have shown the transplanted cells survive, they become light - sensitive, and they connect and reform the wiring to the rest of the retina to restore vision, ' he says. ' the ability to reconstruct the entire light sensitive layer of the retina using cell transplantation is the ultimate goal of the stem cell treatments for blindness we are all working towards. ' more information : www. pnas. org / conte \u2026 110. abstract journal reference : proceedings of the national academy of sciences provided by oxford university - stem cells improve visual function in blind mice oct 01, 2012 | not rated yet | 0 - photoreceptor transplant restores vision in mice apr 18, 2012 | not rated yet | 0 - pig stem cell transplants : the key to future research into retina treatment apr 13, 2011 | not rated yet | 0 - sections of retinas regenerated and visual function increased with stem cells from skin may 16, 2011 | not rated yet | 0 - gene therapy restores vision to mice with retinal degeneration oct 16, 2008 | not rated yet | 0 - motion perception revisited : high phi effect challenges established motion perception assumptions apr 23, 2013 | 3 / 5 ( 2 ) | 2 - anything you can do i can do better : neuromolecular foundations of the superiority illusion ( update ) apr 02, 2013 | 4. 5 / 5 ( 11 ) | 5 - the visual system as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4943577255032323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.263571"} {"text": "/ 5 ( 2 ) | 2 - anything you can do i can do better : neuromolecular foundations of the superiority illusion ( update ) apr 02, 2013 | 4. 5 / 5 ( 11 ) | 5 - the visual system as economist : neural resource allocation in visual adaptation mar 30, 2013 | 5 / 5 ( 2 ) | 9 - separate lives : neuronal and organismal lifespans decoupled mar 27, 2013 | 4. 9 / 5 ( 8 ) | 0 - sizing things up : the evolutionary neurobiology of scale invariance feb 28, 2013 | 4. 8 / 5 ( 10 ) | 14 is this plasma ( picture in thread ) 1 hour ago http : / / postimg. org / image / d530nwobf / basic physics understanding. could someone explain? 3 hours ago i ' m trying to get a grip on some classic physics by watching a stanford lecture. i ' ve made it through the first one, and now in the second one all... change in flux of a transformer 3 hours ago hello, as i understand, a simple transformer works by using the input ac in the primary coil to generate magnetic field in the iron core, which... electric field between parallel plate capacitor 4 hours ago if you have an infinite non - conducting plate, the electric field just outside is equal to sigma / 2 * epsilon. the electric field just outside a... why angle of projectile has 2 solutions? 5 hours ago i have the final answer of : sin2 ( theta ) = 0. 871 why does ( theta ) = 30. 3 deg or ( theta ) = 59. 7 deg i get why this could be physically, but... how much negative charge do i accumulate by touching the earth? 6 hours ago the earth carries a negative electric charge of roughly 500 thousand coulombs ( according to different sources i ' ve seen ). if i touch the earth i... - more from physics forums - classical physics more news stories ( healthday ) \u2014 glucosamine supplements that millions of americans take to help treat hip and knee osteoarthritis may have an unexpected side effect : they may increase risk for developing glaucoma, a small... ophthalmology 23 hours ago | not rated yet | 0 prostaglandin analogues ( pgas ), drugs which lower intraocular pressure, are often the first line of treatment for people with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5717781535419609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.264496"} {"text": "short stature is a height that is smaller than the average height for a person ' s age, sex, and racial group. it is specifically height that is in the third percentile. short stature is generally broken down into three subgroups :. - familial short stature \u2014 parents are short - constitutional delay and development \u2014 child is small for age but growing at normal rate, will reach an adult height similar to parents - caused by chronic disease \u2014 such as malnutrition, genetic disorders, heart problems, or growth hormone deficiency are just a few that can affect growth treatment will be needed to reach full height potential contact a doctor if you notice a significant decrease in your child ' s growth rate or if your child has stopped growing. familial and constitutional delay are due to the child ' s genetic make - up. if both parents are shorter than average, the child will most likely have short stature. the child may also have delayed puberty. this may cause temporary short stature, but normal height will eventually be reached. medical conditions that may contribute to short stature, include : - malnourishment \u2014 most common cause of growth failure and is generally associated with poverty - genetic disorders such as skeletal dysplasias, turner syndrome, down \u2019 s syndrome, silver russell syndrome - endocrine disorders such as hypothyroidism or growth hormone deficiency - congenital heart disease - kidney diseases - liver failure - sickle cell anemia \u2014 a blood disorder - disorders of the stomach or intestines such as inflammatory bowel disease - lung conditions such as cystic fibrosis, severe asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - use of ssri \u2019 s medications ( may be used to treat attention deficit disorder or obsesive compulsive disorder ) factors that may increase the risk of short stature include : - having family members with short stature - poor diet - certain diseases and drugs taken by a pregnant woman will increase risk to the newborn child symptoms vary depending on the type of condition. children with familial short stature do not have any disease - related symptoms. they will often reach a height similar to that of their parents. children who have delayed puberty, late bloomers, will often have a close relative with the same delay. these children will also eventually catch up to their peers in height. symptoms that may indicate a medical condition include : - stopped or dramatically slowed growth ( below the third percentile as determined by your doctor ) - weight loss or gain ( more than five pounds in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5213263671207239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.280232"} {"text": "children will also eventually catch up to their peers in height. symptoms that may indicate a medical condition include : - stopped or dramatically slowed growth ( below the third percentile as determined by your doctor ) - weight loss or gain ( more than five pounds in a month ) - poor nutrition - loss of appetite - chronic abdominal pain and diarrhea - persistent fever - chronic headaches and / or vomiting - delayed puberty ( no spotting by age 15 for a girl or no enlargement of the testes by age 14 - 15 for a boy ) - obstructed sleep apnea your child \u2019 s doctor will ask about symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. your child ' s height, weight, and body proportion will be measured. the skull and facial features will also be examined. some tests may be done to diagnose or exclude contributing conditions. these tests may include : - bone age : an x - ray to determine the chronological age of your child \u2019 s bones - to check for hypothyroidism \u2013 low levels of thyroid hormone - to check growth hormone levels \u2013 an important factor in growth - to check for signs of conditions that may cause short stature like respiratory problems, malnutrition, and liver disease - a complete blood count to check for blood diseases - a genetic exam to detect chromosomal abnormalities and to exclude turner syndrome ( a common cause of short stature in girls ) - urinalysis \u2014 examination of urine to look for conditions like kidney disease children with familial short stature do not require treatment. for others, treatment will focus on the cause of short stature. treatments can vary greatly but may include medication or nutritional changes. medication that may be used to treat associated conditions include : - thyroid hormone replacement therapy \u2014 may be used in children with hypothyroidism - growth hormone replacement \u2014 may be used in children with growth hormone deficiency, prader willi syndrome, or turner syndrome if a medication is associated with short stature your doctor may stop the medication. make sure to talk to your doctor before stopping any medication. malnutrition can contribute to short stature. it may be due to a lack of proper food or other conditions like gastrointestinal problems. in either case, a change in diet may help. talk to your doctor or dietitian to help make effective changes to your child ' s diet. short stature cannot be prevented in children who have a familial short stature or those who have a chronic disease. in some cases, you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4441556680753674, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.282608"} {"text": "butterfly wing scale digital image gallery false acraea butterfly the brilliant orange, red and black patterns of the false acraea butterfly mimic those of other species in order to provide protection from predators, yet, cannot protect them from man. the species ranges from the republic of cameroon and gabon, east across central africa through the congo, and into western uganda. however, the habitat of the false acraea has greatly suffered from many years of war and the local butterfly populations may be shrinking. false acraea butterflies are scientifically described as pseudacraea clarki and are members of the family nymphalidae. the adults have a highly modified front pair of legs, which are no longer utilized for walking. rather, the brush - like legs act as sensory organs used to taste plants as potential egg hosts and larval food sources. sexual dimorphism is highly pronounced in the false acraea species. the males display burnt oranges and reds, but the larger females are more golden and are highlighted by numerous black spots. entymologists are not certain whether the mimicry displayed by the false acraea butterfly is batesian or mullerian. batesian mimicry, in which one species is harmful and the other is harmless, is named for henry walter bates, an english biologist who studied tropical butterflies in the 1850 ' s. mullerian mimicry, named for fritz muller, a german zoologist who worked in the amazon about thirty years after bates, refers to several unpalatable species that share a similar warning pattern. the feeding habits of false acraea caterpillars have often caused them to be regarded as agricultural pests. the larvae feed on several different host plants, such as star apples, red - milkwoods, satin leaf, golden leaf, balata, and bully trees. the fruit of the balata and star apple trees are sold commercially in africa. since the caterpillars are herbivores of the economically important fruit trees, they are often treated with toxic insecticides. additional problems for the species include over - collecting, destruction of habitat due to agricultural conversion of forests, and the aftermath of many years of war. false acraea swallowtail butterfly images in brightfield illumination fur on wing - this high magnification brightfield image features an area of a false acraea wing that is largely devoid of scales. instead, straight pin - like fur is the dominant feature. wing scales and membrane - in the lower right hand corner of this photomicrograph several tapered", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4446606218514254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.293599"} {"text": "the great \u201c what if \u201d : jfk and the withdrawal of troops from vietnam see also marc selverstone ' s op - ed in the boston globe on march 9, 2006, available here. arguably, the most vexing of all the great questions of the vietnam era is : \u201c what if \u201d president john f. kennedy had not been cut down by an assassin ' s bullet and had lived out his term - - and perhaps a subsequent one - - as president of the united states? would he have made good on an expressed desire to withdraw america troops from vietnam and turn the fighting over to the south vietnamese? these questions are hardly academic ; as a recent op - ed in the new york times by theodore sorensen and arthur schlesinger jr. put it, their one - time boss, president kennedy, had devised a coordinated exit strategy that america ' s current president would do well to emulate. thanks to an extraordinary collection of documents - - the secret tape recordings that president kennedy made during his time in the white house - - we have some sense of what kennedy did - - and didn ' t - - plan to do with respect to vietnam. although available to the public for over a decade, these tapes remain largely unexplored. this is due partly to the many challenges of the transcription process, including the identification of numerous and hard - to - hear voices, the placement of microphones relative to kennedy and his aides, and the quality of the audio itself. yet several key tapes are largely intelligible and reveal the outlines of what is clearly a withdrawal plan, laid out by secretary of defense robert s. mcnamara and chairman of the joint chiefs maxwell d. taylor, in a series of recorded meetings from october 1963. as conceived, the plan would have removed most u. s. troops from vietnam by the end of 1964 and virtually all of them by 1965. to kick - start that process, the defense department was prepared to recall 1, 000 soldiers by the end of 1963. you can listen to some of the related clips below. press the \u201c listen \u201d button at the bottom right of the multimedia clip. - jfk on withdrawing 1, 000 troops from vietnam i - jfk on withdrawing 1, 000 troops from vietnam ii - jfk on withdrawing 1, 000 troops from vietnam iii - more clips and exhibits related to the vietnam conflict are available here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43761223848660613, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.304710"} {"text": "| baldwin, james ( 1924 - 1987 ) | commissioned by harper \u2019 s magazine to write on the civil rights movement, baldwin first became acquainted with martin luther king during a trip through the south in 1957. baldwin \u2019 s exposure to king and southern racism had a profound influence on his writing and helped deepen his lifelong commitment to social justice. in a 1960 letter to king baldwin wrote : \u2018 \u2018 i am one of the millions, to be found all over the world but more especially here, in this sorely troubled country, who thank god for you \u2019 \u2019 ( papers 5 : 461 ). the oldest of nine children, james baldwin was born on 2 august 1924. at a young age, baldwin showed promise as an exceptional orator and writer, and at age 14 he became a child preacher at harlem \u2019 s fireside pentecostal assembly, only to reject the ministry three years later. in 1942 he graduated from the politically progressive de witt clinton high school in the bronx, marking the end of his formal education. after the 1961 publication of baldwin \u2019 s nobody knows my name, a collection of essays exploring race relations in the united states, king wrote the author, offering the following words of appreciation : \u2018 \u2018 your analysis of the problem is always creative and penetrating. your honesty and courage in telling the truth to white americans, even if it hurts, is most impressive \u2019 \u2019 ( king, 26 september 1961 ). although sometimes critical of king \u2019 s nonviolent methods, baldwin remained an influential voice for civil rights reform. baldwin attended the 1963 march on washington, and his most powerful collection of essays, the fire next time, which predicted a dangerous race war if relations did not improve in the united states, was published following the march. in december 1987 james baldwin died of stomach cancer in his home in southern france. baldwin, \u2018 \u2018 the dangerous road before martin luther king, \u2019 \u2019 harper \u2019 s magazine ( february 1961 ) : 33 \u2013 42. baldwin, the fire next time, 1963. baldwin to king, 26 may 1960, in papers 5 : 460 \u2013 461. king to baldwin, 26 september 1961, mlkp - mbu. weatherby, james baldwin, 1989.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41108987392524265, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.314204"} {"text": "the influence of sherlock holmes ( and john watson ) from a fan \u2019 s perspective the way sherlock holmes is personified ( in books, movies, and television series ), it seems so that no piece of writing will do him any justice. and yet, somehow, he finds doctor john watson, who captures his life and his work perfectly, or as close to perfect as one can get to capturing the likeness of sherlock holmes. sir arthur conan doyle would have never anticipated the sheer amount of impact that his stories have made. the tale of holmes and watson is one that will be told over and over again, passed down from generation to generation through worn, well - loved volumes and books, or through the form of bedtime stories from parent to child. the canon and the fandom ever since the publication of sir arthur conan doyle \u2019 s most well - known work, there have been fans who hanged on every word ever written about the detective and yearned for more. and \u201c more \u201d they got. the fans and followers of sherlock holmes evolved and grew alongside technology and media. in fact, sherlock holmes is the most portrayed movie character, as listed in the guinness book of world records. but, before there was the silver screen and before there was television, there were plays. not only did these plays portray sherlock holmes in the flesh for the fans to enjoy, the plays also acted as a cornerstone for holmesian movies and television series to come. it was ( and still is ) fans and devoted followers of sir arthur conan doyle that has made these adaptations of sherlock holmes possible. the fandom, or fan - base, of sherlock holmes is enormous, as the existence of holmes fans extends from 1887, when the first novel was published, to present day. fandom, when defined by the online etymology dictionary, derives from the word fan and the suffix \u2013 dom, and means \u201c the realm of avid enthusiasts. \u201d the fandom includes any input to the original canon that is produced by fans : artwork, fiction, plays, ideas, quotes, architecture, and so on and so forth. the fandom derives so much from its canon, or the works of an author that has been authenticated. in this case, the canon of sherlock holmes is all four novels and fifty - six short stories that has been written by sir arthur conan doyle. at the same time, the fandom has put in an incredible amount of contribution into the world of sherlock holmes. the depiction of sherlock holmes as a tall man with a coat, a pipe, and a deersta", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4361975125637293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.320384"} {"text": "written by sir arthur conan doyle. at the same time, the fandom has put in an incredible amount of contribution into the world of sherlock holmes. the depiction of sherlock holmes as a tall man with a coat, a pipe, and a deerstalker was illustrated by a fan. sherlock holmes, when written by sir arthur conan doyle, had never said, \u201c elementary, my dear watson, \u201d but the fandom has accepted this as a quote from our beloved detective. \u201c holmesian \u201d is a word coined up by the fandom, meaning \u201c relating to the stories of sherlock holmes. \u201d there are also holmesian studies in certain universities and colleges, as well as holmesian architecture. this word can also mean a devoted sherlock fan, and is interchangeable with \u201c sherlockian ; \u201d although, the latter term is mostly used by american sherlock holmes fan, as well as the fandom of bbc \u2019 s sherlock. movements have also been spurred by the sherlock holmes fandom, both in victorian and present times. when \u201c his last bow \u201d was published in 1893, readers were devastated to learn that the world \u2019 s only consulting detective had been killed off by sir arthur conan doyle. to mourn the death of sherlock holmes, men and women, respectively, wore black armbands and veils. this reaction was so great that the creator of sherlock holmes had to bring back the well - loved detective, which he had not at all intended to do. similarly, after the finale of the second season of bbc \u2019 s sherlock was aired, the believe in sherlock ( # believeinsherlock ) movement began. \u201c i believe in sherlock \u201d and \u201c moriarty was real \u201d are being written everywhere and numerous creative artworks are being created to show support for sherlock holmes. the actions of devoted fans of sherlock holmes show how much the stories and characters mean to them, so much so that said stories and characters have evolved into something more and found a place in culture today, the past, and, quite possibly, the future. | < prev | | next > |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5054552825048327, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.321361"} {"text": "by beverly bell, alexis erkert, and deepa panchang may 23, 2013 over the past few weeks in this article series, we \u2019 ve heard firsthand from haitian garment workers about low wages, sexual abuse, labor rights violations, and work - related injuries they suffered in sweatshops. meanwhile, the world has watched the death toll in last month \u2019 s factory collapse in bangladesh creep to above 1, 100. global activists have joined the calls of protesting workers, ramping up pressure on clothing retailers against the regular mistreatment and deaths of workers. slowly, the public is realizing that exploitation within the garment assembly industry is not the exception, it \u2019 s the rule. today, we take a deep dive into the economics of this sector in haiti to look at how it has come to be, and at what alternative pathways might look like. haiti presidential palace in discussions among foreigners about working conditions and wages in the assembly industry, we often hear, \u201c but haitians need jobs. wouldn \u2019 t things be worse without them? \u201d the question creates a false choice between no job and a grinding, exploitative job. looking at the factors that led to low factory wages in the first place helps expose the myth. western governments and their international financial institution ( ifi ) partners have played an active role in creating the dearth of options that exists for haitian workers. for example, trade policies from the 1980s onward caused the decimation of the haitian agricultural sector. out - of - work farmers fled on masse to cities, and many had no better option but a factory job. foreign policies imposed on the haitian government have also contributed to a near - complete lack of public services and a weak, dependent domestic economy, which ramp up desperation ; desperation, in turn, forced workers to accept the low wages. the offshore assembly model creates a race to the bottom. in it, businesses circle the globe seeking the lowest cost of production \u2013 which involves the lowest health and safety standards and suppressed union organizing. as factories move to the next country, they create dirt - poor workers. despite this, governments, the un, and the ifis tout the garment assembly industry as a path to development in global south countries. the un places the expansion of free trade zones ( groupings of export - producing factories that enjoy tax exemptions and fewer safety, health, and environment regulations ) toward the center of its development road map for haiti. a 2009 report it commissioned argued that haiti \u2019 s duty - free, quota - free preferential access to the american", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42800385588099327, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.329667"} {"text": "factories that enjoy tax exemptions and fewer safety, health, and environment regulations ) toward the center of its development road map for haiti. a 2009 report it commissioned argued that haiti \u2019 s duty - free, quota - free preferential access to the american market, combined with low labor costs and a lack of protectionist policies, makes the country \u201c the world \u2019 s safest production location for garments. \u201d weeks after the earthquake, that paper \u2019 s author, oxford university economics professor paul collier, likened the catastrophic moment to 19th century development of the us west, with its \u201c investment booms, financed by enthusiastic outsiders. the earthquake could usher in such a boom in haiti. \u201d apparently sharing this view, four months after the earthquake the us congress extended us trade preferences for assembled garments to haiti in a law that was portrayed as a relief measure. also since the earthquake, the us and other global players came up with $ 224 million to subsidize the development of a new free trade zone in northern haiti, caracol. developers, who displaced 366 farmers from arable farmland for the project, promised more than 20, 000 jobs. in actuality, fewer than 1, 500 people are employed in the park ; and after paying for transportation and meals, workers reportedly end each day with an average of us $ 1. 36. more free - trade zones are in the offing. for all the funding and attention the sector has received, the 24 factories currently making garments for export to the us employ very few people : 25, 924, or approximately 0. 5 % of the working - age population. no matter the numbers, the industry \u2019 s contribution to the national economy is false development, said economist camille chalmers with the platform to advocate alternative development in haiti. \u201c almost all of the primary materials used in manufacturing come from outside. when they say that haiti exports hundreds of millions of dollars in products, a lot of that goes to [ foreign companies to ] pay for the inputs like cloth and equipment. once assembled, the goods aren \u2019 t consumed in haiti but are shipped abroad. the government doesn \u2019 t even benefit from taxes or tariffs. haiti \u2019 s only role is as a stopover in the production process, where cheap labor keeps profit margins high. \u201d haiti does need work opportunities, as any cash - desperate person there will tell you. but not at any price or under any conditions. former factory worker ghislene delone said, \u201c it can \u2019 t be based on the exploitation of people. we need to be treated like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4073600762368229, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.331363"} {"text": "to start, let us recall the basics of the power of two choices, or multiple - choice hashing. in the standard setting, we are hashing n elements into a hash table with n buckets. normally, we would hash each item once to determine its bucket ; this gives a maximum load, or largest number of elements in any bucket, of about log n / log log n. ( all the results i state hold with high probability, so i ' ll avoid repeating the phrase. ) suppose instead we use two hash functions, giving two choices of locations for each element. elements are sequentially placed in the least loaded of their two buckets. when we do a lookup, we ' ll now have to look in two places for the item. in return, the maximum load now falls to about log log n / log 2 - - we ' ve got an extra log in there! ( with d > 2 choices, the maximum load would be log log n / log d, just a constant factor better than d = 2. ) results of this type are due to azar, broder, karlin, and upfal, in their paper balanced allocations. ( there was some earlier work with a similar result by karp, luby, and meyer auf der heide. ) in the course of these results, the question arose as to whether one could do better if placing the elements offline. that is, if you had all n elements and their hashes in advance, could you place each element in one of their bucket choices and achieve a better load than the o ( log log n ) obtained by the sequential placement? the answer turns out to be yes. the best placement only has a constant maximum load. another way to think of this is to say that if we place the elements sequentially, but retain the power to move them later, as long as each element ends up at one of its bucket choices, we could get down to constant maximum load. the idea of cuckoo hashing is that such movements can actually be done online quite efficiently. cuckoo hashing is, essentially, multiple - choice hashing plus moves, and it appears very effective. let us consider an extreme case, analyzed in the original cuckoo hashing paper by pagh and rodler. ( if my description is unsatisfactory, there is a good explanation already on wikipedia! ) each bucket can contain just 1 item, and we will have n buckets, split into two subtables of size n / 2. each", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5949926274454049, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.335607"} {"text": ". ( if my description is unsatisfactory, there is a good explanation already on wikipedia! ) each bucket can contain just 1 item, and we will have n buckets, split into two subtables of size n / 2. each element has one choice of bucket in each subtable, where the choices are given by independent hash functions. each hashed element resides at one of its two choices. a lookup therefore always requires at most two accesses into the hash table. what to do, however, on an insertion - - what if both spaces for an item are already full? when we insert a new item, we put it in the first subtable. if another item is already there, we kick it out, and make it move to the second subtable. if another item is already there, we kick it out, and make it move back to the first table, and so on. this is where the name cuckoo hashing comes from ; as the wikipedia article says, the name derives from the behavior of some species of cuckoo, where the mother bird pushes eggs out of another bird ' s nest to lay her own. pagh and rodler prove that if the number of elements inserted is at most ( 1 / 2 - epsilon ) n for some constant epsilon, then this process finishes in constant expected time! in other words, one can achieve memory utilization of up to 50 percent of capacity, with guaranteed constant lookup time and average constant insertion time. further variants significantly improve the memory utilization that can be achieved. specifically, allowing more than two choices of location helps ( more choices of where to go ), as does having more than one item per bucket ( more choices of what to move ). memory utilization of over 90 percent is easily possible in practice. this paper and this one have more information. that summarizes the theoretical background, and hopefully convinces you that the idea of cuckoo hashing is a good one. in the next post, we ' ll look at why you might want to implement cuckoo hashing in hardware, and what obstacles lie therein.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5794741060551793, "token_count": 422, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.336643"} {"text": "recent \" the sky is falling \" news stories have dealt with the fall from orbit of the mir space station rather than neo impacts. the press and public are clearly interested in the risk of falling objects, but sometimes risks are perceived in ways that are quite different from the hazard as calculated numerically. the following is a very rough estimate of risks, in \" order of magnitude \" terms only. it is intended to be illustrative, but certainly not precise. by risk i mean the chance or probability that any individual will be killed as a result of either a spacecraft atmospheric entry or the impact of a neo. let ' s start with the risk of death as a result of being struck by a piece of mir on the assumption that the fragments could land anywhere on earth. suppose 1000 large metal fragments survive to hit the ground, and that if you are within 1 meter of the impact point you will be killed. thus 1000 square meters are at risk, out of a total surface area of the earth of about 100 trillion ( 10 * * 14 ) square meters ( not counting the polar regions ). this is one part in 100 billion of the earth ' s surface, and that is the risk to each individual. multiplying by the earth ' s population of 6 billion, we get a chance of about 1 in 20 that one person on earth would be killed. in fact, the mir atmospheric entry was far from random. it was steered to an impact point in the mid - pacific ocean. unless you lived in that part of the world, the risk to you was zero ( not allowing for an uncertainty in how well this controlled entry would be executed ). since the total population of the pacific is only a few million, the chance that someone would be killed was less than 1 in 20, 000. the folks who sold the russians a $ 200 million insurance policy were very unlikely to have to pay off any claims. for comparison, consider the annual risk of dying as a result of an neo collision with the earth. a number of studies ( e. g., the paper that clark chapman and i published in nature in 1994 ) have shown that this risk is dominated by near earth asteroids of about 2 km diameter. there is a roughly 1 in a million chance of such an impact each year, with estimated death of 1 - 2 billion people. thus the annual risk to each of us of from neo impacts is about 1 in a few million, or more than 10, 000 times greater than the risk from an uncontrolled mir entry. ( note", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5224796587646168, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.342074"} {"text": "death of 1 - 2 billion people. thus the annual risk to each of us of from neo impacts is about 1 in a few million, or more than 10, 000 times greater than the risk from an uncontrolled mir entry. ( note : this is a conservative estimate ; many would argue for a neo - impact risk that is higher by an order of magnitude. ) we see from these simple calculations that the risk ( per year ) to each of us from asteroid impact is thousands of times greater than from an uncontrolled mir entry, and millions of times greater than from a controlled mir dive into the pacific. yet no one is taking out insurance policies to protect from cosmic impacts, and this risk receives less news coverage than the demise of mir. why the disparity? for one thing, the death of mir was a known event that provided a good story, while we have no specific prediction of any neo impact. for another, mir was a human - built object over which we had some control ( and responsibility ), while an neo impact is considered an \" act of god \". but i suspect that the difference also reflects the fact that very few reporters tried to make a quantitative comparison of these risks. if they had, the results might have surprised them!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4901420538708616, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.342743"} {"text": "aug 1, 2006 nanoetching makes leds brighter researchers in the us claim to have made a resonant cavity led ( rcled ) seven times brighter over a 130 nm bandwidth by etching circular bragg gratings into the device structure ( applied physics letters 89 033105 ). the technique could have applications in displays as well as medical imaging - in particular, say the researchers, optical coherence tomography ( oct ). \" we have demonstrated a 7. 5x enhancement of light extraction from a rcled, which in turn has an enhancement factor of 2. 7x over a conventional led, \" mark su, lead author of the paper, told optics. org. \" whereas only around 2 % of the light generated within a conventional led can be collected, we estimate that we harvested 41 % of the light generated within the led. \" a resonant cavity is a way to improve the light extraction of a regular led by placing a mirror below the active layer. however, even in this configuration, most of the emitted light is waveguided below the semiconductor surface and lost. \" we used a cavity defined by a circular bragg grating to diffract the guided waves into waves which can be extracted - resulting in the improved light extraction, \" explained su. the team, based at the national institute for standards and technology ( nist ), made an infrared - emitting led composed of gallium arsenide packed with quantum dots of indium gallium arsenide. the grating was etched by electron - beam lithography. according to the researchers, the technique is immediately applicable to infrared leds and could have applications in areas such as biomedical imaging ; in particular, oct that requires bright sources with a wide bandwidth. \" present - day broadband oct sources have many undesirable properties, such as cost, bulkiness, and problems with the shape of the spectrum they output. so there is room for improvement, \" said su. the team believes that nanophotonic structures could also benefit high performance leds for applications such as projectors and displays. \" for the visible part of the spectrum, bright leds incorporating design features such as circular bragg gratings could enable energy - efficient projection tvs, or even a new generation of miniature portable projectors, \" said su. su adds that the present - day visible sources that could be replaced by led technology are devices like mercury arc lamps and halogen bulbs, which are power - hungry, hot, bulky, burn out and are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5972110089961316, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.346991"} {"text": "january 27, 2012 at 7 : 08 am ( environmental crisis, saving endangered animals + plants, saving oceans / waterways, saving water / waterways, sea life, working together ) tags : africa, antarctica, black pepper, business, faroe islands, fish, mackerel, scottish adjacent waters boundaries order 1999 a school of jack mackerel in the southern pacific. stocks of the fish, rich in oily protein, have declined from 30 million due to a feeding frenzy in the last two decades. jack mackerel, feeds a hungry africa. people eat it unaware of the shortage of this staple fish ; much of it is reduced to feed for aquaculture and pigs. it can take more than five kilograms, more than 11 pounds, of jack mackerel to raise a single kilogram of farmed salmon. the world \u2019 s largest trawlers, after depleting other oceans, now head south toward the edge of antarctica to compete for what is left. industrial fleets bound only by voluntary restraints compete in what amounts to a free - for - all in no man \u2019 s water at the bottom of the world. from 2006 through 2011, scientists estimate, jack mackerel stocks declined 63 percent. greed knows no bounds until the ocean balance is totally reduced and thousands of species disappear and people starve. excerpts courtesy of nytimes. com http : / / tinyurl. com / 8yfea6u january 17, 2012 at 7 : 18 pm ( ancient animals, saving endangered animals + plants, saving oceans / waterways, saving water / waterways, sea life, working together ) tags : animals in crisis, beauty of nature, saving endangered animals & plants, saving the biodiversity of planet, working together humpback whale shows amazing appreciation after being freed from nets thanks for this great video. it makes my heart sing and my energy rise. for more ways to raise energy visit. thanks great whale conservancy and utube. com january 17, 2012 at 5 : 18 am ( ancient animals, apes, good news, mammals, primates, saving endangered animals + plants ) tags : beauty of nature, endangered / threatened animals, saving endangered animals & plants, saving the biodiversity of planet on the last day of his vacation this man had an encounter with a troop of mountain gorillas in bwindi national park, uganda unlike most will ever have. january 4, 2012 at 11 : 17 pm ( ancient animals, endangered animals and plants, nature ' s wonders, sea life, working together ) tags :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4518629248755284, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.353816"} {"text": "troop of mountain gorillas in bwindi national park, uganda unlike most will ever have. january 4, 2012 at 11 : 17 pm ( ancient animals, endangered animals and plants, nature ' s wonders, sea life, working together ) tags : animal rights, animals in crisis, beauty of nature, canada, canadian government, endangered / threatened animals, european union, good news, harp seal, international fund for animal welfare, russia, saving endangered animals & plants, saving the biodiversity of planet, seal hunting, sheryl fink, working together international fund for animal welfare ( ifaw ) \u2019 s seal team director, sheryl fink, has just let me know that russia has banned the import and seal pups slaughtered for fashion export of harp seal skins. this is a huge victory as the canadian government estimates that russia receives 90 % of canada \u2019 s exports of seal skins. ifaw supporters have worked so hard to help us close down the markets for seal products around the world. next goal end to canada \u2019 s commercial harp seal hunt. mother nature and her seals thanks everyone for their continued support and for saving their skins for them ( the seals ) to wear. for more seal info image courtesy of nc library january 2, 2012 at 6 : 52 pm ( ancient animals, animal cruelity, good news, mammals, saving oceans / waterways, sea life, working together ) tags : imperial japanese navy, my steve irwin, paul watson, sea shepherd, sea shepherd conservation society, united states, whale wars, whaling in japan eco - activists using drones to protect whales in the antarctic seas the japanese whalers are relentless so whale protectors have taken to the air to save hundreds of whales \u2013 remote - controlled drone every morning for the past week, a battery - powered drone with a range of 300km ( 190 miles ) has been launched from the mv steve irwin. this ship is trying to frustrate the whalers into leaving their annual japanese whale hunts in the waters off antarctica. \u201c we first found the japanese fleet when they were 28 nautical miles away, \u201d said paul watson, founder of the sea shepherd conservation society, an international marine wildlife protection group based in the united states. watson has 88 crew on three ships, two of which are equipped with spotter drones. with these drones steve watson hopes to finally end the japanese hunt and bringing publicity to the cause in whale wars, the discovery channel documentary series that tracks the hunts : \u201c our goal is to bankrupt them and destroy them economically. now that we can track them, it is getting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4640084801854457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.354944"} {"text": "watson hopes to finally end the japanese hunt and bringing publicity to the cause in whale wars, the discovery channel documentary series that tracks the hunts : \u201c our goal is to bankrupt them and destroy them economically. now that we can track them, it is getting easier. \u201d. for under \u00a3500, the drone used by sea shepherd can run for hundreds of hours. it was given to sea shepherd by bayshore recycling, a new jersey - based solid waste recycling company committed to environmental protection. in addition to paying for the drone at an estimated cost of \u00a310, 000, bayshore also paid for pilot training to run the remote control equipment. it is expected that drones will be used much more frequently to protect mother nature \u2019 s most endangered species on land and sea. \u201c everyone here at bayshore is thrilled with the sea shepherd \u2019 s news of not only saving the lives of many whales, but knowing our drone will continue to track the japanese whaling fleet in this chase, \u201d said elena bagarozza, marketing co - ordinator at bayshore. watson expects drones will be used to patrol environmentally sensitive areas ranging from the galapagos islands to other famed wildlife areas, including south africa \u2019 s kruger national park by the sea shepherd crew and other environmental groups. it is very durable handling winds up to 40 knots, waterproofed and has multiple security backups so that if it has problems or low battery it automatically returns to base. excerpts courtesy of guardian. co. uk / environment image courtesy of guardian. co. uk / bveiga", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4185437007309169, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.355549"} {"text": "our state geography in a snap : interesting places reprinted with permission from the north carolina department of public instruction website. related entries : cape hatteras lighthouse ; currituck beach lighthouse ; lake mattamuskeet ; nc museum of history ; nc museum of natural sciences ; nc places named for governors ; oakdale cemetery ( wilmington, nc ) ; oak island lighthouse ; roadside attractions ; state transportation signs north carolina is the nation ' s variety vacation land, ranking eighth in the nation for visitation. recreational opportunities abound throughout the state. boating, swimming, saltwater fishing, and most other water sports are enjoyed along the north carolina coast. the mountains offer scenic beauty and a variety of activities, including hiking, golfing, whitewater rafting, and skiing. horseback riding, boating, fishing and golfing are popular activities in the piedmont region. north carolina is recognized worldwide for its more than 450 golf courses located throughout the state. recreation areas in north carolina include the great smoky mountain national park, the blue ridge parkway, cape hatteras and cape lookout national forests, and 36 state parks and recreation areas. park facilities include more than 60 public campgrounds. in addition, north carolina has more than 300 private camping facilities. the north carolina zoological park, the nation ' s first state operated national - habitat zoo, is located in asheboro. other attractions include the carowinds theme park and the charlotte motor speedway. some of the state ' s most popular cultural attractions include the north carolina museum of art, the north carolina museum of natural history, the american dance festival, \" the lost colony \" outdoor drama, the north carolina symphony and the north carolina maritime museum in carteret county. historic sites include the wright brothers national memorial, restored old salem village, the carl sandburg and thomas wolfe homes, tryon palace, biltmore house and gardens, roanoke island, cape hatteras lighthouse, duke university museum of art, and the woolworth ' s building in greensboro, the location where, in 1960, four black students from north carolina a & t university seated themselves at a \" whites only \" counter. \" social studies : : elementary resouces : : student sampler : : geography, \" north carolina department of public instruction website. http : / / www. ncpublicschools. org / curriculum / socialstudies / elementary / studentsampler / 20geography # location ( accessed march 27, 2012 ). \" hawksbill mountain, north carolina - december 30, 2008 \". photo courtesy of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4150832393068834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.358216"} {"text": "the formation of counties was one of the first matters attended to by the lords proprietors after they received their charter in 1663 from king charles ii for the vast tract of land in america he called the province of carolina. in 1664 the proprietors formed \" all that parte of the province which lyeth on the north east side or starboard side entering of the river chowan now named by us albemarle river together with the islands and isletts within tenn leagues thereof \" into a county that they named albemarle county for george monck, the duke of albemarle, himself one of the proprietors. this was the site of the first permanent settlement in carolina. they then divided the new county into four precincts : currituck, perquimans, pasquotank, and chowan. albemarle county was subsequently enlarged, and in 1696 the area south of albemarle sound was removed from albemarle and made into a new county, named bath, which in turn was divided into the precincts of beaufort, hyde, craven and carteret. the primary reason for establishing counties ( or precincts ) was to provide local seats of government where citizens could record documents, such as deeds or wills, and participate in court proceedings. at the same time, the sheriff was provided with a home base from which to fulfill his basic responsibilities of collecting taxes and maintaining law and order. by 1738 albemarle and bath counties had been dissolved and the 14 precincts then in existence became counties, a designation that has remained since the seventeenth century. throughout the remainder of the colonial period, as settlement spread westward and population increased, older counties were divided and new ones formed. with statehood came an even greater rate of growth, and by 1800 the number had risen to 59 counties covering all of the state. in many cases, the dividing of counties caused heated political controversy, as eastern counties were often divided to maintain that region ' s majority in the state legislature against expanding representation from the piedmont and mountain regions. shifts in population continued throughout the nineteenth century and into the twentieth century, resulting in even more counties. larger counties were divided, and those in turn were sometimes divided yet again, until the seemingly magical figure of 100 was reached in 1911. ( for a time, the number of counties was actually greater than 100, but some of these were ceded to tennessee in 1789 and others were absorbed into other counties or never fully developed. ) the number remained at 100, although in 1933 the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43524868936209343, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.363312"} {"text": "1911. ( for a time, the number of counties was actually greater than 100, but some of these were ceded to tennessee in 1789 and others were absorbed into other counties or never fully developed. ) the number remained at 100, although in 1933 the general assembly authorized the consolidation of existing counties subject to approval of the electorate. this could have resulted for the first time in a decrease from the 100 county figure, but as of the early 2000s there had been no such consolidations. initially, county government and judicial matters were in the hands of justices of the peace, who formed a body known as the court of pleas and quarter sessions. the justices were appointed by the governor, with strong input from the members of the colonial assembly from the affected county, leaving the average citizen with no say as to who would run the government of the county in which he lived. at first the court of pleas and quarter sessions met wherever it was convenient to assemble a quorum, usually in a private home. a 1722 act of the assembly instructed the justices to pick a site for a permanent seat of government for each precinct, where they were to buy an acre of land and build a courthouse. whether in the early precinct days, or after the name of the local government entity was changed from precinct to county, the justices had the support of a sheriff for law enforcement, as well as a clerk of court and a register of deeds. of the three, both the clerk of court and the register of deeds needed to remain in their offices in the courthouse, which left only the sheriff free to travel about the county. accordingly, he was also designated tax collector, a position sheriffs continued to hold until the latter part of the twentieth century. the general system of county government of the early colonial period, with the appointed members of the court of pleas and quarter sessions running things, was carried over into statehood, and little changed until the adoption of the north carolina constitution of 1868. the system called for by the new constitution, known as the township and county commissioner plan, gave control of county government to five commissioners, to be elected at large by the county ' s voters. in addition, each county was divided into townships whose residents elected two justices to serve as the township ' s governing body, as well as a three - member school committee and a constable. the new system significantly reduced the general assembly ' s control of county government, since the legislators no longer appointed the justices of the peace who made up the county court. the township and county commissioner plan, patterned after one previously adopted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4595137662065, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.364386"} {"text": "committee and a constable. the new system significantly reduced the general assembly ' s control of county government, since the legislators no longer appointed the justices of the peace who made up the county court. the township and county commissioner plan, patterned after one previously adopted in pennsylvania, did not prove universally popular in north carolina and lasted less than a decade. at a constitutional convention in 1875, the general assembly was authorized to change the system, and in the session of 1877 townships were reduced to little more than geographic and administrative subdivisions of the counties. this seriously reduced the authority of county commissioners. the modern system of county government, in which an elected board of commissioners is responsible for managing a county ' s affairs, including setting the rate and collecting taxes and determining where funds should be expended, dates to the early twentieth century. periodically after that, the general assembly conferred additional authority and responsibility on the county commissioners, until at the end of the century they had been provided with such a wide range of \" home - rule \" statutes that many counties found it impossible to run their greatly expanded business without professional help. this led to the adoption by many counties of the county manager plan. under this plan, commissioners employ a county manager to serve as a sort of chief executive of the county business - in some instances, the largest business in the county - with the manager having certain independent authority, including that of hiring and firing employees. as with other matters, the state determines what sources the counties may tap for income. traditionally, the real estate tax has been the primary revenue source for north carolina counties. however, especially in the last half of the twentieth century, counties were able to prevail on the general assembly to let them collect from a variety of other sources, among those favored being local sales taxes, land transfer taxes, meals taxes, and occupancy taxes. a. fleming bell, ed., county government in north carolina ( 3rd ed., 1989 ). david leroy corbitt, the formation of the north carolina counties, 1663 - 1943 ( 1969 ). 1 january 2006 | stick, david", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42079355524559015, "token_count": 421, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.365321"} {"text": "when bo dubose was younger, he spent many a weekend following his father around civil war battle sites in search of artifacts. they were quite good at it, amassing what is believed to be the largest private collection of its kind, which includes more than 7, 500 union and confederate objects. i have heard bo talk about his impressive collection on several occasions, about spending holidays driving from historic site to historic site, his father studying civil war military journals in search of arms caches with remarkable success. their collection has been the backbone of the atlanta history center in buckhead since it opened. we \u2019 d all love to have bo \u2019 s skill and good fortune hunting for artifacts, but most of us were equipped only with metal detectors and our imaginations. our backyard off west wesley road in buckhead yielded the occasional buried metal toy or coin, nothing of any historic significance. our grandparents \u2019 backyard on brighton road in brookwood hills was another story. perhaps my cousins and my brothers were aware, but i did know that land on which our grandparents mary adair and buster bird \u2019 s house sat was in close proximity to the first strike that began the battle of peachtree creek. confederate soldiers had retreated past peachtree creek when the general of those armies, joseph johnson, was essentially fired for constantly \u2014 what else? \u2014 retreating. union troops were marching south toward atlanta, constantly trying to outflank the retreating rebels. the confederate brain trust in richmond wanted a change, assigning the more aggressive gen. john hood the task of defending the most important city in the south during the war. the result was inevitable. on july 20, 1864, hood tried to catch the yankees crossing peachtree creek, unaware. an offensive that was supposed to begin at 1 p. m. didn \u2019 t get under way until closer to 4. those three hours and miscommunications sent the soldiers into the teeth of an army that was prepared to defend itself. the battle raged on from howell mill to brookwood hills along present - day collier road. there was a lot of confusion, and huge losses on the confederate side. there were some minor successes for the rebels, but the union lines essentially held and repelled the attack. atlanta wouldn \u2019 t fall until sept. 2, 1864, but the battle is seen as the beginning of the end for the confederacy. at the time of the battle, this area was to the north of the city and was densely forested. to see the photos from before and after is to get a sense of the devastating impact of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4253570414775481, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.369855"} {"text": "layer 2 switching - layer 2 switching is hardware based, it uses the host ' s media access control ( mac ) address. - switches use application specific integrated circuits ( asic ) to build and maintain filter tables. - switches tend to be faster than routers, because they don ' t look at the logical address ( network layer headers ), they instead use the hardware address defined at the data link ( mac ) layer to decide whether to forward or discard the frame. - layer 2 switching is so efficient because it doesn ' t modify the data packet only the frame encapsulating the packet ; this also causes it to be less error prone. - uses layer 2 switching for network connectivity and network segmentation ( each port is a separate collision domain ). - be careful how you segment your network, ensure that the users spend 80 % of their time on their local segment, and all the segments of a switch are still in the same broadcast domain. use routers to split up broadcast domains. benefits of lan switches ( layer 2 services ) an individual layer 2 switch might offer some or all of the following benefits : - bandwidth - - - lan switches provide excellent performance for individual users by allocating dedicated bandwidth to each switch port ( for example, each network segment ). this technique is known as microsegmenting. - vlans - - - lan switches can group individual ports into logical switched workgroups called vlans, thereby restricting the broadcast domain to designated vlan member ports. vlans are also known as switched domains and autonomous switching domains. communication between vlans requires a router. - automated packet recognition and translation - - - cisco ' s unique automatic packet recognition and translation ( apart ) technology recognizes and converts a variety of ethernet protocol formats into industry - standard cddi / fddi formats. with no changes needed in either client or server end stations the catalyst solution can provide an easy migration to 100 - mbps server access while preserving the user ' s investment in existing shared 10base - t lans. three functions of layer 2 switching - address learning - layer 2 switches retain, in their filter tables, the source hardware address and port interface it was received on. - forward / filter decisions - when a frame is received, the switch looks at the destination hardware address and finds the interface it is on in the filter table. if the address is unknown, the frame is broadcast on all interfaces except the one it was received on. - loop avoidance - if multiple connections between switches exist for redundancy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49676627869505446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.375628"} {"text": "destination hardware address and finds the interface it is on in the filter table. if the address is unknown, the frame is broadcast on all interfaces except the one it was received on. - loop avoidance - if multiple connections between switches exist for redundancy, network loops can occur. spanning tree protocol is used to stop loops while still allowing redundancy. spanning tree protocol stp is a layer 2 link management protocol that provides path redundancy while preventing undesirable loops in the network. for an ethernet network to function properly, only one active path must exist at layer 2 between two stations. stp operation is transparent to end stations, which do not detect whether they are connected to a single lan segment or a switched lan of multiple segments. the catalyst series switches use stp ( ieee 802. 1d bridge protocol ) on all ethernet virtual lans ( vlans ). when you create fault - tolerant internetworks, you must have a loop - free path between all nodes in a network. in stp, an algorithm calculates the best loop - free path throughout a catalyst - switched network. the switches send and receive spanning - tree packets at regular intervals ( 2 seconds ). the switches do not forward the packets, but use the packets to identify a loop - free path. the default configuration has stp enabled for all vlans. multiple active paths between stations cause loops in the network. if a loop exists in the network, you might receive duplicate messages. when loops occur, some switches see stations on both sides of the switch. this condition confuses the forwarding algorithm and allows duplicate frames to be forwarded. to provide path redundancy, stp defines a tree that spans all switches in an extended network. stp forces certain redundant data paths into a standby ( blocked ) state. if one network segment in the stp becomes unreachable, or if stp costs change, the spanning - tree algorithm reconfigures the spanning - tree topology and reestablishes the link by activating the standby path. - defined as ieee 802. 1d - it first elects a root bridge ( only 1 per network ), root bridge ports are called designated ports which operate as forwarding - state ports. forwarding - state ports can send and receive traffic. other switches in your network are nonroot bridges. - the nonroot bridge ' s port with the fastest link to the root bridge is called the root port, and it sends and receives traffic. - ports", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5654709163371321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.376586"} {"text": "ports can send and receive traffic. other switches in your network are nonroot bridges. - the nonroot bridge ' s port with the fastest link to the root bridge is called the root port, and it sends and receives traffic. - ports that have the lowest cost to the root bridge are called designated ports. the other ports on the bridge are considered non designated and will not send or receive traffic, ( blocking mode ). - switches or bridges running stp, exchange information with what are called bridge protocol data units ( bpdu ). bpdus send configuration information using multicast frames, bpdus are also used to send the bridge id of each device to other devices. the bridge id is used to determine the root bridge in the network and to determine the root port. the bridge id is 8 bytes long, includes priority and mac address. the default priority of devices using ieee stp is 32, 768 ( 215 ). - to determine the root bridge the priority and the mac addresses are combined, if priority is the same, the mac address is used to determine the who has the lowest id, which determines who will be the root bridge. - path cost is used to determine which ports will be used to communicate with the root bridge ( designated ports ). stp cost is the total accumulated path cost based on the bandwidth of the links. the slower the link the higher the cost. spanning tree protocol port states - blocking - doesn ' t forward any frames, but still listens to bpdus. ports default to blocking when the switch powers on. used to prevent network loops. if a blocked port is to become the designated port, it will first enter listening state to ensure that it won ' t create a loop once it goes into forwarding state. - listening - listens to bpdus to ensure no loops occur on the network before passing data frames. - learning - learns mac addresses and builds filter table, doesn ' t forward frames. - forwarding - sends and receives all data on the bridge ports. a forwarding port has been determined to have the lowest cost to the root bridge. lan switching modes - store and forward - the entire frame is copied into its buffer and computes the cyclic redundancy check ( crc ). since it copies the entire frame, latency varies with frame length. if the frame has a crc error, is too short ( < 64 bytes ), or is too long ( > 1518 bytes ) it is discarded. if no error, the destination address ( mac ) is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5439972784986097, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.377581"} {"text": "a bolivian tribe living between santa cruz de la sierra and cochabamba in the wooded regions and plains adjoining the mountains, on the eastern slopes of the andes, close to the rio beni and rio marmore. they are tall, and the women are very handsome. they have oval countenances, aquiline noses, very dark eyes, while their skin is almost as white as that of the spaniards. the yuracare are excellent hunters and make good warriors ; they were of a roving disposition, but the jesuits of the paraguayan reductions succeeded in establishing a mission among them, which flourished until the suppression of the society. the standard of morality among the yuracare was very low. the marriage bond was readily dissolved, but polygamy was not practised. they were distributed in families, living without any form of government. men and women were separated at meals, but there was no subordination between husband and wife or relatives, though the parents were generally treated as slaves by the children. they were an extremely superstitious race, but they adored neither nature nor a superior being. they believed in the immortality of the soul but had no idea of future rewards or punishments. the dead, who were mourned for a long period, were buried with their bows and arrows, as they were supposed to have gone to a delightful region under the earth, where the woods abounded with peccaries and the hunting never failed. the yuracare live entirely by hunting ; they consider it lawful to commit suicide, and practice duelling, which is carried out according to rules laid down by public authority. they make it a rule never to advise their children, leaving them to form their own standard of conduct. reclus, universal geography ed. keane, xviii ( london, 378 - 9 ). apa citation. ( 1912 ). yuracare indians. in the catholic encyclopedia. new york : robert appleton company. http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 15738c. htm mla citation. \" yuracare indians. \" the catholic encyclopedia. vol. 15. new york : robert appleton company, 1912. < http : / / www. newadvent. org / cathen / 15738c. htm >. transcription. this article was transcribed for new advent by michael t. barrett. ecclesiastical approbation. nihil obstat. october 1, 1912. remy lafort, s. t. d., censor. imp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42253043597165973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.380277"} {"text": "their study, \" cdk9 / cyclin t1 expression during normal lymphoid differentiation and malignant transformation, \" appears in the journal of pathology ( volume 203, issue 4 ). lymphomas are generally difficult to diagnose since no single test currently exists to sufficiently establish their presence. clinical practice often revolves around a pathologist looking for changes in normal lymph node architecture and cell characteristics through a series of tests, such as blood tests, x - rays, computerized tomography ( ct ) scans, magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) and bone marrow biopsy. \" there are many types and subtypes of lymphoma, some of which are easy to detect, but many that are very difficult to identify, \" says antonio giordano, m. d., ph. d., director of the sbarro institute at temple and one of the study ' s principal investigators. the researchers found that by taking a sample of blood and doing immunohistochemical analysis for the expression of cdk9 and cyclin t1, they were able to accurately pinpoint the type of lymphoma - - hodgkins or non - hodgkins - - as well as its stage of advancement. non - hodgkins lymphoma is the sixth - most common cancer in the united states. \" basically, this new method is a very powerful tool in determining the presence of cancer by analyzing these two molecules in the lymphoid tissue, \" explains giordano, an internationally recognized researcher in the genetics of cancer and gene therapy. \" the change of levels of cdk9 and cyclin t1 in lymphoid cells shows a correlation with activity of the cancer. t contact : preston m. moretz", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5157618269188287, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.381975"} {"text": "new anticancer drugs are usually developed specially for the job, but occasionally they are borrowed from another field of medicine, and applied speculatively in cancer. tamoxifen was designed as an anti - oestrogen, based on the observation that at least a third of breast cancers depend on female sex hormones such as oestrogen for survival. tamoxifen has shown to be an exceptionally effective molecule in cancer treatment ; it was never planned to be a preventive agent, but so it has proved to be! it is now licensed to be used to prevent breast cancer in certain women at high risk of the disease. contrast this with raloxifene, a drug first developed to treat osteoporosis in women. a selective benzothiophene oestrogen receptor modulator ( serm ), raloxifene binds to oestrogen receptors as a mixed oestrogen and anti - oestrogen effect. it functions as an oestrogen sometimes ( in bones and on lipid metabolism ) and as an anti - oestrogen in other target tissues ( endometrium and breast ). so, it has the potential for producing some of oestrogen ' s beneficial effects without producing its adverse effects. in a trial of its use in osteoporosis, it appeared to have another completely different effect, namely prevention of new hormone dependant breast cancers. results from the more ( the multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation ) study of 7, 705 women that were randomised to raloxifene or placebo demonstrated that among postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, the risk of invasive breast cancer was decreased by 76 % during three years of treatment with raloxifene. stronger evidence on the safety and efficacy of raloxifene is awaited from the star trial. this trial includes almost 20, 000 postmenopausal women in the us who are at increased risk of breast cancer to determine whether raloxifene is as e contact : ebcc - 5 press office federation of european cancer societies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48031899644426795, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.384889"} {"text": "the documents are in an ultra - high resolution format and reveal details previously invisible to the naked eye. - the ancient text to the dead sea scrolls are now available online. - the scrolls are the oldest known biblical manuscripts in existence. - they are considered by many to be the most significant arhcheological find of the 20th century. five of the main dead sea scrolls, containing some of the oldest - known surviving biblical texts, were put online as part of a joint project between the israel museum and google. the project gives the public access to ultra high - resolution images of the ancient scrolls in a format which is easily searchable, with the magnified text revealing details previously invisible to the naked eye, a museum statement said. so far, five of the scrolls have been digitised as part of the $ 3. 5 - million project which uses space - age technology to produce the clearest renderings yet of the ancient texts : the great isaiah scroll, the community rule scroll, the commentary on habbakuk, the temple scroll and the war scroll. by visiting http : / / dss. collections. imj. org. il / web users can view all of the text, as well as a translation tool and other background information on the documents, the museum said. \" we are privileged to house in the israel museum ' s shrine of the book the best preserved and most complete dead sea scrolls ever discovered, \" israel museum director james snyder said in a statement, describing them as of \" paramount importance \" for the world ' s monotheistic religions. \" now, through our partnership with google, we are able to bring these treasures to the broadest possible public. \" the 900 biblical and other manuscripts, comprising some 30, 000 fragments, were discovered between 1947 and 1956 in the qumran caves above the dead sea and photographed in their entirety with infra - red technology in the 1950s. the parchment and papyrus scrolls contain hebrew, greek and aramaic writing, and include several of the earliest - known texts from the bible, including the oldest surviving copy of the ten commandments. the oldest of the documents dates to the third century bc and the most recent to about 70 ad, when roman troops destroyed the second jewish temple in jerusalem. the artifacts are housed at the israel museum in jerusalem, where the larger pieces are shown at the dimly lit shrine of the book on a rotational basis in order to minimise damage from exposure. when not on show, they are kept in a dark, climate - controlled storeroom in conditions similar to those", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43663176021322003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.387512"} {"text": "some u. s. states are feeling the heat of climate change more than others, finds a new analysis of temperature increases over the past 100 years. the state that saw the highest temperature increase was rhode island, followed by massachusetts, new jersey, arizona and maine. scientists from climate central, a research and public outreach organization, suggest natural climate variability along with atmospheric aerosols ( that block incoming solar radiation ) both play roles in the findings. for each state in the continental u. s., scientists from climate central calculated averages of the daily high and low temperatures from national climatic data center \u2019 s u. s. historical climatology network of weather stations. then, they determined how much the average daily temperatures changed each decade over the past 100 years. the top 10 fastest - warming states in descending order : - rhode island - new jersey the 10 slowest - warming states : - south carolina - west virginia overall, the scientists found that the pace of warming increased dramatically starting in the 1970s, with every state showing a rise in overall temperatures over the past 40 years. this bump coincides with the time when the effect of greenhouse gases began to overwhelm the other natural and human influences on climate at the global and continental scales, the researchers said. so they split up their data into two groupings : from 1912 to the present and from 1970 to the present. over the past 100 years, the top 10 fastest warming states warmed 60 times faster than the bottom 10 states, or 0. 26 degrees f ( 0. 14 degrees c ) per decade vs. 0. 004 f ( 0. 002 c ) per decade. since 1970, the speed of warming across the lower 48 states more than tripled, increasing from 0. 127 f ( 0. 071 c ) per decade over the 100 - year period to 0. 435 f ( 0. 242 c ) per decade since 1970. the gap between the fastest - and slowest - warming states also shrunk after 1970, with the top 10 states heating up twice as fast as the bottom 10 states. regional trends were also found, with states in the southwest, northeast, upper midwest and northern rockies showing the fastest warming, while states in the southeast and midwest regions tended to warm much slower. this region of slow warming has been termed \" the warming hole \" by some ; past research showed that aerosol pollutants emitted into the atmosphere over the past 60 years from industrial and power plants in the eastern u. s. would create a cooling pattern similar to this warming hole", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46388689188983473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.390237"} {"text": "by lee crockett the united states has the largest exclusive economic zone ( eez ) in the world, containing 3. 4 million square miles [ 8. 8 million square kilometers ] of ocean and 90, 000 miles [ 145, 000 kilometers ] of coastline. [ i ] throughout this vast underwater realm, fish play an essential role in the interconnected web of life on which we depend. in fact, they are one of america \u2019 s most valuable natural resources, adding billions to the u. s. economy and supporting millions of jobs through fishing and recreation. unfortunately, overfishing \u2014 taking fish from our oceans faster than they can reproduce \u2014 has plagued u. s. oceans for decades and continues today. this squanders valuable fish populations and weakens ocean ecosystems, making them more vulnerable to problems like pollution, natural disturbances and climate change. the good news is that we have a strong law in place in the united states governing how fish are managed in federal waters, and serious efforts are underway to end overfishing and rebuild depleted populations. the pew environment group supports these goals through our work at the federal and regional levels of government, where decisions are made about these invaluable marine resources. \u201c with so much at stake, it \u2019 s critical that as many americans as possible be actively engaged in this discussion. \u201d fishermen, conservationists and scientists have actively debated how best to manage our ocean fish populations for decades. but with so much at stake, it \u2019 s critical that as many americans as possible be actively engaged in this discussion. the \u201c overfishing 101 \u201d blog series aims to do just that by providing a new outlet, in which we hope to open up the discussion to the larger public, cut through the rhetoric and encourage more people to participate in marine fish conservation. in coming posts, i will cover the basic state of our nation \u2019 s ocean fish populations, explore policies that can help safeguard them for future generations and dispel some myths about how current u. s. fisheries policy is made. in addition, the series will feature insights from independent experts and partners working with pew, as well as interactive web content, such as videos and other online resources related to ocean fish and fishing. more about us the federal fisheries policy project leads efforts to ensure that congress and the national marine fisheries service effectively implement the law to end overfishing, rebuild depleted fish populations and protect ocean ecosystems. the campaign works closely with scientists, policy makers, fishery managers, fishermen and conservation organizations throughout the country to promote adequate funding and support current", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4452257356585324, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.394176"} {"text": "national marine fisheries service effectively implement the law to end overfishing, rebuild depleted fish populations and protect ocean ecosystems. the campaign works closely with scientists, policy makers, fishery managers, fishermen and conservation organizations throughout the country to promote adequate funding and support current fish conservation mandates. to find out how you can help, go to : www. pewenvironment. org lee crockett joined the pew environment group in june 2007 as director of federal fisheries policy. before that, he was executive director of the marine fish conservation network, the largest national coalition dedicated exclusively to promoting the sustainable management of ocean fish. previously, he was a fishery biologist with the national marine fisheries service, leading agency efforts to protect essential fish habitat. he also served as a staff member of the house committee on merchant marine and fisheries, working on a variety of fisheries, environmental and boating safety issues. crockett holds a bachelor \u2019 s degree in biology and a master \u2019 s degree in biological oceanography from the university of connecticut. before college, he served in the u. s. coast guard. this series of posts authored by lee crockett \u2014 head of pew environment group federal fisheries policy and a life - long angler \u2014 explores the importance of sustainable fisheries management to the u. s. the series marks the 35th anniversary of the passage of america \u2019 s primary fisheries management law ( magnuson - stevens fishery conservation and management act ) coming up next month ( april 13 ). the views expressed in this post are those of lee crockett and / or pew environment, and not necessarily those of the national geographic society. we welcome other viewpoints and comments, but reserve the right to edit or delete abusive or objectionable content. footnote : [ i ] http : / / coastalmap. marine. usgs. gov / gisdata / basemaps / boundaries / eez / noaa / useez _ noaa. htm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.42679518859811055, "token_count": 390, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.394997"} {"text": "turner to monet nothing happens here, it seems. a field of snow is marked by some trees on the top, a road at the right, clouds, and the intimation of lightening on the horizon. a few vertical scratches indicate grass poking through a crust of snow. but what intensity of observation! the paint wiped around the hill makes the viewer think about the colour white, how it can be made yellow, grey or blue. the trees are nothing but black blobs marking edges, while snow - filled clouds animate the scene, pushed across the sky by winter wind. in his short career, bastien - lepage was famous for naturalistic depictions of peasants, especially girls working in the fields ; robust and alive, their figures dominate the scene. 1 his land was always under cultivation, sowing or harvest. here the landscape is beyond human use, made fallow by the season, by the ruthless power of winter. for bastien - lepage, the fecundity of agriculture represented france recovering its pride and productivity after the disastrous military defeat by prussia in 1870. in this work the small village of damvillers is enshrouded in snow and ice, under a watery sky, but there is a hint of light and hope that prefigures a change of weather and, eventually, of season. because he was neither academician nor impressionist, bastien - lepage has been neglected in the analysis of the culture wars that raged in the nineteenth century between conservatives and radicals. even an apparently subjectless painting like snow effect, damvillers may seem progressive because it lacks detail, finish, incident and preferably a moral, all demanded by the academy. but the artist \u2019 s observations are not only of the moment, like monet \u2019 s haystacks, midday. the hill is eternal, not simply created by the light in which it is observed : the effects may be fleeting, but the land remains, permanent and solid, underneath the snow. 1 see, for example, season of october : the potato gatherers 1878 in the collection of the national gallery of vicitoria, melbourne.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5032682772733883, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.397156"} {"text": "having diabetes doesn ' t mean that you have to give up all of the foods you like or buy special ' diabetic ' foods. it just means that you should try to follow a balanced meal plan. why it ' s important to eat healthy with diabetes eating healthy will give you more energy to do all the things you want and need to do in your busy life. if you eat too many carbohydrates or too much rich food, your blood sugar levels can go up quickly. this can make you feel tired or sluggish. following a healthy eating plan helps you manage your blood sugar levels and your weight. salt and cholesterol eating foods high in saturated fat, trans fat or cholesterol can lead to high fat and cholesterol levels. this can cause fat and cholesterol to stick to the insides of blood vessels. when that happens, the blood vessels can become narrowed over time. so avoiding fats helps to lower risk of health complications. the benefits of healthy eating there are many benefits of eating healthy foods : - reaching and staying at a weight that ' s good for your body - keeping your blood sugar and cholesterol under control - preventing heart and blood vessel disease the glycemic index foods with a high glycemic index can spike your blood sugar levels. choosing foods with a low glycemic index raise your glycemic index slower - so you should eat them more often.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4250849215537056, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.398679"} {"text": "the diagram illustrates the formula : 1 + 3 + 5 +... + ( 2n - 1 ) = n\u00b2 use the diagram to show that any odd number is the difference of two squares. in 15 years ' time my age will be the square of my age 15 years ago. can you work out my age, and when i had other special birthdays? libby jared helped to set up nrich and this is one of her favourite problems. it ' s a problem suitable for a wide age range and best a basic introduction to magic squares can be found here. magic squares have intrigued people for thousands of years and in ancient times they were thought to be connected with the supernatural and hence, magical. today, we might still think of them as being magical, for the sum of each row, column and diagonal is a constant, the magic constant. the squares intrigued me when i found that their construction was far from easy. for the simple 3x3, that is order 3 magic square, trial and improvement quickly does the job ; but for higher than order 4 magic squares a method is necessary. the problem of construction is twofold. an algorithm which works for odd order squares will not work for even order squares without the further addition of another algorithm. at least, i know of no method which will work for both odd and even orders, other than trial and improvement computer programs. for the purposes of this article, i will be considering only magic squares that are constructed using consecutive integers from 1 to n 2, where n is the number of integers on one side of the square. odd magic squares are fairly easily constructed using the either the siamese ( sometimes called de la loubere ' s, or the staircase method ), the lozenge, or the de meziriac ' s methods. the first two methods are described in some detail on the web site : \" eric ' s treasure trove of mathematics ' '. either way use \" magic squares ' ' in the search engine on that site. de meziriac ' s method can be found on page 76 in the book \" mathematical games and puzzles ' ', by trevor rice and published by b. t batsford limited, london. another way, which i prefer ( but then that was the way i learned to construct odd order squares ), is the extended pyramid method or diagonals. this method consists of three steps : the same pyramid method can be used for any odd order magic square as shown below for the 5x5 square in figure 2.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5485944571167086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.404719"} {"text": "learned to construct odd order squares ), is the extended pyramid method or diagonals. this method consists of three steps : the same pyramid method can be used for any odd order magic square as shown below for the 5x5 square in figure 2. we can use some properties of magic squares to construct more squares from the manufactured squares above ; e. g. this will be the subject of the next article published in september. constructing the even order magic squares does present more of a challenge. there are many different ways, which can be studied through \" eric ' s treasure trove of mathematics ' ' ; at least as a starting point. all the methods i have seen in the literature are rather complicated, in that they require the use of two or more algorithms. there are claims for a simple method for the construction of even order magic squares, but i have yet to find such a method. however, the following method, which i have developed, uses but one algorithm and will work for any even sided square. i call it the \" paired exchange method \". the theory behind the paired method is fairly straightforward. consider the first and last column of a n x n magic square where n is even. starting by placing the integers in order across the rows of the square ( see figure 3 ), the difference between the first and last number in any row will be n - 1. since there are n rows in the square, there will be a total difference of n ( n - 1 ) between the first and last column of the square. to balance the total for the first and last columns we must exchange pairs of numbers between the first and last columns and each exchanged pair must be from the same row, so as not to change the sum total of the row. how many times must we exchange pairs to equalise the columns? when a pair is exchanged in a row the difference between the columns changes by 2 ( n - 1 ). if t is the number of times pairs must be exchanged, then a similar argument can be made for the 2 nd and the next to last columns, since the only change in the above formulae will be to substitute ( n - 3 ) for ( n - 1 ). the resulting t stays the same. in like manner, all columns paired from the centre line of the square can be made to be equal, and since the numbers in the original square are consecutive integers, all the columns will be equal to the magic constant for the n by n magic square. of course, columns are just rows seen from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5833304485111004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.405714"} {"text": "line of the square can be made to be equal, and since the numbers in the original square are consecutive integers, all the columns will be equal to the magic constant for the n by n magic square. of course, columns are just rows seen from a different viewpoint, hence in a like manner all rows can be made to equal the magic constant. now let ' s look at a few examples. consider the 4 by 4 magic square. t is now equal to 2. the choice of pairs to exchange is limited if we want the sum of the numbers on the diagonals to equal the magic constant. the pairs must be on the diagonals. by reflecting in the centre lines x and then y we achieve the same as a single reflection in the lines y = x and y = - x. or to state it another way, we exchange the numbers with their opposite numbers equidistant from the centre along the diagonals ( see figure 3 ). we have exchanged two pairs in each row and column of the square and the results is a magic square. the 6 by 6 magic square is constructed in the same manner, but here t = 3, hence we have much more freedom in our choice of pairs for each column and row. we exchange all the pairs on the diagonal, which is equivalent to exchanging two pairs from each pair of rows and columns, so we must now exchange one more pair from each pair of rows and columns to equalise them. one such choice in the construction of a 6 by 6 magic square is shown in figures 4, 5 and 6 below. exchange the pairs in the diagonals. here we equalise the rows before the columns, the opposite order to that discussed in the text. it can be done in any order. exchange the pairs in the columns. exchange the pairs in the rows. how many other choices we have is possible to calculate, but i will leave that for another time. in the meantime try making a 7 by 7 magic square, or a 8 by 8, or a 10 by 10, or.... the next article in the series is magic squares ii.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5551488653747518, "token_count": 428, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.406613"} {"text": "check your avocado nutrition iq you love hass avocados for their decadent creamy texture, great taste and versatility, but do you know about the additional benefits hass avocados can provide when incorporated into your daily diet? test your avocado nutrition knowledge and see how you score. you are on question number : the avocado is virtually the only fruit that has monounsaturated fat. monounsaturated fats are one of two types of fats that the avocado contributes to your daily diet that are considered as \" good fats \". what is the other type of fat? hint : according to the american heart association, good fats are those that can lower bad cholesterol levels and are beneficial when consumed in moderation. how many calories are in a 1 - ounce serving of avocado? avocados are included in fruits & veggies - more matters\u00ae consumer educational program to promote increased consumption of fruits and vegetables for good health because they are : how much cholesterol and sodium is in a 1 - oz serving of avocado? why are avocados considered to act as a \" nutrient booster \" when eaten with other foods avocados are a good way to get more lutein in the diet. lutein may help maintain the health of what body part? a 1 - oz serving of avocado contains which of the following? thank you for taking our quiz! we hope that you enjoyed our avocado nutrition knowledge quiz. you scored x out of x! sign - up for our free recipe newsletter to get hass avocado recipes, entertaining tips and more nutrition facts each month.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.423282761328576, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.408267"} {"text": "bioethics 101 provides a systematic, five - lesson introductory course to support educators in incorporating bioethics into the classroom through the use of sequential, day - to - day lesson plans. this curriculum is designed to help science teachers in guiding their students to analyze issues using scientific facts, ethical principles, and reasoned judgment. these lessons represent a \" best of \" compilation from our popular ethics primer. through the use of case studies, ethical principles, decision - making frameworks and stakeholder role - play, students are fully supported in learning how to justify an answer to an ethical question. if you \u2019 ve been looking for a structured way to introduce bioethics into your classroom, this resource is for you! in order for us to measure how our curriculum resources are being used, please take a moment to contact us and let us know the class or classes in which you ' re using our lessons. we also welcome feedback about our bioethics 101 curriculum. we will not share your contact information with anyone. complete lesson plans lesson 1 - - introduction to bioethics nwabr _ bioethics _ 101 _ lesson1. pdf lesson 2 - - principles of bioethics nwabr _ bioethics _ 101 _ lesson2 _ 0. pdf lesson 3 - - finding the stakeholders nwabr _ bioethics _ 101 _ lesson3. pdf lesson 4 - - making a strong justification nwabr _ bioethics _ 101 _ lesson4. pdf lesson 5 - - putting it all together nwabr _ bioethics _ 101 _ lesson5. pdf this page is coming soon!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.51488757795102, "token_count": 320, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.410017"} {"text": "ohio coastal design manual promote better projects along the coast that balance the use of lake erie as a shared natural resource along with the property owners \u2019 need for lakefront erosion protection and the benefit of access to the lake. the odnr office of coastal management has prepared the print and online versions of the coastal design manual to promote better projects along the ohio shore of lake erie including maumee bay and sandusky bay. the manual demonstrates how structures along the shore of lake erie are designed and how coastal engineering principles are best applied to achieve a balance between landowners \u2019 needs for erosion control and lake access and the need to protect our lake \u2019 s natural resources. - general vicinity map - identification of adjoining and nearby property owners - history of the site - site conditions and existing structures - the coastal erosion area designation and erosion at the site - geology of the upland - site drainage - characteristics of the shore - types of coastal habitat - habitat considerations - nearshore bathymetry - performance of nearby structures - site wave climate - horizontal and vertical datums - existing site conditions and structures - determination of the parcel boundaries for the site - depicting the littoral partitions between adjoiners for the site - survey products for projects the under regulatory authority of odnr - metes and bounds descriptions - plat of survey for the submerged lands lease parcel - surveyor \u2019 s role during project construction - post construction survey - design water levels - design wave height run - up and overtopping of structures - changes to the littoral system - effects on adjacent or nearby properties - impact of design on habitat - other design considerations in the general arrangement of structures - design drawings, design specifications and supporting information - suggested standards for engineering and surveying drawings - suggested standards for engineering methods and design calculations - suggested standards for material specifications - suggested standards for supporting information - 4. 1 general design guidelines for erosion control structures - protection against wave - based erosion - protection against upland erosion - 4. 2 armor stone revetment design - armor material - armor layer - crest elevation - filter layer function - filter layer design - 4. 3 seawalls - general considerations - design components - wall & cap height - run - up & overtopping - sliding & overturning - overturning safety factor - pre - cast concrete block seawall design - block seawall structural design - steel frame crib design - 4. 4 construction, inspection & maintenance - inspection and monitoring - maintenance and repair 4. 5 design examples the ohio department of natural resources ( odnr ) office of coastal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42750375148597936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.418116"} {"text": "revised code section 1506. 40 ). documents ( metes and bounds descriptions and plats ) required to enter into a submerged lands lease with the state of ohio must be prepared and sealed by a professional surveyor licensed by the state of ohio. professional engineers ( pe ) and professional surveyors ( ps ) are licensed by the state of ohio only after demonstrating technical knowledge and actual engineering / surveying experience. the act of signing and sealing a design drawing by an engineer or surveyor is a statement certifying that the work has been prepared with direct supervisory control and according to the best professional standards. it is an assurance to both the property owner and to the agency that receives the drawings that the work has adhered to appropriate design standards, is protective of the public welfare, and safeguards life, health and property. many property owners are familiar with building houses and other structures on land, where contractors \u201c pull \u201d permits from the local building authority without the need for sealed plans from a pe. this process is supported by a system of very protective and conservative building codes and inspections that ensure buildings are both well designed and constructed with appropriate setbacks from property boundaries. no similar system of codes and inspections exists for structures built along the shore of lake erie. the design of coastal structures is not always as straight - forward as complying with plumbing or electrical codes. many sites have complex geology, drainage issues, structural conditions, and / or wave climates that require careful consideration, planning and design. failure of an erosion control structure, even over a period of years, may result in loss of additional upland, may threaten existing buildings, and can result in damage to adjacent properties. the repair of a failed structure may be as expensive as the original construction. the planning of a project also requires a field survey. the surveyor is best suited to provide the critical site information needed by the pe for design. this includes existing site contours, the location, dimensions and elevations of structures, and the offshore bathymetry. a surveyor is needed to determine the boundary of the upland parcel and the partition lines for littoral rights extending into the lake. if a submerged lands lease is needed, a ps prepares a metes and bounds description and plat. these products can only be prepared by an ohio registered ps. references, resources and other design manuals in most cases, important references are noted as part of the discussion in a given chapter. design equations, charts and tables included in this manual have been drawn from numerous sources and reflect ocm \u2019 s understanding of the state of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4703093958299682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.420472"} {"text": "other design manuals in most cases, important references are noted as part of the discussion in a given chapter. design equations, charts and tables included in this manual have been drawn from numerous sources and reflect ocm \u2019 s understanding of the state of the art of coastal engineering as it applies to structures along lake erie. the \u201c reference of references \u201d for coastal engineering is the u. s. army corps of engineers \u2019 ( usace ) \u201c coastal engineering manual \u201d or cem ( em 1110 - 2 - 1100, published august 2008 ) and is linked in the table below. the cem is a valuable synthesis and repository of the understanding of coastal processes, the design and performance of structures and forms the basis of design for usace \u2019 s coastal projects. - phase i revised report on great lakes open coast flood levels usace, detroit, april 1988. - design water level determination on the great lakes, usace, detroit district september 1993. - odnr division of geological survey coastal erosion area maps and tabulated datasheets for recession rates. - usace \u201c wis report 22, hindcast wave information for the great lakes : lake erie, \u201d october 1991. - usace, em 1110 - 2 - 1614 \u201c design of coastal revetments, seawalls and bulkheads \u201d june 1995. - pennsylvania coastal zone management program, \u201c vegetative best management practices \u2013 a manual for pennsylvania / lake erie bluff landowners \u201d 2007. ( see \" coastal processees \" ) - coastal engineering design & analysis system, aces ( automated coastal engineering system ) module. this is a computer - based calculation tool that includes many of the most commonly used equations for performing coastal engineering calculations. developed by usace and now marketed through a private vendor. - on - line maps and aerial photography. resources such as google earth, bing map and the gis products available from most county auditors are useful tools for visualizing existing conditions along the shore and evaluating potential effects of projects. there are two preceding engineering design manuals that deserve note and are inspirations for this document. - \u201c coastal processes manual, \u201d university of wisconsin sea grant institute, wis - sg - 87 - 430, second edition, 1998. - \u201c help yourself \u201d a general information pamphlet by the usace ( 1978 ), now out of print. for definitions of terminology used in the surveying profession, see the american congress of surveying and mapping \u2019 s ( acsm ) \u201c definitions of surveying and associated terms. \u201d the limited design discussions presented in this manual should", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4674369111172801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.421475"} {"text": "the only question remaining is, how this property became actually invested : or that it is that gave a man an exclusive right to retain in a permanent manner that specific land, which before belonged generally to everybody, but particularly to nobody. and, as we before observed that occupancy gave the right to the temporary use of the soil, so it is agreed upon all hands, that occupancy gave also the original right to the permanent property in the substance of the earth itself ; which excludes every one else but the owner from the use of it. the only question remaining is, how this property became actually invested : or that it is that gave a man an exclusive right to retain in a permanent manner that specific land, which before belonged generally to everybody, but particularly to nobody. and, as we before observed that occupancy gave the right to the temporary use of the soil, so it is agreed upon all hands, that occupancy gave also the original right to the permanent property in the substance of the earth itself ; which excludes every one else but the owner from the use of it. there is indeed some difference among the writers on natural law concerning the reason why occupancy should convey this right, and invest one with this absolute property : grotius and puffendorf insisting that this right of occupancy is founded on a tacit and implied assent of all mankind that the first occupant should become the owner ; and barbeyrac, titius, mr. locke, and others, holding that there is no such implied assent, neither is it necessary that there should be ; for that the very act of occupancy alone, being a degree of bodily labour, is, from a principle of natural justice, without any consent or compact, sufficient of itself to gain a title ; \u2014 a dispute that savours too much of nice and scholastic refinement. however, both sides agree in this, that occupancy is the thing by which the title was in fact originally gained ; every man seizing to his own continued use such spots of ground as he found most agreeable to his own convenience, provided he found them unoccupied by any one else. property, both in lands and movables, being thus originally acquired by the first taker, which taking amounts to a declaration that he intends to appropriate the thing to his own use, it remains in him, by the principles of universal law, till such time as he does some other act which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5172562025431675, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.427317"} {"text": "being thus originally acquired by the first taker, which taking amounts to a declaration that he intends to appropriate the thing to his own use, it remains in him, by the principles of universal law, till such time as he does some other act which shows an intention to abandon it ; for then it becomes, naturally speaking, publici juris once more, and is liable to be again appropriated by the next occupant. so if one is possessed of a jewel, and casts it into the sea or a public highway, this is such an express dereliction, that a property will be vested in the first fortunate finder that will seize it to his own use. but if he hides it privately in the earth, or other secret place, and it is discovered, the finder acquires no property therein ; for the owner hath not by this act declared any intention to abandon it, but rather the contrary : and if he loses or drops it by accident, it cannot be collected from thence that he designed to quit the possession ; and therefore in such a case the property still remains in the loser, who may claim it again of the finder. and this, we may remember, is the doctrine of the law of england with relation to treasure trove. but this method of one man \u2019 s abandoning his property, and another seizing the vacant possession, however well founded in theory, could not long subsist in fact. it was calculated merely for the rudiments of civil society, and necessarily ceased among the complicated interests and artificial refinements of polite and established governments. in these it was found, that what became inconvenient or useless to one man, was highly convenient and useful to another, who was ready to give in exchange for it some equivalent that was equally desirable to the former proprietor. thus mutual convenience introduced commercial traffic, and the reciprocal transfer of property by sale, grant, or conveyance ; which may be considered either as a continuance of the original possession which the first occupant had, or as an abandoning of the thing by the present owner, and an immediate successive occupancy of the same by the new proprietor. the voluntary dereliction of the owner, and delivering the possession to another individual, amount to a transfer of the property : the proprietor declaring his intention no longer to occupy the thing himself, but that his own right of occupancy shall be vested in the new acquirer. or, taken in the other light, if i agree to part with an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5357555452812935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.428723"} {"text": "search health information digitalis is a medication prescribed to certain heart patients. digitalis toxicity is a complication of digitalis therapy, or it may be occur when someone takes more than a large amount of the drug at one time. ( this is called an acute ingestion. ) the most common prescription form of this medication is called digoxin. digitoxin is another form of digitalis. causes, incidence, and risk factors : digitalis toxicity can be caused by high levels of digitalis in the body, or a decreased tolerance to the drug. patients with decreased tolerance may have \" normal \" digitalis levels in their blood. digitalis toxicity can occur from a single exposure or chronic overmedication, or it may occur in patients with normal blood levels of digitalis if other risks are present. people with heart failure who take digoxin are commonly given medications called diuretics, which remove excess fluid from the body. many diuretics can cause potassium loss. low levels of potassium in the body increase the risk of digitalis toxicity. digitalis toxicity may also result in persons who take the drug and who have low levels of magnesium in the body. risks include taking digitalis medications such as digoxin or digitoxin along with medications that interact with digitalis such as quinidine, verapamil, amiodarone, and others. reduced kidney function will cause digitalis to build up in the body rather than be removed normally through urine. therefore, any disorders that disrupt kidney functioning ( including dehydration ) make digitalis toxicity more likely. additional symptoms that may be associated with digitalis toxicity include : signs and tests : the heart rate may be rapid or slow and may be irregular. an ecg is done to check for irregular heart beats. blood tests will be done to check : bun and creatinine ( which help reveal kidney function ) - digoxin and digitoxin levels - potassium level - magnesium level in an emergency, assist breathing as needed ( see cpr ) and get professional medical help. arrhythmias are treated according to which arrhythmia develops. if toxicity is due to a recent, acute single exposure, treatment may involve : - activated charcoal - tube through the mouth into the stomach to wash out the stomach ( gastric lavage ) digitoxin blood levels may be lowered with repeated doses of charcoal, given after gastric lavage. methods to cause vomiting are usually not performed because vomiting can worsen slow heart rhythms. in severe cases", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.48934469877437287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.433808"} {"text": "out the stomach ( gastric lavage ) digitoxin blood levels may be lowered with repeated doses of charcoal, given after gastric lavage. methods to cause vomiting are usually not performed because vomiting can worsen slow heart rhythms. in severe cases, medications called digoxin - specific antibodies may be prescribed. hemodialysis may be required to reduce the levels of digitalis in the body. the outcome varies depending on the extent of toxicity and arrhythmias that develop. calling your health care provider : call your health care provider if you are taking a digitalis medication and symptoms of digitalis toxicity develop. digitalis blood levels should be monitored regularly if you are taking digitalis medications. blood chemistries should also be monitored to detect conditions that make digitalis toxicity more common. potassium supplements may be prescribed if you take diuretics and digitalis together, or a potassium - sparing diuretic may be prescribed. | review date : 1 / 23 / 2009 | reviewed by : david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. \u00a9 1997 - a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44614067269128144, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.434695"} {"text": "the current methodology for determining assumptions of future migration was introduced for the 1991 - based national population projections. 1 with some later modifications, 2 this approach, which standardises the methods and procedures by which the assumptions are formulated, has been the basis of subsequent projections. this chapter summarises the assumptions adopted for the 2010 - based population projections. it is important to emphasise that the migration assumptions are based on past demographic trends. they do not attempt to predict the impact that new or future government policies, changing economic circumstances or other factors ( whether in the uk or overseas ) might have on migration patterns. the new long - term assumption for net migration to the uk is + 200, 000 each year compared with + 180, 000 a year in the 2008 - based projections. figure 5. 1 compares the future net migration assumptions with historical international migration estimates back to 19913 and also includes the assumptions made for the previous 2008 - based projections. it is based on mid - year to mid - year, rather than calendar year figures, so the latest \u2018 actual \u2019 data point shown is the estimated total net inflow to the uk of 227, 000 between mid - 2009 and mid - 2010. ons uses the united nations recommendation for defining an international long - term migrant. that is, someone who changes their country of usual residence for a period of at least a year, so that the country of destination effectively becomes the country of usual residence. migration figures are derived from several sources. 4 the principal source is the international passenger survey ( ips ) which became operational in 1964. the ips provides estimates based on respondents \u2019 intended length of stay in the uk or abroad. therefore, some statistical adjustments are made for people who change their intentions \u2013 \u2018 visitor switchers \u2019 and \u2018 migrant switchers \u2019. visitor switchers are people who enter or leave the uk for a short visit ( that is, less than 12 months ) but end up migrating for more than a year. these people are visitors who subsequently become migrants and therefore need to be added to the migration estimates. migrant switchers are people who state in the ips that their intention is to remain in their destination country for more than a year ( and are therefore classed as migrants ) but who actually leave, or return to, the uk within one year, so are actually visitors. they need to be removed from ips migrant flows. this is effectively the converse situation to visitor switchers. the ips excludes most, but not all, persons seeking asylum and some dependants of such asylum seekers. therefore", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4777842606510076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.463756"} {"text": "are actually visitors. they need to be removed from ips migrant flows. this is effectively the converse situation to visitor switchers. the ips excludes most, but not all, persons seeking asylum and some dependants of such asylum seekers. therefore, an adjustment for those not covered by the ips is necessary. data on asylum seekers and their dependants ( based on the number of people applying for asylum ) obtained from the home office, are used to estimate the number of migrants arriving or leaving the uk. since the last projections round, the migration statistics unit ( msu ) at ons has made two adjustments in the methodology to produce long - term international migration estimates. 5 they relate to northern ireland and the republic of ireland : from 2008, the ons migration estimates no longer use ips data for northern ireland and instead use data from the northern ireland statistics and research agency ( nisra ). therefore, in making the long - term assumptions, ips international uk gross flows are allocated to all the constituent countries but the allocations to northern ireland are not used. any difference between the allocations to northern ireland and the nisra derived assumptions are added to england in the form of a consistency adjustment so as to maintain the original uk ips totals. in addition - since nisra incorporates visitor and migrant switchers, asylum seekers and republic of ireland flows in their data - the adjustments / assumptions for these components are at great britain ( gb ) level for the 2010 - based projections. republic of ireland estimates of flows between the uk and the republic of ireland are based on the irish quarterly national household survey and the national health service central register ( nhscr ) and are agreed between the irish central statistics office ( cso ) and ons. the ips figures ( for data from 2008 ) now incorporate the roi, but there is a discontinuity between 2008 and earlier years as revisions to back series have not been run. therefore, it was decided to exclude roi flows from the ips data and continue to base long - term assumptions of migration between the roi and gb on cso data until there is a longer time series. migration covered by the international passenger survey ( ips ) the ips time - series was projected forward using a form of exponential smoothing but with the various trends gradually ' levelled off ' to give constant level projections after ten years. however, to avoid giving the impression that small year to year future changes can be accurately predicted, the average net flow projected for the next ten years is taken as the basis", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4626545154351571, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.464867"} {"text": "trends gradually ' levelled off ' to give constant level projections after ten years. however, to avoid giving the impression that small year to year future changes can be accurately predicted, the average net flow projected for the next ten years is taken as the basis for the long - term assumption as shown by the blue horizontal lines in figure 5. 2. the model projection is based on final data up to 2009. final data for 2010 did not become available until after the national populations projections were published, but provisional 2010 data was used in formulating the short - term assumptions. the assumed long - term annual ips net inflow given by the model is 175, 000 ( an inflow of 530, 000 and outflow of 355, 000 ). the corresponding figure from the 2008 - based projections ( based on final data up to 2007 and provisional data for 2008 ) was 155, 000 ( an inflow of 515, 000 and an outflow of 360, 000 ). the effect of adding ( final ) ips data for 2008 and 2009 has therefore been to increase net inflows by 20, 000. the same projection method has also been applied to flows between the uk and four different groups of countries : ( a ) the old commonwealth6 & usa ; ( b ) the new commonwealth ; ( c ) the european union ( excluding the a8 and a2 accession countries ) 7 and ( d ) the rest of the world. all the flows are considered separately for british and non - british citizens. these projections are shown in figures 5. 3 to 5. 10. the country breakdown is complicated by the enlargement of the eu in may 2004 and january 2007. 8 to avoid the possibility that migration from the a8 and a2 accession countries might distort underlying trends, a8 and a2 migration flows were excluded from the ips modelling. instead, a separate allowance has been made for additional net migration from the a8 and a2 accession countries up to and including 2015 \u2013 16, with net flows assumed to be zero in the long - term ( from 2016 \u2013 17 ). the projection method used is additive that is, the same results are produced by applying the method to each of the eight categories and summing the results as are obtained by applying the method directly to the total migration flows. the advantage of applying the method to these separate, relatively homogeneous categories is that it may shed light on the key factors underlying the overall trends. however, when disaggregated in this way, ips sample numbers can become quite small. therefore,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5011656596563977, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.465961"} {"text": "advantage of applying the method to these separate, relatively homogeneous categories is that it may shed light on the key factors underlying the overall trends. however, when disaggregated in this way, ips sample numbers can become quite small. therefore, although the projections of the eight categories ( shown in figures 5. 3 to 5. 10 ) can be considered separately, they are not as robust as those for the total migration flows ( in figure 5. 2 ) and thus the breakdown of the overall ips assumptions shown in table 5. 1 should be regarded as purely illustrative. nevertheless, it is clear that the overall projected ips net inflow is a result of large inflows from all the categories of non - british citizens, partially offset by outflows of british citizens to the old commonwealth & usa and to the european union ( excluding a8 and a2 countries ) in particular. | illustrative breakdown of ips component | | old commonwealth & usa | | 25 | | 80 | | - 55 | | european union ( excluding a8 & a2 ) | | 25 | | 60 | | - 40 | | rest of the world | | 15 | | 30 | | - 15 | | old commonwealth & usa | | 80 | | 60 | | 20 | | european union ( excluding a8 & a2 ) | | 75 | | 50 | | 25 | | rest of the world | | 135 | | 40 | | 95 | | total ips migration | | 530 | | 355 | | 175 | ips data excludes estimates of migration flows to / from the a8 and a2 accession countries and also to / from the republic of ireland ( applicable from 2008 ). a separate allowance is made for migration to / from these countries. visitor switchers and migrant switchers the adjustments made for projections are consistent with those made by ons in recent international migration estimates. however, as with the ips modelling above, estimates of a8 and a2 visitor switcher flows have been removed from the series as accession flows are considered separately. due to a change of methodology that was implemented in 2007 for estimating visitor switchers from 2004 onwards, and the fact that nisra data already incorporates visitor switchers to / from northern ireland ; an average of gb data from 2004 to 2009 was taken, resulting in an annual net visitor switcher adjustment of + 15, 000, ( an inflow of 30, 000 and an outflow of 15, 000 ). this compares with an annual uk net visitor switcher adjustment of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49824948090356824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.468012"} {"text": "to 2009 was taken, resulting in an annual net visitor switcher adjustment of + 15, 000, ( an inflow of 30, 000 and an outflow of 15, 000 ). this compares with an annual uk net visitor switcher adjustment of + 20, 000 ( an inflow of 35, 000 and an outflow of 15, 000 ) from the 2008 - based projections. a corresponding allowance to that made for visitor switchers needs to be made for migrant switchers. similarly to visitor switchers, a change of methodology was implemented in 2007 for estimating migrant switchers from 2004 onwards. again, an average of gb data ( excluding a8 and a2 countries ) from 2004 to 2009 was taken resulting in an annual net migrant switcher adjustment of - 5, 000 ( an inflow of - 20, 000 and an outflow of - 15, 000 ). this compares with an annual uk net migrant switcher adjustment of zero ( an inflow of - 15, 000 and an outflow of - 15, 000 ) from the 2008 - based projections. republic of ireland over the last decade, gb has consistently lost population to the roi but this pattern has reversed in recent years. taking a five - year average of gb data ( 2006 \u2013 2010 ) and following consultation with the irish central statistics office ( cso ), an assumption of an annual zero net flow from roi to gb was made ( an inflow of 10, 000 and an outflow of 10, 000 ). this compares with an annual uk net outflow to the roi of 5, 000 ( an inflow of 10, 000 and an outflow of 15, 000 ) from the 2008 - based projections. the asylum seeker adjustment has been formulated by ons in consultation with the home office. the latest data show fairly constant level inflows from 2004 and a gradual reduction in outflows over the same period. therefore, an average of gb data from 2004 to 2009 was taken resulting in an annual net asylum seeker adjustment of + 15, 000 ( an inflow of 25, 000 and an outflow of 10, 000 ). this compares with an annual uk net asylum seeker adjustment of + 10, 000 ( an inflow of 25, 000 and an outflow of 15, 000 ) from the 2008 - based projections. therefore, - summing together the ips and roi long - term assumptions along with visitor switcher, migrant switcher and asylum seeker adjustments - annual net migration to the uk is assumed to be 200, 000 in the long - term", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48433743442832494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.469006"} {"text": "based projections. therefore, - summing together the ips and roi long - term assumptions along with visitor switcher, migrant switcher and asylum seeker adjustments - annual net migration to the uk is assumed to be 200, 000 in the long - term, as illustrated by table 5. 2. | visitor switcher adjustment | | 15, 000 | | 20, 000 | | - 5, 000 | | migrant switcher adjustment | | - 5, 000 | | 0 | | - 5, 000 | | asylum seeker adjustment | | 15, 000 | | 10, 000 | | 5, 000 | gross migration flows gross migration flows ( that is, inflows and outflows ) are not required in order to produce the projections. the methodology used, therefore, focuses on net flows. table 5. 3 does show nominal gross flows for the various components ( ips, asylum seekers etc ) although these exclude migration flows to / from the accession countries which are considered separately. however, these gross flows should be treated with caution. for example, for the ips component, the average net flow over the next ten years ( obtained from the projection model ) is used as the basis for the ( constant ) long - term assumption. while it may be defensible to assume constant net flows ( and this is common practice amongst national projection makers worldwide ), it is less realistic to assume that gross flows will remain constant. | total ips migration | | 530 | | 355 | | 175 | | adjustment to ips data | | total civilian migration | | 575 | | 375 | | 200 | allocation of international migration to the constituent countries of the uk international migration estimates for the constituent countries of the uk were revised in 2007 following the introduction of a new methodology9 that adjusts the ips data to the geographical distribution of international inflows provided by the labour force survey. the reasons for this change in methodology ( known as \u201c calibration \u201d ) was that migrants identified by the ips are thought to be more likely to state london as a destination in preference to other lesser known places, and also some in - migrants may quickly move from an initial destination point in london to another region of the country. this improved methodology was implemented back to 1999. the allocations of ips international uk inflows / outflows to england, wales, scotland and northern ireland are based on a ten - year average of ips estimates for the years 2000 to 2009 under the calibration methodology. as stated previously, data for northern", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45047089717464806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.469967"} {"text": "international uk inflows / outflows to england, wales, scotland and northern ireland are based on a ten - year average of ips estimates for the years 2000 to 2009 under the calibration methodology. as stated previously, data for northern ireland are provided by nisra, so any difference between the allocation of ips data to northern ireland ( which are not used ) and the nisra derived assumptions, are added to england in the form of a consistency adjustment so as to maintain the original uk ips totals. the long - term assumption for northern ireland was derived by taking a five - year average ( 2006 \u2013 2010 ) of the total gross flows estimated by nisra. the result is an assumption of zero annual net migration ( an inflow of 7, 500 and an outflow of 7, 500 ). as with the long - term assumptions for the rest of the uk, recent a8 flows were deducted from the northern ireland data and an allowance for additional short - term net - migration from a8 countries was added separately. since nisra already incorporates the other component categories - visitor and migrant switchers, asylum seekers and roi flows - in their data ; the allocation of inflows and outflows to england, wales and scotland are based on gb level data for these components. as a result, the assumed annual long - term net inflows through international migration are 188, 000 to england, 3, 000 to wales, 9, 000 to scotland and zero to northern ireland. table 5. 4 shows that the assumption for northern ireland is lower compared to the 2008 - based projections ; the assumptions for england and scotland are higher and the assumption for wales remains unchanged. regular estimates of the movements of population between the countries of the uk are made by ons, nrs and nisra. these estimates are based on changes of residence recorded by the national health service central register ( nhscr ). at the time of setting the assumptions for the 2010 - based projections, two additional years of nhscr data ( for 2008 \u2013 09 and 2009 \u2013 10 ) have become available since the 2008 - based projections were prepared. the long - term assumptions for migration between england and the other constituent countries are : \u2022 between england and wales. wales has experienced a net gain in population from england throughout the last ten years. the net flows have fallen from a peak of over + 14, 000 in 2002 \u2013 03 to less that + 2, 000 in each of the last two years. in consultation with the welsh government,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46375974038053436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.470950"} {"text": "in population from england throughout the last ten years. the net flows have fallen from a peak of over + 14, 000 in 2002 \u2013 03 to less that + 2, 000 in each of the last two years. in consultation with the welsh government, it was agreed to assume a long - term annual net flow from england to wales of 7, 000 persons per year, ( based on the average net gain over the last ten years ). this compares with an assumption of 7, 500 in the previous projections round. \u2022 between england and scotland. net flows from england to scotland remained at high levels between 2003 \u2013 04 and 2007 \u2013 08 but have fallen in the last two years. in consultation with nrs, it was agreed to assume a long - term annual net flow from england to scotland of 8, 500 a year ( based on the average net gain over the last ten years ). this compares with an assumption of 6, 500 in the previous projections round, although that incorporated positive net flows from scotland to england for the years 1998 \u2013 99 and 1999 \u2013 2000. \u2022 between england and northern ireland. flows between england and northern ireland have fluctuated around a net balance of moves. in consultation with nisra it was agreed to retain the 2008 - based assumption of zero net migration between the two countries. for the flows between the three smaller countries, the ten year averages remained around net zero for both wales to scotland and wales to northern ireland, unchanged from the 2008 - based assumptions. it was also agreed ( between ons, nrs and nisra ) to keep the assumption of zero net flows between scotland and northern ireland. the assumed annual long - term cross border net inflows are therefore, - 15, 500 to england, + 7, 000 to wales, + 8, 500 to scotland and zero to northern ireland. these assumptions are compared with those from the 2008 - based projections in table 5. 4. numerically, the dominant flows within the uk are between the smaller countries and england. figures 5. 11 - 5. 13 show the trend in these flows between 1998 \u2013 99 and 2009 \u2013 10. moves from england are plotted against the vertical axes and moves to england are plotted on the horizontal axes. therefore, points above the dashed diagonal line indicate a net outflow from england, while points below the line indicate a net inflow into england ; the greater the distance the points are from the dashed line, the greater is the net migration flow. note that the scales differ in the three charts. in particular, flows to and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4725792205254614, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.471912"} {"text": ", while points below the line indicate a net inflow into england ; the greater the distance the points are from the dashed line, the greater is the net migration flow. note that the scales differ in the three charts. in particular, flows to and from northern ireland are much smaller than those to and from wales and scotland. combining the assumptions of international net migration ( where long - term net flows from accession countries are assumed to be zero ) and cross border flows, gives total net migration of 172, 500 to england, 10, 000 to wales, 17, 500 to scotland and zero to northern ireland. table 5. 4 shows that the assumptions for wales and northern ireland are lower compared to the 2008 - based projections and the assumptions for england and scotland are higher. | international net migration | | cross - border net migration | | total net migration | the projections assume constant levels of annual net migration beyond 2016 \u2013 17. in reality, of course, migration will inevitably continue to fluctuate from year to year, but such long - term fluctuations are impossible to predict. the assumptions should therefore be regarded as representing average annual levels of net migration for the future. special assumptions have been applied for the first few years of the projections ( 2010 \u2013 11 to 2015 \u2013 16 ) and are summarised in table 5. 5. these short - term assumptions were decided after the long - term assumptions, in order to take account of the most up to date data available. they differ from the long - term assumptions for the following four reasons : ( a ) the assumptions for 2010 \u2013 11 take account of provisional estimates of long term international migration ( ltim ) for 2010 ( calendar year ) and additional provisional cross border migration data, from the nhscr, for the second half of 2010. data from nisra are largely based on changes in health card registration between july 2010 and june 2011. ( b ) net migration from the countries which joined the eu in may 2004 is estimated to have fallen to 21, 000 in 2008 \u2013 09 but, according to the latest ( provisional ) estimates, has risen to 46, 000 in 2010 \u2013 11 ( see figure 2. 2 of the migration statistics quarterly report february 2012 ). 10 an allowance has been made for additional net migration which totals + 120, 000 over the five years from 2011 \u2013 12 to 2015 \u2013 16 from the accession countries which joined the european union in may 2004 and january 2007. the assumption is that net migration will decline from + 40, 000 in 2011 \u2013 12 to net zero in the long term. note", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4866629279583814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.473057"} {"text": "from 2011 \u2013 12 to 2015 \u2013 16 from the accession countries which joined the european union in may 2004 and january 2007. the assumption is that net migration will decline from + 40, 000 in 2011 \u2013 12 to net zero in the long term. note : the accession country component was not separately identified for the first year of the projection ( 2010 \u2013 11 ). ( c ) for cross border migration, the figures for the first three years of the projection ( 2010 \u2013 11 to 2012 \u2013 13 ) assume a gradual transition from current migration levels to the assumed long - term levels. for international migration ( non - accession ) and at constituent country level only, the figures for the years 2011 \u2013 12 to 2013 \u2013 14 also assume a gradual transition to assumed long - term levels. ( d ) an allowance has been made for the return of 2, 000 armed forces ( including dependants ) from germany to the uk during the period 2012 \u2013 13 to 2015 \u2013 16. they have all been assumed to return to england. | united kingdom | | england | | wales | | scotland | | northern ireland | | total net migration | | 2016 - 17 onwards - long - term assumption | | 200. 0 | | 172. 5 | | 10. 0 | | 17. 5 | | 0. 0 | | international migration assumption for 2010 - 111 | | international migration assumption ( non - accession ) | | 2016 - 17 onwards - long - term assumption | | 200. 0 | | 188. 0 | | 3. 0 | | 9. 0 | | 0. 0 | | allowance for additional net migration from accession countries2 | | returning armed forces from germany ( including dependants ) | | 2012 - 13 to 2015 - 16 ( annual ) | | 0. 5 | | 0. 5 | | 0. 0 | | 0. 0 | | 0. 0 | long - term impact of enlargement of the european union no allowance has been made for additional net migration from these countries beyond 2015 \u2013 16. however, clearly there is great uncertainty about this. with other eu countries gradually opening their labour markets to accession country citizens - due to the end of the transitional arrangements for the a8 countries from may 2011 and the a2 countries from january 2014 - and the likelihood of the economies of the new countries gradually \u2018 catching up \u2019, most experts believe that net migration from these countries will reduce. in line with ons estimates of total international migration, no explicit or separate allowance has been made in the projections for illegal migrants entering the uk. points - based", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45761103960439975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.474099"} {"text": "gradually \u2018 catching up \u2019, most experts believe that net migration from these countries will reduce. in line with ons estimates of total international migration, no explicit or separate allowance has been made in the projections for illegal migrants entering the uk. points - based system for immigration and student fees in february 2008, a new points - based system 11 for controlling non - eu immigration to the uk was introduced. the long - term assumptions for the 2010 - based projections were based on past trends and, as noted in the introduction to this chapter, no attempt was made to predict the future impact of this or other new government policies, on migration behaviour. similarly, variations in policy on student fees between the countries of the uk is not considered when setting the trend based cross - border migration assumptions. age and sex distribution for england, wales and scotland, the assumed age and sex distribution of international migrants has been based on ons estimates of the age / sex distributions of the various component categories \u2013 ips, visitor switchers, migrant switchers, asylum seekers and roi. the assumed distributions are based on averages of the last five years \u2019 data ( 2005 - 2009 ). for northern ireland, where the long - term total migration assumption was not broken down into component categories, age and sex distributions were applied based on ips data for the uk. for migration to / from accession countries, age and sex distributions were also based on ips data for the uk. for cross - border migration, separate age and sex distributions, based on nhscr data, were calculated for each constituent country. in each case the age and sex distributions were considered separately for immigrants and emigrants. the long - term net migration distribution for the uk is summarised in table 5. 6. the table shows that the projections assume slightly more male migrants than female migrants. equivalent tables for the constituent countries and further tables containing in - and out - migration by age and sex are available on the ons website. 12 | 0 - 4 | | 4. 3 | | 2. 1 | | 2. 2 | | 5 - 9 | | 2. 2 | | 0. 9 | | 1. 4 | | 10 - 14 | | 3. 5 | | 1. 4 | | 2. 1 | | 15 - 19 | | 39. 9 | | 19. 4 | | 20. 4 | | 20 - 24 | | 89. 0 | | 44. 6 | | 44. 4 | | 25 - 29 | | 45. 9 | | 28. 0 | | 17.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4704290252879999, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.475285"} {"text": "9 | | 19. 4 | | 20. 4 | | 20 - 24 | | 89. 0 | | 44. 6 | | 44. 4 | | 25 - 29 | | 45. 9 | | 28. 0 | | 17. 9 | | 30 - 34 | | 15. 0 | | 7. 9 | | 7. 1 | | 35 - 39 | | 7. 7 | | 4. 2 | | 3. 5 | | 40 - 44 | | 0. 0 | | - 1. 5 | | 1. 5 | | 45 - 49 | | 1. 9 | | - 0. 1 | | 2. 0 | | 50 - 54 | | 0. 9 | | 1. 1 | | - 0. 3 | | 55 - 59 | | - 2. 8 | | - 2. 3 | | - 0. 5 | | 60 - 64 | | - 4. 6 | | - 2. 5 | | - 2. 1 | | 65 - 69 | | - 2. 9 | | - 0. 9 | | - 2. 0 | | 70 - 74 | | - 0. 4 | | - 0. 5 | | 0. 1 | | 75 & over | | 0. 5 | | 0. 1 | | 0. 4 | the assumed age distributions for international migration to and from the uk, and the nhscr derived distributions for cross - border migration for england, are shown in figures 5. 14 - 5. 17. all these distributions are highly peaked at the young working ages, which was also the case for the distributions assumed for cross - border migration for wales, scotland and northern ireland. consideration of how migration assumptions are prepared in other countries and by other agencies13, 14 suggests that, as in the uk, migration assumptions tend to be based largely or solely on past demographic trends. while many projection makers say that their assumptions are also informed by expert opinion, few use immigration assumptions \u201c that are justified by any explicit reference to a theory of how or why immigration happens \u201d. 13 it is therefore perhaps helpful to summarise some of the current arguments put forward by experts regarding future levels of net migration in the uk. the npp expert advisory panel ( ten academic demographic experts convened by the british society for population studies ) met in march 2011. 15 in an accompanying questionnaire, 16 the experts were asked for their opinions on the likely levels of international migration to and from the uk in 2014 and 2034 ( that is, five years and twenty - five", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5223080731347906, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.476174"} {"text": "population studies ) met in march 2011. 15 in an accompanying questionnaire, 16 the experts were asked for their opinions on the likely levels of international migration to and from the uk in 2014 and 2034 ( that is, five years and twenty - five years into the future from \u2013 at the time - the latest ( 2009 ) estimates ). note : the experts were not asked to exclude a8 and a2 accession countries. the npp expert advisory panel \u2013 views on migration in the long - term the average annual net migration derived from the experts \u2019 responses for 2034 was a net inflow of + 162, 000 per year ( with an average 67 per cent confidence interval of 108, 000 to 227, 000 ). this is much lower than the proposed 2010 - based long - term assumption for net migration to the uk of + 200, 000 per year. the experts were also asked to consider five overall forces with the potential to affect levels of net migration to the uk in the long - term and assess the importance and likely impact of each force upon future migration. on average, three forces were considered to be equally important in determining future migration, namely, \u201c trends in the main motives for migration \u201d, \u201c trends in migration pressure resulting from changes in the countries of origin \u201d and \u201c trends in the attractiveness of the uk as a country of destination \u201d. the majority of experts considered the first two forces to have at least a small upwards influence on total net migration, but there was little consensus on the third force. whereas the majority of experts thought the force \u201c effectiveness of controls on migration flows \u201d would have a small downwards influence on total net migration, although this force was rated second least important of the five forces. the force \u201c costs of migration ( in the broader sense ) \u201d was rated the least important. eight of the experts thought the current global economic climate would not have a significant impact on migration flows to and from the uk beyond 2014. however, seven of these thought any impact it did have would last beyond two years. the npp expert advisory panel \u2013 views on migration in the short - term the annual net migration derived from the experts \u2019 responses for 2014 was a net inflow of + 171, 000 per year ( with an average 67 per cent confidence interval of 134, 000 to 215, 000 ). this is somewhat higher than the corresponding experts \u2019 average for 2034 ( + 162, 000 per year ) but much lower than the proposed 2010 - based long - term assumption of + 200, 000. it should be noted, however,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4858234311301451, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.477235"} {"text": "000 ). this is somewhat higher than the corresponding experts \u2019 average for 2034 ( + 162, 000 per year ) but much lower than the proposed 2010 - based long - term assumption of + 200, 000. it should be noted, however, that trends in underlying \u2018 push \u2019 and \u2018 pull \u2019 factors in western countries do not automatically follow through to corresponding trends in net migration. for example, increases in the numbers of people wishing to enter a country may lead governments to consider more targeted or restrictive immigration policies. the different responses of eu governments to the opening of their labour markets to people from the new accession countries is a reminder that migrant numbers are not just dependent on the demographic characteristics of the sending and receiving countries, but will also be affected by any intervening obstacles or incentives placed on their movement. and the uk government has itself recently introduced a new points based system for controlling non - eu immigration to the uk. 11 the experts were asked if they thought the points - based system would have an impact on the level of in - migration to the uk from non - eu / european economic area ( eea ) countries in 2014. the majority ( six ) thought it would have an impact with five experts suggesting there would be a small downward influence. there is evidence that levels of international migration are correlated with economic factors such as unemployment rates, although the strength of the relationship may vary from country to country. 17 nevertheless, few agencies explicitly use explanatory variables ( whether economic or other ), in projection making, other than perhaps in the very short - term. this is often because the explanatory variables are considered to be as, or more, difficult to predict than the demographic variables. if a prolonged change in the relative strength of the uk economy occurs, the uk may face increasing competition for migrants both from other eu countries and also from economically emerging nations outside the eu. latest eurostat and un projections in their latest \u2018 europop2010 \u2019 projections published in may 2011, 18 eurostat assumed a convergence scenario whereby net migration to all eu countries would converge to zero at a point in the future beyond the scope of the projections. eurostat therefore assumed a gradual decline in net in - migration to the uk from 198, 000 per year in 2010 to 178, 000 per year in 2030 and 134, 000 per year in 2060. these assumptions are all higher than in the previous \u2018 europop2008 \u2019 projections where they assumed a gradual decline in net in - migration to the uk from 188, 000 per year in 2008 to 151,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4918643876373038, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.478249"} {"text": "134, 000 per year in 2060. these assumptions are all higher than in the previous \u2018 europop2008 \u2019 projections where they assumed a gradual decline in net in - migration to the uk from 188, 000 per year in 2008 to 151, 000 per year in 2030 and 114, 000 per year in 2060. the latest official united nations population projections ( 2010 revision ) published in may 201119 assume a level of net migration to the uk of 209, 000 a year from 2010 to 2015. they assume varying levels of migration for each five years which averages at 195, 000 from 2015 to 2030 and then declining migration to 22, 000 by 2055 \u2013 2060. 1. national population projections : a new methodology for determining migration assumptions. occasional paper 42. opcs ( 1993 ) 2. national population projections : 1996 - based, ons series pp2 no 21. the stationery office ( 1999 ). footnote to p34. 3. for further information see long term international migration 2 series ( ltim ) 2010 available at : www. ons. gov. uk / ons / publications / re - reference - tables. html? edition = tcm % 3a77 - 235198 4. for further information see long - term international migration estimates methodology available at : www. ons. gov. uk / ons / guide - method / method - quality / specific / population - and - migration / international - migration - methodology / index. html 5. for further information see long - term international migration - irish methodological changes available at : www. ons. gov. uk / ons / rel / migration1 / long - term - international - migration / 2008 / irish - methodological - changes. pdf 6. the old commonwealth is defined as australia, canada, new zealand and south africa. the new commonwealth is defined as other african commonwealth countries, indian subcontinent and other commonwealth countries in the asian, caribbean and oceania regions. for further information see background notes and guidelines for long - term international migration estimates available at : www. ons. gov. uk / ons / guide - method / method - quality / specific / population - and - migration / international - migration - methodology / background - notes - and - guidelines - for - long - term - international - migration - estimates. pdf 7. the european union was taken to be the 15 member states of the eu as constituted before 1 may 2004 ( excluding the irish republic which is considered separately ), plus cyprus and malta. 8.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4712905024226617, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.479371"} {"text": "- term - international - migration - estimates. pdf 7. the european union was taken to be the 15 member states of the eu as constituted before 1 may 2004 ( excluding the irish republic which is considered separately ), plus cyprus and malta. 8. ten countries joined the eu in may 2004 : the a8 accession countries from eastern europe ( the czech republic, estonia, hungary, latvia, lithuania, poland, slovenia and slovakia ) plus cyprus and malta. and the a2 accession countries, bulgaria and romania, joined in january 2007. 9. for further information see the use of calibration in estimating international in - migration available at : www. ons. gov. uk / ons / guide - method / method - quality / imps / archive - material / archive - background - information / improved - methods - for - population - statistics - revisions - - archive - material - / the - use - of - calibration - in - estimating - international. pdf 10. for further information see migration statistics quarterly report february 2012 available at : www. ons. gov. uk / ons / rel / migration1 / migration - statistics - quarterly - report / february - 2012 / msqr. html # tab - 2 - - who - is - migrating - to - and - from - the - uk - - migration - by - citizenship 11. for further information see points - based system available at : www. ukba. homeoffice. gov. uk / policyandlaw / immigrationlaw / immigrationrules / part6a / 12. tables can be downloaded from 5. migration assumptions : 2010 - based national population projections, available at : www. ons. gov. uk / ons / rel / npp / national - population - projections / 2010 - based - projections / rep - 2010 - based - npp - migration - assumptions. html # tab - age - and - sex - distribution 13. howe n and jackson r. projecting immigration : a survey of the current state of practice and theory. centre for strategic & international studies, washington dc ( 2005 ). available at : csis. org / files / media / csis / pubs / 0504 _ howe _ jacksonprojimmigration. pdf 14. questionnaire on population projections : report on the latest national practices. paper for eurostat working group on population projections. eurostat ( 2006 ). 15. npp expert advisory panel minutes of meeting held on march 2011 available at : www. ons. gov.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4519113964840536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.480307"} {"text": "population projections : report on the latest national practices. paper for eurostat working group on population projections. eurostat ( 2006 ). 15. npp expert advisory panel minutes of meeting held on march 2011 available at : www. ons. gov. uk / ons / rel / npp / national - population - projections / 2010 - based - projections / rep - 2010 - based - npp. html # tab - appendix - a - - note - of - the - meeting - of - the - national - population - projections - expert - advisory - group 16. npp expert advisory panel questionnaire results available at : www. ons. gov. uk / ons / rel / npp / national - population - projections / 2010 - based - extra - variants / rep - 2010 - based - npp - extra - variants. html # tab - appendix - c - - charts - - - national - population - projections - expert - advisory - panel - 17. analysis and forecasting of international migration by major groups. eurostat working paper 3 / 2002 / e / no. 17. eurostat, 2003 available at : epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu / portal / page / portal / product _ details / publication? p _ product _ code = ks - ap - 01 - 032 18. europop2010 projections available at : epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu / statistics _ explained / index. php / population _ projections 19. un population projections ( 2010 revision ) available at : esa. un. org / unpd / wpp / details of the policy governing the release of new data are available by visiting www. statisticsauthority. gov. uk / assessment / code - of - practice / index. html or from the media relations office email : firstname. lastname @ example. org these national statistics are produced to high professional standards and released according to the arrangements approved by the uk statistics authority.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49879846533027267, "token_count": 401, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.481023"} {"text": "the purpose of screening is early diagnosis and treatment. screening tests are usually administered to people without current symptoms, but who may be at high risk for certain diseases or conditions. in order to detect prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, the american diabetes association ( ada ) recommends the following guidelines : screen adults of any age who are overweight or with one or more of these risk factors : - first - degree relative with diabetes - low hdl ( good ) cholesterol level and high triglycerides levels - high blood pressure - history of diabetes during pregnancy ( gestational diabetes ) or having a baby weighing over nine pounds ( 4. 1 kg ) - having polycystic ovary syndrome or other conditions associated with insulin resistance - being inactive - history of cardiovascular disease - belonging to an at - risk ethnic group ( african american, hispanic, native american, hispanic american, asian american, or pacific islander ) - previous blood test results that show hemoglobin a1c ( hba1c ) levels at 5. 7 % or higher, impaired glucose tolerance, and impaired fasting glucose - screen adults aged 45 and older with or without risk factors screen overweight children aged 10 years and older who have two or more of the following risk factors : - family history of diabetes - mother with diabetes or gestational diabetes - signs of insulin resistance or having a condition associated with insulin resistance - at - risk ethnic background if the results are normal for both adults and children, the ada recommends screening again in three years. the hba1c test is a good indicator of your average blood glucose levels over the past 2 - 4 months. this test usually does not require any dietary restrictions. with this blood test, you need to fast ( not eat anything ) for at least eight hours before the test. after fasting overnight, the doctor tests your glucose level. you are then asked to drink 75 grams of glucose dissolved in water. two hours later, the doctor tests your glucose level again. - reviewer : kim carmichael, md - review date : 11 / 2012 - - update date : 11 / 26 / 2012 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4572133669664479, "token_count": 426, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.483979"} {"text": "- bodenkunde ( 1 ) ( remove ) - soil moisture fluctuations recorded in saharan dust deposits on lanzarote ( canaryislands ) over the last 180 ka ( 2010 ) - aeolian sediments trapped in volcanically dammed valleys on lanzarote, canary islands, were investigated in order to reveal environmental changes over the last 180 ka. clay content and frequency dependent magnetic susceptibility were used as proxies for pedogenesis and palaeo - soil moisture. during the last 180 ka, these proxies showed a general pattern of enhanced soil moisture during glacials and stadials and more arid conditions during interglacials and interstadials. comparisons of these results with proxies from regional palaeoclimate studies identified a positive correlation with proxies of trade wind strength off northwest africa and inverse correlations with both sea surface temperatures in the northeast atlantic and the extent of mediterranean vegetation. possible causes for the observed pattern include a glacial enhancement of precipitation from westerly cyclones, a change in relative humidity due to fluctuating air temperatures and an occasional influence of the african summer monsoon. although it is not yet possible to clearly differentiate among these factors, it is clear that the first two factors must have been primarily dominant. these results represent the first quasi - continuous terrestrial data testifying to environmental changes in the northwest african coastal area for the last 180 ka and complement the abundant data derived from marine cores of the region. high latitude dynamics had a major influence in this area and were intermediated by north atlantic sea surface temperatures. a possible negative correlation can also be observed with the orbital obliquity cycle with a 10 ka time lag, which is similar to the lag recorded from north atlantic sea surface temperatures.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4855753852171809, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.486137"} {"text": "scan is a collective algorithm that performs partial reductions on data provided by each process in the communicator. scan combines the arrays stored by each process into partial results delivered to each process. the arrays are combined in a user - defined way, specified via a delegate that will be applied elementwise to the values in each arrays. if array ( 0 ), array ( 1 ),..., array ( n - 1 ) are the arrays provided by the n processes in the communicator, the resulting array for the process with rank p will be array ( 0 ) op array ( 1 ) op... op array ( p ). the processor with rank n - 1 will receive the same result as if one had performed a reduce < ( of < ( t > ) > ) ( array < t > ( ), reductionoperation < ( of < ( t > ) > ), int32, array < t > ( ) % ) operation with root n - 1. scan is sometimes called an \" inclusive \" scan, because the result returned to each process includes the contribution of that process. for an \" exclusive \" scan ( that does not include the contribution of the calling process in its result ), use exclusivescan < ( of < ( t > ) > ) ( array < t > ( ), reductionoperation < ( of < ( t > ) > ), array < t > ( ) % ). namespace : mpi assembly : mpi ( in mpi. dll ) version : 188. 8. 131. 52 ( 184. 108. 40. 206 ) public void scan < t > ( t invalues, reductionoperation < t > op, ref t outvalues ) | visual basic ( declaration ) | public sub scan ( of t ) ( _ invalues as t ( ), _ op as reductionoperation ( of t ), _ byref outvalues as t ( ) _ ) public : generic < typename t > void scan ( array < t > ^ invalues, reductionoperation < t > ^ op, array < t > ^ % outvalues ) - type : array < the array contributed by the calling process. the arrays provided by each process must have the same length. - type : mpi.. : :. reductionoperation < ( of < ( > ) > ) operation used to combine two values from different processes. the array array ( 0 ) op array ( 1 ) op... op", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6010658179654221, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.488291"} {"text": "| title | | horses in 1830s new england towns | | type | | papers and articles : osv research paper | horses in 1830s new england towns by tom kelleher, dec. 1999 horses in the 19th century were primarily used for the transportation of people and goods. farmers moved their products and purchases ( and when need be, families ) with horse - drawn wagons. doctors, ministers, and businessmen traveled daily by light, horse - drawn chaises, while merchants and factory agents shipped goods to and from their establishments in heavy freight wagons drawn by teams of horses. * stage coaches and peddlers ' wagons were common sights on the roads. horses were widely used off the road as well. while new england farmers did indeed rely upon oxen for most draft work, horses were often also used on farms. horses were ideal for lighter jobs such as plowing for planting and cultivating corn because they were smaller and faster than oxen. horses were used to power cider, tan - bark, and some other types of mills. horses had other impacts throughout everyday 1830s society. oats and hay for horses were major crops on 1830s new england farms. by 1837 sturbridge had two men employed making harness, while four men ( including shop owner henry hanes ) made wagons and two made sleighs. shoeing was often a major part of many blacksmiths ' businesses. there were 194 horses in sturbridge in 1840. what does this statistic mean? for one thing, horses were nowhere near as common then as automobiles are now. with 1, 886 people living in sturbridge in 1840, there was a little more than one horse for every ten people. in america today there is almost a petroleum - powered vehicle for every man, woman, and child! ( the different uses horses were put to and the need to use teams for heavy hauling make exact comparisons between 19th century horses and late 20th century cars, trucks, buses, and other vehicles impossible, but it is a place to start. ) america was a poorer country in 1840 than it is now, and the average person just plain did not own as much \" stuff \" as his modern counterpart. the united states in the village period may be thought of as a \" developing ( formerly ' third world ' ) nation \". most people lived on the land, while revolutions in industrialization and transportation were transforming people ' s lives and raising their standards of living. ownership of horses was not evenly distributed among the population, however. most farmers in worcester county who held over", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43255938502606506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.491919"} {"text": "\". most people lived on the land, while revolutions in industrialization and transportation were transforming people ' s lives and raising their standards of living. ownership of horses was not evenly distributed among the population, however. most farmers in worcester county who held over 50 acres ( including pliny freeman ) had one horse. a very few had two or even three ( as did david wight ). most merchants and professional men owned a horse and vehicle. teamsters and stage coach agents sometimes owned as many as a dozen or more horses, ( as did canal boat companies along the blackstone and other canals ). approximately half of all families did not own any horses, however. most laborers, artisans, factory workers, and other non - farmers, and those who farmed small plots, usually could not afford a horse, or at least did not feel the need for one. ( sturbridge horses in 1840 were valued at between $ 20 and $ 100 apiece, with most in the $ 40 to $ 60 range. pasturage, hay, oats, harness, tack, a vehicle, and the need for shoeing every other month made keeping a horse a somewhat expensive proposition. ) nevertheless, when one needed to make a trip, it was commonplace to rent a horse and wagon from a neighbor. most of these 1830s horses were small by modern standards, not the large draft horses that pull the village carry - all today. some have estimated early new england ' s \" horse of all work \" averaged 14 hands in height and weighed about 1, 000 pounds. for more information, see andy baker ' s excellent essay on horses in the livestock section of the agriculture training notebooks, and \" the whole population is in motion \" in jack larkin ' s the reshaping of everyday life. in sum, horses were common sights on the roads of 1830s new england, but not as universally owned as automobiles are today. hope this helps!!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44363110368049086, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.492649"} {"text": "and now, you ' re wondering what i ' m talking about. the claim : paranthropus robustus was driven to extinction because its specialized \" vegan \" diet prevented it from adapting to changing climate. or so i was recently informed by manowar40 in a youtube comments section. his contention is that homo was able to adapt to drying climate because of our omnivorous diets, while p. robustus was so dependent on a \" vegan \" diet that it died out. it would be easy for me to dismiss this as just another misinformed omnivore on his high horse, but that ' s only because i ' m a geek who reads paleontology journals. in other words, he doesn ' t follow all the latest research, and just relies on informed third parties to fill him in. and there ' s nothing wrong with that ; it doesn ' t make him a dumbo at all. it ' s just that his sources, whoever they are, are a bit behind the times. true, it used to be the consensus that p. robustus died off because of a specialized diet. the reason for this assessment is that the paranthropines had big, flat, thick - enameled molar teeth and huge jaws, usually a sign of specialization to hard, brittle foods like nuts and seeds ( hence, the nickname \" nutcracker man, \" given to p. boisei, a close relative of robustus ). genus homo has more generalized masticatory adaptations, reflecting a wider variety of food strategies. or so the reasoning used to go. that was before we started doing laser ablation stable isotope analysis, a method that allows us to analyze extremely small areas of carbonates and phosphates ( on the order of 10 micrometers ) in situ ; that is, without having to crush and reprecipitate them. the method allows for finer spot analysis than had been possible previously with traditional methods that required the homogenization of large amounts of material. the major advantages of this technique are that it is essentially nondestructive and requires little sample preparation. with the laser ablation method, we ' re able to not only tell what isotopes a fossil organism was absorbing from its food, but also get a pretty good idea what sorts of food it was eating over its life, because we can look at the actual wear patterns on its tooth enamel and correlate them with the isotope evidence over time and geography. doing this with the teeth of a p. robust", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4913098144141027, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.497857"} {"text": "good idea what sorts of food it was eating over its life, because we can look at the actual wear patterns on its tooth enamel and correlate them with the isotope evidence over time and geography. doing this with the teeth of a p. robustus sample from swartkrans, south africa, sponheimer et. al. reached a surprising conclusion ( emphasis mine ) : laser ablation stable isotope analysis reveals that the d13c values of paranthropus robustus individuals often changed seasonally and interannually. these data suggest that paranthropus was not a dietary specialist and that by about 1. 8 million years ago, savanna - based foods such as grasses or sedges or animals eating these foods made up an important but highly variable part of its diet. they elaborated on the then - common idea that this species ' extinction had been due to its presumed specialized diet ( emphasis mine ) : a dental microwear study of the earlier ( 3. 0 to 3. 7 ma ) hominin australopithecus afarensis found no evidence that its diet changed over time or in different habitats ( 20 ). in contrast, stable carbon isotope ( 3, 4 ) and dental microwear texture analyses ( 1 ) of the slightly younger ( ~ 3. 0 to ~ 2. 4 ma ) hominin a. africanus demonstrated that its diet was far more variable. this suggests the possibility that a major increase in hominin dietary breadth was broadly coincident with the onset of increasing african continental aridity and seasonality after 3 ma ( 21, 22 ) and only shortly antedated the first probable members of the genera homo and paranthropus ( 23 \u2013 25 ) and the earliest stone tools ( 26 ). the undoubted toolmaker homo is thought to have been a dietary generalist that consumed novel foods such as large ungulate meat and tubers that are abundant in savanna environments ( 27 \u2013 30 ). paranthropus, in contrast, with its extremely large and flat cheek teeth, thick enamel, robust mandible, and heavily buttressed facial architecture, is often portrayed as a dietary specialist ( 27 \u2013 29 ). further, it has been argued that this specialization contributed to its extinction when confronted with increasingly dry and seasonal environments later in the pleistocene, whereas homo \u2019 s generalist adaptation was crucial for its success ( 28, 29 ). our results suggest that paranthropus had an extremely flexible diet, which may indicate that its derived masticatory morphology signals an increase", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49097101041756985, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.498791"} {"text": "later in the pleistocene, whereas homo \u2019 s generalist adaptation was crucial for its success ( 28, 29 ). our results suggest that paranthropus had an extremely flexible diet, which may indicate that its derived masticatory morphology signals an increase, rather than a decrease, in its potential foods. thus, other biological, social, or cultural differences may be needed to explain the different fates of homo and paranthropus ( 31 ). in other words, their evidence suggested that both paranthropus and homo had inherited an omnivorous habit from their shared australopithecine ancestor. and further, that p. robustus ' \" specialized \" teeth and jaws reflected not a restriction of its eating abilities, but an expansion of it. this paper strengthened and confirmed a conclusion reached two years earlier by wood & strait : we suggest that although the masticatory features of paranthropus are most likely adaptations for consuming hard or gritty foods, they had the effect of broadening, not narrowing, the range of food items consumed. it is possible that these adaptations allowed paranthropus to become a \u201c seasonal specialist \u201d by exploiting previously unavailable fallback food items during periods of dietary stress ( conklin - brittain et al., 1988 ). one of us ( e. g., wood and ellis, 1986 ), and many others, have wrongly interpreted the derived morphology of the masticatory system of paranthropus as evidence for stenophagy. instead, the vast majority of the evidence suggests that the masticatory system of paranthropus is more consistent with euryphagy. thus, the extinction of paranthropus species should not be considered a straightforward consequence of having an overspecialized diet. both papers have been cited fairly robustly ( if you ' ll pardon the pun ), and when i ask around among my anthro friends, it seems that this interpretation is shaping up to be the standard view of paranthropus robustus. what happened here is simple : whoever manowar40 ' s been getting his paleo information from is behind the learning curve. that ' s not mano ' s fault, and it doesn ' t quite add up to an idiotic omnivore claim because it ' s not exactly a claim that ' s detached from reality. it just shows that scientists need to do a better job of communicating their work to the general public.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48178263054111475, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.499986"} {"text": "the united nations general assembly voted overwhelmingly to upgrade palestine to a non - member observer state. the vote in the un was 138 to 9, with 41 countries abstaining in favor of awarding the status of a non - member state. though the vote was reportedly symbolic, it created discomfort in israel and the u. s. the question is why, it ' s only symbolic. the palestinians and many of their supporters say it ' s a step of progress in the right direction, closer to total statehood for the palestinians. in the meantime, the u. s. and israel who led the effort to defeat the measure declared that a state will require further steps, a prospect the us and israel have sworn to oppose. even though the vote in the u. n. was overwhelmingly to recognize the palestinian state, it appears that it ' s the only place that the u. s. does not recognize the \" majority - rule \" vote. it was long sought by the palestinians and an embarrassing diplomatic defeat for the united states and israel. u. s. secretary of state hillary clinton rebuked the united nations general assembly ' s vote calling it an ' unfortunate and counterproductive ' move that further obstructs the path to a peaceful agreement between palestine and israel. she also stated, \" we have been clear that only through direct negotiations between the parties can the palestinians and israelis achieve the peace they both deserve : two states for two people with a sovereign, viable independent palestine living side by side in peace and security with a jewish and democratic israel. however, the palestinians see it differently. its president mahmoud abbas said, \" we now have a state ; the world has said loudly, ' yes to the state of palestine '. \" for a recognized palestinian state will indeed give israel a responsible partner with international backing \u2013 one that will represent the entire palestinian people. the status change by the un does have deep significance for all concerned. israel has decided to retaliate and at present it has the power to do so. it has withheld much needed funds from the palestinians and has declared that it would begin to expand settlement building after it had ceased to do so sometime ago to give peace a chance. even the u. s. and its pro - european allies \u2013 including england and france \u2013 have opposed the plan to rebuild settlements. dr. martin luther king said, \" power cedes nothing without demand. \" if the palestinians do not demand equality ( statehood ), they will get nothing regardless of negotiations with power ( israel ) ; they will forever be second -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46052259863016176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.503995"} {"text": "the microbial geneticist salvador edward luria would have celebrated his centenary birthday this month, and it is to him that we turn our attentions today. luria was born in turin, italy, on august 13, 1912, the second son of david and esther luria. as a boy, his attitude toward school was lukewarm \u2013 he received his best grades in math and literature courses, but never fully developing a passion for learning. he eventually decided to study medicine due to the influence of his parents, graduating from the university of turin medical school in 1935. it was during medical school, however, that he became interested in the ways in which modern physics could be used to solve problems in biology and genetics. upon graduating, luria decided to combine his love for biology and physics by studying radiology. he finished physics and radiology courses at the university of rome, where he learned about recent theories regarding genes as a molecule and also about bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect bacteria. in 1938 luria moved to paris, where he became a research fellow at the institute of radium. in order to escape nazi persecution, luria immigrated to new york in 1940 ( later becoming a u. s. citizen in 1947 ), where he received a rockefeller foundation fellowship and worked as a research assistant in surgical bacteriology at the college of physicians and surgeons at columbia university. during the annual meeting of the american physical society in december 1940, luria met max delbruck, who introduced him to the bacteriophage experiments that they would work on together later that summer, including an investigation into the mechanisms by which phage multiply within bacteria. the duo discovered that different phage strains interfere with each other when attacking bacteria. in 1943 luria moved yet again to indiana university where he thrived, forming close friendships and training numerous graduate students. it was at indiana that conducted one of his most important studies, showing that bacteria mutated spontaneously into phage - resistant forms. later, again in collaboration with delbruck, luria developed the \u201c fluctuation test \u201d for calculating bacterial mutation rates. this work provided statistical evidence for the existence of genes in bacteria, which established microbes as suitable subjects for genetics research. the work was also a source of great recognition for luria within the biological community. throughout his career, luria was not only a scientist, but also an outspoken policy advocate, and as a result he quickly gained the attention of linus pauling. on may 15, 1957, pauling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.546254561029593, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.508990"} {"text": "for luria within the biological community. throughout his career, luria was not only a scientist, but also an outspoken policy advocate, and as a result he quickly gained the attention of linus pauling. on may 15, 1957, pauling wrote to luria for the first time, asking if he would be willing to sign his name on the \u201c appeal by american scientists \u201d \u2013 the beginnings of what would become pauling \u2019 s famous united nations bomb test petition. pauling sent a cover letter to luria along with a copy of the appeal, which urged scientists to support an international agreement to stop the testing of nuclear bombs in the atmosphere. pauling wrote in the document, each added amount of radiation causes damage to the health of human beings all over the world and causes damage to the pool of human germ plasm such as to lead to an increase in the number of seriously defective children that will be born in future generations. luria supported pauling in this effort, and so began a series of exchanges over many years in which the two scientists requested one another \u2019 s support for various political, social and environmental causes. one such letter was penned on march 25, 1965, when luria wrote to pauling regarding a vietnam war protest that a group in boston had recently sponsored. in it, he noted his exasperation with the contemporary political climate \u2013 one which reminded him all too much of his early life in europe. we now feel that the time for polite questioning is past and that something more drastic and dramatic is needed. also, most of us feel the need to bear witness publicly of our personal refusal to acquiesce in a policy that is immoral and criminal. the situation in my mind has the same nightmare quality i felt in germany in the \u2018 thirties and in france during the algerian war. in both situations not enough intellectuals were able or willing to stand up and be counted. luria thought that the public \u2019 s conscience could possibly be stirred if a group of national academy of science members resigned from the organization while issuing a public announcement stating that the action was being taken in protest of the war in southeast asia. he asked pauling if this would be wise and pauling responded by stating that he would agree to resign from the nas if nine other members also agreed. over time, luria continued down his career path, first by moving to the university of illinois and then to the massachusetts institute of technology, where he served as an adviser for both the reorganization of its biology department and for the development of its micro", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5037392803185667, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.509979"} {"text": ". over time, luria continued down his career path, first by moving to the university of illinois and then to the massachusetts institute of technology, where he served as an adviser for both the reorganization of its biology department and for the development of its microbiology department. his collaborations with delbruck likewise continued over the course of what would become a long and successful career. in 1969 the duo received, alongside alfred hershey, the 1969 nobel prize in physiology or medicine for \u201c discoveries concerning virus replication and genetics and the importance of contributions to the biological and medical sciences. \u201d true to his convictions, luria donated part of his prize money to the peace movement, helping to organize the vietnam war moratorium in boston. meanwhile, the three scientists, luria, delbruck and hershey, became known as the \u201c phage group, \u201d an informal assembly who worked with seven strains of bacteriophage, comparing their findings and results. luria continued to be engaged in the humanities as an activist well into the 1970s, during which time he participated in debates over genetic engineering, among other issues. in 1972, he also set up and directed a new center for cancer research at mit, expanding the molecular and cellular biology programs there. all the while he wrote prolifically, a body of work which included a popular science book, life : the unfinished experiment. the book was a huge success and he continued to publish essays and opinion articles on scientific and political issues until his death from a heart attack in lexington, massachusetts, on february 6, 1991.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5037307759294645, "token_count": 310, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.510618"} {"text": "why february for black history? - did you know? / / scholastic news - - edition 4 ; 02 / 05 / 01, vol. 63 issue 15, p2 provides a brief comment on black history month. why it is celebrated in february. - show what you know. / / weekly reader - edition 2 ; feb2012, vol. 81, special section p4 a quiz about black history month is presented. - history lessons. / / principal leadership ; feb2011, vol. 11 issue 6, p7 the article reveals that the history channel is celebrating black history month in february 2011 with videos, audio clips, and photo galleries. - in pursuit of reference skills. gordon, anitra / / school library journal ; mar87, vol. 33 issue 7, p119 describes an activity designed for the celebration of black history month in the united states. list of encyclopedias and almanacs for headings such as black and minorities ; difficulty of the geography category. - ebony escapes! to the city of lights. allman - baldwin, lysa / / new york amsterdam news ; 2 / 28 / 2008, vol. 99 issue 10, p28 the article profiles the entertainment features of paris, france. it highlights how the african - americans considered the city of lights as the spectacular place for entertainment and for their black history month celebration and mentions the brief features of the french city including its... - celebrating black history month. / / diverse : issues in higher education ; 2 / 9 / 2006, vol. 22 issue 26, p33 the article presents information on events related to the celebration of the black history month in the u. s. in february 2006. an exhibit entitled the african legacy in modern art will be featured at the arkansas state university. a lecture concerning african american personality nikki giovanni... - black history month prompts celebrations. / / back stage ; 02 / 05 / 99, vol. 40 issue 6, p3 lists events for the 1999 black history month in new york. performances offered by women of color productions and the henry street settlement ; film to be shown by the ellington room at manhattan plaza ; programs to be shown by the museum of television and radio. - libraries celebrate black history. decandido, graceanne a. ; rogers, michael / / library journal ; 5 / 1 / 1990, vol. 115 issue 8, p18 reports that public and academic libraries in the u. s. have been commemorating black history month with traditional and innovative programs. speech which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41280687245632064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.513293"} {"text": "allmusic \u2018 s scott yanow wrote, \u201c dizzy gillespie \u2019 s contributions to jazz were huge. one of the greatest jazz trumpeters of all time ( some would say the best ), gillespie was such a complex player that his contemporaries ended up copying miles davis and fats navarro instead, and it was not until jon faddis \u2019 s emergence in the 1970s that dizzy \u2019 s style was successfully recreated... arguably gillespie is remembered, by both critics and fans alike, as one of the greatest jazz trumpeters of all time. \u201d gillespie was a trumpet virtuoso and improviser, building on the virtuoso style of roy eldridge but adding layers of harmonic complexity previously unknown in jazz. his beret and horn - rimmed spectacles, his scat singing, his bent horn, pouched cheeks and his light - hearted personality were essential in popularizing bebop. in the 1940s gillespie, together with charlie parker, became a major figure in the development of bebop and modern jazz. he taught and influenced many other musicians, including trumpeters miles davis, fats navarro, clifford brown, arturo sandoval, lee morgan, jon faddis and chuck mangione. early life and career gillespie was born in cheraw, south carolina, the youngest of nine children of james and lottie gillespie. james was a local bandleader, so instruments were made available to dizzy. he started to play the piano at the age of four. dizzy \u2019 s father died when the boy was only ten years old. dizzy taught himself how to play the trombone as well as the trumpet by the age of twelve. from the night he heard his idol, roy eldridge, play on the radio, he dreamed of becoming a jazz musician. he received a music scholarship to the laurinburg institute in laurinburg, north carolina he attended for two years before accompanying his family when they moved to philadelphia. dizzy \u2019 s first professional job was with the frank fairfax orchestra in 1935, after which he joined the respective orchestras of edgar hayes and teddy hill, essentially replacing roy eldridge as first trumpet in 1937. teddy hill \u2019 s band was where dizzy gillespie made his first recording, king porter stomp. at this time, dizzy met a young woman named lorraine from the apollo theatre, whom he married in 1940. they remained married until his death in 1993. dizzy stayed with teddy hill \u2019 s band for a year, then left and free - lanced with numerous other bands. in 1939, dizzy joined cab callowa", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41804928785788104, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.528860"} {"text": "apollo theatre, whom he married in 1940. they remained married until his death in 1993. dizzy stayed with teddy hill \u2019 s band for a year, then left and free - lanced with numerous other bands. in 1939, dizzy joined cab calloway \u2018 s orchestra, with which he recorded one of his earliest compositions, the instrumental pickin \u2019 the cabbage, in 1940. ( originally released on paradiddle, a 78rpm backed with a co - composition with cozy cole, calloway \u2019 s drummer at the time, on the vocalion label, # 5467 ). dizzy was fired by calloway in late 1941, after a notorious altercation between the two. the incident is recounted by dizzy, along with fellow calloway band members milt hinton and jonah jones, in jean bach \u2019 s 1997 film, the spitball story. calloway did not approve of dizzy \u2019 s mischievous humor, nor of his adventuresome approach to soloing ; according to jones, calloway referred to it as \u201c chinese music. \u201d during one performance, calloway saw a spitball land on the stage, and accused dizzy of having thrown it. dizzy denied it, and the ensuing argument led to calloway striking dizzy, who then pulled out a switchblade knife and charged calloway. the two were separated by other band members, during which scuffle calloway was cut on the hand. during his time in calloway \u2019 s band, dizzy gillespie started writing big band music for bandleaders like woody herman and jimmy dorsey. he then freelanced with a few bands \u2013 most notably ella fitzgerald \u2018 s orchestra, composed of members of the late chick webb \u2018 s band, in 1942. \u2026 in 1943 i heard the great earl hines band which had bird in it and all those other great musicians. they were playing all the flatted fifth chords and all the modern harmonies and substitutions and dizzy gillespie runs in the trumpet section work. two years later i read that that was \u2018 bop \u2019 and the beginning of modern jazz \u2026 but the band never made recordings. gillespie said of the hines band, \u201c people talk about the hines band being \u2018 the incubator of bop \u2019 and the leading exponents of that music ended up in the hines band. but people also have the erroneous impression that the music was new. it was not. the music evolved from what went before. it was the same basic music. the difference was in how you got from here to here", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3949366264797453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.529830"} {"text": "in the hines band. but people also have the erroneous impression that the music was new. it was not. the music evolved from what went before. it was the same basic music. the difference was in how you got from here to here to here \u2026 naturally each age has got its own shit \u201d. next, gillespie joined billy eckstine \u2018 s ( earl hines \u2018 long - time collaborator ) big band and it was as a member of eckstine \u2019 s band that he was reunited with charlie parker, a fellow member of hines \u2019 s band. in 1945, dizzy left eckstine \u2019 s band because he wanted to play with a small combo. a \u201c small combo \u201d typically comprised no more than five musicians, playing the trumpet, saxophone, piano, bass and drums. the rise of bebop bebop was known as the first modern jazz style. however, it was unpopular in the beginning and was not viewed as positively as swing music was. bebop was seen as an outgrowth of swing, not a revolution. swing introduced a diversity of new musicians in the bebop era like charlie parker, thelonious monk, bud powell, kenny clarke, oscar pettiford, and gillespie. through these musicians, a new vocabulary of musical phrases was created. with charlie parker, gillespie jammed at famous jazz clubs like minton \u2019 s playhouse and monroe \u2019 s uptown house. charlie parker \u2019 s system also held methods of adding chords to existing chord progressions and implying additional chords within the improvised lines. gillespie compositions like \u201c groovin \u2019 high \u201c, \u201c woody n \u2019 you \u201d and \u201c salt peanuts \u201d sounded radically different, harmonically and rhythmically, from the swing music popular at the time. \u201c a night in tunisia \u201c, written in 1942, while gillespie was playing with earl hines \u2019 band, is noted for having a feature that is common in today \u2019 s music, a non - walking bass line. the song also displays afro - cuban rhythms. one of their first ( and greatest ) small - group performances together was only issued in 2005 : a concert in new york \u2019 s town hall on june 22, 1945. gillespie taught many of the young musicians on 52nd street, including miles davis and max roach, about the new style of jazz. after a lengthy gig at billy berg \u2019 s club in los angeles, which left most of the audience ambivalent or hostile towards the new music, the band broke up. unlike parker, who was content to play in small groups and be an occasional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5100723868671665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.530799"} {"text": "after a lengthy gig at billy berg \u2019 s club in los angeles, which left most of the audience ambivalent or hostile towards the new music, the band broke up. unlike parker, who was content to play in small groups and be an occasional featured soloist in big bands, gillespie aimed to lead a big band himself ; his first, unsuccessful, attempt to do this was in 1945. after his work with parker, gillespie led other small combos ( including ones with milt jackson, john coltrane, lalo schifrin, ray brown, kenny clarke, james moody, j. j. johnson, and yusef lateef ) and finally put together his first successful big band. dizzy gillespie and his band tried to popularize bop and make dizzy gillespie a symbol of the new music. he also appeared frequently as a soloist with norman granz \u2018 s jazz at the philharmonic. he also headlined the 1946 independently - produced musical revue film jivin \u2019 in be - bop. in 1948 dizzy was involved in a traffic accident when the bicycle he was riding was bumped by an automobile. he was slightly injured, and found that he could no longer hit the b - flat above high c. he won the case, but the jury awarded him only $ 1000, in view of his high earnings up to that point. in 1956 he organized a band to go on a state department tour of the middle east which was extremely well received internationally and earned him the nickname \u201c the ambassador of jazz \u201d. during this time, he also continued to lead a big band that performed throughout the united states and featured musicians including pee wee moore and others. this band recorded a live album at the 1957 newport jazz festival that featured mary lou williams as a guest artist on piano. afro - cuban music in the late 1940s, gillespie was also involved in the movement called afro - cuban music, bringing afro - latin american music and elements to greater prominence in jazz and even pop music, particularly salsa. afro - cuban jazz is based on traditional afro - cuban rhythms. dizzy gillespie was introduced to chano pozo in 1947 by mario bauza, a latin jazz trumpet player. chano pozo became gillespie \u2019 s conga drummer for his band. dizzy gilespie also worked with mario bauza in new york jazz clubs on 52nd street and several famous dance clubs such as palladium and the apollo theater in harlem. they played together in the chick webb band and cab calloway \u2019 s band, where gillespie and bauza became life - long friends. dizzy helped", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42119800141691177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.531770"} {"text": "52nd street and several famous dance clubs such as palladium and the apollo theater in harlem. they played together in the chick webb band and cab calloway \u2019 s band, where gillespie and bauza became life - long friends. dizzy helped develop and mature the afro - cuban jazz style. afro - cuban jazz was considered bebop - oriented, and some musicians classified it as a modern style. afro - cuban jazz was successful because it never decreased in popularity and it always attracted people to dance to its unique rhythms. gillespie \u2019 s most famous contributions to afro - cuban music are the compositions \u201c manteca \u201d and \u201c tin tin deo \u201d ( both co - written with chano pozo ) ; he was responsible for commissioning george russell \u2019 s \u201c cubano be, cubano bop \u201d, which featured the great but ill - fated cuban conga player, chano pozo. in 1977, gillespie discovered arturo sandoval while researching music during a tour of cuba. his biographer alyn shipton quotes don waterhouse approvingly that dizzy in the fifties \u201c had begun to mellow into an amalgam of his entire jazz experience to form the basis of new classicism \u201d. another opinion is that, unlike his contemporary miles davis, gillespie essentially remained true to the bebop style for the rest of his career. during the 1964 united states presidential campaign the artist, with tongue in cheek, put himself forward as an independent write - in candidate. he promised that if he were elected, the white house would be renamed \u201c the blues house, \u201d and a cabinet composed of duke ellington ( secretary of state ), miles davis ( director of the cia ), max roach ( secretary of defense ), charles mingus ( secretary of peace ), ray charles ( librarian of congress ), louis armstrong ( secretary of agriculture ), mary lou williams ( ambassador to the vatican ), thelonious monk ( travelling ambassador ) and malcolm x ( attorney general ). he said his running mate would be phyllis diller. campaign buttons had been manufactured years ago by gillespie \u2019 s booking agency \u201c for publicity, as a gag \u201d, but now proceeds from them went to benefit the congress of racial equality, southern christian leadership conference and martin luther king, jr. ; in later years they became a collector \u2019 s item. in 1971 gillespie announced he would run again but withdrew before the election for reasons connected to the baha \u2019 i faith. gillespie published his autobiography, to be or not to bop, in 1979. in the 1980s, dizzy gillespie", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47309415253417836, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.534349"} {"text": "a collector \u2019 s item. in 1971 gillespie announced he would run again but withdrew before the election for reasons connected to the baha \u2019 i faith. gillespie published his autobiography, to be or not to bop, in 1979. in the 1980s, dizzy gillespie led the united nation orchestra. for three years flora purim toured with the orchestra and she credits gillespie with evolving her understanding of jazz after being in the field for over two decades. david sanchez also toured with the group and was also greatly influenced by gillespie. both artists later were nominated for grammy awards. gillespie also had a guest appearance on the cosby show as well as sesame street and the muppet show. in 1982, dizzy gillespie had a cameo appearance on stevie wonder \u2018 s hit \u201c do i do \u201c. gillespie \u2019 s tone gradually faded in the last years in life, and his performances often focused more on his proteges such as arturo sandoval and jon faddis ; his good - humoured comedic routines became more and more a part of his live act. in 1988, gillespie had worked with canadian flautist and saxophonist moe koffman on their prestigious album oo pop a da. he did fast scat vocals on the title track and a couple of the other tracks were played only on trumpet. in 1989 gillespie gave 300 performances in 27 countries, appeared in 100 u. s. cities in 31 states and the district of columbia, headlined three television specials, performed with two symphonies, and recorded four albums. he was also crowned a traditional chief in nigeria, received the ordre des arts et des lettres ; france \u2019 s most prestigious cultural award. he was named regent professor by the university of california, and received his fourteenth honorary doctoral degree, this one from the berklee college of music. in addition, he was awarded the grammy lifetime achievement award the same year. the next year, at the kennedy center for the performing arts ceremonies celebrating the centennial of american jazz, gillespie received the kennedy center honors award and the american society of composers, authors, and publishers duke ellington award for 50 years of achievement as a composer, performer, and bandleader. in 1993 he received the polar music prize in sweden. november 26, 1992 at carnegie hall in new york, following the second baha \u2019 i world congress was dizzy \u2019 s 75th birthday concert and his offering to the celebration of the centenary of the passing of baha \u2019 u ' llah. gillespie was to appear at carnegie hall for the 33rd time. the line - up included : jon faddis, marvin \u201c doc \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46271958575475003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.536216"} {"text": "75th birthday concert and his offering to the celebration of the centenary of the passing of baha \u2019 u ' llah. gillespie was to appear at carnegie hall for the 33rd time. the line - up included : jon faddis, marvin \u201c doc \u201d holladay, james moody, paquito d \u2019 rivera, and the mike longo trio with ben brown on bass and mickey roker on drums. but gillespie didn \u2019 t make it because he was in bed suffering from cancer of the pancreas. \u201c but the musicians played their real hearts out for him, no doubt suspecting that he would not play again. each musician gave tribute to their friend, this great soul and innovator in the world of jazz. \u201d gillespie also starred in a film called the winter in lisbon released in 2004. he has a star on the hollywood walk of fame at 7057 hollywood boulevard in the hollywood section of the city of los angeles. he is honored by the december 31, 2006 \u2013 a jazz new year \u2019 s eve : freddy cole & the dizzy gillespie all - star big band at the john f. kennedy center for the performing arts. death and legacy a longtime resident of englewood, new jersey, he died of pancreatic cancer january 6, 1993, aged 75, and was buried in the flushing cemetery, queens, new york. mike longo delivered a eulogy at his funeral. he was also with gillespie on the night he died, along with jon faddis and a select few others. at the time of his death, dizzy gillespie was survived by his widow, lorraine willis gillespie ; a daughter, jazz singer jeanie bryson ; and a grandson, radji birks bryson - barrett. gillespie had two funerals. one was a baha \u2019 i funeral at his request, at which his closest friends and colleagues attended. the second was at the cathedral of st. john the divine in new york open to the public. dizzy gillespie, a baha \u2019 i since 1970, was one of the most famous adherents of the baha \u2019 i faith which helped him make sense of his position in a succession of trumpeters as well as turning his life from knife - carrying roughneck to global citizen, and from alcohol to soul force, in the words of author nat hentoff, who knew gillespie for forty years. he spoke about the baha \u2019 i faith frequently on his trips abroad. he is often called the baha \u2019 i jazz ambassador. he is honored with weekly jazz sessions at the new york baha \u2019 i center in the memorial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4270959914886223, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.537264"} {"text": "who knew gillespie for forty years. he spoke about the baha \u2019 i faith frequently on his trips abroad. he is often called the baha \u2019 i jazz ambassador. he is honored with weekly jazz sessions at the new york baha \u2019 i center in the memorial auditorium. gillespie has been described as the \u201c sound of surprise \u201d. the rough guide to jazz describes his musical style : the whole essence of a gillespie solo was cliff - hanging suspense : the phrases and the angle of the approach were perpetually varied, breakneck runs were followed by pauses, by huge interval leaps, by long, immensely high notes, by slurs and smears and bluesy phrases ; he always took listeners by surprise, always shocking them with a new thought. his lightning reflexes and superb ear meant his instrumental execution matched his thoughts in its power and speed. and he was concerned at all times with swing \u2014 even taking the most daring liberties with pulse or beat, his phrases never failed to swing. gillespies \u2019 s magnificent sense of time and emotional intensity of his playing came from childhood roots. his parents were methodists, but as a boy he used to sneak off every sunday to the uninhibited sanctified church. he said later, \u2018 the sanctified church had deep significance for me musically. i first learned the significance of rhythm there and all about how music can transport people spiritually. \u2019 \u201d in dizzy \u2019 s obituary, peter watrous describes his performance style : in the naturally effervescent mr. gillespie, opposites existed. his playing \u2014 and he performed constantly until nearly the end of his life \u2014 was meteoric, full of virtuosic invention and deadly serious. but with his endlessly funny asides, his huge variety of facial expressions and his natural comic gifts, he was as much a pure entertainer as an accomplished artist. \u201d wynton marsalis summed up gillespie as a player and teacher : his playing showcases the importance of intelligence. his rhythmic sophistication was unequaled. he was a master of harmony \u2014 and fascinated with studying it. he took in all the music of his youth \u2014 from roy eldridge to duke ellington \u2014 and developed a unique style built on complex rhythm and harmony balanced by wit. dizzy was so quick - minded, he could create an endless flow of ideas at unusually fast tempo. nobody had ever even considered playing a trumpet that way, let alone had actually tried. all the musicians respected him because, in addition to outplaying everyone, he knew so much and was so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4991167625985542, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.538941"} {"text": "create an endless flow of ideas at unusually fast tempo. nobody had ever even considered playing a trumpet that way, let alone had actually tried. all the musicians respected him because, in addition to outplaying everyone, he knew so much and was so generous with that knowledge \u2026 \u201d gillespie \u2019 s trademark trumpet featured a bell which bent upward at a 45 - degree angle rather than pointing straight ahead as in the conventional design. according to gillespie \u2019 s autobiography, this was originally the result of accidental damage caused by the dancers stump and stumpy falling onto it while it was on a trumpet stand on stage at snookie \u2019 s in manhattan on january 6, 1953, during a birthday party for gillespie \u2019 s wife lorraine. the constriction caused by the bending altered the tone of the instrument, and gillespie liked the effect. he had the trumpet straightened out the next day, but he could not forget the tone. gillespie sent a request to martin committee to make him a \u201c bent \u201d trumpet from a sketch produced by lorraine, and from that time forward gillespie played a trumpet with an upturned bell. gillespie \u2019 s biographer alyn shipton writes that gillespie probably got the idea for a bent trumpet when he saw a similar instrument in 1937 in manchester, england, while on tour with the teddy hill orchestra. according to this account ( from british journalist pat brand ) gillespie was able to try out the horn and the experience led him, much later, to commission a similar horn for himself. whatever the origins of gillespie \u2019 s upswept trumpet, by june 1954, he was using a professionally manufactured horn of this design, and it was to become a visual trademark for him for the rest of his life. such trumpets were made for him by martin committee ( from 1954 ), king musical instruments ( from 1972 ) and renold schilke ( from 1982, a gift from jon faddis ). gillespie favored mouthpieces made by al cass. in december 1986 gillespie gave the national museum of american history his 1972 king \u201c silver flair \u201d trumpet with a cass mouthpiece. in april 1995, gillespie \u2019 s martin trumpet was auctioned at christie \u2019 s in new york city, along with instruments used by other famous musicians such as coleman hawkins, jimi hendrix and elvis presley. an image of gillespie \u2019 s trumpet was selected for the cover of the auction program. the battered instrument sold to manhattan builder jeffery brown for $ 63, 000, the proceeds benefiting jazz musicians suffering from cancer.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4384896006327888, "token_count": 502, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.540012"} {"text": "for every dude out there that has a significant other that complains about you having a beard \u2026 we have some good news for you! you have an argument to keep it! according to a new study, it might be helping you prevent skin cancer!! apparently, researchers at the university of southern queensland say beards block 90 to 95 percent of all ultraviolet rays from making contact with facial skin. to that, we say, what about the rest of the face? does a beard really take up 95 % of a person ' s face?? so, what kind of scientific study did they do? get a load of these shenanigans : ' researchers reportedly left several mannequins in the sun \u2013 some with beards, and some without. those with the beards reportedly fared far better in the blistering sunshine than those without. the beard benefits don \u2019 t stop there, however \u2013 they can also catch allergy - inducing pollens and dust. and the website reported that shaving could lead to detrimental effects such as acne, ingrown hairs and bacterial infection. ' sounds like a bunch of weaksauce findings not based on actual cancer rates to us! still, you could totally site it in your pro - beard arguments if you want! lolz! [ image via wenn. ]", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44170697546881055, "token_count": 267, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.541446"} {"text": "health & disease, soil erosion & contamination, water contaminaton & loss \u2014 by craig mackintosh pri editor august 13, 2008 i promised to follow up on our recent which came first \u2013 pests, or pesticides? story with some info on how these nasties can affect your environment, and you. we \u2019 ll do so, specifically, by looking at the meaning of the term bio - magnification. how many have heard the term? hmm \u2026, a few raised hands. how many of you can explain its meaning to others in the class? okay, not so many. it \u2019 s actually a pretty simple concept to understand, and it \u2019 s a little frightening to realise the implications once you have. clear lake, california a classic story of bio - magnification was observed at clear lake in california, and well illustrates the deadly process. in 1949 they sprayed ddd, a form of ddt, to kill a non - biting gnat. they met with success, initially \u2026. two years later the gnat was back, so they repeated the treatment ( readers of our previous pesticide story will understand the term \u2018 pesticide treadmill \u2019 in this context ). sprays continued at more frequent intervals until 1954. over the course of these seasons, however, the carcasses of increasingly large numbers of grebes began to accumulate in the lake \u2013 hundreds of them \u2026. autopsies of the birds showed incredible concentrations of ddd in their systems, but a check of the lake confirmed the water only contained. 02 ppm ( not at all a toxic amount ). so how on earth could these birds be dying at all \u2013 let alone in such large numbers? remember, this is back in the 1950s \u2013 at a time when, despite early warnings that natural systems won \u2019 t take kindly to being doused in toxic chemicals, there was as yet no historical record to prove their dangers. it didn \u2019 t take long to figure out what happened, however. examining various creatures in the lake brought the following results : - while the water contamination level was a paltry. 02 ppm, the plankton population had accumulated levels of 5 ppm - small fish, feeding on the plankton over the course of their lives, had accumulated significantly more at 40 - 300ppm - predatory fish, which eat many of these smaller fish over the course of their lives, were found to contain 2, 500 ppm then along come the unsuspecting grebes \u2013 gulping down dozens of highly toxic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.55125378133231, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.557944"} {"text": "- 300ppm - predatory fish, which eat many of these smaller fish over the course of their lives, were found to contain 2, 500 ppm then along come the unsuspecting grebes \u2013 gulping down dozens of highly toxic \u2018 treats \u2019, each containing approximately 125, 000 times more ddd than the water from which they were pulled. in other words, the higher up the food chain the poison travelled, the more it accumulated, or \u2018 magnified \u2019, and this magnification can be exponential. now, how does this relate to you, you ask? it \u2019 s simple \u2013 we \u2019 re at the top of most food chains. consider that the \u2018 further from the sun \u2019 your dietary habits are, the more our current poison - oriented agricultural practises are likely to impact upon your health. i have heard people reject the idea of vegetarianism with the rebuff : \u201c those fruit and vegies are covered in pesticides \u2013 give me a steak any day! \u201d hopefully the above will help these people to see that they \u2019 re trading the risk of a small amount of chemical contamination with a greatly magnified option. an animal that has spent its life eating fertilised and pesticide - sprayed grass and grains, along with dousings of antibiotics, etc., can make that t - bone positively dangerous. pesticides and other chemicals are stored mainly in body fat and tend to concentrate in breast milk fat. they can thus be passed on to children during breast feeding, or to unborn babies through the placenta. if human breast milk came stamped with an ingredients label, it might read something like this : 4 percent fat, vitamins a, c, e and k, lactose, essential minerals, growth hormones, proteins, enzymes and antibodies. in a healthy woman, it contains 100 percent of virtually everything a baby needs to survive, plus a solid hedge of extras to help ward off a lifetime of diseases like diabetes and cancer. breast milk helps disarm salmonella and e. coli. its unique recipe of fatty acids boosts brain growth and results in babies with higher i. q. \u2019 s than their formula - slurping counterparts. nursing babies suffer from fewer infections, hospitalizations and cases of sudden infant death syndrome. for the mother, too, breast - feeding and its delicate plumbing of hormones afford protection against breast and ovarian cancers and stress. despite exhaustion, the in - laws and dirty laundry, every time we nurse our babies, the love hormone oxyt", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4654932900082215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.559073"} {"text": "for the mother, too, breast - feeding and its delicate plumbing of hormones afford protection against breast and ovarian cancers and stress. despite exhaustion, the in - laws and dirty laundry, every time we nurse our babies, the love hormone oxytocin courses out of our pituitaries like a warm bath. human milk is like ice cream, valium and ecstasy all wrapped up in two pretty packages. but read down the label, and the fine print, at least for some women, sounds considerably less appetizing : ddt ( the banned but stubbornly persistent pesticide famous for nearly wiping out the bald eagle ), pcb \u2019 s, dioxin, trichloroethylene, perchlorate, mercury, lead, benzene, arsenic. when we nurse our babies, we feed them not only the fats, sugars and proteins that fire their immune systems, metabolisms and cerebral synapses. we also feed them, albeit in minuscule amounts, paint thinners, dry - cleaning fluids, wood preservatives, toilet deodorizers, cosmetic additives, gasoline byproducts, rocket fuel, termite poisons, fungicides and flame retardants. \u2026 some of the chemicals i \u2019 m mainlining to my 1 - year - old daughter will stay in her body long enough for her to pass them on to her own offspring. pcb \u2019 s, for example, can remain in human tissue for decades. on a body - weight basis, the dietary doses my baby gets are much higher than the doses i get. this is not only because she is smaller, but also because her food \u2014 my milk \u2014 contains more concentrated contaminants than my food. it \u2019 s the law of the food chain, and it \u2019 s called biomagnification. \u2013 toxic breast milk?, mindfully. org the problems of pesticide usage do not end with you alone. accidents in manufacturing plants are extremely dangerous and can be deadly. in 1984, a malfunction at the union carbide plant in bhopal, india, killed thousands of people outright and maimed tens of thousands more. while this has been the most serious accident so far, it has not been the only one. the widespread dioxin contamination of the area around seveso, italy, and the severe contamination of the rhine following an accident at the sandoz plant in basel, switzerland, are two other recent examples. perhaps even more worrisome are the routine", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46822038822607914, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.560006"} {"text": "widespread dioxin contamination of the area around seveso, italy, and the severe contamination of the rhine following an accident at the sandoz plant in basel, switzerland, are two other recent examples. perhaps even more worrisome are the routine releases of toxic wastes from pesticide plants \u2013 events that do not make the newspapers. the sandoz accident was followed by the deliberate release of toxics from other plants along the rhine, including the basf plant at ludwigshafen. every year, the health of millions of farm workers is directly threatened by pesticides. people working in the fields inhale poisons during and after application and ingest them in their food and water. again, the situation is particuarly severe in the south, where labels and warnings are often unintelligible, and where relatively few workers are provided with the recommended protective equipment. however, even when manufacturers \u2019 instructions are followed precisely, poisoning is still common. in 1983 the united nations economic and social committee for asia and the pacific estimated that between 400, 000 and 2, 000, 000 farmers worldwide are poisoned by pesticides each year, 20, 000 to 40, 000 of whom die as a result. another estimate suggests that as many as 300, 000 farm workers in the united states alone may be suffering from pesticide - related illnesses. direct causal links between pesticide exposure and subsequent long - term illness are extremely difficult to establish. however, the evidence is mounting. out of 426 chemicals named in 1988 by the ministry of agriculture, fisheries, and food as ingredients in pesticides cleared for use in england, 164 had been implicated in causing cancer, genetic mutations, irritant reactions, or reproductive problems ranging from impotency to birth defects. a 1986 national cancer institute study reported that farmers exposed to herbicides \u2013 espectially 2, 4 - d \u2013 for more than twenty days per year were six times as likely to develop non - hodgkins lymphoma, a cancer of the lymphatic system. in the prime agricultural region of the san joaquin valley of california, where 35 % of the wells are contaminated with dpcp, the state department of health services found an increased mortality rate for stomach cancer, the primary site for tumour induction in animals used in testing dpcp. in the small farm community of mcfarland, california, thirteen children have developed cancer since 1981, and six have died ; miscarriages, fetal deaths and low birth weights are common. a definitive causal link has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5172368893511365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.561022"} {"text": "used in testing dpcp. in the small farm community of mcfarland, california, thirteen children have developed cancer since 1981, and six have died ; miscarriages, fetal deaths and low birth weights are common. a definitive causal link has not been established, but pesticide contamination in the region is a likely factor. other recent studies link agricultural chemicals to an increase in birth defects. \u2026 scientists are finding higher and higher levels of pesticides in people throughout the world. the effects are poorly understood, but the increased use of pesticides and other industrial chemicals has been followed by increased cancer rates. since chronic health problems are usually slow in developing, it may well be that the most serious effects of pesticide contaminaton are yet to come. pesticide use in the less industrialised parts of the world is particularly disturbing. seventy percent of the pesticides used in india are banned or severely restricted in the west. although regulation on permissible levels in food do exist, they are poorly enforced. a recent survey of vegetables in a delhi market revealed pesticide residues twenty times above legal limits, while a world health organization ( who ) survey in india found 50 % of samples contaminated. in a survey in the estate of punjab, ddt and bhc, both banned in the west, were found in all seventy - five samples of human milk. \u2013 from the ground up, rethinking industrial agriculture, p. 18 - 20. as some of you may have noticed (! ), i often come down hard on large corporations that put profits before people. the following passage is an exemplary example of why some are fully deserving of censure : the united states produces between 100 and 150 million pounds of pesticides which are considered too dangerous for use within the country \u2019 s borders. these chemicals are exported for use in other nations with less stringent environmental safeguards. \u2013 from the ground up, rethinking industrial agriculture, p. 23. where \u2019 s the logic? a chemical is outright banned. so what do we do with it? we sell it!! but, as they say, what goes around, comes around : yet these same banned and restricted agricultural chemicals find their way to the dinner table in homes all across the united states, in the form of residues on imported beef, cheese [ bio - magnification, remember ] and vegetables. while inspectors at us borders check food imports for certain chemicals, they are only able to sample 1 - 2 % of all shipments, and test for less than 40 %", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4818600110930406, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.562096"} {"text": "on imported beef, cheese [ bio - magnification, remember ] and vegetables. while inspectors at us borders check food imports for certain chemicals, they are only able to sample 1 - 2 % of all shipments, and test for less than 40 % of the pesticides on the market. in many cases, pesticides which cannot be legally used in the us \u2013 but which are manufactured domestically and exported overseas \u2013 are among those for which inspectors do not test. according to the us department of agriculture figures for 1990, illegal residues on imported food were four times as common as residues on domestic foods. it is not known how much of this contamination originated from pesticide factories operating within the us. \u2013 from the ground up, rethinking industrial agriculture, p. 23. a potentially ( even ) more troubling worry is our water supply. because chemicals move very slowly through the soil, even if, today, we were to make a complete shift back to organic systems of agriculture, our water tables, wells and aquifers would continue to be drip - fed ongoing deliveries of chemicals for years to come. there is no way to speed up nature \u2019 s water purification systems, so these chemicals may remain with us for decades after their use has ceased. this has often been shown to be true when water tests discover wells contain chemicals that have been banned several years prior. do you realise that virtually none of the poisons we spray on our fields actually end up on their target \u2013 the \u2018 pest \u2019? but, they do end up everywhere else. pesticides are designed to kill. they are released deliberately into the environment and onto food. only about 1 % of a pesticide actually reaches its target. the rest is released into the environment, exposing innocent people and wildlife. \u2013 wwf but, as mentioned in our previous pesticide post, the use of chemicals is not slowing up \u2013 we \u2019 re using more and more, and, they \u2019 re getting stronger : according to david pimentel, entomologist at cornell university, over the past 50 years pesticide use has increased 30 times ( and toxicity of pesticides more than a hundredfold ) \u2026 and for what? \u2026 many pesticides are losing their effectiveness as the bugs and plants they are designed to eradicate develop resistance. ( already 504 insect and mite species, 150 plant diseases, and 188 weed species have developed resistance. ) farmers still lose about 20 per cent of their crops to weeds and insects, the same proportion as they lost in 1930. \u2013 wwf \u2026 twice as much", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.42162389490981655, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.563288"} {"text": "taking without giving back, this will not be an overnight move in many places, and it can never happen while we \u2019 re using the modern day large - scale cargill / monsanto monocrop farming model. this corporate system needs to be recognised for what it is \u2013 a failed exercise promoted for the profit of a few, and not for the public good. this short - sighted, arbitrary, destructive and reductionist approach has marched across our social, cultural and actual landscape, uprooting traditional sustainable and, might i add, more efficient family farms with every stride. | why do we subsidise all the wrong things? | to change course there is a critical epiphany that needs to take place in the minds of certain people that have the means and opportunity to make a difference. the subsidies that favour corporate agribusiness and long - distance trade and force family farmers into cities to become factory workers and wal - mart - type employees must cease. the current conviction that the health of a nation is determined by its bottom line, its fiscal state, and an unending growth in consumerism must give way to the realisation that the true measure of wealth in a society can only be based on the health, wealth and well - being of its individual members. through changes in agricultural policies we would begin a gradual dismantling that would promote and encourage smaller, bio - diverse family farms \u2013 making them once more an attractive and viable prospect. large - scale monocrop farming must become a dying breed, and give way to the rebuilding of localised farming communities. \u201c agripower, \u201d it will be noted, is not measured by the fertility or health of the soil, or the health, wisdom, thrift, or stewardship of the farming community. it is measured by its ability to produce a marketable surplus, which \u201c generates agridollars. \u201d it is to be measured by \u201c productivity, combined with processing and marketing efficiency. \u201d the income from this increased production, we are told, is spent by farmers not for soil maintenance or improvement, water conservation, or erosion control, but for \u201c purchased inputs \u201d : \u201c household appliances, farm equipment, building supplies, and other capital and consumer goods. \u201d i do not mean that we should necessarily begrudge the farmer these purchases ; i am only noticing that, to mr. bell [ a former assistant secretary of agriculture ] the farmer does not prosper to become a better farmer, but to become a bigger spender. the assistant secretary was applying to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47016723613340583, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.565423"} {"text": "before you can bring a bird into your home, you must purchase everything you will require for his care. fortunately, all the items your pet will need should be available from your local pet store. the following are the basic must - have supplies. birds will bathe in a water dish, but it ' s best if you offer yours a daily bath in a flat, shallow dish instead to prevent him from fouling his water supply. you can use the clay or plastic dish that sits underneath a flowerpot ; a clean ashtray ; or a shallow bathing dish purchased from a pet shop. the size of the cage you need will depend on the bird ( or birds ) you plan to keep, but a good rule of thumb is to house your bird in the largest cage that you can afford and have room for in your home. ( if you can ' t purchase or place a very large cage, you shouldn ' t acquire a large bird. ) your cage should be square or rectangular rather than round to provide your pet with more room to fly. also, the bars should be evenly spaced, not tapered toward the top. in a cage with tapered bars, a bird can get his toe, wing, or even his head caught where the bars come together, causing serious injury. the cage should also have a removable grate at the bottom ( usually made of metal ) that catches the bird ' s waste and prevents him from getting to it. the cage itself should be made of metal or a combination of metal and plastic. stainless steel, powder - coated steel, and wrought iron make suitable cage materials \u2014 other metals may contain harmful toxins that your bird could ingest. acrylic cages can also work well because the solid walls prevent mess, but moisture can build up in the cage if it doesn ' t have adequate ventilation. never keep your bird in a wooden cage \u2014 the wood is likely to become moist and harbor bacteria. you can use a variety of materials to line your bird ' s cage, but the best options are newspaper or paper towels. both are safe, inexpensive, easy to replace, and clearly show a bird ' s droppings, which can be important for monitoring his health. ( a change in droppings may indicate a potential health problem. ) food and water bowls food and water dishes for birds are often called \" coop cups. \" stainless steel is the ideal material for these cups because it ' s easy to scrub and disinfect. although your cage may come with a couple plastic cups, these can become scratched", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4089691688939143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.573864"} {"text": "food and water dishes for birds are often called \" coop cups. \" stainless steel is the ideal material for these cups because it ' s easy to scrub and disinfect. although your cage may come with a couple plastic cups, these can become scratched, allowing bacteria to grow in the crevices. these items provide much - needed calcium to your bird ' s diet, and he ' ll also have fun chewing and destroying them to keep his beak trim. make sure that he has at least one of each, and replace them when he soils or consumes them. perches can be made of concrete, plastic, rope, or wood, and each has its own advantages and disadvantages. offer your bird various perches of assorted materials in many different dimensions. a bird who stands on the same perch consistently may develop foot disorders. unless you keep your bird in an acrylic cage, you will need some kind of seed and debris catcher to prevent debris in the cage from reaching your floor. some cages come with these already attached or as an accessory option, or you may have to buy one separately. you can also use a thin layer of plastic attached to the bottom half of the cage or a \" birdie bloomer, \" a kind of fabric that slips over the bottom of the cage. most birds benefit from having items in their cage to keep them active and entertained. a wide variety of toys is available, and different species of birds enjoy different types of toys. to ensure a good variety of toy types for your bird, consider placing one or two of each of these types in your bird ' s normal cage setup : thinking toys ( items that stimulate his mind ) ; action toys ( items that make a lot of noise or require your bird to move ) ; comfort toys ( items that your bird can enjoy calmly and quietly ) ; and toys to destroy ( items he can chew to keep his beak in good condition ). a travel carrier is necessary for taking your bird to the vet ' s office and other places. a typical carrier for a bird has a grating and door on the top so that the bird can see up instead of just out of one door. a door on the top also makes it easier to catch a bird who is reluctant to leave the carrier. the carrier should be easy to clean and small enough to fit beneath the seat of an airplane. it should also have adequate ventilation and a place to put food and water dishes.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42776406476978857, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.575267"} {"text": "european painting before 1900, johnson collection triptych showing scenes from the martyrdom of saint barbara and scenes from the life of christ master of the laufen high altarpiece, austrian ( active salzburg ), dated work 1467 oil and gold on panels ew1993 - 127 - 2a - - cpurchased with the w. p. wilstach fund, the george w. elkins fund, and museum funds, 1993 as described in the golden legend, written in about 1267 by jacopo da voragine, saint barbara converted to christianity against the wishes of her pagan father. locked in a tower by him, she ordered workmen to construct a third window inthe building to symbolize the christian trinity. enraged, her father turned her over to the roman authorities for torture, and when her execution was ordered, he himself beheaded her. the left and right panels on the front of this triptychillustrate episodes from barbara \u2019 s gruesome martyrdom. these graphic depictions are intended to help the viewer equate barbara \u2019 s physical torments with those of christ, whose crucifixion is depicted in the top center composition. the figures at the top left and right, probably the apostles john and luke, hold sayings taken from the last words of christ on the cross, which here apply also to barbara \u2019 s death. the bottom center panel shows barbara enthroned in heaven, wearing a crown and holding a palm frond as symbols of victory over death. a tower and chalice, her identifying attributes, appear nearby. barbara \u2019 s martyrdom is paralleled on the reverse by the resurrected christ standing in the tomb. the left and right panels of the back, which are movable and can be folded shut to appear on the front, show the angel gabriel announcing the incarnation of christ to the virgin mary. social tags [? ] austrian [ x ] gabriel [ x ] gold [ x ] martyr [ x ] three [ x ] trinity [ x ] triptych [ x ] [ add your own tags ] * works in the collection are moved off view for many different reasons. although gallery locations on the website are updated regularly, there is no guarantee that this object will be on display on the day of your visit.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3839751613186384, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.577421"} {"text": "phlebotomy training is necessary for those individuals who want to develop specialized skills in order to collect blood from the patient with least amount of pain. phlebotomy training is relatively new specialized procedure for collecting blood from the veins. the demand for trained phlebotomist grew within last two decades. phlebotomy classes learning has made the procedure of blood collection a very safe and sterile method. phlebotomy training is very important for those who are willing to get an extremely good job in a reputed hospital, research laboratories, research institutes, etc. this training involves providing guidance for handling and controlling biohazardous materials such as blood sample, unused sterile needles and used needles. phlebotomy training is all about collecting, testing and transporting the blood samples with getting them spoiled. phlebotomy training classes in phlebotomy training, the students learns in detail about the human anatomy, creating patient rapport, needle technique, medical safety and the process of keeping the records. in addition to the theoretical knowledge, the student is also given practical training about handling several medical equipments including container of biohazardous waste containers, biohazardous spill kits, syringes of various sizes, dermal puncture devices, vacuum tubes, blood culture bottles, bandages, tapes, tourniquets, looking arm rest, etc. this kind of training can be done in the same way as other medical training programs. phlebotomy training can be done as 4 year bachelors degree or a two year associate degree. some hospitals, community colleges, research institutes also provide vocational programs from phlebotomy training. phlebotomy training : work and salary after taking phlebotomy training along with cardiopulmonary resuscitation, a person may get $ 10 per hour and this amount of salary increases with time and experience of the phlebotomist. it can be up to $ 30 per hour. the salary figure after a phlebotomy training depends on the kind of job and the place the person is working on. details of phlebotomy training phlebotomy training is done in order to become a certified phlebotomist. phlebotomy certification is the best certification for a person seeking a good career in hospital field in which a person can help reduce the pain of the patient in taking blood out of patient \u2019 s body. it is done through venipuncture. venipuncture is the process of collecting venous blood which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4374394129539415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.581920"} {"text": "a team of anthropologists that studied chimpanzees trained to use treadmills has gathered new evidence suggesting that our earliest apelike ancestors started walking on two legs because it required less energy than getting around on all fours. \" when our earliest ancestors started walking on two legs, they took the first steps toward becoming human, \" said lead researcher michael sockol of uc davis. \" our findings help answer why. \" the research appears this week in the online early edition of the proceedings of the national academy of sciences. it will appear in the july 24 print edition. \" this is the first time anyone has succeeded in studying energetics and biomechanics in adult chimps, \" said sockol, who worked for two years to find an animal trainer willing to coax adult chimps to walk on two legs and to \" knucklewalk \" on all fours on the sort of treadmill found in most gyms. the five chimps also wore face masks used to help the researchers measure oxygen consumption. while the chimps worked out, the scientists collected metabolic, kinematic and kinetic data that allowed them to calculate which method of locomotion used less energy and why. the team gathered the same information for four adult humans walking on a treadmill. the researchers found that human walking used about 75 percent less energy and burned 75 percent fewer calories than quadrupedal and bipedal walking in chimpanzees. they also found that for some but not all of the chimps, walking on two legs was no more costly than knucklewalking. \" we were prepared to find that all of the chimps used more energy walking on two legs - - but that finding wouldn ' t have been as interesting, \" sockol said. \" what we found was much more telling. for three chimps, bipedalism was more expensive, but for the other two chimps, this wasn ' t the case. one expended about the same energy walking on two legs as on four. the other used less energy walking upright. \" these two chimps had different gaits and anatomy than their knucklewalking peers. and when the researchers examined the early hominid fossil record, they found evidence of these traits \u2013 skeletal characteristics of the hip and hind limb that allow for greater extension of the hind limb - - in some early bipeds. taken together, the findings provide support for the hypothesis that anatomical differences affecting gait existed among our earliest apelike ancestors, and that these", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4682707055550759, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.587290"} {"text": "the hip and hind limb that allow for greater extension of the hind limb - - in some early bipeds. taken together, the findings provide support for the hypothesis that anatomical differences affecting gait existed among our earliest apelike ancestors, and that these differences provided the genetic variation natural selection could act on when changes in the environment gave bipeds an advantage over quadrupeds. fossil and molecular evidence suggests the earliest ancestors of the human family lived in forested areas in equatorial africa in the late miocene era some 8 to 10 million years ago, when changes in climate may have increased the distance between food patches. that would have forced early hominids to travel longer distances on the ground and favored those who could cover more ground using less energy. \" this isn ' t the complete answer, \" sockol said. \" but it ' s a good piece of a puzzle humans have always wondered about : how and why did we become human? and why do we alone walk on two legs? \" sockol, a doctoral candidate in anthropology, has been pursuing his research for four years as part of his dissertation. he conducted the research at uc davis and at a private animal refuge and training facility in northern california with colleagues herman pontzer of washington university in st. louis and david raichlen of the university of arizona. source : uc davis explore further : navy dolphins discover rare old torpedo off calif. coast near coronado", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4551606339244001, "token_count": 285, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.587969"} {"text": "ibm researchers have discovered a way to use graphite effectively in building nanoelectonic circuits vastly smaller than those in silicon - based computer chips. ibm researchers today announced a discovery that combats one of the industry ' s most perplexing problems in using graphite - - the same material found inside pencils - - as a material for building nanoelectonic circuits vastly smaller than those found in today ' s silicon based computer chips. for the first time anywhere, ibm scientists have found a way to suppress unwanted interference of electrical signals created when shrinking graphene, a two - dimensional, single - atomic layer thick form of graphite, to dimensions just a few atoms long. scientists around the world are exploring the use of graphene as a much smaller replacement for today ' s silicon transistors. graphene is a two - dimensional honeycomb lattice of carbon atoms, similar to atomic - scale chicken - wire, which has attracted strong scientific and technological interest because it exhibits promising electrical properties and could be used in transistors and circuits at scales vastly smaller than components inside of today ' s tiniest computer chips. one problem in using these nano - devices is the inverse relationship between the size of the device and the amount of uncontrolled electrical noise that is generated : as they are made smaller and smaller, the noise - - electrical charges that bounce around the material causing all sorts of interference that impede their usefulness - - grows larger and larger. this trend is known as hooge ' s rule, and occurs in traditional silicon based devices as well as in graphene nano - ribbons and carbon nanotube based devices. \" the effect of noise from hooge ' s rule is exaggerated at the nanoscale because the dimensions are approaching the nearly smallest limits, down to only a handful of atoms, and the noise that is created can overwhelm the electrical signal that needs to be achieved to be useful, \" said ibm researcher dr. phaedon avouris, who leads ibm ' s exploration into carbon nanotubes and graphene. \" to quote the famous physicist rolf landauer, at the nanoscale ' the noise is your signal ' ; in other words, you cannot produce any useful electronic device at the nanoscale if the noise is comparable to the signal you are trying to switch on and off. \" now, ibm scientists have found that the noise in graphene - based semiconductor devices can, in fact, be suppressed and report the results today in the journal nano letters. in their experiments, the ibm researchers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.587409442659792, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.591265"} {"text": "are trying to switch on and off. \" now, ibm scientists have found that the noise in graphene - based semiconductor devices can, in fact, be suppressed and report the results today in the journal nano letters. in their experiments, the ibm researchers first used a single layer, or sheet, of graphene to build a transistor and noted that the device does in fact follow hooge ' s rule : as they are made smaller and smaller, there is an increase in the noise that is created. two layers are better than one however, when the ibm researchers built the same device with two sheets of graphene instead of one - - one stacked on top of the other - - they noted that the noise is suppressed, and is weak enough that these so - called bilayer graphene ribbons could prove useful for building future semiconductor devices for use in sensors, communications devices, computing systems and more. the noise is inhibited because of the strong electronic coupling between the two graphene layers that counteracts the influence of the noise sources : the system acts as a noise insulator. while further detailed analysis and studies are required to better understand these phenomena, the findings provide exciting opportunities for graphene bilayers in a variety of applications. the report on this work, entitled \" strong suppression of electrical noise in bilayer graphene nanoribbons \" by yu - ming lin and phaedon avouris of ibm ' s t. j. watson research center in yorktown heights, n. y. is available online at the journal nano letters : pubs. acs. org / cgi - bin / abstract. cgi / nalefd / asap / abs / nl080241l. html explore further : scientists develop cheaper, more efficient fuel cells", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6064338963259504, "token_count": 359, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.592347"} {"text": "\" everything flows. everything is movement. \" from the makers of dimensions comes a great free online movie exploring dynamical systems, the butterfly effect and chaos theory by means of stunning visuals accompanied by a beautiful musical score. the dynamics of the weather, the three - body problem, smale ' s horseshoe \u2014 it ' s all there, including cute lego athletes whizzing around a lorenz attractor. \" the film is for everybody, \" says the mathematician etienne ghys, one of its creators. \" it is split into nine chapters. the level [ of the mathematics ] continuously increases from chapter one to chapter nine and, in principle, one should not be frustrated if one does not watch the film until the very end. \" so whatever your level of maths there is something in it for you. the field of dynamical systems was created by henri poincare some 125 years ago. \" its purpose is to understand the motion of mechanical systems, like celestial bodies for instance, without solving any equations, \" says ghys. \" the trick is to use pictures to prove theorems : this is just what is needed for a movie. \" poincare was indeed something of a pioneer in the use of pictures. \" during the nineteenth century, especially in france, there was a period in maths during which pictures were considered a taboo, \" says ghys. \" they were supposed to be evil : the origin of mistakes. under the influence of mathematicians like poincare mathematics, or at least some parts of maths, has become more visual and movies are indeed a wonderful tool to explain things. one picture is worth a thousand words! \" so just imagine how many words a whole movie can replace! watch chaos : a mathematical adventure.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5895720931906122, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.594079"} {"text": "by cliff walker ( this entire section is slated for revision. ) 2. what is theism? if atheism is, at minimum, the lack of a god belief and, more properly, the rejection of theism, we need to agree upon a definition for theism. theism is the belief that a god ( or many gods ) exists. beyond this ( like atheists ), two particular theists may not have anything else in common. however, agreeing on a basic definition for theism for two reasons is best for two reasons. first, people often misuse the word god. many people use the word god to describe something that they best describe with other terminology. this dodge introduces confusion into the discussion. one example is using the word god to refer to anything that someone reveres ; guitarist eric clapton, for example, was once called \" god \" in graffiti throughout london. a possible goal for doing this may be that if we can make the word god mean a number of different things, then more people will agree that \" a god \" exists. but such people are not all talking about the same thing when they say the word god. secondly, some theists say they believe in something they call \" god, \" but upon examination we cannot distinguish their beliefs from atheism. the only difference between atheism and some forms of theism is the theists ' use of the word god. we will try to be fair in describing the most common attributes of the gods of theism. also, we will explain why some definitions for the word god are not valid for a discussion of atheism. when we mention a god ( or gods ), we refer to a being who is ( said to be ) supernatural or transcendent. that is ( as some say ), that a being exists who is somehow \" above \" or \" beyond \" the natural, knowable universe. this necessarily would include any being who created the universe and still exists today. if a god created the universe, that god is not part of the universe. atheists reject the idea of such a being, or simply lack the belief that such a being exists. some people believe in superior beings who are not supernatural, but part of the universe. calling such beings gods is improper because we cannot distinguish them from the benevolent space brothers that pop groups sang about in the 1970s. most atheists do not reject the possibility of benevolent space brothers ( though most are skeptical of the reports of alien encounters and abductions ). trying to equate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5875448844617304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.613809"} {"text": "cannot distinguish them from the benevolent space brothers that pop groups sang about in the 1970s. most atheists do not reject the possibility of benevolent space brothers ( though most are skeptical of the reports of alien encounters and abductions ). trying to equate benevolent space brothers with gods injects confusion into any discussion of atheism. a common motive for using this definition for gods is to place atheists squarely within the camp of theism. atheists reject theism, that is, they reject the notion of supernatural entities. belief in the possibility of a superior race of aliens is not theism. alcoholics anonymous uses similar language as a bait - and - switch con game to gain the confidence of impaired, desperate people who suffer from alcohol addiction. step two of aa states : \" came to believe that a power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity. \" this, they tell us, can mean any power ( though they capitalize the word ). some suggest a doorknob, a light bulb or a 1968 harley - davidson motorcycle. this ruse starts to break down in step three, which mentions \" god as we understand him \" ( note uppercase \" g \" and \" h \" ). aa ' s position falls apart completely when you substitute something else for the word god in step six : \" became entirely ready to have [ a harley ] remove all our defects of character. \" as mentioned above, stepism denies that it is religious, insisting, instead that it is \" spiritual - - not religious. \" this distinction means nothing to atheists. \" this dance with semantics implies that religion is stuffy, hierarchical, or phony, whereas spirituality is spontaneous, personal, honest, and genuine. the merriam - webster ' s tenth collegiate dictionary does not support these shades of meaning. \" nevertheless, several united states court cases have ruled that alcoholics anonymous fits well within the legal definition of religious, according to the establishment clause in the bill of rights. many people are pantheists, that is, they say the universe itself is a god. they object to thinking of a god as transcendent, that is, distinct from the universe. while pantheism sees nature as the ultimate context for human existence, pantheists do not necessarily think of the god as a person, or person - like ( anthropomorphic ). this is one way to have the best of both worlds, so to speak : pantheists enjoy one advantage of theism in that they can avoid the tag atheist. unlike traditional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5265567018927708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.614853"} {"text": "a person, or person - like ( anthropomorphic ). this is one way to have the best of both worlds, so to speak : pantheists enjoy one advantage of theism in that they can avoid the tag atheist. unlike traditional theists, though, they needn ' t grapple with the physical and logical impossibilities inherent in the supernatural models. many atheists think the pantheists ' use of the word god is, in a sense, dishonest. a likely response to pantheism is to ask, \" why bother using the word god at all? why not just say, ' the universe ' and be done with it? \" as schopenhauer put it, \" to call the world ' god ' is not to explain it ; it is only to enrich our language with a superfluous synonym for the word ' world '. \" martin gardner said, \" i regard spinoza as essentially an atheist, because to him god and nature were synonyms. in his writings you could replace the term \" god \" with the term \" nature \" and it doesn ' t change anything. \" one absurdity of pantheism shows itself when we ask if calling part of the universe god is okay, or must we mean the entire universe when we say god? is the state of new jersey god? what happens when we extend the meaning to cover the whole of north america? can we further expand the meaning to mean the planet earth, or the milky way galaxy? how does this differ from calling the universe a god? for the most part, if we understand what is meant by \" god \" ( and remove any new age elements that may exist ), we can barely distinguish pantheism from atheism. atheists generally have the same respect for the planet that any human ( or animal ) would have for its home - - its source of life. all organism have a built - in drive to stay alive ; in humans, this generally spills over to an innate respect for the life - giving environment. thus, contrary to the claims of some pantheists, an additional \" reverence \" for the planet ( or the universe ) is not needed. universalism, as some practice it, contains elements of pantheism in that the god of universalism is not necessarily personal. members of the unitarian / universalist church are free to choose or develop whatever idea of theism makes sense to the individual - - or to reject theism altogether. a personal god is one", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5695642839181498, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.615789"} {"text": "in that the god of universalism is not necessarily personal. members of the unitarian / universalist church are free to choose or develop whatever idea of theism makes sense to the individual - - or to reject theism altogether. a personal god is one with whom someone feels a one - to - one relationship, a deity who cares specifically for that individual and to whom that person can appeal directly. few universalists would characterize god in such personal terms. most do not believe in a supernatural, supreme being who can directly intervene in and alter human life or the mechanism of the natural world. many believe in a spirit of life or a power within themselves, which some choose to call god. universalists do not believe spirits of the disembodied variety. however, most agree that a \" spiritual dimension \" connects to the physical, mental, emotional, and psychological aspects of life. very few universalists believe in a continuing, individualized existence after physical death, and even fewer believe in heaven or hell. rather, most believe immortality manifests itself in the lives of those we affect during our lifetime and in the legacy we leave when we die. except the language regarding god and a spiritual dimension, distinguishing universalists from atheists is difficult. deism is the idea that a god created the universe - - started the ball rolling, so to speak, or wound up the mechanism - - but has left no revelation that we can translate or transcribe. deists say it ' s an affront to its god to accept a so - called revelation ( the upanishads ; the bible ; the koran ). instead, deism points to nature and science as the only \" revelation \" that the god has given us. deism differs from pantheism in that its god is usually personal ( is a person ) whereas pantheism rejects the notion of a personal or anthropomorphic god. deism also sees its god as separate from the universe ; in pantheism the universe itself is god. the deistic notion that one can offend a god has caused a few others to think of deism as benevolently dogmatic. justification for deism rests almost entirely on the argument from design : the universe, and most particularly life ( they tell us ), is so complex that it must be the product of a creative process or act. we will discuss the teleological argument, as theologians call it, later. the basic objection to the design argument is simple. the universe is so complex, they tell us,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5460123437489975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.618480"} {"text": "complex that it must be the product of a creative process or act. we will discuss the teleological argument, as theologians call it, later. the basic objection to the design argument is simple. the universe is so complex, they tell us, that we need to explain its existence with a creator. such a creator, then, would be that much more complex and would even more require an explanation for its existence. in other words, if the existence of the universe is unlikely, then the existence of the universe plus a god is even less likely than that. even if we grant the notion of design, it does not follow that a particular creator exists, or that there is only one creator. the idea of design says nothing about whether the creator still exists today, or whether anybody can know the creator. the most important philosophical objection to the argument from design is the idea that we cannot speak of creation until we can detect and identify a creator. to posit creation first ( evidenced upon complexity and unlikelihood ) is to jump the gun, so to speak. ( this logical fallacy is called begging the question. ) this is the strongest refutation of william paley ' s watch - in - the - desert analogy. if we find a watch in the desert, we can know it had a creator. we do not determine this because the watch is very intricate ; we know it was created because we can go to switzerland and identify its creator. judaism, christianity, islam, hinduism, and other religions base their understanding not on human reason but on scripture. scripture is the alleged revealed word of the god in question, presented via a prophet. while each revealed religion once held its scripture to be flawless ( fundamentalism ), modern variations contain sects which hold the scripture or revelation up to human scrutiny. the fundamentalist varieties of these religions claim that their particular revelation is flawless ; therefore, the fundamentalist religions are easiest to dismiss as untrue. all one need do, is to discover a single error in the scripture and the foundation of fundamentalism crumbles away. in christianity, two defenses of fundamentalism have thrived : roman catholicism and wesleyanism. roman catholicism depends on its leadership, particularly the pope, to interpret difficulties. in the early years of protestantism, the roman catholic inquisition executed people who published the bible and made it available to the people. opponents suggest this move was to protect biblical flaws from public discovery. john wesley popularized an approach to the bible that is, philosophically, not far removed from that of catholicism in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5780924760833189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.619499"} {"text": "inquisition executed people who published the bible and made it available to the people. opponents suggest this move was to protect biblical flaws from public discovery. john wesley popularized an approach to the bible that is, philosophically, not far removed from that of catholicism in that it allows for reinterpretation of the scriptures. wesley said that if a particular passage does not make sense, then god did not intend that passage for you. ( they still claim divine inspiration for the bible, though. ) this left individuals and churches free to ignore the bible ' s more barbaric statements, which humans naturally find hard to justify. what is left over is a more compassionate, more humanistic message in its place. some opponents call this a \" warm and fuzzy \" gospel. wesleyanism also opened the door to the process of \" smoothing over \" bible difficulties, mostly its self - inconsistencies. in his book the age of reason, thomas paine presented a most compelling objection to inspiration. paine says, \" admitting, for the sake of a case, that something has been revealed to a certain person, and not revealed to any other person, it is revelation to that person only. when he tells it to a second person, a second to a third, a third to a fourth, and so on, it ceases to be a revelation to all those persons. it is revelation to the first person only, and hearsay to every other, and consequently they are not obliged to believe it. \" monotheism is the most popular form of religion in the west, covering judaism, christianity ( the doctrine of the trinity notwithstanding ) and islam. monotheism is the belief that there exists exactly one god. polytheism speaks of many gods and goddesses, each with his or her special jurisdiction or function. often, a god or goddess would oversee a particular tribe or nation and would either compete with or cooperate with the deities of other nations. belief in a single creator superceded polytheism in judaism, christian, and islamic cultures. the gods of judaism, christianity, and islam were all once polytheistic tribal gods. the gods and goddess of polytheism were not necessarily creators, and usually had weaknesses just like humans have. theologians tell us the gods of monotheism are all - powerful ( omnipotent ), all - knowing ( omniscient ) and sometimes all - merciful. the monotheistic god has no equals or superiors. if a monotheistic god has a desk, the sign on it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49067439771441146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.620566"} {"text": "- powerful ( omnipotent ), all - knowing ( omniscient ) and sometimes all - merciful. the monotheistic god has no equals or superiors. if a monotheistic god has a desk, the sign on it says, \" the buck stops here. \" western theologians almost universally regard monotheism as an improvement over polytheism. this prompts atheists to ask, if belief in one god is an improvement over belief in many goddesses and gods, would belief in no gods be a further improvement over belief in one god? nevertheless, monotheism ' s claims to superiority over polytheism are lacking in several ways. first, monotheism ' s claims to being true are no more believable than those of polytheism. one can use every traditional argument used for the existence of one god, to argue for the existence of many gods or goddesses. no traditional theistic argument eliminates the notion that more than one god may have worked on the project. furthermore, how could we assert that the god who created this universe was not, himself, created by an even bigger god ( as gnosticism and mormonism suggest )? if the universe needs a creator to explain its existence, then the creator, being that much more complex, needs to be explained. otherwise, we are free to rest in the fact that the universe simply exists, period. if we brush aside discussions of whether one or the other system is true, claims that the concept of monotheism is superior to that of polytheism don ' t hold water. we need merely glance at some history books to see that monotheistic religions almost always breed intolerance. the god of the ancient jews commanded them to eliminate all competitors, saying, \" thou shalt save alive nothing that breatheth. \" jesus the merciful allegedly said, \" if a man abide not in me, he is cast forth as a branch, and is withered ; and men gather them, and cast them into the fire, and they are burned. \" christians, both catholic and protestant, followed this command for centuries by burning heretics at the stake. as competing christian sects, they decimated their own ranks ; they also slaughtered jews, muslims, pagans, unbelievers, and the tribes native to the western hemisphere. islam ' s motto speaks for itself : \" slay the idolaters wherever you find them. \" people generally convert to islam only \" in terror or in quest of power,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.50728830520411, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.621687"} {"text": "unbelievers, and the tribes native to the western hemisphere. islam ' s motto speaks for itself : \" slay the idolaters wherever you find them. \" people generally convert to islam only \" in terror or in quest of power, or to avoid heavy taxation, or to escape humiliation, or if taken prisoner, or because of infatuation with a muslim woman. \" such is the story of monotheism. the insane drive to force everybody to conform to a single system is foreign to the philosophies of polytheism, and entirely absent from their histories. almost every variant of monotheism, says former muslim ibn warraq, expresses \" dogmatic certainty that it alone has access to the true god, that it alone has access to truth. \" however, polytheism, as david hume noted, \" is only so much greater similarity to human affairs. \" lecky, discussing the early christians ' hatred of the circus and theater, remarks : \" the austerity with which the christians condemned them was probably one of the chief causes of the hatred and consequent persecution of which the early church was the victim, and which contrasts so remarkably with the usually tolerant character of polytheism. \" the intellectual order that monotheism would bring is superficial at best. superstition would not be reduced, but it would merely be focused upon the single god rather than upon many gods and goddesses. however, strict monotheism fails to provide for the great chasm that inherently exists between a human and a monotheistic god. zwi werblowski wrote, \" when polytheism is superceded by monotheism, the host of deities is either abolished ( theoretically ) or bedeviled ( i. e., turned into demons ), or downgraded to the rank of angels and ministering spirits. \" the same can be said of the veneration of saints both in non - protestant christianity and islam. furthermore, in many of the ancient myths, the heroes were once gods. arthur drews, in the christ myth, mentions that \" abraham ( the ' great father ' ) is, however, only another name for israel, ' the mighty god. ' this was the earliest designation of the god of the hebrews, until it was displaced by the name jahwe, being only employed henceforth as the name of the people belonging to him. \" in other words, the great patriarchs were once gods. their exploits were later attributed to men,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4880251354456859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.622842"} {"text": "hebrews, until it was displaced by the name jahwe, being only employed henceforth as the name of the people belonging to him. \" in other words, the great patriarchs were once gods. their exploits were later attributed to men, upon the advent of monotheism. after the christian party won control of rome, says john william draper, \" crowds of worldly persons, who cared nothing about its religious ideas, became its warmest supporters. pagans at heart, their influence was soon manifested in the paganization of christianity that forthwith ensued. \" when a religion gains political control, it always faces this danger of diluting its focus. being in control, the diluted religion sets itself up as the final arbiter of truth. then, the rest of us are required to support a religion that has been further debased from its original state. with religion in control of the state, everybody comes out a loser every time. the goddesses and gods of polytheism were simple, more down - to - earth. being more human - like ( anthropomorphic ), it was easier to relate to them. the monotheistic deities are simply too big, too vast, for many people to grasp. a monotheistic god must be in charge of everything. this god must also be bigger than the universe itself - - \" above \" or \" beyond \" nature - - supernatural. he or she must somehow \" transcend \" the universe. though many theists talk about their god ' s transcendence, atheists tend to question what this even means. what does it mean to be \" above \" or \" beyond \" nature? this makes no sense. as a concept, we cannot relate to it, because we have experience only with the natural world. the theists who say they believe in such a deity probably don ' t know themselves what this means. they learn from childhood to repeat the creedal formula and then to claim they believe it. is it possible to believe something that makes no sense? does a proposition have to constitute genuine belief? or are such theists only fooling themselves? theodore m. drange thinks so, and calls this phenomenon the mumbo - jumbo theory of some religious language. when people say they believe something, but their statement of belief is pure nonsense, they don ' t actually believe it, but are speaking mumbo - jumbo. as the monotheistic deity becomes more and more sophisticated, she or he becomes less and less accessible to the common", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5471003664036513, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.623900"} {"text": "in 1782 an expatriate french aristocrat named j. hector st. john de crevecoeur who lived in new york \u2019 s hudson valley published a book in london called letters from an american farmer. the third letter was titled \u201c what is an american? \u201d that question reverberated in the late 18th century as the old world tried to make sense of the new. it \u2019 s still relevant 230 years later, in part because americans are changing even as america itself remains much the same. crevecoeur wondered, \u201c what then is the american, this new man? \u201d he was a citizen by choice, not birth \u2014 he had decided to come here. such a thing had never existed before. in many ways, barack obama is the 21st century version of this new american. but he \u2019 s more than just a political figure ; he \u2019 s a cultural one. he is the first president to embrace gay marriage and to offer work permits to many young undocumented immigrants. there has been much talk of the coalition of the ascendant \u2014 young people, minorities, hispanics, college - educated women \u2014 and in winning re - election, obama showed that these fast - growing groups are not only the future but also the present. about 40 % of millennials \u2014 the largest generational cohort in u. s. history, bigger even than the baby boomers \u2014 are nonwhite. if his win in 2008 was extraordinary, then 2012 is confirmation that demographic change is here to stay. obama is the first democratic president since fdr to win more than 50 % of the vote in consecutive elections and the first president since 1940 to win re - election with an unemployment rate north of 7. 5 %. he has stitched together a winning coalition and perhaps a governing one as well. his presidency spells the end of the reagan realignment that had defined american politics for 30 years. we are in the midst of historic cultural and demographic changes, and obama is both the symbol and in some ways the architect of this new america. \u201c the truth is, \u201d the president said in the oval office, \u201c that we have steadily become a more diverse and tolerant country that embraces people \u2019 s differences and respects people who are not like us. that \u2019 s a profoundly good thing. that \u2019 s one of the strengths of america. \u201d all elections are about change, and 2012 \u2019 s was as well. pretty much everyone voted for change of some kind : 49 % of voters wanted to change the president, while 51", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4595895168425427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.628385"} {"text": "good thing. that \u2019 s one of the strengths of america. \u201d all elections are about change, and 2012 \u2019 s was as well. pretty much everyone voted for change of some kind : 49 % of voters wanted to change the president, while 51 % of voters wanted the change that obama promised four years earlier. the pollster frank luntz told me that 40 % of america is ecstatic, 20 % is accepting and 40 % thinks the country is going to hell. \u201c the only other time we \u2019 ve seen this was fdr in 1936, \u201d he said. \u201c those who are alienated believe the president and his policies are not grounded in american values. \u201d ( inside the white house : never - before - seen photos ) but whose america is that? is there a battle between the old america and the new? obama would say no. he sees his time in office as a kind of convergence of past and future. \u201c i think about this eight - year project, \u201d he says, as one in which \u201c we \u2019 ve also accommodated all the demographic changes and cultural and technological changes that are taking place and been able to marry those with some of the old - fashioned virtues of hard work and discipline and responsibility \u2014 all in a way that allows us to succeed and to thrive. \u201d that \u2019 s the new america. and it \u2019 s finding its voice : the president we heard at the wrenching memorial service in connecticut was more assertive, more personal, more willing to risk his political capital for what he truly believes. at the end of invisible man, ralph ellison \u2019 s great 1952 novel about racial injustice, the central character says, \u201c america is woven of many strands ; i would recognize them and let it so remain \u2026 our fate is to become one, and yet many \u2014 this is not prophecy, but description. \u201d just 12 years ago, obama was so invisible that he attended the 2000 democratic national convention in l. a. and watched it on the jumbotron in the staples center parking lot. today he is universally visible \u2014 and known. but he would agree with ellison \u2019 s observation that this change is indeed description and not prophecy. the new america is not so much the old e pluribus unum \u2014 out of many, one \u2014 but, as ellison says, one and yet many. that is obama \u2019 s america. for finding and forging a new majority, for turning weakness into opportunity and for seeking, amid great adversity, to create a more perfect union, barack obama is time \u2019 s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46156576992489506, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.629428"} {"text": "for the first time, scientists have identified fresh produce as the source of an outbreak of human yersinia pseudotuberculosis infections, according to an article published in the march 1 issue of the journal of infectious diseases, now available online. the outbreak was identified in finland and traced epidemiologically to farms producing lettuce. y. pseudotuberculosis, first identified in 1883, causes infections characterized by fever and abdominal pain that are often confused with acute appendicitis. the microbe is well known in veterinary medicine as the cause of illnesses in hares, deer, and sheep, among other animals. y. pseudotuberculosis infections in humans are relatively rare, and while foodborne transmission has long been suspected, attempts to trace the pathogen to a concrete source of contamination in the past have been unsuccessful. in october of 1998, two microbiology laboratories in southern finland discovered an alarming increase in infections during routine surveillance of laboratory - diagnosed infections. j. pekka nuorti, of the national public health institute of finland, and colleagues from the university of helsinki, the national public health institute of finland, and the national food agency of finland initiated epidemiological and environmental investigations that would eventually reveal the source as contaminated iceberg lettuce. in a case - control study, 38 patients with confirmed infections were questioned about what and where they ate in the two weeks before the onset of their symptoms. the investigation led to four lunch cafeterias where the patients reported eating iceberg lettuce. the lettuce served in those cafeterias was traced to four farms in the southwest archipelago region of finland. while no lettuce remained from the shipments identified from the cafeterias, y. pseudotuberculosis was discovered in soil, irrigation water, and lettuce samples from one of those farms. the investigators suspect that the pathogen was spread by the feces of roe deer, which have been carriers of the pathogen in the past. deer feces were found in and around the open, unfenced fields where the lettuce was grown. in an accompanying editorial, robert v. tauxe, of the centers for disease control and prevention, notes that the next step in preventing future outbreaks of this kind might begin with studying the behavior of y. pseudotuberculosis in lettuce plants and attempting to define whether deer or other animals are the specific reservoir of the pathogen. such investigations may lead to better methods of prevention - - from fenced", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4714439281925877, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.634887"} {"text": "women who experienced a short but severe decrease in their food intake during the 1944 \u2013 1945 dutch famine have an increased risk of breast cancer compared with women whose caloric intake was not as greatly affected, according to a study in the april 7 issue of the journal of the national cancer institute. several animal studies have found that reducing caloric intake by one - third to one - half for the animals ' lifetime prevents various types of cancer, but the implications of short - term caloric restriction are largely unknown. however, reproducing these types of studies in humans raises ethical and practical issues. during world war ii, a famine in the western part of the netherlands resulted from a food embargo imposed by german authorities. between 1983 and 1986, about 15, 000 women participating in a dutch breast cancer screening program who were between ages 2 and 33 during the 1944 \u2013 1945 famine responded to a questionnaire about their famine experience. sjoerd g. elias, ph. d., of the julius center for health sciences and primary care at the university medical center utrecht, the netherlands, and colleagues used data gathered from these women to study the effects of the famine on subsequent breast cancer risk. women were given a famine exposure score - - absent, moderate, or severe exposure to famine - - based on information about hunger, cold, and weight loss. the risk of breast cancer increased with increasing severity of famine exposure. for example, women who experienced severe exposure to famine had a 48 % increased risk of breast cancer compared with women who were not affected by the famine. the association between famine exposure and breast cancer risk was highest among women who were between ages 2 and 9 during the famine compared with women exposed at older ages. the risk was also stronger among women who never gave birth compared with women who had children. although a mechanism for the increased breast cancer risk among women exposed to short - term famine is unknown, the authors suggest that several endocrine systems may adapt to the extreme conditions of the famine, particularly while such systems are developing in young children, and are consequently inadequately developed to respond to a much higher caloric intake later on in life. \" although the 1944 \u2013 1945 famine is a black page in dutch history, it provides a unique situation in which to study the long - term consequences of a short but severe famine in humans, \" the authors write. source : eurekalert & otherslast reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral. com.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4986366215345657, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.638700"} {"text": "a new initiative, \" kidney disease : improving global outcomes \" ( kdigo ), has been established to assemble international expertise and resources in addressing the global epidemic of chronic kidney disease ( ckd ). chronic kidney diseases represent a new and rapidly developing worldwide threat, according to the international society of nephrology ( isn ). today, more than 1 million people around the world are alive on renal dialysis. the incidence and prevalence of kidney failure have doubled in the last 15 years and are expected to continue to increase. according to the national kidney foundation, more than 20 million people in the united states - - one in nine adults - - have ckd, and most don ' t even know it. there is a clear need for the development of a \" uniform and global public health approach to this worldwide epidemic, \" states an article in the october issue of kidney international. data shows that kidney disease can be detected through simple tests in its early stages and then effectively treated. in end stages, dialysis treatment keeps patients alive, though sufferers of kidney disease, who are also susceptible to heart disease, are actually more likely to die from the latter, before even reaching stages where they would need dialysis. thus, early detection and proper care are imperative to slow kidney failure and premature death from complications. recently, clear evidence - based guidelines and actual clinical practice have been proven to be the best approach to addressing the problem of inadequate care. dr. garabed eknoyan, corresponding author of the paper outlining kdigo, notes \" the implementation of previous initiative guidelines, such as the kidney disease outcomes quality initiative, by federal and private providers has been shown to favorably affect practice and outcomes. similar initiatives have been launched in other countries. \" dr. eknoyan is one of the co - chairs of kdigo. the international board of kdigo will work to develop, implement and evaluate plans to improve outcomes of ckd. success will depend on this development and on how it is received by the international community. the kdigo initiative complements the worldwide activities of the international society of nephrology and supports isn ' s objectives of early detection and prevention of kidney disease. as a worldwide organization, isn will partner and work closely with the kdigo initiative on developing guidelines from a global perspective, with special attention to local and regional relevance. source : eurekalert & otherslast reviewed : by john m. grohol, psy. d. on 21 feb 2009 published on psychcentral", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4834923003627758, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.641213"} {"text": "from coping with trauma - related dissociation : complex ptsd consists of of six symptom clusters, which also have been described in terms of dissociation of personality. of course, people who receive this diagnosis often also suffer from other problems as well, and as noted earlier, diagnostic categories may overlap significantly. the symptom clusters are as follows : alterations in regulation of affect ( emotion ) and impulses changes in relationship with others changes in meaning changes in the perception of self changes in attention and consciousness alterations in regulation of affect ( emotion ) an impulse : almost all people who are seriously traumatized have problems in tolerating and regulating their emotions and surges or impulses. however, those with complex ptsd and dissociative disorders tend to have more difficulties than those with ptsd because disruptions in early development have inhibited their ability to regulate themselves. the fact that you have a dissociative organization of your personality makes you highly vulnerable to rapid and unexpected changes in emotions and sudden impulses. various parts of the personality intrude on each other either through passive influence or switching when your under stress, resulting in dysregulation. merely having an emotion, such as anger, may evoke other parts of you to feel fear or shame, and to engage in impulsive behaviors to stop avoid the feelings. changes in attention and consciousness : people with complex ptsd suffer from more severe and frequent dissociation symptoms, as well as memory and attention problems, than those with simple ptsd. in addition to amnesty due to the activity of various parts of the self, people may experience difficulties with concentration, attention, other memory problems and general spaciness. these symptoms often accompany dissociation of the personality, but they are also common in people who do not have dissociative disorders. for example everyone can be spacey, absorbed in an activity, or miss an exit on the highway. when various parts of the personality are are active, by definition, a person experiences some kind of abrupt change in attention and consciousness. changes in the perception of self : people who have been traumatized in childhood are often troubled by guilt, shame, and negative feelings about themselves, such as the belief they are unlikable, unlovable, stupid, inept, dirty, worthless, lazy, and so forth. in complex dissociative disorders there are typically particular parts that contain these negative feelings about the self while other parts may evaluate themselves quite differently. alterations among parts thus may result in rather", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4842752958199549, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.645675"} {"text": "inept, dirty, worthless, lazy, and so forth. in complex dissociative disorders there are typically particular parts that contain these negative feelings about the self while other parts may evaluate themselves quite differently. alterations among parts thus may result in rather rapid and distinct changes in self perception. changes in relationship with others : it is especially hard to trust other people if you have been repeatedly abused, abandoned or betrayed as a child. mistrust makes it very difficult to make friends, and to be able to distinguish between good and bad intentions in other people. some parts do not seem to trust anyone, while other parts may be so vulnerable and needy that they do not pay attention to clues that perhaps a person is not trustworthy. some parts like to be close to others or feel a desperate need to be close and taken care of, while other parts fear being close or actively dislike people. some parts are afraid of being in relationships while others are afraid of being rejected or criticized. this naturally sets up major internal as well as relational conflicts. people with complex ptsd often have medical unexplained physical symptoms such as abdominal pains, headaches, joint and muscle pain, stomach problems, and elimination problems. these people are sometimes most unfortunately mislabeled as hypochondriacs or as exaggerating their physical problems. but these problems are real, even though they may not be related to a specific physical diagnosis. some dissociative parts are stuck in the past experiences that involved pain may intrude such that a person experiences unexplained pain or other physical symptoms. and more generally, chronic stress affects the body in all kinds of ways, just as it does the mind. in fact, the mind and body cannot be separated. unfortunately, the connection between current physical symptoms and past traumatizing events is not always so clear to either the individual or the physician, at least for a while. at the same time we know that people who have suffered from serious medical, problems. it is therefore very important that you have physical problems checked out, to make sure you do not have a problem form which you need medical help. \u201d changes in meaning : finally, chronically traumatized people lose faith that good things can happen and people can be kind and trustworthy. they feel hopeless, often believing that the future will be as bad as the past, or that they will not live long enough to experience a good future. people who have a dissociative disorder may have different meanings in various disso", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5414929675812973, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.646818"} {"text": "california department of education taking center stage \u2013 act ii the field of youth development focuses on research about protective factors that build students \u2019 strengths and protect them from social, emotional, and physical harm. youth development shifts the focus from fixing negative behaviors to building youths \u2019 strengths and capacity, their resilience, or assets. the search institute identified 40 developmental assets as building blocks of healthy development. the list of assets contains both external and internal assets that families and schools can nurture to help students succeed. to view the list, go to the search institute ( outside source ) web page on assets. resilience research identified three principles that protect students from risk and help them succeed : 1 \" these supports and opportunities, referred to as protective factors, have been linked to the development of resilience \u2014 broadly defined as the ability to rebound from adversity and achieve healthy development and successful learning. they should be available in all environments in a young person \u2019 s world : home, school, community, and peer groups. \u201d 2 in california, much of the youth development research comes through the safe and healthy kids initiative. the resilience & youth development module provides findings from the california healthy kids survey ( outside source ) between fall 1999 and spring 2002. in the fifth and seventh grades, students take the survey, giving school professionals a look at how safe the students feel and whether they perceive that adults care about them and their success ( external assets ). it also measures their internal assets such as cooperation, communication, empathy, problem solving, self - efficacy, self - awareness, and goals and aspirations. research indicates that these internal assets protect a young person from involvement in health - risk behaviors and contribute to improved health, social, and academic outcomes. results from the surveys can be an extremely useful tool in applying for grants such as the 21st century community learning centers. kastner intermediate school, clovis unified school district, a 2008 schools to watch\u2122 - taking center stage model school kastner promotes adolescent resilience by developing student assets. the mission of the school is to provide a safe and nurturing environment that promotes character, respect, and academic excellence. to help students develop those assets \u2014 or strengths \u2014 staff members support students through small learning communities. the grade - level teams are staffed by a vice principal, a counselor, and a secretary. in addition, all students benefit from a wide range of support services provided by a part - time school psychologist, a full - time nurse, a part - time school liaison officer, and a full -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4853291717790621, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.653690"} {"text": "vice principal, a counselor, and a secretary. in addition, all students benefit from a wide range of support services provided by a part - time school psychologist, a full - time nurse, a part - time school liaison officer, and a full - time district police officer. all staff members serve as mentors and proactively interact with all students, with a special focus on students exhibiting at - risk behavior. an annual needs assessment and climate survey help to inform staff members about potential needs for staff development and targeted strategies. an active student human relations committee helps to give students a voice about the school climate and to keep staff members alert to any potential areas of concern. ethnic student clubs help to connect students and build a sense of belonging. in addition, students at kastner can receive training as peer counselors, peer mediators, or eighth grade web ( where everybody belongs ) mentors for seventh grade students. in addition, kastner students are invited to participate in challenge day sensitivity training that teaches them to identify their own issues and biases and how they can challenge themselves and others accept each other as who they are and celebrate everyone \u2019 s contributions. all of these services are available to address the unique needs of adolescents facing very challenging issues in today \u2019 s world. the kastner population includes 1, 200 students in seventh and eighth grade. the demographic profile is 52 percent white, 23 percent hispanic, 13 percent asian, 5 percent african american, 3 percent other, and 1 percent native american / alaskan. several research studies show a positive correlation between academic achievement and developmental assets. among other things, the research suggests that : one key asset that schools help students develop is self - discipline. research found that the amount of self - discipline students reported at the beginning of school was \u201c more than twice \u201d as important as intelligence quotient in terms of student choices. researchers included final grades, high school selection, school attendance, hours spent doing homework, hours spent watching television ( inversely ), and the time of day students began their homework in the measures of success. these findings suggest that failure to exercise self - discipline is a major reason for students falling short of their intellectual potential. 7 fortuna middle school, fortuna union elementary school district eighth - grade science students brainstormed methods to study the various effects of drugs and the situations and environments in which a student might encounter drugs. the students decided to develop board games that incorporated the effects of drug abuse and presented scenarios of what to do if students encounter drugs. the students discussed the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.476155393651453, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.654888"} {"text": "to study the various effects of drugs and the situations and environments in which a student might encounter drugs. the students decided to develop board games that incorporated the effects of drug abuse and presented scenarios of what to do if students encounter drugs. the students discussed the importance of early education on drug use and decided to teach the sixth - grade students how to play their new drug education game. the eighth graders also created a presentation that explained the project in its entirety. students copied the presentation and project onto compact disks so the service - learning activity could be shared with other teachers and students. the students incorporated the language arts content standards through the design and production of the board games. this service - learning activity also included the health education content standards for middle schools in the following manner : after creating their board games, the eighth graders explained what they learned about short - term and long - term effects of substance abuse to the sixth - grade classes. the eighth - graders followed up the discussion by teaching the sixth graders how to play the board games and coached them on avoidance strategies. ventura county office of education in 2007, the office of the ventura county superintendent of schools published creating asset rich environments for children and youth - - a call to action : ventura county cares. the document reflects the vision of the ventura county building assets strengthening individuals and communities commission ( basico ), which was convened by the county superintendent of schools. creating asset rich environments for children and youth presents the work of the commission, including : three basic youth resilience tenets form the basis for the cares action plan : 1resilience & youth development module. prepared by wested and the safe and healthy kids program office. sacramento : california department of education, 2002, 1. 5getting results : developing safe and healthy kids update 5 ; student health, supportive schools, and academic success ( pdf ; 895kb ; 89pp. ). sacramento : california department of education, 2005, 34. 6bonnie benard, fostering resilience in children ( outside source ), eric digest ( august 1995 ). 7angela l. duckworth and martin e. p. seligman, \" self - discipline outdoes iq in predicting academic performance of adolescents, \" psychological science, vol. 16, issue 12 ( december 2005 ). back to top california department of education 1430 n street sacramento, ca 95814", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5060400011312985, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.655843"} {"text": "\u2190 hinduism test 5 written questions 5 matching questions - rig veda - a a collection of over two hundred texts composed of between 900 and 200 bc that provide philosophical commentary to the vedas - b pleasure, especially sensual love ; one of the four goals of life. - c a collections of 1, 017 sanskrit hymns composed about 1500bc earlier ; hinduism ' s oldest text. - d the lowest of the four classes of the caste system, traditionally made up of servants and laborers. - e a wandering ascetic who has advanced to the fourth and highest stage of life. 5 multiple choice questions - an incarnation, or living embodiment, or a deity, usually vishnu, who is sent to earth to accomplish a divine purpose ; krishna and rama are the most popular avatars. - the third of the four classes of the caste system, traditionally made up of producers, such as farmers, merchants, and artisans. - the eternal essence of reality and the source of the universe, beyond the reach of human perception and thought. - traditional division of hindu society into various categories ; there are four main varnas ; or classes : brahmin, kshatriya, vaishya, and shudra ; each class contains certain subgroups, resulting in more than three thousand categories. - the moral law of cause and effect of actions ; determines the nature of one ' s reincarnation. 5 true / false questions bhakti marga \u2192 - the most popular of the three hindu paths to salvation, emphasizing loving devotion to one ' s chosen god or goddess. dharma \u2192 the moral law of cause and effect of actions ; determines the nature of one ' s reincarnation. sati \u2192 cosmic illusion brought about by divine creative power. brahmin \u2192 the highest of the four classes of the caste system, traditionally made up of priests. atman \u2192 pleasure, especially sensual love ; one of the four goals of life.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49429678786906184, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.659076"} {"text": "directional antenna basics at the outputs of this network, or networks, the rf will typically enter the transmission line feeding each tower. at the far end of the transmission line is the atu. this portion of the system takes its rf at the transmission line impedance and transforms it to the tower drive point impedance using a specific phase shift. the drive point impedance of each tower is the impedance of the tower when the array is active. it is derived from the self - impedance of the tower and the coupling that occurs with other elements in the array when the array is active. certain designs can result in a negative tower, which is a condition in which the resistance of the drive point impedance is less than zero. instead of delivering power to the array, the negative tower is parasitic and absorbs power delivering it back to the phaser. contrary to popular wisdom, a negative tower is not a nine - headed hydra unless the impedance is within a couple of ohms of zero. such low impedances, regardless of the sign, tend to cause stability issues. now that the power is out to the tower, we have to have some way of measuring what is actually there. this is where the sampling system comes into play. typically, current transformers or sample loops are used to feed a voltage sample back to the phase monitor. section 73. 68 of the commission ' s rules provides the requirements for approved sampling systems. in addition to the sampling system, many arrays still have ways of measuring the base currents. although no longer mandatory, maintaining the ability to measure base currents is highly recommended as it provides an additional health check on the antenna. next time i ' ll delve deeper into the directional antenna array and look at tee networks. ruck is a senior engineer with d. l. markley and associates, peoria, il. acceptable use policy blog comments powered by disqus [ an error occurred while processing this directive ] today in radio history the history of radio broadcasting extends beyond the work of a few famous inventors. read each issue online in our digital edition format in your web browser. eas information more on eas the feed provides feeds for all us states and territories. need a calendar for your computer desktop? use one of ours. information from manufacturers and associations about industry news, products, technology and business announcements. this high - visibility and high - traffic area got the full acoustic treatment. browse back issues [ an error occurred while processing this directive ] also in the may issue - remote access and site connectivity", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5064759925284705, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.661863"} {"text": "the mug shot has, by now, become so universal that it \u2019 s hard to imagine a criminal justice system without it. but in the mid - 19th century, when photography was still a new medium, there was no standardized record - keeping system in place to help police departments identify repeat criminals. random daguerreotypes and loose photographs laying around unfiled weren \u2019 t cutting it \u2014 which is why in the early 1880s, french criminologist alphonse bertillon introduced the paris police force to a standardized method that documented mug shots, body measurements, and in some cases, early finger prints. that anthropometric bertillon system, which was a recent subject of the podcast \u201c stuff you missed in history class, \u201d would eventually be replaced with finger printing in the 1910s. but until then, its strange measurements \u2014 the width of the head, length of right ear, length of the cubit, etc. \u2014 represented huge advances in forensic science and criminal identification in both europe and the states. below the jump, browse through our gallery of bertillon card mug shots of 19th - and 20th - century suspicious persons, and make your own with the blanks we \u2019 ve included at the end. keyboard shortcuts : v vote up article j next comment k previous comment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5069975403305337, "token_count": 260, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.669251"} {"text": "8. 1 irreducible ( minimal ) realizations the internal structure of a system may allow some of the integrators ( or delay elements ) to be shared by several input - output pairs and still result in the same transfer matrix. the system that realizes the maximum possible degree of sharing ( and, consequently, the smallest possible dimension of the associated state space ) is called the irreducible ( or minimal ) realization ( see, e. g., brogan ( 1991 ), section 12. 4 ). the function minimalrealization tries to find such a realization. finding the irreducible ( minimal ) realization. the input system for minimalrealization can be in either state - space or transfer function form ; the resultant system is always a state - space one. for siso transfer function systems, minimalrealization constructs a state - space realization after an attempt to cancel common pole - zero pairs ( the underlying function, polezerocancel, can also be accessed directly, see section 8. 6 ). otherwise, minimalrealization constructs a state - space realization first and then uses the functions controllablesubsystem and observablesubsystem consecutively to select first the controllable and then the observable subspaces. the result is therefore a subsystem that is both completely observable and controllable. see section 8. 2 for more on the definitions of the controllable and observable subspaces. in contrast, dominantsubsystem eliminates weakly controllable and observable modes ( see section 8. 5 ). selecting controllable and observable subspaces. load the application. consider a third - order state - space system with two inputs and two outputs. the first mode is uncontrollable, and the second one is unobservable. these modes, then, have no effect on the input - output relations and so can be dropped without changing the transfer function matrix. we can verify that this system is not controllable. neither is it observable. this selects the controllable subspace. this selects the observable subspace. by selecting the observable subspace of the controllable subspace, we arrive at a minimal realization. the same result can be obtained directly. the minimal realization is both controllable and observable. the method that controllablesubsystem and observablesubsystem use to reduce the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.6284209180242523, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.679569"} {"text": "friday, march 23, 2012 friday, march 16, 2012 bruce charlton, professor of theoretical medicine, university of buckingham, uk, hypothesizes that psychological neoteny, \u201c retention of youthful attitudes and behaviors into later adulthood \u201d - thanks to the impact of higher education and more time spent in school - equips people to deal more effectively with our ever changing world. psychological neoteny would seem to put youthful characteristics of learning readiness and thinking flexibility at our disposal. according to charlton, \" a child - like flexibility of attitudes, behaviours and knowledge is probably adaptive in modern society because people need repeatedly to change jobs, learn new skills, move to new places and make new friends. \" so, that perhaps points to value in nurturing youthful attitudes and behaviors in the context of organizational change to help those who are less change - adaptable to become a bit more so. but, as we all know, youthfulness is a double edged sword, and charlton points to an associated delay in maturation, particularly among academics, professionals and other groups with long educational cycles. do you remember being young, unpredictable, quickly shifting priorities, being attached to the next \" shiny new thing, \" maybe being overly superficial, fascinated with short lived fashion? ( i do - though i ' ll never admit it in public. ) perhaps then, communications and marketing efforts that support organizational change need to adapt some techniques used to market products and services to youth - \" red bull gives you wings! \" bruce charlton ' s miscellany ( one of his many blogs ) psychological neoteny, ny times, by clay risen serious study : immaturity levels rising - jennifer viegas, discovery news charlton bg. psychological neoteny and higher education : associations with delayed parenthood. medical hypotheses. 2007 ; 69 : 237 - 40. charlton bg. the rise of the boy - genius : psychological neoteny, science and modern life. medical hypotheses. 2006 ; 67 : 679 - 81", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5364402259135197, "token_count": 409, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.683295"} {"text": "the latest centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) figures indicate not only the lowest current rate of abortion in the united states, but also the largest drop in the rate in 10 years. it will be difficult to determine the precise reason for this trend. as with most public health issues, but especially those that relate to sexual and reproductive health, there are myriad of potential explanations for the decline. the most important questions we need to ask now are : does the decline in abortion rates indicate better reproductive health choices and outcomes for women? and if so, how do we continue to build on this success? researchers have shared several theories behind the decline. some believe the economic recession has affected reproductive decision - making. a washington post report suggests that women are making decisions to continue their pregnancy rather than terminating. cdc says the decline is due to more effective contraception and increased access and use by women. a study from the journal fertility and sterility supports the cdc view with the finding that the use of long - acting contraceptives such as intrauterine devices had tripled between 2002 and 2009, with most of this increase happening within the last two years. these data suggest that our efforts in primary prevention are paying off, which is, to me, perhaps the most hopeful explanation. it is interesting to note that trends in abortion rates match the current trends in teen pregnancy rates. the teen pregnancy rate and the teen birth rate have declined by more than 40 percent since the early nineties, according to the national campaign to prevent teen and unplanned pregnancy. the decline, says national campaign chief program officer bill albert, is due to the \u201c magic combination of less sex and more contraception. \u201d there is a way to keep the trend going. research tells us that information has a protective effect, and information plus the availability of contraception reduces teenage pregnancy, stds, and abortions. the data leads to some inescapable conclusions : repressed sexual culture equals earlier sex, less ability to refuse sex, more unwanted pregnancies and thus more abortions. effective sex education programs have been shown to decrease sexual activity and to increase contraceptive use among those already sexually active. so young people need information, that much is clear. who do they get it from? john snow, inc. has conducted two studies which explored issues and factors associated with choosing birth control methods and unintended pregnancy in two colorado counties. two key messages came out of these studies. the first is that young women ( and men ) want information about making healthy choices if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4235955928053239, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.692850"} {"text": "conducted two studies which explored issues and factors associated with choosing birth control methods and unintended pregnancy in two colorado counties. two key messages came out of these studies. the first is that young women ( and men ) want information about making healthy choices if they decide to become sexually active ; and secondly their parents and health care providers are their most trusted sources of information. these results are similar to national campaign findings. participants in the jsi study underscored the value of providers. here is one participant \u2019 s comment : \u201c i think doctors should spend more time talking about birth control. even if it \u2019 s just 15 minutes, like this is what it is, this is what it \u2019 s going to do to you, this is what it may cause for you. because for them, what \u2019 s that? what \u2019 s five minutes to them for a lifetime to someone else? that right there could change someone \u2019 s life. they \u2019 re getting paid good money, why don \u2019 t they sit there for another 10 minutes? it \u2019 s not going to hurt. \u201d the information imparted during a contraceptive method visit is very important, as it enables women to choose and employ contraception with satisfaction and technical competence. a long - running quality improvement project with title x family planning clinics found that a lack of information is a reason for discontinuing method use, and belief in rumors may be a deterrent to use altogether. the common response in this study was that women would like more information about the method that they are going to use so that they can make sure that it will fit into their lifestyle, among other considerations. reducing unintended pregnancies, particularly among adolescents, would improve educational and employment opportunities for women which would, in turn, contribute to improving the status of women, increasing family savings, reducing poverty and spurring economic growth. we have to end our taboo on open, honest conversations about sex because the stakes are too high.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.47653591847396837, "token_count": 396, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.693694"} {"text": "what is the title and abstract of this new paper? normalized tornado damage in the united states : 1950 - 2011why is this paper important? in press, environmental hazards kevin m. simmons, daniel sutter and roger pielke, jr. tornadoes and more than $ 28 billion in property damage, according to data from the us national oceanic and atmospheric administration, with the vast majority of economic losses resulting from tornadoes. this paper normalizes u. s. tornado damage from 1950 to 2011 using several methods. a normalization provides an estimate of the damage that would occur if past events occurred under a common base year ' s societal conditions. we normalize for changes in inflation and wealth at the national level and changes in population, income and housing units at the county level. under several methods, there has been a sharp decline in tornado damage. this decline corresponds with a decline in the reported frequency of the most intense ( and thus most damaging ) tornadoes since 1950. however, quantification of trends in tornado incidence is made difficult due to discontinuities in the reporting of events over time. the normalized damage results are suggestive that some part of this decline may reflect actual changes in tornado incidence, beyond changes in reporting practices. in historical context 2011 stand out as one of the most damaging years of the past 61 and provide an indication that maximum damage levels have potential to increase should societal change lead to increasing exposure of wealth and property. this is the first paper to comprehensively \" normalize \" historical economic losses from us tornadoes. normalization methods have been widely applied to phenomena around the would including us hurricanes and australian bushfires. we use damage data collected by the national oceanic and atmospheric administration, a us government agency which houses the storm prediction center. we use three methods to adjust the data to a common base year ( 2011 ). the analysis allows us to say something about damage over time, in this case since 1950. the figure below shows normalized damage 1950 - 2011 for one of our adjustment methods. - overall we find a decrease in damages since 1950. - even so 2011 was one of the 3 most costly years in our dataset. - our dataset includes 56, 457 tornadoes, of which 33, 746 caused some recorded damage. - since 1950, in round numbers, tornadoes resulted in about half the normalized damage as did hurricanes and twice that of earthquakes - the strongest two categories of tornadoes ( called ef4 and ef5 ) represent about 1 % of all reported events but have caused almost 45 % of all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5335130045657321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.698840"} {"text": "tornadoes resulted in about half the normalized damage as did hurricanes and twice that of earthquakes - the strongest two categories of tornadoes ( called ef4 and ef5 ) represent about 1 % of all reported events but have caused almost 45 % of all normalized damage. - the most damage per sqaure mile from1950 - 2011 has occurred in massachusetts and connecticut. - the most damage overall from 1950 - 2011 has occurred in texas and alabama. - during the calendar year 80 % of damage occurs january - june. - the most damaging months are april ( 31 % ), may ( 20 % ) and june ( 16 % ). here is what we say in the paper : how can i get an advance copy? on climate time scales there is no indication of increasing incidence of tornadoes, and the increases documented over the short ( sub - climate ) period 2000 - 2011 are strongly influenced by the large number of events documented in 2011. however, the decreased frequency of high damage events in recent decades as compared to previous decades is a notable feature in the time series and provides strong counter - evidence to claims found in the scientific literature that the atmospheric environment that spawns tornadoes has intensified leading to more intense events on climate time scales ( e. g., trenberth, 2012 ). such claims are commonly found in the popular media and also in the insurance / reinsurance sector where they influence public opinion and decision making in business and government. the most recent review by the ipcc found no basis for claiming an increase ( or decrease ) in tornado incidence or intensity ( ipcc, 2012 ). \" if you would like a copy of the accepted paper ( that is, before the final revisions and pre - proof ) you can send an email request to me, firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4758512331244306, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.700850"} {"text": "wisps before craters january 31, 2011 saturn ' s ' ' wispy ' ' moon dione lies in front of the cratered surface of the moon tethys, as seen by the cassini spacecraft. dione is closest to the spacecraft here. at the top of the image, the bright ' ' wispy ' ' fractures are visible on dione ( 1, 123 kilometers, or 698 miles, across ). see dione ' s icy wisps and highest resolution view of dione to learn more. beyond wispy dione, the large crater penelope can be seen near the equator of tethys ( 1, 062 kilometers, or 660 miles, across ). see penelope crater for a closer view of penelope. lit terrain seen here is on the trailing hemispheres of the two moons. the image was taken in visible red light with the cassini spacecraft narrow - angle camera on dec. 6, 2010. the view was obtained at a distance of approximately 2. 1 million kilometers ( 1. 3 million miles ) from dione and at a sun - dione - spacecraft, or phase, angle of 75 degrees. the view was obtained at a distance of approximately 2. 2 million kilometers ( 1. 4 million miles ) from tethys and at a sun - tethys - spacecraft, or phase, angle of 75 degrees. scale in the original image was 12 kilometers ( 7 miles ) per pixel on dione and 13 kilometers ( 8 miles ) per pixel on tethys. the image was contrast enhanced and magnified by a factor of two to enhance the visibility of surface features. the cassini - huygens mission is a cooperative project of nasa, the european space agency and the italian space agency. the jet propulsion laboratory, a division of the california institute of technology in pasadena, manages the mission for nasa ' s science mission directorate in washington. the cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at jpl. the imaging team is based at the space science institute, boulder, colo. credit : nasa / jpl / space science institute", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49264577356300787, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.705036"} {"text": "the attributes of the universe discovered by science point to the existence of god. science leads us to the conclusion that the universe has a creator and this creator is perfect in might, wisdom and knowledge. it is religion that shows us the way in knowing god. it is therefore possible to say that science is a method we use to better see and investigate the realities addressed by religion. nevertheless, today, some of the scientists who step forth in the name of science take an entirely different stand. in their view, scientific discoveries do not imply the creation of god. they have, on the contrary, projected an atheistic understanding of science by saying that it is not possible to reach god through scientific data : they claim that science and religion are two clashing notions. as a matter of fact, this atheistic understanding of science is quite recent. until a few centuries ago, science and religion were never thought to clash with each other, and science was accepted as a method of proving the existence of god. the so - called atheistic understanding of science flourished only after the materialist and positivist philosophies swept through the world of science in the 18th and 19th centuries. particularly after charles darwin postulated the theory of evolution in 1859, circles holding a materialistic world view started to ideologically defend this theory, which they looked upon as an alternative to religion. the theory of evolution argued that the universe was not created by a creator but came into being by chance. as a result, it was asserted that religion was in conflict with science. the british researchers michael baigent, richard leigh and henry lincoln said on this issue : for isaac newton, a century and a half before darwin, science was not separate from religion but, on the contrary, an aspect of religion, and ultimately subservient to it.... but the science of darwin ' s time became precisely that, divorcing itself from the context in which it had previously existed and establishing itself as a rival absolute, an alternative repository of meaning. as a result, religion and science were no longer working in concert, but rather stood opposed to each other, and humanity was increasingly forced to choose between them. ( michael baigent, richard leigh, henry lincoln, the messianic legacy, gorgi books, london : 1991, p. 177 - 178. ) as we stated before, the so - called split between science and religion was totally ideological. some scientists, who earnestly believed in materialism, conditioned themselves to prove that the universe had no creator and they", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5527697587520363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.717779"} {"text": "1991, p. 177 - 178. ) as we stated before, the so - called split between science and religion was totally ideological. some scientists, who earnestly believed in materialism, conditioned themselves to prove that the universe had no creator and they devised various theories in this context. the theory of evolution was the most famous and the most important of them. in the field of astronomy as well certain theories were developed such as the \" steady - state theory \" or the \" chaos theory \". however, all of these theories that denied creation were demolished by science itself, as we have clearly shown in the previous chapters. today, scientists who still keep to these theories and insist on denying all things religious, are dogmatic and bigoted people, who have conditioned themselves not to believe in god. the famous english zoologist and evolutionist d. m. s. watson confesses to this dogmatism as he explains why he and his colleagues accept the theory of evolution : if so, it will present a parallel to the theory of evolution itself, a theory universally accepted, not because it can be proved by logically coherent evidence to be true, but because the only alternative, special creation, is clearly incredible. ( d. m. s. watson, \" adaptation \", nature, no. 124, p. 233 ) what watson means by \" special creation \" is god ' s creation. as acknowledged, this scientist finds this \" unacceptable \". but why? is it because science says so? actually it does not. on the contrary, science proves the truth of creation. the only reason why watson looks upon this fact as unacceptable is because he has conditioned himself to deny the existence of god. all other evolutionists take the same stand. evolutionists rely not on science but on materialist philosophy and they distort science to make it agree with this philosophy. a geneticist and an outspoken evolutionist from harvard university, richard lewontin, confesses to this truth : it is not that the methods and institutions of science somehow compel us to accept a material explanation of the phenomenal world, but, on the contrary, that we are forced by our a priori adherence to material causes to create an apparatus of investigation and a set of concepts that produce material explanations, no matter how counter - intuitive, no matter how mystifying to the uninitiated. moreover, that materialism is absolute, so we cannot allow a divine foot in the door. ( richard levontin, the demon - haunted world, the new york review of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6007346067548502, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.720004"} {"text": ", no matter how mystifying to the uninitiated. moreover, that materialism is absolute, so we cannot allow a divine foot in the door. ( richard levontin, the demon - haunted world, the new york review of books, january, 9, 1997, p. 28 ) on the other hand, today, just as in history, there are, as opposed to this dogmatic materialist group, scientists who confirm god ' s existence, and regard science as a way of knowing him. some trends developing in the usa such as \" creationism \" or \" intelligent design \" prove by scientific evidence that all living things were created by god. this shows us that science and religion are not conflicting sources of information, but that, on the contrary, science is a method that verifies the absolute truths provided by religion. the clash between religion and science can only hold true for certain religions that incorporate some superstitious elements as well as divine sources. however, this is certainly out of the question for islam, which relies only on the pure revelation of god. moreover, islam particularly advocates scientific enquiry, and announces that probing the universe is a method to explore the creation of god. the following verse of the qur ' an addresses this issue ; do they not look at the sky above them? how we have built it and adorned it, and there are no rifts therein? and the earth - we have spread it out, and set thereon mountains standing firm, and caused it to bring forth plants of beauteous kinds ( in pairs ). and we send down from the sky blessed water whereby we give growth unto gardens and the grain of crops. and tall palm - trees, with shoots of fruit - stalks, piled one over another. ( surah qaf, 6 - 7, 9 - 10 ) as the above verses imply, the qur ' an always urges people to think, to reason and to explore everything in the world in which they live. this is because science supports religion, saves the individual from ignorance, and causes him to think more consciously ; it opens wide one ' s world of thought and helps one grasp the signs of god self - evident in the universe. prominent german physicist max planck said : \" anybody who has been seriously engaged in scientific work of any kind realizes that over the entrance to the gates of the temple of science are written the words : ye must have faith. it is a quality which the scientist cannot dispense with. \" ( j. de vries,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5538995663569384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.721116"} {"text": "in scientific work of any kind realizes that over the entrance to the gates of the temple of science are written the words : ye must have faith. it is a quality which the scientist cannot dispense with. \" ( j. de vries, essential of physical science, wm. b. eerdmans pub. co., grand rapids, sd 1958, p. 15. ) all the issues we have treated so far simply put it that the existence of the universe and all living things cannot be explained by coincidences. many scientists who have left their mark on the world of science have confirmed, and still confirm this great reality. the more people learn about the universe, the higher does their admirations for its flawless order become. every newly - discovered detail supports creation in an unquestionable way. the great majority of modern physicists accept the fact of creation as we set foot in the 21st century. david darling also maintains that neither time, nor space, nor matter, nor energy, nor even a tiny spot or a cavity existed at the beginning. a slight quick movement and a modest quiver and fluctuation occurred. darling ends by saying that when the cover of this cosmic box was opened, the tendrils of the miracle of creation appeared from beneath it. besides, it is already known that almost all the founders of diverse scientific branches believed in god and his divine books. the greatest physicists in history, newton, faraday, kelvin and maxwell are a few examples of such scientists. in the time of isaac newton, the great physicist, scientists believed that the movements of the heavenly bodies and planets could be explained by different laws. nevertheless, newton believed that the creator of earth and space was the same, and therefore they had to be explained by the same laws. he said : this most beautiful system of the sun, planets, and comets could only proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful being. this being governs all things, not as the soul of the world, but as lord over all, and on account of his dominion. he is wont to be called lord god, universal ruler. as is evident, thousands of scientists who have been doing research in the fields of physics, mathematics, and astronomy since the middle ages all agree on the idea that the universe is created by a single creator and always focus on the same point. the founder of physical astronomy, johannes kepler, stated his strong belief in god in one of his books where he wrote : since we astronomers are priests of the highest god", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6007101726060232, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.722103"} {"text": "that the universe is created by a single creator and always focus on the same point. the founder of physical astronomy, johannes kepler, stated his strong belief in god in one of his books where he wrote : since we astronomers are priests of the highest god in regard to the book of nature, it befits us to be thoughtful, not of the glory of our minds, but rather, above all else, of the glory of god. ( dan graves, scientists of faith,. 51 ) the great physicist, william thompson ( lord kelvin ), who established thermodynamics on a formal scientific basis, was also a christian who believed in god. he had strongly opposed darwin ' s theory of evolution and totally rejected it. in 1903, short before his death, he made the unequivocal statement that, \" with regard to the origin of life, science... positively affirms creative power. \" ( david darling, deep time, delacorte press, 1989, new york. ) one of the professors of physics at oxford university, robert mattheus states the same fact in his book published in 1992 where he explains that dna molecules were created by god. mattheus says that all these stages proceed in a perfect harmony from a single cell to a living baby, then to a little child, and finally to an adolescent. all these events can be explained only by a miracle, just as in all the other stages of biology. mattheus asks how such a perfect and complex organism can emerge from such a simple and tiny cell and how a glorious human is created from a cell even smaller than the dot on the letter i. he finally concludes that this is nothing short of a miracle. ( robert matthews, unravelling the mind of god, london bridge, july, 1995, p. 8 ) some other scientists who admit that the universe is created by a creator and who are known by their cited attributes are : robert boyle ( the father of modern chemistry ) iona william petty ( known for his studies on statistics and modern economy ) michael faraday ( one of the greatest physicists of all times ) gregory mendel ( the father of genetics ; he invalidated darwinism with his discoveries in the science of genetics ) louis pasteur ( the greatest name in bacteriology ; he declared war on darwinism ) john dalton ( the father of atomic theory ) blaise pascal ( one of the most important mathematicians ) john ray ( the most important name in british natural history ) nicolaus steno ( a famous strat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5757690623302302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.723208"} {"text": "between animals and people, a bond of friendship is often established. this often occurs when the role of the animal is being a pet. but did you know that animals also take in pets at times? flickr image credit between animals and people, a bond of friendship is often established. this often occurs when the role of the animal is being a pet. but did you know that animals also take in pets at times? this usually occurs among animals in captivity. just like with some humans, it is a luxury to have a pet. one case is told about lucy, who was a chimpanzee raised by humans. in the intention to relieve her loneliness, lucy was given a kitten as a companion. during her initial encounter with the little cat, her hair stood up on end. barking, she grabbed it, threw it to the ground, and attempted to bite it. their next encounter was similar, but during third meeting lucy was calmer. as she roamed around the kitten walked with her, and half an hour later, lucy picked up the kitten, kissed and hugged it, showing a complete shift of attitude. lucy groomed and cradled the kitten later, carried it often, made nests for it and protected it from humans. the chimpanzee acted in a way as do affectionate small children with ideas of what think would please their pets. the kitten \u201c no longer looked nervous to be carried by the chimpanzee \u201d although it was unwilling to cleave to lucy \u2019 s stomach, so she either carried it in one hand or let it ride on her back. in a similar case, a gorilla named koko demonstrated great fondness toward pet kittens. her first pet was named all ball. when the kitten died because it was hit by a car, koko was crying, which sounding something similar to a human weeping. she later took on two other pet manx cats named \u201c lipstick \u201d and \u201c smokey. \u201d this animal behavior appears strikingly similar to what we humans called love. there are several accounts wherein horses were known to forge friendship bonds with other animals such as goats. they are careful not to hurt the goats. in fact, they often protect these goats. there are reports of racehorses who mope and refuse run well when detached from their goat friends. these goats may considerably be the equivalent of pets. the horses are not confused about species : they recognize that the goat is not a horse, but they like it anyway. there was also an account that one captive elephant routinely set aside a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4764676357585341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.726054"} {"text": "lower town in oradour - sur - glane the lower town in the ruined village of oradour - sur - glane is the section of the main street that is at the south end. the church where the women and children were massacred is behind the camera in the photo above which shows rue de emile desourteaux as it curves around and climbs up to the upper town at the north end of the village. les bordes road is to the right behind the first building on the right. the town is on the ridge of a gentle hill. notice the overhead electrical wires which get electricity from the tram line that was installed the photo below shows a view of the outdoor market place which is to the left of the tree. the church is on the left, but out of camera range. this market place had a pitched roof over it which collapsed when the town was destroyed. the large tree was there before the massacre. the tree shown in the photo above is the \" tree of liberty, \" planted in 1848 after the revolution when the second republic was established. to the left of the tree is the remains of the market hall, which was built in 1903. on the 15th of each month, there was a market day in oradour - sur - glane. the photo above shows the southern entrance to the town in the center background. the small building at the end of the road was the original building where tourists could buy postcards, maps and brochures about the town. on the right is the old church and behind it, the presbytery where two priests and a seminary student lived. all three were killed in the massacre. this is the road that the ss soldiers used to enter the town. the opening in the retaining wall in the right hand corner of the photo above was for a water pump, since the town had no running water. the church doorway above this opening is the entrance to the sacistry, where the women and children tried to find refuge, but ss soldiers standing guard outside the church fired machine guns into the room. the area across the road from the church is covered with grass and is labeled as the market square on some maps. this is not the place where the villagers were assembled, although the assembly place is also called the market square by some authors of books about the village. the photo below shows the grassy area across from the church which is in the background. the tree in the foreground is a chestnut tree. the bouchoule barn, where some of the women and children", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39139638166239055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.728409"} {"text": "drugs and alcohol the relationship between children ' s health, safety and nutrition is very important relationship. understanding certain guidelines, and potential hazardous conditions can help prevent physical and emotional incidents. some preventive health practices of care that people can take are to avoid the smoke and abuse of substances like drugs and alcohol, eat a healthy diet low in fat, exercising regularly, brush your teeth regularly and frequently washing hands. to help promote good health, people must realize that to some extent, which can prevent certain health problems. instilling healthy habits and practices in children can help prevent accidents due to lack of proper nutrition all the way to make sure to wear a safety helmet when riding your bike. it has been documented by the world health organization health is a state or quality of the total physical, mental and social well - being. some factors that may affect the health of children are the heritage and the environment. through inheritance, this is when the child ' s characteristics are passed from parents to their children at the time of conception to determine genetic traits. understanding a child ' s inheritance can help determine the readiness of health problems like heart disease, cancer, allergies, etc. environment can play an equally important role in child development. the environment includes physical, social, economic and cultural rights. these factors often influence how children think, perceive, and act in certain situations in their environment. there are some positive environmental factors that can affect children as healthy eating, recreation, regular exercise and adequate rest, access to health care and dental care, limited stress and a clean and safe for children, the opportunities for a stable and friendly relations. child safety is very important. safety is the behavior and practices that protect children from risk or injury. the control of safe environments for children, such as having the right equipment for development, help prevent accidents. even minor accidents have immediate effects on children ' s health. it is imperative that adults scan the area from which children are going to remove and store hazardous materials out of reach of young children. strict control that is needed. another form of protection is to establish the rules and limitations. rules help children learn what is expected, and ensuring safety. nutrition is defined as all the processes used by a child to take in food and to digest, absorb, transport, utilize and excrete food substances. the substances found in food are called nutrients. eating is a very important component of life. eating the right foods to ensure good nutrients increases a child ' s energy, growth and development, normal behavior, resistance to disease and infection, and tissue", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5166420130968191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.734119"} {"text": "this paper reflects the research and thoughts of a student at the time the paper was written for a course at bryn mawr college. like other materials on serendip, it is not intended to be \" authoritative \" but rather to help others further develop their own explorations. web links were active as of the time the paper was posted but are not updated. 2006 second web paper how can fear have such a strong hold on an individual? fear can be seen as an emotion that can protect humans or animals from potential danger ( 1 ). fear can also be seen as a feeling of uneasiness and hypervigilance. experience and culture play a role in our feelings because they teach us what to fear in the world around us. perhaps this is why people are disproportionately afraid of some things but can ignore others. fear can be a healthy emotion because it keeps us on alert and watchful for possible threats. death, i think is safe to say, is our most basic fear. i believe this because the fear of death functions to make us alert in dangerous situations. this idea definetly accounts for some fears but what about other fears that just have to do with being uneasy in certain settings or situations? what about fear of things that do not even cause a major threat to our lives? fear can be innate and / or acquired through experiences. acquired or learned fear comes as a conditional reflex which is in response to two types of stimuli. one stimulus is usually neutral or harmless and that can be for example a bell ringing while, the other stimuli can be potentially harmful like an electric shock. if an animal is given a shock treatment immediately after the bell rings, it learns to associate the ringing of the bell with the shock treatment. from this observation, the animal will exhibit fearful behavior when it hears the sound of a bell ringing. from the two types of fear, acquired fear can at many times manifest itself as an anxiety disorder or mental illness. so is there a neurological difference between the two types of fear? what is happening in the brain when the feeling of fear arises? the emotion or feeling of fear in mammals, including humans, is processed in a pair of tissues located along the middle part of the brain, called amygdala. this processing occurs in the amygdala regardless of whether the fear is innate or conditioned. studies by dr. gleb shumyatsky and colleagues, according to india ' s national newspaper the hindu, indicated that a gene known as grp or gastrin releasing peptide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5322184779893413, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.747956"} {"text": "be valid because the purpose of fear is to warn or keep us from future discomfort yet we experience fear itself in an uncomfortable state. i guess the overall goal with quirk ' s study, is trying to help individuals feel comfortable while still avoiding possible threats or situations that could cause future discomfort. from what i understand, when we experience fear we are in a state of caution from a possible threat. some people could argue that fear is always based on something that has not happened yet, and is therefore a fantasy of our mind rather than fact. however, if someone knows that lions like meat, is it not reality ( and not fantasy ) that if i sleep next to a lion in the zoo, 9 times out of 10 i will not wake up with all of my body parts? in fact i may not even wake up... why? i would be dead! just because it has not happened yet, does not mean that it is just part of my imagination. what we know to be true or factual is from what we have learned in life experiences and from our culture or from tv shows like \" when animals attack \". people who have not had experiences with certain animals but are still afraid of the animals, are sometimes seen as irrational or abnormal. why? what classifies an individual as abnormal or normal when it comes to fear and disorders like phobias? what i find to be a bit unsettling is the fact that i to some may seem to be abnormal because i have a phobia of cats. however, what level must be reached to qualify me as an abnormal individual simply because what seems to scare me does not scare others. where is the line drawn between normal fears and abnormal or irrational fears? i feel at times people with irrational fears as with phobias, are immediately shut down by others because their fears are not rational, but where is the line between realistic and non realistic fear. according to dr. jeffy ricker, a fearful individual may be classified as abnormal if their fear is more severe than is warranted by the actual threat and / or if the individual ' s behavioral response to the fear is severely maladaptive ( 2 ). i concur with dr. jeffy to some extent with his beliefs because some fears of like fish or heights may not seem to be rational because those things are not fatal. however, the question still remains of how exactly you determine what fear is more severe than is warranted? is it just based on what the majority of people feel towards the animal or situation?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5544050779601577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.753008"} {"text": "not seem to be rational because those things are not fatal. however, the question still remains of how exactly you determine what fear is more severe than is warranted? is it just based on what the majority of people feel towards the animal or situation? fear is a tough subject to tackle with because it seems to be all relative to one ' s own experiences. at the same time though, it seems like there is a clear difference between what i think poses a threat to a person versus what another person might think poses a threat to them. since there is this difference i do not think it is fare to minimize someone else ' s fear simply because it does not fit in the category of accepted fears. innate fear and acquired fear does not even help in the distinction of what is normal and what is abnormal because then you would be making a nature versus nurture argument. i think that fear plays a very important role in how we live our lives because it can definitely protect us from certain situations but it can really hold us back from situations where there really is no threat. i think that is where the idea of nothing to fear but fear itself, comes in. 1 ) http : / / www. hindu. com / seta / 2005 / 12 / 15 / stories / 2005121500071600. htm. the hindu : india ' s national newspaper. 2005. 2 ) dr. jeffy ricker. http : / / www. sc. maricopa. edu / sbscience / psy266 / course / fear - anxiety. html. fear and anxiety. 3 ) john travis. http : / / www. sciencenews. org / articles / 20040117 / bob9. asp. science news : fear not. | course home | serendip home |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5022784454113792, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.753815"} {"text": "\" hemoglobin is the key to a healthy heartbeat. \" - placebo, haemoglobin blood - vertebrate * blood, at any rate - is red because the erythrocytes that float in plasma are red. the erythrocytes, in turn, are red because of all the hemoglobin in their cytoplasm. it ' s chock - full of the stuff. in the diagram below, the four green wire - frame looking bits ( as opposed to the red and blue ribbon - looking bits ) are the ferrous heme groups that bind up the oxygen you breathe into your lungs : oxygen diffuses into your red blood cells through the alveoli of the lungs, where each of those heme groups grabs an oxygen molecule. it ' s easy to do, since oxygen is fairly plentiful in the air we breathe. that may not seem like a whole lot, but it increases the amount of oxygen your blood can absorb by about seventy times, since otherwise oxygen could only dissolve into your plasma as a gas. then, as your blood courses through your body, the lack of oxygen causes the iron atom in each heme group to lose its grip on the oxygen molecule it ' s holding, and the oxygen diffuses into nearby cells where it fuels the chemical reactions that drive you. that ' s... really all it is! just pressure. lots of chemical reactions, it turns out, are more like making soup than they are like building a machine, and the body ' s urgent need for oxygen in every cell means that a quick and dirty solution like this is all it takes ( no fancy - pants calcium ion pumps or anything ). of course, hemoglobin isn ' t the only solution to this problem. molluscs and arthropods use cuprous hemocyanin, which does the same thing but has way cooler color - change action. see, deoxygenated blood is dark burgundy in color, whereas oxygenated blood is a more vibrant red. when hemocyanin is deoxygenated, it ' s colorless - but when oxygenated, it ' s blue. look at this crab : to be fair, hemocyanin bonds a little stronger to oxygen, which is what makes it so good for the invertebrates that use it, because they often inhabit oxygen - poor environments. on a related note, carbon monoxide bonds much stronger to the heme groups, rendering them useless because it never leaves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5123603897914147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.761433"} {"text": "to oxygen, which is what makes it so good for the invertebrates that use it, because they often inhabit oxygen - poor environments. on a related note, carbon monoxide bonds much stronger to the heme groups, rendering them useless because it never leaves, and this is why co is such a deadly poison. other solutions to the \" gee, i need oxygen in my blood \" problem include hemerythrin, which is pink when oxygenated and colorless when deoxygenated, and the christmas - themed chlorocruorin, which is red when oxygenated but green when deoxygenated. ok, enough about other kinds of blood, back to your blood! after your erythrocytes have dumped their truckload of oxygen into your hungry hungry cells, they pick up the carbon dioxide to carry it to the lungs for exhalation. this is done in three ways : about 7 % of your waste co2 is dissolved directly into plasma, 23 % combines with hemoglobin, and a whopping 70 % is transformed by carbonic anhydrase ( which is in your erythrocytes ' cytoplasm ) into carbonic acid. the alert reader who is passing familiar with chemistry will notice that carbonic acid dissolves in water by separating into a negatively charged bicarbonate ion and a positively charged hydrogen ion ( or, as physicists are wont to call it, a proton ). the alert reader who is passing familiar with chemistry will also notice that free - floating protons in water tend to result in hydronium ions, and the negative log of the hydronium ion content is what is measured when we refer to \" ph \". here is a chart showing what happens when your blood ph gets outside the narrow range of 7. 35 - 7. 45 that i mentioned when we spoke last : the alert reader who is passing familiar with greek will notice that everything outside of normal ends in \" - osis \", which means problem ( loosely translated ). so how does your body fastidiously avoid such problems? well, in the first place, it ' s not like all your cells take in oxygen at once and then pass off carbon dioxide all at once. that would just be silly. but your body is always metabolizing, all the time always until you ' re dead, and so it needs to keep a tight rein on your blood ph as you go through your varying levels of activity. blood is slightly alkaline, and your bones are basically load - bearing mineral", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5108159010502988, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.763236"} {"text": ", all the time always until you ' re dead, and so it needs to keep a tight rein on your blood ph as you go through your varying levels of activity. blood is slightly alkaline, and your bones are basically load - bearing mineral deposits, so that helps at least a little bit ( fun fact : consuming too much animal protein in relation to vegetable protein has been implicated in bone mass loss in females! ). short term ph imbalance can be corrected by altering respiration : expelling more co2 will increase the proportion of co2 dissolved in blood ( less carbonic acid means more alkaline blood ), and holding on to more co2 will increase the proportion held as carbonic acid ( or h + and hco3 - ) and increase acidity. in the long term, your kidneys respond by excreting the leftover acid or base that builds up in your bloodstream, and also regulating the amount of buffering ammonia in your blood. your blood also helps regulate your body temperature through the clever application of plumbing. heat is generated in various organs such as the liver and the brain ( even thinking is exothermic! ), and blood acts as a coolant to help you avoid overheating by absorbing some of the heat and bringing it to the heat sink that is your skin. in addition to sweating, your body sheds excess heat by expanding its arterial walls, increasing blood flow to the capillaries near the surface of the skin where the heat escapes into the atmosphere, or at least into your sweat ( if the surrounding air temperature is higher than your body temperature ). when you need to conserve heat, your arteries constrict, reducing blood flow to the skin and extremities to conserve heat and thus maintain core body temperature. this is why the cold will often make you numb and pale : your thoracic cavity needs all the heat it can hold on to, and the rest of you is somewhat more expendable. note that this is distinct from frostbite, which results from ice crystals puncturing cellular membranes and causing cell death ( this is why frostbitten tissues are kinda gelatinous when thawed, and one of the key hurdles for cryonics to overcome in the quest for legitimacy ). ok, oxygen transport, acid - base homeostasis, and thermoregulation - check! tune in next wednesday when i chatter on about the army of your immune system! * - there just had to be an exception, didn ' t", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5286659477285554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.764719"} {"text": "much of the brain ' s visual processing can change dynamically with changes in environment. for example, a common experiment in college psych courses is to give a student glasses that flip the world upside - down. it takes a few days for the student ' s brain to adapt to the new inputs, and then they see the world normally ( and revert after a few days w / o the glasses ). patients with macular degeneration can wear glasses that stretch - map the visual input around areas of missing vision ( in the manner of a cylindrical mirror ). after some time, they report seeing the world normally - their visual system has adapted and remapped the input. i wonder if the effect simply measures the amount of reading the subject does ; in other terms, perhaps it ' s just measuring the amount of fine - focus eye training? what does the test show for people who play a lot of arcade games ( shooters, especially ones that throw a lot of targets at you )? or people who use a lot of visual perception in their daily lives? the article stated that the authors \" tested for other possible explanations \". also, the correlation was at most 71 %, note that flipping a coin is expected to correlate to around 50 %. their data seems to be awfully well clustered and the slope seems to be due to the outliers. the first study used 12 subjects, and the second only 53. i ' m unconvinced. it could be promising, but i would like to see correlations from more data.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.587625186635979, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.770348"} {"text": "what kind of evidence of a disease would survive after 12, 000 years? as a cause of death among animals, disease is probably a much more significant factor than predation, especially if they are under stress, though given the penchant of predators to pick out the weak and infirm, it may be difficult to distinguish ( shipman, 1981 ). a disease that could kill 3 sloths at once would have to have been dangerous and fast - acting, but can you prove it from fossils? a hypervirulent disease has been suggested as a possible cause of the pleistocene mass - extinction ( macphee and marx, 1997 ). the theory is humans or their dogs ( or their fleas ) brought a pathogen with them when they arrived in the new world, and while they were immune, the new world fauna was not, and large mammals died in unprecedented numbers \u2013 a dress rehearsal, if you will, for the devastation wreaked by measles, small pox, etc. when those pathogens arrived with europeans 12, 000 years later. but small pox didn \u2019 t exterminate dozens of species. as a rule, disease - causing microbes adapt to a limited number of hosts with a life - style and genes that make them susceptible. diseases that can infect widely disparate species are rare. macphee and marx offer rabies and leptospira as models for the plague microbe, though neither has the requisite characteristics today ( e. g. aerosol transmission, range of hosts, etc. ). you also need to assume some different social systems among the infected animals, i. e. more direct contact to maintain the plague. of course, you don \u2019 t need to assume a super bug killed the tarkio valley trio \u2013 a bad sloth - cold could have had the same effect if stress had left them vulnerable. proving the sloths died of a fast - acting acute disease is a challenge. such diseases generally act on soft tissues, rarely do they leave an imprint on bone ( manchester, 1987 ). a long - term chronic disease has a better chance of leaving fossil evidence, but arthritis, or another such disease couldn \u2019 t kill three sloths at once. does that just leave us with an interesting theory and no way to prove it? maybe not. the ability to detect disease directly in fossils took a giant leap forward in 2005 when hendrik poinar, in the ancient dna center at mcmaster university in hamilton, ontario, and an international team,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45745158732066793, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.775894"} {"text": "no way to prove it? maybe not. the ability to detect disease directly in fossils took a giant leap forward in 2005 when hendrik poinar, in the ancient dna center at mcmaster university in hamilton, ontario, and an international team, succeeded in sequencing 28 million base pairs ( bp ) of dna from a well - preserved siberian wooly mammoth jaw ( poinar et al., 2006 ). in a field where getting a few hundred bp of dna is viewed as a significant achievement, they recovered 13 million bp of the mammoth \u2019 s genome. the remaining sequences were traced to a wide range of internal viruses and bacteria, a number of soil organisms, and even the mammoth \u2019 s last meal. poinar \u2019 s team used a database of dna sequences on file at the national center for biotechnology information ( ncbi ), and software they developed, to identify the dna sequences down to the species level in many cases. sequencing dna from our fossils is a long shot. the mammoth was preserved under ideal conditions. iowa \u2019 s wet temperate climate makes finding dna extremely unlikely. however, the nsf wants us to try and poinar has agreed to help. who knows what we \u2019 ll discover along the way \u2013 hopefully proof we have a sloth family, and maybe entire internal and external ecosystems in those fragile strands.... dave poinar, hn, schwarz, c, qi j, shapiro, b, macphee, rde, buigues, b, tikhonov, a, huson, dh, tomsho, lp, auch, a, rampp, m, miller, w, schuster, sc. 2006. metagenomics to paleogenomics : large scale sequencing of mammoth dna. science 311 ( 5759 ) : 392 - 294. rowe, b. 2005. re disease and mass extinction the sneeze heard \u2019 round the world : disease and the great pleistocene extinction. abstracts, society for american archaeology 70th annual meeting, march 30 - april 3, 2005, salt lake city. p. 254. macphee, r. d. e. and marx, p. a. 1997. the 40, 000 year plague : humans, hyperdisease and first - contact extinctions. in natural change and human impact in madagascar. s. goodman and b. patterson ( eds. ) smithsonian institution press. manchester, k. 1987. skeletal evidence for health and disease. in death, decay and reconstruction : approaches to archaeology and forensic science. a.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46983031431124345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.776846"} {"text": "long axis of base up to 100 mm, span of tentacles to 50 mm. base and lower part of the column expanded laterally, forming two lobes enveloping a hermit crab and its gastropod shell so that the disc is beneath the crab with the two lobes meeting on its dorsal side. base capable of secreting a chitinous membrane which effectively increases the capacity of the shell so that as the crab grows it has no need to change its abode. upper part of column short and cylindrical. cinclides are present on low mounds on the lower part of the column, from which long acontia are profusely and freely emitted at the slightest provocation. colouration : column, disc and tentacles white, the lower part of the column more or less suffused with chestnut. column usually spotted with lilac - pink or crimson and a line of the same running around its upper margin ; acontia usually pink, rarely white. usually found on substrata of sand or gravel, especially where stones or broken shells are present, or near rock outcrops, etc. typically a sublittoral species occurring down to 200 m or more but occasionally found on the lower shore where it may he washed up after storms. young specimens, of normal anemone - shape but possessing the characteristic pink spots of the adult, may occur on rocks or shells between tidemarks. it lives almost exclusively on the hermit crab pagurus prideauxi ( leach ) in british waters, although other species may be involved elsewhere. common around all coasts of britain and western europe in general, from norway to the mediterranean.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4341386606679807, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.778409"} {"text": "next - to - the - best technologies of 2000 - 2010 these innovations just barely missed the cut for our top 11 list this is part of ieee spectrum ' s special report : top 11 technologies of the decade paper or plastic? in 2020, newspapers will still be with us, but they won ' t be paper despite the increasing sophistication of electronic displays, with their staggering color palettes and expanding contrast levels, gutenberg ' s 15th - century technology didn ' t begin to give way until the 2000s. that was when electronic paper made its debut in digital book readers like amazon ' s kindle and barnes & noble ' s nook. e - paper exploits a phenomenon called electrophoresis, discovered in 1807 and revived at xerox parc in the 1970s but put to practical use at mit ' s media lab only in 1997. it uses a jolt of current to make the black dye inside thousands of microcapsules sandwiched between flexible polymer sheets rise to the top of the capsules so that the \" ink \" becomes visible through one of the sheets. a great advantage of this method is that it draws power only when updating the image on the screen. recent models offer a contrast ratio similar to that of a newspaper. speaking of the dailies, they just may supplant books as the killer app for e - readers. uploading a digital version of your hometown broadsheet on a plastic sheet that you can roll up and tuck in your bag would eliminate the cost of printing and distribution, and it ' d also save a lot of trees. \u2014 willie d. jones the new computing covenant apple brings tablets down from the mountain in his 1972 article \" a personal computer for children of all ages, \" computer scientist alan kay imagined the dynabook, then a computer of \" science fiction, \" around 2 centimeters thick, weighing less than 2 kilograms, and the size and shape of a paper notebook, with a power - charging connection for use at work or in libraries. arguably, the first machines even to resemble kay ' s tablet device emerged in the 1980s, as digital clipboards for insurance adjusters and salespeople. then, in april 2010, apple released the ipad. only 1. 34 cm thick, the wi - fi \u2013 enabled and 3g - capable model weighs just 0. 73 kg. apple sold some 2 million units in 60 days and 3 million in 80 days. meanwhile, hp, dell, samsung, notion ink, asus, and lenovo, among others, all have similar tablet", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47362862014479695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.789620"} {"text": "capable model weighs just 0. 73 kg. apple sold some 2 million units in 60 days and 3 million in 80 days. meanwhile, hp, dell, samsung, notion ink, asus, and lenovo, among others, all have similar tablet computers on the market or are planning them. according to jeff hawkins, developer of the 1989 gridpad, an early tablet, and later of the palm pilot, the consumer versions had to wait for flat color displays, low - power cpus, better batteries, and wireless networks. \" the technology didn ' t exist 20 years ago that was necessary for successful consumer tablets, \" he says. still, kay says, tablet computers haven ' t yet reached his vision of the dynabook. \" what end users can make, and what it takes to make something, are both woefully inadequate on today ' s machines, \" he says. with a different approach, he adds, tablets such as the ipad could be \" one of the greatest educational amplifiers for children ever made. \" compress me a song a german researcher took us from albums to algorithms when my children are my age, they will surely look back with bemusement at the crude means by which their elders entertained themselves. they ' ll laugh at the thought of vinyl platters spinning like carousels, cartridges containing spools of magnetic tape, and even laser - etched metal sheets embedded in plastic discs. they ' ll take for granted that you can carry every bit of music you own in your pocket. and it ' s no sweat now, because nand flash memory sells for about a dollar per gigabyte. but back in 1989, when a german researcher introduced the idea behind the mp3 compression algorithm, flash memory cost several hundred dollars per megabyte. several things happened at the close of the last decade that together marked the dividing line between b. c. ( before compression ) and a. d. ( apple domination ). in 1997, the first mp3 player was introduced, with enough storage capacity for about six songs ( paltry, it ' s true, even by 8 - track standards ). two years later, shawn fanning rolled out napster, providing an easy way for people with mp3 files to share the songs in their collections. around that same time, the first usb flash memory key drives arrived, further stoking demand for nonvolatile memory. in 2001, when apple introduced the first ipod, consumers ' expectations were irrevocably changed. ( pay for music online? perhaps.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4479854756337204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.790572"} {"text": "the first usb flash memory key drives arrived, further stoking demand for nonvolatile memory. in 2001, when apple introduced the first ipod, consumers ' expectations were irrevocably changed. ( pay for music online? perhaps. buy a whole lp? fuhgeddaboutit. ) by 2006, digital music had unseated its predecessors : five billion digital music files were swapped on peer - to - peer networks that year, and the ubiquitous ipod, aided by apple ' s itunes online music store, was fast approaching 100 million units a year in sales. think : when was the last time you even saw someone carrying a portable cd or cassette player or found yourself browsing the shelves in a record store? \u2014 willie d. jones time to eject the rise and fall of the optical disc this year star wars fans will have the chance to buy yet another version of the films, this time on high - definition blu - ray. although the new disc may shoulder aside the dvd, it cannot equal it as a game changer. take for example netflix, the movie rental company. it owes its existence to the dvd, because this disc, unlike the vhs tape, was not too expensive to ship. now, netflix typically mails 2 million dvds a day, says steve swasey, vice president of corporate communications. when cofounder reed hastings first imagined movies by mail in the 1990s, dvds were so new that he didn ' t own any. he tested the system by mailing cds to himself. blu - ray required lasers capable of creating and reading smaller marks \u2014 stamped pits, dye discolorations, or quenched metal coatings \u2014 on the surface of a disc. a dvd uses the red beam of a 650 - nanometer laser ; a blu - ray uses a blue 405 - nm beam. shuji nakamura developed the laser diode required for blu - ray while working at nichia corp., in tokushima, japan. he says he chose to study the \" poor \" semiconductor gallium nitride to make laser diodes in the 1980s because he wanted opportunities to publish. \" the major companies were using zinc selenide. there were too many papers, \" nakamura says. making more marks in even more layers might lead to future generations of optical discs, says barry schechtman, executive director emeritus at the information storage industry consortium. but he wonders whether the disc is already coming to the end of its momentous life, given external hard drives, flash drives, and streaming. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5482947580842459, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.791600"} {"text": "optical discs, says barry schechtman, executive director emeritus at the information storage industry consortium. but he wonders whether the disc is already coming to the end of its momentous life, given external hard drives, flash drives, and streaming. \" when we will need another generation beyond blu - ray \u2014 and even if we would need it \u2014 is still a big question, \" he says. the end of analog am and fm go hd in 2002, hd radio promised americans fm - quality sound on am channels and cd - quality sound on fm channels \u2014 with no subscription charge. in 2006, retailers sold 28 000 hd radio receivers for nightstands and dashboards, reports ibiquity digital corp., the columbia, md., company that developed the system. in the first three quarters of 2010, sales hit 1. 2 million. radio was finally going digital. well, almost digital. called iboc for in - band on - channel, today ' s \" hybrid \" setup requires broadcasters to continue transmitting the old analog signal. upgrading to the ibiquity system allows them also to transmit a digital signal, centered on the analog channel and in the frequencies slightly above and below. for fm channels, that ' s about 101 to 200 kilohertz from the analog center. to avoid interference, broadcasters transmit these digital signals at a lower power than their analog neighbors. the iboc system appeals to many broadcasters because it keeps intact their established territories and frequencies, says dave wilson of the consumer electronics association, which cosponsors the national radio systems committee, one of the organizations that tested the system. it also takes up no more of the radio spectrum than did the old analog system. the original point of going digital was to get improved sound quality, but ambitions grew along with the technology. because today ' s compression programs can stuff far more information into a given bandwidth than had been dreamed possible, new things are being found to stuff : captioning for the deaf, itunes song \" tagging, \" album art, and even \" multicasting \" \u2014 different broadcasts layered into one station, found by tuning a bit above and below the center fm channel. the system is also more efficient than streaming internet or satellite services, says robert j. struble, president and ceo of ibiquity. it takes only one tower on the top of the empire state building, he notes, to dole out hd radio to all of new york city. to upgrade, broadcasters must buy new transmitting equipment and pay a fee to ibiquity, but", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5015135680618765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.792619"} {"text": ". it takes only one tower on the top of the empire state building, he notes, to dole out hd radio to all of new york city. to upgrade, broadcasters must buy new transmitting equipment and pay a fee to ibiquity, but the company reports that over 2000 u. s. stations have made the switch. \" they feel this is a question of survival, \" says ann gallagher at the federal communications commission, audio division, regarding a 2010 broadcasters ' panel discussion. \" radio doesn ' t want to be the last analog medium. \" lcd by tko underdog lcd went from desktop to wall mount engineers have known for decades that getting the cathode ray tube out of the picture would allow tv sets to have bigger screens while making them as wispy as runway models. but plasma displays were too expensive and power hungry to break out of the high end of the tv market, while lcds, despite their success in desktop computing, were even further out in the cold. lcds suffered from blurred images, ghosting, low contrast ratios, and colors that varied dramatically at different viewing angles. the game changed with several key innovations, notably nec corp. ' s overdrive technique, which doubled the standard voltage supplied to a pixel while using half the pulse width ( speeding up response times from around 20 milliseconds to about 2 ms today ). meanwhile, the success of lcds in the desktop market created economies of scale, lowering the cost per unit. together these developments induced electronics manufacturers to invest heavily in large - screen lcd technology for television. energy efficiency and contrast ratio were dramatically improved when led backlights began to replace fluorescent tubes. by the 2007 holiday season, cheap, svelte lcd tvs had elbowed aside plasma and crt. now children under 15 will give bulky crts the same quizzical look they give manual typewriters and pay phones. \u2014 willie d. jones better, bit by bit with digital cinematography, 3 - d finally makes sense thirty years ago, buzz hays started his 3 - d career with a lesson from alfred hitchcock, by helping to restore the master ' s 1954 dial m for murder to its original paper - glasses glory. now he ' s the chief instructor at the sony 3d technology center, in culver city, calif., where he teaches other filmmakers newly learned subtleties of stereoscopic storytelling. stereoscopic systems \u2014 which present a different perspective to each eye \u2014 failed in the ' 50s. but to critics who say, \" been there, done that, \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4933811645927295, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.793617"} {"text": "., where he teaches other filmmakers newly learned subtleties of stereoscopic storytelling. stereoscopic systems \u2014 which present a different perspective to each eye \u2014 failed in the ' 50s. but to critics who say, \" been there, done that, \" hays responds that stereoscopy is in a \" constant state of refinement, \" incorporating new projection technologies, brighter images, and better ways to capture footage. digitization was the key, says bruno sargeant, who manages television work at autodesk, a computer graphics company. he says that a completely digital \" pipeline \" from camera to presentation has finally made 3 - d filmmaking financially viable. joshua greer, president and cofounder of reald, in beverly hills, calif., agrees. theaters equipped with his company ' s digital projection equipment account for about 80 percent of the market share, measured in terms of 3 - d films ' box office receipts. his company ' s 3 - d cinema system uses a liquid crystal filter to circularly polarize light. when combined with today ' s polarized shades, that means different images for the left and right eyes. such high - quality systems, greer says, were \" just not possible before digital came along. \" now business is booming : in june of 2009, reald ' s light shows jumped out of 2600 theater screens ; this past summer, 7500. there were 6 such films in 2008 ; this year, the company expects there to be 35. although some now point to glasses - free systems and even \" holography \" ( which requires projecting images on mist or smoke ), hays says the next big thing will be when \" mere mortals \" can record and then watch their own films \u2014 including those of baby ' s first step \u2014 in 3 - d. for all of ieee spectrum ' s top 11 technologies of the decade, visit the special report.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4911067022103934, "token_count": 381, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.794444"} {"text": "the runners - up : more earthshaking chips these 13 great little chips didn ' t make our list - - mainly because we ran out of space in print. and, well, one isn ' t even a chip this is part of ieee spectrum ' s special report : 25 microchips that shook the world. cray research cray - 1 cpu ( 1976 ) seymour cray liked to build powerful computers. he also liked to build beautiful computers. the cray - 1, with its stylized chassis arranged in the shape of a c ( as in cray \u2014 get it? ), came out in 1976. it might as well have come from the future. wired by hand, freon - cooled, a padded seat circling the chassis. in its guts resided tight piles of circuit boards, each crammed with up to 144 chips \u2014 memory chips and high - speed logic chips. so the cray - 1 had no microprocessors ; instead, the whole machine acted as one 5 - metric - ton processor. with 64 - bit registers, it ran at 80 megahertz and crunched numbers using a technique called vector processing. basically, the logic chips fetched long strings of numbers ( vectors ) from memory and computed them all at once. the c shape actually helped keep wires short and was thus a critical aspect of the high - speed design. the first cray - 1 \u2014 80 megaflops, 8 megabytes of main memory \u2014 went to los alamos national laboratory. it cost us $ 8. 8 million, at a time when a million bucks was real money. cray pioneered the field of supercomputing, but as a business the company enjoyed mixed results. in the 1980s, the high - performance computing market was dominated by massively parallel machines, which were less expensive and more flexible than cray \u2019 s. they just didn \u2019 t look as good as a cray. intel 1702 2048 - bit eprom chip ( 1971 ) ultraviolet radiation is known as an effective killer of bacteria. but for a time in the 1970s and 1980s it was also used to kill data. erasable programmable read - only memory, or eprom, chips had little quartz windows through which you \u2019 d shine a uv beam to wipe out the data and thus be able to reprogram the device. the idea of using ultraviolet to erase a memory chip sounds preposterous today. but at the 1971 ieee international solid - state circuits conference ( isscc ), when an intel engineer named dov", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4675878131005109, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.807492"} {"text": "thus be able to reprogram the device. the idea of using ultraviolet to erase a memory chip sounds preposterous today. but at the 1971 ieee international solid - state circuits conference ( isscc ), when an intel engineer named dov frohman - bentchkowsky introduced the concept, it became all the rage. back then, memory chips were reprogrammable but volatile ( losing their data when power was removed ) or simply not reprogrammable at all ( rom chips received data at the time of fabrication and that \u2019 s that ). in his isscc paper, \u201d a fully - decoded 2048 - bit electrically - programmable mos rom, \u201d frohman - bentchkowsky showed how to construct a special transistor that worked as a nonvolatile memory element. the trick was to trap electrons in the transistor \u2019 s floating gate by applying a voltage. the electrons would remain trapped even when the voltage was removed, and the only way to free them was by shining some uv light ( or x - ray ) through them. intel \u2019 s first eprom chip was the 1702, and it could store 2 kilobits. others soon followed. engineers, tantalized by the possibility of reprogramming a memory, rushed to get hold of eprom chips \u2014 and some uv lamps as well. image : dirk oppelt ibm / sony / toshiba cell processor ( 2004 ) take a flake of silicon. etch in a powerpc processor. add eight very fast number - crunching coprocessors. connect everything through a 300 - gigabit - per - second data bus. the result is one of the most radical microprocessors in semiconductor history \u2014 the cell, developed by ibm, sony, and toshiba. it took them us $ 400 million, 400 people, and four years to get the chip out the door. designed to feed on a high - flop diet of mpeg streams, three - dimensional game polygons, and fourier transforms, the cell is used in the sony playstation 3 and high - powered servers and supercomputers. with an asymmetric architecture \u2014 two different kinds of processors \u2014 the cell served notice that programming would never be the same. computer scientists and programmers scrambled to find ways of exploiting its full potential. five years later, they \u2019 re still at it. philips semiconductors tda93xx tv processor ( 1999 ) the philips marketing people called it the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5221527898794183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.808565"} {"text": "be the same. computer scientists and programmers scrambled to find ways of exploiting its full potential. five years later, they \u2019 re still at it. philips semiconductors tda93xx tv processor ( 1999 ) the philips marketing people called it the \u201d ultimate one - chip tv processor. \u201d the philips engineers called it the tda93xx. it was a single chip integrating a tv signal processor, a closed - caption decoder, and a microcontroller core. the company pulled it off by combining conventional complementary - metal - oxide semiconductor ( cmos ) circuitry with analog bimos, a combination of bipolar and cmos technology. the chip supported all three major international tv standards ( pal, ntsc, and secam ), and by adding a microcontroller, philips eliminated the need for several other components. tv manufacturers loved the chip, which worked well even in markets like africa and china, known for quirks in their broadcast environments. philips \u2019 s semiconductor division \u2014 now known as nxp \u2014 estimates that it has shipped over 850 million chips. it plans to ship millions more until analog tv is finally retired worldwide. lucent wavelan ieee wi - fi chip set ( 1998 ) to surf the web wirelessly while sipping a latte is a great thing \u2014 few would dispute that. but it turns out that creating the wireless technology that made this staple of modernity possible involved heated debates among the world \u2019 s most powerful tech companies. before wi - fi came along, a zoo of wireless standards roamed the spectrum ; each company had its own technology. it took a dutch engineer named vic hayes \u2014 equipped with un - level diplomatic skills \u2014 to get all the companies on the same page ( and even in the same room ). as the chair of the ieee 802. 11 working group, hayes articulated the wireless network standard that would become pervasive in homes, offices, schools, airports, and, of course, coffee shops. in 1996, the group released the first version of the 802. 11 standard. hayes then took it to the engineering department of his employer, lucent technologies, and his counterparts in the working group did the same. of course, drafting a standard was one thing ; implementing it in silicon in a profitable product was another. lucent was among the first to create an 802. 11 chip set, which it introduced in 1998 as wavelan ieee, sold as part of wireless routers and modems. the chip set was soon updated to support the 802. 11b revision,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5091597305153128, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.809648"} {"text": "kill - two - chips - with - one - chip move. several years ago, stmicroelectronics did it with gps receivers. the european chip giant smashed together a gps radio front end ( which usually made up one chip ) with a signal correlator, microprocessor, and memory ( usually on the other chip ). although handheld gps systems had already been marketed, the sta2056 set a new standard for size and power consumption. and at us $ 8, the chip was cheap, driving the cost of gps devices down and helping open up a mass market for them. fiat has used the chip in several alfa romeo models, and gps vendor becker put it in its handsets. and of course the two - chips - into - one trick remains a favorite of chipmakers everywhere. advanced micro devices opteron processor ( 2003 ) since its founding in 1969, advanced micro devices has delivered its share of innovative integrated circuits. there were the logic chips that got the company started, then the amd 9080 microprocessor ( a clone of intel \u2019 s 8 - bit 8080 ), and let \u2019 s not forget amd \u2019 s am2900 bit - slice family \u2014 4 - bit chips that could be grouped to create 8 - or 16 - bit controllers, a method known as bit slicing. but most recently, the amd chip that really stands out \u2014 one of many painful pebbles amd has planted in intel \u2019 s shoes \u2014 is the 64 - bit opteron processor. this cpu extended the 32 - bit x 86 instruction set to a 64 - bit architecture. what \u2019 s more, it incorporated an embedded memory controller and a high - speed chip - to - chip interconnect. the opteron was aimed at servers, but amd soon transplanted its innovations to the athlon 64, targeted at consumer pcs. the two powerful amd processors allowed users to take on computing tasks previously reserved for expensive risc systems. the chips also forced intel to add similar capabilities to its own x 86 products. image : united states patent and trademark office philips tda7000 fm receiver ( 1983 ) engineers rarely forget their first encounter with a superheterodyne receiver. ah, the satisfaction of building a neat fm radio from scratch! when it works, that is. no surprise, then, that some hobbyists received with enthusiasm the tda7000, a remarkable - for - its - day complete fm radio on a chip, crammed with an rf input stage, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4612800689245729, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.811847"} {"text": "! when it works, that is. no surprise, then, that some hobbyists received with enthusiasm the tda7000, a remarkable - for - its - day complete fm radio on a chip, crammed with an rf input stage, a mixer, a local oscillator, an intermediate frequency amplifier, and a demodulator. it let do - it - yourselfers build decent fm receivers without having to deal with hard - to - adjust components like intermediate - frequency transformers. designed as a compact, cheap chip for mono portable radios \u2014 which themselves need to be compact and cheap \u2014 the tda7000 offered incredible performance. surprisingly, though, it was never used in a major commercial product. sold by tandy, it remained a huge hit with kit builders and hobbyists for two decades, until philips \u2019 s semiconductors division, now nxp, stopped making the part in december 2003. but variants of the chip are still around. texas instruments sn7400 logic chips ( 1966 ) in the prehistoric days of digital computers \u2014 they were called minis and mainframes back then \u2014 engineers sought to replace discrete transistors with integrated circuits that could perform basic logic operations. in these premicroprocessor days, engineers were working with simpler fare \u2014 chips like the texas instruments sn7400, an ic with four two - input nand logic gates. this chip was just one in a very big family \u2014 known as the 7400 series \u2014 that did very well for ti. unlike earlier logic chips, which used diodes and transistors ( called diode - transistor logic, or dtl ), the 7400 chips were based on all - transistor logic circuits ( transistor - transistor logic, or ttl ). texas instruments \u2019 ttl data book for design engineers became, as \u201d the silicon engine \u201d exhibit at the computer history museum puts it, \u201d the indispensable data manual of the late 1970s. \u201d today the 7400 family is still in production, sold by ti and many others. among the hundreds of 7400 siblings are simple chips like the sn7404, which contains a bunch of hexadecimal inverters, and more complex ones like the sn74alvc162334, a 16 - bit universal bus driver with three - state outputs. surely more than a few engineers still keep the ttl data book within arm \u2019 s reach. ibm power processor ( 1990 ) you \u2019 ve heard", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47197331259447045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.812780"} {"text": "the chip to samsung, the world \u2019 s no. 2 handset maker. communications services corp. rfid ( 1973 ) mario cardullo invented the first radio - frequency identification ( rfid ) device in 1969. it wasn \u2019 t a chip. * it was a circuit the size of a cigarette pack, with a receiver, a transmitter, and 16 bits of nonvolatile memory, which he built using ferrite cores. and it wasn \u2019 t called an rfid. his patent \u2014 filed in 1970 and issued in 1973 \u2014 called the contraption a \u201d transponder apparatus and system. \u201d cardullo founded communications services corp. to market the system. he thought it could be used for electronic toll collection, among other things. in 1971, he gave a demonstration to the port authority of new york & new jersey, which snubbed him. \u201d they said people would never carry these things in their cars, \u201d says cardullo, now a technology consultant in alexandria, va. he eventually moved onto other things, and communications services never sold the system. in 1990 the patent expired. but cardullo wasn \u2019 t the only person to think of identification devices that could be read at a distance. engineers working on that very idea \u2014 at los alamos national laboratory, raytheon, and other places \u2014 took rfid technology to the market. today rfid is used in smart cards, entry cards, merchandise tags, and passports. the technology is used to track pets, cattle, inventory, and, well, people \u2014 there are rfid chips encased in tiny glass capsules that can be implanted in the human body. and of course, rfid is used for electronic toll collection in new york and elsewhere. \u201d the other day my ez pass wasn \u2019 t working, \u201d cardullo says of his toll pass, \u201d and, sure enough, they sent me a ticket. \u201d * if it \u2019 s not a chip, why did we include it here? er \u2026 you got us. we just thought we needed rfid on the list \u2014 it \u2019 s a multibillion - dollar industry, and these chips are everywhere these days. also, mario is a cool guy. for more articles, go to special report : 25 microchips that shook the world.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5056781091921809, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.814635"} {"text": "squamish is located in prime cougar habitat. cougars are active throughout the year and are elusive animals that prefer to avoid contact with humans. while conflict encounters are uncommon, it is important to be alert and aware. stay safe and keep cougars wild by following these simple guidelines : - do not attract or feed wildlife. deer, raccoons, mice and rabbits are natural prey and may attract cougars. - do not leave pet food outside as this can attract wildlife. - ensure birdseed is not attracting wildlife. - ensure garbage is locked to prevent attracting rodents, raccoons or coyotes. - roaming pets are easy prey : bring pets in at night. if they must stay outside at night, ensure they are in a kennel with a secure roof. - cut back brush to reduce cover for cougars to rest and to increase sight lines for better visibility. - install motion sensor lights. on the trails - be alert and aware at all times. - avoid surprise encounters by making noise - - i. e. use your voice - hike or bike in groups of two or more and keep children close at hand. - keep dogs leashed. - look for signs of fresh cougar activity - - i. e. claw marks on trees or logs, scat or paw prints. - avoid food caches : cougars will cover unconsumed portions of their kill with twigs, leaf litter or soil. if you come across a cache, leave the area immediately. be alert to circling ravens or turkey vultures. - riding or running fast and quietly puts you at risk for surprise encounters. slow down going around blind corners and make noise. - cougar kittens are usually well - hidden. however, if you do encounter cougar kittens, do not approach or attempt to pick them up. leave the area immediately, as a female will defend her young. - carry a study walking stick to be used as a weapon if necessary. cougars seem to be attracted to children, possibly because of their high - pitched voices, small size, and erratic movements which make it difficult for cougars to identify them as human and not prey. - teach children what to do if they encounter a cougar. - encourage children to play outdoors in groups, and supervise children playing outdoors. - consider getting a dog for your children as an early - warning system. a dog can see, smell, and hear a cougar sooner then we can. although dogs offer little value as a deterrent to cougars, they may distract a couga", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42923483988438604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.820565"} {"text": "consider getting a dog for your children as an early - warning system. a dog can see, smell, and hear a cougar sooner then we can. although dogs offer little value as a deterrent to cougars, they may distract a cougar from attacking a human. - consider erecting a fence around play areas. - keep a radio playing. - dusk and dawn are typically times when cougars are most active. - if there have been cougar sightings, escort children to the bus stop in the early morning. clear shrubs away around the bus stop, making an area with a nine - metre ( 30 foot ) radius. have a light installed as a general safety precaution. - never approach a cougar. although cougars will normally avoid a confrontation, all cougars are unpredictable. cougars feeding on a kill may be dangerous. - always give a cougar an avenue of escape. - stay calm. talk to the cougar in a confident voice. - pick all children up off the ground immediately. children frighten easily and their rapid movements may provoke an attack. - do not run. try to back away from the cougar slowly. sudden movement or flight may trigger an instinctive attack. - do not turn your back on the cougar. face the cougar and remain upright. - do all you can to enlarge your image. don ' t crouch down or try to hide. pick up sticks or branches and wave them about. if a cougar behaves aggressively - arm yourself with a large stick, throw rocks, speak loudly and firmly. convince the cougar that you are a threat not prey. - if a cougar attacks, fight back! many people have survived cougar attacks by fighting back with anything, including rocks, sticks, bare fists, and fishing poles. ( for more information about cougars, please visit the province of bc ministry of environment site : the information below is taken from the taken from the environmental stewardship division of the ministry of environment )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4040523216940586, "token_count": 413, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.821321"} {"text": "the importance of reliability in design engineering has significantly grown since the early sixties. competition has been a primary driver in this growth. the three realities of competition today are : world class quality and reliability, cost - effectiveness, and fast time - to - market. formerly, companies could effectively compete if they could achieve at least two of these features in their products and product development processes, often at the expense of the third. however, customers today, whether military, aerospace, or commercial, have been sensitized to a higher level of expectation and demand products that are highly reliable, yet affordable. product development practices are shifting in response to this higher level of expectation. today, there is seldom time, or necessary resources to extensively test, analyze, and fix to achieve high quality and reliability. it is also true that the rapid growth in technology prevents the accumulation of historical data on the field performance of their products. unfortunately, some reliability methods have depended upon the availability of historical data, other experiential information, or learning through extensive and time consuming tests. unfortunately, some reliability methods have depended upon the availability of historical data, other experiential information, or learning through extensive and time consuming tests. to enable this transition, reliability efforts must be directed toward anticipating problems and designing - in features that assure the achievement of quality and reliability, concurrent with the development process, instead of trying to assess quality and reliability downstream. the gains in time - to - market and cost savings from such an approach can be significant. more recent reliability programs tend not to prescribe reliability tasks or methods to be performed by suppliers. rather, suppliers are considered equal partners in the effort to produce a reliable product and work with the companies in deciding which reliability methods provide most value in achieving objectives. nevertheless, developing reliable products and achieving reliability goals often requires different approaches for various product sectors. for example, in the defense / aerospace sector, the number of customers is relatively small. the product development cycle may span several years, while the product life cycle may last from mere minutes to as long as decades. furthermore, it is not unusual for several design iterations of technologically different hardware and software to be developed before the final version is incorporated into the production product. production volumes may range from rates of less than ten to hundreds per year. also, the reliability discipline in this sector is generally a separate activity from the design discipline. the commercial sector, in contrast to the defense / aerospace sector, usually has a higher number of different customers. development cycles could range from months to a few years", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5327208173613063, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.824672"} {"text": "a theology for synthetic biology fazale ( fuz ) rana january 16th, 2012 this question has become more poignant in the last few years as biochemists, molecular biologists, and origin - of - life researchers make significant strides in their quest to create life in the lab. attempts to produce artificial life fall under the purview of a new discipline called synthetic biology, a fusion of engineering and the life sciences. one of synthetic biology \u2019 s goals is the design and manufacture of nonnatural life - forms \u2014 man - made constructs \u2014 unlike anything found in nature. typically, those interested in creating these artificial organisms focus on engineering novel microbes ( bacteria, yeast, etc. ) or producing protocells, chemical supersystems that assume many, if not all, of the properties of life. among other benefits, these man - made life - forms could potentially provide huge technological advantages. researchers envision synthetic microbes and protocells as bioreactors that could use inexpensive raw materials and solar energy to generate extremely valuable materials, like biomedicines, vaccines, biofuels, bioplastics, etc. these novel life - forms could also be used to clean up contaminants from the environment and find use in agricultural applications. despite such exciting possibilities, the creation of artificial life raises questions, some of a practical nature and others of a more philosophical and theological orientation. - will the creation of synthetic life - forms eliminate the need for a creator? will synthetic biology make it all the more reasonable to think that life emerged via chemical evolution? - is this type of work safe? if artificial cells \u201c leak \u201d from the lab will they cause a disaster of \u201c biblical \u201d proportions? - is it ethical to create artificial life? - are researchers \u201c playing god \u201d? i find that many christians summarily condemn this type of research without thoughtful deliberation. others simply ignore it, as if by not paying attention to the work, it will \u201c go away. \u201d they bank on the notion that scientists won \u2019 t really be able to accomplish their goals. but, as i discuss in my book creating life in the lab, it is just a matter of time before scientists achieve success. in fact, i anticipate that in the next decade researchers will succeed in creating a variety of forms of artificial life, using a number of different approaches. whether we like it or not, scientists will create life in the lab. christians need to wrestle with the questions posed by this endeavor and be a part of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.520911176721596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.836732"} {"text": "succeed in creating a variety of forms of artificial life, using a number of different approaches. whether we like it or not, scientists will create life in the lab. christians need to wrestle with the questions posed by this endeavor and be a part of the process. most importantly, we need to develop a framework to help us think through these issues \u2014 we need a theology for synthetic biology. before i propose such a theology, i would like to address several questions that people typically ask about synthetic biology. my responses serve as an introduction to this new discipline and provide a status report of progress to date. can scientists really create life in the lab? this question comes up whenever i talk about advances in synthetic biology. many christians and non - christians, alike, are skeptical about scientists \u2019 ability to create even the simplest life. in part, this skepticism is fueled by the increasing recognition that even in its most minimal form, life displays astounding complexity. 1 many wonder how scientists could ever replicate such intricacy and elegance? this is not an unreasonable question. but the fact remains that scientists understand enough about how life \u2019 s structure and basic level functions to parlay that insight into genuine advances in synthetic biology. what have synthetic biologists actually accomplished? when scientists try to create life in the lab, they employ one of two approaches : the top - down or bottom - up. the top - down strategy involves re - engineering existing microbes ( sometimes in radical ways ) to generate artificial life. the bottom - up approach focuses on combining relatively simple chemicals into increasingly complex super - chemical systems that assume the properties common to life on earth. to date, the greatest progress toward creating artificial life is due to the top - down approach. however, researchers working with the bottom - up method have also made significant advances. 2 in the next decade, i believe researchers employing both approaches will have success in making artificial cells and life - like protocells, respectively. does the creation of life in the lab eliminate the need for a creator? many christians view the attempt to create life in the lab as a thoroughly atheistic endeavor. this is because many synthetic biologists and origin - of - life researchers assert that if we can make life in the lab, it will mean life is not special. according to this view, life is merely a physicochemical system. therefore, we can, in principle, replicate this chemistry and physics in the lab. if this is the case, then a creator is not needed to explain life \u2019 s genesis. without the need for a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5318605266630883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.837798"} {"text": "is merely a physicochemical system. therefore, we can, in principle, replicate this chemistry and physics in the lab. if this is the case, then a creator is not needed to explain life \u2019 s genesis. without the need for a creator, it makes it all the more likely that life emerged on early earth ( or elsewhere ) via chemical evolutionary processes. however, as i demonstrate in creating life in the lab, work in synthetic biology, whether from the bottom - up or top - down, actually leads to the opposite conclusion. whether it \u2019 s on early earth or in the lab, life cannot come from non - life or be significantly transformed from one form into another without the direct involvement of intelligent agency. the generation of artificial cells and protocells requires the work of highly trained scientists who rely on several hundred years of scientific advance. in the process, these researchers develop sophisticated strategies and elaborate protocols. these steps are executed carefully in the laboratory, in many instances, with highly sophisticated laboratory instrumentation. in other words, artificial life is intelligently designed. 3 the christian faith has nothing to fear from advances in synthetic biology. god is more necessary than ever before in order to explain the origin of life. but should human beings engage in the creation of artificial life at all? is it safe? if it is safe, is this an activity that christians should support? should we play god? the scriptural basis for a theology of synthetic biology i maintain that genesis 1 : 26 \u2013 31 is the most relevant biblical text for a theology of synthetic biology. this familiar passage teaches, first and foremost, that human beings were made in god \u2019 s image. the bible never defines what the image of god entails, but it is clear from genesis 1 ( as well as genesis 2 : 19 \u2013 20 and psalm 8 ) that this quality distinguishes humans from the animals. because we are image - bearers, god granted us authority ( dominion ) over the earth. this gift comes with responsibility. god commanded humans to multiply and fill the earth so his image covers the entire surface of the planet. he also instructs us to subdue the earth and tame the wild creation ( at the same time, we receive provision from the creation under our control ). finally, god commands us to care for the planet so that all life may benefit. all of these tasks bring glory to the creator. because god endowed us with his image, we are able to serve as his viceroys among creation. exerting dominion over creation \u2014 in the lab in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.541720630917349, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.838837"} {"text": "the planet so that all life may benefit. all of these tasks bring glory to the creator. because god endowed us with his image, we are able to serve as his viceroys among creation. exerting dominion over creation \u2014 in the lab in my view, the attempts to create artificial life can be seen as human beings exerting legitimate dominion over the creation. conceptually, creating artificial cells and protocells is no different than domesticating plants and animals. throughout history, humans have used selective breeding practices to create new plant and animal species \u2014 nonnatural, \u201c artificial \u201d organisms with desirable properties that we have exploited for our benefit. evidently, the creator has no problem with farming and animal husbandry. instead of condemning cain and abel for cultivating \u201c fruit from the soil \u201d and raising flocks, the lord implicitly endorsed their activities and even expected a first - fruits offerings from both brothers ( genesis 4 : 2 \u2013 5 ). with synthetic biology, sophisticated methods of genetic and biochemical engineering replace the cumbersome and crude practices associated with domestication. still, the outcome ( or potential outcome ) is the same : human - engineered life - forms with benefit for humanity. synthetic biology \u2019 s benefits the creation of artificial life will be a boon for humanity in many ways. in the life sciences, it will help shed light onto life \u2019 s fundamental structures and processes and will also provide insight into the very nature of life itself. synthetic biology will even help scientists define what life is. with this insight, life \u2019 s elegant design will become increasingly evident and highlight the creator \u2019 s majesty and glory. the ability to create novel, nonnatural life - forms from scratch and redesign and re - engineer existing microbes could also represent a revolution in technology. artificial life - forms will have industrial applications and uses in agriculture and biomedicine that, at this juncture, seem limitless. from a christian perspective, there is every reason to desire these types of technological advances. it is possible that artificial microbes could produce renewable sources of clean energy. such advancements would help us to carry out the mandate to care for creation. furthermore, the possibility of biomedical advances via artificial life provides the means to \u201c love our neighbors as ourselves \u201d by continuing to strive for better treatments for disease and injuries. artificial microbes will play a role in finding new treatments and possible cures for sicknesses that, as of now, can \u2019 t be effectively treated. in other words, there are many good reasons for christians to be excited about the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5238907057775721, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.839870"} {"text": "and injuries. artificial microbes will play a role in finding new treatments and possible cures for sicknesses that, as of now, can \u2019 t be effectively treated. in other words, there are many good reasons for christians to be excited about the advances that will result from synthetic biology. it would be wise to support efforts to create artificial life \u2014 yet there are still legitimate concerns over synthetic biology that need addressing. is synthetic biology safe? when people think of scientists creating life in the lab, images of frankenstein \u2019 s monster likely come to mind. will scientists make organisms that \u201c turn on their creators \u201d? will these artificial organisms run amok, causing a disaster of biblical proportions? on the surface, these are not unreasonable concerns. however, at this point, work in synthetic biology is safe. furthermore, there is no reason why advances in this field should ever pose a genuine threat to safety. the protocells developed to date are fragile, metastable systems that cannot survive long even under the most optimal laboratory conditions. as they learn how to develop more robust systems, researchers could potentially design these systems in such a way that they can thrive under controlled conditions, but not outside the lab. likewise, the artificial microbes that dr. craig venter and his collaborators are attempting to create from the top - down pose no safety hazard. these cells will be based on the bacterium mycoplasma genitalium, an obligatory parasite incapable of surviving apart from its host. if the genes critical for mediating the host - parasite interaction are removed from m. genitalium \u2019 s genome, then it will not survive outside the manufacturing facility. the scientific community has a very good track record when it comes to regulating its activity, at least in these types of disciplines. genetic engineering and recombinant dna technology were synthetic biology \u2019 s forerunners. after some early success in recombinant dna research, scientists voluntarily placed a moratorium on this work until safety protocols and other guiding principles could be established. ( these guidelines and regulations were developed at the asilomar conference in 1975, organized by paul berg, a pioneer in recombinant dna technology. ) scientists willingly adhere to these guidelines. to my knowledge, no significant incident involving recombinant dna technology has occurred over the last 35 years or so. there is no reason why something like the asilomar conference guidelines couldn \u2019 t be developed for artificial cells and protocells. with effective regulations in place, work in synthetic biology can be carried out in a safe manner", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4838678890241819, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.840923"} {"text": "last 35 years or so. there is no reason why something like the asilomar conference guidelines couldn \u2019 t be developed for artificial cells and protocells. with effective regulations in place, work in synthetic biology can be carried out in a safe manner. should scientists \u201c play god \u201d? christians \u2019 concerns over synthetic biology extend far beyond ethical and safety considerations. they are worried that scientists are trying to usurp god \u2019 s role. from my perspective, however, as human beings we have no choice but to play god \u2014 because we are made in his image. whenever we create, design, invent, etc., we are manifesting the image of god. and we are also mimicking the creator, albeit imperfectly. if god is the creator of life, then it is just a matter of time before we try to create life as well. our ability to even attempt to create artificial life stems from the image of god. and if our desire is to use synthetic biology to take better care of the planet, to use resources more wisely, to help the sick, to improve the quality of life for people all over the world, then i maintain that there is nothing wrong with playing god. the problem is not in playing god. the problem occurs when we try to usurp god \u2019 s authority. this was the sin committed at the tower of babel ( genesis 11 : 1 \u2013 8 ). as i understand it, the construction of a tower reaching to the heavens, in and of itself, was not the problem. it was the motivation behind it. the builders desired to be like god, to take his place. unfortunately, this is the attitude of some \u2014 not all \u2014 of the scientists who work in synthetic biology. they see their work as pounding another nail in god \u2019 s coffin. this arrogance is the reason why christians need to engage synthetic biology. this is why christians in science need to become active in this field. if we don \u2019 t, we will have capitulated this very important technology into secular hands. 3. see note 2 for articles in support of this conclusion. this entry was posted on monday, january 16th, 2012 at 11 : 38 am and is filed under christianity, dr. fazale ( fuz ) rana, ethics, god, intelligent design, reasons to believe, reasons. org, synthetic biology. you can follow any responses to this entry through the rss 2. 0 feed. you can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5061438034421827, "token_count": 508, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.841945"} {"text": "you don ' t have to be a dog lover to be constantly reminded of how many people are, but i never really thought about how dogs have been a major subject in the arts for literally thousands of years. laumeier sculpture park had an exhibition this past summer entitled \" dog days of summer \". the exhibition was both inside in the galleries and had an outdoor installation by tea makipaa on the nature trail. the exhibition included \" yappy hours \" for dogs and their human counterparts, dog and human look - alike contests, and numerous dog related vendors and rescue organizations. there are even dog memberships now and according to the director of laumeier, marilu knode, the exhibition drew a tremendously large audience. the \" yappy hours \" alone drew at least 100 humans and 50 dogs per event. city garden and laumeier collaborated on showing william wegman videos at city garden. in 1970, painter, photographer and conceptual artist wegman began making videos with his weimaraner, man ray, named after the influential american artist of the first half of the 20th century. man ray became a central figure in wegman ' s photgraphy and videos and remained so until he passed away in 1981, when the next generation of weimaraners took place. in an article on the internet by author tamsin pickeral states : \" five thousand years seems like an eternally long period of time, and it certainly is when you have your publisher breathing fire down your neck and muttering about word numbers and lack of space, but actually viewed within the context of our history, 5, 000 years is relatively shorter when looking at archaeological evidence of domestic dog and the earliest discovered human / canine relationships which date back to around 14, 000 thousand years ago. \" pickeral goes on to say, \" it was with some hesitation then that the dog, our most beloved companion, first started to appear in the arts, but after an initially slow start, the dog became one of the most frequently painted animals. they appeared at first as subsidiary to the primary subject of art works, slinking into the canvas to hover up crumbs from beneath laden tables, licking clean the feet of religious figures or accompanying bold warriors on hunting expeditions and dogs were frequently included in paintings to convey a symbolic message, most often being representative of qualities such as fidelity, love and servitude. \" there is no end to the list one can purchase on dogs on amazon. com. just a sampling of titles include, \" dog painting : the european breeds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45465681748348374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.845798"} {"text": ", most often being representative of qualities such as fidelity, love and servitude. \" there is no end to the list one can purchase on dogs on amazon. com. just a sampling of titles include, \" dog painting : the european breeds \", \" sit! ancestral dog portraits \u201d, \" dogs in english porcelain of the 19th century, \" and \" the artful dog : canines from the metropolitan museum of art \". and i ' ll bet few st. louisans realize that the american kennel club museum is located in beautiful queeny park in west st. louis county. it ' s home to the world ' s finest collection of art devoted to the dog. the 14, 000 square foot facility, which includes historic jarville house displays over 700 original paintings, drawings, watercolors, prints, sculptures, bronzes, and porcelain figurines, and a variety of decorative arts objects, depicting man ' s best friend throughout the ages. so to all you dog lovers, whether your pooch yaps, barks, or woofs and you can ' t take enough photos of \" fido \", just know that you are continuing an age old tradition. ( the opinions expressed are not necessarily those of st. louis public radio. ) arts aficionado nancy kranzberg has been involved in the arts community for some thirty years. she serves on numerous arts affiliated boards, including the st. louis art museum, laumeier sculpture park where she is the co - chair, the sheldon arts foundation and the sheldon art gallery board, jazz at the bistro, the missouri mansion preservation inc., the mid american arts alliance, and the contemporary art museum st. louis. nancy was named women of achievement and was awarded the distinguished alumnae award at washington university nancy is a docent at the st. louis art museum and is an honorary docent at laumeier sculpture park. at age 60 she became a jazz singer. she performs with the second half which features chancellor tom george on the piano.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46612480088029973, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.846627"} {"text": "the patella is the bone that makes the knee cap. patellofemoral pain syndrome is a condition in which pain is felt under the kneecap. the femur is the thigh bone. this bone forms the upper part of the knee. in people with patellofemoral pain syndrome, the patella painfully rubs against the femur. this pain occurs during exercise or movement. it is most common during weight bearing activities such as running. it is often increased by going down stairs or down hills. if you have knee or joint pain during activity, call your doctor. there is no single cause for this condition. it can be due to a number of different factors or conditions, including : - malalignment of the knee joint \u2014 often caused by dysfunction in the feet. people who roll their feet out when they walk can pull the kneecap out of line. this causes painful rubbing of the kneecap against the bones of the knee. rarely, this condition occurs because the kneecap is located too high or too low in the knee joint. - weak anterior thigh muscles \u2014 these muscles help to hold the kneecap in place as it moves. if these muscles are weak, they cannot hold the kneecap in the correct position. this causes the kneecap to rub against the femur during movement. - overuse and overloading the knee joint \u2014 especially from high - impact sports or activities that can cause pain. the following factors increase your chance of developing patellofemoral pain syndrome : any condition that causes misalignment of the knee joint, such as : - flat feet - high arches - hip dysfunction - pronation when walking \u2014 rolling feet outward - external rotation of the lower leg - knock knees - participation in high - impact sports, such as running - trauma, such as an automobile accident where the kneecap hits the dashboard the first symptom is pain around or under the kneecap. the pain may first occur during high - impact activities. as the condition gets worse, the pain may be triggered by long periods of sitting. it is thought to be caused by the pressure on the kneecap while the leg is flexed. other symptoms include : - swelling of the knee - popping or grinding sounds in the knee joint during activity - a snapping sensation in the knee your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. images may be taken of your knee. this can be done with : your doctor may refer you to a specialist. orthopedic surgeons focus on bone and joint disorders. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45142082322833404, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.851463"} {"text": "about your symptoms and medical history. a physical exam will be done. images may be taken of your knee. this can be done with : your doctor may refer you to a specialist. orthopedic surgeons focus on bone and joint disorders. the initial step is to rest the knee. high - impact activities should be switched for lower impact exercise. for example, choose swimming instead of running. your doctor may suggest that you apply ice to the kneecap after activity. longer - term treatment involves a number of different strategies, including : exercise and physical therapy most people will benefit from strengthening the muscles around the knee. this includes the quadriceps muscles in the thigh as well as other muscles near the hip. physical therapists can recommend specific exercises. this treatment is very helpful. it can take 6 to 12 weeks to see an improvement. some people may benefit from nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory agents ( nsaids ). they may be helpful in relieving the pain. they work best when combined with other treatments, such as physical therapy. many people find relief from knee braces or knee sleeves. these devices typically have a cut - out in the knee cap area. they are designed to hold the kneecap in place during activity. some are designed to hold the patella from going too far laterally. certain methods of taping the patella in position have also been helpful to many patients. special shoe inserts, called orthotics, may also be helpful. they work best when the condition is due to dysfunction in the foot, such as flat feet or excessive pronation. in rare cases, people who do not respond to other forms of treatment may be recommended for surgery. this will be done to correct malalignment of the patella. it may not be possible to totally prevent this condition. there are steps you can take to reduce your risk and avoid making the condition it worse, including : - proper warming up before exercising. this includes stretching after warm - up and post - activity. this will help to prevent sports - related injuries. - vary the types of activities that you participate in. for example, rather than running or jogging every day, alternate between running and swimming. - take care of injuries right away. this includes getting first aid and resting the injury until it is healed before beginning an activity again. - reviewer : michael woods, md - review date : 05 / 2013 - - update date : 05 / 03 / 2013 -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39782249755215615, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.852722"} {"text": "- campus life - cost & aid - news & events - about plattsburgh you ' ve checked your machine with the latest version of anti - virus software. you ' ve called the helpdesk, and they sent someone over who gave your computer a clean bill of health. yet, you still receive messages accusing you of spreading viruses to others via e - mail. why? the reason may be due to any number of viruses that cleverly \" spoof \" or fake the return addresses on the loaded e - mails they send. such viruses gather e - mail addresses from the infected machine, choosing one to list as the destination ( to : ) and one to \" spoof \" ( fake ) as the sender ( from : ). most mail systems will let you put anything down as the sender ( from : ) address without validating or authenticating it. so, someone else ' s macchine is spreading a virus but you get the notification because the virus found your e - mail address on the infected system. to explain further, here is a sample scenario. let ' s say firstname. lastname @ example. org contracts a virus like mimail. some time after that, email @ example. com receives a message from firstname. lastname @ example. org that has a virus attachment in it. leonardo ' s anti - virus software or his firewall catches it before it can infect his machine. the anit - virus or firewall software then sends a note to isaac warning him that he is spewing out viruses. isaac is totally confused as he knows that his firewall or anti - virus software would have caught it. as the interception of the virus and the notification are automatic, the actual messages are never examined to verify the sender ' s name. had they been examined, they might have revealed that the original sender was from somewhere in sion. org. the only one can do is make sure one ' s anti - virus software is up to date and working. the confusion over who actually sent the virus will continue until e - mail software and protocols evolve to address this gap in security ( spoofing ). for more information about technology at suny plattsburgh, please contact : phone : ( 518 ) 564 - 4433 / toll - free 1 - 800 - 787 - 8773", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5066734213824888, "token_count": 479, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.854987"} {"text": "by austin bay january 26, 2010 the pentagon announced on jan. 26 that the u. s. military will begin to wind down its central role in haitian relief efforts within the next three to six months. this announcement definitely signals a transition in post - disaster operations, from emergency operations ( immediate rescue relief ) to recovery operations. the haitian government ' s decision to suspend major search missions ( made late last week ) was another indication a phase shift is occurring in the global effort to assist the haitian people. there are arguably four types of aid : emergency, recovery, reconstruction and developmental. these four flavors roughly correlate to the \" phases of recovery \" following a disaster like haiti ' s jan. 12 earthquake. each phase is complicated. emergency aid gets the headlines, for it involves life and death heroics ; developmental aid is the most difficult because it seeks to build a future, and this entails a debate of whose version of the future will be financed. since the earthquake, the world has witnessed a remarkable demonstration of u. s. transport and logistics capabilities. american military swords often double as plowshares, and a natural disaster illustrates that dual capacity. speed saves lives in emergency response. providing first aid and surgical services to injured survivors obviously requires swift action. search and rescue is another mission that plays a crucial role in reducing the death toll, and in the case of haiti several american civilian agency search - and - rescue teams deployed within 48 hours. supplying follow - on medical assistance, food and clean water is also vital. numerous public and private aid organizations responded quickly to meet these needs. in large - scale disasters, bottlenecks inevitably occur. the port au prince airport ' s limited ramp space ( for parking and unloading transport aircraft ) hampered initial international efforts, but aircrews, flight controllers and ground personnel adapted. impoverished haiti, however, starts off short of runways. enter the u. s. navy. a navy nuclear - powered aircraft carrier is a mobile airfield. with their large sick bays, carriers are mobile hospitals. in haiti, the uss carl vinson is serving an emergency transportation hub for helicopters moving people and supplies throughout the quake - damaged area. large ships with onboard distillation capabilities are particularly valuable in the emergency aid phase since they can provide significant amounts of clean water for both aid personnel and victims. the u. s. has also deployed the hospital ship usns comfort. the recovery phase is a time of transition. the immediate shock of the disaster is fading, the timely distribution of supplies is reasonably certain, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4398904699455616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.859295"} {"text": "for both aid personnel and victims. the u. s. has also deployed the hospital ship usns comfort. the recovery phase is a time of transition. the immediate shock of the disaster is fading, the timely distribution of supplies is reasonably certain, and, for the bulk of the population, basic survival needs are being met. however, sustaining this condition means critical local support infrastructure must begin to function at a minimal level. hasty repairs to transport and communications systems ( e. g., roads, airfields, cell phone towers ) and providing semi - permanent shelter ( e. g., refugee centers ) characterize the recovery phase. this has begun in haiti. recovery, when support is sustained, should eventually lead to reconstruction, rebuilding old neighborhoods and building new ones. developmental aid intends to build a better future than the past the disaster savaged. reconstruction and development, when pursued wisely, involve improving human systems as well as improving infrastructure. they are, in some respects, the most difficult phases, for they move from immediate, definitive heroics to long - haul, squishy politics. haiti ' s endemic problems now become the problem. haiti has limited natural resources. take a look at the satellite photos - - the haitian half of the island of hispaniola is a moonscape of denuded hills and slope failures. in order to make charcoal, poor haitians cut down their forests. that is fine with the haitian elites. the wealthy have the cash to import fuel and build grand villas in petionville ( way up the hill from port au prince ). should 60 percent of haiti ' s political class be in jail? does that sound outrageous? okay, 70 percent may be a better figure. haiti ' s corrupt political class entwines with its business class, and the result is a kleptocracy. kleptocracies don ' t enforce building codes. kleptocrats let their corrupt pals make chalky concrete. when the earthquake strikes, hundred of thousands of people die due to poverty and corruption. the systemic lack of governmental accountability in haiti steals haiti ' s future. the u. s. military will be pulling out in the next six months. fifteen years ago in a column addressing the clinton administration ' s efforts in haiti, i wrote that a developmental aid program that genuinely addresses haiti ' s problems would take somewhere between 30 and 50 years to implement. given the continuing corruption, three to five decades still sounds about right.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4328428925298222, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.860240"} {"text": "what is a domain name? a domain name represents a physical point on the internet \u2014 an ip address. the internet corporation for assigned names and numbers ( icann ) governs coordination of the links between ip addresses and domain names across the internet. with this standardized coordination, you can find websites on the internet by entering domain names instead of ip addresses into your web browser. here ' s an example : think of a street address for a house or business \u2014 let ' s say the white house. the street address, 1600 pennsylvania avenue, is an exact location \u2014 like an ip address. you might not know the exact street address, but when you visit washington, d. c., you can tell your cabbie that you want to visit the white house and still get there. this is how a domain name is used : it ' s an easy way to reach the exact location of a website without having to remember the numeric address. a domain name consists of, at least, a top - level and a second - level domain. see what are top - level domains ( tld ) and country code top - level domains ( cctld )? and what are second - level domains ( sld ) and country code second level domains ( ccsld )? for information on these terms. domain names must be registered with an icann - accredited registrar. we are an icann - accredited registrar, and you can register domain names through us. many tlds, also called extensions, can be registered by anyone. the extensions. com,. net, and. org are good examples that anyone can register. others, primarily country - code extensions ( cctlds ), have residency requirements \u2014 like. eu ( representing the european union ) and. us ( representing the united states ). still others, like. aero,. biz,. edu,. mil,. museum,. name, and. pro, are restricted to a certain type of entity or community \u2014 like. edu, which is reserved for educational entities and. gov, which is reserved for government agencies. your message was successfully sent. there was an error in sending your message, please try again. have a question about the content of this article?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5275156675626984, "token_count": 452, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.862521"} {"text": "by : lane s. kansas, age 13 there once was a great indian chief named chief kang. him and his tribe lived along the mississippi river and used the river for a lot of resources. they were only one of the 5 groups in their nation. the others lived right along the river but they didn \u2019 t communicate and they had a lot of wars and battles. one day kang and his warriors were out hunting when they were ambushed by another group. kang and his warriors escaped the attack but he was wounded very fatally. when they got back to the tribe one of the women had had a baby named great buffalo. the child would grow up to be a very strong leader and chief of the group. a few months later kang died of his wounds from the battle. the nations then began to have wars very often and that led to the splitting of the groups. this went on for a few years and then great buffalo began to take control of the group and they made him their chief. he tried to make peace among the tribes but that was no use. while this was happening there was a great peace god named sanka coming to bring peace. it took months for sanka to finally arrive but one day he was out on the mississippi when he was a man standing in the middle. he went towards him but he began to disappear. he went back and told the tribe about this man that he called sanka the peace god. the next day the village is attacked and there were very little survivors. when great buffalo came out from his longhouse he saw the shape of a giant man. it was sanka ; he told great buffalo he had came to bring peace to the land and form the washuka federation to help keep war from the nations. great buffalo listened and they agreed to go to the surrounding tribes and bring peace. they went to the first four tribes and they all agreed and followed sanka and great buffalo. they got to the final tribe but they would not follow sanka so they had to per sway them to but they still wouldn \u2019 t listen. sanka called out to the great god of the mississippi and begged for his help. the god banished the people from the land and made them into peace bringing natives. the washuka federation has kept peace among the nations for many years now", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4842213151261681, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.866084"} {"text": "9 : 15 pm in uncategorized by cardigan an acanthamoeba may not be a term you \u2019 re likely to hear at the optometrist while being outfitted for a new prescription for contacts, but it \u2019 s a good reason to heed their warnings about proper contact lens care. the acanthamoeba is a microorganism found to essentially crawl through the eye \u2019 s cornea causing not only pain but also potentially permanent blindness. the united kindgom \u2019 s press association recently reported though incidence if the infection is rare \u2014 only about 75 people of the 3. 7 million contact lens wears in the u. k. are treated each year \u2014 it \u2019 s still worth being aware of how to best avoid contracting it. the ukpa states that the parasite, which burrows into the eye, can be picked up from a dirty case or from rinsing lenses in tap, river, pond or lake water. it also notes the condition, acanthamoeba keratitis, is often misdiagnosed. once contracted, treatment includes a hospital stay with \u201c round - the - clock administration of disinfecting eye drops, \u201d ukpa states. if the infection is bad enough, the cornea could need to be replaced or blindness could also result.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48924153851397023, "token_count": 265, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.867882"} {"text": "lymphedema bandages may be discomforting at first, but these are essential in treating lymphedema. lymphedema causes the swelling of the limbs due to fluid retention in the tissues. since no cure is available, patients will have to deal with physical therapy and medication to reduce the swelling. part of the comprehensive treatment patients have to undergo is using compression garments or bandages. these provide pressure to the limbs and encourage better lymph circulation. there are two types of compression used in the treatment : elastic and non - elastic. elastic compression can be adjusted to suit limb movement. one disadvantage though is that the patient may not always need the same amount of pressure, which may lead to circulation restriction. on the other hand, non - elastic compression does not adjust to the limb \u2019 s volume and movement. since these can \u2019 t accommodate change, the patient may have a hard time moving around. compression bandages belong to the elastic type of compression. however, these can be further divided into two : short - stretch bandages and long - stretch bandages. short - stretch bandages are preferred over long - stretch bandages because they produce the necessary tension needed to reduce the swelling. long - stretch bandages however, may provide too much elasticity. so when the patients move, they loosen the bandage \u2019 s grip on the limb, causing less resistance for the lymph to press against. compression bandages must be used even at night during sleep. it is also very important that these shall be used during flights since low cabin pressure may aggravate the swelling caused by the disease. normally, a second bandage is applied before flight to increase the pressure. bandages must be cleaned regularly not just for hygienic reasons but also to maintain the elasticity of the bandages. these should be handwashed as much as possible. also, these should be changed regularly. the patients are often taught on how to put the bandages by themselves because during sleep and travel, the bandages must be adjusted to suit their condition. though bandages relatively cause discomfort, it shouldn \u2019 t be a very painful experience. once pain is present when bandages are applied, the patient must immediately tell the therapist or doctor. | \u00ab lymph node removal | | lymphedema courses \u00bb |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.43087178159898776, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.871445"} {"text": "collaboration | feature wikis : pulling it all together online elementary teachers are using wikis in and out of the classroom. the collaborative, teacher - moderated technology allows educators to set up sites quickly and at little or no cost, creating instant learning resources for students. but wikis aren ' t without their challenges. - by bridget mccrea david lindsay discovered wikis in 2005, several years before collaborative web 2. 0 innovations would officially infiltrate the educational space. armed with web site design experience, this elementary school teacher started tooling around with the idea of wikis after seeking out a better way to manage an annual competition that paired students with a local business alliance. \" i was looking for an easier, free way to manage the competition, \" said lindsay, a fourth grade teacher and technology coordinator at rosedell elementary in saugus, ca. through the event, students work closely with the business alliance to develop their own online businesses. lindsay coaches students through the process, which finds children using the web to experience hands - on entrepreneurship at a young age. \" at the time, there was software available for what i wanted to do, but it was cost - prohibitive, \" said lindsay, who was also challenged by the fact that web site design five years ago still required the developers ( in this case, the students themselves ) to write code. \" programming and html were still pretty complicated for a fourth grader to learn and use, \" said lindsay. \" while i was looking around for better options, i stumbled upon wikis. \" by definition, a wiki is a web site that allows for simple creation and editing of multiple, interlinked web pages. using simplified markup language wysiwyg text editor and a browser, teachers can get set up online and start interacting with their online communities quickly. powered by wiki software, these sites are used frequently in educational settings, where teachers can exercise editorial rights by removing inappropriate or off - topic material. for the last five years lindsay has used wikis both in and out of the classroom. one wiki web site, for example, serves as a \" window \" into his fourth - grade classroom and a portal to curriculum resources. using the free pbworks online collaboration service, lindsay not only posts his own data, but also stores his students ' portfolios and other pertinent information. the student who creates a podcast, for example, will likely have her work showcased on lindsay ' s wiki, which uses embedding technology to make such uploads simple", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5056396881386951, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.876765"} {"text": "also stores his students ' portfolios and other pertinent information. the student who creates a podcast, for example, will likely have her work showcased on lindsay ' s wiki, which uses embedding technology to make such uploads simple and fast. \" you can take the code from the podcast and embed a player right into your wiki, \" said lindsay. \" then, parents can log on, click ' play ' and listen to their students ' work at their own convenience, online. \" lindsay also uses the wiki to display more traditional projects, such as works of art. a student ' s masterpiece can be scanned into a computer, and then uploaded to the wiki without much more than a few minutes of effort. the process not only helps preserve the original work of art, he said, but also allows a much larger audience to view it online. the same process works for collaborative, group projects, which are often difficult to manage and share. a team of four students who are working on a volcano project, for example, can log onto the wiki and use it as a place to post and / or answer research questions among each other. both teacher and parents can monitor the project ' s progress, see each student ' s contribution, and offer feedback and help where needed. \" the wiki makes it easy for everyone to see what ' s going on in the classroom, \" said lindsay, \" and helps me follow the progress on specific projects ; even those that are taking place off campus. \" lindsay said he ' s run into a couple of challenges while using wikis, with the most prevalent being the fact that users can post \" pretty much whatever they want to \" in the online forums. once the \" submit \" button is pressed, the content is viewable by the rest of the world. \" one time, a student posted the wiki passwords online, just for fun, \" said lindsay. \" luckily, i have the site set up to send me push notifications of any changes to the content, so i was able to take them down within five minutes. \" lorna larson, an esl teacher at forest lake elementary in forest lake, mn, has also dealt with \" monitoring \" challenges when using wikis and said password distribution and management has been equally as onerous. \" we had to print out user names and passwords for all of the students, and then keep all of that information straight, \" said larson, referring to the first wiki she set up a few years", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4899006083630125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.877695"} {"text": "management has been equally as onerous. \" we had to print out user names and passwords for all of the students, and then keep all of that information straight, \" said larson, referring to the first wiki she set up a few years ago. \" we wound up having to redistribute the information every time the students used the wikis, until they had the passwords memorized. \" larson, who learned about wikis several years ago at a university of minnesota workshop for elementary teachers, said she uses the collaborative spaces on several fronts. recently, summer school students were encouraged to use the classroom wiki to give feedback and recommendations on the books they were reading, while other children used the online, collaborative space to participate in fact - and - opinion projects related to plays that they attended while on field trips. where those student contributions differ than those created in more traditional ways ( in notebooks or on paper reports, for example ), said larson, lies in the fact that they are being developed with a larger audience in mind. \" students recognize that students, teachers and parents will be reading their work, \" said larson. \" that ' s pretty powerful, and it prompts them to be more conscientious about the quality and depth of their writing. \" to teachers looking to infuse their own classrooms with some of those benefits, larson said the best place to start is by talking to other educators about their experiences. \" you can flounder around forever, trying to figure it all out, \" stated larson, \" or you can send an e - mail to someone who has already used wikis, and get help. \" lastly, larson said teachers should be careful not to lose sight of the real reason they ' re using wikis : to enhance the learning experience for students. don ' t get caught up in the technology, she said. instead, focus on what type of enrichment would most help students, and figure out how wikis can help fill those gaps. \" technology can be a great facilitator, \" said larson, \" but knowing the learning objective is the first critical step. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43891179622571735, "token_count": 433, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.878689"} {"text": "audiobooks | feature at one school, ipods help improve reading scores after noticing an uptick in ell and other students with below average reading scores at his school, skip johnson, principal at el crystal elementary in san bruno, ca, created a forward - thinking reading program pairing ipods and print books that has helped to successfully boost reading comprehension scores among non proficient readers. the idea for letting struggling readers follow print and ipod audiobooks simultaneously was first sparked when johnson was browsing the itunes store trying to spend a $ 50 itunes giftcard - - a generous gift from a teacher. \" i happened to notice audiobooks for sale and i went, ' hmm, there are a lot of books here that kids want to read, \" he said. johnson then piloted the initiative with a single ipod and just a handful of audiobooks that he introduced to just three students. now in its fourth year, the program maintains a library brimming with more than 400 audiobooks on 50 devices, and has caught on school wide. \" it was motivating to the kids, and they would be back in a day or two wanting another book, \" johnson said. \" it was becoming a lot of work for the media aid to load each new book. one of the teachers and i both said ' it ' s an ipod ; you don ' t buy one song at a time, you make a play list. \" with help from his colleagues, johnson curated hundreds of audiobooks on a sliding scale arranged by lexile level. students check out books from the library and take them home to read, following along with the audio loaded on school - owned ipods. when students finish, they take a scholastic reading counts quiz to test their comprehension. after passing, they can progress to another book on the playlist, often at a higher level of difficulty. \" we let the kids chose the titles but we control the level of the book, \" johnson explained, \" and we push them to read them in increasing increments, so we use the tool the way it was intended. \" to organize purchases, johnson set up a spreadsheet that lists a given book ' s title, author, whether the school had a hardcopy in the library, the link to the audiobook, and what the school paid for it. the process ultimately helped to ensure that the school was only buying materials that they could quiz students on. however, johnson describes it as a \" labor of love, \" as data was painstakingly pulled from multiple sources like itunes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43576191526143526, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.882726"} {"text": "school paid for it. the process ultimately helped to ensure that the school was only buying materials that they could quiz students on. however, johnson describes it as a \" labor of love, \" as data was painstakingly pulled from multiple sources like itunes and scholastic that do not interface with each other. as part of the program ' s expansion, language arts teachers began using the ipods in their reading groups - - called lit circles - - with students on a broad range of reading levels. since the school does not have ipods for every student, johnson purchased a belkin - made add on, called a rockstar, which lets up to five students listen to the same device on headphones without compromising the fidelity of the sound. recently, johnson created video clips with students to gauge their interest in the program, where he discovered students that were beginning to genuinely enjoy reading for the first time. \" every kid i interviewed said ' i didn ' t like reading before because it was difficult. now i have a tool and i like it, ' \" he said. \" if you look a the overall data from our district, which has seven elementary schools, we read more words per year than some of the schools that have more readers. \" lexile scores have also seen improvement. \" these non proficient readers are, for the most part, hitting the 100 points that scholastic says the average reader will grow per year. and we have many kids hitting 200, 300, or even 400 \" points of growth. stephen noonoo is associate editor of the journal. he is on twitter @ stephenoonoo.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44042582605315933, "token_count": 321, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.883522"} {"text": "a simile, as our fourth - grade english teachers intoned, is a comparison of two, usually dissimilar, objects, with the use of \u201c like \u201d or \u201c as. \u201d to enliven our writing, similes can evoke the particular sense we want to transmit. many of our most now - trite similes were fresh when first used \u2014 burns \u2019 \u201c my love is like a red, red rose, \u201d shakespeare \u2019 s \u201c shall i compare thee to a summer \u2019 s day? \u201d but repetition and endless assignment in freshman english classes has made them as shopworn as the bargain table after a sale. it \u2019 s easy to succumb to overused and by now boring similes. you know the ones : eyes like stars, fits like a glove, swim ( or smoke ) like a fish, fierce as a lion, dead as a doornail, sleep like a log, dry as dust, smooth as silk, white as snow, cute as a button. when we write, they seem to spring up like spring flowers, i mean, like groupies at a rock star \u2019 s world tour. i \u2019 m not against similes, although they \u2019 re less elegant than their more subtle, no - like / as cousins, the metaphors ( her eyes were stars, he was a fierce lion in battle, the air was dust in my nostrils ). but notice in the examples of similes above, and many more you can probably think of, that some of the objects compared make little sense today. how dead is a doornail? why is it deader than a screw or a staple? how does a log sleep? does it twitch, snore? how cute is a button? what if it \u2019 s a button on the jumpsuit of a prisoner? or the black coat of a funeral director? i encountered the tired - simile syndrome with a recent passage in a novel and, desperate for freshness, developed a method to create better similes. describing the arms of a middle - aged mother, i first wrote, \u201c they were like... \u201d and several barely passable similes spewed out : \u201c like bowling pins, \u201d \u201c like tree trunks, \u201d \u201c like sausages, \u201d \u201c like pieces of wood. \u201d each of these felt either too old ( bowling pins ) or not quite right ( tree trunks were too big, sausages needed adjectival spice, pieces of wood felt stagnant ). reaching for surprising similes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5220127071751028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.890456"} {"text": "pieces of wood. \u201d each of these felt either too old ( bowling pins ) or not quite right ( tree trunks were too big, sausages needed adjectival spice, pieces of wood felt stagnant ). reaching for surprising similes i wanted the simile to convey more than a striking image. the mother \u2019 s arms should evoke the bulk of her body and, more subtly, underscore the theme \u2014 her strong - armed ways tyrannized her family. so i did what i \u2019 m suggesting to you below. and found the right simile : \u201c her arms were like the thick ends of baseball bats. \u201d when you avoid the cliche similes like the plague, i mean, like mud after a downpour, and choose imaginative ones, you can write effective description, heighten the reader \u2019 s experience, and deepen your theme. have you read any similes lately that surprised you? choose a description of an object, either something that fascinates you or from a piece you \u2019 re working on. to describe the object, write out all the similes you can think of. start with the ones that come easily. get at least three or four. you \u2019 re purging your system of commonalities. then visualize the object ; see it clearly in front of you. even better, set it out before you ( unless it \u2019 s a skyscraper or an orca ). ask yourself : - how does it look, feel, smell, taste? - how would a friend, sibling, stranger react to it? - what else is this object like? - what does this object make me think of? write your responses to each question. and wait and listen. something, or several things, more will come to you. write them all down. when your insides cry \u201c that \u2019 s it! \u201d you \u2019 ll know it \u2019 s the perfect, rare simile. like my woman \u2019 s arms. when you \u2019 re finished, share a few of your favorite similes here in the comments section.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5224872870794883, "token_count": 419, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.891160"} {"text": "four women in san francisco coined the term \u201c locavore \u201d in 2005, and since then many similar groups have popped up all around the country. each has the same idea : eating locally helps the environment, improves health, stimulates the local economy, and simply tastes better. for these reasons locally grown and produced food has been called \u201c the new organic. \u201d the new oxford american dictionary even named locavore their word of the year in 2007. today, the average conventionally grown vegetable travels more than 1, 500 miles to your neighborhood grocery store. brook levan, from the documentary film, \u201c locavore, \u201d comments on the journey of food in the film, saying, \u201c we \u2019 re eating oil, right now, and we \u2019 re eating out of trucks, and that \u2019 s not going to last for much longer. \u201d he \u2019 s right. every trip to the grocery store adds to our carbon footprint. in fact a 2005 study in the journal food policy found that eating local foods is greener than eating organic foods because the miles traveled by organic food create environmental damage that outweighs the benefit of buying organic in the first place. additionally, a study in iowa found that by eating locally, one consumes 17 times less oil and gas than a typical diet with food shipped across the nation. these kinds of facts show how important it is to make more of an effort to eat locally, and there are plenty of resources to help you get started. jennifer maiser, editor of the blog eat local challenge, says that the first step to becoming a locavore is determining what local means to you, be it creating a radius of 10 miles or 100 miles. there are even online tools to help you do this. additional steps include shopping at your local farmers \u2019 market, lobbying your grocery store to invest in more local foods, signing up for a local community supported agriculture program, starting your own garden ( like michelle obama \u2019 s white house garden ), or even hosting a locavore thanksgiving. eating locally doesn \u2019 t restrict you to your own kitchen, either. many restaurants are making an effort to use more local ingredients \u201d \u201d some exclusively so. and if you \u2019 re looking for a low - key way to start joining the locavore movement, try to pick a few foods that you can commit to buying locally each week, such as those currently in season. lucky for you, there \u2019 s an iphone app for that. besides environmental benefits, eating locally tends to put more fruits", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45545072360438243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.897958"} {"text": "##e movement, try to pick a few foods that you can commit to buying locally each week, such as those currently in season. lucky for you, there \u2019 s an iphone app for that. besides environmental benefits, eating locally tends to put more fruits and vegetables on families \u2019 plates, which is essential to any healthy diet. it \u2019 s not yet clear whether local or organic foods have more nutrients than conventionally grown produce, but several locavores claim that eating less processed foods leads to a noticeable increase in general well - being. there are economical benefits as well. every dollar spent locally can generate up to six times as much income for the local economy. plus, most local produce at farmers \u2019 markets has been picked within 24 hours and tastes fresher and better than food shipped from thousands of miles away. locavores have their critics, like stephen budiansky, who claims that locavores promote \u201c arbitrary rules \u201d and misunderstand concepts such as \u201c food - miles, \u201d leading them to misrepresent reality. budiansky claims locavores incorrectly see local eating not as a means to an end, but as an end in itself. but the important thing to remember is that your efforts really do make a difference. eating locally is the number one thing consumers can do to cut carbon emissions and energy use. if everyone ate one meal a week from a local source, over 50 million barrels of oil per year could be saved. a locavore in the documentary by the same name said, \u201c if more people had gardens \u201c \u00a6 yeah, i think it \u2019 d be a better world. \u201d she \u2019 s right. more gardens, more farms, and more locavores will help make the world a greener place. so what are you waiting for? ( if you \u2019 re curious about what it \u2019 s like to be a locavore, check out these testimonials from locavorenation, a group of 15 individuals who throughout all of 2008 tried to get 80 percent of their food from local, organic, and seasonal sources. ) this is a repost from cap \u2019 s easy being green series.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4476712415493276, "token_count": 443, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.898779"} {"text": "new research finds that the consumption of sugary drinks and sodas contributes to about 180, 000 obesity - related deaths around the world \u2014 including the deaths of about 25, 000 adult americans \u2014 each year. according to a new study presented on tuesday at a meeting of the american heart association, one out of every 100 obesity - related deaths around the world can be tied to sugary drinks, which directly exacerbate health conditions like diabetes, heart diseases, and cancer. specifically, the over - consumption of those beverages increased global deaths from diabetes by 133, 000, from cardiovascular disease by 44, 000 and from cancer by 6, 000. although the united states doesn \u2019 t currently have the highest rate of deaths associated with sugary drinks \u2014 that dubious distinction goes to mexico, where people consume more sugar - sweetened beverages than anywhere else in the world \u2014 americans still get the majority of their calories from those type of drinks. the experts who contributed to the study explained that \u2019 s a big issue because those calories don \u2019 t provide any nutritional value, and policymakers should focus on helping encourage americans to cut back : \u201c one of the problems of sugar - sweetened beverages is that we don \u2019 t seem to compensate as well for the calories as we do for solid foods, \u201d [ rachel k. johnson, a professor of medicine and nutrition at the university of vermont ] said. \u201c in other words, when we consume sugar - sweetened beverages we don \u2019 t reduce the amount of food we consume. \u201d johnson cautioned the study didn \u2019 t prove cause and effect, just that there was an association between sugared - drink intake and death rates. singh, the study \u2019 s co - author, said that taxing sugary drinks in the same way as cigarettes, or limiting advertising or access, may help reduce usage. \u201c our study shows that tens of thousands of deaths worldwide are caused by drinking sugary beverages and this should impel policy makers to make strong policies to reduce consumption of sugary beverages, \u201d singh said. new york city mayor michael bloomberg ( i ) attempted to craft exactly that type of policy, seeking to ban the sale of large sugary drinks larger than 16 ounces in order to encourage healthier portion sizes. but after a state judge struck down bloomberg \u2019 s initiative last week, new yorkers won \u2019 t have to curb their supersize soda habits anytime soon. instead of working to come up similar health - conscious policies in other parts of the country, however, some lawmakers are actually passing reaction", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.405459485159143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.903063"} {"text": "have you ever been unsure about a trade that seems a little \" iffy, \" or something that just doesn ' t seem right? this guide could help you decide what to do when stuff like that happens, and it could one day save your account. important : first read cipsoft security information page last updated : february 20th, 2011 as defined in the dictionary, hacking is \" to use one ' s skill in computer programming to gain unauthorized access to a file or network. \" if someone gets your account password and account number, they might take all of your stuff on your character, or possibly even your character itself. what bad things are out there? there are several ways someone can get your password to your account. most can also do some bad things, not only to your tibian account, but to your computer as well. | 1. trojans, trojan horses - these are malicious programs pretending to be a regular program. they can destroy data and send info back to the owner, such as passwords. the main difference between them and computer viruses is that they do not replicate. 2. viruses - bad programs made by people to ( usually ) do bad things to computers. they can be disguised as games, pictures, or regular programs. when executed they could destroy information. 3. key loggers - these are programs much like trojans, but usually they don ' t destroy data. they keep track of every keystroke made, and then sends it back to the owner. 4. worms - worms are viruses that sit in the computer ' s memory, duplicating themselves. they can be sent to other computers through an email program, or irc ( internet relay chat ), destroying data. 5. spyware, adware - usually these come from programs with bundled software, like file sharing utilities. both will track what sites you visit and what you do on them. 6. guessing passwords - although unlikely, if you have an easy password, someone could guess it, or - - automated scripts with common words dictionaries embedded can \" break \" your easy - to - figure password too! how can a person get these? with exception to # 6, all the programs above can be gotten from a computer program. sometimes they can be sent by email, a downloaded program, or a website. but, usually you will not find any of these things unless you ' re looking for a cheat to the game, or doing other... bad things. if someone asks you to be their friend, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5290695520720003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.909292"} {"text": "a downloaded program, or a website. but, usually you will not find any of these things unless you ' re looking for a cheat to the game, or doing other... bad things. if someone asks you to be their friend, and then tries to send you a file, reject it. especially files with a. exe,. cmd,. bat, or. scr extension. even if they want to send you a picture of them self, it ' d advised not to accept it unless you absolutely trust the person. ask them to upload it on a trusted image uploader instead. how not to get them? there are lots of ways to be sure not to get any of the bad things mentioned earlier. using your common sense is a good start! 1. don ' t download anything questionable, like character modifiers, add - on tibia programs, or toolkits, unless its from a trusted fan site. cipsoft has deemed what they consider trusted fansites on their fansites page. even then, please use extreme caution. \u2022 mcafee - can be bought in stores or online. 8. scan for spyware using any popular program such as : \u2022 ad - aware - an excellent program that will get rid of adware and spyware, along with other harmful programs. here are some tips to make your password almost un - guessable! \u2022 make sure you have a password of around 8 - 10 characters or even more. \u2022 don ' t use words from a dictionary. instead, mix words together that don ' t make a real word, or even use a number or 2. \u2022 don ' t use your name or phone number for a password. don ' t use words that a friend could think of using ( if you and a friend play diablo, don ' t use ' diablo ' for a password ). \u2022 never give out your password - not even to a friend. your ' friend ' could turn out to be someone you don ' t know at all. myths & facts here are a few common myths about these things. myth : cip or a gamemaster needs my account number or password fact : cipsoft will never ask you for your password, they do not need it. nor a gamemaster will do. or a counsellor. or a tutor. myth : i can ' t trust any websites anymore! fact : not all sites are bad, and about 99. 8 % of the ones you can find are good, and want to help you out", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5309471153816419, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.910138"} {"text": ". or a counsellor. or a tutor. myth : i can ' t trust any websites anymore! fact : not all sites are bad, and about 99. 8 % of the ones you can find are good, and want to help you out. unless you want to find a cheat or something, you won ' t find the other. 2 %. myth : having antivirus software and a firewall makes me invincible to bad stuff! fact : although it does help a lot, you should still be careful. myth : if you get a virus, you need to buy a new computer. fact : absolutely not! there ' s a number of things you can do to fix it. for one, try getting a program mentioned above, such as ad - aware and try scanning. if that doesn ' t work, you could always choose the ' road less traveled by ' and reformat, but sometimes it takes awhile. myth : there are item duplicators. fact : if you read any post from people saying they have an item duplicator, or they contact you in - game saying they can duplicate your items, it ' s a guaranteed scam. myth : there are magical start editing hacks! fact : that ' s a nonsense. all they want is your password or keylog you. how keyloggers work there are lots of keylogging programs out there today. i ' ve seen lots, and i mean lots. but, the people here tend to use 2 types of keyloggers. sc - keylog and blazingtools perfect keylogger ( or bpk for short ). 1. sc - keylog : how this works ; it is a file by itself, usually and. exe. when you open it, you will see that nothing happens. usually this means that the file is running in the background, and you can alt + ctrl + del to find it in the ' processes ' tab. 2. bpk : this program works by binding to another program, say tibia. exe. the program will run fine, but what you dont know is that it secretly installed bpk into your system. bpk will either send it to a person ' s e - mail or upload it to an ftp. in order for this to work, you need to supply a user + pass for the e - mail or the website which you are uploading to. there are programs out that will decrypt the infected file, and will find their user +", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5612407248245184, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.911063"} {"text": ". in order for this to work, you need to supply a user + pass for the e - mail or the website which you are uploading to. there are programs out that will decrypt the infected file, and will find their user + pass that the provided. payback! : ) despite everything.... \" i am hacked! \" we are sorry to hear you have been hacked. before you can get your account back there are certain things that you must take care of. if you do not remove your security problem first you risk being hacked again. 1. find out how the hacker got access to your account and remove the security problem. carefully think over everything that has happened to your account and your computer during the last few weeks. here are some questions that might help : \u2022 is it possible that you have a computer virus or a spy program on your computer? please use one or two up - to - date virus scanners to check your computer. if a virus is found remove it before you do anything else. \u2022 did you share your account data with anybody? a person that knows your account data can easily hack you. do not risk that again. \u2022 is your email address safe? try to secure your email address by changing the email password. to find out more about possible security leaks read tibia ' s security hints carefully. if you follow these guidelines your account should be well protected against any further hacking attempts. remember, if you try to get your account back before the security leak is removed it is quite possible that the hacker will again get access to your account. 2. get your account back. to get back access to your account you have to use the lost account interface. specify your problem there and follow the instructions. please note that a new password will only be sent to the email address to which the account is registered. if you have lost access to this email address try to get it back. for example you can contact your email provider and ask for help. once you have access to the registered email address the lost account interface will work.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46192936067125395, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.911851"} {"text": "lightweight video cameras and small flying platforms can be mixed in a variety of ways. you can put a camera on a rc airplane, fly it around, and watch the video later. a more advanced flavor is called first person video - you put a camera in the aircraft, stream the video back and use it to control the flight - often watching the view with video goggles. and you can let the aircraft fly autonomously to a pre - planned flight path and either store or transmit the video. lots of fun, but there are any number of social implications. it is still very difficult to fly autonomously in the us and commercial use of these flying cameras is still largely barred by the faa ( although they are working towards allowing it ). there is a big space for hobbyists with certain weight and distance regulations and thousands participate. some videos have become popular ( from his youtube channel ) one has to wonder what the moose is thinking - perhaps some lines from the bullwinkle show are appropriate. ( some notes on the video from its author ) eirik solheim - the norwegian guy who created the video - has a site that is rich in content for advanced hobbyists. while there are very small toy class platforms, most of the experimenting is taking place using kits that require something in the neighborhood $ 1, 000 to build and fly. stability and control can be very impressive and the police who were involved in the occupy wallstreet demonstrations became very nervous when one of these appeared. there are a number of small autonomous commercial class drones used for police, military, construction, scientific and other work... the people who make the toy class ar. drones ( still very impressive technology ) are involved in an autonomous uav ( unmanned aerial vehicle ) product called the sensefly. starting at about $ 9, 000, but currently illegal in the us, you get an autonomous mapper. these would have been very useful in the wake of the recent sandy superstorm. uavs bristle with society and technology issues, but can be a great platform for engineering students. i suspect hundreds of organizations in the us probably have someone playing with them on salary or as a hobbyist and suspect a lot of activity if the faa announces regulations with few restrictions ( which is expected ). think about any task that uses a helicopter for observation and lower the operating cost by a factor of 100. and that is just a starting point.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48877046787999523, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.914476"} {"text": "sensory development in the first two years your baby \u2019 s senses mature in response to the stimulation she receives, as you share different sights, sounds, smells and feelings sense and baby ' s stimulation the play a central role in our lives : they are the channels through which we take in information from our environment ; absorbing sights, sounds, sensations, smells and tastes and assessing our position in space, balance and more. in the first few months, baby \u2019 s are not fully mature and pass on only partial info, but once baby turns 4 months old his are ready to pass on diverse rich data from the environment. your baby \u2019 s mature in response to the stimulation she receives, as you share different sights, sounds, smells and sensations. in reaction to stimulation, your baby \u2019 s sensory receptors transmit and stimulate nerve activity in the relevant part of the brain. for example, when you show your baby a brightly colored, highly contrasted image, the nerves are triggered in the area of the brain that controls vision \u2013 supporting development and maturation of the retina, cornea and the muscles of the eye. while sensory stimulation is essential, it is also important to understand your baby ' s limits. like everything else in life, the right time and the right dose are important, so expose your baby to the correct, age - appropriate stimuli. this process is gradual and moves from the specific to the comprehensive. as she gazes lovingly at your face, she will first focus on the main features, such as the eyes, mouth and nose. later she will see other details, like the eyebrows and teeth. there is also a gradual transition from absorbing sharp contrasts to being able to absorb an entire range of hues and shades. for instance black and white are more readily processed, as opposed to similar colors like blue and green. over time, your baby ' s abilities gradually improve and move from a more single sensory grasp of her surroundings to an inter - sensory of our entire world. at any given moment, our are bombarded with a wide array of stimuli. naturally, we are not able to process everything our pick up. this is where the process of steps in, helping us filter and moderate the data our receive on a day - to - day basis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5500529851374667, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.918182"} {"text": "as seen in : snowball is a fictional pig in the book animal farm written by george orwell. he is based on leon trotsky. snowball believes in a continued revolution : he argues that in order to defend animal farm and strengthen the reality of old major ' s dream of a life without humans, the animals should stir up rebellions in other farms throughout england. he is the only pig on the farm who works with the other animals and is the kinder pig on the farm. snowball also writes the first version of the seven commandments. these are later altered by squealer under the orders of napoleon to accommodate the actions of the pigs. for example, the commandment stating \u201c no animal shall drink alcohol \u201d is changed to \u201c no animal shall drink alcohol to excess \u201d, and is later removed entirely. the rule that states, \u201c no animal should sleep in a bed, \u201d changed to \u201c no animal should sleep in a bed with sheets \u201d. snowball is eventually forced out of the farm when napoleon uses his guard dogs to chase snowball. after that he is blamed for problems on the farm, and it is claimed he was in support of jones from the start. though he fought bravely at the battle of cowshed, the facts are altered to say he openly fought for jones and the shot wounds are changed to wounds napoleon inflicted on him. those accused of supporting him are executed after being forced to confess, and a reward is offered for his capture. snowball was a very inventive and quick speech pig that influenced others to his side. it is never revealed what happened to him after his escape, although in the 1950s film adaptation it is implied the dogs killed him.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4520430896353559, "token_count": 345, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.920748"} {"text": "cycling is no stranger to safety innovation, a welcome trend amid the push for urban sustainability and shifting commuting priorities. but, until recently, bike helmets haven ' t evolved much, and that ' s odd, since helmet innovation has swept across several other categories, including those that help firefighters, football players, and people worried about impending natural disasters. however, thanks to a few visionary inventors, now cyclists are finally getting safer with inventive new takes on cranial armor. : helmet hair can be a source of anguish, which means that too many cyclists often ride without skull protection. so, to keep tresses perfectly coiffed while still protecting riders, swedish industrial designers terese alstin and anna haupt developed the hovding, a bike helmet that stays nearly invisible until activation. the device is disguised as a collar and is equipped with sensors that detect when an accident is imminent, upon which it inflates into an airbag that surrounds the head within 0. 1 seconds. speaking to the vanity of its audience, the collar \u2019 s shell can be switched out with an increasing array of colors, patterns, and fabrics. cyclists, unlike drivers who have blinkers to indicate turns, are often left to communicate via hand signals. luckily, a team from rmit university ' s exertion games lab in melbourne, australia is developing a helmet, called the lumahelm, that gives riders a more visible way to signal turns. led lights, which are plugged into to an arduino uno circuit board to allow for individual control, blanket the helmet ' s surface. a built - in accelerometer calculates motion through head movements that generate different light signals. for example, a forward head tilt lights up the left side of the helmet to signify a turn, while a backwards tilt triggers red lights to signify breaking. all - weather motorcycle helmet : as the changing seasons bring on more extreme elements across much of the world, gear that keeps cyclists toasty becomes essential. portland - based designer bob averill, whose previous projects include the underwater hamster colony hampture, recently created the all - weather motorcycle helmet. made from ordinary vega headgear, the product \u2019 s lining is outfitted with a lithium battery - powered heating element, as well as a solar panel - powered evaporative cooler for when summer approaches once again. unfortunately, despite piqued interest around the web, riders will have to remain patient for now, as kickstarter rejected the project and averill is pursuing new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4611485833441842, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.923507"} {"text": "nasa ( national awesome space agency ) is an entity of the united states government, responsible for all things relating to space. this includes space travel, spacewalking, space aliens, and kevin spacey. its most well - known accomplishments include landing on the moon and sampling the lunar cheese. nasa currently has plans to return to the moon after a thirty year hiatus ; critics say that this is a ' bad idea ' and ' the moon was terrible to nasa, why should nasa take the moon back? ' other plans include colonizing mars in case of slight incidents on the earth, combating rogue asteroids, and reaching into space as deep as uranus. the motto of nasa is \" for the benefit of all \", referring to its eventual goal of eventually putting every person, place, and object on the earth into perfect circular orbit of the earth. the administration is constantly under fire from angry taxpayers claiming that it is a waste of money ; such detractors are known to vanish and reappear months later in the nevada desert. originally formed in 1787 when america ' s founding fathers set aside a large portion of the nation ' s resources for a space program, nasa was put on hold for nearly two hundred years until humans discovered \" technology. \" in the 1950 ' s, the evil soviet empire began work on their space program, eventually launching a number of inanimate objects into space. endless taunts by ussr radar bases and furry hat factory workers caused the united states much shame due to their inability to retaliate in kind. when the soviet \" muttnik \" program successfully launched several stray dogs into space and returned them safely, america could stand losing no longer, and resurrected nasa in 1958. the competition between the americans and the soviets during the 1960s is often referred to as the ' space race '. each country was trying to outdo the other, by launching increasingly large and / or delicate things into space. however, the us quickly fell behind, as the soviets had a large head start. by the end of 1959 the russians had successfully launched a large glass swan into orbit and returned it to earth without breaking it, while nasa had only managed to manufacture a large number of magnificent explosions. finally, in 1961, the soviets achieved an 80 % survival rate in their space - dog program, and greenlighted the first human orbit of the earth. in april of 1961, soviet commie - naut yuri gagarin entered a large metal object. seconds later, an enormously large explosion was set off underneath that object, and young yuri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5571221277301508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.935680"} {"text": "and greenlighted the first human orbit of the earth. in april of 1961, soviet commie - naut yuri gagarin entered a large metal object. seconds later, an enormously large explosion was set off underneath that object, and young yuri became the first person to leave the earth while still medically alive since jesus. tragically, after returning safely to earth, gagarin was killed in a foolish attempt to break the land - speed record on a jet - powered unicycle. in the meantime, nasa continued to create larger and larger explosions, with minimal success. it was at this point that us president john f. kennedy delivered his famous speech, imploring america to \" commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, or before i am assassinated ( whichever comes last ), of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth. \" this rousing oratory gave nasa precisely the motivation it needed. within weeks, the first successful orbit of the earth by an american satellite was completed by explorer i. project mercury was established, and alan shepard became the first american in space. project gemini established human beings ' ability to survive long - term spaceflight durations. all of this was completed very rapidly in the early 1960 ' s, with nasa control rooms full of pencil - necked nerds armed with pocket protectors and horn - rimmed glasses operating in time - and - a - half, manning banks of hundreds of lit - up buttons that had to be pressed in precisely the right order at precisely the right time ( which produced precisely the right musical tones, influencing the popular electronic game \" simon \", which recreates the intense stresses of being a nasa control operator ). finally, in 1966, america was ready to aim for the moon. the apollo program was an ambitious plan by the united states to launch black musicians to the moon. its goal was to allow these musicians to perform on the lunar surface, and then return them safely to the earth. the program was a huge success, with six lunar landings, each of them more boring than the last ( except for the first one, which was totally awesome. ) john f. kennedy ' s aforementioned speech challenged the nation ' s scientists, and indeed, the whole of america, to reach the moon with great entertainers such as ella fitzgerald and james brown. his proposed goals were initially met with skepticism by leading scientists. complaints included ' but nasa can ' t afford a project of that scope ' and ' what can my country do for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46966030180918017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.936792"} {"text": "reach the moon with great entertainers such as ella fitzgerald and james brown. his proposed goals were initially met with skepticism by leading scientists. complaints included ' but nasa can ' t afford a project of that scope ' and ' what can my country do for me? ' kennedy responded by allotting nasa a budget of approximately 94 % of the total money that existed in america in 1966 ( around fifty thousand dollars ), and delivering a moving speech containing his most famous quote, \" ask not what your country can do for you ; we ' re actually pretty busy here and you should realize that there ' s like two hundred million of you, so it might be a while before we can get around to doing anything for you. seriously, get a job. \" nasa scientists worked around the clock for eight years converting the famed apollo theater into a spacecraft that could withstand the harsh trek from the earth to the moon. finally, with the last - minute additions of heat shields ( to protect the musicians from the extreme temperatures of re - entry ) and cool racing stripes ( to protect the musicians from the barrage of cosmic rays, the solar wind, and the interplanetary medium in general ), three black performers were ready to be launched to the moon in mid 1969. on july 16th, 1969, the three black crew members entered the apollo theater for what promised to be a \" jive ride \". the crew members were commander / trumpeter louis armstrong, lunar module pilot / pianist stevie wonder, and command module pilot / vocalist marvin gaye. with over seven hundred million people watching, the theater lifted off from 125th street in harlem. three days of intense sound checks later, the crew was making preparations to descend to the lunar surface. it was at this point that they realized that wonder was, in fact, blind, and thus could not fly the lunar module. cursing irritably under his breath, gaye, who had been looking forward to a nap after 77 consecutive hours of driving, climbed into the lunar lander and joined armstrong. after touching down, it was determined that armstrong would be the first on the moon, after he guessed closest to the number that nasa director ed harris was thinking. armstrong descended the ladder and set foot on the lunar surface as billions of people watched in mild amusement. once standing ankle - deep in the delicious powdery moon dust known as regolith, armstrong broke out his trumpet. the first song he played was one written specifically for the mission, titled \" one small step for man \". he then joined gaye in a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44402730243484473, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.937853"} {"text": "- deep in the delicious powdery moon dust known as regolith, armstrong broke out his trumpet. the first song he played was one written specifically for the mission, titled \" one small step for man \". he then joined gaye in a 90 minute set, one that would echo through the ages as part of one of mankind ' s greatest achievements. after the successful launching of louis armstrong to the moon, the apollo program launched many other black artists. the apollo theater made regular returns to the moon over the next fifteen years. musicians such as luther vandross, ben e. king, and diana ross all had lukewarmly received shows in the 1970s. in early 1981, michael jackson spent a considerable amount of time on the lunar surface, perfecting the moonwalk that would make him famous. the apollo program was officially discontinued in 1983 due to lack of interest and money shortages. however, the program still holds its famous amateur nights, in hopes of discovering an up - and - coming black artist capable of re - sparking america ' s interest in space exploration. in the early 1980s, nasa finalized plans for building a fleet of reusable \" space shuttles \" to be used for the colonization of space. these plans materialized during the height of worldwide imperialism movement ; namely, 1981. with americans running out of room, the vast expanses of space seemed like a perfect location to \" dump our unwanted stuff, like nuclear waste and mexicans. \" alternatively, it was thought that space could be used to exile society ' s most heinous villains, similar to australia but considerably more expensive. however, the space - prison idea was abandoned when several films depicting possible scenarios all resulted in the conquest of the earth by apes. as of today, these \" shuttles \" are still in use. their main function is to bring components of the international space station into orbit, where the station can be assembled. while conservative doomsayers claim that the space station is actually some sort of superweapon, nasa insists that the project is purely scientific. many experiments are planned, principally weightlessness studies ( such as space - hockey games ). the shuttles are set to be retired in 2015, at which point will enjoy a quiet life in rural florida consisting of shuffleboard and waiting for their children to call. personnel and recruiting the staff of nasa consists mostly of the pencil - necked nerds mentioned in the history section of this article. since the 1960s, their pocket protectors and horn - rimmed glasses have given way to leak", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5031770423112382, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.938901"} {"text": "their children to call. personnel and recruiting the staff of nasa consists mostly of the pencil - necked nerds mentioned in the history section of this article. since the 1960s, their pocket protectors and horn - rimmed glasses have given way to leak - proof pens and horn - rimmed contact lenses, respectively. nasa has had many directors, ranging from the down - to - earth billy bob thornton to the chain - smoking alcoholic ed harris. occasionally nasa will hire outside contractors, such as deep - core drillers, when a budget surplus necessitates blowing many things up in space. nasa originally recruited pilots from \" space camps \", where young children would go to laugh and pretend they were astronauts. those who pretended the hardest became astronauts. however, these camps were highly selective, and the only way for children to attend was to win a week at space camp on one of nickelodeon ' s game show programs, most of which were hosted by former nasa director mark summers. these game shows tested children ' s ability to handle astronaut - type stresses such as finding a red ribbon in a vat full of green slime, sliding down a ramp into a vat of green slime, and catching rubber chickens in a laundry basket. nasa has broad, sweeping plans for the future of space exploration. their current conquest to return to the moon is already underway, with several illegal spy satellites already en route to lunar orbit. the agency has also set its sights on mars, in an ingenious gambit that would completely cut off jupiter ' s supply line to venus. although remotely controlled machines have touched down on the red planet, human presence is necessary for a ' total conquest. ' nasa hopes to have several colonies on the moon and mars by 1990 2000 2010 2020. these colonies will send tributes of rocks and dirt, and be taxed astronomically so as to discourage any space - rebellions. another one of nasa ' s top - secret projects involves research into highly controversial areas such as religion. with the advent of computers and supertechnology, it has been possible to ' look for god ' using highly sophisticated remote sensing equipment. right - wing conservatives have demanded fair time on several of the agency ' s largest telescopes, and the current administration has ensured that they receive it. these groups have also lobbied for equal time using assets such as cancer research labs and puppy shelters for their own religious research, evicting the former inhabitants. the success of these religion projects has been minimal. modeling things such as the fluid dynamics of the last supper and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47626674104034694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.940083"} {"text": "lobbied for equal time using assets such as cancer research labs and puppy shelters for their own religious research, evicting the former inhabitants. the success of these religion projects has been minimal. modeling things such as the fluid dynamics of the last supper and the projectile physics of jesus ' ascent into heaven have not been well received by the public. the future of these endeavours is unclear as several of the more controversial findings ( such as jesus having a wife, owning a speedboat, and even having children ) have been kept quiet. if the program is discontinued, the religious right will have to go back to \" the old standard - making it up. \" as far as the distant future, nasa has several ideas that are waiting for technology to advance to a sufficient level. for example, nuclear engines may make interstellar travel possible, and humans could be colonizing extrasolar planets within the next hundred years. also, once genetic engineering catches up to aerospace engineering, sharks may replace human astronauts. these so - called ' sharkstronauts ' will have the advantage of a system of cartilage rather than bone, rendering them less susceptible to radiation and extreme acceleration. also, sharkstronauts will be far better suited for an encounter with any kind of predatory space creature, such as a space - orca.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5377930160877433, "token_count": 262, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.940609"} {"text": "harare, zimbabwe \u2014 as the humanitarian crisis in zimbabwe deepens and its health systems collapse, unfpa, the united nations population fund, has intensified its efforts to aid pregnant women and their families by providing critical supplies to hospitals and support to health personnel. the crisis, which has worsened in the last few months with the spreading cholera epidemic, is characterized by hyper - inflation, deteriorating infrastructure, food insecurity, diminished access to basic social services, and massive unemployment. large numbers of mobile and internally displaced people, ex - farm workers, the poor and the vulnerable have lost their livelihoods and are left with very limited coping options. lack of access to basic social services, such as safe water and proper sanitation, shelter, health services \u2014 including access to reproductive health services and life - saving emergency obstetric care \u2014 have left vulnerable populations dependent on humanitarian assistance for survival. the hiv and aids pandemic in zimbabwe has worsened the plight of many families. more than a million zimbabweans are living with hiv, with prevalence estimated at 15. 6 per cent. prevention of hiv and access to clean and safe delivery, including emergency obstetric care services, are critical components of the coordinated humanitarian response in zimbabwe. the deteriorating capacity of the health system has recently been significantly worsened by the cholera epidemic, which has affected nine of the country \u2019 s ten provinces, with a cumulative number of reported cases since august 2008 of more than 20, 000 and over 1, 000 reported deaths. in response, the zimbabwean government has declared the cholera outbreak a national emergency, but the situation remains dire and may worsen with the current rainy season. as the cholera epidemic spreads, evidence is mounting of a health system in collapse. both the availability of health services and the ability of families to pay for care has declined. though significant support is being mobilized to address the cholera outbreak, some un officials fear that this approach may leave out most of the vulnerable groups in need of health services. as part of the humanitarian response to the worsening health sector crisis in zimbabwe, unfpa, working through the united nations - led health cluster, has intensified its support to emergency obstetric care services in the hardest hit central hospitals. the support has focused on two critical priority resources : essential supplies for emergency obstetric care and a supplementary allowance to the health workers stationed in these units. in the last few days, unfpa, in consultation with the zimbabwe ministry of health and child welfare, delivered emergency reproductive health medicines and surgical supplies to the central hospitals for use in their", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4015622779427656, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.944339"} {"text": "a supplementary allowance to the health workers stationed in these units. in the last few days, unfpa, in consultation with the zimbabwe ministry of health and child welfare, delivered emergency reproductive health medicines and surgical supplies to the central hospitals for use in their maternity units. the commodities comprised of inter - agency reproductive health kits for use in crisis situations. the total consignment can meet the needs of a population of about 900, 000 for at least three months. in addition, unfpa distributed medications to prevent haemorrhage and eclampsia that should fill the national need for the next six months. unfpa has also started paying incentives to health personnel working in the maternity units at the central hospitals. the unfpa support is meant to complement initiatives by the zimbabwe ministry of health and partners to kick - start operations of central hospitals ' maternity units, which are barely operating due to critical shortages of staff and supplies. these challenges have reduced the capacity of the health system to respond to the needs of the population, putting the lives of thousands of pregnant women and their families at risk. during a handover ceremony of the emergency reproductive health kits at parirenyatwa hospital ms. gift malunga, the unfpa assistant representative, urged the government, donors, ngos and all other players to urgently respond to the call for supporting human resources in the health sector. \u2014 reported by phylis munyama in zimbabwe and shannon egan in new york through the 2009 consolidated appeals process, organized by the un office for the coordination of humanitarian affairs, unfpa has appealed for approximately $ 4, 959, 400 to provide much - needed basic life - sustaining services, including critical reproductive health care and social information and services to the poorest and most vulnerable zimbabweans. the fund is also calling for the provision of much - needed medical equipment and supplies, the rehabilitation of primary maternal and reproductive health - care facilities, and training of health workers on antenatal and emergency obstetric care services. it continues to advocate for the prevention of hiv through information and sensitization campaigns, and the detection, prevention and treatment of violence against women.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4037291158035838, "token_count": 436, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.945260"} {"text": "late last night, perljam posted in # parrot a small perl 6 program which gave the wrong answer in rakudo : my $ foo = ' fred ' ; my $ bar = ' fred ' ; the correct output is obviously : perljam and infinoid both correctly diagnosed the problem as a cow problem. what ' s that, and why does it matter? the rakudo compiler turns this code into pir code. pir is the native high level language of parrot. inside parrot, the pir compiler ( imcc ) turns pir into parrot bytecode. as part of that process, imcc identifies constant string literals and treats them specially. like the perl 6 code, the pir code produced by rakudo contains the string literal fred twice. the pbc produced by imcc doesn ' t ; it refers to a single internal data structure twice. this is usually the right approach. in this case, where the literal string appears twice and is only four characters long, there ' s little benefit, but in a complex program, you can save a lot of memory and time with judicious caching. now of course sometimes people want to mutate these strings. they ' re mutable ; you can change them. that ' s where the cow comes in. it ' s like memory handling on a decent operating system. you only make a copy of the memory at the last possible point, where you know you ' re going to modify your copy. parrot strings support this, so if you use parrot operations directly, you don ' t even have to know that cow exists. it just works. the problem was that the string modification took place outside of parrot, in a custom perl6str pmc. think of a pmc like a class which represents internal data structures, and you ' re most of the way to understanding them. the perl6str pmc has two operations, decrement which do exactly what you ' d expect to strings on the c level. this means that they modify the c string directly. because this occurs at the c level ( working directly on c pointers ), parrot doesn ' t have a chance to perform the copy - on - write operation to the string, and the modification of one string produces the modification of all other strings which refer to the same string literal. my first solution was to call the parrot string function to perform the copy ( because there ' s a write coming up ) directly, but that made too", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5228877761531214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.947826"} {"text": "videos and articles designed to help you diagnose and maintain your vehicle. drive train category what is a differential and do you have one? date : may 25, 2011 9 : 26 am - category : drive train with front - wheel drive being so common these days in apple valley, minnesota, the differential is just taken care of during a transmission service, so most folks in apple valley, minnesota don ' t even have to think about it. and rear - wheel drive differentials don ' t need to be serviced for years, so it ' s understandable that it ' s not something on the top of mind for our apple valley customers. so it ' s not uncommon for people to not know they have a differential let alone know that it needs service. call valley auto care at 952 - 431 - 2700 for information about differential service, or stop by our apple valley, minnesota auto center at 7125 151st st. west, suite 105 55124. to better understand what a differential does, think about our local apple valley high school track. there are lanes marked off on the track. for the longer distance races, the starting lines are staggered. the starting lines for the outside lanes are ahead of the starting lines for the inside lanes. that ' s to compensate for the longer length of the outside lanes. staggering the starting lines means that each runner has the same distance to run. the differential compensates for the difference in speeds between the inside wheel and the outside wheel in a turn, because they have to travel together through slightly different distances. it ' s a very important function. when you think of it, all the power to get a vehicle moving goes through the differential. most cars in the apple valley, minnesota area weigh between three and six thousand pounds \u2013 trucks even more. the power from the engine goes through the transmission and then through the differential to the drive wheels. that ' s a lot of work and requires very heavy duty parts. and those parts need protection. the differential fluid lubricates the gears in the differential and keeps them cool. the fluid eventually gets dirty and worn down. some kinds of differentials require special additives that breakdown over time. so manufacturers recommend intervals for replacing your differential fluid. your apple valley, minnesota technician at valley auto care will drain the used fluid and check it out for metal bits, which could be a sign of excessive wear on the gears. then he ' ll replace the fluid and install the additives if necessary. your valley auto care service advisor can look up the manufacturer", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46919696034968683, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.956709"} {"text": "drain the used fluid and check it out for metal bits, which could be a sign of excessive wear on the gears. then he ' ll replace the fluid and install the additives if necessary. your valley auto care service advisor can look up the manufacturer ' s recommended service interval or you can check your owner ' s manual. give us a call at 952 - 431 - 2700 for more information about your differential service. drive train - what you need to know in apple valley date : april 29, 2011 1 : 42 pm - category : drive train one apple valley automotive service issue that doesn ' t get much attention is driveline service. drivelines don ' t get talked about very much around apple valley, but they ' re very important. first let ' s define what the driveline is : taking a small step back, the power plant is comprised of the engine and transmission. the driveline starts there and includes all of the components that transfer power from the transmission to the wheels. that ' s not really a lot of components, but they handle the full force of the engine. without the driveline you ' re not moving. so we need to take good care of it. the driveline components differ depending on whether your vehicle has front wheel drive, rear wheel drive, all wheel drive or four wheel drive. for purposes of our discussion, we ' re going to have to over simplify a bit. if you are ready to have your drive train looked at, give us a call : valley auto care 7125 151st st. west, suite 105 apple valley, minnesota 55124 call us at 952 - 431 - 2700 let ' s start with front wheel drive. the point where the transmission stops and the driveline begins is a little blurred with front wheel drive because the transaxle houses both the transmission function and the differential function. the half shafts that send power to each front wheel, come out of the transaxle. the shaft is connected to the wheel by a constant velocity, or cv, joint. the cv joint is protected from dirt and water by an airtight, flexible rubber boot. so, driveline service would include properly servicing the transaxle and inspecting the cv boot to see if it ' s torn or loose. if it is, it needs to be replaced and the cv joint inspected for damage. repairs may be in order. besides visual damage to the airtight cv boot, you might hear a clicking noise when turning. recommended maintenance for the transaxle and cv joints will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43330487994716566, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.957739"} {"text": ", it needs to be replaced and the cv joint inspected for damage. repairs may be in order. besides visual damage to the airtight cv boot, you might hear a clicking noise when turning. recommended maintenance for the transaxle and cv joints will be spelled out in your owner ' s manual or check with your apple valley service advisor. on to rear wheel drive. the driveline for a rear wheel drive vehicle starts with the driveshaft \u2013 that long tube that connects the transmission with the differential on the rear axle. some vehicles in apple valley have a two piece drive shaft. the shafts are connected to the transmission and the differential with big universal joints. you ' ve probably heard the term ' u - joints '. these joints can wear out, just like the cv joints in front wheel drive vehicles. you may hear some clunking or feel a jolt when shifting into drive or reverse \u2013 if you do, get your driveline inspected. the differential on the rear axle sends power out to each rear wheel through half shafts in the axle. the differential fluid needs to be drained periodically and replaced with clean fluid. when the seal on the end of the axel is damaged or leaks, the axel will need to be serviced. the routine maintenance item here is differential service. be sure to check your owner \u2019 s manual or apple valley service advisor for intervals. now let ' s go on to all wheel drive. remember that the difference between all wheel drive and four wheel drive is that an all wheel drive vehicle is essentially providing power to all of the wheels all of the time. the vehicle may be able to shift more of the power to the front or to the back depending on where you need traction. all wheel drive vehicles are designed to work well on dry pavement. even some high - end sports cars from makers like lamborghini and porsche have all wheel drive. some all wheel drive vehicles are designed to work well off - road, but all hard - core rock crawlers are four wheel drive. these guys thrive in mud, sand, rocks and hills \u2013 but they don ' t work well on dry pavement when they ' re in four wheel drive. so they have the option to shift to rear wheel drive only on dry pavement. most all - wheel drive vehicles are very similar to front wheel drive when it comes to the front end. they also have a center differential that transfers power to the rear differential. connecting it all is a shaft from the transaxle to the center differential and another from the center differential to the rear differential. so all of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4234985260679755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.958832"} {"text": "it comes to the front end. they also have a center differential that transfers power to the rear differential. connecting it all is a shaft from the transaxle to the center differential and another from the center differential to the rear differential. so all of the normal front wheel drive service is required as well as service to the center and rear differentials. four wheel drive can be thought of as a rear wheel drive vehicle that can also send power to the front axle. there ' s a transfer case in the middle of the vehicle that can be shifted to send power through a drive shaft to a differential on the front axle. so you need differential service for the front and rear differentials and for the transfer case as well. the bottom line is that the maintenance schedules are in your owner ' s manual. your apple valley service advisor can answer any questions you ' ve got. if this is the first time you ' ve heard some of this stuff \u2013 it ' s time to ask someone at valley auto care if any of it needs to be done now. date : july 26, 2010 1 : 38 pm - category : drive train here at autonettv, we have viewers, like you, from all across the country who write to us with questions or feedback. one common question we ' re asked is : what is a differential and what does it do? you may have been told your differential needs service, or seen it as an option up on the service menu. differential service covers a lot of things, so let ' s first talk about what a differential does. as you drive through a turn, your outside wheels and inside wheels turn at different speeds. kind of like the cars going around a race track - the ones driving in the outside lanes have a greater distance to travel than the cars in the inside lanes. the differential is what allows the outside and inside drive wheels to rotate at slightly different speeds so that the tires don ' t hop or skip while taking corners, or lose traction in dirt or snow. differentials have gears in them that transfer the power from the drive train to your wheels - which is why they ' re often referred to as gear boxes. the gears need to be very strong to do this work, and they need to be properly protected so that they ' ll last. all vehicles have some form of differential. if you have a front - wheel drive car, your differential is often called a transaxle and is located in the front. if you have rear - wheel drive, the differential is in the back of the car. if", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43935823598719304, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.959869"} {"text": "some form of differential. if you have a front - wheel drive car, your differential is often called a transaxle and is located in the front. if you have rear - wheel drive, the differential is in the back of the car. if you have a four - wheel drive vehicle, you will have a differential in the front and the back - and in the middle as well. the center differential adjusts for differences in speed between the front and rear wheels. differential fluid lubricates and cools the gears. over time, the fluid can get dirty from bits of the gears grinding off. the additives that keep the fluid clean and protect the differential break down over time. so your vehicle manufacturer has scheduled intervals for you to have your differential fluid changed. differentials are hard working mechanisms, and, along with the gears in a manual transmission, need to be serviced regularly with high - quality, replacement fluid. your apple valley automotive service advisor can give you more information as to when your next differential service is recommended. you can also ask if they have a record of when the service was last completed. as with most service intervals, if you are driving under more severe conditions, you will want to service your differential more frequently. \" severe service \" conditions are defined in most owners ' manuals, and include : frequent starts and stops, short trips, cold weather, hot weather and towing. all these conditions add to the stress of the vehicle and its parts. also, off - roading in minnesota can be especially hard on differentials, especially if you cross streams. proper service will extend the life of your gears and keep them running more smoothly. if you have never had your differential checked, visit http : / / www. valleyautocare. com / contact. php for more information. valley auto care in apple valley mn helps people and their vehicles throughout apple valley and along cedar ave, county rd. 42, galaxy ave, and 160th st. we work on all vehicles including the following manufacturers : audi, bmw, volkswagen, mercedes, toyota, nissan, honda, ford, mazda, chevrolet, pontiac, oldsmobile, saturn, gmc, cadillac, mercury, lincoln, infiniti, acura, lexus, buick, dodge, chrysler, jeep, and plymouth with most auto service needs including : tires, wheels, brakes, transmission, tune - up, computer diagnostics, engine codes, suspension, shocks, struts, alignment, ac, clutch & more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45265652007766466, "token_count": 505, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.960878"} {"text": "there \u2019 s been some interest in these before and after graphs highlighted by the blog \u201c sunshinehours \u201d here. to me it looked like a data processing change at dmi ( danish meteorological institute ) of some sorts, especially since none of the other metrics i monitor on the wuwt sea ice reference page had any changes of similar magnitude. so, i asked dr. walt meier of nsidc what he thought about it and he kindly responded within a few hours : probably the person to contact is rasmus tonboe, http : / / ocean. dmi. dk / staff / rtt / rtt. php it sounds like a land mask issue. because the resolution of the sensors are quite low ( on ~ 25 - 50 km ), you get mixed land - ocean cells and these can be \u201c read \u201d by the algorithms as ice. there are filters that can be applied ( we apply one ) that eliminates most of this, though some often gets through. an easier, albeit cruder way, is to just mask out ocean areas near the coast. it sounds like that \u2019 s what they were doing, and now they \u2019 re calculating ice to the coast \u2013 presumably because they implemented one of the filters. masking out the land results in mostly an offset \u2013 lowering the extent of ice because the ocean area is reduced. this highlights the fact that it is better to look at anomalies, trends, and relative change as opposed to absolute values to the ice, which are subject to potential biases and limitations like the coast issue. i \u2019 ve put in a query to dr. tonboe at dmi, and hopefully he \u2019 ll be able to tell us what is happening and why there is such a significant difference. i \u2019 ll report what he says if i get a response.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5007206429626885, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.962653"} {"text": "thu november 15, 2012 loophole lets toxic oil water flow over indian land originally published on fri november 16, 2012 11 : 55 am the air reeks so strongly of rotten eggs that tribal leader wes martel hesitates to get out of the car at an oil field on the wind river reservation in wyoming. he already has a headache from the fumes he smelled at another oil field. martel is giving me a tour of one of a dozen oil and gas fields on the reservation. these operations have the federal government ' s permission to dump wastewater on the land \u2014 so much that it creates streams that flow into natural creeks and rivers. and this water contains toxic chemicals, including known carcinogens and radioactive material, according to documents obtained by npr through freedom of information act requests. the fumes hitting martel ' s nose are hydrogen sulfide, which can be deadly. so martel makes sure the wind is at his back before walking over to a pit the size of several tennis courts. pipes are emptying dirty brown water that came up from oil wells into the pit, which is completely covered in goopy black oil. the oil is supposed to float to the surface, and then a truck will vacuum it up. any solid stuff should fall on the bottom of the pit, before the water rushes out and forms a stream. but there are still chemicals in the water \u2014 some from the earth, some from the oil, and some the companies add to make the oil flow faster. about a half - mile from the pit, martel stops the car on a bridge over that stream of murky gray water. a shiny film covers the water in some places. \" i wish a lot of people could see this, \" says martel, the vice chairman of the eastern shoshone business council, the tribal government. \" this is something that ' s going on in the reservation : this don ' t look too cool. \" in most of the country, this would be illegal. most oil fields reinject wastewater far underground, where it cannot cause harm. so why is this wastewater being released into a desert wilderness of sagebrush - covered foothills and sandstone cliffs that blaze with reds and oranges? the few cows grazing nearby provide a clue. \" you can see the tracks into the water here, \" says martel. \" this is one of their watering holes. \" inside epa, distress over dumping loophole without the wastewater, this area would be bone dry most of the year. in the 1970s, when the environmental protection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45341579107749064, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.979176"} {"text": "the water here, \" says martel. \" this is one of their watering holes. \" inside epa, distress over dumping loophole without the wastewater, this area would be bone dry most of the year. in the 1970s, when the environmental protection agency was banning oil companies from dumping their wastewater, ranchers, especially in wyoming, made a fuss. they argued that their livestock needs water, even dirty water. so the epa made an exception, a loophole, for the arid west. if oil companies demonstrate that ranchers or wildlife use the water, the companies can release it. off the reservation, western states get to decide what oil companies must do with wastewater ; over time, states ' rules have become stricter than the epa ' s. some states have all but outlawed dumping. but on the wind river reservation, the epa controls whether companies can release wastewater on a case - by - case basis. the epa refused multiple requests for interviews, but in a statement, the agency said it was evaluating the permits it gives some of the companies to expel this water on the reservation. \" epa is reviewing new information associated with these permits and intends to meet with the tribes in upcoming weeks to discuss next steps, \" the statement reads. the responses to npr ' s two freedom of information act requests include emails between staffers, correspondence with the companies, results of water - quality tests, the permits, and documents justifying each permit. most of this information had not been public before. the documents show hints of mutiny inside the epa. some epa staffers clearly are appalled by the wastewater releases. one wrote in an email to colleagues : \" can we get together and discuss a strategic approach for sending our message of concern? i have attached pictures of this ridiculousness. \" another staffer warns that the chemicals in the water could have \" irrevocable human health and environmental impacts. \" the documents also show recent detective work that some epa staffers did to try to figure out what chemicals companies are putting in the water. their research reveals that some of the waste streams sometimes include chemicals from hydraulic fracturing, an engineering technique designed to increase the flow of wells. they also include chemicals whose warning labels clearly state \" toxic to aquatic organisms, \" \" prevent material from entering sewers or waterways, \" and warnings about cancer and birth defects at low levels. the documents suggest that at least some people inside the epa are advocating for stricter rules. but much of this debate has been kept secret. the epa refused to give npr 757 documents about the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42803522356083745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.980327"} {"text": "and warnings about cancer and birth defects at low levels. the documents suggest that at least some people inside the epa are advocating for stricter rules. but much of this debate has been kept secret. the epa refused to give npr 757 documents about the loophole, claiming they can be kept secret because they are between the epa and its attorneys or among epa staffers. ' we should know better by now ' experts, including scientists at the u. s. geological survey, say it ' s very rare for oil field water to be released into drainages or streams because it nearly always contains harmful chemicals. \" it ' s a very uncommon situation in the united states and, i believe, most of the rest of the world, \" said john veil, a retired wastewater expert at the department of energy ' s argonne national laboratory, who now works as a consultant. in one analysis that veil did for argonne, he found that 98 percent of the water that companies pump up with oil is reinjected deep underground. veil says it ' s usually far too salty to discharge. some scientists were alarmed when they learned about the oil field wastewater releases, especially given that it is happening on tribal land. \" i was shocked when i heard this, \" says rob jackson, a duke university environmental scientist. \" i was very surprised this was allowed. it ' s just something that we should know better by now. we should know that dumping our waste onto the surface of the ground is a bad solution. \" other experts agreed that the chemicals in the water raise concerns. however, some scientists, including staffers from the u. s. geological survey, felt uncomfortable commenting for the record without doing their own testing. jackson reviewed many of the epa documents released to npr, including analyses of the chemicals in the wastewater streams and warning labels for some of the chemical treatments that companies add to the wells. he stresses that they include hazardous air pollutants such as hydrochloric acid and naphthalene, and carcinogens like benzene and ethyl benzene. \" there are many things in this water that you don ' t want in the environment or in people ' s drinking water. you don ' t need to be a genius to know this is a bad idea, \" jackson says. he urges the epa to consider the consequences of its policy and how it looks. \" are we doing something on tribal lands we wouldn ' t allow somewhere else? i think that ' s something we have to be asking ourselves. \" on the reservation,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4333965770426178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.981298"} {"text": "he urges the epa to consider the consequences of its policy and how it looks. \" are we doing something on tribal lands we wouldn ' t allow somewhere else? i think that ' s something we have to be asking ourselves. \" on the reservation, dead ducklings, dangerous fumes outside the reservation, western states decide how oil field waste is handled \u2014 and their rules are stricter than the epa ' s. for instance, off the reservation, the state of wyoming requires companies to inject wastewater deep underground and out of harm ' s way if they ' ve added toxic chemicals to the wells. other states have set tougher water quality standards that have nearly eliminated these releases. on the wind river reservation, these oil field wastewater streams have flowed for several decades without attracting much interest, even from the tribes, according to wes martel and other officials of the two tribes that share the reservation, the eastern shoshoni and northern arapaho. \" most of our elders were very trusting, very trusting people. they were glad they had the opportunity to get some revenue. most of them were just thinking, ' we ' re being watched over, and things are being taken care of, ' \" says martel, 65, who was in tribal government many years ago and was elected two years ago to return to government. but in 2005, the wind river environmental quality commission sampled the water downstream of some of the oil fields. researchers found toxic levels of some chemicals, stretches of streams that were lifeless, and streambeds splotched with black ooze, white crystals and purple growths. they recorded water temperatures as high as 125 degrees, and found dead ducklings, according to a draft report prepared by the tribes ' environmental department. during tours of four of the oil fields earlier this fall, i witnessed visible violations of the plain language of the permits that the epa gave these companies to discharge wastewater. for instance, i saw streambeds covered in white crystals and rock - like formations below outfall pipes. the permits prohibit visible deposits in the receiving waters or shoreline. they also prohibit any visible foam or sheen \u2014 i saw both. at the wastewater discharge site at one oil field, company officials warned us to leave after a few minutes because of the danger of respiratory distress or death from hydrogen sulfide fumes. the companies were reluctant to talk. one agreed to meet at its oil field on the reservation but backed out the night before. others failed to return multiple phone calls. houston - based marathon oil corporation, which runs three oil fields on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3882241554784046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.982358"} {"text": "worries about water quality and wildlife \u2014 and about food safety, too. oil field water abounds on the reservation, and the cows that graze there will eventually end up on dinner plates. \" so it really makes you wonder : what impacts is this having on not only aquatic life, but our wildlife? \" martel says. \" you ' ve got to wonder, what types of chemicals are those beef retaining? and when that goes to the slaughterhouse, what ' s in your steak? \" ranchers still want the water but eastern shoshone member darwin griebel, one of a handful of ranchers whose livestock use the oil field water, pooh - poohs martel ' s concerns. \" animals drink it. people aren ' t going to drink it. hell with the quality of the water, \" says griebel. griebel has known martel for nearly 60 years, since they were in elementary school and slept over at each others ' houses. but he says they don ' t agree on this issue. griebel says his cows haven ' t suffered health problems from drinking the water, and the impurities clear up after the streams have run for a while. ( the tribes ' water study backs up that idea : concentrations of various harmful chemicals tend to decrease the farther you get from the oil fields. ) what ' s most concerning to griebel is that the water has been crucial to his family ' s business for generations. without it, he says : \" there would be no water for the cows. there would be no water for the deer, the antelope. nothing. it would put us out of business is what it would do. \" but martel says that if the epa does not put a stop to this, the tribes will step in. if the oil companies say that reinjecting or cleaning the water would be so expensive that it would no longer be profitable to pump oil, martel knows what his response will be : \" good riddance. \" \" we ' ll take it over ourselves and do it right, \" he says. martel dreams of putting tribal companies in charge of their oil fields. then the tribes would get all the profits, instead of just the royalties the companies pay them. they ' d also be able to protect water quality for future generations. melissa block, host : from npr news, this is all things considered. i ' m melissa block. audie cornish, host : and i ' m audie cornish. npr has obtained internal", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43999333110346645, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.985290"} {"text": "also be able to protect water quality for future generations. melissa block, host : from npr news, this is all things considered. i ' m melissa block. audie cornish, host : and i ' m audie cornish. npr has obtained internal documents from the environmental protection agency that show that the agency has long been allowing oil companies to release polluted water on an indian reservation in wyoming. millions of gallons every month create streams of this water, and it ends up in natural rivers. npr ' s elizabeth shogren is joining us to talk about the documents. and, elizabeth, to start, what ' s going on here? elizabeth shogren, byline : well, the federal government actually banned this kind of dumping in the 1970s, but they made an exception, a loophole for the arid west. and i learned about this recently. it surprised me, so i put in some freedom of information act requests to the epa to try to learn more. cornish : so what did find in the documents? shogren : well, what i found out is that there are some staffers at the epa who are trying to figure out what ' s in this water. and they ' re learning it has some nasty stuff in it. there ' s some toxic chemicals and carcinogens and radioactive material. but there ' s a lot we don ' t know about the epa ' s thinking. they kept 750 documents from us, and they wouldn ' t let me speak with anybody. so i felt like i really had to go to the wind river reservation to understand what ' s going on. cornish : you actually went there. i mean, did you see this water? how much water are we talking about? shogren : yes. one of the things that shocked me is how much water - it ' s literally small rivers of this water in the reservation in some places. and what i did expect is that i wouldn ' t want to take a sip of this water, but what i didn ' t expect is that it would be dangerous to even stand next to it. and that ' s where i ' m going to start my story. cornish : i ' m with one of the tribal leaders, wes martel. he ' s a fit 65 - year - old with a long graying ponytail. and he ' s taking me out to show me this water. ooh. ooh, can you smell that? wes martel : yeah. martel : that ' s why i ' m hesitating in getting out here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46901597891398894, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.986174"} {"text": "ponytail. and he ' s taking me out to show me this water. ooh. ooh, can you smell that? wes martel : yeah. martel : that ' s why i ' m hesitating in getting out here. shogren : we pulled up next to a big black pit. the air reeks of rotten eggs. martel tells me it ' s hydrogen sulfide. it can be deadly. so before we get out of the car, we make sure the wind is at our backs. martel takes me over to the pit. this is like about a football field size, right? martel : probably, three or four tennis courts maybe. shogren : the whole pit is covered with goopy black oil. there are these big pipes. brown wastewater from oil wells is gushing out of them into the pit. it ' s so much water that it creates those streams. half a mile away, we stop the car on a bridge over this stream of wastewater. ( soundbite of running water ) shogren : does that look natural to you? martel : no way. just that color. when a stream is healthy, it ' s green. this is not green. shogren : it ' s murky gray. in some places, there ' s a shiny film on the surface. martel : i wish a lot of people could just see this and - see, this is something that ' s going on on the reservation. this don ' t look too cool. shogren : now, in most of the country, this would not be allowed. so why is it allowed here on the wind river reservation? it ' s beautiful here. shogren : you ' ve got big sandstone hills that blaze with reds and oranges. other than the oil wells, it ' s just desert wilderness, mostly empty except for a few cows. and these cows are supposedly the reason why oil companies get to do this. martel : you can just see their tracks right down - in that water. this is one of their watering holes. shogren : without this water, this area would be bone - dry most of the year. back in the 1970s, the epa was banning this kind of dumping. but ranchers, especially here in wyoming, fought back. they said their cows need this water, any water, even if it ' s dirty. we ' re standing on the other side of the bridge where the stream is rushing out of big corrugated pipes. ( soundbite of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46337528192819, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.987160"} {"text": "wyoming, fought back. they said their cows need this water, any water, even if it ' s dirty. we ' re standing on the other side of the bridge where the stream is rushing out of big corrugated pipes. ( soundbite of rushing water ) shogren : wes martel thinks this can ' t be good. martel : well, you know, especially this volume of water, and this is constant. so it really makes you wonder what kind of impact is this having on not only aquatic life but our wildlife. and then, you know, you ' ve got to wonder what types of chemicals are those beef retaining. and when that goes to the slaughterhouse, what ' s in your steak, right? darwin griebel : oh, come on, wes. what difference does it make? animals drink it. people aren ' t going to drink it. the hell with the quality of the water. shogren : that ' s darwin griebel. he ' s one of a handful of ranchers whose livestock use the water. he ' s known martel since they were in elementary school together and slept over at each other ' s houses. he ' s talking to me while we ' re going to pick up some cows that escaped to a neighbor ' s ranch. have you ever noticed any health problems with your animals? griebel : oh, no. no, no, no, no. no. the production water leaves the oil field. by the time it runs probably four, 500 yards, it starts purifying. in fact, when you ' re in five mile creek, there ' s fish in there. shogren : have you ever noticed anything weird about the water? shogren : all the kind of the white crystals and stuff? griebel : well, that ' s right at the start of it. but, you know, after, like i said, after it flows for a while, that ' s all gone. shogren : and then i ask griebel about a suspicion i ' ve had : do cows really need this water? or are oil companies just making it up, so they can have a cheaper way to dispose of it? he tells me, yeah. for generations, his family has depended on this water. what would it be like without the production water? griebel : then there would be no water for the cows. there would be no water for the deer, the antelope, nothing. it ' d put us out of business", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4579380705682623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.988183"} {"text": "water. what would it be like without the production water? griebel : then there would be no water for the cows. there would be no water for the deer, the antelope, nothing. it ' d put us out of business is what it would do. shogren : griebel has got a point. there ' s a lot of water flowing on the wind river reservation. all in all, there are about a dozen different oil fields here with permission to continuously spew out this water. the water is from deep underground. it gets pumped to the surface with the oil. by the time it ' s released into streams, most of the oil has been separated out. but there are still chemicals in the water : chemicals from the earth, chemicals from the crude and chemicals that companies add to their wells to maintain them and get the oil to flow faster. now, the epa does require some testing, but for the most part the agency doesn ' t know exactly what ' s in the water. rob jackson : i was shocked when i first heard this. shogren : rob jackson is an environmental scientist at duke university. he researches the petroleum industry. jackson : i was very surprised that this was allowed. it ' s just something that we should know better by now. we should know that dumping our wastes onto the surface of the ground is a bad solution. shogren : other experts, including scientists at the u. s. geological survey, say dumping oil field water is rare because it nearly always contains harmful chemicals. rob jackson reviewed many of the documents the epa gave npr in response to freedom of information act requests. these documents include analyses of chemicals found in the water and warning labels for treatments the companies put in the wells. jackson : the chemicals that are in this water contain hazardous air pollutants, such as naphthalene and hydrochloric acid, and carcinogens like benzene and ethyl benzene. there are many things in this water that you don ' t want in the environment or in people ' s drinking water. you don ' t need to be a genius to know that this is a bad idea. shogren : you can tell from reading the internal epa documents that some epa staffers are appalled. one staffer refers to what ' s happening on the wind river reservation as, quote, \" ridiculousness. \" another staffer writes about, quote, \" irrevocable human health and environmental impacts. \" duke university ' s rob jackson agrees that the epa needs to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45969239454500116, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.989185"} {"text": "what ' s happening on the wind river reservation as, quote, \" ridiculousness. \" another staffer writes about, quote, \" irrevocable human health and environmental impacts. \" duke university ' s rob jackson agrees that the epa needs to reconsider how this looks and the consequences. jackson : are we doing something on tribal lands that we wouldn ' t allow somewhere else? i think that ' s a question we need to be asking ourselves. shogren : off the reservation, the states decide what companies get to do with the water. their rules are stricter than the epa ' s, and some states have virtually outlawed dumping. most oil companies re - inject this water deep underground where it can ' t do harm. but on the wind river reservation, the epa has control. eastern shoshone leader wes martel believes this problem has escaped scrutiny for so long because the oil fields are remote and on tribal land. royalties from this oil help support the tribes and their members. martel : yeah, most of our elders were very trusting, very trusting people. and they had the opportunity to, you know, get some revenue. and, you know, most of them were just thinking we ' re being watched over. shogren : martel is pushing the epa to make oil companies clean up this water or put it back underground. and if the operators say, well, it ' s too expensive to re - inject it, we ' re packing up and going away, what would you and your people think about that? martel : good riddance. we ' ll take it over ourselves and do it right. shogren : martel dreams of putting tribal companies in charge of their oil fields. then the tribes would get all the profits instead of just royalties. they ' d also be able to protect water quality for future generations. but the epa hasn ' t told the tribes what its plans are. it also refused to give interviews to npr. but the agency said in a statement that it ' s evaluating the permission it gives some companies to do this. elizabeth shogren, npr news. transcript provided by npr, copyright npr.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4210877239292, "token_count": 435, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.990105"} {"text": "energy on campus our campus greenhouse gas emissions are an important measure of mit \u2019 s energy and environmental impact. an innovative analysis and inventory of our greenhouse gas emissions \u2013 originally conducted as an mit graduate thesis - established a solid foundation on which to design and build a comprehensive mitigation program. the inventory, completed in 2003 and updated in 2005, allows for striking forecasts of future emissions and highlights the importance of taking action now to reduce greenhouse gases. ( graphic : mit environmental programs office and dept. of facilities ) combined heat and power generation technology an effective component of a comprehensive greenhouse gas reduction strategy would be to expand the current combined heat and power ( co - generation ) capacity at the campus central utility plant. installing an additional 16 megawatt capacity with three natural gas - fired turbines could reduce annual greenhouse gas emissions by 53, 000 equivalent metric tons of co2, and save the institute upwards of $ 7 million a year in reduced energy costs. mit \u2019 s award - winning 1995 installation of co - generation reduced mit \u2019 s greenhouse gas emissions by 32 %, and regulated pollutants nox and sox by 45 %. implementing and demonstrating the latest co - generation technology offers mit an excellent opportunity to lead by example and engage mit \u2019 s research community. solar photovoltaic power systems the mit community solar power initiative has recently and successfully completed the installation of 25 advanced solar photovoltaic systems on campus and in the community. supported by a grant from the massachusetts technology collaborative, the project lead by the department of facilities and the laboratory for energy and the environment worked with local home owners, institutional leaders, and a host of local solar engineers, entrepreneurs, and installers to add over 74 kilowatts of solar energy capacity to the area - generating enough electricity to light over 60 homes with no greenhouse gas emissions or other harmful emissions. the three systems on mit \u2019 s campus ( on buildings w20, n52, and 14 ) mark in important milestone : the first large - scale renewable power systems inter - connected to mit \u2019 s power grid. the project has demonstrated mit \u2019 s ability to bring new, innovative and renewable power to mit \u2019 s campus : in a way that is practical, robust, and reliable. additional renewable energy projects on campus will serve as important greenhouse gas mitigation opportunities as well as platforms for engaging our faculty and students for collaborative problem - solving. bio - based energy innovation mit has recently been playing host to an innovative group of algae atop the roof of the central utility plant. the algae, part of a beta installation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5437897525015678, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:51.998944"} {"text": "as well as platforms for engaging our faculty and students for collaborative problem - solving. bio - based energy innovation mit has recently been playing host to an innovative group of algae atop the roof of the central utility plant. the algae, part of a beta installation of new bioreactor pollution control technology being developed by the energy start - up firm greenfuel technologies, is sequestering a fraction of the carbon dioxide being emitted from the power plant \u2019 s emission stream while also removing polluting nitrogen oxides. as the algae feeds on the co2 and other pollutants, it grows in volume and gives off oxygen and nitrogen, producing biomass that can be converted into biofuels including biodiesel. mit is currently considering expanding their collaboration with greenfuel to process the algae on campus into biodiesel for possible use on campus in an innovative renewable fuel cycle. the installation at mit has proven the new technology feasible and greenfuel is currently in the process of building a large - scale industrial application. supporting the development of this type of innovative energy technology is a good example of mit opening its operations as a learning laboratory to explore options for sustainable energy and emission control technologies. integrating innovative technologies and systems into new buildings and renovations is putting mit on the forefront of sustainable building. mit has developed institute environmental goals and standards to make sure that new capital projects and renovations earn the leadership in energy and environmental design ( leed ) silver plus certification, a nationally recognized building sustainability rating system. two recent projects, the stata center and the brain and cognitive sciences building, are leed registered and plans for certification are being developed. among innovations, the stata center employs a creative storm water retention / management system that uses biofiltration, recirculating storm water with a solar powered pump for irrigation and flushing toilets. the building also extensively uses more efficient displacement ventilation utilizing a raised floor system. the brain and cognitive sciences building employs heat recovery methods incorporated into hvac systems, and uses variable air volume systems and balanced sizing of hvac equipment to reduce energy use. the campus as a learning laboratory mit \u2019 s operations - from its power generation systems, transportation fleets, recycling programs, and building initiatives to its organizational and management structures offer rich, real world opportunities to study and test new solutions for today \u2019 s most pressing energy and environment issue in real time. the number of students and researchers interested in using our campus as a living laboratory is growing rapidly, and programs and projects to facilitate this type of study and education are being put into place. for example, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5512129361546095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.000218"} {"text": "pressing energy and environment issue in real time. the number of students and researchers interested in using our campus as a living laboratory is growing rapidly, and programs and projects to facilitate this type of study and education are being put into place. for example, the environmental programs office and the education program of the laboratory for energy and the environment have jointly developed a campus sustainability urop program to facilitate the educational involvement of mit undergraduates in practical research questions of interest and concern to sustainability initiatives at mit. students gain hands - on experience with real - world problems, practical experience designing a work plan and meeting expectations of a specific client, and empowerment from tangible impact on their community. mit operational units gain knowledge to support the adoption of more sustainable operational practices on campus and benefit from a more informed student body. emerging renewable energy opportunities the development of renewable energy sources to power campus operations is an essential component of any institution \u2019 s sustainable energy portfolio. expanding capacity of clean renewable power can off - set greenhouse gas emissions from conventional power use, and offer rich opportunities to excite and engage faculty, students and staff alike. mit will explore viable and practical options for developing innovative renewable power projects. for example, a collaboration of departments including facilities ; environment, health and safety ; environmental programs office ; bates laboratory ; and the lab for energy and the environment is currently assessing the preliminary feasibility of installing wind turbine power generation technology at the mit bates laboratory in middleton, ma. the study will analyze the potential wind resource, electrical demands and financial implications. the photo at left simulates a scale representation of a 1. 5 megawatt wind turbine installation on the middleton campus.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5550311954346303, "token_count": 326, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.001060"} {"text": "www. fema. gov with flood plan and insurance rate maps onlineinformation the website www. fema. gov serves as the official informational and contact point for the federal emergency management agency ( fema ). fema is a federal agency with the mission of coordinating national preparation and response to disasters. while fema is best known for their tactical response to widespread emergencies, they also provide a comprehensive website ( with mobile capabilities ) which provides a wealth of information regarding the organization and its ongoing efforts. on fema. gov, citizens are able to access important information to help them prepare for disasters ranging from volcanos to floods to nuclear power emergencies. this information includes instructions of emergency supply kits and shelters, as well as comprehensive step by step instructions for what to do in the event of an emergency situation. information is sorted and accessible by disaster type as well as by state. another section of the fema website provides updates and resources for those who have been victims of disasters, such as recent weather emergencies. helpful resources in this section of fema. gov include links where affected individuals can learn about and apply for disaster relief aid, such as emergency housing assistance and access to necessary food staples. the website www. fema. gov also provides important real time information, such as maps of federally declared disaster areas, severe weather updates, and the current status of response and recovery operations. it provides a central hub for those impacted by disasters to access timely, accurate, and relevant information. a section of www. fema. gov also caters to media inquiries, with recent news and press releases indexed by date. site users can also contact fema directly through links on the site. with a comprehensive breadth of disaster preparation, relief, and recovery information, fema. gov should be a citizen ' s first resource in the event or threat of an emergency situation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4357837008346205, "token_count": 374, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.003201"} {"text": "fallacies are arguments that may sound logical, but are not. when you look at some of the examples below, you may see some with conclusions you agree with and some you don ' t. but the truth, in the empirical sense, is not what is at issue : what these examples are all about is logical argument. all these examples are illogical and based in fallacious thinking. for example, one fallacy is called \" sweeping generalization. \" someone may argue : \" that is the richest sorority on campus ; so sue, who belongs to that sorority must be one of the richest women on campus. \" well, sue may be one of the richest ; or she may be one of the poorest. it doesn ' t matter whether the conclusion is true or not in the literal sense. the argument is illogical. it means nothing at all to say that, if a group has a certain quality, then a member of the group must have that quality, too. probably everyone has been guilty of inadvertently using them. most of us fall for them even if we know better. and there are some people ( propagandists, advertisers, and many politicians ) who use them all the time. it would be wise to become familiar with the fallacies in order to protect ourselves from the unscrupulous. but by no means is this list meant to encourage the use of fallacies! affirmation of the consequent : \" a implies b, b is true, therefore a is true \" this is confusing, sometimes, because it looks so much like good logic : \" a implies b, a is true, therefore b is true, \" known as modus ponens or affirmation of the antecedent, is one of the basic valid syllogisms. but affirmation of the consequent is definitely a fallacy : \" if the universe had been created by a supernatural being, we would see order and organization everywhere. and we do see order, not - - so it ' s clear that the universe had a creator. \" no : the order could have some other origin. \" if there is indeed a collective unconscious, then we will find that the mythologies of all the world \u2019 s cultures have profound and indeed they do - - therefore, there must be a collective no : there may be all sorts of other reasons for mythologies to have commonalities. this is the converse of denial of the antecedent ( below ). a slight variation of affirm", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5786451182533804, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.026129"} {"text": "do - - therefore, there must be a collective no : there may be all sorts of other reasons for mythologies to have commonalities. this is the converse of denial of the antecedent ( below ). a slight variation of affirming the consequent is converting a conditional : \" if a then b, therefore if b then a \". this fallacy is similar to the affirmation of the consequent, but phrased as a conditional statement. \" when educational standards are lowered, the quality of shows on worsens. so if we see television getting worse over the next few years, we ' ll know that our educational standards are still falling. \" no : the worsening of television could have other causes. \" if the latest drugs work well, we will see a great improvement n health. so, if mental health improves, we will know that these no again! mental health may improve for denial of the antecedent : \" a implies b, a is therefore b is false \" this is the converse of the fallacy of affirmation of the consequent. it too looks like good logic : \" a implies b, b is false, therefore a is false, \" which is called modus tollens, or denial of the consequent. denial of the antecedent, on the other hand, is illogical : \" if the god of the bible appeared to me, personally, that would prove that christianity was true. but god has never appeared to me, so the bible must be a work of fiction. \" nope : god may not appear to you even if the bible were true. \" if there were such a thing as penis envy, we would expect women to be easier on their sons than on their daughters. but penis envy of course, not real - - so naturally women do not treat their sons than their daughters. \" no : they may still do so, just for other reasons. there is also a version that says \u201c if a, then b, therefore, if not a, then not b. \u201d \u201c if you have a phd in psychology, you must be pretty knowledgeable the field. therefore, if you don \u2019 t have the phd, you must be ignorant of psychology. \u201d no : having that phd may mean you have knowledge, but knowledge hardly depends on a degree. fallacy of composition : the idea that a property shared by a number of individual items, is also shared by a collection of those items ; or that a property of the parts of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.520833748800062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.027192"} {"text": "may mean you have knowledge, but knowledge hardly depends on a degree. fallacy of composition : the idea that a property shared by a number of individual items, is also shared by a collection of those items ; or that a property of the parts of an object, must also be a property of the whole thing. \" this new truck is made entirely of lightweight aluminum components, and is therefore very lightweight. \" in fact, a truck is composed of so many \u201c lightweight \u201d parts, it is bound to be far from lightweight itself! \" a ton of feathers should weigh less than a ton of lead! \" no : in fact, they weigh the same - a ton. hope you didn ' t fall for that one! \" since neurons are either excitatory or inhibitory, the brain itself must have excitatory or inhibitory states. \" a variation of composition is the genetic fallacy : a conclusion about the goodness or badness of something on the basis of the goodness or badness of the thing \u2019 s origin. ( not actually ad hominem - - see below - - but often listed there ) \" the medicine made from that plant must be poisonous, because that plant is poisonous. \" \" the humanitarian work we do may well come out of our need to look good in front of our fellow man. so humanitarian work is basically egotistical! \" the opposite of the fallacy of composition is the fallacy of division : assuming that a property of some thing must apply to its parts ; or that a property of a collection of items is shared by each item. \u201c humans are conscious and are made of cells ; therefore, each cell has consciousness \u201d \" you are studying at a rich college. therefore you must be rich. \" \" since the team could solve the problem so easily, i assume that each member of the team could do it just as well alone. \" and a fallacy that totally confuses parts and wholes : the fallacy of the undistributed middle : suggesting that things are in some way similar, but not actually specifing how. a is a kind of c, b is a kind of c, therefore, a is b \" cats are a form of animal based on carbon chemistry, dogs are a form of animal based on carbon chemistry, so aren ' t dogs and cats basically identical? \" \u201c they \u2019 re both students, so i can expect the same from both. \u201d \" since they are both schizophrenics, they should both have the same reaction to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6230779317831834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.028193"} {"text": "chemistry, so aren ' t dogs and cats basically identical? \" \u201c they \u2019 re both students, so i can expect the same from both. \u201d \" since they are both schizophrenics, they should both have the same reaction to this new medication. \" sweeping generalization ( the fallacy of accident, dicto simpliciter ) : applying a general rule to special case ; a general rule is applied to a particular situation, but the features of that particular situation mean the rule is inapplicable. \" christians generally dislike atheists. you are a christian, so you must dislike atheists. \" sweeping generalization includes a common misunderstanding the nature of statistics : \u201c the majority of people in the united states die in hospitals, so stay out of them. \u201d \" men are statistically more aggressive than women. therefore, i, a male, must be more aggressive than you, a female. \" hasty generalization is the converse of sweeping generalization : a special case is used as the basis of a general rule. a general rule is created by examining only a few specific cases which aren ' t representative of all possible cases. \" i know a union representative and he ' s a terrible person. i wouldn ' t trust any of them. \" \" jim bakker was an insincere christian. therefore all christians are insincere. \" \" this schizophrenic has paranoid delusions. it stands to reason that they all do. \" hasty generalization includes another common misunderstanding of statistics called the statistics of small numbers : \u201c my parents smoked all their lives and they never got cancer. \u201d \" the five subjects in our experiment responded well to our intervention. we can therefore recommend the procedure to everyone. \" another version is called observational selection : pointing out favorable circumstances while ignoring the unfavorable. for example, at any gambling institution, a great deal of fuss is paid to those who win, while those who lose are quietly encouraged to sneak out the back. this way, winning seems much more likely that it is! \" all of these people who prayed for a cure survived their disease. prayer is clearly to be recommended! \" and observational selection includes anecdotal evidence : \u201c just last week i read about a girl who was dying of cancer. her whole family went to church and prayed for her, and she was cured. that only proves the power of prayer! \" \" uncle joe got over his rheumatism by drinking his own urine! \" \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5770881157439692, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.029228"} {"text": "girl who was dying of cancer. her whole family went to church and prayed for her, and she was cured. that only proves the power of prayer! \" \" uncle joe got over his rheumatism by drinking his own urine! \" \u201c urban myths \u201d are usually good examples! bifurcation ( \" black or white, \" excluded middle, false dichotomy ) : presuming an either - or distinction. suggesting that there are only two alternatives, where in fact other alternatives exist or can exist. instead of black or white, we can have shades of gray... or even rainbows of colors! \" we must choose between safety and freedom. and it is in the of good americans to take the risk of freedom. \" must we choose? can ' t we have both? \" a patient either gets better or they don \u2019 t. \" \" come on now - - is he or isn \u2019 t he bipolar? \" another form of bifurcation is considering only the extremes : \u201c he ' s either guilty or not guilty. \u201d begging the question ( petitio principii ). assuming as a premise the conclusion which you wish to reach. instead of offering real proof, we can just restate the conclusion we are supposed to come to, and hope the listener doesn ' t notice. \" government ownership of public utilities is dangerous, because it but government ownership of public utilities is socialism. you ' ve just been told that it ' s dangerous because it is what it is. \u201c we must encourage our youth to worship god to instill moral but does religion and worship actually produce moral behavior? \" qualitative methods are essentially worthless because they don \u2019 t involve measurement or statistics. \" the most obvious form of begging the question is the circular argument ( vicious cycle, circulus in demonstrando ) : stating in one ' s proof that which one is supposed to be proving. \" we know that god exists because the bible tells us so. and we know that the bible is true because it is the word of god. \" \" your arguments against freud are due to your unresolved unconscious conflicts. \" \" your arguments against skinner are due to your conditioning. \" \" your arguments against existentialism are indicative of your inauthenticity. \" there \u2019 s also the appeal to faith : faith, by definition, relies on a belief that does not rest on logic or evidence. faith depends on irrational thought. \" if you accept the lord, you will understand! \" \" if you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5735744079535745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.030196"} {"text": ". \" there \u2019 s also the appeal to faith : faith, by definition, relies on a belief that does not rest on logic or evidence. faith depends on irrational thought. \" if you accept the lord, you will understand! \" \" if you would only take maslow at his word, you would finally get it! \" and the most common way to use begging the question is question - begging epithets ( loaded words, emotive language, etc. ). restating conclusion in \" hot \" language : \" this criminal is charged with the most vicious crime known to man. \" does it prove something, or just get the blood flowing? often hard to identify ( and so very dangerous ) is the ad hoc argument : giving an after - the - fact explanation which doesn ' t apply to other situations. \u201c i see that john \u2019 s cancer is in \u201c yes, our prayers have been answered! \u201d \u201c but didn \u2019 t you pray for susan, too, and look what happened to her. \u201d \u201c i \u2019 m sure god had a special reason for taking her. \u201d \" those people who don \u2019 t follow the expected pattern of strong - mother / weak - father leading to homosexuality are no doubt hiding their true orientation! \" look out when people say \u201c everything has a reason \u201d or \u201c god has a for all of us. \u201d complex question ( loaded question, trick question, leading question, fallacy of interrogation, fallacy of presupposition ) : interrogative form of begging the question ( above ). ask a question that leads others to believe that a previous question has been answered in a certain way. \" answer yes or no : did you ever give up your evil ways? \" if you say yes, that tells us you had evil ways ; if you say no, that tells us you still have them. what if you never had them? \u201c have you stopped beating your wife yet? \u201d \" so, are you gay, or just in denial? \" \" and when will you come out of the closet? \" a variation on the complex question is the fallacy of many questions ( plurium interrogationum ) : this fallacy occurs when someone demands a simple ( or simplistic ) answer to a complex question. \" yes or no : is democracy ultimately the best system of government? \" another form of this fallacy is to ask for an explanation of which is untrue or not yet established. \" how would you explain the presence of aliens on our planet? \" false cause ( non", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4994434183286405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.031165"} {"text": "democracy ultimately the best system of government? \" another form of this fallacy is to ask for an explanation of which is untrue or not yet established. \" how would you explain the presence of aliens on our planet? \" false cause ( non causa pro causa, non sequitur ) : something is identified as the cause of an event, but it has not actually been shown to be the cause. for example : \" i took an aspirin and prayed to god, and my headache disappeared. so god cured me of the headache. \" \" artists often suffered from depression as adolescents. so, if you want your child to be a great artist, don \u2019 t put them on prozac! \" the most common form of false cause is called post hoc ergo propter hoc : an inference or conclusion that does not follow from established premises or evidence. assuming causal connections that haven ' t been demonstrated. the latin phrase means \" after this, therefore because of this. \" \" you should go to harvard, because harvard graduates make more or could it be that they had more money before they went? \u201c she got sick after she visited china, so something in china caused or could it be that she was sick prior to leaving for china? \u201c there was an increase of births during the full moon. therefore, full moons cause birth rates to rise. \u201d a slight variation is cum hoc ergo propter hoc : saying that, because two events occur together, they must be causally related. it ' s a fallacy because it ignores all the other possible causes of the events. \" literacy rates have steadily declined since the advent of television. clearly television viewing impedes learning. \" \" he started using drugs just about the time he started seeing that girl. i knew she was a bad influence! \" a common statistical version of this is confusion of correlation and causation : correlation cannot tell you anything about the direction of causality. if x is powerfully correlated with y, x could be the cause of y, y could be the cause of x, or ( most likely ) something else is the cause of both. possibly, the relationship is accidental! \u201c more chess players are men, therefore, men make better chess players than women. \u201d \" far more women than men suffer from depression. we can assume that there is something about a woman \u2019 s physiology that leads to depression. \" ( often followed by an ad hoc argument : the women chess masters must be lesbians ; the men with must be effeminate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5771013394238595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.032172"} {"text": "men suffer from depression. we can assume that there is something about a woman \u2019 s physiology that leads to depression. \" ( often followed by an ad hoc argument : the women chess masters must be lesbians ; the men with must be effeminate! ) missing the point ( irrelevant thesis, ignoratio elenchi, irrelevant conclusion, ignoring the issue, befogging the issue, diversion, red herring, etc. ). demonstrating a point other than the one at issue. diverting attention by changing the subject. escaped convicts in elizabethan england would smear themselves with rotten ( red ) herring to throw the dogs off the scent. \" i fail to see why hunting should be considered cruel when it gives tremendous pleasure to many people and employment to even more. \" so we should stop talking about cruelty and start talking about pleasure and employment? \u201c christianity is the only true religion : it has clearly been great help to many people. \" no matter how well he argues how much it has helped people, he will not have shown that christian teachings are true. \" it is very clear that we prescribe psycho - active medications to people who don \u2019 t really need them. we should outlaw these drugs altogether! \" one example of missing the point is the straw man : creating a false scenario and then attacking it. misrepresenting someone else ' s position so that it can be attacked more easily. \u201c evolutionists think that everything came about by random how could that be? \u201d most evolutionists think in terms of natural selection which may involve incidental elements, but does not depend entirely on random chance. painting your opponent with false colors only deflects the purpose of the argument. \" to summarize freud, he believed that it all boils down to sex. let me show you why freud is therefore full of crap! \" another example is reification ( hypostatization ) : when people treat an abstract concept or hypothetical construct as if it represented a concrete event or physical entity. iq tests are often presented as actual measures of intelligence, for example. \" what is consciousness? you can \u2019 t find it anywhere in the human brain, so we must reject the concept. \" and another example, the meaningless question : \u201c how high is up? \u201d \" up \" describes a direction, not a measurable entity. \u201c does anything really exist? \u201d \" how can we experience the collective unconscious directly? \" a really tricky version of missing the point is the appeal to logic ( argumentum ad logicam ) : this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5580954978332847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.033455"} {"text": "describes a direction, not a measurable entity. \u201c does anything really exist? \u201d \" how can we experience the collective unconscious directly? \" a really tricky version of missing the point is the appeal to logic ( argumentum ad logicam ) : this is the \" fallacy fallacy \" of arguing that a proposition is false because it has been presented as the conclusion of a fallacious argument. remember that fallacious arguments can arrive at true conclusions. yes it does, even though the math is wrong. very common are half truths ( suppressed evidence ) : an statement usually intended to deceive that omits some of the facts necessary for an accurate description. and one of the worst versions of missing the point is false an analogy or metaphor illustrates or elaborates ; it doesn ' t prove \" the american indian had to make way for western civilization ; after you can ' t make an omelette without breaking a few eggs. \" are the lives and cultures of millions comparable to eggs? what does making omelettes have to do with history and morality? \" since the mind is essentially a wet computer, our task is to figure out how we can best program it! \" there are many fallacies that involve the misuse of words. very common is special pleading : here, we use a double - standard of words. \" the ruthless tactics of the enemy, his fanatical, suicidal attacks have been foiled by the stern measures of our commanders and the self - sacrifice of our troops. \" are ruthless tactics different stern measures? fanatical, suicidal attacks from devoted self - sacrifice? journalists do this all the time! \" ellis \u2019 s therapy is authoritarian and aggressive! \" \" rogers \u2019 s therapy is laissez faire, even lazy! \" this is not far from the fallacy of equivocation : use of ambiguous words. a key word is used with two or more different meanings in the same argument. shifting the meaning of the words. \" what could be more affordable than free software? but to make sure that it remains free, that users can do what they like with it, we must place a license on it to make sure that will always be freely redistributable. \" one way to avoid this fallacy is to choose your terminology carefully before beginning the argument, and avoid words like \" free \" which have many meanings. the \" no true scotsman... \" fallacy : suppose i assert no scotsman puts sugar on his porridge. you counter this by pointing that your friend angus", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6250496748083693, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.035638"} {"text": "the argument, and avoid words like \" free \" which have many meanings. the \" no true scotsman... \" fallacy : suppose i assert no scotsman puts sugar on his porridge. you counter this by pointing that your friend angus likes sugar on his porridge. i then say \" ah, but no true scotsman puts sugar on his porridge. \" by disparaging angus ' s scottishness, i basically limit the meaning of the word \" scotsman. \" \u201c how can he do that to her if he loves \u201c ah, but that \u2019 s not true love, see? \u201d \" no caring therapist would use methods like that! \" \" no well - trained scientist would come to those conclusions! \" \" christians turn the other cheek. \" \" but i ' ve seen many christians return violence for violence. \" \" yes, but those aren ' t good christians. they aren ' t even real christians at all! \" the previous example includes the use of accent - - changing oral stress within a sentence to alter the meaning. \u201c all men are created equal... \u201d implies that women are not. \u201c all men are created equal... \u201d suggests that they don \u2019 t end up equal. an amusing misuse of words is amphiboly - - use of ambiguous sentences. \u201c two pizzas for one special price. \u201d two for one? or both at the same \u201c special \u201d price? personal attack ( argumentum ad hominem ) : attacks the person instead of the argument. in personal attack, we ask the listener not to consider the argument, but to consider where it is coming from : \" this theory about a new cure for cancer has been introduced by a man known for his marxist sympathies. i don ' t see why we should extend him the courtesy of our attention. \" \" you can \u2019 t trust freud - - he used cocaine! \" \" you can \u2019 t trust adler - - he was a socialist! \" \" you can \u2019 t trust horney - - she suffered but marxists, cocaine users, socialists, and depressed people can be then there \u2019 s the abusive form of the personal attack : \" you claim that atheists can be moral - - yet i happen to know that you abandoned your wife and children. \" \" you don \u2019 t agree with experimentation? i \u2019 ve read that you were never able to get any of your own research published! \" a little more clever is the circumstantial form of the personal attack : \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.578439074721033, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.036660"} {"text": "and children. \" \" you don \u2019 t agree with experimentation? i \u2019 ve read that you were never able to get any of your own research published! \" a little more clever is the circumstantial form of the personal attack : \" it is perfectly acceptable to kill animals for food. since you are wearing leather shoes, i am sure you won \u2019 t argue with that. \" \" you don \u2019 t agree with rogers - - yet i notice you use reflection in your own practice! \" very damaging is poisoning the well : the personal attack can also be used as an excuse to reject a particular conclusion such as when you allege that someone is rationalizing a conclusion for selfish reasons. you \u2019 ve \u201c poisoned the well \u201d in that, from now on, people will tend to doubt his arguments. \" of course you ' d argue that affirmative action is a bad thing. you ' re white. \" note that if someone is a known perjurer or liar, that fact will reduce their credibility as a witness. it won ' t, however, prove that their testimony is false in this case. liars can tell the truth! \" don \u2019 t listen to her criticisms of existentialism - - she \u2019 s an experimentalist! \" and every teenager ' s favorite argument is called tu quoque ( two wrongs make a right ) : latin for \u201c you, too! \u201d or \" look who ' s talking! \" \" if you think communal living is such a great idea, why aren ' t you living in a commune? \" \" if psychology is so great, how come you have so many problems? \" \u201c if smoking is so bad for you, why do you smoke? \u201d but even a smoker can know that it isn ' t good for you! appeal to the masses ( argumentum ad populum, appealing to the people, mob appeal, appealing to the gallery, appeal to popular this involves theatrical appeals to our lowest instincts, such as greed, jealousy, or vanity rather than using facts and you are a college audience, i know i can speak to you about difficult oh, well, thank you very much ; please do go on! one example of appeal to the masses is the bandwagon fallacy ( consensus gentium, argumentum ad numerum ) : concluding that an idea has merit simply because many people believe it or practice it. \u201c most people believe in god ; therefore, it must be true. \u201d simply because many people may believe something says nothing about the fact of that something", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5042300464393881, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.037713"} {"text": ": the fallacy of asserting that something is better or more correct simply because it is new, or newer than something else. \u201c it \u2019 s the latest! \u201d \u201c windows vista is much better than older version of the windows os. how could it not be, coming after so many years of experience! \u201d \" the most recent studies show that.... \" the most recent studies are also the ones that have had the least chance of being shown to be mistaken! appeal to riches ( argumentum ad crumenam ) : the fallacy of believing that money is a criterion of correctness ; that those with more money are more likely to be right, or that something that costs more is intrinsically better. \" microsoft software is undoubtedly superior ; why else would bill gates have gotten so rich? \" \u201c it costs twice as much - - it must be twice as good! \u201d \" you get what you pay for! \" \" i \u2019 ll have to side with the psychiatrists. after all, they make a lot more money than the phd psychologists! \" the opposite is appeal to poverty ( argumentum ad lazarum ) : the fallacy of assuming that someone poor is sounder or more virtuous than someone who ' s wealthier, or that something inexpensive or plain is somehow naturally better. for example : \" monks are more likely to possess insight into the meaning of life, as they have given up the distractions of wealth. \" \u201c a simple loaf of bread, made lovingly by hand - - what could be better? \u201d \" since john does so much of his work pro bono, he must be a much appeal to nature ( the natural law fallacy ) : arguing that, because human beings are products of the natural world, we must mimic behavior seen in the natural world, and that to do otherwise is ' unnatural '. a common fallacy in political arguments. \" the natural world is characterized by competition ; animals struggle against each other for ownership of limited natural resources. capitalism, the competitive struggle for ownership of capital, is simply an inevitable part of human nature. it ' s how the natural world works. \" \" of course homosexuality is unnatural. when ' s the last time you saw two animals of the same sex mating? \" actually, that \u2019 s much more common than people think - more than 500 species! but that, too, is irrelevant : what is true for other animals need not be true for us. \" our attraction to ' beautiful ' people parallels the instincts of and mammals. love, therefore", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4743734380615489, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.040474"} {"text": "more common than people think - more than 500 species! but that, too, is irrelevant : what is true for other animals need not be true for us. \" our attraction to ' beautiful ' people parallels the instincts of and mammals. love, therefore, is nothing but an instinct! \" appeal to pity ( argumentum ad misericordiam ) : this is an appeal to your tender emotions, your sympathy : listen, if you can bear it, to any telethon. or listen to advertisements that try to sell computers to parents. \" you wouldn ' t want your kids to be left behind on the information super - highway, would you? what kind of parent are you anyway? \" \" i did not murder my mother and father with an axe! please don ' t find me guilty ; i ' m suffering enough through being an orphan. \u201d \" qualitative methods are used by a small group of dedicated working in a hostile environment of experimentalism. \" appeal to ignorance ( argumentum ad ignorantiam, argumentum ex silentio ) : arguing that something must be true, simply because it hasn ' t been proved false. or arguing that something must be false because it hasn ' t been proved true. that is, my position is right because there is no evidence against it. or yours is wrong because there is no evidence for it. \u201c we have no evidence that god doesn ' t exist. therefore, he must exist. \u201d \" there is intelligent life in outer space, for no one has been able to prove that there isn ' t. \" fact of the matter is, you can ' t prove the non - existence of something : no matter how hard you look, i can always say you haven ' t looked hard enough. go ahead : prove to me that unicorns don ' t exist! \" we don \u2019 t know whether holistic medicines disorders, so we might as well use them! \" ( followed by an appeal to pity : \" would you deny people the chance of getting better, just because there \u2019 s no evidence? \" ) a common accompaniment to the appeal to ignorance is shifting the burden of proof : the burden of proof is always on the person asserting something. shifting the burden of proof is the fallacy of putting the burden of proof on the person who denies or questions the assertion. so, when an arguer cannot provide the evidence for his claims, he may challenge his opponent to prove him wrong. \u201c prove god doesn ' t exist, then! \u201d \u201c prove ufo ' s aren ' t real", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5506967377229832, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.041440"} {"text": "denies or questions the assertion. so, when an arguer cannot provide the evidence for his claims, he may challenge his opponent to prove him wrong. \u201c prove god doesn ' t exist, then! \u201d \u201c prove ufo ' s aren ' t real, then! \u201d \" i believe that homosexuality is based on biological differences - - i dare you to prove me wrong! \" appeal to fear ( argumentum ad baculum, appeal to force ) : don ' t argue with me, it ' s dangerous! \" if you do not convict this murderer, one of you may be his next ( a similar argument is frequently used in deodorant ads! ) \u201c if you don ' t believe in god, you ' ll burn in hell \u201d \" you better learn your stats : you \u2019 ll never be able to get your doctorate if you don \u2019 t! \" a little more subtle is the argument from adverse consequences : \u201c the accused must be found guilty, otherwise others will commit similar crimes \u201d and a common variation is the slippery slope : arguing that a change in procedure, law, or action, will result in adverse consequences. \u201c give \u2018 em an inch, and they \u2019 ll take a mile! \u201d \u201c pass the equal rights for women amendment and before you know it, we \u2019 ll all be using unisex bathrooms! \u201d \" if we legalize marijuana, then more people would start to take crack and heroin, and we ' d have to legalize those too. before long we ' d have a nation full of drug - addicts on welfare. therefore we cannot legalize marijuana. \" \u201c if we allow physician - assisted suicide, then eventually the government will control how we die. \u201d it does not necessarily follow that just because we make changes that a slippery slope will occur. \" if you start people on prozac, they will become dependent on it, on drugs in general, and never learn to deal with their problems on argumentum ad nauseam : this is the incorrect belief that an assertion is more likely to be true, or is more likely to be accepted as true, the more often it is heard. so an argumentum ad nauseam is one that employs constant repetition in asserting something ; saying the same thing over and over again until you ' re sick of hearing it. see almost any commercial, or take a look at the practice of having children memorizing bible verses. \" classical conditioning must be at the root of all learning - - i had that drummed into my head at penn state! \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5334047447333012, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.042382"} {"text": "most active stories shots - health blog mon october 15, 2012 doctors strike mutating bacteria in teen acne battle originally published on mon october 15, 2012 7 : 59 am acne, the scourge of many an adolescent life, is getting harder to treat, but 80 percent of teenagers have some form of it. conventional treatment includes topical and oral antibiotics. studies are now finding the bacteria that cause acne are increasingly resistant to antibiotic treatment. alternatively, there are effective laser treatments. but these are costly and typically not covered by insurance. now, researchers are scrambling to come up with new treatments for acne. one promising possibility involves harnessing a harmless virus living on skin that naturally seeks out and kills the bacteria that cause pimples. ' people always notice ' it ' s every teenager ' s nightmare : big, blistery red bumps on their faces. \" that ' s what people notice first about you, so no matter how great of a person you are, no matter how pretty your eyes are, how nice your smile is, people always notice the blemishes on your face, \" says rohini bagrodia, a really pretty 22 - year - old with beautiful eyes, a great smile \u2014 and a history of battling acne. in school, it meant avoiding the spotlight. \" i would always shy away from those opportunities that would bring all the focus on me, \" bagrodia says. she wouldn ' t take part in class discussions. she wouldn ' t raise her hand. and it ' s all because of a tiny bacteria that lives on the skin. ucla dermatologist dr. jenny kim says many people don ' t realize it ' s bacteria that cause acne. \" some people say your face is dirty, you need to clean it more, scrub more, don ' t eat chocolate, things like that. but really, it ' s caused by bacteria and the oil inside the pore allows the bacteria to overpopulate, \" kim says. for most teenagers with mild acne, over - the - counter products containing peroxide or salicylic acid are enough to clear up the acne. but lots of teenagers end up in the doctor ' s office and getting antibiotics. this was the hardest thing for bagrodia : no matter how much she followed doctors ' orders, diligently cleaning her face and using antibiotic cream, nothing worked. dermatologist elizabeth martin is in private practice in birmingham, ala., and is a fellow with the american academy of der", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4399349550379047, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.048635"} {"text": "no matter how much she followed doctors ' orders, diligently cleaning her face and using antibiotic cream, nothing worked. dermatologist elizabeth martin is in private practice in birmingham, ala., and is a fellow with the american academy of dermatology. she says these bacteria, like many others, are mutating quickly and becoming resistant to antibiotics. \" over the years, we have seen an increase in this antibiotic - resistant bacterium, both in the u. s. and also worldwide, \" martin says. she points to studies that show a tripling of drug - resistant acne bacteria over the past few decades. this means doctors can no longer rely on antibiotics alone. most doctors now use a combination of low - dose antibiotics along with benzoyl peroxide, which also kills acne - causing bacteria. as martin says, benzoyl peroxide \" works to decrease bacteria through a different mechanism than antibiotics, and it helps to prevent development of resistant bacteria. when we combine benzoyl peroxide along with an antibiotic, patients tend to have better clearance of their acne than when we use antibiotics alone. \" other treatment options retinoids, vitamin a derivatives, can also be used early on to treat acne. typically creams, they work by unclogging pores before they become large, inflamed bumps. a stronger form, called accutane, is used for severe acne. it ' s a highly effective pill, but it can cause serious side effects, including depression and birth defects. so the government regulates its use. intensely focused light and lasers can also help fight acne when other treatments fail. kim is also a researcher at ucla. in the room dedicated to light and laser therapy, kim points out what appears to be a half - cylinder with stacks of oblong light bulbs. \" patients with acne can go right under blue light, and they sit there for about 15, 20 minutes, and acne often improves after several treatments, \" kim says. it ' s not known exactly how light therapy works to fight acne, but kim says studies indicate it destroys the bacteria. \" probably physically without giving it time to mutate ; and the other thing \u2014 the light treatment can improve the inflammation that the bacteria causes in acne, \" she says. but laser and light therapy doesn ' t work for everyone. it ' s expensive and typically not covered by insurance. so kim and colleagues at the university of pittsburgh are also looking into an entirely new way to fight", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4584133525854268, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.050424"} {"text": "shirley is a city in central massachusetts. the town was named for former governor william shirley. the town was settled in 1720 and incorporated in 1775. route 2 west to exit 38b ( route 110 / 111 ), 37b ( fort devens ) or 36 ( shirley road ) commuter rail ( fitchburg line ) west to shirley station ( zone 8 ) not much public transit, need a car to get around. first parish meeting house on the common, shirley, ma shirley common \u2013 corner of parker and horsepond roads. the public space where many summer festivals and town events occur. there is a civil war monument in the center that was dedicated may 30, 1891. its inscription reads : \" erected by the citizens of shirley in memory of those brave men who in response to the nation ' s call hazarded their lives to suppress the great rebellion 1861 - 1865. \" first parish meeting house \u2013 on the shirley common. ( phone : 978 - 425 - 9262 ) the building was built in 1773 moved by oxen to its current location in 1851. today it can be rented for weddings. old town hall \u2013 also on the shirley common next to first parish meeting house. the greek revival building was built in 1847 and was rebuilt in 1950 by lucien gionet after being struck by lightning. center cemetery \u2013 this is an 18th century cemetery is across from shirley common. records of burials are available at the historical society museum. lake shirley - flat hill road to sunset lane. recreation area where you can swim, boat, and otherwise kickback. bull run tavern - 215 great road ( route 2a ) ( phone : 978 - 425 - 4311 ) - lots of legends and lore go along with the tavern. it is said that paul revere rode threw every town in middlesex county and shirley is the furthest western town in the county. ( fyi there is actually no evidence that revere knocked on the door of the bull run tavern. ) the site also features a covered wooden bridge behind the tavern. shirley shaker village - harvard road ( phone : 978 - 425 - 9328 ) \u2013 the shaker village was community from 1793 to 1908. 11 of the original buildings as well as the cemetery remain to this day. the shaker village is now on the grounds of a massachusetts correctional facility but the shaker sites are open to guided tours by the shirley historical society. permission to enter the complex must be obtained from the mci superintendent ' s office. old firehouse - main street. - this queen anne style building was built in 1894", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40605641718180263, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.056007"} {"text": "but the shaker sites are open to guided tours by the shirley historical society. permission to enter the complex must be obtained from the mci superintendent ' s office. old firehouse - main street. - this queen anne style building was built in 1894. the same architect who designed the original hazen library designed it. oliver holden birthplace - squanacock road. birthplace of oliver holden, composer of hymn \" coronation \", one of the hymns known by memory by civil war soldiers. he also wrote \" worcester collection of sacred harmony \" that was the first book to be printed on movable type in the us. mackaye cottage - parker road. the cottage was built 1836 and bought by actor will mackaye in 1886. will ' s relatives include benton, founder of the appalachian trail, hazel, a suffragette and steele, an actor, producer, author, inventor. fredonian park - fredonian road off of main street. wide open grounds with a gazebo next to a brook. the bridges and boardwalk were torn out after being judged structurally unsound but some of the remains were used to install walkways over the old trail system. whiteley park - main street across from the train station. the last shaker elder gave the land to the town in 1896. the park now contains several war memorials and the grounds come to life during veterans day, memorial day, and the 4th of july. shirley historical society museum at the lucy longley memorial building. 182 center road. museum hours : most saturday ' s 10 : 00 am to 1 : 00 pm. special appointments are also possible. hazen memorial library, 3 keady way, phone : 978 - 425 - 2620,.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.377730163870192, "token_count": 344, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.056704"} {"text": "search for native plants by scientific name, common name or family. if you are not sure what you are looking for, try the combination search or our recommended species lists. search native plant database : marcus, joseph a. tecoma stans ( l. ) juss. ex kunth yellow bells, yellowbells, esperanza, yellow trumpetbush, yellow trumpetflower, trumpetbush, trumpetflower, yellow elder usda symbol : test usda native status : native to u. s. esperanza or yellow bells is an irregularly shaped, deciduous shrub, normally 3 - 6 ft. tall in the us but more southerly varieties can reach 9 ft. it has several stems and slender, erect branches. clusters of large, trumpet - shaped, yellow flowers are very showy against the lance - shaped, olive - green leaves. long, thin pods are conspicuous in autumn. it has an enormous natural range, extending from south texas west to arizona and south through mexico and central america to south america as far as northern argentina, as well as in southern florida south through much of the caribbean. plants native to the southwestern us and adjacent mexico are tecoma stans var. angustata, which is shorter, more drought - tolerant, and more cold - tolerant than some of the tropical varieties sold in nurseries. anyone who has seen this plant in bloom can understand why one of its names is yellow bells, as it produces great, attention - grabbing, yellow blossoms. in recent years, it has become a popular landscaping plant, valued as much for its drought - tolerance as for its spectacular appearance. bloom informationbloom color : yellow bloom time : apr, may, jun, jul, aug, sep, oct, nov az, fl, nm, tx native distribution : south - central texas west to arizona, south through mexico and central america to south america as far as northern argentina. southern florida south through the caribbean. native habitat : high elevations, hillsides, slopes, canyons usda native status : l48 ( n ), hi ( i ), pr ( n ), vi ( n ) growing conditionswater use : low light requirement : sun, part shade soil moisture : dry caco3 tolerance : high drought tolerance : high cold tolerant : well drained, rocky, limestone, sand, and loam soils conditions comments : north american native varieties of this species can survive winters within their natural range but may die to the ground during especially harsh winters even there. varieties sold in nurseries may be from tropical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4528168483981598, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.062732"} {"text": ", rocky, limestone, sand, and loam soils conditions comments : north american native varieties of this species can survive winters within their natural range but may die to the ground during especially harsh winters even there. varieties sold in nurseries may be from tropical stock and not do so well in us cold. yellow bells is drought tolerant and southwestern varieties are adapted to monsoon rains with dry spells between. they may flower better if such conditions are emulated in planned landscapes, so allow ground to dry out between waterings. it is tolerant of confinement if containers are at least 12 inches in diameter and thus makes a good potted specimen. a showy, attractive, long - blooming accent shrub for rock gardens, perennial gardens, and other home landscapes within its range use wildlife : nectar - insects, bees, hummingbirds. seeds - small mammals. leaves - browsed by mammals. conspicuous flowers : butterflies, hummingbirds larval host : dogface butterfly nectar source : butterflies and moths of north america ( bamona ) is a larval host and / or nectar source for : propagationpropagation material : seeds, softwood cuttings seed collection : collect late summer to fall after pods are no longer green. seed treatment : air dry at room temperature to store over winter. sow soon after harvest in loose, moist - but - not - soggy, fine soil for quick germination. commercially avail : yes maintenance : cut back to the ground if dies back in winter. prune and pinch spent flowers and pods to encourage blooming and bushiness. from the national suppliers directory according to the inventory provided by associate suppliers, this plant is available at the following locations : hill country natives - leander, tx from the national organizations directory according to the species list provided by affiliate organizations, this plant is either on display or available from the following : lady bird johnson wildflower center - austin, txsibley nature center - midland, txnative plant society of texas - fredericksburg, txtexas parks and wildlife department - austin, txnpsot - fredericksburg chapter - fredericksburg, txnpsot - austin chapter - austin, txnational butterfly center - mission, txnative seed network - corvallis, ornpsot - williamson county chapter - georgetown, tx, tx herbarium specimen ( s ) npsot 0684 collected nov 22, 1993 in bexar county by mike fox recommended species lists find native plant species by state. each list contains commercially available species suitable for gardens and planned landscapes. once you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4111037976785905, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.063980"} {"text": ", old high german diota, middle high german diet, old norse \u00feio\u00f0, gothic \u00feiuda < old germanic * \u00feeu\u0111o, by verner ' s law < indo - european * teut - feminine ; compare lithuanian tauta, old irish tuath, oscan touto, sabine touta people. old english \u00feiod, \u00feeod = old saxon thioda, thiod, old frisian thiade ( the character coming out is probably meant to be a, i should think. the online oed3 is still having a lot of encoding problems. ) there are possibly some even more savory cognates to be added to the oed etymology \u2014 such as latin totus, \" the whole of, all, \" if originally * \" all of the tribe \". this derivation is suggested by the that fact that although oscan has touto and sabine touta, \" people, \" a cognate is missing in their sister italic language latin, unless it be totus. even more interesting as possible cognates are hittite tuzzi \" army ; camp \" and lycian tuta \" army. \" however, benveniste in particular rejected the association of the family of thede with the anatolian forms, but other authors have accepted it. if consensus on this question has been reached i am not aware of it. of particular interest, whatever its further intrafamilial relations, is the possibility that hittite tuzzi is the source of old assyrian tuzinnum, some sort of land division to which were certain feudal military obligations were attached. a brief synopsis of the problem by v. ivanov is here : http : / / www. humnet. ucla. edu / pies / pdfs / iec / iec19 / ivanov _ v _ 2007f. pdf. in this way, along with the reflexes of hittite ishiul, \" contract, \" also found in the old assyrian texts, tuzzi may be one of the oldest attested indo - european words. the contracts had enforcers.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4822841364890893, "token_count": 429, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.065927"} {"text": "the fact of being aware of information that is known to few people ; \" he is always in the know \" be familiar or acquainted with a person or an object ; \" she doesn ' t know this composer \" ; \" do you know my sister? \" ; \" we know this movie \" ; \" i know him under a different name \" ; \" this flower is known as a peruvian lily \" be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information ; possess knowledge or information about ; \" i know that the president lied to the people \" ; \" i want to know who is winning the game! \" ; \" i know it ' s time \" be aware of the truth of something ; have a belief or faith in something ; regard as true beyond any doubt ; \" i know that i left the key on the table \" ; \" galileo knew that the earth moves around the sun \" know how to do or perform something ; \" she knows how to knit \" ; \" does your husband know how to cook? \" have fixed in the mind ; \" i know latin \" ; \" this student knows her irregular verbs \" ; \" do you know the poem well enough to recite it? \" have firsthand knowledge of states, situations, emotions, or sensations ; \" i know the feeling! \" ; \" have you ever known hunger? \" ; \" i have lived a kind of hell when i was a drug addict \" ; \" the holocaust survivors have lived a nightmare \" ; \" i lived through two divorces \" perceive as familiar ; \" i know this voice! \" be able to distinguish, recognize as being different ; \" the child knows right from wrong \" know the nature or character of ; \" we all knew her as a big show - off \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5884815789568942, "token_count": 356, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.069029"} {"text": "key : \" s : \" = show synset ( semantic ) relations, \" w : \" = show word ( lexical ) relations display options for sense : ( gloss ) \" an example sentence \" - s : ( n ) front, front end, forepart ( the side that is forward or prominent ) - s : ( n ) battlefront, front, front line ( the line along which opposing armies face each other ) - s : ( n ) front ( the outward appearance of a person ) \" he put up a bold front \" - s : ( n ) front ( the side that is seen or that goes first ) - s : ( n ) front man, front, figurehead, nominal head, straw man, strawman ( a person used as a cover for some questionable activity ) - s : ( n ) front ( a sphere of activity involving effort ) \" the japanese were active last week on the diplomatic front \" ; \" they advertise on many different fronts \" - s : ( n ) front ( ( meteorology ) the atmospheric phenomenon created at the boundary between two different air masses ) - s : ( n ) presence, front ( the immediate proximity of someone or something ) \" she blushed in his presence \" ; \" he sensed the presence of danger \" ; \" he was well behaved in front of company \" - s : ( n ) front ( the part of something that is nearest to the normal viewer ) \" he walked to the front of the stage \" - s : ( n ) movement, social movement, front ( a group of people with a common ideology who try together to achieve certain general goals ) \" he was a charter member of the movement \" ; \" politicians have to respect a mass movement \" ; \" he led the national liberation front \" - s : ( v ) front, look, face ( be oriented in a certain direction, often with respect to another reference point ; be opposite to ) \" the house looks north \" ; \" my backyard look onto the pond \" ; \" the building faces the park \" - s : ( v ) front, breast ( confront bodily ) \" breast the storm \" - s : ( adj ) front ( relating to or located in the front ) \" the front lines \" ; \" the front porch \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6139177691041999, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.071157"} {"text": "data & information - the un food and agriculture organization ( fao ) maintains a rich database of country - level and issue - level sector briefs on livestock, providing a valuable asset for opportunity and risk analyses for specific geographies. - the society for range management, established in 1948 and consisting of more than 4, 000 members in 48 countries, is a collaborative organization of scientists, land managers, educators, and conservationists dedicated to preserving rangelands. - the natural resources conservation service ( nrcs ) ( originally established by congress in 1935 as the soil conservation service ), is administered by the united states department of agriculture ( usda ) and has expanded to become a conservation leader for all natural resources, ensuring that private lands are conserved, restored, and more resilient to environmental challenges such as climate change. - the savory institute is an organization dedicated to \u201c holistic management \u201d of grassland ranges and \u201c holistic decision making \u201d. - the sustainable agriculture initiative ( sai ) is an industry and stakeholder organization focused on sustainable agriculture. the sai just launched a beef working group. - embrapa beef cattle, located in campo grande, ms, brazil, researches technology and best - practices for beef, leather, and other horticultural industries in brazil. embrapa currently has a partnership with wwf - brasil to develop best management practices. - the un fao \u2019 s livestock ' s long shadow was a seminal report on the beef industry and greenhouse gas emissions, despite subsequent controversies over ghg calculation methodology. - the global roundtable for sustainable beef convenes a stakeholder dialogue around sustainable beef production. evaluation & certification - the international finance corporation ' s ( ifc ) good practice note on animal welfare in livestock production addresses risks, reasoning, and guidance for assessing animal welfare in horticultural production systems. - the sustainable agriculture network developed a standard for sustainable cattle production systems. - the fao built a global agenda of action for sustainable livestock sector development.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4607390327394835, "token_count": 392, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.074310"} {"text": "| structure illuminates mechanism of fungal polyketide cyclization | polyketide natural products produced by bacteria and fungi are often characterized by the presence of multiple aromatic rings that are responsible for the activity of polyketides as both beneficial antibiotic and anticancer agents and as dangerous toxic compounds, such as the highly carcinogenic aflatoxins that are produced by fungal species from the aspergillus family of molds. polyketide ring formation by fungal enzymes called polyketide synthases ( pkss ) is mediated by the enzyme ' s product template ( pt ) domain. however, the mechanism for aromatic ring formation from a linear intermediate with high fidelity has remained unclear. to reveal the cyclization mechanism, researchers at the university of california, irvine, and the johns hopkins university solved the structure of the isolated pt domain of the pks involved in aflatoxin production ( pksa ) to 1. 8 a using data from als beamline 8. 2. 2 and ssrl beamline 9 - 1. the crystal structure, along with biochemical studies, provides a paradigm for polyketide cyclization by fungal pkss, an event that is necessary for imparting biological activity to this large class of clinically relevant natural products. a megasynthase containing six enzyme domains covalently linked together, pksa catalyzes iterative reactions that produce a 20 - carbon linear intermediate. at this point, if left unprotected, the highly reactive polyketide chain would undergo random cyclization to produce dead - end products. instead, the linear intermediate enters pt, where it is stabilized and transformed into a specific bicyclic intermediate with a highly specific cyclization pattern exclusive to fungi, an amazing feat of origami. in contrast, bacteria fold the linear chain into a completely different pattern, as promoted by an enzyme called aromatase / cyclase ( aro / cyc ) that shares no amino acid sequence similarity ( homology ) with pt. therefore, although starting with the same linear chain, fungi and bacteria would fold the chain differently and end up producing completely different natural products. the crystal structure of the isolated pt domain solved by the uc irvine / johns hopkins team contains a dimer of double hot - dog folds reminiscent of aro / cyc. each monomer has an interior pocket, and the finite pt pocket length limits the possible substrate chain length while also orienting the linear polyke", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5205031515779791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.079926"} {"text": "/ johns hopkins team contains a dimer of double hot - dog folds reminiscent of aro / cyc. each monomer has an interior pocket, and the finite pt pocket length limits the possible substrate chain length while also orienting the linear polyketide, such that pt can selectively catalyze the cyclization of the linear chain. two cocrystal structures were solved. in the first structure, a palmitic acid ( a common fatty acid ) molecule ( fortuitously bound during e. coli purification ) established the long, hydrophobic pocket and suggested that the 20 - carbon intermediate enters the narrow pt pocket in a linear conformation anchored at the end of the pocket. the second structure, soaked with an analog of the bicyclic intermediate, showed that the chamber can accommodate two aromatic rings in a region in the middle of the chamber near the catalytic diad. together with biochemical data, these structures confirmed the ability of pt to catalyze first - and second - ring cyclization / aromatization and established a general mechanism for fungal polyketide cyclization that has important implications for inhibitor design and controlled engineering of novel polyketides with altered cyclization patterns and possibly new bioactivities. more generally, the fungal pt crystal structure, together with the aro / cyc structure published by a uc irivine group in 2008, has renewed the way we visualize polyketide cyclization. although researchers had known for half a century that polyketides adopt special folds, the \" streptomyces fold \" for bacterial - generated polyketides and or \" fungal fold \" for fungal polyketides, no information has been available about how nature folds and cyclizes a linear polyketide chain in such a highly specific manner. the aro / cyc and pt structures revealed that regardless of bacterial or fungal pks and despite low sequence homology, both aro / cyc and pt have similar topology, and both have an interior pocket, whose size and shape directs the distinct ring patterns observed in bacterial and fungi. research conducted by j. m. crawford, j. w. labonte. a. l. vagstad, e. a. hill, and c. a. townsend ( johns hopkins university ) ; and t. p. korman, o. kamari - bidkorpeh, and s. - c. tsai ( university of california, irvine ). research funding : u.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5365702718968, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.081903"} {"text": "it ' s been said often enough that hindus celebrate everything. so they do. the birth of gods, death of asuras, victory of the gods, marriage of the gods, the new year, new months, full moons, new moons, harvests, birthdays, initiations, marriages, deaths, anniversaries - you name the event, and it is reason for music, dance, processions, and what have you. and there is the religious bit lurking behind it all. the reasons for this lie deep, in the origin of hinduism as an organic religion. its followers have over time considered anything, animate or inanimate, to be sacred and aspects of divinity. that is also why even secular events like harvests take on religious overtones, with the patron deity presiding over the festivities. as soon as something happens, there is a kind of thanksgiving to the divine that follows it. apart from the universally celebrated festivals like dussehra, diwali and ganesh chaturthi, there are others that are observed in specific communities or geographical areas. hindu holidays are also confined to particular regions by the importance a certain god enjoys. worship of kartikeya ( as during the festival of skanda shashti ) is predominant in tamil nadu, where the god is considered a patron of the region. onam is a good example of a festival that is celebrated solely by keralites. another interesting aspect of onam is that it is perhaps the only major hindu festival that celebrates the reign of an asura king, although a benevolent one. the profusion of legends and the contradictions inherent in them is reflected in festivals too. travel around the country, and you will hear people tell you a variety of legends involving different gods behind a single festival. besides, you will also find versions of the same festival being celebrated under different names in different regions. all this adds that facet of unending novelty and constant change to the strikingly colorful kaleidoscope that is india. you might end up thinking the thought : \" the more things change, the more they remain the same \", which is something often said about india and its magical agelessness. with so many holy days and more than 20 major hindu festivals, the calendar should be liberally sprinkled with them. but it isn ' t so. there is a distinct festival season, which runs from late august through december. this is when there is a fever of celebrations, with a string of important festivals following one another in a rush.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4704643502932688, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.089747"} {"text": "##rinkled with them. but it isn ' t so. there is a distinct festival season, which runs from late august through december. this is when there is a fever of celebrations, with a string of important festivals following one another in a rush. but the major festivals are not the only ones that the people celebrate. browse through the hindu almanac, and you will find a mention of holiness or sacredness against almost every day of the year. most of the lesser festivals are lesser because they have a private rather than public face. there are rituals for phases of the moon, solar and lunar eclipses, days of the week, a person ' s auspicious star or zodiac sign. | 11 | | thursday | | bikrami samvat ( hindu new year ) | | 13 | | monday | | akshaya tritiya / akha teej | | 21 | | wednesday | | rakhi / raksha bandhan | | 28 | | wednesday | | sri krishna janmashtami | | 11 | | friday | | durga puja begins | | 06 | | wednesday | | chhath puja begins ( nahai khai ) | | 08 | | friday | | chhath puja ends ( suryodaya argh ) |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4304400703397657, "token_count": 263, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.090219"} {"text": "every black person apprehended for robbing stores in a flash mob should have their court hearing not in front of a judge but facing the 30 - foot statute of dr. martin luther king, jr. at his washington memorial site. each thief should be asked, \u201c what do you think dr. king would say to you right now? \u201d i was not angry when i initially saw the news footage of young blacks robbing convenience stores across america ; i was brought to tears. in fact, as we approach the dedication of dr. king \u2019 s memorial we may all need to take a closer look at his chiseled stone face for the presence of tears. tears like the one shed by native american actor chief iron eyes cody in the 1970s public service announcement about pollution. the historic psa shows the native american shedding a tear after surveying the pollution in an america that previously had none. it ended with the tagline, \" people start pollution. people can stop it. \" if dr. king were alive today he might proclaim, perhaps with tears, that \u201c people start flash mobs. people can stop them. \u201d the martin luther king, jr. national memorial dr. king \u2019 s dream has been realized by many african americans who have been able to take full advantage of the opportunities made available through his martyr \u2019 s quest for justice. would dr. king ever have imagined that 40 years after his \u201c i have a dream \u201d speech that a black family would be in the white house, not as maintenance or kitchen staff, but as the first family? yet, years after the civil - rights struggle affirmed black dignity, we have young black people ransacking stores in groups. every time a flash mob loots, it is robbing dr. king of his dream. all over america, from philadelphia to chicago, from washington to detroit, young people who could be contributing to common good are trading in their dignity for the adrenaline rush of stealing from others. \" we will not tolerate such reprehensible behavior here, \" said district of columbia mayor vincent c. gray in a statement responding to recent mob thefts there. \" some news coverage of this incident has reported residents questioning whether the robbery could have been morally justified, \" he added. \" actually, both morality and the law are quite clear : it is wrong to steal from others. and if people do not obey the law, they will be apprehended, arrested and prosecuted. \" what gray highlights is a troubling regression of public virtue and civil rights.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4125243854881356, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.100654"} {"text": "are quite clear : it is wrong to steal from others. and if people do not obey the law, they will be apprehended, arrested and prosecuted. \" what gray highlights is a troubling regression of public virtue and civil rights. dr. king \u2019 s dream was one that harmonized morality and law. however, king \u2019 s dream will never be realized in america as long as this country continues with the mythology that freedom does not require personal integrity and character. proponents of dubious sociological and psychological theories allege that these flash mobs loot stores because minority young people feel disenfranchised and marginalized from mainstream society. what king taught us is that political and social frustration does not justify breaking the law. perhaps if these disenfranchised youth where familiar at all with life under jim crow, or cared about the legacy of civil - rights heroes like thurgood marshall, rosa parks, rep. john lewis, andrew young, and others, they could tap into the imagination of an heroic generation, formed by the virtues of religion, who pursued public justice by pursuing public virtue. an ailing american culture is responsible for this spectacle. in a society that does not value forming young people in the way of prudence, justice, courage, self - control, and the like, why should we be surprised that convenience stores are being robbed by youthful mobs? in a society that does not value private property and fosters a spirit of envy and class warfare through wealth redistribution, why should we be surprised that young people don \u2019 t value someone else \u2019 s property? radical individualism and moral relativism define the ethics of our era and criminal flash mobs expose our progressive failure. as we celebrate king \u2019 s memorial, we must lament the fact that america \u2019 s abandonment of virtue is destroying the lives of young black people and undermining the legal and economic catalysts that could end our recession for good. in solidarity with mayor gray, i stand in front of the king statue, called \u201c the stone of hope, \u201d with a new dream : that a resurgence of virtue would give rise to a generation of moral and law - abiding citizens. in this way will young blacks truly experience the dreams of king and others who died for justice.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4839150785488133, "token_count": 459, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.104919"} {"text": "new lab mice cut search for genetic links to disease by more than a decade thursday, april 5, 2012 tau breeds population of lab mice with genetic diversity closer to humans with a 95 percent genomic similarity to humans, mice have long been used to learn about the genetic causes of human disease. once researchers can shine a light on the genetic factors that cause disease in mice, they can start to develop prevention and treatment options to protect the human population. but this process, called genetic mapping, is a long and difficult road, made more challenging by the 5 % difference between the humans and lab mice. now prof. fuad iraqi of tel aviv university ' s sackler faculty of medicine is closing the gap with an international project called collaborative cross. the project is developing lab mice with increased genetic diversity, making them more advantageous for genetic research related to human health. the new population will offer 1, 000 genetic strains within a fixed genotype \u2014 the composite of the entire genetic makeup of an organism. this is a marked improvement on the previously existing 450 genetic strains of lab mice with varying genotypes, making prof. iraqi \u2019 s new strain ideal for genetic mapping. and with these mice, researchers will be able to identify a gene associated with a particular disease within two to three years instead of the 10 to 15 years it takes now, says prof. iraqi. the research has been published in the journals nature, nature genetics, and genome research, and receives its primary funding from the wellcome trust in the uk. the project itself is a collaboration among tel aviv university, oxford university in the uk, north carolina state university in the us, and perth university in australia. expanding the family tree genetic determinants play an important role in a variety of conditions from diabetes and obesity to different types of cancers. for example, mutated forms of the genes brca1 and brca2, which can be genetically inherited, are associated with higher rates of breast and ovarian cancers. this kind of genetic diversity in humans influences diseases and helps researchers track their genetic causes. according to prof. iraqi, the fact that humans have many genetic variances for the same gene means that they are \u201c outbred \u201d among individuals from different families. to best identify the genes that cause a disease, scientists require a test population with these same variances. but standard strains of lab mice are inbred. their genetic similarities make it difficult to identify the connection between particular traits and the specific genes responsible. the collaborative cross project answers this deficiency in lab mice by increasing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5217948262100813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.110445"} {"text": "test population with these same variances. but standard strains of lab mice are inbred. their genetic similarities make it difficult to identify the connection between particular traits and the specific genes responsible. the collaborative cross project answers this deficiency in lab mice by increasing genetic variation as much as possible \u2014 a powerful and unique resource for research. in order to develop a genetically enriched population of lab mice, the researchers took five classic inbred strains of mice and mixed them with three wild - derived strains, mating brothers and sisters for generations in order to reshuffle the genetic deck but keep the genotype consistent. with an increased range of traits, including differences in appearance such as fur color and tail length, this new mouse population more closely mimics the genetic diversity of humans, says prof. iraqi. building a better mouse the various genetic strains are housed within participating universities across the world, notes prof. iraqi, and are already available for order by researchers. within tel aviv university ' s laboratories, there are currently genetic mapping projects for a variety of diseases, including diabetes, various types of cancers, dental infections, bacterial infections, and fungal infections \u2014 all making use of these genetically enriched mice. prof. iraqi has already used the new mouse population to identify a group of genes that are crucial to susceptibility to infection when exposed to aspergillus fumigatus, a soil fungus that causes respiratory infections in humans. getting to this point took only a year \u2014 compared to the 15 years it might have taken using standard lab mice, he calculates. for more genetics research news from tel aviv university, click here.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4923973006582415, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.111298"} {"text": "the materials on this site are organized by topic. use the menu on the left to browse for materials related to the listed topics. you ' ll find the most recent materials at the top of each list. the educational materials listed here have been through a thorough review process and are available in hard copy from the distribution center unless marked otherwise. most are free in pdf format. some are for sale only. click here for cost materials. latest ndsu extension publications the goal of this publication is to help adapt the teaching environment for those with low vision. biennial wormwood is an aggressive and prolific seed - producing plant that has become a problem mainly in soybean and dry edible bean production areas of minnesota, north dakota and south dakota. biennial wormwood, as its name infers, was primarily biennial when the species fi rst was classified, but weedy cropland biotypes of biennial wormwood are annual plants. many factors, such as season - long emergence, prevalence in moist environments, adaptation to all tillage systems, tolerance to commonly used soil - applied and postemergence herbicides, and misidentification of biennial wormwood as common ragweed, contribute to increased biennial wormwood infestations. some herbicides used to control common ragweed do not control biennial wormwood. using a story board format, \" healthy skin : the movie \" takes teens and preteens through some lessons about skin care, including good nutrition and sun protection. the buckwheat production publication provides background information on how to grow buckwheat in north dakota, from land selection, fertilizer management, variety selection, seeding, weed management to harvesting and marketing the crop. imagine shopping for foods without the ability to compare prices, visually check produce for freshness, or even safely travel to and from the grocery store. envision coming home with groceries but not being able to see inside the refrigerator or pantry clearly enough to store the foods. then think about the challenge of preparing a meal with low vision, from finding a food in the pantry to setting the oven timer. suddenly cooking seems like quite a daunting task!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4794759789269092, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.113911"} {"text": "this land - locked mountainous country is gaining a reputation as an ecotourist destination. its many rivers criss - crossing the country and unspoilt national parks are ideal for activities such as trekking, kayaking and caving. the capital, vientiane, and the other major towns have been spared major modern developments with traditional and colonial architecture still dominant. laos is one of the few communist countries left in the world. until 1988, tourists were not allowed access to laos, but now it is perfectly feasible to travel all over the country, preferably with a recognised tour company, although plenty of backpackers do it independently. the number of tourists is expected to continue increasing over the next few years as more and more people discover the delights of this laid - back country of mountains and rivers. unspoilt and undeveloped for now, laos remains relatively isolated and undeveloped. its capital, vientiane, is more like a big village than a crowded asian hub and life throughout the country is slow paced. most people come to laos and make a brief tour of vientiane and unesco world heritage - listed luang prabang with perhaps a brief detour to the mysterious plain of jars. but those who make the effort to explore further afield will be well rewarded with luscious landscapes, friendly people and unique glimpses of a country hardly changed for over a century. history of laos laos traces its history to the kingdom of lan xang, founded in the 15th century by fa ngum, himself descended from a long line of lao kings, tracking back to khoun boulom. lan - xang prospered until the 18th century, when the kingdom was divided into three principalities, which eventually came under siamese suzerainty. in the 19th century, luang prabang was incorporated into the ' protectorate ' of french indochina, and shortly thereafter, the kingdom of champasak and the territory of vientiane were also added to the protectorate. under the french, vientiane once again became the capital of a unified lao state. following a brief japanese occupation during world war ii, the country declared its independence in 1945, but the french under charles de gaul reasserted their control and only in 1950 was laos granted semiautonomy as an \" associated state \" within the french union. moreover, the french remained in de facto control until 1954, when laos gained full independence as a constitutional monarchy. under a special exemption to the geneva convention, a french military training mission continued to support", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42798591058433133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.129769"} {"text": "as an \" associated state \" within the french union. moreover, the french remained in de facto control until 1954, when laos gained full independence as a constitutional monarchy. under a special exemption to the geneva convention, a french military training mission continued to support the royal laos army. in 1955, the u. s. department of defense created a special programs evaluation office to replace french support of the royal lao army against the communist pathet lao as part of the u. s. containment policy. laos was dragged into the vietnam war and the eastern parts of the country were invaded and occupied by the north vietnamese army ( nva ), which used laotian territory as a staging ground and supply route for its war against the south. in response, the united states initiated a bombing campaign against the north vietnamese, supported regular and irregular anticommunist forces in laos and supported a south vietnamese invasion of laos. the result of these actions were a series of coups d ' etat and, ultimately, the laotian civil war between the royal laotian government and the communist pathet lao. in the civil war the nva, with its heavy artillery and tanks, was the real power behind the pathet lao insurgency. in 1968, the north vietnamese army launched a multi - division attack against the royal lao army. the attack resulted in the army largely demobilizing and leaving the conflict to irregular forces raised by the united states and thailand. the attack resulted in many people losing their lives. massive aerial bombardment was carried out by the united states ( the guardian reported, on wednesday 3rd december, 2008, that laos was hit by an average of one b - 52 bomb - load every eight minutes, 24 hours a day, between 1964 and 1973. us bombers dropped more ordnance on laos in this period than was dropped during the whole of the second world war. of the 260m \" bombies \" that rained down, particularly on xieng khouang province, 80m failed to explode, leaving a deadly legacy. pha that luang in vientiane, the national symbol of laosin 1975, the communist pathet lao, backed by the soviet union and the north vietnamese army, overthrew the royalist government, forcing king savang vatthana to abdicate on 2 december 1975. he later died in captivity. after taking control of the country, pathet lao ' s government renamed the country as the \" lao people ' s democratic republic \" and signed agreements giving vietnam the right to station armed forces and to appoint advisers to assist in overseeing the country", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46491680332351476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.130992"} {"text": "in captivity. after taking control of the country, pathet lao ' s government renamed the country as the \" lao people ' s democratic republic \" and signed agreements giving vietnam the right to station armed forces and to appoint advisers to assist in overseeing the country. laos was ordered in the late 1970s by vietnam to end relations with the people ' s republic of china which cut the country off from trade with any country but vietnam. control by vietnam and socialisation were slowly replaced by a relaxation of economic restrictions in the 1980s and admission into asean in 1997 there are hospitals in the major cities. however only vientiane has proper equipment. in spite of this, foreigners travelling in laos usually cross over to thailand to get treatment. it is advisable bring along a curative treatment against malaria which is present in certain regions. if you are going on a trek, it can be useful to get an anti - rabies shot before leaving. indeed, on the one hand the numerous dogs there often have contact with wild animals and, on the other, you can find regular treatment only in vientiane ( and in limited quantities ). * the time difference between france and laos is generally 5 hours. * electric power is at 220 volts. plugs are flat or round with two prongs ( possibility of finding adapters in the morning market at vientiane ). * some rules on laotian manners : - the head is a sacred part of the body. you should never touch someone else \u2019 s head, not even children \u2019 s. - it is rude to point something out with your foot. that is why laotians sit with their feet behind them, especially in temples. - monks are shown great respect. women are not allowed to touch them, or to hand them something directly ( you can put it in front of them ). - laotians are very sensitive as to how you dress. it is customary to wear decent and clean clothes. entry to temples in particular is subject to certain rules. for example, entry to temples can be denied to women that are not wearing a long skirt. - if you are going on a trek, it is customary to introduce yourself to the village head to explain the reason for your visit. on this occasion the custom requires that you make a small gift ( cigarettes, for example ). place to visit in 1563 king setthathirat made the riverside city of vientiane the capital of laos. in those days it was a small, fortified city on the banks of the mekong with a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.44610412661233034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.132281"} {"text": "( cigarettes, for example ). place to visit in 1563 king setthathirat made the riverside city of vientiane the capital of laos. in those days it was a small, fortified city on the banks of the mekong with a palace and two wats, that luang and wat phra kaeo. the city became prosperous from the surrounding fertile plains and taxes levied on trade going upriver. today, vientiane is a spacious and charming city. it is south - east asia ' s smallest capital and has only about 500, 000 citizens - which makes it the most tranquil and laid - back capital of asia. it lacks the usual hustle and bustle and amazes the traveler with its serene temples and gracious colonial villas. countless temples and pagodas with important thai and khmer shrines and relics are a mirror of the countries chequered past. there are numerous good restaurants and excellent shopping opportunities for lao handicrafts at the morning market and a variety of specialist shops. the ancient capital of laos, luang prabang, is a city of golden temple spires, faded french colonial architecture and diverse hill tribes. situated on the mekong river, the city is nestled in a stunning river valley surrounded by dramatic mountains. luang prabang was recognized as a unesco world heritage site in 1995 because of its well - preserved remnants of the ancient lane xang kingdom, many of which date from the 13th to the 15th centuries. however, it is the peaceful charm and relaxed atmosphere of the town, with its thriving hill tribe population, which never fails to enchant. luang prabang ' s surroundings have much to offer as well ; excursions include the pak ou caves, reached via a pleasant boat trip up the mekong river. these ancient caves contain thousands of buddha images. other interesting excursions include visits to ban phanom, a nearby weaving village, and the kuang si waterfalls. one of the last mysteries of asia lies here, in the form of over 300 giant stone jars, apparently carved out of solid rock and scattered around a nearby plateau, aptly named the \" plain of jars. \" the jars vary in size from 1 to 3. 25 meters high and weigh up to six tons each. there are several different theories as to the purpose of the jars, which are estimated to be 2, 500 to 3, 000 years old. local legend relates that king khoon chuong and his troops from south china had a huge party after their victory over the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46659907000410056, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.133837"} {"text": "different theories as to the purpose of the jars, which are estimated to be 2, 500 to 3, 000 years old. local legend relates that king khoon chuong and his troops from south china had a huge party after their victory over the wicked chao angka and had the jars made to brew enormous quantities of lao rice whisky ( lau - lao ). a trip to this area is still worthwhile and is enhanced by visits to the local ethnic minority villages of the hmong. a trip to the tham piew caves and the hot springs nearby are worth an extra day. pakse and the south pakse is synonymous with wat phou just as siem reap is with angkor in cambodia. the founder of the first khmer empire, jayavarman ii, who built angkor, also built wat phou. it is much smaller than angkor, but about 30 years older and at times was the khmer capital. after angkor, wat phou is one of the cultural highlights of laos and south - east asia. pakse is a busy commercial town built by the french early this century as an administrative center for the south. the many colonial buildings lend an air of old world charm. excursions from pakse include the bolaven plateau, with its many ethnic minorities and coffee plantations. in addition, four thousand islands on the cambodian border area can also be reached from pakse. the mekong river at this point is about 8. 5 miles wide and encompasses about 4, 000 islands during the dry season and about half of that during the rainy season. this unique landscape forms one of the most impressive sights of this region. one of the highlights is south - east asia ' s largest waterfall, khon phapheng.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43953815069976376, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.135722"} {"text": "| plot summary of little women | | \" little women is the story of four young girls meg, jo, beth and amy who grow into being young women during the civil war. the girls are especially self sufficent for the times on their own with their mother. the novel focuses on their growing up and the loss of innocence at the death of beth. jo rejects the next door neighbor as a husband and he becomes amy ' s husband. \" daniela lo presti, resident scholar | \" the four march sisters, meg, jo, beth, and amy, struggle against poverty with their marmee while their father is away serving as a doctor during the civil war. the story charts the childhood games, whims, and lessons of four young girls becoming young women. jo faces many obstacles familiar to all of us - - saying goodbye to her sister meg when she gets married, saying goodbye to her sister beth, who dies young, and striving to become something great in the world - - a famous writer. \" megan e. davis, resident scholar | \" little men is the follow - up to louisa may alcott ' s book, little women. at the end of little women, jo march inherits her aunt march ' s estate, plumfield. with the help her husband, a german professor, she turns the building into a school. the school has both rich pupils whose parents pay tuition, and pupils taken in a charity cases. of course, all are treated with the same respect. some of the main characters include the sensitive nat, tough dan, saintly daisy, wise demi, and beautiful bess. fans of little women will enjoy learning about the children of some that books characters : daisy and demi are meg ' s children, and bess is amy and laurie ' s daughter. there is no overriding conflict besides trying to keep the boys in some kind of order and to educate them. katy pape, resident scholar | \" little women is the story of four march sisters, jo, beth, meg and amy who struggle against poverty with their marmee and grow into reponsible young women, while their father is away working as a doctor during the civil war. the girls show their self sufficience during this period with their mother. this story charts the childhood games, whims and lessons of the four young girls into becoming young women. jo faces many challenges from bidding her sister meg bye when she gets married, saying a painfull bye to her sister beth who dies young and stri", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3943993140480824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.139901"} {"text": "charts the childhood games, whims and lessons of the four young girls into becoming young women. jo faces many challenges from bidding her sister meg bye when she gets married, saying a painfull bye to her sister beth who dies young and striving to become someone great who is a famous writer. \" teddy mogaka, resident scholar | \" four sisters - meg, jo, beth and amy - grow up living in poverty, but their family is far more tightly knit and loving than most. the book explores the sisters ' relationship with their mother ( marmee ), their home - from - the - war father, each other, and friends and acquaintances who are much wealthier than they. alcott explores the chasm between rich and poor of the era through the friendship of the alcott ' s next - door neighbor, laurie, a boy about jo ' s age who becomes her best friend and the means through which two of her sisters find love. \" cindy dashnaw, resident scholar | review analysis of little women | our unique search engine provides a wealth of detail about books by breaking them down into many different literary elements, all of which are searchable ( click here ). ratings are on a 1 - 10 scale ( low to high ) tone of book? - very sensitive ( sigh ) time / era of story - 19th century family, loving relations special relationship with is this an adult or child ' s book? - adult or young adult book group of women story? - a teen is this an ordinary person caught up in events? - white ( american ) how sensitive is this character? - sensitive to others ' feelings sense of humor - strong but gentle sense of humor - average intelligence - average physique how much descriptions of surroundings? - 4 ( ) small town people : - nice, like andy / opie / aunt bee - mostly 3rd accounts of torture and death? - generic / vague references to death / punishment - no single main character? amount of dialog - roughly even amounts of descript and dialog - significantly more descript than dialog", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4351322054178295, "token_count": 420, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.140710"} {"text": "- historic sites the paper trust april 1971 | volume 22, issue 3 to begin with, the presidential libraries do not look like what they are. each one is, in fact, a miniature office of public records. and scholars who frequent such offices know that they are found in capital cities, in buildings that are heavy, ornamented, slowly discoloring monuments to bureaucrats dead and gone. the national archives of the united states \u2014 america \u2019 s public records \u2014 are, to give one example, housed in an oversized greek temple near the intersection of constitution and pennsylvania avenues in washington, d. c. but the six libraries for presidential papers, which are administered by the national archives and records service ( nars ) of the general services administration, are something else. the herbert hoover library modestly hugs the flat ground of west branch, iowa, calculatedly as unpretentious as hoover \u2019 s nearby birthplace or the well - preserved blacksmith shop of his father, where he learned by observation the value of hard work and austerity. franklin d. roosevelt \u2019 s is in a building that blends neatly into the surroundings of a hudson river gentleman \u2019 s estate at hyde park, new york. harry s. truman \u2019 s spreads itself on a grassy knoll not far from an expressway in independence, missouri, once the gateway to the limitless west, now a suburb of kansas city. a tendency toward expansion becomes visible in abilene, kansas. there, in the eisenhower center, a library of kansas limestone and imported marble faces a museum across an open court, flanked by a place of meditation ( the word chapel being carefully avoided ) and a set of monumental pylons presented by the kansas daughters of the american revolution and the soroptomist clubs of kansas. on the campus of the university of texas at austin a rectangular, flat - capped tower of pinkish travertine rises from what landscaping will turn into a spacious plaza. to be opened in may, 1971, it will contain the lyndon b. johnson library ; an adjoining, lower structure will house the lyndon b. johnson school of public affairs. both are the architectural creation of skidmore, owings & merrill, the firm that has designed many of the steel - and - glass temples of industry on new york \u2019 s park avenue. fiscal and other uncertainties have delayed the construction of the john f. kennedy library, but eventually an oval - shaped cluster of buildings and malls in cambridge, massachusetts, will contain the library itself, the harvard - affiliated kennedy school of government", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43190888355363494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.172532"} {"text": "park avenue. fiscal and other uncertainties have delayed the construction of the john f. kennedy library, but eventually an oval - shaped cluster of buildings and malls in cambridge, massachusetts, will contain the library itself, the harvard - affiliated kennedy school of government, and possibly a third \u201c related facilities \u201d building. the new presidential libraries raise a question : can the documentary grain be separated from the documentary chaff? these are a long way from the attics in which presidents of a simpler day stored their papers ; the contents of these libraries, too, are of a magnitude and complexity that stretch the imagination. first of all, there are the actual papers of the executive office \u2014 row on row, shelf after shelf, of the memoranda, letters, reports, studies, schedules, briefs, minutes, tables, abstracts, lists, projections, drafts, forms, authorizations, and all the infinite variety of documents through which executive power somewhat soggily asserts itself. next, there are the truly personal papers \u2014 the records of the human beings who briefly occupied the white house and of many members of their administrations. these comprise an incredible miscellany of mail, including thousands of letters from ordinary citizens who reach out to touch the majesty of office in revealing notes that beg, cajole, flatter, and often obscenely condemn the president. in addition there are clippings, photographs, tape recordings, reprints, motion - picture films, sketches, and such minor social records as greetings, invitations, acknowledgments, and farewells. finally, there is a third category of material, housed in the museum that is part of each presidential library - the objects accumulated by a president in office : paintings of ( and sometimes by ) the chief executive, statuettes, stamps, ship models, miniature weapons and vehicles, fishing tackle, stuffed animals, dishes, silverware, mugs and goblets, clothing for the first lady, toys for the first children, souvenirs of historic occasions, books, cartoons, prints and musical scores autographed by their creators, rugs, tapestries, plaques \u2014 the gifts of ordinary citizens and heads of state alike to the representative of the american people. these unscholarly items have, in some cases, achieved a kind of immortality in their own right \u2014 the collar of roosevelt \u2019 s famous scottie, fala ; the sign on truman \u2019 s desk, t he b uck s tops h ere ; john kennedy \u2019 s rocking chair. they arc the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4991346487288091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.173565"} {"text": "kind of immortality in their own right \u2014 the collar of roosevelt \u2019 s famous scottie, fala ; the sign on truman \u2019 s desk, t he b uck s tops h ere ; john kennedy \u2019 s rocking chair. they arc the items that, when displayed, bring in the tourists by thousands. while the historians, sitting shirt - sleeved in the research rooms and peering quizzically at the documents, may take little interest in the public thronging through the museum displays, the directors of the libraries do not scorn the sightseers. they reason that among the crowds of children in snoopy t - shirts, sears jeans, and keds sneakers, smelling of howard johnson \u2019 s peppermint gum and good and plenty licorice, peering at the cases through rexall sunglasses, there may be future morisons and schlesingers. ( the tourists and the researchers do not see each other, but in the johnson library the sightseers will be able to see what the archivists are working on. the architect has made the stacks visible from the museum through a glass wall and has decreed that the papers be kept in eye - catching scarlet boxes. ) the libraries are the creations of an unusual collaboration. each has been built by private subscription among the friends of a president ( except for the johnson library, which texas will pay for and own as part of its state university campus ). the president so honored, on his retirement, deposits his papers in the library, and both building and contents become a gift to the people of the united states. the federal government then puts archivists to work in the role of whitecollar monks, guarding the precious manuscripts against the ravages of time, weather, chance, and desperate men. with each succeeding presidency the sheer volume of material has increased. it is estimated that george washington wrote perhaps twenty - five thousand letters all told. by franklin roosevelt \u2019 s time the president \u2019 s own letters, plus the other documents he had collected during his public life, were measured in the linear feet of space they occupied when boxed and shelved. the total was nearly 2, 500 feet \u2014 almost half a mile of such records. the roosevelt library did not confine itself simply to preserving the papers taken from the white house after roosevelt \u2019 s death. like the presidential libraries that followed, it sought and accepted the manuscripts of the president \u2019 s coworkers and associates throughout his career in government. as a result the roosevelt library now has over twentyone million pages of manuscript on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4971633347439496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.174697"} {"text": "roosevelt \u2019 s death. like the presidential libraries that followed, it sought and accepted the manuscripts of the president \u2019 s coworkers and associates throughout his career in government. as a result the roosevelt library now has over twentyone million pages of manuscript on paper, after a quarter - century of growth. but the kennedy library, not yet open in its permanent quarters, already has more than seventeen million pages on paper, plus two and a half million on microfilm, representing an administration that lasted less than three years \u2014 in addition to a million and a half feet of motion - picture film and more than fifteen hundred sound recordings ( both discs and tapes ). the johnson library has thirty million pages on paper, 5, 500, 000 on microfilm, half a million photographs ( compared to 93, 052 in the roosevelt library, the nearest competitor in this field ), 2, 010, 420 feet of motion - picture film, and 3, 025 sound recordings for the ears of the future. it is estimated that president nixon \u2019 s records, even if he were to serve but one term, will exceed johnson \u2019 s in volume. what the cost of a nixon library ( already in the planning stages ) will be is uncertain, but since the roosevelt library cost $ 367, 000 to build, as against the several millions that the john f. kennedy library will require, it may be guessed that the amount will not be small. the expense of maintaining the six institutions \u2014 including the two not yet complete \u2014 in fiscal 1970 was approximately 1. 8 million dollars in appropriated funds, which allowed for a personnel of 146. certainly it seems a modest sum, nowadays, to care for donated buildings and lands worth many millions, and for papers whose value to history is presumed to be incalculable. but are the treasures of the presidential libraries actually priceless? there are some who doubt it, who fear that, if only because of their stupefying massiveness, the presidential papers will not yield up the shape of the past to future historians in the way that fossil bones deliver the outlines of prehistoric giant lizards to knowledgeable paleontologists. scattered widely over the country, some argue, the libraries will be visited only by pilgrims who are seeking the relics in the museums and by a handful of scholars who appear seasonally like wildfowl ( at every academic vacation ) to scrabble for the materials of dissertations. will the presidential libraries, in fact, become \u2014 in columbia historian henry graff \u2019 s speculative phrase \u2014 the pyramids of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44701321359199586, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.175841"} {"text": "who appear seasonally like wildfowl ( at every academic vacation ) to scrabble for the materials of dissertations. will the presidential libraries, in fact, become \u2014 in columbia historian henry graff \u2019 s speculative phrase \u2014 the pyramids of our time? or will they, as their staffs hope, help in the critical task of preserving the nation \u2019 s records so that it may learn wisdom by a searching look at all its yesterdays? to answer that question demands a review of the nature and history of presidential papers and a survey of the current limitations on their use. the picture is sometimes discouraging. to begin with, a skeptical american may be pardoned if he believes that gratitude is uncalledfor when a president makes a \u201c gift \u201d of his papers to the public. why should the people be thankful, he reasons, for being given what is theirs in the first place? for is it not true that the president \u2019 s correspondence is a part of the official record of the government? and does it not therefore belong to the taxpayers fully as much as anything else created or purchased with government monies? astonishingly, the answer is no. ordinary civil servants \u2014 even cabinet members \u2014 are obliged by law to keep account of their doings, and in so doing to create the fallout of official documents that keeps archivists in prosperity. they may not destroy or remove whatever may be needful for a competent authority later to review their public performance. but the president of the united states is himself an independent government agency. in a sense he is accountable only to god, the constitution, and the electorate. what comes into his office during his tenure is his alone. george washington, who set so many presidential precedents, simply took his papers \u2014 including all the written matter he had exchanged with members of his official family \u2014 back to mount vernon with him, presumably to nestle alongside his old plantation account books, and no one was disposed to challenge him. john adams followed suit because, according to one scholar, he did not want his thenhated successor, thomas jefferson, nosing among his letters. when jefferson himself did the same in 1809, the precedent had hardened. it was not challenged until 1886, when the senate made bold to ask for certain papers belonging to grover cleveland, which were then not even in the white house but on file in the office of the attorney general. cleveland characteristically rapped the senate \u2019 s knuckles. \u201c i regard the papers and documents \u2026 intended for my use and action, \u201d he wrote", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.449563238421494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.176910"} {"text": ", which were then not even in the white house but on file in the office of the attorney general. cleveland characteristically rapped the senate \u2019 s knuckles. \u201c i regard the papers and documents \u2026 intended for my use and action, \u201d he wrote, \u201c purely unofficial and private, not infrequently confidential, and having reference to the performance of a duty exclusively mine. \u2026 i suppose if i desired to take them into my custody i might do so with entire propriety, and if i saw fit to destroy them no one could complain. \u2026 \u201d the senators did not press the matter further. presidents came and went. they took their papers with them and did things to make archivists shudder. the precious documents were dumped in attics ; rummaged by heirs for autographs and souvenirs to bestow on friends ; winnowed of \u201c improper \u201d material by worshipful widows, executors, and official biographers ; and scrawled on by playful children. some were burnt by accident \u2014 many of andrew jackson \u2019 s, for example \u2014 and some perished in flames by design, like those of millard fillmore ( by the deathbed command of his son ) and, reputedly, those of martin van buren and ulysses grant, who were either indifferent to, or wary of, the curiosity of posterity. some, of course, were sold to libraries ( often by heirs in need of cash ) whose directors sensed the vital importance of the neglected records to historical research. the library of congress worked hard at getting a complete presidential collection and up to 1940 had spent $ 170, 000 in purchases of ex - presidents \u2019 papers. universities and state and local historical societies acquired fragments of individual presidents \u2019 papers. there were shining exceptions. the family of rutherford b. hayes presented his carefully kept papers, as well as the family estate, to the state of ohio, which built a memorial library on the site. opened in 1916, it has since become an important center for the study of the reconstruction era. the bulk of the papers of the presidents from james a. garfield through calvin coolidge \u2014 with the exception of warren harding, whose papers are at the ohio historical society, in columbus \u2014 were given to the library of congress. herbert hoover deposited his in a special library, now known as the hoover institution on war, revolution and peace, on the campus of stanford university ; there they joined the materials he had accumulated in a world - ranging career as engineer and famine relief administrator ( but as it turned out later,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.3732325347283564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.178018"} {"text": "library, now known as the hoover institution on war, revolution and peace, on the campus of stanford university ; there they joined the materials he had accumulated in a world - ranging career as engineer and famine relief administrator ( but as it turned out later, they did not stay there ). when franklin roosevelt began to think about leaving the white house, he might have followed what has been called the library of congress model. but he regarded himself as having a special problem, and, characteristically, he looked for a precedentbreaking way to solve it. in february, 1938, roosevelt wrote to his fellow sailing enthusiast and harvard alumnus samuel eliot morison, asking for advice on the \u201c somewhat ambitious thought \u201d of creating a repository for materials \u201c relating to this period of our national history. \u201d without a special effort they would be scattered throughout libraries and collections across the entire country. \u201c for example, \u201d roosevelt noted, \u201c my own papers should, under the old method, be divided among the navy department, the library of congress, the new york state historical division in albany, the new york city historical society, harvard university, and various members of my family. \u201d morison quickly replied. he thought that a separate new deal archive would not be a good idea. but the president \u2019 s own papers might well be kept together somewhere \u2014 it did not matter where, \u201c as long as the repository is fireproof and the guardians faithful. \u201d in conclusion morison urged : \u201c but, whatever you do mr. president, don \u2019 t break up the collection, giving some to your children, others to harvard, etc! although alma mater would profit, such dispersion offends all my professorial principles. \u201d yet even the modest goal of preserving the roosevelt records, instead of a complete new deal archive, posed a problem. for one thing, the volume of white house business had mushroomed enormously. as a single instance, f. d. r. \u2019 s ability to communicate directly with the public \u2014 \u201c my friends \u201d \u2014 had stimulated floods of letters to him : where hoover had received about four hundred a day, the roosevelt daily average in 1940 came to over four thousand. moreover, roosevelt was a pack rat. \u201c i have destroyed practically nothing, \u201d he told guests at a dinner. \u201c as a result, we have a mine for which future historians will curse me as well as praise me. it is a mine which will need to have the dross sifted from the gold. \u201d roosevelt \u2019 s decision on how and where to locate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4318823411311754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.179068"} {"text": "as a result, we have a mine for which future historians will curse me as well as praise me. it is a mine which will need to have the dross sifted from the gold. \u201d roosevelt \u2019 s decision on how and where to locate his mine was announced after a luncheon on december 10, 1938, to which he had invited the archivist of the united states, robert d. w. connor ; the historian of new york state ; two university presidents ; the president of the league of women voters ; such assorted literary and journalistic figures as stuart chase, ernest lindley, and archibald macleish ; and such past and present university professors as william e. dodd, frederic l. paxson, charles a. beard, helen taft manning, felix frankfurter, and morison. the president emerged from the dining room to tell waiting reporters that after \u201c consultation \u201d with these luminaries, he had decided to place all of his collected papers, books, and other materials in a building to be erected, at private cost, on a portion of his hyde park estate that he would donate to the united states. ( eventually, he added, the entire estate would go to the federal government \u201c to be maintained for the benefit of the public \u201d \u2014 as in fact it has. ) within a short period of time a fund - raising corporation was established, and with a speed that later builders of presidential libraries may well envy, the money was raised ( some twenty - eight thousand individuals contributed ), the building was constructed, and title was granted to the united states in mid - 1940. roosevelt \u2019 s dream of retiring to putter among his collections was never fulfilled, of course. ( in typical fashion, he had jauntily refused at the december, 1938, press conference to say when he proposed to settle down in hyde park, leaving his possible third - term intentions as unclear as ever. ) but the roosevelt pattern was destined to endure. this was probably due to truman \u2019 s decision to follow his predecessor \u2019 s model ; it is the second man in a sequence who turns idiosyncrasy into tradition. one of truman \u2019 s administrative assistants worked with tom l. evans, a kansas city businessman, to raise contributions for the building ; the city of independence gave thirteen acres for a site near truman \u2019 s home ; and on july 6, 1957, the truman library was dedicated. the man from independence immediately took a hand in making it a working institution. he had an office for himself, which he occupied faithful", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4368952740984435, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.180081"} {"text": "thirteen acres for a site near truman \u2019 s home ; and on july 6, 1957, the truman library was dedicated. the man from independence immediately took a hand in making it a working institution. he had an office for himself, which he occupied faithfully from nine to five, six days a week, while working on his memoirs. ( to the distress of historians he sequestered large bodies of his papers for this purpose, and they have not yet been released for general use. ) from time to time, according to the present assistant director of the library, he would bounce out to chat with the librarians, secretaries, and researchers at work amid the file cabinets and would often address visiting classes of schoolchildren in the library \u2019 s auditorium for film displays. the staff also got accustomed to the sight of truman leading distinguished old friends, visitors from all over the world, through his library with proprietary gusto. by that time president dwight eisenhower had agreed to deposit his papers in a library - and - museum complex at abilene. herbert hoover \u2019 s friends, after an eightieth birthday party for him in west branch, had launched a drive to build the hoover library, to which the papers of his cabinet and presidential years would be transferred from stanford. and in 1955 congress \u2014 which had allowed the government to accept the roosevelt library by special joint resolution \u2014 passed a general presidential libraries act. under it, the administrator of general services ( the business arm of the federal government ) could accept the papers of any president or former president, as well as \u201c any land, buildings, and equipment offered as a gift to the united states for the purposes of creating a presidential archival depository, \u201d and could likewise, if need be, agree to operate such a depository even if title to the property remained with some state, political subdivision, foundation, or institution. even before the tragically abrupt end of the kennedy administration, plans were afoot for the kennedy library, and the subject of where to locate the johnson library was also on the white house staff agenda long before 1968. both presidents had initiated record - keeping and record - compiling programs within executive agencies, the first rough sketches for the historical portraits of their periods of tenure. a foundation was set up in 1969 to select a site for a library for president nixon in southern california. the exact location ( which the president will have to approve ) is a matter not only of local pride but of dollars and cents. for like all the other libraries this one will bring tourists, motels and restaurants to shelter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4590113336419774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.181141"} {"text": "president nixon in southern california. the exact location ( which the president will have to approve ) is a matter not only of local pride but of dollars and cents. for like all the other libraries this one will bring tourists, motels and restaurants to shelter and nourish them, and bulldozers leaving ribbons of concrete highway trailing behind them \u2014 all developments of much interest to real - estate promoters. and on some date in 1973 or 1977 the nixon papers, like those of every president before him since franklin roosevelt, will be truckloaded ( at government expense ) to the waiting library or to a federal warehouse if the library is not yet completed. the haul will include not only the tiny percentage of papers actually originated by the president and signed by him, but all others in his files. carbon copies of most of them will be available in the agencies that sent the originals \u2014 but it is conceivable that the president might, wittingly or not, take with him the lone copy of some document vitally needed by his successor. [ see \u201c how harding saved the versailles treaty \u201d in the december, 1968, issue of american heritage. ] for several years thereafter, government - paid archivists will sort, label, catalogue, index, and otherwise tame the paper wilderness and provide it with signposts and pathways for historical explorers. meanwhile, the nixon library \u2014 and other presidential libraries which may have been set up by then \u2014 will continue to grow by accession. its director will, like his colleagues in charge of the existing libraries, want to make his library a center for study of the entire era of \u201c his \u201d president. he will try to collect papers \u2014 and at least tape - recorded oral history interviews \u2014 from members of the cabinet, heads of executive agencies ( like the fcc or oeo ), unofficial but major advisers and close friends, party committeemen, deputy and assistant - deputy officials, key legislators, journalists, associates of pre - presidential years, and so on down the line to minor types, the water - bucket carriers and rubdown specialists of the presidential team. finally the nixon library will be a mature, fully functioning archive, like the six that precede it in time \u2014 and, perhaps, like those to come after it, if post - nixon presidents do not return to the casual records - disposal practices of an earlier day. at that point, it would appear, the historians should have cause to rejoice. the key american records \u2014 manuscripts, films, and tapes \u2014 of the central decades of the twentieth century will", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4523093657057838, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.182257"} {"text": "the casual records - disposal practices of an earlier day. at that point, it would appear, the historians should have cause to rejoice. the key american records \u2014 manuscripts, films, and tapes \u2014 of the central decades of the twentieth century will be neatly on file in protected surroundings, instead of laid up in attics \u201c where moth and rust doth corrupt, and where thieves break through. \u201d this year, presumably, the roosevelt and truman libraries ( respectively in their third and second decades of use ) are already helping to unravel such mysteries as what happened at yalta and potsdam, how much influence brain trusters and cronies had in domestic policies, and who planted the seeds of \u201c containment. \u201d by 1981, therefore, the eisenhower, kennedy, and johnson libraries may be expected to make an open book of equally gnarled questions : the u - 2 flights, the bay of pigs affair, and vietnam. and so the presidential - library system will stand vindicated and blessed by scholarship. alas, as even the directors of the libraries themselves are aware, the scenario does not read so smoothly. for there are severe limitations on the use of the presidential papers now, and unless they are overcome, they may leave tomorrow \u2019 s historians, despite the archival machinery at their disposal, even more frustrated than yesterday \u2019 s, who had to grope their uncertain way to long - lost trunks full of mildewing papers. first of all, since the outbreak of world war ii, a vast proportion of the white house files originating in the state department and the war and navy ( and later defense ) departments have been classified to protect national security. ten, twenty, and even thirty years after the events with which they deal, their secret and top secret stamps remain as binding as ever. until they are officially reviewed and declassified \u2014 a process compared to which glaciers sprint \u2014 they are either entirely closed to scholars or can be studied only under severe reservations. the user must be fingerprinted and his security checked ; he must swear that he does not belong to any of a list of subversive organizations ; his notes and manuscript must be reviewed by state and / or defense officials, a process that may take months. nor is there any court of appeal. although the entire classification system ( except for atomic energy commission materials, which are classified by statute ) rests on executive order, a retired president may not disclose the contents of secret papers \u2014 even those that he himself wrote. lyndon johnson, it is known, had a special team of defense", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.462413636354591, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.185692"} {"text": "except for atomic energy commission materials, which are classified by statute ) rests on executive order, a retired president may not disclose the contents of secret papers \u2014 even those that he himself wrote. lyndon johnson, it is known, had a special team of defense department specialists examine his files after he left office, in the hope that they might authorize the speedy release of information that he believes is necessary to understand his actions. their almost predictable answer was no. in addition to the papers closed for security reasons, there is another substantial body of material kept from researchers in the libraries. this comprises the communications that, in the language of an official nars handout for researchers, contain statements \u201c which may be used to injure, embarrass or harass any living person, \u201d or which were \u201c obviously made in confidence, \u201d or which \u201c relate strictly to a person \u2019 s private, family or business affairs. \u201d the reason for the policy is clear. many of the papers received by the president and his associates unsparingly discuss \u2014 often on the basis of rumor and gossip \u2014 the private fragilities of public men. nars believes that the neuroses, divorces, diseases, and private financial pressures of key legislators or potential appointees to office are not public matters unless there is clear proof that they affect public performance. moreover, thousands of letters to the president come from ordinary citizens who pour out their personal agonies in detail to an unknown man whom they see as a superfather. a blackmailer could function briskly simply by frequenting the libraries and using these files. it is thus a custom for the library staffs to review incoming collections and \u201c close \u201d materials that fall within these categories. periodically they go over them anew, with a list of recent obituaries at hand, and \u201c open \u201d those items dealing with individuals whom death has put beyond the sting of scandal. ( donors may, however, require that their papers be closed for long periods of time after their death or that of people mentioned in them. ) at best, this practice is a compromise between the public \u2019 s right to know and the individual \u2019 s right to privacy. and like any compromise it yields incomplete satisfaction to both parties. yet no scholar can reasonably complain about protecting the human rights of those who serve the nation in government posts and those who correspond with them. nor are scholars unwilling to help protect the nation from harm through premature revelations : private agreements with heads of foreign powers, reports on the military preparedness of allies, intelligence estimates that name", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4995864677502833, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.186974"} {"text": "who serve the nation in government posts and those who correspond with them. nor are scholars unwilling to help protect the nation from harm through premature revelations : private agreements with heads of foreign powers, reports on the military preparedness of allies, intelligence estimates that name the source of their information. but many responsible historians do resent what james macgregor burns, a distinguished biographer of franklin d. roosevelt, calls \u201c the absurd overkill of the present restrictions. \u201d burns knows whereof he speaks. he has had to run the gauntlet of security clearance in order to see documents that are now twenty - five years old at a minimum. furthermore, the restrictive tendency of the classifying authorities appears to be increasing with time. the state department used to publish its volumes of diplomatic documents, entitled foreign relations of the united states, some fifteen years after the events they recorded. the time lag is now nearing thirty years. perhaps the reason lies not only in secrecy but in the volume of the materials and in staff and budget limitations. but whatever the reason, a middle - aged historian of recent foreign affairs cannot entertain much hope of getting a wholly accurate story in his lifetime. critics of the security policy also say that it reflects bureaucratic caution as much as it does prudence. the \u201c secrets \u201d themselves are rarely very potent. many have been revealed in memoirs. most date rather quickly. the total classified record, burns notes, \u201c consists of millions of items, none very crucial in itself. \u201d the need for secrecy \u201c after a span of a few years, \u201d he concludes, \u201c is largely a myth. \u201d other historians who deal in primary sources are disturbed at excessive respect for the confidentiality of personal interchanges among the mighty. first, they argue, there is always the possibility that a personal matter \u2014 the actual illness of woodrow wilson in 1919 ; the possible illness of franklin d. roosevelt in early 1945 ; the approaching madness of james forrestal, first secretary of defense, in 1949 \u2014 may be the urgently needed key to comprehending a historical development. furthermore, the current policy places a tremendous burden on the discretion of the library officials. they must comb the materials and, when a letter contains both public and private materials, make the tricky judgment of which element predominates. they may become overcautious. or one of them may, through long association with a given president \u2019 s history, tend toward becoming a keeper of the flame, unwilling to jeopardize \u201c his \u201d man \u2019 s reputation by putting materials in the hands of a known critic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5095124226832194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.188107"} {"text": ". or one of them may, through long association with a given president \u2019 s history, tend toward becoming a keeper of the flame, unwilling to jeopardize \u201c his \u201d man \u2019 s reputation by putting materials in the hands of a known critic. moreover, historians do not get an equal shot at the record. it does not remain totally veiled during the years when it is officially closed. presidents, generals, cabinet members, white house aides, and staff members often rush to their typewriters to write reminiscences that will make themselves presentable in the history books. they send assistants and clerks ruffling through their papers, often still in official files. they give inside accounts to favored book - writing reporters. in addition, the state and defense departments ( as well as other federal agencies ) have official historians who have the insider \u2019 s clear track, not only to files but, more importantly, to frequent, familiar, and confidential interviews with the historical actors themselves. the viewpoints that dominate these official histories become in essence those of the commissioning agencies. piecemeal, therefore, a version of the recent past, tailored to official and individual vanity, emerges. but the independent historian or journalist, who is most likely to have the training and the perspective to create a useful chronicle and to interpret it objectively, remains shut out from this favored group until a generation has passed. the long - run cost, argue burns and herbert feis, the diplomatic historian, is great. if knowledge of history is to be helpful to people and their leaders, it must be timely. against the need for security and privacy there stand the claims of the nation, which cannot afford to make its archives, feis says, like those of totalitarian states \u2014 \u201c mortuaries which only licensed embalmers \u2026 are allowed to enter. \u201d and, too, he adds, the world has a claim on the keepers of the record. in this era of tragic national behavior, \u201c greater openness, by all governments, might improve the health of the international community by nurturing it on the whole truth, even if it tastes bitter. \u201d burns and feis do not argue that restrictions should be abandoned, but only that the record should be opened much more quickly - burns suggests about eight years after it is made. the presidential libraries are not specifically blamed for \u201c privileged history \u201d but for involuntarily sharing in the system that creates it. to such remonstrances the various directors of the presidential libraries, past and present,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45999154439003365, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.189186"} {"text": "it is made. the presidential libraries are not specifically blamed for \u201c privileged history \u201d but for involuntarily sharing in the system that creates it. to such remonstrances the various directors of the presidential libraries, past and present, have a variety of answers. the first is that they must work within the \u201c givens \u201d of the system. one of these is that, while presidents may willingly deposit their records in special libraries built to house them, in the foreseeable future there is no likelihood of compelling former chief executives to relinquish the papers to public scrutiny on any terms but their own. even if a law should be passed making the white house files public documents, a president would be within his rights in sifting out exclusively private papers for removal. if nars officials challenged his judgment on what was purely personal matter, the resulting contests could, in the words of one of them, keep \u201c a whole battery of lawyers busy \u201d for a long time. moreover, to insist that anything in the white house \u2019 s incoming mailbag ought to be given to the populace for early inspection would chill frankness. as former truman administrative assistant david lloyd once wrote, few men would write to a president in confidence and few presidents would put their private thoughts on paper if the end of the term was a signal for disclosure. \u201c and as a consequence, the ability of the president to function as an independent officer of the government would be curtailed, if not crippled. \u2026 \u201d it is unquestionably true that a good public servant must be allowed to suggest outrageously unpopular courses of action \u2014 if only for discussion \u2014 without being pilloried for it soon thereafter. ( contemporary public men already worry considerably in crisis conferences about indiscreet colleagues who may already have contracts for their memoirs in hand. ) if the president exerts his right to put his papers in a marble monument built by hometown friends in a location far from traditional seats of learning, the conscientious archivist has no choice but to follow them there, care for them, and display them under whatever conditions are allowed. if he is a truly hard - working archivist \u2014 as all the presidential library directors are \u2014 he will urge the president \u2019 s co - workers also to deposit their papers there. he is not likely to get such deposits without being able to give assurances that the public will not soon be let into the donor \u2019 s inner life ; as the mediator between the future historian and the gun - shy subjects of history, his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42917272397726436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.190219"} {"text": ". he is not likely to get such deposits without being able to give assurances that the public will not soon be let into the donor \u2019 s inner life ; as the mediator between the future historian and the gun - shy subjects of history, his first rule of operation is to get the material preserved. the presidential libraries have actually hastened a policy of accumulation that would ordinarily have taken generations. the papers of the first ladies, too, are an important source of history hitherto ignored, before they became part of presidential - library collections. in the case of eleanor roosevelt, her own independent career generated so large a collection that it is being moved into a new wing of the roosevelt library, to be opened in 1971 and to become in itself an important center for the study of the politics, social problems, and philanthropic work of her time. galling as the policy of restriction is, the library spokesmen note that a larger amount of presidential material is open than ever before, and open to all comers, critical or not. ( the only entrance test for access to unclassified material is a statement of some reasonable purpose. ) one former director of the roosevelt library enjoyed pointing out that roosevelt \u2019 s papers were processed and opened for use in 1950, five years after the president \u2019 s death. eighty - five per cent of the material, he declared, was open to inspection. yet only three years before, in 1947, the library of congress had proudly opened a large collection of abraham lincoln papers that had been closed until then by the desire of the donor, lincoln \u2019 s son. the papers of both presidents adams were not available for public use until the middle 1960 \u2019 s. other presidential papers lay hidden for decades. the fact is that the historians are succumbing, like others in modern times, to a revolution of rising expectations. more is available to them than ever before, and their appetite grows by what it feeds on. the archivists claim that they encourage rather than deplore this hunger. each library proudly points to the number of \u201c researcher visits \u201d it experiences each year ( around a thousand each for the roosevelt and truman libraries from july 1, 1969, to june 30, 1970 ) and to the growing list of books, articles, and dissertations founded primarily on its materials. the truman library happily cooperates with a privately created and financed nonprofit organization, the harry s. truman library institute for national and international affairs, which aims to provide grants - in - aid to scholars using the library, to foster", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4441971805541189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.191328"} {"text": "primarily on its materials. the truman library happily cooperates with a privately created and financed nonprofit organization, the harry s. truman library institute for national and international affairs, which aims to provide grants - in - aid to scholars using the library, to foster publications based on its materials, and to sponsor conferences on topics stemming from developments of the truman period. this institute may be a model for other libraries. former president johnson is known to hope that his library will also sponsor seminars on social, environmental, and economic problems, which will draw together the experts and the documents. the museum directors, too, attempt to keep their materials on display in a manner that educates as well as attracts the public. such activities are a long way from the caginess and record - hugging attributed to the libraries by some critics. but, strangely, the collecting energies of the directors raise some other disturbing reflections. it is possible that the sheer glut of material may defeat historians to come. the information explosion threatens to bury them in documentation. clicking xerox machines, microfilm cameras, and whirling tape reels all proliferate information. in point of fact, even if all future presidents were compelled to leave their official records in washington, it would be necessary to build completely new repositories to hold them, simply because of the multiplying size of the executive department and because its officials, like those of all washington, are pouring out a rising flood of paper. the national archives building itself long ago became inadequate as the sole reservoir. in 1950 a program of decentralization was put in motion, designed to set up new federal records centers throughout the country. there are now fifteen of them, housing 10. 8 million cubic feet of records. and the torrent is not abating. but the wrenching irony is that not all of this is gold for history. the duplicating machines immeasurably encourage the preservation of routine papers. and two other inventions \u2014 the telephone and the jet airplane \u2014 nibble away at the materials of major significance. when abraham lincoln wished to say something to general grant in virginia, he had to send a telegram or write a note. but when lyndon johnson felt the need to speak to general westmoreland, he had only to pick up the telephone to saigon \u2014 or to fly there himself, or have the general fly to washington, in a matter of hours. and such face - to - face or over - the - wire conferences may never be recorded. a certain amount of the crucial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5007732508841004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.192804"} {"text": "the telephone to saigon \u2014 or to fly there himself, or have the general fly to washington, in a matter of hours. and such face - to - face or over - the - wire conferences may never be recorded. a certain amount of the crucial business of history has always been preserved only in the memory of those who transacted it. the size and importance of that \u201c unrecorded record \u201d is now growing. this is why contemporary presidential libraries are undertaking extensive interview programs. the kennedy library, for example, already has taped and transcribed about five hundred interviews with such key kennedy men as dean rusk, robert mcnamara, mcgeorge bundy, and pierre salinger and with a host of others who knew the president \u2014 a cast of great variety, including men like u thant, richard cardinal gushing, and john glenn. ( such transcripts are held under the same rules of confidentiality that apply to written materials. ) oral history fills gaps in the written records. but is it possible to interpret them, with the gaps filled, or does their overpowering massiveness make them impenetrable? true, dazzling technical means of storage and retrieval of information are available. given the investment of enough money and time, it is perfectly feasible that all presidential or other documents can be \u201c read \u201d and \u201c memorized \u201d by computers before being microfilmed and filed. then a historian may be able to give an electronic command to some robot clio, such as : \u201c bring me all the materials on assistance programs to rural areas in southeast asia from 1958 to 1970. \u201d but what will he do when she faithfully beeps, rumbles, and neatly prints out fifty thousand references on the topic. will useful synthesis then be possible? such a question gets to the root of what history is all about. modern \u201c scientific \u201d history was born less than a century ago. it aimed to be more than \u2014 or at least different from \u2014 philosophy and literature. it rested on the happy nineteenth - century assumption that there was a discernible pattern, coherence, and direction in the affairs of humanity - discernible, that is, when the whole record was collected and scanned. the historians were like roman soothsayers reading the entrails of a sacred beast. the beast was the past. and he who knew the past, in a sense, knew the future as well. but what will happen when the record is so gigantic as to become an abstraction like infinity itself? then the presidential libraries, like all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5101535435683262, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.194086"} {"text": "october / november 1981 | volume 32, issue 6 he never got hawaii out of his system on sunday morning, march 18, 1866, the steamer a jay. sailed into honolulu harbor while the bells of six different mission churches called the freshly converted faithful to worship. among the passengers most eager to go ashore was a thirty - one - year - old knockabout journalist named samuel clemens, on assignment for the sacramento union. mark twain would later make the mississippi immortal, but first hawaii would make him famous. he spent four months and a day exploring the islands and sent back twenty - five dispatches ( at twenty dollars each ), recounting all that he had seen and heard. fresh from the grime and clamor of the california mining camps, he was enraptured by the lush, silent hawaiian landscape and was alternately amused and fascinated by the ^ l native hawaiians and the missionaries, planters, whalers, and hangers - on already seeking to displace them. compared with his later works, the letters from the sandwich islands are crude, repetitive, and overwritten, but they are also filled with his inexhaustible love of the absurd and his sharp eye for detail, and \u2014 polished up and tightly edited \u2014 they form a major part of his first book, roughing it, published six years after his return to the mainland. by that time he had delivered a humorous lecture on hawaii \u2014 sometimes billed as \u201c our fellow savages of the sandwich islands \u201d \u2014 before packed houses from san francisco to keokuk to manhattan. most of the selections on the following pages are from roughing it. the pictures that accompany them were made by two of the first cameramen to photograph the islands. both, like clemens, had done their first important work in california. hugo stangenwald came to hawaii in 1853 and became the island \u2019 s most prestigious daguerreotypist : he was the first to learn precisely how to cope with the startling clarity of hawaiian light, and he roamed the islands making portraits and landscapes, eventually winning the eager patronage of th royal family. in 1858, at the height of his popularity, stangenwald abandoned the camera to study medicine. charles leander weed arrived with his brother james in 1865 : six years earlier he had become the first man to photograph the wonders of the yosemite valley. his large, crisp hawaiian views were an instant success, and when the weed brothers moved on to set up a hong kong gallery a few months later, a local newspaper hailed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3973010330570594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.210868"} {"text": "had become the first man to photograph the wonders of the yosemite valley. his large, crisp hawaiian views were an instant success, and when the weed brothers moved on to set up a hong kong gallery a few months later, a local newspaper hailed them as \u201c the most worthy and skillful artists in the pacific, if not the world. \u201d together, mark twain \u2019 s prose and the pictures of stangenwald and weed offer a portrait in miniature of our fiftieth state when it was still an exotic kingdom and, as twain wrote, \u201c paradise for an indolent man. \u201d the chief pride of maui is her dead volcano of haleakala \u2014 which means, translated, \u201c the house of the sun. \u201d we climbed a thousand feet up the side of this isolated colossus one afternoon ; then camped, and next day climbed the remaining nine thousand feet, and anchored on the summit, where we built a fire and froze and roasted by turns all night. with the first pallor of dawn we got up and saw things that were new to us. mounted on a commanding pinnacle, we watched nature work her silent wonders. the sea was spread abroad on every hand, its tumbled surface seeming only wrinkled and dimpled in the distance. a broad valley below appeared like an ample checkerboard, its velvety - green sugar plantations alternating with dun squares of barrenness and groves of trees diminished to mossy tufts. beyond the valley were mountains picturesquely grouped together ; but bear in mind, we fancied that we were looking up at these things \u2014 not down. we seemed to sit in the bottom of a symmetrical bowl ten thousand feet deep, with the valley and the skirting sea lifted away into the sky above us! it was curious ; and not only curious, but aggravating ; for it was having our trouble all for nothing, to climb ten thousand feet toward heaven and then have to look up at our scenery. however, we had to be content with it and make the best of it ; for all we could do we could not coax our landscape down out of the clouds. \u2026 \u201c i have spoken of the outside view \u2014 but we had an inside one, too. that was the yawning dead crater, into which we now and then tumbled rocks, half as large as a barrel, from our perch, and saw them go careering down the almost perpendicular sides, bounding three hundred feet at a jump ; kicking up dust clouds wherever they struck ; diminishing to our view as they sped", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44068256985686216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.211912"} {"text": ", half as large as a barrel, from our perch, and saw them go careering down the almost perpendicular sides, bounding three hundred feet at a jump ; kicking up dust clouds wherever they struck ; diminishing to our view as they sped farther into distance ; growing invisible, finally, and only betraying their course by faint little puffs of dust ; and coming to a halt at least in the bottom of the abyss, two thousand five hundred feet down from where they started! it was magnificent sport. we wore ourselves out at it. \u2026 presently vagrant white clouds came drifting along, high over the sea and the valley ; then they came in couples and groups, then in imposing squadrons ; gradually joining their forces, they banked themselves solidly together, a thousand feet under us, and totally shut out land and ocean \u2014 not a vestige of anything was left in view but just a little of the rim of the crater, circling away from the pinnacle whereon we sat ( for a ghostly procession of wanderers from the filmy hosts without had drifted through a chasm in the crater wall and filed round and round, and gathered and sunk and blended together till the abyss was stored to the brim with a fleecy fog ). thus banked, motion ceased, and silence reigned. clear to the horizon, league on league, the snowy floor stretched without a break \u2014 not level, but in rounded folds, with shallow creases between, and with here and there stately piles of vapory architecture lifting themselves aloft out of the common plain \u2014 some near at hand, some in the middle distances, and others relieving the monotony of the remote solitudes. \u2026 i felt like the last man, neglected of the judgment, and left pinnacled in mid - heaven, a forgotten relic of a vanished world. \u2026 \u201d while i was in honolulu i witnessed the ceremonious funeral of the king \u2019 s sister, her royal highness the princess victoria. according to the royal custom, the remains had lain in state at the palace thirty days, watched day and night by a guard of honor. and during all that time a great multitude of natives from the several islands had kept the palace grounds well crowded and had made the place a pandemonium every night with their howlings and wailings, beating of tom - toms, and dancing of the ( at other times ) forbidden hula - hula by half - clad maidens to the music of songs of questionable decency chanted in honor of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4470570845665822, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.213042"} {"text": "their howlings and wailings, beating of tom - toms, and dancing of the ( at other times ) forbidden hula - hula by half - clad maidens to the music of songs of questionable decency chanted in honor of the deceased. \u2026 \u201c as the procession filed through the gate, the military deployed handsomely to the right and left and formed an avenue through which the long column of mourners passed to the tomb. the coffin was borne through the door of the mausoleum, followed by the king and his chiefs, the great officers of the kingdom, foreign consuls, ambassadors, and distinguished guests. \u2026 at this point of the proceedings the multitude set up such a heartbroken wailing as i hope never to hear again. the soldiers fired three volleys of musketry \u2014 the wailing being previously silenced to permit of the guns being heard. his highness prince william, in a showy military uniform ( the \u201c true prince, \u201d this \u2014 scion of the house overthrown by the present dynasty \u2014 he was formerly betrothed to the princess but was not allowed to marry her ), stood guard and paced back and forth within the door. the privileged few who followed the coffin into the mausoleum remained some time, but the king soon came out and stood in the door and near one side of it. ^ a stranger could have guessed his rank ( although he was so simply and unpretentiously dressed ) by the profound deference paid him by all persons in his vicinity ; by seeing his high officers receive his quiet orders and suggestions with bowed and uncovered heads ; and by observing how careful those persons who came out of the mausoleum were to avoid \u201c crowding \u201d him ( although there was room enough in the doorway for a wagon to pass, for that matter ) ; how respectfully they edged out sideways, scraping their back against the wall and always presenting a front view of their persons to his majesty, and never putting their hats on until they were well out of the royal presence. \u201c he was dressed entirely in black \u2014 dress coat and silk hat \u2014 and looked rather democratic in the midst of the showy uniforms about him. on his breast he wore a large gold star, which was half hidden by the lapel of his coat. he remained at the door a half hour. finally he entered his carriage and drove away, and the populace shortly began to drop into his wake. while he was in view there was but one man who attracted more attention than himself, and that was harris ( the yankee prime minister", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4198866184498892, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.214117"} {"text": "a half hour. finally he entered his carriage and drove away, and the populace shortly began to drop into his wake. while he was in view there was but one man who attracted more attention than himself, and that was harris ( the yankee prime minister ). this feeble personage had crape enough around his hat to express the grief of an entire nation, and as usual he neglected no opportunity of making himself conspicuous and exciting the admiration of the simple kanakas. \u201d the further i traveled through the town the better i liked it. every step revealed a new contrast \u2014 disclosed something i was unaccustomed to. in place of the grand mud - colored brown fronts of san francisco, i saw dwellings built of straw, adobes, and cream - colored pebbleand - shell - conglomerated coral, cut into oblong blocks and laid in cement ; also a great number of neat white cottages, with green window shutters ; in place of front yards like billiard tables with iron fences around them, i saw these homes surrounded by ample yards, thickly clad with green grass, and shaded by tall trees, through whose dense foliage the sun could scarcely penetrate. \u2026 \u201c i looked on a multitude of people, some white, in white coats, vests, pantaloons, even white cloth shoes, made snowy with chalk duly laid on every morning ; but the majority of the people were almost as dark as negroes \u2014 women with comely features, fine black eyes, rounded forms, inclining to the voluptuous, clad in a single bright red or white garment that fell free and unconf ined from shoulder to heel, long black hair falling loose, gypsy hats, encircled with wreaths of natural flowers of a brilliant carmine tint ; plenty of dark men in various costumes, and some with nothing on but a battered stovepipe hat tilted on the nose, and a very scant breechclout ; certain smoke - dried children were clothed in nothing but sunshine \u2014 a very neat - fitting and picturesque apparel indeed. \u2026 \u201c the missionaries have christianized and educated all the natives. they all belong to the church, and there is not one of them, above the age of eight years, but can read and write with facility in the native tongue. it is the most universally educated race of people outside of china. they have any quantity of books, printed in the kanaka language, and all the natives are fond of reading. they are inveterate churchgoers \u2014 nothing can keep them away. all this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4203826285932175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.215026"} {"text": "most universally educated race of people outside of china. they have any quantity of books, printed in the kanaka language, and all the natives are fond of reading. they are inveterate churchgoers \u2014 nothing can keep them away. all this ameliorating cultivation has at last built up in the native women a profound respect for chastity \u2014 in other people. perhaps that is enough to say on that head. the national sin will die out when the race does, but perhaps not earlier. but doubtless this purifying is not far off, when we reflect that contact with civilization and the whites has reduced the native population from four hundred thousand ( captain cook \u2019 s estimate ) to fifty - five thousand in something over eight years! \u201c society is a queer medley in this notable missionary, whaling, and governmental center. if you get into conversation with a stranger and experience that natural desire to know what sort of ground you are treading on by finding out what manner of man your stranger is, strike out boldly and address him as \u201c captain. \u201d watch him narrowly and if you see by his countenance that you are on the wrong tack, ask him where he preaches. it is a safe bet that he is either a missionary or captain of a whaler. i am now personally acquainted with seventy - two captains and ninety - six missionaries. the captains and ministers form one - half of the population ; the third fourth is composed of common kanakas and mercantile foreigners and their families, and the final fourth is made up of high officers of the hawaiian government. and there are just about cats enough for three apiece all around. \u201d in the rural districts of any of the islands, the traveler hourly comes upon parties of dusky maidens bathing in the streams or in the sea without any clothing on and exhibiting no very imtemperate zeal in the matter of hiding their nakedness. when the missionaries first took up their residence in honolulu, the native women would pay their families frequent friendly visits, day by day, not even clothed with a blush. it was found a hard matter to convince them that this was rather indelicate. finally the missionaries provided them with long, loose calico robes, and that ended the difficulty \u2014 for the women would troop through the town, stark naked, with their robes folded under their arms, march to the missionary houses, and then proceed to dress! the natives soon manifested a strong proclivity for clothing, but it was shortly apparent that they only wanted it for grande", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4649694377408602, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.216773"} {"text": "the town, stark naked, with their robes folded under their arms, march to the missionary houses, and then proceed to dress! the natives soon manifested a strong proclivity for clothing, but it was shortly apparent that they only wanted it for grandeur. the missionaries imported a quantity of hats, bonnets, and other male and female wearing apparel, instituted a general distribution, and begged the people not to come to church naked, next sunday, as usual. and they did not ; but the national spirit of unselfishness led them to divide up with neighbors who were not at the distribution, and next sabbath the poor preachers could hardly keep countenance before their vast congregations. in the midst of the reading of a hymn a brown, stately dame would sweep up the aisle with a world of airs, with nothing in the world on but a stovepipe hat and a pair of cheap gloves ; another dame would follow, tricked out in a man \u2019 s shirt, and nothing else ; another one would enter with a flourish, with simply the sleeves of a bright calico dress tied around her waist and the rest of the garment dragging behind like a peacock \u2019 s tail off duty ; a stately \u2026 kanaka would stalk in with a woman \u2019 s bonnet on, wrong side before \u2014 only this, and nothing more ; after him would stride his fellow, with the legs of a pair of pantaloons tied around his neck, the rest of his person untrammeled ; in his rear would come another gentleman simply gotten up in a fiery necktie and a striped vest. the poor creatures were beaming with complacency and wholly unconscious of any absurdity in their appearance. they gazed at each other with happy admiration, and it was plain to see that the young girls were taking note of what each other had on, as naturally as if they had always lived in a land of bibles and knew what churches were made for ; here was the evidence of a dawning civilization. the spectacle which the congregation presented was so extraordinary and withal so moving that the missionaries found it difficult to keep to the text and go on with the services ; and by and by when the simple children of the sun began a general swapping of garments in open meeting and produced some irresistibly grotesque effects in the course of redressing, there was nothing for it but to cut the thing short with the benediction and dismiss the fantastic assemblage. \u201d though mark twain never managed to revisit his beloved islands, he came", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.40026123041242234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.218022"} {"text": "grotesque effects in the course of redressing, there was nothing for it but to cut the thing short with the benediction and dismiss the fantastic assemblage. \u201d though mark twain never managed to revisit his beloved islands, he came close. he returned to honolulu harbor in 1895, but cholera was raging in the city, and none of the passengers aboard his ship was allowed to disembark. \u201c if i might i would go ashore, \u201d he wrote in his journal, \u201c and never leave. \u201d but he could not arrange it. his \u201c dream of twenty - nine years \u201d was shattered. nonetheless, he was consulted as a hawaiian expert for the rest of his life. in 1873, as the united states debated annexation, he wrote : \u201c we must annex those people. we can afflict them with our wise and beneficent governments. we can introduce the novelty of thieves, all the way up from street - car pickpockets to municipal robbers and government defaulters, and show them how amusing it is to arrest them and try them and then turn them loose \u2014 some for cash and some for \u2018 political influence. \u2019 we can make them ashamed of their simple and primitive justice. \u2026 we can give them juries composed entirely of the most simple and charming leatherheads. we can give them railway corporations who will buy their legislature like old clothes, and run over their best citizens and complain of the corpses for smearing their unpleasant juices on the track \u2026 we can furnish them some jay goulds who will do away with their old - time notion that stealing is not respectable. \u2026 we can give them lectures! i will go myself. \u201c we can make that little bunch of sleepy islands the hottest corner on earth, and array it in the moral splendor of our high and holy civilization. annexation is what the poor islanders need. \u2018 shall we to men benighted, the lamp of life deny? \u2019 \u201d he expressed his devotion to the islands in a very different way in 1889. at a dinner held in honor of a baseball team about to embark for hawaii on a world tour, he recalled the place as he \u2019 d first seen it. \u201c no alien land in all the world has any deep strong charm for me but that one, no other land could so longingly and so beseechingly haunt me, sleeping and waking, through half a lifetime, as that one has done. other things leave me, but it abides ; other things change, but it remains the same.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.38821016091817273, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.219067"} {"text": "the organic standards describe the specific requirements that must be verified by a usda - accredited certifying agent before products can be labeled usda organic. overall, organic operations must demonstrate that they are protecting natural resources, conserving biodiversity, and using only approved substances. a brief summary is provided below. view regulations. organic crops. the usda organic seal verifies that irradiation, sewage sludge, synthetic fertilizers, prohibited pesticides, and genetically modified organisms were not used. organic livestock. the usda organic seal verifies that producers met animal health and welfare standards, did not use antibiotics or growth hormones, used 100 % organic feed, and provided animals with access to the outdoors. organic multi - ingredient foods. the usda organic seal verifies that the product has 95 % or more certified organic content. if the label claims that it was made with specified organic ingredients, you can be sure that those specific ingredients are certified organic. the nop develops the laws that regulate the creation, production, handling, labeling, trade, and enforcement of all usda organic products. this process, commonly referred to as rulemaking, involves input from the national organic standards board ( a federal advisory committee made up of fifteen members of the public ) and the public. learn more usda organic regulations. 7 cfr section 205 includes all usda organic standards, including prohibited practices, requirements, and the national list of allowed and prohibited materials this compilation of guidance documents, policy memos, and instructions is intended to clarify policies and assist those who own, manage, or certify organic operations with complying with nop regulations.. to increase their quality and transparency, the nop first publishes guidance documents in draft form with request for public comments.. specific guidelines and requirements that organic producers and handlers must address in their organic system plan. this page provides information on practice standards that have been recently published or are currently in development. periodic residue testing. beginning january 1, 2013 organic certifying agents must test samples from at least 5 percent of the operations they certify on an annual basis. the following resources help certifying agents comply with these additional residue testing requirements : | proposed rule, outlines requirements memo to certifying agents, summarizes requirements pilot pesticide report, provides validated testing model, describes how samples should be collected, describes laboratory requirements, provides target list of prohibited pesticides ( pdfs ), clarifies how to respond to positive residues use of the usda organic seal.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48994709510518686, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.222132"} {"text": "keyword results for ' supernova ' washington, may 9 ( ani ) : researchers of the cluster of excellence origin and structure of the universe at the technische universitaet muenchen ( tum ), found a radioactive iron isotope in fossil remnants of iron - loving bacteria, which they trace back to a supernova in our cosmic neighborhood. washington, april 29 ( ani ) : a new research has suggested that two surprising grains of sand found in a pair of meteorites that landed on earth could have been formed in a single supernova that occurred billions of years ago. grains of sand from supernova found in meteorites apr 20, 12 : 59 pm washington, apr 20 ( ani ) : scientists have been studying stars by looking at specks of dust carried to earth in meteorites. suzaku ' post - mortem ' gives insight into kepler ' s supernova apr 9, 11 : 02 am washington, april 9 ( ani ) : an analysis of x - ray observations from the japan - led suzaku satellite has concluded that an exploding star observed in 1604 by the german astronomer johannes kepler held a greater fraction of heavy elements than the sun. yellow supergiant star ' s supernova explosion detected apr 7, 10 : 17 am washington, apr 7 ( ani ) : two groups of astronomers independently detected a yellow supergiant ( ysg ) star at a location closely matching that of the supernova sn 2011dh in the m51 galaxy through images obtained with the hubble space telescope ( hst ) before the explosion. hubble finds most distant supernova yet apr 5, 9 : 42 am washington, april 5 ( ani ) : using data gathered by nasa ' s hubble space telescope, a team of astronomers at the johns hopkins university has found the farthest supernova so far of the type used to measure cosmic distances. highest resolution images of supernova 1987a reveal its secrets apr 3, 10 : 04 am washington, april 3 ( ani ) : astronomers have succeeded in observing the death throes of a giant star in unprecedented detail. new kind of ' mini ' supernova where white dwarf survives discovered mar 27, 10 : 53 am washington, march 27 ( ani ) : supernovae were always thought to occur in two main \" flavors \" - a core - collapse supernova that is the explosion of a star about 10 to 100 times as massive as our sun and a type ia supernova, which is the complete disruption of a tiny white dwarf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5566565445258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.227929"} {"text": "thought to occur in two main \" flavors \" - a core - collapse supernova that is the explosion of a star about 10 to 100 times as massive as our sun and a type ia supernova, which is the complete disruption of a tiny white dwarf. nasa ' s chandra reveals origin of kepler ' s supernova mar 19, 2 : 00 pm washington, march 19 ( ani ) : data from nasa ' s chandra x - ray observatory point to the origin of a famous supernova, discovered in 1604 by johannes kepler. washington, mar 16 ( ani ) : nasa ' s swift satellite has uncovered the previously unknown remains of a shattered star while performing an extensive x - ray survey of our galaxy ' s central regions. rare ` young - looking ` supernova found in old galaxy mar 8, 9 : 52 am washington, march 8 ( ani ) : using the pan - starrs telescope on haleakala, astronomers have found a young - looking supernova on the outskirts of a bright elliptical galaxy. exploding stars offer clues to dark energy feb 28, 3 : 38 pm washington, february 28 ( ani ) : observation of two bright exploding stars is improving the astronomical \" tape measure \" used to calculate the acceleration of the expansion of the universe, say scientists. cassini spacecraft sheds light on how cosmic rays are accelerated feb 19, 10 : 07 am washington, february 19 ( ani ) : the international cassini spacecraft has detected particles being accelerated to ultra - high energies, similar to the acceleration that takes place around supernova explosions. supernova remnants really do produce cosmic rays feb 15, 10 : 51 am washington, february 15 ( ani ) : analysis of data from nasa ' s fermi gamma - ray space telescope has provided the first clear - cut evidence the expanding debris of exploded stars produces some of the fastest - moving matter in the universe. rare explosion may have created our galaxy ' s youngest black hole feb 14, 10 : 06 am washington, february 14 ( ani ) : a highly distorted supernova remnant may contain the most recent black hole formed in the milky way galaxy, new data from nasa ' s chandra x - ray observatory have suggested. massive star explodes few days before supernova explosion feb 8, 3 : 38 pm london, february 8 ( ani ) : scientists have observed an outburst taking place a short time - just one month - before a massive star underwent a supernova explosion. washington, february 6 ( ani ) : scientists have made a major step forward in understanding the structure and behavior of some of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5496712223861093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.228867"} {"text": "scientists have observed an outburst taking place a short time - just one month - before a massive star underwent a supernova explosion. washington, february 6 ( ani ) : scientists have made a major step forward in understanding the structure and behavior of some of the most elusive atomic nuclei in existence, some of which occur only briefly on the surface of exploding stars, thanks to the first set of experiments from the new advanced gamma tracking array ( agata ). secret life of binary stars revealed jan 25, 11 : 59 am washington, january 25 ( ani ) : in a new study, researchers have revealed the workings of a celestial event involving binary stars that results in an explosion so powerful it ranks close to supernovae in luminosity. washington, january 23 ( ani ) : new image from esa ' s herschel space observatory has revealed multiple arcs around betelgeuse, the nearest red supergiant star to earth, and scientists analysing the image have suggested that the star and its arc - shaped shields could collide with an intriguing dusty ' wall ' in 5000 years. washington, january 21 ( ani ) : a new view of a 20, 000 - year old supernova remnant using the national science foundation ' s ( nsf ) karl g. jansky very large array ( vla ) has provided more clues to the history of this giant cloud that resembles a beloved endangered species, the florida manatee. supernova detected in 2009 finally explodes jan 10, 11 : 53 am washington, jan 10 ( ani ) : astronomers have revealed that a massive star, which they have watched repeatedly mimicking a supernova since 2009, has finally exploded for real. exploding star not behind solar system ' s birth dec 18, 2 : 06 pm washington, december 18 ( ani ) : a new study has challenged the notion that the force of an exploding star forced the formation of the solar system. washington, december 8 ( ani ) : a team of astronomers has uncovered new evidence suggesting that x - ray detectors in space could be the first to witness new supernovae that signal the death of massive stars. washington, november 20 ( ani ) : using a unique new instrument on the world ' s largest optical telescope, astronomers have pinned down the likely origins of especially bright supernovae that they use as easy - to - spot \" mile markers \" to measure the expansion and acceleration of the universe. life and death in star - forming cloud captured in new image nov 15, 4 : 39 pm washington, november 15 ( an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5229086688060312, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.229883"} {"text": "a response to the 21st century science coalition standards of science education [ editor \u2019 s note : the following article was written by two a. p. auxiliary staff scientists. dr. brooks holds a ph. d. in cell biology from the university of alabama at birmingham. dr. deweese holds a ph. d. in biochemistry from vanderbilt university. ] lines have been drawn and sides have been taken in texas as scientists and educators battle with one another over whether the weaknesses in evolutionary theory should be taught in the public school system. since 1998, the texas essential knowledge and skills ( teks ) curriculum for the sciences has remained unchanged. now, 11 years later, revisions and updates are being made regarding many points within this curriculum, including how evolutionary biology should be taught in the public school system. the 1998 teks for high school reads : the student knows the theory of biological evolution. the student is expected to : ( a ) identify evidence of change in species using fossils, dna sequences, anatomical similarities, physiological similarities, and embryology ; and ( b ) illustrate the results of natural selection in speciation, diversity, phylogeny, adaptation, behavior, and extinction ( \u201c comparison of current..., \u201d 2009 ). a few points can quickly be drawn from this excerpt. first, the opening sentence states that students are expected to know the theory of evolution. it does not state or even directly imply that evolution is the single true explanation for the origin of life. second, nowhere in the statement or the remainder of the 1998 teks are students indoctrinated with the idea that evolution is scientific law ; although, students are still expected to recognize that similarities among different species are evidence of change rather than a common creator. for 11 years, the above standard for biological education has guided middle and high school teachers in their pursuit to educate young minds. but now, evolutionists have made dramatic pushes to change what was once taught as an alleged explanation for life into nothing short of fact. in support of the proposed changes to teks, the 21st century science coalition has formulated five principles that they believe must be adopted into the texas science curriculum. the coalition \u2019 s web site reads : \u201c we will not allow politics and ideology to handicap the future of our children with a 19th - century education in their 21st - century classroom \u201d ( \u201c welcome, \u201d 2009 ). the five principles are : scientifically sound curriculum standards must : acknowledge that instruction on evolution is vital to understanding all the biological sciences ; make clear that evolution is an easily observable", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5417090247756975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.243085"} {"text": "their 21st - century classroom \u201d ( \u201c welcome, \u201d 2009 ). the five principles are : scientifically sound curriculum standards must : acknowledge that instruction on evolution is vital to understanding all the biological sciences ; make clear that evolution is an easily observable phenomenon that has been documented beyond any reasonable doubt ; be based on the latest, peer - reviewed scholarship ; encourage valid critical thinking and scientific reasoning by leaving out all references to \u2018 strengths and weaknesses, \u2019 which politicians have used to introduce supernatural explanations into science courses ; and recognize that all students are best served when matters of faith are left to families and houses of worship ( \u201c scientist statement, \u201d 2009, emp. added ). as of the writing of this article, over 600 men and women who currently hold faculty positions at texas colleges and universities have signed a petition in favor of implementing these standards into texas public school curricula. the signers include faculty members from several universities affiliated in some way with christianity, including baylor, texas christian, and abilene christian, among others. by signing the petition, these men and women are indicating a personal conviction that evolution is essentially scientific law and believe it should be taught as fact to middle and high school students. further, they intend to remove from the classroom any and all references to the weaknesses of the evolutionary hypothesis. in effect, this petition and its signers are attempting to force onto unsuspecting youths an unproven idea as pure, clear fact. the principles endorsed by the coalition manifest several flaws. first, the coalition claimed that \u201c evolution is vital to understanding all the biological sciences \u201d ( \u201c scientist statement \u201d ). this echoes the modern push for evolutionary thought to permeate all areas of science. by interpreting all things in terms of an evolutionary history, the influence of evolution becomes widespread \u2014 particularly in the biological sciences. however, there is nothing about biological science that requires macroevolutionary explanations ( see discussion of macroevolution below ). in fact, science can be taught without invoking macroevolution \u2014 despite what we are bullied into thinking. the biochemical, structural, developmental, and functional similarities between organisms can be explained in terms of a common designer without the need for common descent. both authors acknowledge that their own research in biochemistry and molecular biology is conducted without consideration of macroevolution with absolutely no detriment to its quality or its conclusions. so, biology can be understood \u2014 even researched \u2014 without requiring a context of darwinian macroevolution. in fact, postulating common design", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.575066083977847, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.244382"} {"text": "conducted without consideration of macroevolution with absolutely no detriment to its quality or its conclusions. so, biology can be understood \u2014 even researched \u2014 without requiring a context of darwinian macroevolution. in fact, postulating common design by a designer is a more effective working model than assuming biological structures are the result of accidental, random processes. second, the coalition wants to \u201c make clear that evolution is an easily observable phenomenon that has been documented beyond any reasonable doubt \u201d ( \u201c scientist statement \u201d ). this is a very misleading statement. by using the common term \u201c evolution, \u201d the authors avoid clearly defining what the \u201c easily observable phenomena \u201d are and claim the evidence is \u201c beyond any reasonable doubt. \u201d ( of course, the implication is that if you doubt it \u2014 you obviously are not reasonable ). this is a frequent tactic of those who would like us to assume that \u201c all \u201d evolution is the same. interestingly, the coalition did not acknowledge the difference between microevolution ( changes at or below species level using existing genetic information ) and macroevolution ( large - scale changes requiring new genetic information, taking place over long periods of time ) in their statement. some claim that creationists invented these terms, but they are commonly used in the scientific literature and textbooks ( e. g., erwin, 2000 ; starr, 2006 ). while microevolution is an \u201c easily observable phenomenon \u201d and well documented, macroevolution is not. the term \u201c evolution \u201d is routinely used to refer to the combination of the two processes, and this quickly leads to misunderstanding, because while microevolution is clearly documented, the same cannot be said for macroevolution. it has been assumed by some evolutionists that the mechanisms responsible for microevolution could account for macroevolution given enough time ( e. g., erwin, 2000 ). however, there is much disagreement on this point. the development of new organisms requires more than changes in existing genetic information \u2014 it requires the generation of new information altogether in order to form new organs and body structures. there is no known mechanism for the spontaneous generation of new information. [ note : there are mutagenic processes which result in random insertions, deletions, duplications, and rearrangements. but these undirected events are typically deleterious and always insufficient for generating the information needed for macroevolution. ] the situation is far more complex than the coalition \u2019 s second", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5670157044016293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.245594"} {"text": "believe in the creator do \u2014 we teach science in our science classrooms. the fact is that the universe and even life must have had a cause and cannot be explained by \u201c natural \u201d means. what effect would these proposed standards have on education? young minds are very pliable. when scientists holding ph. d. s in biology claim certain theories as fact, young minds are very likely to believe that those theories are, indeed, fact. and, why shouldn \u2019 t they? when the most educated, best - trained men and women speak, many teenagers cannot but listen and assume truth is being conveyed. the problem with making unsubstantiated statements ( such as \u201c evolution... has been documented beyond any reasonable doubt \u201d ) is that such statements inherently exclude alternate explanations for the origin of life. the coalition conveniently ignores the fact that hundreds of credentialed scientists are skeptical of evolution. proponents of evolutionary theory have bullied their explanation for life \u2019 s origin into education to the exclusion of all other explanations. they use propaganda techniques to indoctrinate young minds early in order to perpetuate this ill - conceived idea. science education has always been a two - faceted approach. on one side, students are taught facts, equations, and principles that research has shown to be true. for example, physics equations regarding force and acceleration ( e. g., f = ma ), proven biological facts such as that dna is the genetic material, and universal principles such as that energy can be neither destroyed nor created. the other, equally important aspect of science education is instruction in the scientific method and critical analysis of information. this second facet of education has traditionally been applied in the laboratory, where students conduct experiments and evaluate their results. both the learning of information and the development of critical thinking skills are fundamental to education at levels of both secondary and higher education. one vital component to the critical evaluation of data is the analysis of both its strengths and weaknesses. if weaknesses in data were ignored, untold numbers of incorrect scientific ideas would have been propagated over the years. the coalition is in favor of removing discussion of strengths and weaknesses of evolutionary biology from the classroom. this very idea is in stark contrast to the scientific method and the principle of critical evaluation. if this standard is put into effect, it would undermine an educator \u2019 s ability to teach these aspects of science to the students. in order to properly train students, they must be allowed to use their minds, to weigh the positive and negative data, to analyze, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5537556325553405, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.248035"} {"text": "put into effect, it would undermine an educator \u2019 s ability to teach these aspects of science to the students. in order to properly train students, they must be allowed to use their minds, to weigh the positive and negative data, to analyze, and to think for themselves. the 21st century science coalition is not the only voice in this fight. texans for better science education is offering an alternative to the changes recommended by the coalition ( texans for better..., 2009 ). furthermore, hundreds of scientists from universities around the world have signed discovery institute \u2019 s \u201c dissent from darwinism \u201d which states, \u201c we are skeptical of claims for the ability of random mutation and natural selection to account for the complexity of life. careful examination of the evidence for darwinian theory should be encouraged \u201d ( \u201c a scientific dissent..., \u201d 2009 ). contrary to the opinion of the coalition, there are many scientists who recognize the failure of darwinism to explain the \u201c origin of species \u201d ( and the origin of life! ). on march 27, 2009, the texas state board of education approved a final draft of changes to the teks, which will be implemented with the 2010 - 2011 academic year. who won the battle is still a matter of debate. the new teks, which can be accessed through the texas education agency \u2019 s web site, reads : in all fields of science, analyze, evaluate, and critique scientific explanations by using empirical evidence, logical reasoning, and experimental and observational testing, including examining all sides of scientific evidence of those scientific explanations, so as to encourage critical thinking by the student ( \u201c texas essential..., \u201d 2009 ). noticeably, the terms \u201c strengths and weaknesses \u201d do not appear in the new curriculum standards. however, the phrase \u201c examining all sides of scientific evidence \u201d was included. it appears that texas education officials have attempted to keep both sides happy by straddling the fence on this issue. in another excerpt regarding the changes in earth \u2019 s atmosphere, the phrase \u201c that could have occurred \u201d was added to produce the following final statement : analyze the changes of earth \u2019 s atmosphere that could have occurred through time from the original hydrogen - helium atmosphere, the carbon dioxide - water vapor - methane atmosphere, and the current nitrogen - oxygen atmosphere ( \u201c texas essential..., \u201d 2009, emp. added ). we may never know the true motivations for these changes \u2014 political, scientific, or other \u2014 but whatever the reasons, educators are left with this manuscript, the 2009 teks,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5156004166356682, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.249177"} {"text": "essential..., \u201d 2009, emp. added ). we may never know the true motivations for these changes \u2014 political, scientific, or other \u2014 but whatever the reasons, educators are left with this manuscript, the 2009 teks, to guide their curricula in the sciences. \u201c comparison of current 1998 science teks with proposed 2009 recommendations to science teks \u2014 grades 9 - 12 \u201d ( 2009 ), teks, [ on - line ], url : http : / / ritter. tea. state. tx. us / teks / science / sciteks _ 9 _ 12 _ comparepdf. pdf. erwin, douglas ( 2000 ), \u201c macroevolution is more than repeated rounds of microevolution, \u201d evolution and development, 2 : 78 - 84. \u201c a scientific dissent from darwinism \u201d ( 2009 ), discovery institute, [ on - line ], url : http : / / www. dissentfromdarwin. org / index. php. \u201c scientist statement \u201d ( 2009 ), the 21st century science coalition, [ on - line ], url : http : / / www. texasscientists. org / sign. html. starr, c. ( 2006 ), basic concepts in biology ( belmont, ca : brooks / cole - thomson learning publishing ), sixth edition. texans for better science education ( 2009 ), [ on - line ], url : http : / / www. strengthsandweaknesses. org /. \u201c texas essential knowledge and skills for science subchapter c. high school \u201d ( 2009 ), teks, [ on - line ], url : http : / / ritter. tea. state. tx. us / teks / science / ch112c _ as _ approved032709. pdf. \u201c welcome \u201d ( 2009 ), the 21st century science coalition, [ on - line ], url : http : / / www. texasscientists. org / index. html.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5310087278353288, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.250723"} {"text": "an entrance and a barrier ; welcoming but protective. these are some of the dualities that exist in considering a very specific type of project \u2014 land port of entries ( lpoe ), commonly known as border - crossing stations. the security issues in this post - 9 / 11 world pose new challenges. how does the united states construct an infrastructure of arrival points, where \u201c huddled masses yearning to breathe free \u201d are still invited to enter, but that also serve as a line of protection? lpoe facilities are organized into a complex set of spatial geometries that are coordinated with a highly choreographed set of procedures. these procedures are in place, first and foremost, to protect customs and border agents who often have to make split - second decisions in determining if there is a potential threat. light plays a particularly key role here, not just in the experience of these places, but in facilitating an agent ' s ability to do his or her job. the demands placed on the lighting are somewhat contradictory : deliver a great amount of light and minimize brightness and glare \u2014 all while meeting significant security criteria, energy - code requirements, and sustainable building practices as mandated by the u. s. general services administration ( gsa ). but it is not an impossible task. the gsa ' s design excellence program, which oversees the construction of lpoes, recognizes the need for design to be integral to a project ' s development and enables even high - security environments to receive thoughtful architecture and lighting. in the process, particularly with some of the most recent lpoes, lighting criteria have been revisited and new guidelines have been created that meet the priority of security, but do so in a way that creates a better overall environment, one that is securely illuminated. the land port of entry at massena, n. y., is situated along the u. s. - canada border amid complex site conditions that include the st. lawrence river, cornwall island ( home to the akwesasne reservation ), and a series of wetlands. site, movement, and light, along with security requirements, contributed to smith - miller + hawkinson architects ' ( smh ) winning design scheme, the result of an invitation - only gsa design competition in 2000. after 9 / 11, the project was put on hold and did not start up again until 2005. in the interim, with new security concerns on the table, the project requirements were reevaluated. the main building, which houses offices and anchors the passenger - inspection areas, is the first structure visible on the approach from canada", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5286633580839308, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.260948"} {"text": "again until 2005. in the interim, with new security concerns on the table, the project requirements were reevaluated. the main building, which houses offices and anchors the passenger - inspection areas, is the first structure visible on the approach from canada. because this facade is north - facing and always in shadow, smh wanted to integrate architectural details and light so that the building would emerge as a welcoming beacon on the horizon. originally, supergraphic letters in a reflective - yellow highway paint spelled out the words \u201c united states. \u201d the signage, seen in the photo at the right, has since been removed, due in part to some security concerns, and smh is now working on another solution. but smh ' s original yellow wayfinding system is carried on throughout the site in other signage elements. to meet energy - code requirements yet still provide the 100 - plus footcandle light level required for security purposes, smh relied on architectural forms and natural light for an indirect lighting solution at the passenger vehicle - inspection areas ' canopies. extremely thin and devoid of any equipment so as not to interrupt the white planar surfaces, the underside of the canopy serves as a light reflector. during non - daylight hours, 250w metal halide uplights, recessed on top of the inspection booths, are aimed at the canopy underside and supplement the even wash of light across the inspection bays, preventing harsh shadowing. in the secondary inspection area, pole - mounted metal halide uplights allow the u. s. customs and border protection officers to perform their inspection duties. \u201c it ' s a significant design challenge, \u201d says architect sean gallagher. \u201c architecture can participate with the operations that are happening at the borders in a way that will make the port run more smoothly and the experience a little bit more sane. \u201d details project : u. s. land port of entry, massena, n. y. completion date : fall 2009 ( completed ahead of schedule ) client : u. s. general services administration architect : smith - miller + hawkinson architects, new york structural, mep, civil, and security engineers : arup, new york landscape architect : quennell rothschild & partners, new york environmental consultants : barton & loguidice, syracuse, n. y. curtainwall design consultants : r. a. heintges associates, new york lighting designer : claude r. engle, washington, d. c. environmental graphic design consultants : pentagram, new york project cost : $ 54 million ( bid $", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.460083171859947, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.262079"} {"text": "curtainwall design consultants : r. a. heintges associates, new york lighting designer : claude r. engle, washington, d. c. environmental graphic design consultants : pentagram, new york project cost : $ 54 million ( bid $ 4 million under budget ) project size : 57 acres ( campus ) ; 24, 500 square feet ( inspection plazas \u2014 booths and canopies ) ; 37, 200 square feet ( m - bldg, administration facility ) ; 6, 700 square feet ( s - bldg, secondary inspection facility ) ; 7, 900 square feet ( g - bldg, broker offices ) ; 7, 700 square feet ( n - bldg, non - intrusive inspection facility ) photography : michael moran situated along a thin slice of land overlooking semiahmoo bay and the international peace arch park, the peace arch u. s. land port of entry ( lpoe ) is one of the busiest northern border crossing stations serving private vehicle traffic between washington state and vancouver, british columbia, canada. the design is all about blending the new facility into the landscape. \u201c the architectural challenge was to figure out how to incorporate this much - larger new facility in this very constrained spot, \u201d explains sergei bischak, project architect at bohlin cywinski jackson. because of the busy nature of this location and its 24 / 7 operation, the station could not be shut down for construction, so a phased approach was applied to demolishing the existing 1970s structure and erecting a new one in its place. although there are now 10 lanes of traffic \u2014 two more than the previous facility had, according to bischak \u2014 the project wasn ' t about \u201c places for more cars. \u201d it was about \u201c facilities to support the processing. \u201d one of the most substantial developments resulting from this project was the creation of a new set of exterior lighting guidelines. as the team, which included seattle lighting design firm candela, began to work, it was clear that the existing gsa lighting guidelines were outdated and called for calculation methods that were not useful. lighting designer mary claire frazier, then a principal at candela ( she has since retired ), spearheaded a request to the gsa to revisit the document. she proposed a tour of several lpoes along the northern and southern u. s. borders so that candela could analyze lighting conditions, interview u. s. customs and border protection agents, and then make recommendations for new lighting guidelines. after extensive review, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46096305382762703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.263086"} {"text": "tour of several lpoes along the northern and southern u. s. borders so that candela could analyze lighting conditions, interview u. s. customs and border protection agents, and then make recommendations for new lighting guidelines. after extensive review, the gsa accepted the new findings, which better address vertical illuminance, uniformity, transition and adaptation zones, and glare control. also of note in the new standard is the stipulation to include an independent lighting designer on all design teams. \u201c the guidelines are written from a lighting designer ' s perspective, \u201d says randy fisher, who assumed project responsibilities from frazier. \u201c security issues are met, but with an appropriate gradiance of light. \u201d details project : peace arch u. s. land port of entry, blaine, wash. completion date : january 2011 owner : u. s. general services administration architect : bohlin cywinski jackson, seattle office structural and civil engineers : magnusson klemencic associates, seattle mechanical engineers : cdi engineers, seattle electrical engineers : sparling, seattle landscape architect : swift company, seattle lighting designer : candela, seattle project size : 15 acres ( campus ) ; 35, 750 square feet ( building ) ; 55, 000 square feet ( site work ) energy code compliance : ashrae 90. 1 - 2004 based on candela ' s u. s. lpoe design guide exterior lighting study, 289 fewer luminaires were used than the existing 2006 guidelines would have prescribed. the project also uses 16, 773 fewer watts, a 22 percent reduction in total lighting load. rendering : courtesy bohlin cywinski jackson lighting was a major element from the very start for the redesign of the san ysidro u. s. land port of entry ( lpoe ), just outside san diego. when the miller hull partnership ( mhp ) was called in for its interview with the gsa after making the short list of architecture firms, it was suggested to them that one of the five team members to include be the lighting designer. \u201c we knew immediately how important lighting design was to the project, \u201d says craig curtis, design partner at mhp. \u201c fortunately, we had already decided to team with candela who we ' ve worked with for years. and coincidentally they had just done a study of lpoes ' lighting design. \u201d as one of the busiest lpoes in the u. s., there are a tremendous number of demands placed on this facility, and even more since it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4570477700602045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.264136"} {"text": "years. and coincidentally they had just done a study of lpoes ' lighting design. \u201d as one of the busiest lpoes in the u. s., there are a tremendous number of demands placed on this facility, and even more since it is a border station along the nation ' s southern border. an extraordinary number of people \u2014 102, 000 \u2014 go through this location every day, 25, 000 merely on foot. \u201c the design first of all had to respond to the demand for increasing throughput, \u201d curtis explains. \u201c in addition to that, every architectural move we were making, we were trying to see what we could do in terms of sustainability as part of that same solution. \u201d striving to be a net - zero energy building and targeting leed platinum certification, multiple conservation systems are being put into place. for example, photovoltaic panels will be incorporated into the roofs of the administrative buildings as well as the edge of the primary canopy, one of the project ' s main design features. the 725 - foot - long canopy is supported by four 100 - foot - tall structural masts. the masts also allow luminaires to be incorporated so that light washes across the inspection areas, which follows the new gsa lighting guidelines. the canopy itself serves as a light reflector thanks to the translucent qualities of its ethylene tetrafluoroethylene material. as curtis says, \u201c we approached it [ the project ] from the very beginning knowing that we wanted this to be a beautiful structure, one that the u. s. is proud of as an entrance to our country. \u201d details project : u. s. land port of entry, san ysidro, calif. start date : broke ground march 2011 client : u. s. general services administration architect : the miller hull partnership, seattle structural and civil engineer : magnusson klemencic associates, seattle mechanical and electrical engineer : interface engineering, portland, ore. lighting designer : candela, seattle landscape architect : aecom, los angeles project cost : $ 160 million for phase 1 ; $ 577 million for all 3 phases project size : approx. 90, 000 square feet ( buildings ) ; approx. 85, 000 square feet ( canopies ) watts per square foot : interiors are approximately 23 percent below code. 8. 28w per square meter ( current design ) ; 10. 76w per square meter, lpa ( police / fire category ) ; exteriors are approximately 3. 5 percent below", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4677130922288296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.265313"} {"text": "african river - martin ( pseudochelidon eurystomina ) | french : | | hirondelle de riviere | | size | | length : 14 cm ( 2 ) | the african river - martin is classified as data deficient ( dd ) by the iucn red list ( 1 ). the african river - martin, the most primitive living swallow ( 3 ), has blue - black or purple - black plumage with an attractive green sheen to the back, and sooty brown under - wings. its tail is black and square, the feet are brownish - pink, and the red eye is surrounded by a pink eyering ( 2 ). like other swallows, the african river - martin \u2019 s large, orange - red bill can open wide, enabling the bird to catch insects while flying with ease ( 2 ) ( 4 ). male and female african river - martins are the same in appearance while juveniles have dull sooty brown plumage ( 2 ). the african river - martin occurs in gabon, congo and the democratic republic of congo ( 2 ) the african river - martin breeds along forested rivers, in coastal savanna and on islands with sandy shores. outside of the breeding season it can be found roosting in reedbeds or in vegetation along rivers. the african river - martin has also been recorded roosting on buildings ( 2 ) ( 5 ). usually observed in flocks, the african river - martin \u2019 s flight is rapid with moments of gliding. it can feed while flying, snatching flying ants ( their primary food ) from the air, and it also feeds on butterflies, moths, beetles, bugs and termites ( 2 ). like many swallows, the african river - martin migrates, moving between two breeding areas ; the democratic republic of congo, and the coastal areas of gabon and congo ( 2 ) ( 5 ). however, it is not known if the same bird breeds at both sites, or if the non - breeding season is spent at one of them ( 2 ). eggs and nestlings of the african river - martin have been recorded in february and march in the democratic republic of congo, while breeding activities have been observed between september and november in gabon and congo. the river - martin nests in colonies of up to 800 birds, laying a clutch of three eggs into a hole situated in a sandbar in a river, in a grassy sand - ridge near the coast, or in a slope of the coastal plain. it often digs its own burrow, extending around 150 centimetres, or sometimes uses the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3987230589117843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.278197"} {"text": "eggs into a hole situated in a sandbar in a river, in a grassy sand - ridge near the coast, or in a slope of the coastal plain. it often digs its own burrow, extending around 150 centimetres, or sometimes uses the existing burrow of a bee - eater ( 2 ). while the african river - martin occurs in large numbers on its breeding grounds, it may be facing a number of threats. in the democratic republic of congo, large numbers of adults and nestlings are taken for food by local people and this hunting pressure is believed to be increasing. breeding colonies in river sandbars are also vulnerable to flooding ( 2 ) ( 5 ). the african river - martin is assessed as data deficient on the iucn red list, meaning that there is insufficient information available to assess this species risk of extinction ( 1 ). therefore, the most important action needed is to undertake further research so that the conservation status of this african swallow can be determined. for further information on the african river - martin see : birdlife international - african river - martin : this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact : iucn red list ( december, 2007 ) - del hoyo, j., elliott, a. and sargatal, j. ( 2004 ) handbook of the birds of the world. vol. 9 : cotingas to pipits and wagtails. lynx edicions, barcelona. - olson, s. l. ( 1973 ) a classification of the rallidae. wilson bulletin, 65 : 381 - 416. - burnie, d. ( 2001 ) animal. dorling kindersley, london. birdlife international ( december, 2007 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39922994234241344, "token_count": 360, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.280201"} {"text": "tuesday 21 may banggai crow ( corvus unicolor ) what \u2019 s the world \u2019 s favourite species? find out here. banggai crow fact file - find out more - print factsheet banggai crow description this medium - sized crow is entirely black with a light iris and relatively short tail. the slender - billed crow ( corvus enca ) is very similar to the banggai crow, but can be distinguished by its larger overall size, bigger bill and proportionately longer tail ( 2 ). - length : 39 cm ( 2 ) banggai crow biology no information exists on the social, reproductive or feeding behaviour of the banggai crow ( 4 ). top banggai crow range visits to the banggai islands in 1981, 1991 and 1996 yielded no definite records of this species, but observations of black crows on banggai island in 1981, and a small crow seen at the western end of peleng island ( within banggai archipelago ) in 1991 gave hope that the species still occurred ( 4 ). this hope was fulfilled when, in 2007, further surveys of peleng island successfully located two specimens of banggai crow ( 5 ). top banggai crow habitat the banggai crow occupies montane forest ( 5 ). top banggai crow status the banggai crow is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ). top banggai crow threats based on the small number of records for this species, and the rapid rates of habitat loss within its range, the banggai crow is likely to have only a very small population ( 2 ). unfortunately, it remains hunted by local residents of peleng island ( 5 ). in addition, extensive deforestation threatens to claim the last remaining areas of this species \u2019 habitat ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ). the banggai crow may also be affected by competition with the slender - billed crow ( c. enca ) ( 3 ). top banggai crow conservation following its rediscovery, conservation efforts are being undertaken to protect the banggai crow and its forest habitat, promoting sustainable agriculture, and possibly eco - tourism, as well as educating local people about the bird \u2019 s plight ( 2 ) ( 5 ). along with these efforts, further surveys and the establishment of a protected area are necessary to ensure that the banggai crow is not lost again ( 2 ). top find out more for further information on the banggai crow see : - birdlife international ( 2001 ) threatened birds of asia : the birdlife international red data", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42553593462249883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.292819"} {"text": "area are necessary to ensure that the banggai crow is not lost again ( 2 ). top find out more for further information on the banggai crow see : - birdlife international ( 2001 ) threatened birds of asia : the birdlife international red data book. birdlife international, cambridge, uk. this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert, and will be updated as soon as possible. if you are able to help please contact : iucn red list ( october, 2009 ) birdlife international ( october, 2009 ) oriental bird club ( october, 2009 ) - birdlife international. ( 2001 ) threatened birds of asia : the birdlife international red data book. birdlife international, cambridge, uk. wildlife extra ( october, 2009 ) myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members, allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends. terms and conditions of use of materials copyright in this website and materials contained on this website ( material ) belongs to wildscreen or its licensors. visitors to this website ( end users ) are entitled to : - view the contents of, and material on, the website ; - download and retain copies of the material on their personal systems in digital form in low resolution for their own personal use ; - teachers, lecturers and students may incorporate the material in their educational material ( including, but not limited to, their lesson plans, presentations, worksheets and projects ) in hard copy and digital format for use within a registered educational establishment, provided that the integrity of the material is maintained and that copyright ownership and authorship is appropriately acknowledged by the end user. end users shall not copy or otherwise extract, alter or manipulate material other than as permitted in these terms and conditions of use of materials. additional use of flagged material green flagged material certain material on this website ( licence 4 material ) displays a green flag next to the material and is available for not - for - profit conservation or educational use. this material may be used by end users, who are individuals or organisations that are in our opinion not - for - profit, for their not - for - profit conservation or not - for - profit educational purposes. low resolution, watermarked images may be copied from this website by such end users for such purposes. if you require high resolution or non - watermarked versions of the material, please contact wildscreen with details of your proposed use. creative commons material certain material on this website has been licensed to wildscreen under a creative commons licence. these images are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41020204177672603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.294917"} {"text": "locate a target by shift from a known point task : locate a target by shift from a known point. test conditions : during daylight hours, given a lensatic compass, protractor, binoculars, a 3 - by 5 - inch card indicating the distance and direction to the known point, and a target. 1. determine the observer - target direction within + 100 mils of the actual direction ( expressed to the nearest 10 mils of the actual direction ). 2. announce the lateral shift from the known point to the target ( expressed to the nearest 10 meters ). the announced lateral shift must be within 6 degrees x 18 mils x range of the actual lateral shift. ( r = the distance to the known point divided by 1, 000. ) 3. announce the range change from the known point to the target ( expressed to the nearest 100 meters ). the announced range change must be to within 20 percent of the actual distance to the target. example : at a range of 2000 meters, 20 percent would be 400 meters. 4. complete steps 1 through 3 within 30 seconds. soldier ' s manual crosswalk : this task is based on stp 7 - 11, bchm14 - sm - tg task number 061 - 283 - 1004, and on fm 6 - 30. for this manual only, the infantry school has modified this task to require the candidate to use a lensatic compass. equipment required for point : binoculars, lensatic compass, a 3 - by 5 - inch card indicating the distance and direction to the known point, target, field table, pencil, stopwatch, clipboard, and fb form 20 - 11. 1 - r. site setup : provide an unobstructed view of the target and known point at the site. indicate the direction and distance to the known point. place binoculars, compass, and a 3 - by 5 - inch card on a field table. instructions to candidates : say to the candidates - - \" let me have your attention. at this point you must locate a target by shift from a known point. \" you will determine the direction, range, and deviation corrections to shift fire from the known point to the target and announce those corrections to me within 30 seconds. \" point to the known point and the target. \" do you understand what you must do? \" if anyone has questions, repeat the instructions but do not elaborate on what you have read. pause for five seconds and then say - - allow the candidate to proceed for 30 seconds and then say - -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4795366387791543, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.302137"} {"text": "how to surprise a copepod : strike kinematics reduce hydrodynamic disturbance and increase stealth of suction - feeding fish limnol. oceanogr., 54 ( 6 ), 2009, 2201 - 2212 | doi : 10. 4319 / lo. 2009. 54. 6. 2201 abstract : to capture prey with suction, fish must get sufficiently close to their prey to allow the suction flow to overwhelm the prey and draw it into the mouth. both swimming towards the prey and suction flow create a hydrodynamic disturbance, which can elicit an escape response by the prey. using particle image velocimetry, we measured flow speeds and derived fluid deformation rates at the location of the prey as bluegill sunfish fed. in front of the mouth, flows had a composite time - dependent nature. first, the bow wave pushed water away from the fish, but when the mouth opened and suction commenced, flow reversed and water deformation rates increased rapidly. our inferences indicate that, at the prey, the approaching bluegill is detected primarily based on its suction - induced disturbance, rather than its bow wave - induced disturbance. a comparison of suction - induced disturbance with the signal produced by active suspension feeders indicated that fish are able to produce a more subtle disturbance than expected based on their flow speeds and mouth size alone. jaw protrusion and the rapid opening of the mouth during the strike both help to minimize the signal available to the prey. we propose that the temporally quick strikes and high jaw protrusion that are seen in many zooplanktivorous teleosts represent adaptations that minimize the time available to prey for executing an escape response.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5230428592154177, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.305025"} {"text": "early astronomy concentrated on finding accurate positions of the stars and planets. this was due in part to the influence of astrology, but later, accurate positions came to be important for determining the physical characteristics of the stars and planets. accurate positions for the stars was also crucial for commercial and military navigation ( navigation by the stars has only recently been replaced by the use of satellite systems such as the global positioning system ). but probably of more importance to you is where to point your telescope or binoculars to find that cool object talked about in the newspaper or astronomy magazine. there are a couple of popular ways of specifying the location of a celestial object. the first is what you would probably use to point out a star to your friend : the altitude - azimuth system. the altitude of a star is how many degrees above the horizon it is ( anywhere from 0 to 90 degrees ). the azimuth of a star is how many degrees along the horizon it is and corresponds to the compass direction. azimuth starts from exactly north = 0 degrees azimuth and increases clockwise : exactly east = 90 degrees, exactly south = 180 degrees, exactly west = 270 degrees, and exactly north = 360 degrees = 0 degrees. for example, a star in the southwest could have an azimuth between 180 degrees and 270 degrees. since stars change their position with respect to your horizon throughout the night, their altitude - azimuth position changes. also, observers at different locations looking at the same star at the same time will see it at a different altitude - azimuth position. a concise summary of this coordinate system and the numbers involved is given at the end of this section. the second way of specifying star positions is the equatorial coordinate system. this system is very similar to the longitude - latitude system used to specify positions on the earth ' s surface. this system is fixed with respect to the stars so, unlike the altitude - azimuth system, a star ' s position does not depend on the observer ' s location or time. because of this, astronomers prefer using this system. you will find this system used in astronomy magazines and in most sky simulation computer software. the lines on a map of the earth that run north - south are lines of longitude and when projected onto the sky, they become lines of right ascension. because the stars were used to measure time, right ascension ( ra ) is measured in terms of hours, minutes, and seconds instead of degrees and increases in an easterly direction. for two stars one hour of ra apart", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5002862662376142, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.314054"} {"text": "become lines of right ascension. because the stars were used to measure time, right ascension ( ra ) is measured in terms of hours, minutes, and seconds instead of degrees and increases in an easterly direction. for two stars one hour of ra apart, you will see one star cross your meridian one hour of time before the other. if the stars are not circumpolar, you will see one star rise one hour before the other. if they were 30 minutes of ra apart, you would see one rise half an hour before the other and cross your meridian half an hour before the other. zero ra is where the sun crosses the celestial equator at the vernal equinox. the full 360 degrees of the earth ' s rotation is broken up into 24 hours, so one hour of ra = 15 degrees of rotation. the lines of ra all converge at the celestial poles so two stars one hour of ra apart will not necessarily be 15 degrees in angular separation on the sky ( only if they are on the celestial equator will they be 15 degrees apart ). the lines on a map of the earth that run east - west parallel to the equator are lines of latitude and when projected onto the sky, they become lines of declination. like the latitude lines on earth, declination ( dec ) is measured in degrees away from the celestial equator, positive degrees for objects north of the celestial equator and negative degrees for objects south of the celestial equator. objects on the celestial equator are at 0 degrees dec, objects half - way to the ncp are + 45 degrees, objects at the ncp are + 90 degrees, and objects at the scp are - 90 degrees. polaris ' s position is at ra 2hr 31min and dec 89 degrees 15 arc minutes. a concise summary of this coordinate system and the numbers involved is given at the end of this section. the basic coordinates module of the university of nebraska - lincoln ' s astronomy education program provides a great way to make the connection between terrestrial coordinates ( longitude and latitude ) and the equatorial coordinate system ( link will appear in a new window ). the first part of the module has you drag a cursor around on a flat world map or globe and read off its terrestrial coordinate position. the second part of the module has you do the same sort of thing using a flat map of the sky or a globe of the celestial sphere and read off the right ascension and declination. both parts also illustrate the distortion that happens when you project a curved spherical surface onto a flat", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48171671173879776, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.319395"} {"text": "you do the same sort of thing using a flat map of the sky or a globe of the celestial sphere and read off the right ascension and declination. both parts also illustrate the distortion that happens when you project a curved spherical surface onto a flat two - dimensional map. the unl astronomy education ' s rotating sky module has you explore the connection between the two coordinate systems. you can change your location on the earth and adjust the position of multiple stars and see where the stars would appear and how they would move on the celestial sphere and around your position on the earth as the earth rotates beneath the stars. an effect called precession causes the sun ' s vernal equinox point to slowly shift westward over time, so a star ' s ra and dec will slowly change by about 1. 4 degrees every century ( a fact ignored by astrologers ), or about 1 minute increase in a star ' s ra every twenty years. this is caused by the gravitational pulls of the sun and moon on the earth ' s equatorial bulge ( from the earth ' s rapid rotation ) in an effort to reduce the tilt of the earth ' s axis with respect to the ecliptic and the plane of the moon ' s orbit around the earth ( that is itself slightly tipped with respect to the ecliptic ). like the slow wobble of a rapidly - spinning top, the earth responds to the gravitational tugs of the sun and moon by slowly wobbling its rotation axis with a period of 26, 000 years. this motion was first recorded by hipparchus in 100 b. c. e. who noticed differences between ancient babylonian observations and his own. when the babylonians were the world power in 2000 b. c. e., the vernal equinox was in the constellation aries and the star thuban ( in draco ) was the closest bright star to the ncp. at the time of jesus christ the vernal equinox had shifted to the constellation pisces and the star kochab ( in the bowl of the little dipper ) was the closest bright star to the ncp. now the star polaris is close to the ncp and the vernal equinox is close to the border between pisces and aquarius ( in 2600 c. e. it will officially be in aquarius ) which is what a popular song of years ago refers to with the line ` ` this is the dawning of the age of aquarius ' '. in the year", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5019055553512839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.320790"} {"text": "logging in or signing up touch screen ppt malikvishwas download post to : url : related presentations : share add to flag embed email send to blogs and networks add to channel uploaded from authorpoint lite insert youtube videos in powerpont slides with as desktop copy embed code : embed : flash ipad dynamic copy does not support media & animations automatically changes to flash or non - flash embed wordpress embed customize embed url : copy thumbnail : copy the presentation is successfully added in your favorites. views : 5170 category : education license : all rights reserved like it ( 1 ) dislike it ( 0 ) added : april 10, 2012 this presentation is public favorites : 0 presentation description in this ppt all technology of touch discussed. comments posting comment... premium member presentation transcript comparative study of various touch screen technologies : comparative study of various touch screen technologies presented by : vishwas malik ( 0906810117 ) cs - b mietabstract : abstract the touch screen is an assistive technology. this interface can be beneficial to those that have difficulty in using other input devices such as a mouse or keyboard. when used in conjunction with software such as on - screen keyboards, or other assistive technology, they can help make computing resources more available to people that have difficulty in using computers. touch screen based system allows an easy navigation around a gui based environment. content : content introduction types of touch screen components working advantages and disadvantages applications conclusion referencesintroduction : introduction what is a touch screen? a touch screen is an electronic visual display that can detect the presence and location of a touch within the display area. or a touch screen is an electronic visual display that responds when it detects a touch on its surfaceevolution of touch screen : evolution of touch screen the touch screen was derived from the digitizing tablet. the digitizing tablet was invented by sam hurst in 1971. it was designed to allow scientists to record data from graphs by placing the graph on the tablet and pressing the paper against the tablet with a stylus. types of touch screen : types of touch screen resistive touch screen capacitive touch screen infrared touch screen surface acoustic wave ( saw ) touch screenresistive touch screen : resistive touch screenpowerpoint presentation : resistive lcd touch screen monitors rely on touch overlay, which is composed of a flexible top layer and a rigid bottom layer separated by insulating dots, attached to a touch screen controller. resistive touch screen panels are generally more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5498904597251216, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.327229"} {"text": ", how to interpret the touch event information that is sent from the controller. working : working touch screens are activated by the insertion or removal of the fingertip or by pressing the controls, active areas or targets with a head stick, or other similar device ( stylus ). resistive touch screens are pressure sensitive, so they can be operated with any input device, including a gloved hand or stylus. capacitive touch screens offer higher clarity and are more durable, but they do not respond to gloved hands or most styluses. infrared touch screens are based on light - beam interruption technology. surface acoustic wave ( saw ) is a newer technology that uses ultrasonic waves that pass over the screen. advantages : advantages touching a visual display of choices requires little thinking and is a form of direct manipulation that is easy to learn. touch screens are the fastest pointing devices. touch screens have easier hand eye coordination than mice or keyboards. no extra work space is required as with other pointing devices. disadvantages : disadvantages user ' s hand may obscure the screen. screens need to be installed at a lower position and tilted to reduce arm fatigue. some reduction in image brightness may occur. they cost more than alternative devices. applications : applications public information displays tourism displays trade show display awareness kiosks customer self service general departmental stores restaurants atm airline ticket terminals other uses digital jukeboxes computerized gaming student registration systemsconclusion and future scope : conclusion and future scope the touch screen interface is easier to use than other input devices. it is useful to make information more easily accessible by allowing user to navigate by simply touching the display screen. some laptops do include multi - touch capabilities ; however, these capabilities are very limited and not really useful. the future of touch surface is touch screen video projectors. so what \u2018 s next \u2026 \u2026. : so what \u2018 s next \u2026 \u2026. powerpoint presentation :?.. powerpoint presentation : thank you you do not have the permission to view this presentation. in order to view it, please contact the author of the presentation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4909647802595884, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.329872"} {"text": "jamaican green - and - yellow macaws ( ara erythrocephala ) the extinct jamaican green - and - yellow macaws ( ara erythrocephala ) - formerly occurred in the mountains ( presumably forests ) of trelawny and st anne ' s parishes on the island of jamaica in the caribbean sea. these macaws is believed to have been hunted to extinction in the early 19th century - probably because of hunting ( birdlife international 2004 ).. this species was described by gosse in 1847 based on a bird \" procured by mr. white, the proprietor of the oxford estate \" ( rothschild 1905 ). the head was right and the body green. the blue - tipped tail was red in the middle and green on top. the lower half of the wings were blue. both the tail and the wings were orange - yellow underneath. ( rothschild, 1905 ; salvadori, 1906a ; greenway, 1958 ). since this macaw is only known from gosse ' s notes - no skins, bones or any archaeological remains are known to be in existence - this species is considered a hypothetical extinct parrot species. high quality species photos, videos and / or articles contributions are welcome! click here to upload articles and images. please note : the images on this page are the sole property of the photographers ( unless marked as public domain ). please contact the photographers directly with respect to any copyright or licensing questions. thank you. the avianweb strives to maintain accurate and up - to - date information ; however, mistakes do happen. if you would like to correct or update any of the information, please send us an e - mail. thank you!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3905004119750035, "token_count": 343, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.332292"} {"text": "dentist ricardo perez : it is critical that dental care starts early. we want all children to have healthy teeth, beautiful smiles, and benefit from excellent dental health. narrator : dr. ricardo perez is a third - generation pediatric dentist in chevy chase, maryland, and a member of the american academy of pediatric dentistry. dentist : there we go, chase. you are a very handsome boy. and mom, you are here for your first dental visit? narrator : when should you first take your child to the dentist? different experts have slightly different answers to this question. what they agree on is that the first visit should happen no later than your child ' s first birthday. the american academy of pediatrics suggests that you take your child in sooner if he ' s at high risk for dental decay. your baby ' s doctor can help you decide this at his regular well - baby checkups. the american dental association and the american academy of pediatric dentistry advise bringing your baby in for a visit as soon as his first tooth appears. if he doesn ' t have a visible tooth by his first birthday, bring him in anyway. dentist : i advise my patient population to start proper oral hygiene habits at home early. narrator : there are several reasons to start caring for your baby ' s teeth and gums early. first, it helps prevent tooth decay. dentist : if the teeth are not properly cleaned at home, early on, if there is milk residue or food debris on these teeth, it ' s the proper environment for bacteria, that is now in the baby ' s mouth, to begin to produce acid, and this acid is actually what erodes or causes tooth decay. narrator : second, it sets the stage for good oral hygiene later. dentist : the more you get him used to you brushing his teeth ( or daddy ), the more receptive he is going to be. if you start at 2, it is going to be a little harder. narrator : third, even though your child ' s baby teeth will eventually fall out, they ' re still very important. dentist : baby teeth contribute in the developing of his face and his mouth. proper chewing is very critical for proper eating and therefore his dental health is directly related to his general health. baby teeth also preserve the space for permanent teeth. narrator : when can you expect your baby ' s teeth to appear? typically, the lower central incisors emerge first, then the upper central incisors. the lateral incisors, which flank the middle teeth, follow next. then come the first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4385364017827108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.344030"} {"text": "when can you expect your baby ' s teeth to appear? typically, the lower central incisors emerge first, then the upper central incisors. the lateral incisors, which flank the middle teeth, follow next. then come the first molars, which will likely appear soon after your baby ' s first birthday. after that are the canines, and the second molars come in last. most children will have a full set of 20 baby teeth, or primary teeth, by their third birthday. there ' s no real need to clean your baby ' s gums until she sprouts a tooth. some dentists recommend wiping a baby ' s gums once or twice a day with a damp washcloth or piece of gauze wrapped around your finger. you can do this if you like, but there ' s no evidence that the habit will prevent tooth decay. dentist : once teeth begin to come in around 6 or 8 months of age, parents can begin to transition to using a baby toothbrush. narrator : once your child has at least one visible tooth, buy a baby toothbrush with a small head of soft bristles. use a tiny amount of fluoride toothpaste \u2013 just a dot the size of a rice grain or a thin smear. fluoride is very important because it strengthens your child ' s tooth enamel and helps prevent cavities. but be sure to use just a little. children who swallow too much fluoride can develop a condition called fluorosis, which can cause permanent white spots on their adult teeth. brush your baby ' s teeth twice a day \u2013 once in the morning and once before bed. brush gently on both the outside and inside surfaces of your baby ' s teeth \u2013 or tooth, as the case may be \u2013 and try to brush her tongue, to dislodge the bacteria that can cause bad breath. don ' t worry about rinsing after brushing, since you ' re using just a tiny amount of toothpaste and the water would wash too much of the fluoride away. flossing for babies is optional. there ' s no evidence it makes a difference, but some dentists play it safe and recommend it anyway. your baby ' s dentist may recommend flossing between any teeth that are touching each other. dentist : some kids need to have their teeth flossed earlier because they don ' t have any space in between their teeth. narrator : gently floss your baby ' s teeth the same way you ' d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4047458532408714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.345523"} {"text": "from a book i wrote for beginning teachers, here are a few suggestions - - simple yet effective. these are for ages 4 - 6 : 8. butterfly wings. with the bottom of the feet together ( in \u201c frog \u201d position ), move the knees up and down. start slowly and build in speed and number. can count out loud. uses : technique, stretch, imagination teaches : rhythmically structured exercise add : a stretch over, so that the nose touches the big toes ; twist over to the side so that the chin touches the knee ; repeat from side to side. 9. hide like a turtle. ( developee and extension ). the legs and knees are together with the feet pointed ( good toes! ), the arms being wrapped around the legs and the head down and \u201c hiding. \u201d then, have them \u201c look up out of their shells \u201d and have the hands go to the floor beside them. each leg is then extended all the way, straight, one at a time, repeating the same leg. then try both legs together twice, and on the third time, have the hold the legs the try to balance with their arms off of the floor a la seconde. this is a very fun game and children seem to like doing it every time. uses : technique, rhythm teaches : balance, developee, trying to achieve a goal by doing their best hint : fall over backward yourself on occasion, so they know it is \u201c okay \u201d to do so themselves and that it all right not to be able to achieve the end goal immediately. 10. \u201c frog \u201d position sit - ups. in the \u201c frog \u201d or \u201c butterfly \u201d position, have them reach their arms forward and then roll down and up, 4 - 8 times. stretching and reaching for their toes and feet with their legs extended out in front of them is always effective. i might suggest you made up a floor stretch routine that they do regularly as a part of their class. when they learn to limber and warm themselves up as part of their regular training, then as they get older and more advanced, they ' ll often just do warm ups on their own without hardly even having to think about it or being asked. also, ballet exercises, in and of themselves, will limber and align them. i wouldn ' t be too overly worried if they are not little rubber bands right away. flexibility and strength and control to go with it are built over time. best wishes for happy teaching!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4617710929682588, "token_count": 499, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.348240"} {"text": "the recent commentary by representatives of senior scientists and policymakers for the bay regarding poultry waste regulations was wrong in many ways ( \" no more half - measures, \" june 18 ). they are correct that more people and their pollution will stress our environment. more people will reverse the progress that agriculture is making. theu. s. environmental protection agencyreports that agriculture has made tremendous progress in reducing nutrient contributions to the chesapeake bay. urban and suburban sectors are getting worse. they are wrong to describe agriculture ' s programs as a \" voluntary, collaborative approach. \" they imply that there are no maryland rules for the proper use of animal manures and fertilizers, but they know better. maryland ' s 1998 law created far - reaching requirements for farmers \u2014 among america ' s most restrictive. ask any farmer. they are not \" mostly voluntary \" as claimed. some area states do not have a strong program like maryland, but this group wants readers to think that maryland has a weak program. the facts don ' t support that allegation. they mistakenly claim that agriculture lags behind other sectors in reducing pollution. throughout the watershed, agriculture has reached about half of its 2010 pollution reduction goal. not good enough, we agree. but the urban / suburban sectors went backward. whose record is better, agriculture achieving nearly 50 percent of the goal or urban / suburban going backward by 90 percent? they mention progress being made by sewage treatment plants, but they fail to mention the volume of human waste that escapes through leaking pipes before reaching the plants. they fail to mention the 1. 4 billion gallons of escaped wastewater reported to the state last year. they call for chicken manure to have the same \" disposal \" rules as human sewage. chicken manure does not contain the toxins, household cleaning products, unused medications, man - made steroids, reproductive hormones, oil and grease and other products often disposed of through sinks or toilets. no wonder human waste needs more treatment. farmers are making improvements, and the chesapeake bay is benefiting. on - the - farm pollution prevention practices installed today might not show benefits for several years, but they will eventually. the current course of action is working. let ' s not drive already heavily regulated farms out of business. without farms, water quality would be even worse. andrew mclean, centreville the writer is president of delmarva poultry industry, inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44292434585417273, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.352929"} {"text": "afghanistan ' s economy is recovering from decades of conflict. the economy has improved significantly since the fall of the taliban regime in 2001 largely because of the infusion of international assistance, the recovery of the agricultural sector, and service sector growth. real gdp growth exceeded 7 % in 2007. despite the progress of the past few years, afghanistan is extremely poor, landlocked, and highly dependent on foreign aid, agriculture, and trade with neighboring countries. much of the population continues to suffer from shortages of housing, clean water, electricity, medical care, and jobs. criminality, insecurity, and the afghan government ' s inability to extend rule of law to all parts of the country pose challenges to future economic growth. it will probably take the remainder of the decade and continuing donor aid and attention to significantly raise afghanistan ' s living standards from its current level, among the lowest in the world. while the international community remains committed to afghanistan ' s development, pledging over $ 24 billion at three donors ' conferences since 2002, kabul will need to overcome a number of challenges. expanding poppy cultivation and a growing opium trade generate roughly $ 4 billion in illicit economic activity and looms as one of kabul ' s most serious policy concerns. other long - term challenges include : budget sustainability, job creation, corruption, government capacity, and rebuilding war torn infrastructure. lagging behind its balkan neighbors, albania is making the difficult transition to a more modern open - market economy. the government has taken measures to curb violent crime, and recently adopted a fiscal reform package aimed at reducing the large gray economy and attracting foreign investment. the economy is bolstered by annual remittances from abroad of $ 600 - $ 800 million, mostly from albanians residing in greece and italy ; this helps offset the towering trade deficit. agriculture, which accounts for more than one - fifth of gdp, is held back because of lack of modern equipment, unclear property rights, and the prevalence of small, inefficient plots of land. energy shortages and antiquated and inadequate infrastructure contribute to albania ' s poor business environment, which make it difficult to attract and sustain foreign investment. the completion of a new thermal power plant near vlore and improved transmission line between albania and montenegro will help relieve the energy shortages. also, the government is moving slowly to improve the poor national road and rail network, a long - standing barrier to sustained economic growth. on the positive side, macroeconomic growth was strong in 2003 - 07 and inflation is low and stable. the hydrocarbons sector is the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4339583571308725, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.617366"} {"text": "moving slowly to improve the poor national road and rail network, a long - standing barrier to sustained economic growth. on the positive side, macroeconomic growth was strong in 2003 - 07 and inflation is low and stable. the hydrocarbons sector is the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 60 % of budget revenues, 30 % of gdp, and over 95 % of export earnings. algeria has the eighth - largest reserves of natural gas in the world and is the fourth - largest gas exporter ; it ranks 14th in oil reserves. sustained high oil prices in recent years have helped improve algeria ' s financial and macroeconomic indicators. algeria is running substantial trade surpluses and building up record foreign exchange reserves. algeria has decreased its external debt to less than 10 % of gdp after repaying its paris club and london club debt in 2006. real gdp has risen due to higher oil output and increased government spending. the government ' s continued efforts to diversify the economy by attracting foreign and domestic investment outside the energy sector, however, has had little success in reducing high unemployment and improving living standards. structural reform within the economy, such as development of the banking sector and the construction of infrastructure, moves ahead slowly hampered by corruption and bureaucratic resistance. american samoa has a traditional polynesian economy in which more than 90 % of the land is communally owned. economic activity is strongly linked to the us with which american samoa conducts most of its commerce. tuna fishing and tuna processing plants are the backbone of the private sector, with canned tuna the primary export. transfers from the us government add substantially to american samoa ' s economic well being. attempts by the government to develop a larger and broader economy are restrained by samoa ' s remote location, its limited transportation, and its devastating hurricanes. tourism is a promising developing sector. tourism, the mainstay of andorra ' s tiny, well - to - do economy, accounts for more than 80 % of gdp. an estimated 11. 6 million tourists visit annually, attracted by andorra ' s duty - free status and by its summer and winter resorts. andorra ' s comparative advantage has recently eroded as the economies of neighboring france and spain have been opened up, providing broader availability of goods and lower tariffs. the banking sector, with its partial \" tax haven \" status, also contributes substantially to the economy. agricultural production is limited - only 2 % of the land is arable - and most food has to be imported. the principal livestock activity is sheep raising. manufacturing output consists mainly of cigarettes, cigars, and furniture", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4472095040175803, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.618593"} {"text": "also contributes substantially to the economy. agricultural production is limited - only 2 % of the land is arable - and most food has to be imported. the principal livestock activity is sheep raising. manufacturing output consists mainly of cigarettes, cigars, and furniture. andorra is a member of the eu customs union and is treated as an eu member for trade in manufactured goods ( no tariffs ) and as a non - eu member for agricultural products. angola ' s high growth rate is driven by its oil sector, with record oil prices and rising petroleum production. oil production and its supporting activities contribute about 85 % of gdp. increased oil production supported growth averaging more than 15 % per year from 2004 to 2007. a postwar reconstruction boom and resettlement of displaced persons has led to high rates of growth in construction and agriculture as well. much of the country ' s infrastructure is still damaged or undeveloped from the 27 - year - long civil war. remnants of the conflict such as widespread land mines still mar the countryside even though an apparently durable peace was established after the death of rebel leader jonas savimbi in february 2002. subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for most of the people, but half of the country ' s food must still be imported. in 2005, the government started using a $ 2 billion line of credit, since increased to $ 7 billion, from china to rebuild angola ' s public infrastructure, and several large - scale projects were completed in 2006. angola also has large credit lines from brazil, portugal, germany, spain, and the eu. the central bank in 2003 implemented an exchange rate stabilization program using foreign exchange reserves to buy kwanzas out of circulation. this policy became more sustainable in 2005 because of strong oil export earnings ; it has significantly reduced inflation. although consumer inflation declined from 325 % in 2000 to under 13 % in 2007, the stabilization policy has put pressure on international net liquidity. angola became a member of opec in late 2006 and in late 2007 was assigned a production quota of 1. 9 million barrels a day, somewhat less than the 2 - 2. 5 million bbl angola ' s government had wanted. to fully take advantage of its rich national resources - gold, diamonds, extensive forests, atlantic fisheries, and large oil deposits - angola will need to implement government reforms, increase transparency, and reduce corruption. the government has rejected a formal imf monitored program, although it continues article iv consultations and ad hoc cooperation. corruption, especially in the extractive sectors, and the negative effects of \" dutch disease \" produced by large", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4383452492819964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.619947"} {"text": "transparency, and reduce corruption. the government has rejected a formal imf monitored program, although it continues article iv consultations and ad hoc cooperation. corruption, especially in the extractive sectors, and the negative effects of \" dutch disease \" produced by large inflows of foreign exchange, are major challenges facing angola. anguilla has few natural resources, and the economy depends heavily on luxury tourism, offshore banking, lobster fishing, and remittances from emigrants. increased activity in the tourism industry, which has spurred the growth of the construction sector, has contributed to economic growth. anguillan officials have put substantial effort into developing the offshore financial sector, which is small, but growing. in the medium term, prospects for the economy will depend largely on the tourism sector and, therefore, on revived income growth in the industrialized nations as well as on favorable weather conditions. fishing off the coast and tourism, both based abroad, account for antarctica ' s limited economic activity. antarctic fisheries in 2004 - 05 ( 1 july - 30 june ) reported landing 147, 000 metric tons ( estimated fishing from the area covered by the convention on the conservation of antarctic marine living resources ( ccamlr ), which extends slightly beyond the antarctic treaty area ). unregulated fishing, particularly of patagonian toothfish, is a serious problem. the ccamlr determines the recommended catch limits for marine species. a total of 26, 245 tourists visited in the 2005 - 06 antarctic summer, up from the 22, 712 visitors the previous year. nearly all of them were passengers on commercial ( nongovernmental ) ships and several yachts that make trips during the summer. most tourist trips last approximately two weeks. antigua has a relatively high gdp per capita in comparison to most other caribbean nations. it has experienced solid growth since 2003, driven by a construction boom in hotels and housing that which should wind down in 2008. tourism continues to dominate the economy, accounting for more than half of gdp. the dual - island nation ' s agricultural production is focused on the domestic market and constrained by a limited water supply and a labor shortage stemming from the lure of higher wages in tourism and construction. manufacturing comprises enclave - type assembly for export with major products being bedding, handicrafts, and electronic components. prospects for economic growth in the medium term will continue to depend on income growth in the industrialized world, especially in the us, which accounts for slightly more than one - third of tourist arrivals. since taking office in 2004, the spencer government has", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.454480405718866, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.621142"} {"text": ". prospects for economic growth in the medium term will continue to depend on income growth in the industrialized world, especially in the us, which accounts for slightly more than one - third of tourist arrivals. since taking office in 2004, the spencer government has adopted an ambitious fiscal reform program, but will continue to be saddled by its debt burden with a debt - to - gdp ratio exceeding 100 %. argentina benefits from rich natural resources, a highly literate population, an export - oriented agricultural sector, and a diversified industrial base. although one of the world ' s wealthiest countries 100 years ago, argentina suffered during most of the 20th century from recurring economic crises, persistent fiscal and current account deficits, high inflation, mounting external debt, and capital flight. a severe depression, growing public and external indebtedness, and a bank run culminated in 2001 in the most serious economic, social, and political crisis in the country ' s turbulent history. interim president adolfo rodriguez saa declared a default - the largest in history - on the government ' s foreign debt in december of that year, and abruptly resigned only a few days after taking office. his successor, eduardo duhalde, announced an end to the peso ' s decade - long 1 - to - 1 peg to the us dollar in early 2002. the economy bottomed out that year, with real gdp 18 % smaller than in 1998 and almost 60 % of argentines under the poverty line. real gdp rebounded to grow by an average 9 % annually over the subsequent five years, taking advantage of previously idled industrial capacity and labor, an audacious debt restructuring and reduced debt burden, excellent international financial conditions, and expansionary monetary and fiscal policies. inflation, however, reached double - digit levels in 2006 and the government of president nestor kirchner responded with \" voluntary \" price agreements with businesses, as well as export taxes and restraints. multi - year price freezes on electricity and natural gas rates for residential users stoked consumption and kept private investment away, leading to restrictions on industrial use and blackouts in 2007. since the breakup of the soviet union in 1991, armenia has made progress in implementing many economic reforms including privatization, price reforms, and prudent fiscal policies. the conflict with azerbaijan over the ethnic armenian - dominated region of nagorno - karabakh contributed to a severe economic decline in the early 1990s. by 1994, however, the armenian government launched an ambitious imf - sponsored economic liberalization program that resulted in positive growth rates. economic growth has averaged", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46754625560736834, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.622183"} {"text": "region of nagorno - karabakh contributed to a severe economic decline in the early 1990s. by 1994, however, the armenian government launched an ambitious imf - sponsored economic liberalization program that resulted in positive growth rates. economic growth has averaged over 13 % in recent years. armenia has managed to reduce poverty, slash inflation, stabilize its currency, and privatize most small - and medium - sized enterprises. under the old soviet central planning system, armenia developed a modern industrial sector, supplying machine tools, textiles, and other manufactured goods to sister republics, in exchange for raw materials and energy. armenia has since switched to small - scale agriculture and away from the large agroindustrial complexes of the soviet era. nuclear power plants built at metsamor in the 1970s were closed following the 1988 spitak earthquake, though they sustained no damage. one of the two reactors was re - opened in 1995, but the armenian government is under international pressure to close it due to concerns that the soviet era design lacks important safeguards. metsamor provides 40 percent of the country ' s electricity - hydropower accounts for about one - fourth. economic ties with russia remain close, especially in the energy sector. the electricity distribution system was privatized in 2002 and bought by russia ' s rao - ues in 2005. construction of a pipeline to deliver natural gas from iran to armenia is halfway completed and is scheduled to be commissioned by january 2009. armenia has some mineral deposits ( copper, gold, bauxite ). pig iron, unwrought copper, and other nonferrous metals are armenia ' s highest valued exports. armenia ' s severe trade imbalance has been offset somewhat by international aid, remittances from armenians working abroad, and foreign direct investment. armenia joined the wto in january 2003. the government made some improvements in tax and customs administration in recent years, but anti - corruption measures will be more difficult to implement. despite strong economic growth, armenia ' s unemployment rate remains high. armenia will need to pursue additional economic reforms in order to improve its economic competitiveness and to build on recent improvements in poverty and unemployment, especially given its economic isolation from two of its nearest neighbors, turkey and azerbaijan. tourism is the mainstay of the small, open aruban economy, with offshore banking and oil refining and storage also important. the rapid growth of the tourism sector over the last decade has resulted in a substantial expansion of other activities. over 1. 5 million tourists per year visit aruba, with 75 %", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4448632096682908, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.623236"} {"text": "the eu has drawn an influx of foreign investors attracted by austria ' s access to the single european market and proximity to the new eu economies. the outgoing government has successfully pursued a comprehensive economic reform program, aimed at streamlining government and creating a more competitive business environment, further strengthening austria ' s attractiveness as an investment location. it has implemented effective pension reforms ; however, lower taxes in 2005 - 06 led to a small budget deficit in 2006 and 2007. boosted by strong exports, growth nevertheless reached 3. 3 % in both 2006 and 2007, although the economy may slow in 2008 because of the strong euro, high oil prices, and problems in international financial markets. to meet increased competition - especially from new eu members and central european countries - austria will need to continue restructuring, emphasizing knowledge - based sectors of the economy, and encouraging greater labor flexibility and greater labor participation by its aging population. azerbaijan ' s high economic growth in 2006 and 2007 is attributable to large and growing oil exports. azerbaijan ' s oil production declined through 1997, but has registered an increase every year since. negotiation of production - sharing arrangements ( psas ) with foreign firms, which have committed $ 60 billion to long - term oilfield development, should generate the funds needed to spur future industrial development. oil production under the first of these psas, with the azerbaijan international operating company, began in november 1997. a consortium of western oil companies began pumping 1 million barrels a day from a large offshore field in early 2006, through a $ 4 billion pipeline it built from baku to turkey ' s mediterranean port of ceyhan. by 2010 revenues from this project will double the country ' s current gdp. azerbaijan shares all the formidable problems of the former soviet republics in making the transition from a command to a market economy, but its considerable energy resources brighten its long - term prospects. baku has only recently begun making progress on economic reform, and old economic ties and structures are slowly being replaced. several other obstacles impede azerbaijan ' s economic progress : the need for stepped up foreign investment in the non - energy sector, the continuing conflict with armenia over the nagorno - karabakh region, pervasive corruption, and elevated inflation. trade with russia and the other former soviet republics is declining in importance, while trade is building with turkey and the nations of europe. long - term prospects will depend on world oil prices, the location of new oil and gas pipelines in the region, and azerbaijan ' s ability to manage its energy wealth. the bahamas is one of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46670263862664585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.625524"} {"text": "building with turkey and the nations of europe. long - term prospects will depend on world oil prices, the location of new oil and gas pipelines in the region, and azerbaijan ' s ability to manage its energy wealth. the bahamas is one of the wealthiest caribbean countries with an economy heavily dependent on tourism and offshore banking. tourism together with tourism - driven construction and manufacturing accounts for approximately 60 % of gdp and directly or indirectly employs half of the archipelago ' s labor force. steady growth in tourism receipts and a boom in construction of new hotels, resorts, and residences had led to solid gdp growth in recent years, but tourist arrivals have been on the decline since 2006. financial services constitute the second - most important sector of the bahamian economy and, when combined with business services, account for about 36 % of gdp. however, since december 2000, when the government enacted new regulations on the financial sector, many international businesses have left the bahamas. manufacturing and agriculture combined contribute approximately a tenth of gdp and show little growth, despite government incentives aimed at those sectors. overall growth prospects in the short run rest heavily on the fortunes of the tourism sector. tourism, in turn, depends on growth in the us, the source of more than 80 % of the visitors. with its highly developed communication and transport facilities, bahrain is home to numerous multinational firms with business in the gulf. petroleum production and refining account for over 60 % of bahrain ' s export receipts, over 70 % of government revenues, and 11 % of gdp ( exclusive of allied industries ), underpinning bahrain ' s strong economic growth in recent years. aluminum is bahrain ' s second major export after oil. other major segments of bahrain ' s economy are the financial and construction sectors. bahrain is focused on islamic banking and is competing on an international scale with malaysia as a worldwide banking center. bahrain is actively pursuing the diversification and privatization of its economy to reduce the country ' s dependence on oil. as part of this effort, in august 2006 bahrain and the us implemented a free trade agreement ( fta ), the first fta between the us and a gulf state. continued strong growth hinges on bahrain ' s ability to acquire new natural gas supplies as feedstock to support its expanding petrochemical and aluminum industries. unemployment, especially among the young, and the depletion of oil and underground water resources are long - term economic problems. the economy has grown 5 - 6 % over the past few years despite inefficient state - owned enterprises, delays in exploiting natural gas resources, insufficient", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4887003257403913, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.626619"} {"text": "the depletion of oil and underground water resources are long - term economic problems. the economy has grown 5 - 6 % over the past few years despite inefficient state - owned enterprises, delays in exploiting natural gas resources, insufficient power supplies, and slow implementation of economic reforms. bangladesh remains a poor, overpopulated, and inefficiently - governed nation. although more than half of gdp is generated through the service sector, nearly two - thirds of bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector, with rice as the single - most - important product. garment exports and remittances from bangladeshis working overseas, mainly in the middle east and east asia, fuel economic growth. historically, the barbadian economy was dependent on sugarcane cultivation and related activities. however, production in recent years has diversified into light industry and tourism, with nearly three - quarters of gdp and 80 % of exports being attributed to services. growth has rebounded since 2003, bolstered by increases in construction projects and tourism revenues - reflecting its success in the higher - end segment. the country enjoys one of the highest per capita incomes in the region and an investment grade rating which benefits from its political stability and stable institutions. offshore finance and information services are important foreign exchange earners and thrive from having the same time zone as eastern us financial centers and a relatively highly educated workforce. the government continues its efforts to reduce unemployment, to encourage direct foreign investment, and to privatize remaining state - owned enterprises. belarus has seen little structural reform since 1995, when president lukashenko launched the country on the path of \" market socialism. \" in keeping with this policy, lukashenko reimposed administrative controls over prices and currency exchange rates and expanded the state ' s right to intervene in the management of private enterprises. since 2005, the government has re - nationalized a number of private companies. in addition, businesses have been subject to pressure by central and local governments, e. g., arbitrary changes in regulations, numerous rigorous inspections, retroactive application of new business regulations, and arrests of \" disruptive \" businessmen and factory owners. a wide range of redistributive policies has helped those at the bottom of the ladder ; the gini coefficient is among the lowest in the world. because of these restrictive economic policies, belarus has had trouble attracting foreign investment. nevertheless, gdp growth has been strong in recent years, reaching nearly 8 % in 2007, despite the roadblocks of a tough, centrally directed economy with a high, but decreasing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4889330045178831, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.627712"} {"text": "of these restrictive economic policies, belarus has had trouble attracting foreign investment. nevertheless, gdp growth has been strong in recent years, reaching nearly 8 % in 2007, despite the roadblocks of a tough, centrally directed economy with a high, but decreasing, rate of inflation. belarus receives heavily discounted oil and natural gas from russia and much of belarus ' growth can be attributed to the re - export of russian oil at market prices. trade with russia - by far its largest single trade partner - decreased in 2007, largely as a result of a change in the way the value added tax ( vat ) on trade was collected. russia has introduced an export duty on oil shipped to belarus, which will increase gradually through 2009, and a requirement that belarusian duties on re - exported russian oil be shared with russia - 80 % will go to russia in 2008, and 85 % in 2009. russia also increased belarusian natural gas prices from $ 47 per thousand cubic meters ( tcm ) to $ 100 per tcm in 2007, and plans to increase prices gradually to world levels by 2011. russia ' s recent policy of bringing energy prices for belarus to world market levels may result in a slowdown in economic growth in belarus over the next few years. some policy measures, including tightening of fiscal and monetary policies, improving energy efficiency, and diversifying exports, have been introduced, but external borrowing has been the main mechanism used to manage the growing pressures on the economy. this modern, private - enterprise economy has capitalized on its central geographic location, highly developed transport network, and diversified industrial and commercial base. industry is concentrated mainly in the populous flemish area in the north. with few natural resources, belgium must import substantial quantities of raw materials and export a large volume of manufactures, making its economy unusually dependent on the state of world markets. roughly three - quarters of its trade is with other eu countries. public debt is more than 85 % of gdp. on the positive side, the government has succeeded in balancing its budget, and income distribution is relatively equal. belgium began circulating the euro currency in january 2002. economic growth in 2001 - 03 dropped sharply because of the global economic slowdown, with moderate recovery in 2004 - 07. economic growth and foreign direct investment are expected to slow down in 2008, due to credit tightening, falling consumer and business confidence, and above average inflation. however, with the successful negotiation of the 2008 budget and devolution of power within the government, political tensions seem to be easing and could lead to an improvement in the economic outlook for 2008.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4655943632363446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.628844"} {"text": "falling consumer and business confidence, and above average inflation. however, with the successful negotiation of the 2008 budget and devolution of power within the government, political tensions seem to be easing and could lead to an improvement in the economic outlook for 2008. in this small, essentially private - enterprise economy, tourism is the number one foreign exchange earner followed by exports of marine products, citrus, cane sugar, bananas, and garments. the government ' s expansionary monetary and fiscal policies, initiated in september 1998, led to sturdy gdp growth averaging nearly 4 % in 1999 - 2007. oil discoveries in 2006 bolstered the economic growth in 2006 and 2007. major concerns continue to be the sizable trade deficit and unsustainable foreign debt. in february 2007, the government restructured nearly all of its public external commercial debt, which will reduce interest payments and create the liquidity relief needed for an increase in public spending in the run - up to the march 2008 elections. a key short - term objective remains the reduction of poverty with the help of international donors. the economy of benin remains underdeveloped and dependent on subsistence agriculture, cotton production, and regional trade. growth in real output has averaged around 5 % in the past seven years, but rapid population growth has offset much of this increase. inflation has subsided over the past several years. in order to raise growth still further, benin plans to attract more foreign investment, place more emphasis on tourism, facilitate the development of new food processing systems and agricultural products, and encourage new information and communication technology. specific projects to improve the business climate by reforms to the land tenure system, the commercial justice system, and the financial sector were included in benin ' s $ 307 million millennium challenge account grant signed in february 2006. the 2001 privatization policy continues in telecommunications, water, electricity, and agriculture though the government annulled the privatization of benin ' s state cotton company in november 2007 after the discovery of irregularities in the bidding process. the paris club and bilateral creditors have eased the external debt situation, with benin benefiting from a g8 debt reduction announced in july 2005, while pressing for more rapid structural reforms. an insufficient electrical supply continues to adversely affect benin ' s economic growth though the government recently has taken steps to increase domestic power production. bermuda enjoys the highest per capita income in the world, more than 50 % higher than that of the us. its economy is primarily based on providing financial services for international business and luxury facilities for tourists. a number of reinsurance companies relocated to the island following the 11 september", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44593830594846606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.630170"} {"text": "per capita income in the world, more than 50 % higher than that of the us. its economy is primarily based on providing financial services for international business and luxury facilities for tourists. a number of reinsurance companies relocated to the island following the 11 september 2001 attacks and again after hurricane katrina in august 2005, contributing to the expansion of an already robust international business sector. bermuda ' s tourism industry - which derives over 80 % of its visitors from the us - continues to struggle but remains the island ' s number two industry. most capital equipment and food must be imported. bermuda ' s industrial sector is small, although construction continues to be important ; the average cost of a house in june 2003 had risen to $ 976, 000. agriculture is limited with only 20 % of the land being arable. the economy, one of the world ' s smallest and least developed, is based on agriculture and forestry, which provide the main livelihood for more than 60 % of the population. agriculture consists largely of subsistence farming and animal husbandry. rugged mountains dominate the terrain and make the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. the economy is closely aligned with india ' s through strong trade and monetary links and dependence on india ' s financial assistance. the industrial sector is technologically backward, with most production of the cottage industry type. most development projects, such as road construction, rely on indian migrant labor. model education, social, and environment programs are underway with support from multilateral development organizations. each economic program takes into account the government ' s desire to protect the country ' s environment and cultural traditions. for example, the government, in its cautious expansion of the tourist sector, encourages visits by upscale, environmentally conscientious tourists. detailed controls and uncertain policies in areas such as industrial licensing, trade, labor, and finance continue to hamper foreign investment. hydropower exports to india drove gdp growth to over 20 % in 2007 bolivia is one of the poorest and least developed countries in latin america. following a disastrous economic crisis during the early 1980s, reforms spurred private investment, stimulated economic growth, and cut poverty rates in the 1990s. the period 2003 - 05 was characterized by political instability, racial tensions, and violent protests against plans - subsequently abandoned - to export bolivia ' s newly discovered natural gas reserves to large northern hemisphere markets. in 2005, the government passed a controversial hydrocarbons law that imposed significantly higher royalties and required foreign firms then operating under risk - sharing contracts to surrender all production to the state energy company, which was made the sole exporter", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.466286191178722, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.631963"} {"text": "large northern hemisphere markets. in 2005, the government passed a controversial hydrocarbons law that imposed significantly higher royalties and required foreign firms then operating under risk - sharing contracts to surrender all production to the state energy company, which was made the sole exporter of natural gas. the law also required that the state energy company regain control over the five companies that were privatized during the 1990s - a process that is still underway. in 2006, higher earnings for mining and hydrocarbons exports pushed the current account surplus to about 12 % of gdp and the government ' s higher tax take produced a fiscal surplus after years of large deficits. debt relief from the g8 - announced in 2005 - also has significantly reduced bolivia ' s public sector debt burden. private investment as a share of gdp, however, remains among the lowest in latin america, and inflation reached double - digit levels in 2007. bosnia and herzegovina ranked next to macedonia as the poorest republic in the old yugoslav federation. although agriculture is almost all in private hands, farms are small and inefficient, and the republic traditionally is a net importer of food. the private sector is growing and foreign investment is slowly increasing, but government spending, at nearly 40 % of adjusted gdp, remains unreasonably high. the interethnic warfare in bosnia caused production to plummet by 80 % from 1992 to 1995 and unemployment to soar. with an uneasy peace in place, output recovered in 1996 - 99 at high percentage rates from a low base ; but output growth slowed in 2000 - 02. part of the lag in output was made up in 2003 - 07 when gdp growth exceeded 5 % per year. national - level statistics are limited and do not capture the large share of black market activity. the konvertibilna marka ( convertible mark or bam ) - the national currency introduced in 1998 - is pegged to the euro, and confidence in the currency and the banking sector has increased. implementing privatization, however, has been slow, particularly in the federation, although more successful in the republika srpska. banking reform accelerated in 2001 as all the communist - era payments bureaus were shut down ; foreign banks, primarily from western europe, now control most of the banking sector. a sizeable current account deficit and high unemployment rate remain the two most serious macroeconomic problems. on 1 january 2006 a new value - added tax ( vat ) went into effect. the vat has been successful in capturing much of the gray market economy and has developed into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46313385674150653, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.634519"} {"text": "deficit and high unemployment rate remain the two most serious macroeconomic problems. on 1 january 2006 a new value - added tax ( vat ) went into effect. the vat has been successful in capturing much of the gray market economy and has developed into a significant and predictable source of revenues for all layers of government. bosnia and herzegovina became a full member of the central european free trade agreement in september 2007. the country receives substantial reconstruction assistance and humanitarian aid from the international community but will have to prepare for an era of declining assistance. botswana has maintained one of the world ' s highest economic growth rates since independence in 1966, though growth slowed to 4. 7 % annually in 2006 - 07. through fiscal discipline and sound management, botswana has transformed itself from one of the poorest countries in the world to a middle - income country with a per capita gdp of more than $ 11, 000 in 2006. two major investment services rank botswana as the best credit risk in africa. diamond mining has fueled much of the expansion and currently accounts for more than one - third of gdp and for 70 - 80 % of export earnings. tourism, financial services, subsistence farming, and cattle raising are other key sectors. on the downside, the government must deal with high rates of unemployment and poverty. unemployment officially was 23. 8 % in 2004, but unofficial estimates place it closer to 40 %. hiv / aids infection rates are the second highest in the world and threaten botswana ' s impressive economic gains. an expected leveling off in diamond mining production overshadows long - term prospects. characterized by large and well - developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and service sectors, brazil ' s economy outweighs that of all other south american countries and is expanding its presence in world markets. having weathered 2001 - 03 financial turmoil, capital inflows are regaining strength and the currency has resumed appreciating. the appreciation has slowed export volume growth, but since 2004, brazil ' s growth has yielded increases in employment and real wages. the resilience in the economy stems from commodity - driven current account surpluses, and sound macroeconomic policies that have bolstered international reserves to historically high levels, reduced public debt, and allowed a significant decline in real interest rates. a floating exchange rate, an inflation - targeting regime, and a tight fiscal policy are the three pillars of the economic program. from 2003 to 2007, brazil ran record trade surpluses and recorded its first current account surpluses since 1992. productivity gains coupled with high commodity prices contributed to the surge in exports", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44131817521974154, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.636026"} {"text": ", and a tight fiscal policy are the three pillars of the economic program. from 2003 to 2007, brazil ran record trade surpluses and recorded its first current account surpluses since 1992. productivity gains coupled with high commodity prices contributed to the surge in exports. brazil improved its debt profile in 2006 by shifting its debt burden toward real denominated and domestically held instruments. lula da silva restated his commitment to fiscal responsibility by maintaining the country ' s primary surplus during the 2006 election. following his second inauguration, lula da silva announced a package of further economic reforms to reduce taxes and increase investment in infrastructure. the government ' s goal of achieving strong growth while reducing the debt burden is likely to create inflationary pressures. all economic activity is concentrated on the largest island of diego garcia, where a joint uk - us military facility is located. construction projects and various services needed to support the military installation are performed by military and contract employees from the uk, mauritius, the philippines, and the us. there are no industrial or agricultural activities on the islands. when the native ilois return, they plan to reestablish sugarcane production and fishing. the territory makes money by selling fishing licenses and postage stamps. the economy, one of the most stable and prosperous in the caribbean, is highly dependent on tourism, generating an estimated 45 % of the national income. an estimated 820, 000 tourists, mainly from the us, visited the islands in 2005. in the mid - 1980s, the government began offering offshore registration to companies wishing to incorporate in the islands, and incorporation fees now generate substantial revenues. roughly 400, 000 companies were on the offshore registry by yearend 2000. the adoption of a comprehensive insurance law in late 1994, which provides a blanket of confidentiality with regulated statutory gateways for investigation of criminal offenses, made the british virgin islands even more attractive to international business. livestock raising is the most important agricultural activity ; poor soils limit the islands ' ability to meet domestic food requirements. because of traditionally close links with the us virgin islands, the british virgin islands has used the us dollar as its currency since 1959. brunei has a small well - to - do economy that encompasses a mixture of foreign and domestic entrepreneurship, government regulation, welfare measures, and village tradition. crude oil and natural gas production account for just over half of gdp and more than 90 % of exports. per capita gdp is among the highest in asia, and substantial income from overseas investment supplements income from domestic production. the government provides for all medical services and free education through the university level and subsi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.444966556676057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.637154"} {"text": "half of gdp and more than 90 % of exports. per capita gdp is among the highest in asia, and substantial income from overseas investment supplements income from domestic production. the government provides for all medical services and free education through the university level and subsidizes rice and housing. brunei ' s leaders are concerned that steadily increased integration in the world economy will undermine internal social cohesion. plans for the future include upgrading the labor force, reducing unemployment, strengthening the banking and tourist sectors, and, in general, further widening the economic base beyond oil and gas. bulgaria, a former communist country that entered the eu on 1 january 2007, has experienced strong growth since a major economic downturn in 1996. successive governments have demonstrated commitment to economic reforms and responsible fiscal planning, but have failed so far to rein in rising inflation and large current account deficits. bulgaria has averaged more than 6 % growth since 2004, attracting significant amounts of foreign direct investment, but corruption in the public administration, a weak judiciary, and the presence of organized crime remain significant challenges. one of the poorest countries in the world, landlocked burkina faso has few natural resources and a weak industrial base. about 90 % of the population is engaged in subsistence agriculture, which is vulnerable to periodic drought. cotton is the main cash crop and the government has joined with three other cotton producing countries in the region - mali, niger, and chad - to lobby in the world trade organization for fewer subsidies to producers in other competing countries. since 1998, burkina faso has embarked upon a gradual but successful privatization of state - owned enterprises. having revised its investment code in 2004, burkina faso hopes to attract foreign investors. thanks to this new code and other legislation favoring the mining sector, the country has seen an upswing in gold exploration and production. while the bitter internal crisis in neighboring cote d ' ivoire is beginning to be resolved, it is still having a negative effect on burkina faso ' s trade and employment. in 2007 higher costs for energy and imported foodstuffs, as well as low cotton prices, dampened a gdp growth rate that had averaged 6 % in the last 10 years. burkina faso received a millennium challenge account threshold grant to improve girls ' education at the primary school level, and appears likely to receive a grant in the areas of infrastructure, agriculture, and land reform. burma, a resource - rich country, suffers from pervasive government controls, inefficient economic policies, and rural poverty. the junta took steps in the early 1990s to liberalize the economy after", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48284403150036603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.638346"} {"text": "infrastructure, agriculture, and land reform. burma, a resource - rich country, suffers from pervasive government controls, inefficient economic policies, and rural poverty. the junta took steps in the early 1990s to liberalize the economy after decades of failure under the \" burmese way to socialism, \" but those efforts stalled, and some of the liberalization measures were rescinded. despite burma ' s increasing oil and gas revenue, socio - economic conditions have deteriorated due to the regime ' s mismanagement of the economy. lacking monetary or fiscal stability, the economy suffers from serious macroeconomic imbalances - including rising inflation, fiscal deficits, multiple official exchange rates that overvalue the burmese kyat, a distorted interest rate regime, unreliable statistics, and an inability to reconcile national accounts to determine a realistic gdp figure. most overseas development assistance ceased after the junta began to suppress the democracy movement in 1988 and subsequently refused to honor the results of the 1990 legislative elections. in response to the government of burma ' s attack in may 2003 on aung san suu kyi and her convoy, the us imposed new economic sanctions in august 2003 including a ban on imports of burmese products and a ban on provision of financial services by us persons. further, a poor investment climate hampers attracting outside investment slowing the inflow of foreign exchange. the most productive sectors will continue to be in extractive industries, especially oil and gas, mining, and timber with the latter especially causing environmental degradation. other areas, such as manufacturing and services, are struggling with inadequate infrastructure, unpredictable import / export policies, deteriorating health and education systems, and endemic corruption. a major banking crisis in 2003 shuttered the country ' s 20 private banks and disrupted the economy. as of 2007, the largest private banks operated under tight restrictions limiting the private sector ' s access to formal credit. moreover, the september 2007 crackdown on prodemocracy demonstrators, including thousands of monks, further strained the economy as the tourism industry, which directly employs about 500, 000 people, suffered dramatic declines in foreign visitor levels. in november 2007, the european union announced new sanctions banning investment and trade in burmese gems, timber and precious stones, while the united states expanded its sanctions list to include more burmese government and military officials and their family members, as well as prominent regime business cronies, their family members, and associated companies. official statistics are inaccurate. published statistics on foreign trade are greatly understated because of the size of the black market and unofficial border trade - often", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4674175624454533, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.639548"} {"text": "family members, as well as prominent regime business cronies, their family members, and associated companies. official statistics are inaccurate. published statistics on foreign trade are greatly understated because of the size of the black market and unofficial border trade - often estimated to be as large as the official economy. though the burmese government has good economic relations with its neighbors, better investment and business climates and an improved political situation are needed to promote serious foreign investment, exports, and tourism. burundi is a landlocked, resource - poor country with an underdeveloped manufacturing sector. the economy is predominantly agricultural with more than 90 % of the population dependent on subsistence agriculture. economic growth depends on coffee and tea exports, which account for 90 % of foreign exchange earnings. the ability to pay for imports, therefore, rests primarily on weather conditions and international coffee and tea prices. the tutsi minority, 14 % of the population, dominates the government and the coffee trade at the expense of the hutu majority, 85 % of the population. an ethnic - based war that lasted for over a decade resulted in more than 200, 000 deaths, forced more than 48, 000 refugees into tanzania, and displaced 140, 000 others internally. only one in two children go to school, and approximately one in 15 adults has hiv / aids. food, medicine, and electricity remain in short supply. burundi grew about 5 % annually in 2006, but gdp growth probably fell to under 4 % in 2007. political stability and the end of the civil war have improved aid flows and economic activity has increased, but underlying weaknesses - a high poverty rate, poor education rates, a weak legal system, and low administrative capacity - risk undermining planned economic reforms. burundi will continue to remain heavily dependent on aid from bilateral and multilateral donors ; the delay of funds after a corruption scandal cut off bilateral aid in 2007 reduced government ' s revenues and its ability to pay salaries. from 2001 to 2004, the economy grew at an average rate of 6. 4 %, driven largely by an expansion in the garment sector and tourism. the us and cambodia signed a bilateral textile agreement, which gave cambodia a guaranteed quota of us textile imports and established a bonus for improving working conditions and enforcing cambodian labor laws and international labor standards in the industry. with the january 2005 expiration of a wto agreement on textiles and clothing, cambodia - based textile producers were forced to compete directly with lower - priced producing countries such as china and india. better - than - expected garment sector performance led to more than 8 %", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4704894646713592, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.640568"} {"text": "january 2005 expiration of a wto agreement on textiles and clothing, cambodia - based textile producers were forced to compete directly with lower - priced producing countries such as china and india. better - than - expected garment sector performance led to more than 8 % growth in 2007. its vibrant garment industry employs more than 350, 000 people and contributes more than 70 % of cambodia ' s exports. the cambodian government has committed itself to a policy supporting high labor standards in an attempt to maintain buyer interest. in 2005, exploitable oil and natural gas deposits were found beneath cambodia ' s territorial waters, representing a new revenue stream for the government if commercial extraction begins. mining also is attracting significant investor interest, particularly in the northeastern parts of the country, and the government has said opportunities exist for mining bauxite, gold, iron and gems. in 2006, a us - cambodia bilateral trade and investment framework agreement ( tifa ) was signed and the first round of discussions took place in early 2007. the tourism industry continues to grow rapidly, with foreign arrivals reaching 2 million in 2007. in 2007 the government signed a joint venture agreement with two companies to form a new national airline. the long - term development of the economy remains a daunting challenge. the cambodian government is working with bilateral and multilateral donors, including the world bank and imf, to address the country ' s many pressing needs. the major economic challenge for cambodia over the next decade will be fashioning an economic environment in which the private sector can create enough jobs to handle cambodia ' s demographic imbalance. more than 50 % of the population is less than 21 years old. the population lacks education and productive skills, particularly in the poverty - ridden countryside, which suffers from an almost total lack of basic infrastructure. because of its modest oil resources and favorable agricultural conditions, cameroon has one of the best - endowed primary commodity economies in sub - saharan africa. still, it faces many of the serious problems facing other underdeveloped countries, such as a top - heavy civil service and a generally unfavorable climate for business enterprise. since 1990, the government has embarked on various imf and world bank programs designed to spur business investment, increase efficiency in agriculture, improve trade, and recapitalize the nation ' s banks. in june 2000, the government completed an imf - sponsored, three - year structural adjustment program ; however, the imf is pressing for more reforms, including increased budget transparency, privatization, and poverty reduction programs. international oil and cocoa prices have a significant impact on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45041386541082795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.641737"} {"text": ", the government completed an imf - sponsored, three - year structural adjustment program ; however, the imf is pressing for more reforms, including increased budget transparency, privatization, and poverty reduction programs. international oil and cocoa prices have a significant impact on the economy. as an affluent, high - tech industrial society in the trillion - dollar class, canada resembles the us in its market - oriented economic system, pattern of production, and affluent living standards. since world war ii, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. the 1989 us - canada free trade agreement ( fta ) and the 1994 north american free trade agreement ( nafta ) ( which includes mexico ) touched off a dramatic increase in trade and economic integration with the us. given its great natural resources, skilled labor force, and modern capital plant, canada enjoys solid economic prospects. top - notch fiscal management has produced consecutive balanced budgets since 1997, although public debate continues over the equitable distribution of federal funds to the canadian provinces. exports account for roughly a third of gdp. canada enjoys a substantial trade surplus with its principal trading partner, the us, which absorbs 80 % of canadian exports each year. canada is the us ' s largest foreign supplier of energy, including oil, gas, uranium, and electric power. during 2007, canada enjoyed good economic growth, moderate inflation, and the lowest unemployment rate in more than three decades. this island economy suffers from a poor natural resource base, including serious water shortages exacerbated by cycles of long - term drought. the economy is service - oriented, with commerce, transport, tourism, and public services accounting for 66 % of gdp. although nearly 70 % of the population lives in rural areas, the share of food production in gdp is low. about 82 % of food must be imported. the fishing potential, mostly lobster and tuna, is not fully exploited. cape verde annually runs a high trade deficit, financed by foreign aid and remittances from emigrants ; remittances supplement gdp by more than 20 %. economic reforms are aimed at developing the private sector and attracting foreign investment to diversify the economy. future prospects depend heavily on the maintenance of aid flows, the encouragement of tourism, remittances, and the momentum of the government ' s development program. with no direct taxation, the islands are a thriving offshore financial center. more than 68, 000 companies were registered in the cayman islands as of 2003, including almost", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4584203040320859, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.642722"} {"text": "tourism, remittances, and the momentum of the government ' s development program. with no direct taxation, the islands are a thriving offshore financial center. more than 68, 000 companies were registered in the cayman islands as of 2003, including almost 500 banks, 800 insurers, and 5, 000 mutual funds. a stock exchange was opened in 1997. tourism is also a mainstay, accounting for about 70 % of gdp and 75 % of foreign currency earnings. the tourist industry is aimed at the luxury market and caters mainly to visitors from north america. total tourist arrivals exceeded 2. 1 million in 2003, with about half from the us. about 90 % of the islands ' food and consumer goods must be imported. the caymanians enjoy one of the highest outputs per capita and one of the highest standards of living in the world. subsistence agriculture, together with forestry, remains the backbone of the economy of the central african republic ( car ), with more than 70 % of the population living in outlying areas. the agricultural sector generates more than half of gdp. timber has accounted for about 16 % of export earnings and the diamond industry, for 40 %. important constraints to economic development include the car ' s landlocked position, a poor transportation system, a largely unskilled work force, and a legacy of misdirected macroeconomic policies. factional fighting between the government and its opponents remains a drag on economic revitalization. distribution of income is extraordinarily unequal. grants from france and the international community can only partially meet humanitarian needs. chad ' s primarily agricultural economy will continue to be boosted by major foreign direct investment projects in the oil sector that began in 2000. over 80 % of chad ' s population relies on subsistence farming and livestock raising for its livelihood. chad ' s economy has long been handicapped by its landlocked position, high energy costs, and a history of instability. chad relies on foreign assistance and foreign capital for most public and private sector investment projects. a consortium led by two us companies has been investing $ 3. 7 billion to develop oil reserves - estimated at 1 billion barrels - in southern chad. chinese companies are also expanding exploration efforts and plan to build a refinery. the nation ' s total oil reserves have been estimated to be 1. 5 billion barrels. oil production came on stream in late 2003. chad began to export oil in 2004. cotton, cattle, and gum arabic provide the bulk of chad ' s non - oil export earnings. chile has a market - oriented economy characterized", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47668023083134087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.643881"} {"text": ". 5 billion barrels. oil production came on stream in late 2003. chad began to export oil in 2004. cotton, cattle, and gum arabic provide the bulk of chad ' s non - oil export earnings. chile has a market - oriented economy characterized by a high level of foreign trade. during the early 1990s, chile ' s reputation as a role model for economic reform was strengthened when the democratic government of patricio aylwin - which took over from the military in 1990 - deepened the economic reform initiated by the military government. growth in real gdp averaged 8 % during 1991 - 97, but fell to half that level in 1998 because of tight monetary policies implemented to keep the current account deficit in check and because of lower export earnings - the latter a product of the global financial crisis. a severe drought exacerbated the recession in 1999, reducing crop yields and causing hydroelectric shortfalls and electricity rationing, and chile experienced negative economic growth for the first time in more than 15 years. despite the effects of the recession, chile maintained its reputation for strong financial institutions and sound policy that have given it the strongest sovereign bond rating in south america. between 2000 and 2007 growth ranged between 2 % - 6 %. throughout these years chile maintained a low rate of inflation with gdp growth coming from high copper prices, solid export earnings ( particularly forestry, fishing, and mining ), and growing domestic consumption. president bachelet in 2006 established an economic and social stabilization fund to hold excess copper revenues so that social spending can be maintained during periods of copper shortfalls. this fund will surpass $ 20 billion by the end of 2007. chile continues to attract foreign direct investment, but most foreign investment goes into gas, water, electricity and mining. unemployment has exhibited a downward trend over the past two years, dropping to 7. 8 % and 6. 7 % at the end of 2006 and 2007, respectively. chile deepened its longstanding commitment to trade liberalization with the signing of a free trade agreement with the us, which took effect on 1 january 2004. chile claims to have more bilateral or regional trade agreements than any other country. it has 57 such agreements ( not all of them full free trade agreements ), including with the european union, mercosur, china, india, south korea, and mexico. china ' s economy during the last quarter century has changed from a centrally planned system that was largely closed to international trade to a more market - oriented economy that has a rapidly growing private sector and is a major player in the global economy. reforms started in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4544608000266197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.644903"} {"text": "china ' s economy during the last quarter century has changed from a centrally planned system that was largely closed to international trade to a more market - oriented economy that has a rapidly growing private sector and is a major player in the global economy. reforms started in the late 1970s with the phasing out of collectivized agriculture, and expanded to include the gradual liberalization of prices, fiscal decentralization, increased autonomy for state enterprises, the foundation of a diversified banking system, the development of stock markets, the rapid growth of the non - state sector, and the opening to foreign trade and investment. china has generally implemented reforms in a gradualist or piecemeal fashion, including the sale of minority shares in four of china ' s largest state banks to foreign investors and refinements in foreign exchange and bond markets in 2005. after keeping its currency tightly linked to the us dollar for years, china in july 2005 revalued its currency by 2. 1 % against the us dollar and moved to an exchange rate system that references a basket of currencies. cumulative appreciation of the renminbi against the us dollar since the end of the dollar peg reached 15 % in january 2008. the restructuring of the economy and resulting efficiency gains have contributed to a more than tenfold increase in gdp since 1978. measured on a purchasing power parity ( ppp ) basis, china in 2007 stood as the second - largest economy in the world after the us, although in per capita terms the country is still lower middle - income. annual inflows of foreign direct investment in 2007 rose to $ 75 billion. by the end of 2007, more than 5, 000 domestic chinese enterprises had established direct investments in 172 countries and regions around the world. the chinese government faces several economic development challenges : ( a ) to sustain adequate job growth for tens of millions of workers laid off from state - owned enterprises, migrants, and new entrants to the work force ; ( b ) to reduce corruption and other economic crimes ; and ( c ) to contain environmental damage and social strife related to the economy ' s rapid transformation. economic development has been more rapid in coastal provinces than in the interior, and approximately 200 million rural laborers have relocated to urban areas to find work. one demographic consequence of the \" one child \" policy is that china is now one of the most rapidly aging countries in the world. deterioration in the environment - notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of the water table, especially in the north - is another long - term problem. china", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.503016298827402, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.646046"} {"text": "is that china is now one of the most rapidly aging countries in the world. deterioration in the environment - notably air pollution, soil erosion, and the steady fall of the water table, especially in the north - is another long - term problem. china continues to lose arable land because of erosion and economic development. in 2007 china intensified government efforts to improve environmental conditions, tying the evaluation of local officials to environmental targets, publishing a national climate change policy, and establishing a high level leading group on climate change, headed by premier wen jiabao. the chinese government seeks to add energy production capacity from sources other than coal and oil as its double - digit economic growth increases demand. chinese energy officials in 2007 agreed to purchase five third generation nuclear reactors from western companies. more power generating capacity came on line in 2006 as large scale investments - including the three gorges dam across the yangtze river - were completed. phosphate mining had been the only significant economic activity, but in december 1987 the australian government closed the mine. in 1991, the mine was reopened. with the support of the government, a $ 34 million casino opened in 1993, but closed in 1998. the australian government in 2001 agreed to support the creation of a commercial space - launching site on the island, expected to begin operations in the near future. grown throughout the islands, coconuts are the sole cash crop. small local gardens and fishing contribute to the food supply, but additional food and most other necessities must be imported from australia. there is a small tourist industry. colombia ' s economy has experienced positive growth over the past five years despite a serious armed conflict. in fact, 2007 is regarded by policy makers and the private sector as one of the best economic years in recent history, after 2005. the economy continues to improve in part because of austere government budgets, focused efforts to reduce public debt levels, an export - oriented growth strategy, improved domestic security, and high commodity prices. ongoing economic problems facing president uribe include reforming the pension system, reducing high unemployment, and funding new exploration to offset declining oil production. the government ' s economic reforms and democratic security strategy, coupled with increased investment, have engendered a growing sense of confidence in the economy. however, the business sector continues to be concerned about failure of the us congress to approve the signed fta. one of the world ' s poorest countries, comoros is made up of three islands that have inadequate transportation links, a young and rapidly increasing population, and few natural resources. the low educational level of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4786867003845584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.647172"} {"text": "us congress to approve the signed fta. one of the world ' s poorest countries, comoros is made up of three islands that have inadequate transportation links, a young and rapidly increasing population, and few natural resources. the low educational level of the labor force contributes to a subsistence level of economic activity, high unemployment, and a heavy dependence on foreign grants and technical assistance. agriculture, including fishing, hunting, and forestry, contributes 40 % to gdp, employs 80 % of the labor force, and provides most of the exports. the country is not self - sufficient in food production ; rice, the main staple, accounts for the bulk of imports. the government - which is hampered by internal political disputes - is struggling to upgrade education and technical training, privatize commercial and industrial enterprises, improve health services, diversify exports, promote tourism, and reduce the high population growth rate. the political problems caused the economy to contract in 2007. remittances from 150, 000 comorans abroad help supplement gdp. the economy of the democratic republic of the congo - a nation endowed with vast potential wealth - is slowly recovering from two decades of decline. conflict, which began in august 1998, dramatically reduced national output and government revenue, increased external debt, and resulted in the deaths of more than 3. 5 million people from violence, famine, and disease. foreign businesses curtailed operations due to uncertainty about the outcome of the conflict, lack of infrastructure, and the difficult operating environment. conditions began to improve in late 2002 with the withdrawal of a large portion of the invading foreign troops. the transitional government reopened relations with international financial institutions and international donors, and president kabila has begun implementing reforms, although progress is slow and the international monetary fund curtailed their program for the drc at the end of march 2006 because of fiscal overruns. much economic activity still occurs in the informal sector, and is not reflected in gdp data. renewed activity in the mining sector, the source of most export income, boosted kinshasa ' s fiscal position and gdp growth. government reforms and improved security may lead to increased government revenues, outside budget assistance, and foreign direct investment, although an uncertain legal framework, corruption, and a lack of transparency in government policy are continuing long - term problems. the economy is a mixture of subsistance agriculture, an industrial sector based largely on oil, and support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. oil has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy, providing a major", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4642191970631488, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.648293"} {"text": "mixture of subsistance agriculture, an industrial sector based largely on oil, and support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. oil has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy, providing a major share of government revenues and exports. in the early 1980s, rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large - scale development projects with gdp growth averaging 5 % annually, one of the highest rates in africa. the government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its oil earnings through oil - backed loans that have contributed to a growing debt burden and chronic revenue shortfalls. economic reform efforts have been undertaken with the support of international organizations, notably the world bank and the imf. however, the reform program came to a halt in june 1997 when civil war erupted. denis sassou - nguesso, who returned to power when the war ended in october 1997, publicly expressed interest in moving forward on economic reforms and privatization and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions. economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in december 1998, which worsened the republic ' s budget deficit. the current administration presides over an uneasy internal peace and faces difficult economic challenges of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty. recovery of oil prices has boosted the economy ' s gdp and near - term prospects. in march 2006, the world bank and the international monetary fund ( imf ) approved heavily indebted poor countries ( hipc ) treatment for congo. like many other south pacific island nations, the cook islands ' economic development is hindered by the isolation of the country from foreign markets, the limited size of domestic markets, lack of natural resources, periodic devastation from natural disasters, and inadequate infrastructure. agriculture, employing about one - third of the working population, provides the economic base with major exports made up of copra and citrus fruit. black pearls are the cook islands ' leading export. manufacturing activities are limited to fruit processing, clothing, and handicrafts. trade deficits are offset by remittances from emigrants and by foreign aid, overwhelmingly from new zealand. in the 1980s and 1990s, the country lived beyond its means, maintaining a bloated public service and accumulating a large foreign debt. subsequent reforms, including the sale of state assets, the strengthening of economic management, the encouragement of tourism, and a debt restructuring agreement, have rekindled investment and growth. costa rica ' s basically stable economy depends on tourism, agriculture, and electronics exports", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45918692860197025, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.649811"} {"text": "reforms, including the sale of state assets, the strengthening of economic management, the encouragement of tourism, and a debt restructuring agreement, have rekindled investment and growth. costa rica ' s basically stable economy depends on tourism, agriculture, and electronics exports. poverty has remained at roughly 20 % for nearly 20 years, and the strong social safety net that had been put into place by the government has eroded due to increased financial constraints on government expenditures. immigration from nicaragua has increasingly become a concern for the government. the estimated 300, 000 - 500, 000 nicaraguans estimated to be in costa rica legally and illegally are an important source of ( mostly unskilled ) labor, but also place heavy demands on the social welfare system. foreign investors remain attracted by the country ' s political stability and high education levels, as well as the fiscal incentives offered in the free - trade zones. exports have become more diversified in the past 10 years due to the growth of the high - tech manufacturing sector, which is dominated by the microprocessor industry. tourism continues to bring in foreign exchange, as costa rica ' s impressive biodiversity makes it a key destination for ecotourism. the government continues to grapple with its large internal and external deficits and sizable internal debt. reducing inflation remains a difficult problem because of rising import prices, labor market rigidities, and fiscal deficits. tax and public expenditure reforms will be necessary to close the budget gap. in october 2007, a national referendum voted in favor of the us - central american free trade agreement ( cafta ). cafta implementation needs to be completed by march 1, 2008 and would result in an improved investment climate. cote d ' ivoire is the world ' s largest producer and exporter of cocoa beans and a significant producer and exporter of coffee and palm oil. consequently, the economy is highly sensitive fluctuations in international prices for these products, and, to a lesser extent, in climatic conditions. despite government attempts to diversify the economy, it is still heavily dependent on agriculture and related activities, engaging roughly 68 % of the population. since 2006, oil and gas production have become more important engines of economic activity than cocoa. according to imf statistics, earnings from oil and refined products were $ 1. 3 billion in 2006, while cocoa - related revenues were $ 1 billion during the same period. cote d ' ivoire ' s offshore oil and gas production has resulted in substantial crude oil exports and provides sufficient natural gas to fuel electricity exports to ghana, togo, benin, mali and burkina faso. oil", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4220965640153555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.651361"} {"text": "were $ 1 billion during the same period. cote d ' ivoire ' s offshore oil and gas production has resulted in substantial crude oil exports and provides sufficient natural gas to fuel electricity exports to ghana, togo, benin, mali and burkina faso. oil exploration by a number of consortiums of private companies continues offshore, and president gbagbo has expressed hope that daily crude output could reach 200, 000 barrels per day ( b / d ) by the end of the decade. since the end of the civil war in 2003, political turmoil has continued to damage the economy, resulting in the loss of foreign investment and slow economic growth. gdp grew by 1. 8 % in 2006 and 1. 7 % in 2007. per capita income has declined by 15 % since 1999. once one of the wealthiest of the yugoslav republics, croatia ' s economy suffered badly during the 1991 - 95 war as output collapsed and the country missed the early waves of investment in central and eastern europe that followed the fall of the berlin wall. since 2000, however, croatia ' s economic fortunes have begun to improve slowly, with moderate but steady gdp growth between 4 % and 6 % led by a rebound in tourism and credit - driven consumer spending. inflation over the same period has remained tame and the currency, the kuna, stable. nevertheless, difficult problems still remain, including a stubbornly high unemployment rate, a growing trade deficit and uneven regional development. the state retains a large role in the economy, as privatization efforts often meet stiff public and political resistance. while macroeconomic stabilization has largely been achieved, structural reforms lag because of deep resistance on the part of the public and lack of strong support from politicians. the eu accession process should accelerate fiscal and structural reform. the government continues to balance the need for economic loosening against a desire for firm political control. it has rolled back limited reforms undertaken in the 1990s to increase enterprise efficiency and alleviate serious shortages of food, consumer goods, and services. the average cuban ' s standard of living remains at a lower level than before the downturn of the 1990s, which was caused by the loss of soviet aid and domestic inefficiencies. since late 2000, venezuela has been providing oil on preferential terms, and it currently supplies about 100, 000 barrels per day of petroleum products. cuba has been paying for the oil, in part, with the services of cuban personnel in venezuela, including some 20, 000 medical professionals. in 2007, high metals prices continued to boost cuban earnings from nickel and cobalt production. havana continued to invest in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4586859376105603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.652588"} {"text": "cuba has been paying for the oil, in part, with the services of cuban personnel in venezuela, including some 20, 000 medical professionals. in 2007, high metals prices continued to boost cuban earnings from nickel and cobalt production. havana continued to invest in the country ' s energy sector to mitigate electrical blackouts that had plagued the country since 2004. the area of the republic of cyprus under government control has a market economy dominated by the service sector, which accounts for 78 % of gdp. tourism and financial services are the most important sectors ; erratic growth rates over the past decade reflect the economy ' s reliance on tourism, which often fluctuates with political instability in the region and economic conditions in western europe. nevertheless, the economy in the area under government control grew a healthy 3. 7 % to 3. 8 % per year in 2004, 2005 and 2006, well above the eu average. cyprus joined the european exchange rate mechanism ( erm2 ) in may 2005 and adopted the euro as its national currency on 1 january 2008. the government initiated an aggressive austerity program, which cut the budget deficit to well below 3 % of gdp. as in the area administered by turkish cypriots, water shortages are a perennial problem ; a few desalination plants are now on line. after 10 years of drought, the country received substantial rainfall from 2001 - 04 alleviating immediate concerns. rainfall in 2005 and 2006, however, was well below average, making water rationing a necessity in 2007. the turkish cypriot economy has roughly 30 % of the per capita gdp of the south, and economic growth tends to be volatile, given the north ' s relative isolation, bloated public sector, reliance on the turkish lira, and small market size. the turkish cypriot economy grew around 10. 6 % in 2006 - 07, fueled by growth in the construction and education sectors, as well as increased employment of turkish cypriots in the area under government control. agriculture and services, together, employ more than half of the work force. the turkish cypriots are heavily dependent on transfers from the turkish government. ankara directly finances around one - third of the \" trnc ' s \" budget. aid from turkey has reached over $ 400 million annually in recent years. the czech republic is one of the most stable and prosperous of the post - communist states of central and eastern europe. growth in 2000 - 07 was supported by exports to the eu, primarily to germany, and a strong recovery of foreign and domestic investment. domestic demand is playing an ever more important", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4616414129716568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 29, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.653584"} {"text": "stable and prosperous of the post - communist states of central and eastern europe. growth in 2000 - 07 was supported by exports to the eu, primarily to germany, and a strong recovery of foreign and domestic investment. domestic demand is playing an ever more important role in underpinning growth as the availability of credit cards and mortgages increases. the current account deficit has declined to around 3. 3 % of gdp as demand for automotive and other products from the czech republic remains strong in the european union. rising inflation from higher food and energy prices are a risk to balanced economic growth. significant increases in social spending in the run - up to june 2006 elections prevented, the government from meeting its goal of reducing its budget deficit to 3 % of gdp in 2007. negotiations on pension and additional healthcare reforms are continuing without clear prospects for agreement and implementation. intensified restructuring among large enterprises, improvements in the financial sector, and effective use of available eu funds should strengthen output growth. the pro - business civic democratic party - led government approved reforms in 2007 designed to cut spending on some social welfare benefits and reform the tax system with the aim of eventually reducing the budget deficit to 2. 3 % of gdp by 2010. parliamentary approval for any additional reforms could prove difficult, however, because of the parliament ' s even split. the government withdrew a 2010 target date for euro adoption and instead aims to meet the eurozone criteria around 2012. the danish economy has in recent years undergone strong expansion fueled primarily by private consumption growth, but also supported by exports and investments. this thoroughly modern market economy features high - tech agriculture, up - to - date small - scale and corporate industry, extensive government welfare measures, comfortable living standards, a stable currency, and high dependence on foreign trade. unemployment is low and capacity constraints are limiting growth potential. denmark is a net exporter of food and energy and enjoys a comfortable balance of payments surplus. government objectives include streamlining the bureaucracy and further privatization of state assets. the government has been successful in meeting, and even exceeding, the economic convergence criteria for participating in the third phase ( a common european currency ) of the european economic and monetary union ( emu ), but so far denmark has decided not to join 15 other eu members in the euro. nonetheless, the danish krone remains pegged to the euro. economic growth gained momentum in 2004 and the upturn continued through 2007. the controversy over caricatures of the prophet muhammad printed in a danish newspaper in september 2005 led to boycotts of some danish exports to the muslim world, especially exports of dairy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5003196152441607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.654646"} {"text": ". economic growth gained momentum in 2004 and the upturn continued through 2007. the controversy over caricatures of the prophet muhammad printed in a danish newspaper in september 2005 led to boycotts of some danish exports to the muslim world, especially exports of dairy products, but the boycotts did not have a significant impact on the overall danish economy. because of high gdp per capita, welfare benefits, a low gini index, and political stability, the danish living standards are among the highest in the world. a major long - term issue will be the sharp decline in the ratio of workers to retirees. the economy is based on service activities connected with the country ' s strategic location and status as a free trade zone in the horn of africa. two - thirds of djibouti ' s inhabitants live in the capital city ; the remainder are mostly nomadic herders. scanty rainfall limits crop production to fruits and vegetables, and most food must be imported. djibouti provides services as both a transit port for the region and an international transshipment and refueling center. imports and exports from landlocked neighbor ethiopia represent 85 % of port activity at djibouti ' s container terminal. djibouti has few natural resources and little industry. the nation is, therefore, heavily dependent on foreign assistance to help support its balance of payments and to finance development projects. an unemployment rate of nearly 60 % continues to be a major problem. while inflation is not a concern, due to the fixed tie of the djiboutian franc to the us dollar, the artificially high value of the djiboutian franc adversely affects djibouti ' s balance of payments. per capita consumption dropped an estimated 35 % between 1999 and 2006 because of recession, civil war, and a high population growth rate ( including immigrants and refugees ). faced with a multitude of economic difficulties, the government has fallen in arrears on long - term external debt and has been struggling to meet the stipulations of foreign aid donors. the dominican economy depends on agriculture, primarily bananas, and remains highly vulnerable to climatic conditions and international economic developments. tourism has increased as the government seeks to promote dominica as an \" ecotourism \" destination. development of the tourism industry remains difficult, however, because of the rugged coastline, lack of beaches, and the absence of an international airport. in 2003, the government began a comprehensive restructuring of the economy - including elimination of price controls, privatization of the state banana company, and tax increases - to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45466412630997427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 31, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.655592"} {"text": ", because of the rugged coastline, lack of beaches, and the absence of an international airport. in 2003, the government began a comprehensive restructuring of the economy - including elimination of price controls, privatization of the state banana company, and tax increases - to address dominica ' s economic and financial crisis of 2001 - 02 and to meet imf targets. this restructuring paved the way for the current economic recovery - real growth for 2006 reached a two - decade high - and will help to reduce the debt burden, which remains at about 100 % of gdp. in order to diversify the island ' s production base, the government is attempting to develop an offshore financial sector and is planning to construct an oil refinery on the eastern part of the island. the dominican republic has enjoyed strong gdp growth since 2005, with double digit growth in 2006. in 2007, exports were bolstered by the nearly 50 % increase in nickel prices ; however, prices are expected to fall in 2008, contributing to a slowdown in gdp growth for the year. although the country has long been viewed primarily as an exporter of sugar, coffee, and tobacco, in recent years the service sector has overtaken agriculture as the economy ' s largest employer due to growth in tourism and free trade zones. the economy is highly dependent upon the us, the source of nearly 80 % of exports, and remittances represent about a tenth of gdp, equivalent to almost half of exports and three - quarters of tourism receipts. with the help of strict fiscal targets agreed to in the 2004 renegotiation of an imf standby loan, president fernandez has stabilized the country ' s financial situation, lowereing inflation to less than 6 %. a fiscal expansion is expected for 2008 prior to the elections in may and for tropical storm noel reconstruction. although the economy is growing at a respectable rate, high unemployment and underemployment remains an important challenge. the country suffers from marked income inequality ; the poorest half of the population receives less than one - fifth of gnp, while the richest 10 % enjoys nearly 40 % of national income. the central america - dominican republic free trade agreement ( cafta - dr ) came into force in march 2007, which should boost investment and exports and diminishes losses to the asian garment industry. ecuador is substantially dependent on its petroleum resources, which have accounted for more than half of the country ' s export earnings and one - fourth of public sector revenues in recent years. in 1999 / 2000, ecuador suffered a severe economic crisis, with gdp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3952692729121964, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 32, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.656563"} {"text": ". ecuador is substantially dependent on its petroleum resources, which have accounted for more than half of the country ' s export earnings and one - fourth of public sector revenues in recent years. in 1999 / 2000, ecuador suffered a severe economic crisis, with gdp contracted by more than 6 %, with a significant increase in poverty. the banking system also collapsed, and ecuador defaulted on its external debt later that year. in march 2000, congress approved a series of structural reforms that also provided for the adoption of the us dollar as legal tender. dollarization stabilized the economy, and positive growth returned in the years that followed, helped by high oil prices, remittances, and increased non - traditional exports. from 2002 - 2006 the economy grew 5. 5 %, the highest five - year average in 25 years. the poverty rate declined but remained high at 38 % in 2006. in 2006 the government of alfredo palacio ( 2005 - 07 ) seized the assets of occidental petroleum for alleged contract violations and imposed a windfall revenue tax on foreign oil companies, leading to the suspension of free trade negotiations with the us. these measures, combined with chronic underinvestment in the state oil company, petroecuador, led to a drop in petroleum production in 2007. palacio ' s successor, rafael correa, raised the specter of debt default - but ecuador has paid its debt on time. he also decreed a higher windfall revenue tax on private oil companies, then sought to renegotiate their contracts to overcome the debilitating effect of the tax. this generated economic uncertainty ; private investment has dropped and economic growth has slowed significantly. occupying the northeast corner of the african continent, egypt is bisected by the highly fertile nile valley, where most economic activity takes place. in the last 30 years, the government has reformed the highly centralized economy it inherited from president gamel abdel nasser. in 2005, prime minister ahmed nazif ' s government reduced personal and corporate tax rates, reduced energy subsidies, and privatized several enterprises. the stock market boomed, and gdp grew about 5 % per year in 2005 - 06, and topped 7 % in 2007. despite these achievements, the government has failed to raise living standards for the average egyptian, and has had to continue providing subsidies for basic necessities. the subsidies have contributed to a sizeable budget deficit - roughly 7. 5 % of gdp in 2007 - and represent a significant drain on the economy. foreign direct investment has increased significantly in the past two years", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42349673677810007, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.657510"} {"text": "continue providing subsidies for basic necessities. the subsidies have contributed to a sizeable budget deficit - roughly 7. 5 % of gdp in 2007 - and represent a significant drain on the economy. foreign direct investment has increased significantly in the past two years, but the nazif government will need to continue its aggressive pursuit of reforms in order to sustain the spike in investment and growth and begin to improve economic conditions for the broader population. egypt ' s export sectors - particularly natural gas - have bright prospects. the smallest country in central america, el salvador has the third largest economy, but growth has been modest in recent years. robust growth in non - traditional exports have offset declines in the maquila exports, while remittances and external aid offset the trade deficit from high oil prices and strong import demand for consumer and intermediate goods. el salvador leads the region in remittances per capita with inflows equivalent to nearly all export income. implementation in 2006 of the central america - dominican republic free trade agreement ( cafta ), which el salvador was the first to ratify, has strengthened an already positive export trend. with the adoption of the us dollar as its currency in 2001, el salvador lost control over monetary policy and must concentrate on maintaining a disciplined fiscal policy. the current government has pursued economic diversification, with some success in promoting textile production, international port services, and tourism through tax incentives. it is committed to opening the economy to trade and investment, and has embarked on a wave of privatizations extending to telecom, electricity distribution, banking, and pension funds. in late 2006, the government and the millennium challenge corporation signed a five - year, $ 461 million compact to stimulate economic growth and reduce poverty in the country ' s northern region through investments in education, public services, enterprise development, and transportation infrastructure. the discovery and exploitation of large oil reserves have contributed to dramatic economic growth in recent years. forestry, farming, and fishing are also major components of gdp. subsistence farming predominates. although pre - independence equatorial guinea counted on cocoa production for hard currency earnings, the neglect of the rural economy under successive regimes has diminished potential for agriculture - led growth ( the government has stated its intention to reinvest some oil revenue into agriculture ). a number of aid programs sponsored by the world bank and the imf have been cut off since 1993, because of corruption and mismanagement. no longer eligible for concessional financing because of large oil revenues, the government has been trying to agree on a \" shadow \" fiscal management program", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44433137151492974, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.658610"} {"text": "the world bank and the imf have been cut off since 1993, because of corruption and mismanagement. no longer eligible for concessional financing because of large oil revenues, the government has been trying to agree on a \" shadow \" fiscal management program with the world bank and imf. government officials and their family members own most businesses. undeveloped natural resources include titanium, iron ore, manganese, uranium, and alluvial gold. growth remained strong in 2007, led by oil. equatorial guinea now has the fourth highest per capita income in the world, after luxembourg, bermuda, and jersey. since independence from ethiopia in 1993, eritrea has faced the economic problems of a small, desperately poor country, accentuated by the recent implementation of restrictive economic policies. eritrea has a command economy under the control of the sole political party, the people ' s front for democracy and justice ( pfdj ). like the economies of many african nations, the economy is largely based on subsistence agriculture, with 80 % of the population involved in farming and herding. the ethiopian - eritrea war in 1998 - 2000 severely hurt eritrea ' s economy. gdp growth fell to zero in 1999 and to - 12. 1 % in 2000. the may 2000 ethiopian offensive into northern eritrea caused some $ 600 million in property damage and loss, including losses of $ 225 million in livestock and 55, 000 homes. the attack prevented planting of crops in eritrea ' s most productive region, causing food production to drop by 62 %. even during the war, eritrea developed its transportation infrastructure, asphalting new roads, improving its ports, and repairing war - damaged roads and bridges. since the war ended, the government has maintained a firm grip on the economy, expanding the use of the military and party - owned businesses to complete eritrea ' s development agenda. the government strictly controls the use of foreign currency, limiting access and availability. few private enterprises remain in eritrea. eritrea ' s economy is heavily dependent on taxes paid by members of the diaspora. erratic rainfall and the delayed demobilization of agriculturalists from the military continue to interfere with agricultural production, and eritrea ' s recent harvests have not been able to meet the food needs of the country. the government continues to place its hope for additional revenue on the development of several international mining projects. despite difficulties for international companies in working with the eritrean government, a canadian mining company signed a contract with the gse in 2007 and plans to begin mineral extraction in 2010. eritrea also anticipates opening a free trade zone at the port", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43755359648840386, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 35, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.659710"} {"text": ". despite difficulties for international companies in working with the eritrean government, a canadian mining company signed a contract with the gse in 2007 and plans to begin mineral extraction in 2010. eritrea also anticipates opening a free trade zone at the port of massawa in 2008. eritrea ' s economic future depends upon its ability to master social problems such as illiteracy, unemployment, and low skills, and more importantly, on the government ' s willingness to support a true market economy. estonia, a 2004 european union entrant, has a modern market - based economy and one of the highest per capita income levels in central europe. the economy benefits from strong electronics and telecommunications sectors and strong trade ties with finland, sweden, and germany. the current government has pursued relatively sound fiscal policies, resulting in balanced budgets and low public debt. in 2007, however, a large current account deficit and rising inflation put pressure on estonia ' s currency, which is pegged to the euro, highlighting the need for growth in export - generating industries. ethiopia ' s poverty - stricken economy is based on agriculture, accounting for almost half of gdp, 60 % of exports, and 80 % of total employment. the agricultural sector suffers from frequent drought and poor cultivation practices. coffee is critical to the ethiopian economy with exports of some $ 350 million in 2006, but historically low prices have seen many farmers switching to qat to supplement income. the war with eritrea in 1998 - 2000 and recurrent drought have buffeted the economy, in particular coffee production. in november 2001, ethiopia qualified for debt relief from the highly indebted poor countries ( hipc ) initiative, and in december 2005 the imf voted to forgive ethiopia ' s debt to the body. under ethiopia ' s constitution, the state owns all land and provides long - term leases to the tenants ; the system continues to hamper growth in the industrial sector as entrepreneurs are unable to use land as collateral for loans. drought struck again late in 2002, leading to a 3. 3 % decline in gdp in 2003. normal weather patterns helped agricultural and gdp growth recover in 2004 - 07. internally, the eu is attempting to lower trade barriers, adopt a common currency, and move toward convergence of living standards. internationally, the eu aims to bolster europe ' s trade position and its political and economic power. because of the great differences in per capita income among member states ( from $ 7, 000 to $ 69, 000 ) and historic national animosities, the eu faces difficulties in devising and enforcing common policies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4484882665942069, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.660749"} {"text": "position and its political and economic power. because of the great differences in per capita income among member states ( from $ 7, 000 to $ 69, 000 ) and historic national animosities, the eu faces difficulties in devising and enforcing common policies. for example, since 2003 germany and france have flouted the member states ' treaty obligation to prevent their national budgets from running more than a 3 % deficit. in 2004 and 2007, the eu admitted 10 and two countries, respectively, that are, in general, less advanced technologically and economically than the other 15. eleven established eu member states introduced the euro as their common currency on 1 january 1999 ( greece did so two years later ), but the uk, sweden, and denmark chose not to participate. of the 12 most recent member states, only slovenia ( 1 january 2007 ) and cyprus and malta ( 1 january 2008 ) have adopted the euro ; the remaining nine are legally required to adopt the currency upon meeting eu ' s fiscal and monetary convergence criteria. the economy was formerly based on agriculture, mainly sheep farming, but today fishing contributes the bulk of economic activity. in 1987 the government began selling fishing licenses to foreign trawlers operating within the falkland islands ' exclusive fishing zone. these license fees total more than $ 40 million per year, which help support the island ' s health, education, and welfare system. squid accounts for 75 % of the fish taken. dairy farming supports domestic consumption ; crops furnish winter fodder. exports feature shipments of high - grade wool to the uk and the sale of postage stamps and coins. the islands are now self - financing except for defense. the british geological survey announced a 200 - mile oil exploration zone around the islands in 1993, and early seismic surveys suggest substantial reserves capable of producing 500, 000 barrels per day ; to date, no exploitable site has been identified. an agreement between argentina and the uk in 1995 seeks to defuse licensing and sovereignty conflicts that would dampen foreign interest in exploiting potential oil reserves. tourism, especially eco - tourism, is increasing rapidly, with about 30, 000 visitors in 2001. another large source of income is interest paid on money the government has in the bank. the british military presence also provides a sizeable economic boost. the faroese economy is dependent on fishing, which makes the economy vulnerable to price swings. since 2003 the faroese economy has picked up as a result of higher prices for fish and for housing. unemployment is minimal and government finances are relatively sound. oil finds close to the islands give hope", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4897749386585017, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 37, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.661767"} {"text": "fishing, which makes the economy vulnerable to price swings. since 2003 the faroese economy has picked up as a result of higher prices for fish and for housing. unemployment is minimal and government finances are relatively sound. oil finds close to the islands give hope for economically recoverable deposits, which could eventually lay the basis for a more diversified economy and lessen dependence on danish economic assistance. aided by a substantial annual subsidy ( about 15 % of gdp ) from denmark, the faroese have a standard of living not far below the danes and other scandinavians. fiji, endowed with forest, mineral, and fish resources, is one of the most developed of the pacific island economies, though still with a large subsistence sector. sugar exports, remittances from fijians working abroad, and a growing tourist industry - with 300, 000 to 400, 000 tourists annually - are the major sources of foreign exchange. fiji ' s sugar has special access to european union markets, but will be harmed by the eu ' s decision to cut sugar subsidies. sugar processing makes up one - third of industrial activity but is not efficient. fiji ' s tourism industry was damaged by the december 2006 coup and is facing an uncertain recovery time. the coup has created a difficult business climate. tourist arrivals for 2007 are estimated to be down almost 6 %, with substantial job losses in the service sector. in july 2007 the reserve bank of fiji announced the economy was expected to contract by 3. 1 % in 2007. fiji ' s current account deficit reached 23 % of gdp in 2006. the eu has suspended all aid until the interim government takes steps toward new elections. long - term problems include low investment, uncertain land ownership rights, and the government ' s inability to manage its budget. overseas remittances from fijians working in kuwait and iraq have increased significantly. finland has a highly industrialized, largely free - market economy with per capita output roughly that of the uk, france, germany, and italy. its key economic sector is manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics industries. trade is important ; exports equal two - fifths of gdp. finland excels in high - tech exports, e. g., mobile phones. except for timber and several minerals, finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self - sufficiency in basic products. forestry, an important export earner, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population. high unemployment remains a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4706722789734108, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 38, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.662902"} {"text": "energy, and some components for manufactured goods. because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self - sufficiency in basic products. forestry, an important export earner, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population. high unemployment remains a persistent problem. in 2007 russia announced plans to impose high tariffs on raw timber exported to finland. the finnish pulp and paper industry will be threatened if these duties are put into place in 2008 and 2009, and the matter is now being handled by the european union. france is in the midst of transition from a well - to - do modern economy that has featured extensive government ownership and intervention to one that relies more on market mechanisms. the government has partially or fully privatized many large companies, banks, and insurers, and has ceded stakes in such leading firms as air france, france telecom, renault, and thales. it maintains a strong presence in some sectors, particularly power, public transport, and defense industries. the telecommunications sector is gradually being opened to competition. france ' s leaders remain committed to a capitalism in which they maintain social equity by means of laws, tax policies, and social spending that reduce income disparity and the impact of free markets on public health and welfare. widespread opposition to labor reform has in recent years hampered the government ' s ability to revitalize the economy. in 2007, the government launched divisive labor reform efforts that will continue into 2008. france ' s tax burden remains one of the highest in europe ( nearly 50 % of gdp in 2005 ). france brought the budget deficit within the eurozone ' s 3 % - of - gdp limit for the first time in 2007 and has reduced unemployment to roughly 8 %. with at least 75 million foreign tourists per year, france is the most visited country in the world and maintains the third largest income in the world from tourism. since 1962, when france stationed military personnel in the region, french polynesia has changed from a subsistence agricultural economy to one in which a high proportion of the work force is either employed by the military or supports the tourist industry. with the halt of french nuclear testing in 1996, the military contribution to the economy fell sharply. tourism accounts for about one - fourth of gdp and is a primary source of hard currency earnings. other sources of income are pearl farming and deep - sea commercial fishing. the small manufacturing sector primarily processes agricultural products. the territory benefits substantially from development agreements with france aimed principally at creating new businesses and strengthening social services. economic activity is limited to servicing meteorological and geophysical research", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49351175297350086, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 39, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.664009"} {"text": "are pearl farming and deep - sea commercial fishing. the small manufacturing sector primarily processes agricultural products. the territory benefits substantially from development agreements with france aimed principally at creating new businesses and strengthening social services. economic activity is limited to servicing meteorological and geophysical research stations, military bases, and french and other fishing fleets. the fish catches landed on iles kerguelen by foreign ships are exported to france and reunion. gabon enjoys a per capita income four times that of most of sub - saharan african nations. but because of high income inequality, a large proportion of the population remains poor. gabon depended on timber and manganese until oil was discovered offshore in the early 1970s. the oil sector now accounts for 50 % of gdp. gabon continues to face fluctuating prices for its oil, timber, and manganese exports. despite the abundance of natural wealth, poor fiscal management hobbles the economy. the devaluation of the cfa franc - its currency - by 50 % in january 1994 sparked a one - time inflationary surge, to 35 % ; the rate dropped to 6 % in 1996. the imf provided a one - year standby arrangement in 1994 - 95, a three - year enhanced financing facility ( eff ) at near commercial rates beginning in late 1995, and stand - by credit of $ 119 million in october 2000. those agreements mandated progress in privatization and fiscal discipline. france provided additional financial support in january 1997 after gabon met imf targets for mid - 1996. in 1997, an imf mission to gabon criticized the government for overspending on off - budget items, overborrowing from the central bank, and slipping on its schedule for privatization and administrative reform. the rebound of oil prices since 1999 have helped growth, but drops in production have hampered gabon from fully realizing potential gains, and will continue to temper the gains for most of this decade. in december 2000, gabon signed a new agreement with the paris club to reschedule its official debt. a follow - up bilateral repayment agreement with the us was signed in december 2001. gabon signed a 14 - month stand - by arrangement with the imf in may 2004, and received paris club debt rescheduling later that year. short - term progress depends on an upbeat world economy and fiscal and other adjustments in line with imf policies. the gambia has no confirmed mineral or natural resource deposits and has a limited agricultural base. about 75 % of the population depends on crops and livestock for its livelihood. small - scale manufacturing activity features the processing of peanuts,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.47504791337407093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 40, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.665044"} {"text": "in line with imf policies. the gambia has no confirmed mineral or natural resource deposits and has a limited agricultural base. about 75 % of the population depends on crops and livestock for its livelihood. small - scale manufacturing activity features the processing of peanuts, fish, and hides. reexport trade normally constitutes a major segment of economic activity, but a 1999 government - imposed preshipment inspection plan, and instability of the gambian dalasi ( currency ) have drawn some of the reexport trade away from the gambia. the gambia ' s natural beauty and proximity to europe has made it one of the larger markets for tourism in west africa. the government ' s 1998 seizure of the private peanut firm alimenta eliminated the largest purchaser of gambian groundnuts. despite an announced program to begin privatizing key parastatals, no plans have been made public that would indicate that the government intends to follow through on its promises. unemployment and underemployment rates remain extremely high ; short - run economic progress depends on sustained bilateral and multilateral aid, on responsible government economic management, on continued technical assistance from the imf and bilateral donors, and on expected growth in the construction sector. high population density, limited land access, and strict internal and external security controls have kept economic conditions in the gaza strip - the smaller of the two areas under the palestinian authority ( pa ) - even more degraded than in the west bank. the beginning of the second intifadah in september 2000 sparked an economic downturn, largely the result of israeli closure policies ; these policies, which were imposed to address security concerns in israel, disrupted labor and trade access to and from the gaza strip. in 2001, and even more severely in 2003, israeli military measures in pa areas resulted in the destruction of capital, the disruption of administrative structures, and widespread business closures. the israeli withdrawal from the gaza strip in september 2005 offered some medium - term opportunities for economic growth, but continued israeli - imposed crossings closures, which became more restrictive after hamas violently took over the territory in june 2007, have resulted in widespread private sector layoffs and shortages of most goods. georgia ' s economy has sustained robust gdp growth of close to 10 % in 2006 and 12 % in 2007, based on strong inflows of foreign investment and robust government spending. however, a widening trade deficit and higher inflation are emerging risks to the economy. areas of recent improvement include increasing foreign direct investment as well as growth in the construction, banking services and mining sectors. georgia ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4945092862141597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 41, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.666659"} {"text": "of foreign investment and robust government spending. however, a widening trade deficit and higher inflation are emerging risks to the economy. areas of recent improvement include increasing foreign direct investment as well as growth in the construction, banking services and mining sectors. georgia ' s main economic activities include the cultivation of agricultural products such as grapes, citrus fruits, and hazelnuts ; mining of manganese and copper ; and output of a small industrial sector producing alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, metals, machinery, aircraft and chemicals. the country imports nearly all its needed supplies of natural gas and oil products. it has sizeable hydropower capacity, a growing component of its energy supplies. despite the severe damage the economy suffered due to civil strife in the 1990s, georgia, with the help of the imf and world bank, has made substantial economic gains since 2000, achieving positive gdp growth and curtailing inflation. georgia ' s gdp growth neared 10 % in 2006 and 2007 despite restrictions on commerce with russia. areas of recent improvement include increased foreign direct investment as well as growth in the construction, banking services, and mining sectors. in addition, the reinvigorated privatization process has met with success. however, a widening trade deficit and higher inflation are emerging risks to the economy. georgia has suffered from a chronic failure to collect tax revenues ; however, the new government is making progress and has reformed the tax code, improved tax administration, increased tax enforcement, and cracked down on corruption. government revenues have increased nearly four fold since 2003. due to improvements in customs and financial ( tax ) enforcement, smuggling is a declining problem. georgia has overcome the chronic energy shortages of the past by renovating hydropower plants and by bringing newly available natural gas supplies from azerbaijan. it also has an increased ability to pay for more expensive gas imports from russia. the country is pinning its hopes for long - term growth on a determined effort to reduce regulation, taxes and corruption in order to attract foreign investment. the construction on the baku - t ' bilisi - ceyhan oil pipeline, the baku - t ' bilisi - erzerum gas pipeline, and the kars - akhalkalaki railroad are part of a strategy to capitalize on georgia ' s strategic location between europe and asia and develop its role as a transit point for gas, oil and other goods. germany ' s affluent and technologically powerful economy - the fifth largest in the world in ppp terms - showed considerable improvement in 2007 with 2. 6 % growth. after a long period of stagnation", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4822827426005796, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 42, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.667961"} {"text": "point for gas, oil and other goods. germany ' s affluent and technologically powerful economy - the fifth largest in the world in ppp terms - showed considerable improvement in 2007 with 2. 6 % growth. after a long period of stagnation with an average growth rate of 0. 7 % between 2001 - 05 and chronically high unemployment, stronger growth led to a considerable fall in unemployment to about 8 % near the end of 2007. among the most important reasons for germany ' s high unemployment during the past decade were macroeconomic stagnation, the declining level of investment in plant and equipment, company restructuring, flat domestic consumption, structural rigidities in the labor market, lack of competition in the service sector, and high interest rates. the modernization and integration of the eastern german economy continues to be a costly long - term process, with annual transfers from west to east amounting to roughly $ 80 billion. the former government of chancellor gerhard schroeder launched a comprehensive set of reforms of labor market and welfare - related institutions. the current government of chancellor angela merkel has initiated other reform measures, such as a gradual increase in the mandatory retirement age from 65 to 67 and measures to increase female participation in the labor market. germany ' s aging population, combined with high chronic unemployment, has pushed social security outlays to a level exceeding contributions, but higher government revenues from the cyclical upturn in 2006 - 07 and a 3 % rise in the value - added tax pushed germany ' s budget deficit well below the eu ' s 3 % debt limit. corporate restructuring and growing capital markets are setting the foundations that could help germany meet the long - term challenges of european economic integration and globalization, although some economists continue to argue the need for change in inflexible labor and services markets. growth may fall below 2 % in 2008 as the strong euro, high oil prices, tighter credit markets, and slowing growth abroad take their toll. well endowed with natural resources, ghana has roughly twice the per capita output of the poorest countries in west africa. even so, ghana remains heavily dependent on international financial and technical assistance. gold and cocoa production, and individual remittances, are major sources of foreign exchange. the domestic economy continues to revolve around agriculture, which accounts for about 35 % of gdp and employs about 55 % of the work force, mainly small landholders. ghana opted for debt relief under the heavily indebted poor country ( hipc ) program in 2002, and is also benefiting from the multilateral debt relief", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47866623642733497, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 43, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.669211"} {"text": "% of gdp and employs about 55 % of the work force, mainly small landholders. ghana opted for debt relief under the heavily indebted poor country ( hipc ) program in 2002, and is also benefiting from the multilateral debt relief initiative that took effect in 2006. thematic priorities under its current growth and poverty reduction strategy, which also provides the framework for development partner assistance, are : macroeconomic stability ; private sector competitiveness ; human resource development ; and good governance and civic responsibility. sound macro - economic management along with high prices for gold and cocoa helped sustain gdp growth in 2007. ghana signed a millennium challenge corporation ( mcc ) compact in 2006, which aims to assist in transforming ghana ' s agricultural sector. self - sufficient gibraltar benefits from an extensive shipping trade, offshore banking, and its position as an international conference center. the british military presence has been sharply reduced and now contributes about 7 % to the local economy, compared with 60 % in 1984. the financial sector, tourism ( almost 5 million visitors in 1998 ), shipping services fees, and duties on consumer goods also generate revenue. the financial sector, the shipping sector, and tourism each contribute 25 % - 30 % of gdp. telecommunications accounts for another 10 %. in recent years, gibraltar has seen major structural change from a public to a private sector economy, but changes in government spending still have a major impact on the level of employment. greece has a capitalist economy with the public sector accounting for about 40 % of gdp and with per capita gdp at least 75 % of the leading euro - zone economies. tourism provides 15 % of gdp. immigrants make up nearly one - fifth of the work force, mainly in agricultural and unskilled jobs. greece is a major beneficiary of eu aid, equal to about 3. 3 % of annual gdp. the greek economy grew by nearly 4. 0 % per year between 2003 and 2007, due partly to infrastructural spending related to the 2004 athens olympic games, and in part to an increased availability of credit, which has sustained record levels of consumer spending. greece violated the eu ' s growth and stability pact budget deficit criteria of no more than 3 % of gdp from 2001 to 2006, but finally met that criteria in 2007. public debt, inflation, and unemployment are above the euro - zone average, but are falling. the greek government continues to grapple with cutting government spending, reducing the size of the public sector, and reforming the labor and pension systems, in the face of often vocal opposition from the country", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4775128993554717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 44, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.670364"} {"text": "are above the euro - zone average, but are falling. the greek government continues to grapple with cutting government spending, reducing the size of the public sector, and reforming the labor and pension systems, in the face of often vocal opposition from the country ' s powerful labor unions and the general public. the economy remains an important domestic political issue in greece and, while the ruling new democracy government has had some success in improving economic growth and reducing the budget deficit, athens faces long - term challenges in its effort to continue its economic reforms, especially social security reform and privatization. the economy remains critically dependent on exports of fish and a substantial subsidy from the danish government, which supplies about half of government revenues. the public sector, including publicly - owned enterprises and the municipalities, plays the dominant role in the economy. several interesting hydrocarbon and mineral exploration activities are ongoing. press reports in early 2007 indicated that two international aluminum companies were considering building smelters in greenland to take advantage of local hydropower potential. tourism is the only sector offering any near - term potential, and even this is limited due to a short season and high costs. air greenland began summer - season direct flights to the u. s. east coast in may 2007, potentially opening a major new tourism market. grenada relies on tourism as its main source of foreign exchange, especially since the construction of an international airport in 1985. strong performances in construction and manufacturing, together with the development of an offshore financial industry, have also contributed to growth in national output. grenada has rebounded from the devastating effects of hurricanes ivan ( 2004 ) and emily ( 2005 ), but is now saddled with the debt burden from the rebuilding process. the agricultural sector, particularly nutmeg and cocoa cultivation, has gradually recovered, and the tourism sector has seen substantial increases in foreign direct investment as the regional share of the tourism market increases. the economy depends largely on us military spending and tourism. total us grants, wage payments, and procurement outlays amounted to $ 1. 3 billion in 2004. over the past 30 years, the tourist industry has grown to become the largest income source following national defense. the guam economy continues to experience expansion in both its tourism and military sectors. guatemala is the most populous of the central american countries with a gdp per capita roughly one - half that of argentina, brazil, and chile. the agricultural sector accounts for about one - fourth of gdp, two - fifths of exports, and half of the labor force. coffee, sugar, and bananas are the main products, with sugar exports", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46735209617992046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 45, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.671416"} {"text": "half that of argentina, brazil, and chile. the agricultural sector accounts for about one - fourth of gdp, two - fifths of exports, and half of the labor force. coffee, sugar, and bananas are the main products, with sugar exports benefiting from increased global demand for ethanol. the 1996 signing of peace accords, which ended 36 years of civil war, removed a major obstacle to foreign investment, and guatemala since then has pursued important reforms and macroeconomic stabilization. on 1 july 2006, the central american free trade agreement ( cafta ) entered into force between the us and guatemala and has since spurred increased investment in the export sector. the distribution of income remains highly unequal with about 56 % of the population below the poverty line. other ongoing challenges include increasing government revenues, negotiating further assistance from international donors, upgrading both government and private financial operations, curtailing drug trafficking and rampant crime, and narrowing the trade deficit. given guatemala ' s large expatriate community in the united states, it is the top remittance recipient in central america, with inflows serving as a primary source of foreign income equivalent to nearly two - thirds of exports. financial services - banking, fund management, insurance - account for about 23 % of employment and 32 % of total income in this tiny, prosperous channel island economy. tourism, manufacturing, and horticulture, mainly tomatoes and cut flowers, have been declining. financial services, construction, retail, and the public sector have been growing. light tax and death duties make guernsey a popular tax haven. the evolving economic integration of the eu nations is changing the environment under which guernsey operates. guinea possesses major mineral, hydropower, and agricultural resources, yet remains an underdeveloped nation. the country has almost half of the world ' s bauxite reserves and is the second - largest bauxite producer. the mining sector accounts for over 70 % of exports. long - run improvements in government fiscal arrangements, literacy, and the legal framework are needed if the country is to move out of poverty. investor confidence has been sapped by rampant corruption, a lack of electricity and other infrastructure, a lack of skilled workers, and the political uncertainty due to the failing health of president lansana conte. guinea is trying to reengage with the imf and world bank, which cut off most assistance in 2003, and is working closely with technical advisors from the u. s. treasury department, the world bank and imf, seeking to return to a fully funded program. growth rose", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4140486587147, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 46, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.672449"} {"text": "with the imf and world bank, which cut off most assistance in 2003, and is working closely with technical advisors from the u. s. treasury department, the world bank and imf, seeking to return to a fully funded program. growth rose slightly in 2006 - 07, primarily due to increases in global demand and commodity prices on world markets, but the standard of living fell. the guinea franc depreciated sharply as the prices for basic necessities like food and fuel rose beyond the reach of most guineans. dissatisfaction with economic conditions prompted nationwide strikes in february and june 2006. one of the five poorest countries in the world, guinea - bissau depends mainly on farming and fishing. cashew crops have increased remarkably in recent years, and the country now ranks sixth in cashew production. guinea - bissau exports fish and seafood along with small amounts of peanuts, palm kernels, and timber. rice is the major crop and staple food. however, intermittent fighting between senegalese - backed government troops and a military junta destroyed much of the country ' s infrastructure and caused widespread damage to the economy in 1998 ; the civil war led to a 28 % drop in gdp that year, with partial recovery in 1999 - 2002. before the war, trade reform and price liberalization were the most successful part of the country ' s structural adjustment program under imf sponsorship. the tightening of monetary policy and the development of the private sector had also begun to reinvigorate the economy. because of high costs, the development of petroleum, phosphate, and other mineral resources is not a near - term prospect. offshore oil prospecting is underway in several sectors but has not yet led to commercially viable crude deposits. the inequality of income distribution is one of the most extreme in the world. the government and international donors continue to work out plans to forward economic development from a lamentably low base. in december 2003, the world bank, imf, and undp were forced to step in to provide emergency budgetary support in the amount of $ 107 million for 2004, representing over 80 % of the total national budget. government drift and indecision, however, resulted in continued low growth in 2002 - 06. higher raw material prices boosted growth to 3. 7 % in 2007. the guyanese economy exhibited moderate economic growth in 2001 - 07, based on expansion in the agricultural and mining sectors, a more favorable atmosphere for business initiatives, a more realistic exchange rate, fairly low inflation, and the continued support of international organizations. economic recovery since", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42725047718630893, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 47, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.673477"} {"text": ", equaling nearly a quarter of gdp and over double the total for exports. this unique, noncommercial economy is supported financially by an annual contribution ( known as peter ' s pence ) from roman catholic dioceses throughout the world ; by the sale of postage stamps, coins, medals, and tourist mementos ; by fees for admission to museums ; and by the sale of publications. investments and real estate income also account for a sizable portion of revenue. the incomes and living standards of lay workers are comparable to those of counterparts who work in the city of rome. honduras, the second poorest country in central america and one of the poorest countries in the western hemisphere, with an extraordinarily unequal distribution of income and massive unemployment, is banking on expanded trade under the us - central america free trade agreement ( cafta ) and on debt relief under the heavily indebted poor countries ( hipc ) initiative. despite improvements in tax collections, the government ' s fiscal deficit is growing due to increases in current expenditures and financial losses from the state energy and telephone companies. honduras is the fastest growing remittance destination in the region with inflows representing over a quarter of gdp, equivalent to nearly three - quarters of exports. the economy relies heavily on a narrow range of exports, notably bananas and coffee, making it vulnerable to natural disasters and shifts in commodity prices, however, investments in the maquila and non - traditional export sectors are slowly diversifying the economy. growth remains dependent on the economy of the us, its largest trading partner, and on reduction of the high crime rate, as a means of attracting and maintaining investment. hong kong has a free market economy highly dependent on international trade. in 2006, the total value of goods and services trade, including the sizable share of reexports, was equivalent to 400 % of gdp. the territory has become increasingly integrated with mainland china over the past few years through trade, tourism, and financial links. the mainland has long been hong kong ' s largest trading partner, accounting for 46 % of hong kong ' s total trade by value in 2006. as a result of china ' s easing of travel restrictions, the number of mainland tourists to the territory has surged from 4. 5 million in 2001 to 13. 6 million in 2006, when they outnumbered visitors from all other countries combined. hong kong has also established itself as the premier stock market for chinese firms seeking to list abroad. bolstered by several successful initial public offerings in 2007, mainland companies by september 2007 accounted for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45786325678642215, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 49, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.675702"} {"text": "2006, when they outnumbered visitors from all other countries combined. hong kong has also established itself as the premier stock market for chinese firms seeking to list abroad. bolstered by several successful initial public offerings in 2007, mainland companies by september 2007 accounted for one - third of the firms listed on the hong kong stock exchange, and over half of the exchange ' s market capitalization. hong kong ' s service industry over the past decade has grown rapidly as its manufacturing industry has moved to the mainland and now accounts for 91 % of the territory ' s gdp. hong kong ' s natural resources are limited, and food and raw materials must be imported. gdp growth averaged a strong 5 % from 1989 to 2007, despite the economy suffering two recessions during the asian financial crisis in 1997 - 98 and the global downturn in 2001 - 02. hong kong continues to link its currency closely to the us dollar, maintaining an arrangement established in 1983. hungary has made the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, with a per capita income nearly two - thirds that of the eu - 25 average. the private sector accounts for over 80 % of gdp. foreign ownership of and investment in hungarian firms are widespread, with cumulative foreign direct investment totaling more than $ 60 billion since 1989. hungary issues investment - grade sovereign debt. international observers, however, have expressed concerns over hungary ' s fiscal and current account deficits. in 2007, hungary eliminated a trade deficit that had persisted for several years. inflation declined from 14 % in 1998 to a low of 3. 7 % in 2006, but jumped to 7. 8 % in 2007. unemployment has persisted above 6 %. hungary ' s labor force participation rate of 57 % is one of the lowest in the organization for economic cooperation and development ( oecd ). germany is by far hungary ' s largest economic partner. policy challenges include cutting the public sector deficit to 4 % of gdp by 2008, from about 6 % in 2007. the government ' s austerity program of tax hikes and subsidy cuts has reduced hungary ' s large budget deficit, but the reforms have dampened domestic consumption, slowing gdp growth to less than 2 % in 2007. the government will need to pass additional reforms to ensure the long - term stability of public finances. the government plans to eventually lower its public sector deficit to below 3 % of gdp to adopt the euro. iceland ' s scandinavian - type economy is basically capitalistic, yet with an extensive welfare system ( including generous housing subsidies ), low unemployment, and remarkably even distribution of income", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4736736158696091, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 50, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.676746"} {"text": "lower its public sector deficit to below 3 % of gdp to adopt the euro. iceland ' s scandinavian - type economy is basically capitalistic, yet with an extensive welfare system ( including generous housing subsidies ), low unemployment, and remarkably even distribution of income. in the absence of other natural resources ( except for abundant geothermal power ), the economy depends heavily on the fishing industry, which provides nearly 70 % of export earnings and employs 6 % of the work force. the economy remains sensitive to declining fish stocks as well as to fluctuations in world prices for its main exports : fish and fish products, aluminum, and ferrosilicon. substantial foreign investment in the aluminum and hydropower sectors has boosted economic growth which, nevertheless, has been volatile and characterized by recurrent imbalances. government policies include reducing the current account deficit, limiting foreign borrowing, containing inflation, revising agricultural and fishing policies, and diversifying the economy. the government remains opposed to eu membership, primarily because of icelanders ' concern about losing control over their fishing resources. iceland ' s economy has been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the last decade, and new developments in software production, biotechnology, and financial services are taking place. the tourism sector is also expanding, with the recent trends in ecotourism and whale watching. the 2006 closure of the us military base at keflavik had very little impact on the national economy ; iceland ' s low unemployment rate aided former base employees in finding alternate employment. india ' s diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of services. services are the major source of economic growth, accounting for more than half of india ' s output with less than one third of its labor force. about three - fifths of the work force is in agriculture, leading the united progressive alliance ( upa ) government to articulate an economic reform program that includes developing basic infrastructure to improve the lives of the rural poor and boost economic performance. the government has reduced controls on foreign trade and investment. higher limits on foreign direct investment were permitted in a few key sectors, such as telecommunications. however, tariff spikes in sensitive categories, including agriculture, and incremental progress on economic reforms still hinder foreign access to india ' s vast and growing market. privatization of government - owned industries remains stalled and continues to generate political debate ; populist pressure from within the upa government and from its left front allies continues to restrain needed initiatives. the economy has posted an average", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4838967966476472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 51, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.677960"} {"text": "' s vast and growing market. privatization of government - owned industries remains stalled and continues to generate political debate ; populist pressure from within the upa government and from its left front allies continues to restrain needed initiatives. the economy has posted an average growth rate of more than 7 % in the decade since 1997, reducing poverty by about 10 percentage points. india achieved 8. 5 % gdp growth in 2006, and again in 2007, significantly expanding production of manufactures. india is capitalizing on its large numbers of well - educated people skilled in the english language to become a major exporter of software services and software workers. economic expansion has helped new delhi continue to make progress in reducing its federal fiscal deficit. however, strong growth combined with easy consumer credit and a real estate boom fueled inflation concerns in 2006 and 2007, leading to a series of central bank interest rate hikes that have slowed credit growth and eased inflation concerns. the huge and growing population is the fundamental social, economic, and environmental problem. the indian ocean provides major sea routes connecting the middle east, africa, and east asia with europe and the americas. it carries a particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products from the oilfields of the persian gulf and indonesia. its fish are of great and growing importance to the bordering countries for domestic consumption and export. fishing fleets from russia, japan, south korea, and taiwan also exploit the indian ocean, mainly for shrimp and tuna. large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped in the offshore areas of saudi arabia, iran, india, and western australia. an estimated 40 % of the world ' s offshore oil production comes from the indian ocean. beach sands rich in heavy minerals and offshore placer deposits are actively exploited by bordering countries, particularly india, south africa, indonesia, sri lanka, and thailand. indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has been undergoing significant economic reforms under president yudhoyono. indonesia ' s debt - to - gdp ratio has been declining steadily, its foreign exchange reserves are at an all - time high of over $ 50 billion, and its stock market has been one of the 3 best performers in the world in 2006 and 2007, as global investors sought out higher returns in emerging markets. the government has introduced significant reforms in the financial sector, including tax and customs reforms, the introduction of treasury bills, and improved capital market supervision. indonesia ' s new investment law, passed in march 2007, seeks to address some of the concerns of foreign and domestic investors. indonesia still struggles with poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, corruption", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46143782587328175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 52, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.679000"} {"text": ", the introduction of treasury bills, and improved capital market supervision. indonesia ' s new investment law, passed in march 2007, seeks to address some of the concerns of foreign and domestic investors. indonesia still struggles with poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment, and unequal resource distribution among regions. indonesia has been slow to privatize over 100 state - owned enterprises, several of which have monopolies in key sectors. the non - bank financial sector, including pension funds and insurance, remains weak. capital markets are underdeveloped. the high global price of oil in 2007 increased the cost of domestic fuel and electricity subsidies, and are contributing to concerns about higher food prices. located on the pacific \" ring of fire \" indonesia remains vulnerable to volcanic and tectonic disasters. significant progress has been made in rebuilding aceh after the devastating december 2004 tsunami, and the province now shows more economic activity than before the disaster. unfortunately, indonesia suffered new disasters in 2006 and early 2007 including : a major earthquake near yogyakarta, an industrial accident in sidoarjo, east java that created a \" mud volcano, \" a tsunami in south java, and major flooding in jakarta, all of which caused additional damages in the billions of dollars. donors are assisting indonesia with its disaster mitigation and early warning efforts. iran ' s economy is marked by an inefficient state sector, reliance on the oil sector ( which provides 85 % of government revenues ), and statist policies that create major distortions throughout. most economic activity is controlled by the state. private sector activity is typically small - scale workshops, farming, and services. president mahmud ahmadi - nejad failed to make any notable progress in fulfilling the goals of the nation ' s latest five - year plan. a combination of price controls and subsidies, particularly on food and energy, continue to weigh down the economy, and administrative controls, widespread corruption, and other rigidities undermine the potential for private - sector - led growth. as a result of these inefficiencies, significant informal market activity flourishes and shortages are common. high oil prices in recent years have enabled iran to amass nearly $ 70 billion in foreign exchange reserves. yet this increased revenue has not eased economic hardships, which include double - digit unemployment and inflation. the economy has seen only moderate growth. iran ' s educated population, economic inefficiency and insufficient investment - both foreign and domestic - have prompted an increasing number of iranians to seek employment overseas,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48595356108676224, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 53, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.681132"} {"text": "which include double - digit unemployment and inflation. the economy has seen only moderate growth. iran ' s educated population, economic inefficiency and insufficient investment - both foreign and domestic - have prompted an increasing number of iranians to seek employment overseas, resulting in significant \" brain drain. \" iraq ' s economy is dominated by the oil sector, which has traditionally provided about 95 % of foreign exchange earnings. although looting, insurgent attacks, and sabotage have undermined economy rebuilding efforts, economic activity is beginning to pick up in areas recently secured by the us military surge. oil exports are around levels seen before operation iraqi freedom, and total government revenues have benefited from high oil prices. despite political uncertainty, iraq is making some progress in building the institutions needed to implement economic policy and has negotiated a debt reduction agreement with the paris club and a new stand - by arrangement with the imf. the international compact with iraq was established in may 2007 to integrate iraq into the regional and global economy, and the iraqi government is seeking to pass laws to strengthen its economy. this legislation includes a hydrocarbon law to establish a modern legal framework to allow iraq to develop its resources and a revenue sharing law to equitably divide oil revenues within the nation, although both are still bogged down in discussions. the central bank has been successful in controlling inflation through appreciation of the dinar against the us dollar. reducing corruption and implementing structural reforms, such as bank restructuring and developing the private sector, will be key to iraq ' s economic success. ireland is a small, modern, trade - dependent economy with growth averaging 6 % in 1995 - 2007. agriculture, once the most important sector, is now dwarfed by industry and services. although the exports sector, dominated by foreign multinationals, remains a key component of ireland ' s economy, construction has most recently fueled economic growth along with strong consumer spending and business investment. property prices have risen more rapidly in ireland in the decade up to 2006 than in any other developed world economy. per capita gdp is 40 % above that of the four big european economies and the second highest in the eu behind luxembourg, and in 2007 surpassed that of the united states. the irish government has implemented a series of national economic programs designed to curb price and wage inflation, invest in infrastructure, increase labor force skills, and promote foreign investment. a slowdown in the property market, more intense global competition, and increased costs, however, have compelled government economists to lower ireland ' s growth forecast slightly for 2008. ireland joined in circulating the euro on 1 january", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4711992389754539, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 54, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.682247"} {"text": "skills, and promote foreign investment. a slowdown in the property market, more intense global competition, and increased costs, however, have compelled government economists to lower ireland ' s growth forecast slightly for 2008. ireland joined in circulating the euro on 1 january 2002 along with 11 other eu nations. offshore banking, manufacturing, and tourism are key sectors of the economy. the government offers incentives to high - technology companies and financial institutions to locate on the island ; this has paid off in expanding employment opportunities in high - income industries. as a result, agriculture and fishing, once the mainstays of the economy, have declined in their shares of gdp. the isle of man also attracts online gambling sites and the film industry. trade is mostly with the uk. the isle of man enjoys free access to eu markets. israel has a technologically advanced market economy with substantial, though diminishing, government participation. it depends on imports of crude oil, grains, raw materials, and military equipment. despite limited natural resources, israel has intensively developed its agricultural and industrial sectors over the past 20 years. israel imports substantial quantities of grain, but is largely self - sufficient in other agricultural products. cut diamonds, high - technology equipment, and agricultural products ( fruits and vegetables ) are the leading exports. israel usually posts sizable trade deficits, which are covered by large transfer payments from abroad and by foreign loans. roughly half of the government ' s external debt is owed to the us, its major source of economic and military aid. israel ' s gdp, after contracting slightly in 2001 and 2002 due to the palestinian conflict and troubles in the high - technology sector, has grown by about 5 % per year since 2003. the economy grew an estimated 5. 4 % in 2007, the fastest pace since 2000. the government ' s prudent fiscal policy and structural reforms over the past few years have helped to induce strong foreign investment, tax revenues, and private consumption, setting the economy on a solid growth path. italy has a diversified industrial economy with roughly the same total and per capita output as france and the uk. this capitalistic economy remains divided into a developed industrial north, dominated by private companies, and a less - developed, welfare - dependent, agricultural south, with 20 % unemployment. most raw materials needed by industry and more than 75 % of energy requirements are imported. over the past decade, italy has pursued a tight fiscal policy in order to meet the requirements of the economic and monetary unions and has benefited from lower interest and inflation rates. the current government has enacted numerous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4682007298448505, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 55, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.685462"} {"text": "more than 75 % of energy requirements are imported. over the past decade, italy has pursued a tight fiscal policy in order to meet the requirements of the economic and monetary unions and has benefited from lower interest and inflation rates. the current government has enacted numerous short - term reforms aimed at improving competitiveness and long - term growth. italy has moved slowly, however, on implementing needed structural reforms, such as lightening the high tax burden and overhauling italy ' s rigid labor market and over - generous pension system, because of the current economic slowdown and opposition from labor unions. but the leadership faces a severe economic constraint : italy ' s official debt remains above 100 % of gdp, and the government has found it difficult to bring the budget deficit down to a level that would allow a rapid decrease in that debt. the economy continues to grow by less than the euro - zone average and growth is expected to decelerate from 1. 9 % in 2006 and 2007 to under 1. 5 % in 2008 as the euro - zone and world economies slow. the jamaican economy is heavily dependent on services, which now account for more than 60 % of gdp. the country continues to derive most of its foreign exchange from tourism, remittances, and bauxite / alumina. remittances account for nearly 20 % of gdp and are equivalent to tourism revenues. jamaica ' s economy, already saddled with a record of sluggish growth, will suffer an economic setback from damages caused by hurricane dean in august 2007. the economy faces serious long - term problems : high but declining interest rates, increased foreign competition, exchange rate instability, a sizable merchandise trade deficit, large - scale unemployment and underemployment, and a debt - to - gdp ratio of 135 %. jamaica ' s onerous debt burden - the fourth highest per capita - is the result of government bailouts to ailing sectors of the economy, most notably the financial sector in the mid - to - late 1990s. inflation also has declined, standing at about 7 % at the end of 2007. high unemployment exacerbates the serious crime problem, including gang violence that is fueled by the drug trade. the golding administration faces the difficult prospect of having to achieve fiscal discipline in order to maintain debt payments while simultaneously attacking a serious and growing crime problem that is hampering economic growth. government - industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, mastery of high technology, and a comparatively small defense allocation ( 1 % of gdp ) helped japan advance with extraordinary rapid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4679955553315888, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 56, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.686449"} {"text": "simultaneously attacking a serious and growing crime problem that is hampering economic growth. government - industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, mastery of high technology, and a comparatively small defense allocation ( 1 % of gdp ) helped japan advance with extraordinary rapidity to the rank of second most technologically powerful economy in the world after the us and the third - largest economy in the world after the us and china, measured on a purchasing power parity ( ppp ) basis. one notable characteristic of the economy has been how manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors have worked together in closely - knit groups called keiretsu. a second basic feature has been the guarantee of lifetime employment for a substantial portion of the urban labor force. both features have now eroded. japan ' s industrial sector is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and fuels. the tiny agricultural sector is highly subsidized and protected, with crop yields among the highest in the world. usually self sufficient in rice, japan must import about 55 % of its food on a caloric basis. japan maintains one of the world ' s largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15 % of the global catch. for three decades, overall real economic growth had been spectacular - a 10 % average in the 1960s, a 5 % average in the 1970s, and a 4 % average in the 1980s. growth slowed markedly in the 1990s, averaging just 1. 7 %, largely because of the after effects of overinvestment and an asset price bubble during the late 1980s that required a protracted period of time for firms to reduce excess debt, capital, and labor. from 2000 to 2001, government efforts to revive economic growth proved short lived and were hampered by the slowing of the us, european, and asian economies. in 2002 - 07, growth improved and the lingering fears of deflation in prices and economic activity lessened, leading the central bank to raise interest rates to 0. 25 % in july 2006, up from the near 0 % rate of the six years prior, and to 0. 50 % in february 2007. in addition, the ten - year privatization of japan post, which has functioned not only as the national postal delivery system but also, through its banking and insurance facilities as japan ' s largest financial institution, was completed in october 2007, marking a major milestone in the process of structural reform. nevertheless, japan ' s huge government debt, which totals 182 % of gdp, and the aging of the population are two major long - run problems. some fear that a rise in taxes could endanger the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5074894009808931, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 57, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.687489"} {"text": "major milestone in the process of structural reform. nevertheless, japan ' s huge government debt, which totals 182 % of gdp, and the aging of the population are two major long - run problems. some fear that a rise in taxes could endanger the current economic recovery. debate also continues on the role of and effects of reform in restructuring the economy, particularly with respect to increasing income disparities. jersey ' s economy is based on international financial services, agriculture, and tourism. in 2005 the finance sector accounted for about 50 % of the island ' s output. potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes, and especially flowers are important export crops, shipped mostly to the uk. the jersey breed of dairy cattle is known worldwide and represents an important export income earner. milk products go to the uk and other eu countries. tourism accounts for one - quarter of gdp. in recent years, the government has encouraged light industry to locate in jersey, with the result that an electronics industry has developed alongside the traditional manufacturing of knitwear. all raw material and energy requirements are imported, as well as a large share of jersey ' s food needs. light taxes and death duties make the island a popular tax haven. living standards come close to those of the uk. jordan is a small arab country with insufficient supplies of water, oil, and other natural resources. poverty, unemployment, and inflation are fundamental problems, but king abdallah ii, since assuming the throne in 1999, has undertaken some broad economic reforms in a long - term effort to improve living standards. since jordan ' s graduation from its most recent imf program in 2002, amman has continued to follow imf guidelines, practicing careful monetary policy, making substantial headway with privatization, and opening the trade regime. jordan ' s exports have significantly increased under the free trade accord with the us and jordanian qualifying industrial zones ( qiz ), which allow jordan to export goods duty free to the us. in 2006, jordan reduced its debt - to - gdp ratio significantly. these measures have helped improve productivity and have made jordan more attractive for foreign investment. before the us - led war in iraq, jordan imported most of its oil from iraq. since 2003, however, jordan has been more dependent on oil from other gulf nations. the government ended subsidies for petroleum and other consumer goods in 2008 in an effort to control the budget. the main challenges facing jordan are reducing dependence on foreign grants, reducing the budget deficit, attracting investments, and creating jobs. kazakhstan, the largest of the former soviet republics in territory, excluding russia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49238616374051214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 58, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.688555"} {"text": "consumer goods in 2008 in an effort to control the budget. the main challenges facing jordan are reducing dependence on foreign grants, reducing the budget deficit, attracting investments, and creating jobs. kazakhstan, the largest of the former soviet republics in territory, excluding russia, possesses enormous fossil fuel reserves and plentiful supplies of other minerals and metals. it also has a large agricultural sector featuring livestock and grain. kazakhstan ' s industrial sector rests on the extraction and processing of these natural resources and also on a growing machine - building sector specializing in construction equipment, tractors, agricultural machinery, and some defense items. the breakup of the ussr in december 1991 and the collapse in demand for kazakhstan ' s traditional heavy industry products resulted in a short - term contraction of the economy, with the steepest annual decline occurring in 1994. in 1995 - 97, the pace of the government program of economic reform and privatization quickened, resulting in a substantial shifting of assets into the private sector. kazakhstan enjoyed double - digit growth in 2000 - 01 - 8 % or more per year in 2002 - 07 - thanks largely to its booming energy sector, but also to economic reform, good harvests, and foreign investment. the opening of the caspian consortium pipeline in 2001, from western kazakhstan ' s tengiz oilfield to the black sea, substantially raised export capacity. kazakhstan in 2006 completed the atasu - alashankou portion of an oil pipeline to china that is planned to extend from the country ' s caspian coast eastward to the chinese border in future construction. the country has embarked upon an industrial policy designed to diversify the economy away from overdependence on the oil sector by developing light industry. the policy aims to reduce the influence of foreign investment and foreign personnel. the government has engaged in several disputes with foreign oil companies over the terms of production agreements ; tensions continue. upward pressure on the local currency continued in 2007 due to massive oil - related foreign - exchange inflows. aided by strong growth and foreign exchange earnings, kazakhstan aspires to become a regional financial center and has created a banking system comparable to those in central europe. the regional hub for trade and finance in east africa, kenya has been hampered by corruption and by reliance upon several primary goods whose prices have remained low. in 1997, the imf suspended kenya ' s enhanced structural adjustment program due to the government ' s failure to maintain reforms and curb corruption. a severe drought from 1999 to 2000 compounded kenya ' s problems, causing water and energy rationing and reducing agricultural output. as a result, gdp contracted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48556160176490043, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 59, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.689681"} {"text": "s enhanced structural adjustment program due to the government ' s failure to maintain reforms and curb corruption. a severe drought from 1999 to 2000 compounded kenya ' s problems, causing water and energy rationing and reducing agricultural output. as a result, gdp contracted by 0. 2 % in 2000. the imf, which had resumed loans in 2000 to help kenya through the drought, again halted lending in 2001 when the government failed to institute several anticorruption measures. despite the return of strong rains in 2001, weak commodity prices, endemic corruption, and low investment limited kenya ' s economic growth to 1. 2 %. growth lagged at 1. 1 % in 2002 because of erratic rains, low investor confidence, meager donor support, and political infighting up to the elections. in the key december 2002 elections, daniel arap moi ' s 24 - year - old reign ended, and a new opposition government took on the formidable economic problems facing the nation. after some early progress in rooting out corruption and encouraging donor support, the kibaki government was rocked by high - level graft scandals in 2005 and 2006. in 2006 the world bank and imf delayed loans pending action by the government on corruption. the international financial institutions and donors have since resumed lending, despite little action on the government ' s part to deal with corruption. the scandals have not weighed down growth, with estimated real gdp growth at more than 6 percent in 2007. a remote country of 33 scattered coral atolls, kiribati has few natural resources. commercially viable phosphate deposits were exhausted at the time of independence from the uk in 1979. copra and fish now represent the bulk of production and exports. the economy has fluctuated widely in recent years. economic development is constrained by a shortage of skilled workers, weak infrastructure, and remoteness from international markets. tourism provides more than one - fifth of gdp. private sector initiatives and a financial sector are in the early stages of development. foreign financial aid from uk, japan, australia, new zealand, and china equals more than 10 % of gdp. remittances from seamen on merchant ships abroad account for more than $ 5 million each year. kiribati receives around $ 15 million annually for the government budget from an australian trust fund. north korea, one of the world ' s most centrally directed and least open economies, faces chronic economic problems. industrial capital stock is nearly beyond repair as a result of years of underinvestment and shortages of spare parts. industrial and power output have declined in parallel from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44251261789463037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 60, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.690760"} {"text": "of the world ' s most centrally directed and least open economies, faces chronic economic problems. industrial capital stock is nearly beyond repair as a result of years of underinvestment and shortages of spare parts. industrial and power output have declined in parallel from pre - 1990 levels. due in part to severe summer flooding followed by dry weather conditions in the fall of 2006, the nation suffered its 13th year of food shortages because of on - going systemic problems including a lack of arable land, collective farming practices, and persistent shortages of tractors and fuel. during the summer of 2007, severe flooding again occurred. large - scale international food aid deliveries have allowed the people of north korea to escape widespread starvation since famine threatened in 1995, but the population continues to suffer from prolonged malnutrition and poor living conditions. large - scale military spending draws off resources needed for investment and civilian consumption. since 2002, the government has formalized an arrangement whereby private \" farmers ' markets \" were allowed to begin selling a wider range of goods. it also permitted some private farming on an experimental basis in an effort to boost agricultural output. in october 2005, the government tried to reverse some of these policies by forbidding private sales of grains and reinstituting a centralized food rationing system. by december 2005, the government terminated most international humanitarian assistance operations in north korea ( calling instead for developmental assistance only ) and restricted the activities of remaining international and non - governmental aid organizations such as the world food program. external food aid now comes primarily from china and south korea in the form of grants and long - term concessional loans. during the october 2007 summit, south korea also agreed to develop some of north korea ' s infrastructure and natural resources and light industry. firm political control remains the communist government ' s overriding concern, which will likely inhibit the loosening of economic regulations. since the 1960s, south korea has achieved an incredible record of growth and integration into the high - tech modern world economy. four decades ago, gdp per capita was comparable with levels in the poorer countries of africa and asia. in 2004, south korea joined the trillion dollar club of world economies. today its gdp per capita is roughly the same as that of greece and spain. this success was achieved by a system of close government / business ties including directed credit, import restrictions, sponsorship of specific industries, and a strong labor effort. the government promoted the import of raw materials and technology at the expense of consumer goods and encouraged savings and investment over consumption. the asian financial crisis of 1997 - 98 exposed longstanding weaknesses", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4936208138081494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 61, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.692094"} {"text": "import restrictions, sponsorship of specific industries, and a strong labor effort. the government promoted the import of raw materials and technology at the expense of consumer goods and encouraged savings and investment over consumption. the asian financial crisis of 1997 - 98 exposed longstanding weaknesses in south korea ' s development model including high debt / equity ratios, massive foreign borrowing, and an undisciplined financial sector. gdp plunged by 6. 9 % in 1998, then recovered by 9. 5 % in 1999 and 8. 5 % in 2000. growth fell back to 3. 3 % in 2001 because of the slowing global economy, falling exports, and the perception that much - needed corporate and financial reforms had stalled. led by consumer spending and exports, growth in 2002 was an impressive 7 %, despite anemic global growth. between 2003 and 2007, growth moderated to about 4 - 5 % annually. a downturn in consumer spending was offset by rapid export growth. moderate inflation, low unemployment, and an export surplus in 2007 characterize this solid economy, but inflation and unemployment are increasing in the face of rising oil prices. kosovo ' s economy continues to transition to a market - based system and is largely dependent on the international community and the diaspora for financial and technical assistance. remittances from the diaspora - located mainly in germany and switzerland - account for about 30 % of gdp. kosovo ' s citizens are the poorest in europe with an average per capita income of only $ 1900 - about one - third the level of neighboring albania. most of kosovo ' s population lives in rural towns outside of the largest city, pristina. inefficient, near - subsistence farming is common - the result of small plots, limited mechanization, and lack of technical expertise. the complexity of serbia and kosovo ' s political and legal relationships has created uncertainty over property rights and hindered the privatization of state - owned assets. minerals and metals - including lignite, lead, zinc, nickel, chrome, aluminum, magnesium, and a wide variety of construction materials - formed the backbone of industry, but have declined because investment is insufficient to replace ageing eastern bloc equipment. technical and financial problems in the power sector also impede industrial development. economic growth is largely driven by the private sector - mostly small - scale retail businesses. both the euro and the serbian dinar circulate. kosovo ' s tie to the euro has helped keep inflation low. kosovo has maintained a budget surplus as a result of efficient tax collection and inefficient spending", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4816402818778118, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 62, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.693179"} {"text": "- scale retail businesses. both the euro and the serbian dinar circulate. kosovo ' s tie to the euro has helped keep inflation low. kosovo has maintained a budget surplus as a result of efficient tax collection and inefficient spending. while maintaining ultimate oversight, unmik continues to work with the eu and kosovo ' s provisional government to accelerate economic growth, lower unemployment, and attract foreign investment. in order to help integrate kosovo into regional economic structures, unmik signed ( on behalf of kosovo ) its accession to the central europe free trade area ( cefta ) in 2006. kosovo ' s economy has largely transitioned to a market - based system but is highly dependent on the international community and the diaspora for financial and technical assistance. remittances from the diaspora - located mainly in germany and switzerland - account for about 30 % of gdp. kosovo ' s citizens are the poorest in europe with an average per capita income of only $ 1900 - about one - third the level of neighboring albania. unemployment - at 50 % of the population - is a severe problem that encourages outward migration. most of kosovo ' s population lives in rural towns outside of the largest city, pristina. inefficient, near - subsistence farming is common - the result of small plots, limited mechanization, and lack of technical expertise. the complexity of serbia and kosovo ' s political and legal relationships created uncertainty over property rights and hindered the privatization of state - owned assets. minerals and metals - including lignite, lead, zinc, nickel, chrome, aluminum, magnesium, and a wide variety of construction materials - once formed the backbone of industry, but output has declined because investment is insufficient to replace ageing eastern bloc equipment. technical and financial problems in the power sector also impede industrial development, and deter foreign investment. economic growth is largely driven by the private sector - mostly small - scale retail businesses. both the euro and the serbian dinar circulate. kosovo ' s tie to the euro has helped keep inflation low. kosovo has maintained a budget surplus as a result of efficient tax collection and inefficient spending. while maintaining ultimate oversight, unmik continues to work with the eu and kosovo ' s provisional government to accelerate economic growth, lower unemployment, and attract foreign investment. in order to help integrate kosovo into regional economic structures, unmik signed ( on behalf of kosovo ) its accession to the central europe free trade area ( cefta ) in 2006. kuwait is a small,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46461944512181447, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 63, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.694296"} {"text": "unemployment, and attract foreign investment. in order to help integrate kosovo into regional economic structures, unmik signed ( on behalf of kosovo ) its accession to the central europe free trade area ( cefta ) in 2006. kuwait is a small, rich, relatively open economy with self - reported crude oil reserves of about 104 billion barrels - 10 % of world reserves. petroleum accounts for nearly half of gdp, 95 % of export revenues, and 80 % of government income. high oil prices in recent years have helped build kuwait ' s budget and trade surpluses and foreign reserves. as a result of this positive fiscal situation, the need for economic reforms is less urgent and the government has not earnestly pushed through new initiatives. despite its vast oil reserves, kuwait experienced power outages during the summer months in 2006 and 2007 because demand exceeded power generating capacity. power outages are likely to worsen, given its high population growth rates, unless the government can increase generating capacity. in may 2007 kuwait changed its currency peg from the us dollar to a basket of currencies in order to curb inflation and to reduce its vulnerability to external shocks. kyrgyzstan is a poor, mountainous country with a predominantly agricultural economy. cotton, tobacco, wool, and meat are the main agricultural products, although only tobacco and cotton are exported in any quantity. industrial exports include gold, mercury, uranium, natural gas, and electricity. following independence kyrgyzstan was progressive in carrying out market reforms, such as an improved regulatory system and land reform. kyrgyzstan was the first commonwealth of independent states ( cis ) country to be accepted into the world trade organization. much of the government ' s stock in enterprises has been sold. drops in production had been severe after the breakup of the soviet union in december 1991, but by mid - 1995, production began to recover and exports began to increase. the economy is heavily weighted toward gold export and a drop in output at the main kumtor gold mine sparked a 0. 5 % decline in gdp in 2002 and a 0. 6 % decline in 2005. gdp grew more than 6 % in 2007, partly due to higher gold prices internationally. the government made steady strides in controlling its substantial fiscal deficit, nearly closing the gap between revenues and expenditures in 2006, before boosting expenditures more than 20 % in 2007. the government and international financial institutions have been engaged in a comprehensive medium - term poverty reduction and economic growth strategy ; in 2005, bishkek agreed to pursue much - needed tax reform and, in 2006, became eligible for the heavily indebted", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.49219229202337045, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 64, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.695278"} {"text": "the government and international financial institutions have been engaged in a comprehensive medium - term poverty reduction and economic growth strategy ; in 2005, bishkek agreed to pursue much - needed tax reform and, in 2006, became eligible for the heavily indebted poor countries ( hipc ) initiative. progress fighting corruption, further restructuring of domestic industry, and success in attracting foreign investment are keys to future growth. the government of laos, one of the few remaining one - party communist states, began decentralizing control and encouraging private enterprise in 1986. the results, starting from an extremely low base, were striking - growth averaged 6 % per year in 1988 - 2007 except during the short - lived drop caused by the asian financial crisis beginning in 1997. despite this high growth rate, laos remains a country with a underdeveloped infrastructure, particularly in rural areas. it has no railroads, a rudimentary road system, and limited external and internal telecommunications, though the government is sponsoring major improvements in the road system with support from japan and china. electricity is available in urban areas and in most rural districts. subsistence agriculture, dominated by rice, accounts for about 40 % of gdp and provides 80 % of total employment. the economy will continue to benefit from aid from international donors and from foreign investment in hydropower and mining. construction will be another strong economic driver, especially as hydroelectric dam and road projects gain steam. several policy changes since 2004 may help spur growth. in late 2004, laos gained normal trade relations status with the us, allowing laos - based producers to benefit from lower tariffs on exports. laos is taking steps to join the world trade organization in the next few years ; the resulting trade policy reforms will improve the business environment. on the fiscal side, a value - added tax ( vat ) regime, slated to begin in 2008, should help streamline the government ' s inefficient tax system. latvia ' s economy experienced gdp growth of more than 10 % per year during 2006 - 07. the majority of companies, banks, and real estate have been privatized, although the state still holds sizable stakes in a few large enterprises. latvia officially joined the world trade organization in february 1999. eu membership, a top foreign policy goal, came in may 2004. the current account deficit - more than 22 % of gdp in 2007 - and inflation - at nearly 10 % per year - remain major concerns. the 1975 - 90 civil war seriously damaged lebanon ' s economic infrastructure, cut national output by half, and all but ended lebanon ' s position", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4903717287440628, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 65, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.696442"} {"text": "than 22 % of gdp in 2007 - and inflation - at nearly 10 % per year - remain major concerns. the 1975 - 90 civil war seriously damaged lebanon ' s economic infrastructure, cut national output by half, and all but ended lebanon ' s position as a middle eastern entrepot and banking hub. in the years since, lebanon has rebuilt much of its war - torn physical and financial infrastructure by borrowing heavily - mostly from domestic banks. in an attempt to reduce the ballooning national debt, the rafiq hariri government began an austerity program, reining in government expenditures, increasing revenue collection, and privatizing state enterprises, but economic and financial reform initiatives stalled and public debt continued to grow despite receipt of more than $ 2 billion in bilateral assistance at the paris ii donors conference. the israeli - hizballah conflict in july - august 2006 caused an estimated $ 3. 6 billion in infrastructure damage, and prompted international donors to pledge nearly $ 1 billion in recovery and reconstruction assistance. donors met again in january 2007 and pledged over $ 7. 5 billion to lebanon for development projects and budget support, conditioned on progress on beirut ' s fiscal reform and privatization program. internal lebanese political tension continues to hamper economic activity, particularly in the tourism and retail sectors. small, landlocked, and mountainous, lesotho relies on remittances from miners employed in south africa and customs duties from the southern africa customs union for the majority of government revenue. however, the government has recently strengthened its tax system to reduce dependency on customs duties. completion of a major hydropower facility in january 1998 now permits the sale of water to south africa and also generates royalties for lesotho. lesotho produces about 90 % of its own electrical power needs. as the number of mineworkers has declined steadily over the past several years, a small manufacturing base has developed based on farm products that support the milling, canning, leather, and jute industries, as well as a rapidly expanding apparel - assembly sector. the latter has grown significantly mainly due to lesotho qualifying for the trade benefits contained in the africa growth and opportunity act. the economy is still primarily based on subsistence agriculture, especially livestock, although drought has decreased agricultural activity. the extreme inequality in the distribution of income remains a major drawback. lesotho has signed an interim poverty reduction and growth facility with the imf. in july 2007 lesotho signed a millennium challenge account compact with the us worth $ 362. 5 million. civil war and government mismanagement destroyed much of liberia ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44986076261525576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 66, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.697588"} {"text": "for wto membership, reducing some subsidies, and announcing plans for privatization - are laying the groundwork for a transition to a more market - based economy. the non - oil manufacturing and construction sectors, which account for more than 20 % of gdp, have expanded from processing mostly agricultural products to include the production of petrochemicals, iron, steel, and aluminum. climatic conditions and poor soils severely limit agricultural output, and libya imports about 75 % of its food. libya ' s primary agricultural water source remains the great manmade river project, but significant resources are being invested in desalinization research to meet growing water demands. despite its small size and limited natural resources, liechtenstein has developed into a prosperous, highly industrialized, free - enterprise economy with a vital financial service sector and living standards on a par with its large european neighbors. the liechtenstein economy is widely diversified with a large number of small businesses. low business taxes - the maximum tax rate is 20 % - and easy incorporation rules have induced many holding or so - called letter box companies to establish nominal offices in liechtenstein, providing 30 % of state revenues. the country participates in a customs union with switzerland and uses the swiss franc as its national currency. it imports more than 90 % of its energy requirements. liechtenstein has been a member of the european economic area ( an organization serving as a bridge between the european free trade association ( efta ) and the eu ) since may 1995. the government is working to harmonize its economic policies with those of an integrated europe. lithuania, the baltic state that has conducted the most trade with russia, has grown rapidly since rebounding from the 1998 russian financial crisis. unemployment fell to 3. 2 % in 2007, while wages continued to grow at double digit rates, contributing to rising inflation. exports and imports also grew strongly, and the current account deficit rose to nearly 15 % of gdp in 2007. trade has been increasingly oriented toward the west. lithuania has gained membership in the world trade organization and joined the eu in may 2004. privatization of the large, state - owned utilities is nearly complete. foreign government and business support have helped in the transition from the old command economy to a market economy. this stable, high - income economy - benefiting from its proximity to france, belgium, and germany - features solid growth, low inflation, and low unemployment. the industrial sector, initially dominated by steel, has become increasingly diversified to include chemicals, rubber, and other products. growth in the financial sector, which now accounts for about 28 % of gdp,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4752100439511805, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 68, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.701183"} {"text": "features solid growth, low inflation, and low unemployment. the industrial sector, initially dominated by steel, has become increasingly diversified to include chemicals, rubber, and other products. growth in the financial sector, which now accounts for about 28 % of gdp, has more than compensated for the decline in steel. most banks are foreign - owned and have extensive foreign dealings. agriculture is based on small family - owned farms. the economy depends on foreign and cross - border workers for about 60 % of its labor force. although luxembourg, like all eu members, suffered from the global economic slump in the early part of this decade, the country continues to enjoy an extraordinarily high standard of living - gdp per capita ranks first in the world. after two years of strong economic growth in 2006 - 07, luxembourg ' s economy probably will slow in 2008 as a result of turmoil in the world financial markets, but growth will remain above the european average. macau ' s economy has enjoyed strong growth in recent years on the back of its expanding tourism and gaming sectors. since opening up its locally - controlled casino industry to foreign competition in 2001, the territory has attracted 10s of billions of dollars in foreign investment that have helped transform it into the world ' s largest gaming center. in 2006, macau ' s gaming revenue surpassed that of the las vegas strip, and gaming - related taxes accounted for 75 % of total government revenue. the expanding casino sector, and china ' s decision beginning in 2002 to relax travel restrictions, have reenergized macau ' s tourism industry, which saw total visitors grow to 27 million in 2007, up 62 % in three years. macau ' s strong economic growth has put pressure its labor market prompting businesses to look abroad to meet their staffing needs. the resulting influx of non - resident workers, who totaled one - fifth of the workforce in 2006, has fueled tensions among some segments of the population. macau ' s traditional manufacturing industry has been in a slow decline. in 2006, exports of textiles and garments generated only $ 1. 8 billion compared to $ 6. 9 billion in gross gaming receipts. macau ' s textile industry will continue to move to the mainland because of the termination in 2005 of the multi - fiber agreement, which provided a near guarantee of export markets, leaving the territory more dependent on gambling and trade - related services to generate growth. however, the closer economic partnership agreement ( cepa ) between macau and mainland china that came into effect on 1 january 2004 offers many macau - made products tariff - free access to the mainland. macau", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.446741587415436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 69, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.702195"} {"text": "on gambling and trade - related services to generate growth. however, the closer economic partnership agreement ( cepa ) between macau and mainland china that came into effect on 1 january 2004 offers many macau - made products tariff - free access to the mainland. macau ' s currency, the pataca, is closely tied to the hong kong dollar, which is also freely accepted in the territory. at independence in september 1991, macedonia was the least developed of the yugoslav republics, producing a mere 5 % of the total federal output of goods and services. the collapse of yugoslavia ended transfer payments from the central government and eliminated advantages from inclusion in a de facto free trade area. an absence of infrastructure, un sanctions on the downsized yugoslavia, and a greek economic embargo over a dispute about the country ' s constitutional name and flag hindered economic growth until 1996. gdp subsequently rose each year through 2000. however, the leadership ' s commitment to economic reform, free trade, and regional integration was undermined by the ethnic albanian insurgency of 2001. the economy shrank 4. 5 % because of decreased trade, intermittent border closures, increased deficit spending on security needs, and investor uncertainty. growth barely recovered in 2002 to 0. 9 %, then averaged 4 % per year during 2003 - 07. macedonia has maintained macroeconomic stability with low inflation, but it has so far lagged the region in attracting foreign investment and job creation despite making extensive fiscal and business sector reforms. official unemployment remains the highest in europe at 35 %, but may be somewhat overstated based on the existence of an extensive gray market, estimated to be more than 20 percent of gdp, that falls outside official statistics. having discarded past socialist economic policies, madagascar has since the mid 1990s followed a world bank - and imf - led policy of privatization and liberalization. this strategy placed the country on a slow and steady growth path from an extremely low level. agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is a mainstay of the economy, accounting for more than one - fourth of gdp and employing 80 % of the population. exports of apparel have boomed in recent years primarily due to duty - free access to the us. deforestation and erosion, aggravated by the use of firewood as the primary source of fuel, are serious concerns. president ravalomanana has worked aggressively to revive the economy following the 2002 political crisis, which triggered a 12 % drop in gdp that year. poverty reduction and combating corruption will be the centerpieces of economic policy for the next few years. landlocked malawi", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4604744699938622, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 70, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.703282"} {"text": "gasoline and diesel fuel forced kuala lumpur to reduce government subsidies. malaysia \" unpegged \" the ringgit from the us dollar in 2005 and the currency appreciated 6 % per year against the dollar in 2006 - 07. although this has helped to hold down the price of imports, inflationary pressures began to build in 2007. healthy foreign exchange reserves and a small external debt greatly reduce the risk that malaysia will experience a financial crisis over the near term similar to the one in 1997. the government presented its five - year national development agenda in april 2006 through the ninth malaysia plan, a comprehensive blueprint for the allocation of the national budget from 2006 - 10. with national elections expected within the year, abdullah has unveiled a series of ambitious development schemes for several regions that have had trouble attracting business investment. real gdp growth has averaged about 6 % per year under abdullah, but regions outside of kuala lumpur and the manufacturing hub penang have not fared as well. tourism, maldives ' largest industry, accounts for 28 % of gdp and more than 60 % of the maldives ' foreign exchange receipts. over 90 % of government tax revenue comes from import duties and tourism - related taxes. fishing is the second leading sector. agriculture and manufacturing continue to play a lesser role in the economy, constrained by the limited availability of cultivable land and the shortage of domestic labor. most staple foods must be imported. industry, which consists mainly of garment production, boat building, and handicrafts, accounts for about 7 % of gdp. the maldivian government began an economic reform program in 1989 initially by lifting import quotas and opening some exports to the private sector. subsequently, it has liberalized regulations to allow more foreign investment. real gdp growth averaged over 7. 5 % per year for more than a decade. in late december 2004, a major tsunami left more than 100 dead, 12, 000 displaced, and property damage exceeding $ 300 million. as a result of the tsunami, the gdp contracted by about 3. 6 % in 2005. a rebound in tourism, post - tsunami reconstruction, and development of new resorts helped the economy recover quickly. the trade deficit has expanded sharply as a result of high oil prices and imports of construction material. diversifying beyond tourism and fishing and increasing employment are the major challenges facing the government. over the longer term maldivian authorities worry about the impact of erosion and possible global warming on their low - lying country ; 80 % of the area is one meter or less above sea level. mali is among the poorest countries in the world,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45059017346225466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 72, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.706607"} {"text": "over the longer term maldivian authorities worry about the impact of erosion and possible global warming on their low - lying country ; 80 % of the area is one meter or less above sea level. mali is among the poorest countries in the world, with 65 % of its land area desert or semidesert and with a highly unequal distribution of income. economic activity is largely confined to the riverine area irrigated by the niger. about 10 % of the population is nomadic and some 80 % of the labor force is engaged in farming and fishing. industrial activity is concentrated on processing farm commodities. mali is heavily dependent on foreign aid and vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices for cotton, its main export, along with gold. the government has continued its successful implementation of an imf - recommended structural adjustment program that is helping the economy grow, diversify, and attract foreign investment. mali ' s adherence to economic reform and the 50 % devaluation of the cfa franc in january 1994 have pushed up economic growth to a 5 % average in 1996 - 2007. worker remittances and external trade routes for the landlocked country have been jeopardized by continued unrest in neighboring cote d ' ivoire. major resources are limestone, a favorable geographic location, and a productive labor force. malta produces only about 20 % of its food needs, has limited fresh water supplies, and has few domestic energy sources. the economy is dependent on foreign trade, manufacturing ( especially electronics and pharmaceuticals ), and tourism. economic recovery of the european economy has lifted exports, tourism, and overall growth. malta adopted the euro on 1 january 2008. us government assistance is the mainstay of this tiny island economy. agricultural production, primarily subsistence, is concentrated on small farms ; the most important commercial crops are coconuts and breadfruit. small - scale industry is limited to handicrafts, tuna processing, and copra. the tourist industry, now a small source of foreign exchange employing less than 10 % of the labor force, remains the best hope for future added income. the islands have few natural resources, and imports far exceed exports. under the terms of the amended compact of free association, the us will provide millions of dollars per year to the marshall islands ( rmi ) through 2023, at which time a trust fund made up of us and rmi contributions will begin perpetual annual payouts. government downsizing, drought, a drop in construction, the decline in tourism, and less income from the renewal of fishing vessel licenses have held", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43655041357163604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 73, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.707967"} {"text": ", at which time a trust fund made up of us and rmi contributions will begin perpetual annual payouts. government downsizing, drought, a drop in construction, the decline in tourism, and less income from the renewal of fishing vessel licenses have held gdp growth to an average of 1 % over the past decade. half the population still depends on agriculture and livestock for a livelihood, even though many of the nomads and subsistence farmers were forced into the cities by recurrent droughts in the 1970s and 1980s. mauritania has extensive deposits of iron ore, which account for nearly 40 % of total exports. the nation ' s coastal waters are among the richest fishing areas in the world, but overexploitation by foreigners threatens this key source of revenue. the country ' s first deepwater port opened near nouakchott in 1986. in the past, drought and economic mismanagement resulted in a buildup of foreign debt, which now stands at more than three times the level of annual exports. in february 2000, mauritania qualified for debt relief under the heavily indebted poor countries ( hipc ) initiative and in december 2001 received strong support from donor and lending countries at a triennial consultative group review. a new investment code approved in december 2001 improved the opportunities for direct foreign investment. ongoing negotiations with the imf involve problems of economic reforms and fiscal discipline. in 2001, exploratory oil wells in tracts 80 km offshore indicated potential extraction at current world oil prices. oil prospects, while initially promising, have failed to materialize. meantime the government emphasizes reduction of poverty, improvement of health and education, and promoting privatization of the economy. since independence in 1968, mauritius has developed from a low - income, agriculturally based economy to a middle - income diversified economy with growing industrial, financial, and tourist sectors. for most of the period, annual growth has been in the order of 5 % to 6 %. this remarkable achievement has been reflected in more equitable income distribution, increased life expectancy, lowered infant mortality, and a much - improved infrastructure. the economy rests on sugar, tourism, textiles and apparel, and financial services, and is expanding into fish processing, information and communications technology, and hospitality and property development. sugarcane is grown on about 90 % of the cultivated land area and accounts for 15 % of export earnings. the government ' s development strategy centers on creating vertical and horizontal clusters of development in these sectors. mauritius has attracted more than 32, 000 offshore entities, many aimed at commerce in india", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4369730855989965, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 74, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.709005"} {"text": "of the cultivated land area and accounts for 15 % of export earnings. the government ' s development strategy centers on creating vertical and horizontal clusters of development in these sectors. mauritius has attracted more than 32, 000 offshore entities, many aimed at commerce in india, south africa, and china. investment in the banking sector alone has reached over $ 1 billion. mauritius, with its strong textile sector, has been well poised to take advantage of the africa growth and opportunity act ( agoa ). economic activity is based primarily on the agricultural sector, including fishing and livestock raising. mayotte is not self - sufficient and must import a large portion of its food requirements, mainly from france. the economy and future development of the island are heavily dependent on french financial assistance, an important supplement to gdp. mayotte ' s remote location is an obstacle to the development of tourism. mexico has a free market economy in the trillion dollar class. it contains a mixture of modern and outmoded industry and agriculture, increasingly dominated by the private sector. recent administrations have expanded competition in seaports, railroads, telecommunications, electricity generation, natural gas distribution, and airports. per capita income is one - fourth that of the us ; income distribution remains highly unequal. trade with the us and canada has tripled since the implementation of nafta in 1994. mexico has 12 free trade agreements with over 40 countries including, guatemala, honduras, el salvador, the european free trade area, and japan, putting more than 90 % of trade under free trade agreements. in 2007, during his first year in office, the felipe calderon administration was able to garner support from the opposition to successfully pass a pension and a fiscal reform. the administration continues to face many economic challenges including the need to upgrade infrastructure, modernize labor laws, and allow private investment in the energy sector. calderon has stated that his top economic priorities remain reducing poverty and creating jobs. economic activity consists primarily of subsistence farming and fishing. the islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high - grade phosphate. the potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remote location, a lack of adequate facilities, and limited air connections hinder development. the amended compact of free association with the us guarantees the federated states of micronesia ( fsm ) millions of dollars in annual aid through 2023, and establishes a trust fund into which the us and the fsm make annual contributions in order to provide annual payouts to the fsm in perpetuity after 2023. the country ' s medium - term economic outlook appears", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43086334486103706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 75, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.710134"} {"text": "aid through 2023, and establishes a trust fund into which the us and the fsm make annual contributions in order to provide annual payouts to the fsm in perpetuity after 2023. the country ' s medium - term economic outlook appears fragile due not only to the reduction in us assistance but also to the current slow growth of the private sector. moldova remains one of the poorest countries in europe despite recent progress from its small economic base. it enjoys a favorable climate and good farmland but has no major mineral deposits. as a result, the economy depends heavily on agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. moldova must import almost all of its energy supplies. moldova ' s dependence on russian energy was underscored at the end of 2005, when a russian - owned electrical station in moldova ' s separatist transnistria region cut off power to moldova and russia ' s gazprom cut off natural gas in disputes over pricing. russia ' s decision to ban moldovan wine and agricultural products, coupled with its decision to double the price moldova paid for russian natural gas, slowed gdp growth in 2006. however, in 2007 growth returned to the 6 % level moldova had achieved in 2000 - 05, boosted by russia ' s partial removal of the bans, solid fixed capital investment, and strong domestic demand driven by remittances from abroad. economic reforms have been slow because of corruption and strong political forces backing government controls. nevertheless, the government ' s primary goal of eu integration has resulted in some market - oriented progress. the granting of eu trade preferences and increased exports to russia will encourage higher growth rates in 2008, but the agreements are unlikely to serve as a panacea, given the extent to which export success depends on higher quality standards and other factors. the economy remains vulnerable to higher fuel prices, poor agricultural weather, and the skepticism of foreign investors. also, the presence of an illegal separatist regime in moldova ' s transnistria region continues to be a drag on the moldovan economy. monaco, bordering france on the mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. the principality also is a major banking center and has successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high - value - added, nonpolluting industries. the state has no income tax and low business taxes and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices. the state retains monopolies in a number of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43767192026981616, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 76, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.712437"} {"text": "montenegro severed its economy from federal control and from serbia during the milosevic era and maintained its own central bank, used the euro instead of the yugoslav dinar as official currency, collected customs tariffs, and managed its own budget. the dissolution of the loose political union between serbia and montenegro in 2006 led to separate membership in several international financial institutions, such as the european bank for reconstruction and development. on 18 january 2007, montenegro joined the world bank and imf. montenegro is pursuing its own membership in the world trade organization as well as negotiating a stabilization and association agreement with the european union in anticipation of eventual membership. severe unemployment remains a key political and economic problem for this entire region. montenegro has privatized its large aluminum complex - the dominant industry - as well as most of its financial sector, and has begun to attract foreign direct investment in the tourism sector. severe volcanic activity, which began in july 1995, has put a damper on this small, open economy. a catastrophic eruption in june 1997 closed the airports and seaports, causing further economic and social dislocation. two - thirds of the 12, 000 inhabitants fled the island. some began to return in 1998, but lack of housing limited the number. the agriculture sector continued to be affected by the lack of suitable land for farming and the destruction of crops. prospects for the economy depend largely on developments in relation to the volcanic activity and on public sector construction activity. the uk has launched a three - year $ 122. 8 million aid program to help reconstruct the economy. half of the island is expected to remain uninhabitable for another decade. moroccan economic policies brought macroeconomic stability to the country in the early 1990s but have not spurred growth sufficient to reduce unemployment - nearing 20 % in urban areas - despite the moroccan government ' s ongoing efforts to diversify the economy. morocco ' s gdp growth rate slowed to 2. 1 % in 2007 as a result of a draught that severely reduced agricultural output and necessitated wheat imports at rising world prices. continued dependence on foreign energy and morocco ' s inability to develop small and medium size enterprises also contributed to the slowdown. moroccan authorities understand that reducing poverty and providing jobs are key to domestic security and development. in 2005, morocco launched the national initiative for human development ( indh ), a $ 2 billion social development plan to address poverty and unemployment and to improve the living conditions of the country ' s urban slums. moroccan authorities are implementing reform efforts to open the economy to international investors. despite structural adjustment programs supported by the imf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42653080088901296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 78, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.714865"} {"text": "a $ 2 billion social development plan to address poverty and unemployment and to improve the living conditions of the country ' s urban slums. moroccan authorities are implementing reform efforts to open the economy to international investors. despite structural adjustment programs supported by the imf, the world bank, and the paris club, the dirham is only fully convertible for current account transactions. in 2000, morocco entered an association agreement with the eu and, in 2006, entered a free trade agreement ( fta ) with the us. long - term challenges include improving education and job prospects for morocco ' s youth, and closing the income gap between the rich and the poor, which the government hopes to achieve by increasing tourist arrivals and boosting competitiveness in textiles. at independence in 1975, mozambique was one of the world ' s poorest countries. socialist mismanagement and a brutal civil war from 1977 - 92 exacerbated the situation. in 1987, the government embarked on a series of macroeconomic reforms designed to stabilize the economy. these steps, combined with donor assistance and with political stability since the multi - party elections in 1994, have led to dramatic improvements in the country ' s growth rate. inflation was reduced to single digits during the late 1990s, and although it returned to double digits in 2000 - 06, in 2007 inflation had slowed to 8 %, while gdp growth reached 7. 5 %. fiscal reforms, including the introduction of a value - added tax and reform of the customs service, have improved the government ' s revenue collection abilities. in spite of these gains, mozambique remains dependent upon foreign assistance for much of its annual budget, and the majority of the population remains below the poverty line. subsistence agriculture continues to employ the vast majority of the country ' s work force. a substantial trade imbalance persists although the opening of the mozal aluminum smelter, the country ' s largest foreign investment project to date, has increased export earnings. at the end of 2007, and after years of negotiations, the government took over portugal ' s majority share of the cahora bassa hydroelectricity ( hcb ) company, a dam that was not transferred to mozambique at independence because of the ensuing civil war and unpaid debts. more power is needed for additional investment projects in titanium extraction and processing and garment manufacturing that could further close the import / export gap. mozambique ' s once substantial foreign debt has been reduced through forgiveness and rescheduling under the imf ' s heavily indebted poor countries ( hipc ) and enhanced hipc initiatives, and is now at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4593633994776855, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 79, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.715985"} {"text": "close the import / export gap. mozambique ' s once substantial foreign debt has been reduced through forgiveness and rescheduling under the imf ' s heavily indebted poor countries ( hipc ) and enhanced hipc initiatives, and is now at a manageable level. in july 2007 the millennium challenge corporation ( mcc ) signed a compact with mozambique ; the mozambican government moved rapidly to ratify the compact and propose a plan for funding. the economy is heavily dependent on the extraction and processing of minerals for export. mining accounts for 8 % of gdp, but provides more than 50 % of foreign exchange earnings. rich alluvial diamond deposits make namibia a primary source for gem - quality diamonds. namibia is the fourth - largest exporter of nonfuel minerals in africa, the world ' s fifth - largest producer of uranium, and the producer of large quantities of lead, zinc, tin, silver, and tungsten. the mining sector employs only about 3 % of the population while about half of the population depends on subsistence agriculture for its livelihood. namibia normally imports about 50 % of its cereal requirements ; in drought years food shortages are a major problem in rural areas. a high per capita gdp, relative to the region, hides one of the world ' s most unequal income distributions. the namibian economy is closely linked to south africa with the namibian dollar pegged one - to - one to the south african rand. increased payments from the southern african customs union ( sacu ) put namibia ' s budget into surplus in 2007 for the first time since independence, but sacu payments will decline after 2008 as part of a new revenue sharing formula. increased fish production and mining of zinc, copper, uranium, and silver spurred growth in 2003 - 07, but growth in recent years was undercut by poor fish catches and high costs for metal inputs. revenues of this tiny island have traditionally come from exports of phosphates, now significantly depleted. an australian company in 2005 entered into an agreement intended to exploit remaining supplies. few other resources exist with most necessities being imported, mainly from australia, its former occupier and later major source of support. the rehabilitation of mined land and the replacement of income from phosphates are serious long - term problems. in anticipation of the exhaustion of nauru ' s phosphate deposits, substantial amounts of phosphate income were invested in trust funds to help cushion the transition and provide for nauru ' s economic future. as a result of heavy spending from the trust funds, the government faces virtual bankruptcy. to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4545419780851061, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 80, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.718025"} {"text": "nauru ' s phosphate deposits, substantial amounts of phosphate income were invested in trust funds to help cushion the transition and provide for nauru ' s economic future. as a result of heavy spending from the trust funds, the government faces virtual bankruptcy. to cut costs the government has frozen wages and reduced overstaffed public service departments. in 2005, the deterioration in housing, hospitals, and other capital plant continued, and the cost to australia of keeping the government and economy afloat continued to climb. few comprehensive statistics on the nauru economy exist, with estimates of nauru ' s gdp varying widely. nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the world with almost one - third of its population living below the poverty line. agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for three - fourths of the population and accounting for 38 % of gdp. industrial activity mainly involves the processing of agricultural produce including jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain. security concerns relating to the maoist conflict have led to a decrease in tourism, a key source of foreign exchange. nepal has considerable scope for exploiting its potential in hydropower and tourism, areas of recent foreign investment interest. prospects for foreign trade or investment in other sectors will remain poor, however, because of the small size of the economy, its technological backwardness, its remoteness, its landlocked geographic location, its civil strife, and its susceptibility to natural disaster. the netherlands has a prosperous and open economy, which depends heavily on foreign trade. the economy is noted for stable industrial relations, moderate unemployment and inflation, a sizable current account surplus, and an important role as a european transportation hub. industrial activity is predominantly in food processing, chemicals, petroleum refining, and electrical machinery. a highly mechanized agricultural sector employs no more than 3 % of the labor force but provides large surpluses for the food - processing industry and for exports. the netherlands, along with 11 of its eu partners, began circulating the euro currency on 1 january 2002. the country continues to be one of the leading european nations for attracting foreign direct investment and is one of the five largest investors in the us. the economy experienced a slowdown in 2005 but in 2006 recovered to the fastest pace in six years on the back of increased exports and strong investment. the pace of job growth reached 10 - year highs in 2007. tourism, petroleum refining, and offshore finance are the mainstays of this small economy, which is closely tied to the outside world. although gdp has declined or grown", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4787616809085623, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 81, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.720340"} {"text": "and strong investment. the pace of job growth reached 10 - year highs in 2007. tourism, petroleum refining, and offshore finance are the mainstays of this small economy, which is closely tied to the outside world. although gdp has declined or grown slightly in each of the past eight years, the islands enjoy a high per capita income and a well - developed infrastructure compared with other countries in the region. most of the oil netherlands antilles imports for its refineries come from venezuela. almost all consumer and capital goods are imported, the us and mexico being the major suppliers. poor soils and inadequate water supplies hamper the development of agriculture. budgetary problems hamper reform of the health and pension systems of an aging population. new caledonia has about 25 % of the world ' s known nickel resources. only a small amount of the land is suitable for cultivation, and food accounts for about 20 % of imports. in addition to nickel, substantial financial support from france - equal to more than 15 % of gdp - and tourism are keys to the health of the economy. substantial new investment in the nickel industry, combined with the recovery of global nickel prices, brightens the economic outlook for the next several years. over the past 20 years the government has transformed new zealand from an agrarian economy dependent on concessionary british market access to a more industrialized, free market economy that can compete globally. this dynamic growth has boosted real incomes - but left behind many at the bottom of the ladder - and broadened and deepened the technological capabilities of the industrial sector. per capita income has risen for eight consecutive years and reached $ 27, 800 in 2007 in purchasing power parity terms. consumer and government spending have driven growth in recent years, and exports picked up in 2006 after struggling for several years. exports were equal to about 22 % of gdp in 2007, down from 33 % of gdp in 2001. thus far the economy has been resilient, and the labor government promises that expenditures on health, education, and pensions will increase proportionately to output. inflationary pressures have built in recent years and the central bank raised its key rate 13 times since january 2004 to finish 2007 at 8. 25 %. a large balance of payments deficit poses another challenge in managing the economy. nicaragua has widespread underemployment, one of the highest degrees of income inequality in the world, and the third lowest per capita income in the western hemisphere. while the country has progressed toward macroeconomic stability in the past few years, annual gdp growth has been far too low to meet the country", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4660752553267375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 82, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.721420"} {"text": "of the highest degrees of income inequality in the world, and the third lowest per capita income in the western hemisphere. while the country has progressed toward macroeconomic stability in the past few years, annual gdp growth has been far too low to meet the country ' s needs, forcing the country to rely on international economic assistance to meet fiscal and debt financing obligations. in early 2004, nicaragua secured some $ 4. 5 billion in foreign debt reduction under the heavily indebted poor countries ( hipc ) initiative, and in october 2007, the imf approved a new poverty reduction and growth facility ( prgf ) program that should create fiscal space for social spending and investment. the continuity of a relationship with the imf reinforces donor confidence, despite private sector concerns surrounding ortega, which has dampened investment. the us - central america free trade agreement ( cafta ) has been in effect since april 2006 and has expanded export opportunities for many agricultural and manufactured goods. energy shortages fueled by high oil prices, however, are a serious bottleneck to growth. niger is one of the poorest countries in the world, ranking near last on the united nations development fund index of human development. it is a landlocked, sub - saharan nation, whose economy centers on subsistence crops, livestock, and some of the world ' s largest uranium deposits. drought cycles, desertification, and a 2. 9 % population growth rate, have undercut the economy. niger shares a common currency, the cfa franc, and a common central bank, the central bank of west african states ( bceao ), with seven other members of the west african monetary union. in december 2000, niger qualified for enhanced debt relief under the international monetary fund program for highly indebted poor countries ( hipc ) and concluded an agreement with the fund on a poverty reduction and growth facility ( prgf ). debt relief provided under the enhanced hipc initiative significantly reduces niger ' s annual debt service obligations, freeing funds for expenditures on basic health care, primary education, hiv / aids prevention, rural infrastructure, and other programs geared at poverty reduction. in december 2005, niger received 100 % multilateral debt relief from the imf, which translates into the forgiveness of approximately us $ 86 million in debts to the imf, excluding the remaining assistance under hipc. nearly half of the government ' s budget is derived from foreign donor resources. future growth may be sustained by exploitation of oil, gold, coal, and other mineral resources. uranium prices have increased sharply in the last few years. a drought", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4561995990132268, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 83, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.722462"} {"text": "hipc. nearly half of the government ' s budget is derived from foreign donor resources. future growth may be sustained by exploitation of oil, gold, coal, and other mineral resources. uranium prices have increased sharply in the last few years. a drought and locust infestation in 2005 led to food shortages for as many as 2. 5 million nigeriens. oil - rich nigeria, long hobbled by political instability, corruption, inadequate infrastructure, and poor macroeconomic management, is undertaking some reforms under a new reform - minded administration. nigeria ' s former military rulers failed to diversify the economy away from its overdependence on the capital - intensive oil sector, which provides 20 % of gdp, 95 % of foreign exchange earnings, and about 80 % of budgetary revenues. the largely subsistence agricultural sector has failed to keep up with rapid population growth - nigeria is africa ' s most populous country - and the country, once a large net exporter of food, now must import food. following the signing of an imf stand - by agreement in august 2000, nigeria received a debt - restructuring deal from the paris club and a $ 1 billion credit from the imf, both contingent on economic reforms. nigeria pulled out of its imf program in april 2002, after failing to meet spending and exchange rate targets, making it ineligible for additional debt forgiveness from the paris club. in the last year the government has begun showing the political will to implement the market - oriented reforms urged by the imf, such as to modernize the banking system, to curb inflation by blocking excessive wage demands, and to resolve regional disputes over the distribution of earnings from the oil industry. in 2003, the government began deregulating fuel prices, announced the privatization of the country ' s four oil refineries, and instituted the national economic empowerment development strategy, a domestically designed and run program modeled on the imf ' s poverty reduction and growth facility for fiscal and monetary management. in november 2005, abuja won paris club approval for a debt - relief deal that eliminated $ 18 billion of debt in exchange for $ 12 billion in payments - a total package worth $ 30 billion of nigeria ' s total $ 37 billion external debt. the deal requires nigeria to be subject to stringent imf reviews. gdp rose strongly in 2007, based largely on increased oil exports and high global crude prices. newly - elected president yar ' adua has pledged to continue the economic reforms of his successor and the proposed budget for 2008 reflects the administrations emphasis on infrastructure improvements. infrastructure is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.425823193711684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 84, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.723441"} {"text": "in 2007, based largely on increased oil exports and high global crude prices. newly - elected president yar ' adua has pledged to continue the economic reforms of his successor and the proposed budget for 2008 reflects the administrations emphasis on infrastructure improvements. infrastructure is the main impediment to growth. the government is working toward developing stronger public - private partnerships for electricity and roads. the economy suffers from the typical pacific island problems of geographic isolation, few resources, and a small population. government expenditures regularly exceed revenues, and the shortfall is made up by critically needed grants from new zealand that are used to pay wages to public employees. niue has cut government expenditures by reducing the public service by almost half. the agricultural sector consists mainly of subsistence gardening, although some cash crops are grown for export. industry consists primarily of small factories to process passion fruit, lime oil, honey, and coconut cream. the sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors is an important source of revenue. the island in recent years has suffered a serious loss of population because of emigration to new zealand. efforts to increase gdp include the promotion of tourism and a financial services industry, although the international banking repeal act of 2002 resulted in the termination of all offshore banking licenses. economic aid from new zealand in 2002 was about us $ 2 million. niue suffered a devastating typhoon in january 2004, which decimated nascent economic programs. while in the process of rebuilding, niue has been dependent on foreign aid. tourism, the primary economic activity, has steadily increased over the years and has brought a level of prosperity unusual among inhabitants of the pacific islands. the agricultural sector has become self - sufficient in the production of beef, poultry, and eggs. the economy benefits substantially from financial assistance from the us. the rate of funding has declined as locally generated government revenues have grown. the key tourist industry employs about 50 % of the work force and accounts for roughly one - fourth of gdp. japanese tourists predominate. annual tourist entries have exceeded one - half million in recent years, but financial difficulties in japan have caused a temporary slowdown. the agricultural sector is made up of cattle ranches and small farms producing coconuts, breadfruit, tomatoes, and melons. garment production is by far the most important industry with the employment of 17, 500 mostly chinese workers and sizable shipments to the us under duty and quota exemptions. the norwegian economy is a prosperous bastion of welfare capitalism, featuring a combination of free market activity and government intervention. the government controls key areas, such as the vital petroleum sector", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43187361153555, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 85, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.724441"} {"text": "mostly chinese workers and sizable shipments to the us under duty and quota exemptions. the norwegian economy is a prosperous bastion of welfare capitalism, featuring a combination of free market activity and government intervention. the government controls key areas, such as the vital petroleum sector, through large - scale state enterprises. the country is richly endowed with natural resources - petroleum, hydropower, fish, forests, and minerals - and is highly dependent on its oil production and international oil prices, with oil and gas accounting for one - third of exports. only saudi arabia and russia export more oil than norway. norway opted to stay out of the eu during a referendum in november 1994 ; nonetheless, as a member of the european economic area, it contributes sizably to the eu budget. the government has moved ahead with privatization. although norwegian oil production peaked in 2000, natural gas production is still rising. norwegians realize that once their gas production peaks they will eventually face declining oil and gas revenues ; accordingly, norway has been saving its oil - and - gas - boosted budget surpluses in a government petroleum fund, which is invested abroad and now is valued at more than $ 250 billion. after lackluster growth of less than 1 % in 2002 - 03, gdp growth picked up to 3 - 5 % in 2004 - 07, partly due to higher oil prices. norway ' s economy remains buoyant. domestic economic activity is, and will continue to be, the main driver of growth, supported by high consumer confidence and strong investment spending in the offshore oil and gas sector. norway ' s record high budget surplus and upswing in the labor market in 2007 highlight the strength of its economic position going into 2008. oman is a middle - income economy that is heavily dependent on dwindling oil resources, but sustained high oil prices in recent years have helped build oman ' s budget and trade surpluses and foreign reserves. oman joined the world trade organization in november 2000 and continues to liberalize its markets. it ratified a free trade agreement with the us in september 2006, and, through the gulf cooperation council, seeks similar agreements with the eu, china and japan. as a result of its dwindling oil resources, oman is actively pursuing a development plan that focuses on diversification, industrialization, and privatization, with the objective of reducing the oil sector ' s contribution to gdp to 9 percent by 2020. muscat is attempting to \" omanize \" the labor force by replacing foreign expatriate workers with local workers. oman actively seeks private foreign investors, especially in the industrial", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4567365711342114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 86, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.725386"} {"text": "the oil sector ' s contribution to gdp to 9 percent by 2020. muscat is attempting to \" omanize \" the labor force by replacing foreign expatriate workers with local workers. oman actively seeks private foreign investors, especially in the industrial, information technology, tourism, and higher education fields. industrial development plans focus on gas resources, metal manufacturing, petrochemicals, and international transshipment ports. the pacific ocean is a major contributor to the world economy and particularly to those nations its waters directly touch. it provides low - cost sea transportation between east and west, extensive fishing grounds, offshore oil and gas fields, minerals, and sand and gravel for the construction industry. in 1996, over 60 % of the world ' s fish catch came from the pacific ocean. exploitation of offshore oil and gas reserves is playing an ever - increasing role in the energy supplies of the us, australia, nz, china, and peru. the high cost of recovering offshore oil and gas, combined with the wide swings in world prices for oil since 1985, has led to fluctuations in new drillings. pakistan, an impoverished and underdeveloped country, has suffered from decades of internal political disputes, low levels of foreign investment, and a costly, ongoing confrontation with neighboring india. however, imf - approved government policies, bolstered by generous foreign assistance and renewed access to global markets since 2001, have generated solid macroeconomic recovery the last five years. the government has made substantial macroeconomic reforms since 2000, most notably privatizing the banking sector. poverty levels have decreased by 10 % since 2001, and islamabad has steadily raised development spending in recent years, including a 52 % real increase in the budget allocation for development in fy07, a necessary step toward reversing the broad underdevelopment of its social sector. the fiscal deficit - the result of chronically low tax collection and increased spending, including reconstruction costs from the october 2005 earthquake - appears manageable for now. gdp growth, spurred by gains in the industrial and service sectors, remained in the 6 - 8 % range in 2004 - 07. inflation remains the biggest threat to the economy, jumping to more than 9 % in 2005 before easing to 6. 9 % in 2007. the central bank is pursuing tighter monetary policy while trying to preserve growth. foreign exchange reserves are bolstered by steady worker remittances, but a growing current account deficit - driven by a widening trade gap as import growth outstrips export expansion - could draw down reserves and dampen gdp", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4457668398061333, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 87, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.726447"} {"text": "trying to preserve growth. foreign exchange reserves are bolstered by steady worker remittances, but a growing current account deficit - driven by a widening trade gap as import growth outstrips export expansion - could draw down reserves and dampen gdp growth in the medium term. the economy consists primarily of tourism, subsistence agriculture, and fishing. the government is the major employer of the work force, relying heavily on financial assistance from the us. business and tourist arrivals numbered 63, 000 in 2003. the population enjoys a per capita income roughly 50 % higher than that of the philippines and much of micronesia. long - run prospects for the key tourist sector have been greatly bolstered by the expansion of air travel in the pacific, the rising prosperity of leading east asian countries, and the willingness of foreigners to finance infrastructure development. panama ' s dollarized economy rests primarily on a well - developed services sector that accounts for three - fourths of gdp. services include operating the panama canal, banking, the colon free zone, insurance, container ports, flagship registry, and tourism. economic growth will be bolstered by the panama canal expansion project that began in 2007 and should be completed by 2014 at a cost of $ 5. 3 billion ( about 30 % of current gdp ). the expansion project will more than double the canal ' s capacity, enabling it to accommodate ships that are now too large to transverse the transoceanic crossway and should help to reduce the high unemployment rate. the government has implemented tax reforms, as well as social security reforms, and backs regional trade agreements and development of tourism. not a cafta signatory, panama in december 2006 independently negotiated a free trade agreement with the us, which, when implemented, will help promote the country ' s economic growth. papua new guinea is richly endowed with natural resources, but exploitation has been hampered by rugged terrain and the high cost of developing infrastructure. agriculture provides a subsistence livelihood for 85 % of the population. mineral deposits, including copper, gold, and oil, account for nearly two - thirds of export earnings. the government of prime minister somare has expended much of its energy remaining in power. he was the first prime minister ever to serve a full five - year term. the government also brought stability to the national budget, largely through expenditure control ; however, it relaxed spending constraints in 2006 and 2007 as elections approached. numerous challenges still face the government including regaining investor confidence, restoring integrity to state institutions, promoting economic efficiency by privatizing moribund state institutions, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4283920106548572, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 88, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.727432"} {"text": ", largely through expenditure control ; however, it relaxed spending constraints in 2006 and 2007 as elections approached. numerous challenges still face the government including regaining investor confidence, restoring integrity to state institutions, promoting economic efficiency by privatizing moribund state institutions, and balancing relations with australia, its former colonial ruler. other socio - cultural challenges could upend the economy including a worsening hiv / aids epidemic and chronic law and order and land tenure issues. australia will supply more than $ 300 million in aid in fy07 / 08, which accounts for nearly 20 % of the national budget. landlocked paraguay has a market economy marked by a large informal sector. this sector features both reexport of imported consumer goods to neighboring countries, as well as the activities of thousands of microenterprises and urban street vendors. because of the importance of the informal sector, accurate economic measures are difficult to obtain. a large percentage of the population, especially in rural areas, derives its living from agricultural activity, often on a subsistence basis. on a per capita basis, real income has stagnated at 1980 levels. most observers attribute paraguay ' s poor economic performance to political uncertainty, corruption, limited progress on structural reform, and deficient infrastructure. the economy rebounded between 2003 and 2007, posting modest growth each year. growing world demand for commodities combined with high prices and favorable weather to support paraguay ' s commodity - based export expansion. peru ' s economy reflects its varied geography - an arid coastal region, the andes further inland, and tropical lands bordering colombia and brazil. abundant mineral resources are found in the mountainous areas, and peru ' s coastal waters provide excellent fishing grounds. however, overdependence on minerals and metals subjects the economy to fluctuations in world prices, and a lack of infrastructure deters trade and investment. after several years of inconsistent economic performance, the peruvian economy grew by more than 4 % per year during the period 2002 - 06, with a stable exchange rate and low inflation. growth jumped to 7. 5 % in 2007, driven by higher world prices for minerals and metals. risk premiums on peruvian bonds on secondary markets reached historically low levels in late 2004, reflecting investor optimism regarding the government ' s prudent fiscal policies and openness to trade and investment. despite the strong macroeconomic performance, underemployment and poverty have stayed persistently high. growth prospects depend on exports of minerals, textiles, and agricultural products, and by expectations for the camisea natural gas megaproject and for other promising energy projects.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.459644917395604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 89, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.728695"} {"text": ". in 2007, gdp grew an estimated 6. 5 %, based on rising private consumption, a jump in corporate investment, and eu funds inflows. gdp per capita is still much below the eu average, but is similar to that of the three baltic states. since 2004, eu membership and access to eu structural funds have provided a major boost to the economy. unemployment is falling rapidly, though at roughly 11 % in december 2007, it remains well above the eu average. tightening labor markets, and rising global energy and food prices, pose a risk to consumer price stability. in december 2007 inflation reached 4. 1 % on a year - over - year basis, or higher than the upper limit of the national bank of poland ' s target range. poland ' s economic performance could improve further if the country addresses some of the remaining deficiencies in its business environment. an inefficient commercial court system, a rigid labor code, bureaucratic red tape, and persistent low - level corruption keep the private sector from performing up to its full potential. rising demands to fund health care, education, and the state pension system present a challenge to the polish government ' s effort to hold the consolidated public sector budget deficit under 3. 0 % of gdp, a target which was achieved in 2007. the po / psl coalition government which came to power in november 2007 plans to further reduce the budget deficit with the aim of eventually adopting the euro. the new government has also announced its intention to enact business - friendly reforms, reduce public sector spending growth, lower taxes, and accelerate privatization. however, the government does not have the necessary two - thirds majority needed to override a presidential veto, and thus may have to water down initiatives in order to garner enough support to pass its pro - business policies. portugal has become a diversified and increasingly service - based economy since joining the european community in 1986. over the past two decades, successive governments have privatized many state - controlled firms and liberalized key areas of the economy, including the financial and telecommunications sectors. the country qualified for the european monetary union ( emu ) in 1998 and began circulating the euro on 1 january 2002 along with 11 other eu member economies. economic growth had been above the eu average for much of the 1990s, but fell back in 2001 - 07. gdp per capita stands at roughly two - thirds of the eu - 27 average. a poor educational system, in particular, has been an obstacle to greater productivity and growth. portugal has been increasingly overshadowed by lower - cost producers in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4305562186554597, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 91, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.730940"} {"text": "in 2001 - 07. gdp per capita stands at roughly two - thirds of the eu - 27 average. a poor educational system, in particular, has been an obstacle to greater productivity and growth. portugal has been increasingly overshadowed by lower - cost producers in central europe and asia as a target for foreign direct investment. the budget deficit surged to an all - time high of 6 % of gdp in 2005, but the government estimates it at 3 % in 2007 - a year ahead of portugal ' s targeted schedule - thanks partly to deficit - cutting efforts. nonetheless, the government faces tough choices in its attempts to boost portugal ' s economic competitiveness while keeping the budget deficit within the eurozone ' s 3 % - of - gdp ceiling. puerto rico has one of the most dynamic economies in the caribbean region. a diverse industrial sector has far surpassed agriculture as the primary locus of economic activity and income. encouraged by duty - free access to the us and by tax incentives, us firms have invested heavily in puerto rico since the 1950s. us minimum wage laws apply. sugar production has lost out to dairy production and other livestock products as the main source of income in the agricultural sector. tourism has traditionally been an important source of income, with estimated arrivals of nearly 5 million tourists in 2004. growth fell off in 2001 - 03, largely due to the slowdown in the us economy, recovered in 2004 - 05, but declined again in 2006 - 07. qatar is in the midst of an economic boom supported by its expanding production of natural gas and oil. economic policy is focused on development of qatar ' s nonassociated natural gas reserves and increasing private and foreign investment in non - energy sectors. oil and gas account for more than 60 % of gdp, roughly 85 % of export earnings, and 70 % of government revenues. oil and gas have made qatar one of the world ' s faster growing and higher per - capita income countries - equal to the eu in 2007 per - capita income. sustained high oil prices and increased natural gas exports in recent years have helped build qatar ' s budget and trade surpluses and foreign reserves. proved oil reserves of more than 15 billion barrels should ensure continued output at current levels for 22 years. qatar ' s proved reserves of natural gas are roughly 25 trillion cubic meters, about 15 % of the world total and third largest in the world. qatar has permitted substantial foreign investment in the development of its gas fields during the last decade and became the world ' s top liquefied natural gas ( lng ) exporter in 2007. romania, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45905092850140716, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 92, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.731924"} {"text": "world total and third largest in the world. qatar has permitted substantial foreign investment in the development of its gas fields during the last decade and became the world ' s top liquefied natural gas ( lng ) exporter in 2007. romania, which joined the european union on 1 january 2007, began the transition from communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country ' s needs. the country emerged in 2000 from a punishing three - year recession thanks to strong demand in eu export markets. domestic consumption and investment have fueled strong gdp growth in recent years, but have led to large current account imbalances. romania ' s macroeconomic gains have only recently started to spur creation of a middle class and address romania ' s widespread poverty. corruption and red tape continue to handicap its business environment. inflation rose in 2007 for the first time in eight years, driven in part by the depreciation of the currency, rising energy costs, a nation - wide drought affecting food prices, and a relaxation of fiscal discipline. romania hopes to adopt the euro by 2014. russia ended 2007 with its ninth straight year of growth, averaging 7 % annually since the financial crisis of 1998. although high oil prices and a relatively cheap ruble initially drove this growth, since 2003 consumer demand and, more recently, investment have played a significant role. over the last six years, fixed capital investments have averaged real gains greater than 10 % per year and personal incomes have achieved real gains more than 12 % per year. during this time, poverty has declined steadily and the middle class has continued to expand. russia has also improved its international financial position since the 1998 financial crisis. the federal budget has run surpluses since 2001 and ended 2007 with a surplus of about 3 % of gdp. over the past several years, russia has used its stabilization fund based on oil taxes to prepay all soviet - era sovereign debt to paris club creditors and the imf. foreign debt is approximately one - third of gdp. the state component of foreign debt has declined, but commercial debt to foreigners has risen strongly. oil export earnings have allowed russia to increase its foreign reserves from $ 12 billion in 1999 to some $ 470 billion at yearend 2007, the third largest reserves in the world. during putin ' s first administration, a number of important reforms were implemented in the areas of tax, banking, labor, and land codes. these achievements have raised business and investor confidence in russia ' s economic prospects, with foreign direct investment rising from $ 14. 6 billion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4545614525814336, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 93, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.734832"} {"text": "first administration, a number of important reforms were implemented in the areas of tax, banking, labor, and land codes. these achievements have raised business and investor confidence in russia ' s economic prospects, with foreign direct investment rising from $ 14. 6 billion in 2005 to approximately $ 45 billion in 2007. in 2007, russia ' s gdp grew 7. 6 %, led by non - tradable services and goods for the domestic market, as opposed to oil or mineral extraction and exports. rising inflation returned in the second half of 2007, driven largely by unsterilized capital inflows and by rising food costs, and approached 12 % by year - end. in 2006, russia signed a bilateral market access agreement with the us as a prelude to possible wto entry, and its companies are involved in global merger and acquisition activity in the oil and gas, metals, and telecom sectors. despite russia ' s recent success, serious problems persist. oil, natural gas, metals, and timber account for more than 80 % of exports and 30 % of government revenues, leaving the country vulnerable to swings in world commodity prices. russia ' s manufacturing base is dilapidated and must be replaced or modernized if the country is to achieve broad - based economic growth. the banking system, while increasing consumer lending and growing at a high rate, is still small relative to the banking sectors of russia ' s emerging market peers. political uncertainties associated with this year ' s power transition, corruption, and lack of trust in institutions continue to dampen domestic and foreign investor sentiment. president putin has granted more influence to forces within his government that desire to reassert state control over the economy. russia has made little progress in building the rule of law, the bedrock of a modern market economy. the government has promised additional legislative amendments to make its intellectual property protection wto - consistent, but enforcement remains problematic. rwanda is a poor rural country with about 90 % of the population engaged in ( mainly subsistence ) agriculture. it is the most densely populated country in africa and is landlocked with few natural resources and minimal industry. primary foreign exchange earners are coffee and tea. the 1994 genocide decimated rwanda ' s fragile economic base, severely impoverished the population, particularly women, and eroded the country ' s ability to attract private and external investment. however, rwanda has made substantial progress in stabilizing and rehabilitating its economy to pre - 1994 levels, although poverty levels are higher now. gdp has rebounded and inflation has been curbed. despite rwanda ' s fertile ecosystem", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4873969243413176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 94, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.736090"} {"text": "investment. however, rwanda has made substantial progress in stabilizing and rehabilitating its economy to pre - 1994 levels, although poverty levels are higher now. gdp has rebounded and inflation has been curbed. despite rwanda ' s fertile ecosystem, food production often does not keep pace with population growth, requiring food imports. rwanda continues to receive substantial aid money and obtained imf - world bank heavily indebted poor country ( hipc ) initiative debt relief in 2005 - 06. rwanda also received millennium challenge account threshold status in 2006. the government has embraced an expansionary fiscal policy to reduce poverty by improving education, infrastructure, and foreign and domestic investment and pursuing market - oriented reforms, although energy shortages, instability in neighboring states, and lack of adequate transportation linkages to other countries continue to handicap growth. the economy of saint barthelemy is based upon high - end tourism and duty - free luxury commerce, serving visitors primarily from north america. the luxury hotels and villas host 70, 000 visitors each year with another 130, 000 arriving by boat. the relative isolation and high cost of living inhibits mass tourism. the construction and public sectors also enjoy significant investment in support of tourism. with limited fresh water resources, all food must be imported, as must all energy resources and most manufactured goods. employment is strong and attracts labor from brazil and portugal. the economy depends largely on financial assistance from the uk, which will amount to about $ 27 million in fy06 / 07 or almost 70 % of annual budgetary revenues. the local population earns income from fishing, raising livestock, and sales of handicrafts. because there are few jobs, 25 % of the work force has left to seek employment on ascension island, on the falklands, and in the uk. sugar was the traditional mainstay of the saint kitts economy until the 1970s. following the 2005 harvest, the government closed the sugar industry after decades of losses of 3 - 4 % of gdp annually. to compensate for employment losses, the government has embarked on a program to diversify the agricultural sector and to stimulate other sectors of the economy. activities such as tourism, export - oriented manufacturing, and offshore banking have assumed larger roles in the economy and have contributed to the recent robust growth. tourism revenues are now the chief source of the islands ' foreign exchange ; about 341, 800 tourists visited nevis in 2005. the current government is constrained by a high debt burden, public debt reached 190 % of gdp by the end of 2005, largely attributable to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4501804410094975, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 95, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.737116"} {"text": "chief source of the islands ' foreign exchange ; about 341, 800 tourists visited nevis in 2005. the current government is constrained by a high debt burden, public debt reached 190 % of gdp by the end of 2005, largely attributable to public enterprise losses. the island nation has been able to attract foreign business and investment, especially in its offshore banking and tourism industries, with a surge in foreign direct investment in 2006, attributed to the construction of several tourism projects. tourism is the main source of foreign exchange, with more than 700, 000 arrivals in 2005. the manufacturing sector is the most diverse in the eastern caribbean area, and the government is trying to revitalize the banana industry. saint lucia is vulnerable to a variety of external shocks including declines in european union banana preferences, volatile tourism receipts, natural disasters, and dependence on foreign oil. high debt servicing obligations constrain the king administration ' s ability to respond to adverse external shocks. economic fundamentals remain solid, even though unemployment needs to be reduced. the economy of saint martin centers around tourism with 85 % of the labor force engaged in this sector. over one million visitors come to the island each year with most arriving through the princess juliana international airport in sint maarten. no significant agriculture and limited local fishing means that almost all food must be imported. energy resources and manufactured goods are also imported, primarily from mexico and the united states. saint martin is reported to have the highest per capita income in the caribbean. the inhabitants have traditionally earned their livelihood by fishing and by servicing fishing fleets operating off the coast of newfoundland. the economy has been declining, however, because of disputes with canada over fishing quotas and a steady decline in the number of ships stopping at saint pierre. in 1992, an arbitration panel awarded the islands an exclusive economic zone of 12, 348 sq km to settle a longstanding territorial dispute with canada, although it represents only 25 % of what france had sought. france heavily subsidizes the islands to the great betterment of living standards. the government hopes an expansion of tourism will boost economic prospects. fish farming, crab fishing, and agriculture are being developed to diversify the local economy. recent test drilling for oil may pave the way for development of the energy sector. economic growth slowed slightly in 2007 after reaching a 10 year high of nearly 7 % in 2006, but is expected to remain robust, hinging upon seasonal variations in the agricultural and tourism sectors and a recent increase in construction activity. this lower - middle - income country is vulnerable to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42772799967110076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 96, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.739737"} {"text": "2007 after reaching a 10 year high of nearly 7 % in 2006, but is expected to remain robust, hinging upon seasonal variations in the agricultural and tourism sectors and a recent increase in construction activity. this lower - middle - income country is vulnerable to natural disasters - tropical storms wiped out substantial portions of crops in 1994, 1995, and 2002. in 2005, the islands had more than 160, 000 tourist arrivals, mostly to the grenadines. saint vincent is home to a small offshore banking sector and has moved to adopt international regulatory standards. the government ' s ability to invest in social programs and respond to external shocks is constrained by its high debt burden - 25 percent of current revenues are directed towards debt servicing. the economy of samoa has traditionally been dependent on development aid, family remittances from overseas, agriculture, and fishing. the country is vulnerable to devastating storms. agriculture employs two - thirds of the labor force and furnishes 90 % of exports, featuring coconut cream, coconut oil, and copra. the fish catch declined during the el nino of 2002 - 03 but returned to normal by mid - 2005. the manufacturing sector mainly processes agricultural products. one factory in the foreign trade zone employs 3, 000 people to make automobile electrical harnesses for an assembly plant in australia. tourism is an expanding sector, accounting for 25 % of gdp ; about 100, 000 tourists visited the islands in 2005. the samoan government has called for deregulation of the financial sector, encouragement of investment, and continued fiscal discipline, while at the same time protecting the environment. observers point to the flexibility of the labor market as a basic strength for future economic advances. foreign reserves are in a relatively healthy state, the external debt is stable, and inflation is low. the tourist sector contributes over 50 % of gdp. in 2006 more than 2. 1 million tourists visited san marino. the key industries are banking, clothing and apparel, electronics, and ceramics. main agricultural products are wine and cheeses. the per capita level of output and standard of living are comparable to those of the most prosperous regions of italy, which supplies much of its food. this small, poor island economy has become increasingly dependent on cocoa since independence in 1975. cocoa production has substantially declined in recent years because of drought and mismanagement. sao tome has to import all fuels, most manufactured goods, consumer goods, and a substantial amount of food. over the years, it has had difficulty servicing its external debt and has relied heavily on concessional aid and debt rescheduling", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4279073503074055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 97, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.741221"} {"text": "lacks the education and technical skills the private sector needs. riyadh has substantially boosted spending on job training and education, infrastructure development, and government salaries. as part of its effort to attract foreign investment and diversify the economy, saudi arabia acceded to the wto in december 2005 after many years of negotiations. the government has announced plans to establish six \" economic cities \" in different regions of the country to promote development and diversification. in january 1994, senegal undertook a bold and ambitious economic reform program with the support of the international donor community. this reform began with a 50 % devaluation of senegal ' s currency, the cfa franc, which was linked at a fixed rate to the french franc. government price controls and subsidies have been steadily dismantled. after seeing its economy contract by 2. 1 % in 1993, senegal made an important turnaround, thanks to the reform program, with real growth in gdp averaging over 5 % annually during 1995 - 2007. annual inflation had been pushed down to the low single digits. as a member of the west african economic and monetary union ( waemu ), senegal is working toward greater regional integration with a unified external tariff and a more stable monetary policy. high unemployment, however, continues to prompt illegal migrants to flee senegal in search of better job opportunities in europe. senegal was also beset by an energy crisis that caused widespread blackouts in 2006 and 2007. the phosphate industry has struggled for two years to secure capital, and reduced output has directly impacted gdp. in 2007, senegal signed agreements for major new mining concessions for iron, zircon, and gold with foreign companies. firms from dubai have agreed to manage and modernize dakar ' s maritime port, and create a new special economic zone. senegal still relies heavily upon outside donor assistance. under the imf ' s highly indebted poor countries ( hipc ) debt relief program, senegal has benefited from eradication of two - thirds of its bilateral, multilateral, and private - sector debt. in 2007, senegal and the imf agreed to a new, non - disbursing, policy support initiative program. milosevic - era mismanagement of the economy, an extended period of economic sanctions, and the damage to yugoslavia ' s infrastructure and industry during the nato airstrikes in 1999 left the economy only half the size it was in 1990. after the ousting of former federal yugoslav president milosevic in october 2000, the democratic opposition of serbia ( dos ) coalition government implemented stabilization measures and embarked on a market", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4630315799165714, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 99, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.743614"} {"text": "and tuna sectors, but resumed in 2005 - 07. real gdp grew by 5. 8 % in 2007, driven by tourism and a boom in tourism - related construction. the seychelles rupee was allowed to depreciate in 2006 after being overvalued for years and fell by 10 % in the first 9 months of 2007. sierra leone is an extremely poor nation with tremendous inequality in income distribution. while it possesses substantial mineral, agricultural, and fishery resources, its physical and social infrastructure is not well developed, and serious social disorders continue to hamper economic development. nearly half of the working - age population engages in subsistence agriculture. manufacturing consists mainly of the processing of raw materials and of light manufacturing for the domestic market. alluvial diamond mining remains the major source of hard currency earnings accounting for nearly half of sierra leone ' s exports. the fate of the economy depends upon the maintenance of domestic peace and the continued receipt of substantial aid from abroad, which is essential to offset the severe trade imbalance and supplement government revenues. the imf has completed a poverty reduction and growth facility program that helped stabilize economic growth and reduce inflation. a recent increase in political stability has led to a revival of economic activity such as the rehabilitation of bauxite and rutile mining. singapore has a highly developed and successful free - market economy. it enjoys a remarkably open and corruption - free environment, stable prices, and a per capita gdp equal to that of the four largest west european countries. the economy depends heavily on exports, particularly in consumer electronics and information technology products. it was hard hit from 2001 - 03 by the global recession, by the slump in the technology sector, and by an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome ( sars ) in 2003, which curbed tourism and consumer spending. fiscal stimulus, low interest rates, a surge in exports, and internal flexibility led to vigorous growth in 2004 - 07 with real gdp growth averaging 7 % annually. the government hopes to establish a new growth path that will be less vulnerable to the global demand cycle for information technology products - it has attracted major investments in pharmaceuticals and medical technology production - and will continue efforts to establish singapore as southeast asia ' s financial and high - tech hub. slovakia has mastered much of the difficult transition from a centrally planned economy to a modern market economy. the dzurinda government made excellent progress during 2001 - 04 in macroeconomic stabilization and structural reform. major privatizations are nearly complete, the banking sector is almost completely in foreign hands, and the government has helped facilitate a foreign investment boom", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4554126459987706, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 101, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.746007"} {"text": "economy. the dzurinda government made excellent progress during 2001 - 04 in macroeconomic stabilization and structural reform. major privatizations are nearly complete, the banking sector is almost completely in foreign hands, and the government has helped facilitate a foreign investment boom with business friendly policies such as labor market liberalization and a 19 % flat tax. foreign investment in the automotive sector has been strong. slovakia ' s economic growth exceeded expectations in 2001 - 07 despite the general european slowdown. unemployment, at an unacceptable 18 % in 2003 - 04, dropped to 8. 6 % in 2007 but remains the economy ' s achilles heel. slovakia joined the eu on 1 may 2004 and will be the second of the new eu member states to adopt the euro in 2009 if it continues to meet euro adoption criteria in 2008. despite its 2006 pre - election promises to loosen fiscal policy and reverse the previous dzurinda government ' s pro - market reforms, fico ' s cabinet has thus far been careful to keep a lid on spending in order to meet euro adoption criteria. the fico government is pursuing a state - interventionist economic policy, however, and has pushed to regulate energy and food prices. slovenia, which on 1 january 2007 became the first 2004 european union entrant to adopt the euro, is a model of economic success and stability for the region. with the highest per capita gdp in central europe, slovenia has excellent infrastructure, a well - educated work force, and a strategic location between the balkans and western europe. privatization has lagged since 2002, and the economy has one of highest levels of state control in the eu. structural reforms to improve the business environment have allowed for somewhat greater foreign participation in slovenia ' s economy and have helped to lower unemployment. in march 2004, slovenia became the first transition country to graduate from borrower status to donor partner at the world bank. in december 2007, slovenia was invited to begin the accession process for joining the oecd. despite its economic success, foreign direct investment ( fdi ) in slovenia has lagged behind the region average, and taxes remain relatively high. furthermore, the labor market is often seen as inflexible, and legacy industries are losing sales to more competitive firms in china, india, and elsewhere. the bulk of the population depends on agriculture, fishing, and forestry for at least part of its livelihood. most manufactured goods and petroleum products must be imported. the islands are rich in undeveloped mineral resources such as lead, zinc, nickel, and gold. prior to the arrival of the regional assistance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4312069373073734, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 102, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.747048"} {"text": ", fishing, and forestry for at least part of its livelihood. most manufactured goods and petroleum products must be imported. the islands are rich in undeveloped mineral resources such as lead, zinc, nickel, and gold. prior to the arrival of the regional assistance mission to the solomon islands ( ramsi ), severe ethnic violence, the closing of key businesses, and an empty government treasury culminated in economic collapse. ramsi ' s efforts to restore law and order and economic stability have led to modest growth as the economy rebuilds. despite the lack of effective national governance, somalia has maintained a healthy informal economy, largely based on livestock, remittance / money transfer companies, and telecommunications. agriculture is the most important sector, with livestock normally accounting for about 40 % of gdp and about 65 % of export earnings. nomads and semi - pastoralists, who are dependent upon livestock for their livelihood, make up a large portion of the population. livestock, hides, fish, charcoal, and bananas are somalia ' s principal exports, while sugar, sorghum, corn, qat, and machined goods are the principal imports. somalia ' s small industrial sector, based on the processing of agricultural products, has largely been looted and sold as scrap metal. somalia ' s service sector also has grown. telecommunication firms provide wireless services in most major cities and offer the lowest international call rates on the continent. in the absence of a formal banking sector, money exchange services have sprouted throughout the country, handling between $ 500 million and $ 1 billion in remittances annually. mogadishu ' s main market offers a variety of goods from food to the newest electronic gadgets. hotels continue to operate and are supported with private - security militias. somalia ' s arrears to the imf continued to grow in 2006 - 07. statistics on somalia ' s gdp, growth, per capita income, and inflation should be viewed skeptically. in late december 2004, a major tsunami caused an estimated 150 deaths and resulted in destruction of property in coastal areas. south africa is a middle - income, emerging market with an abundant supply of natural resources ; well - developed financial, legal, communications, energy, and transport sectors ; a stock exchange that is 17th largest in the world ; and modern infrastructure supporting an efficient distribution of goods to major urban centers throughout the region. growth has been robust since 2004, as south africa has reaped the benefits of macroeconomic stability and a global commodities boom. however, unemployment remains high and outdated infrastructure has constrained growth. at", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44922196099165407, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 103, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.748101"} {"text": "distribution of goods to major urban centers throughout the region. growth has been robust since 2004, as south africa has reaped the benefits of macroeconomic stability and a global commodities boom. however, unemployment remains high and outdated infrastructure has constrained growth. at the end of 2007, south africa began to experience an electricity crisis because state power supplier eskom suffered supply problems with aged plants, necessitating \" load - shedding \" cuts to residents and businesses in the major cities. daunting economic problems remain from the apartheid era - especially poverty, lack of economic empowerment among the disadvantaged groups, and a shortage of public transportation. south african economic policy is fiscally conservative but pragmatic, focusing on controlling inflation, maintaining a budget surplus, and using state - owned enterprises to deliver basic services to low - income areas as a means to increase job growth and household income. some fishing takes place in adjacent waters. there is a potential source of income from harvesting finfish and krill. the islands receive income from postage stamps produced in the uk, sale of fishing licenses, and harbor and landing fees from tourist vessels. tourism from specialized cruise ships is increasing rapidly. fisheries in 2003 - 04 landed 136, 262 metric tons, of which 87 % ( 118, 166 tons ) was krill and 8 % ( 11, 182 tons ) patagonian toothfish, compared to 142, 555 tons in 2002 - 03 of which 83 % ( 117, 728 tons ) was krill and 12 % ( 16, 479 tons ) patagonian toothfish ( estimated fishing from the area covered by the convention of the conservation of antarctic marine living resources ( ccamlr ), which extends slightly beyond the southern ocean area ). international agreements were adopted in late 1999 to reduce illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, which in the 2000 - 01 season landed, by one estimate, 8, 376 metric tons of patagonian and antarctic toothfish. in the 2004 - 05 antarctic summer, 28, 202 tourists, most of them seaborne ( approximately 97 % ), visited the southern ocean and antarctica, compared to 14, 762 in 1999 - 2000. the spanish economy boomed from 1986 to 1990 averaging 5 % annual growth. after a european - wide recession in the early 1990s, the spanish economy resumed moderate growth starting in 1994. spain ' s mixed capitalist economy supports a gdp that on a per capita basis is equal to that of the leading west european economies. the center - right government of former president jose maria aznar", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4646133841021687, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 104, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.749062"} {"text": "1990s, the spanish economy resumed moderate growth starting in 1994. spain ' s mixed capitalist economy supports a gdp that on a per capita basis is equal to that of the leading west european economies. the center - right government of former president jose maria aznar successfully worked to gain admission to the first group of countries launching the european single currency ( the euro ) on 1 january 1999. the aznar administration continued to advocate liberalization, privatization, and deregulation of the economy and introduced some tax reforms to that end. unemployment fell steadily under the aznar administration but remains high at 7. 6 %. growth averaging more than 3 % annually during 2003 - 07 was satisfactory given the background of a faltering european economy. the socialist president, rodriguez zapatero, has made mixed progress in carrying out key structural reforms, which need to be accelerated and deepened to sustain spain ' s economic growth. despite the economy ' s relative solid footing significant downside risks remain including spain ' s continued loss of competitiveness, the potential for a housing market collapse, the country ' s changing demographic profile, and a decline in eu structural funds. economic activity is limited to commercial fishing. the proximity to nearby oil - and gas - producing sedimentary basins suggests the potential for oil and gas deposits, but the region is largely unexplored. there are no reliable estimates of potential reserves. commercial exploitation has yet to be developed. in 1977, colombo abandoned statist economic policies and its import substitution trade policy for more market - oriented policies, export - oriented trade, and encouragement of foreign investment. recent changes in government, however, have brought some policy reversals. currently, the ruling sri lanka freedom party has a more statist economic approach, which seeks to reduce poverty by steering investment to disadvantaged areas, developing small and medium enterprises, promoting agriculture, and expanding the already enormous civil service. the government has halted privatizations. although suffering a brutal civil war that began in 1983, sri lanka saw gdp growth average 4. 5 % in the last 10 years with the exception of a recession in 2001. in late december 2004, a major tsunami took about 31, 000 lives, left more than 6, 300 missing and 443, 000 displaced, and destroyed an estimated $ 1. 5 billion worth of property. government spending and reconstruction drove growth to more than 7 % in 2006 but reduced agriculture output probably slowed growth to about 6 percent in 2007. government spending and lose monetary policy drove inflation to 16 % in 2007. sri lanka ' s most dynamic sectors now are food processing, textiles", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45346169699178684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 105, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.751463"} {"text": "drove growth to more than 7 % in 2006 but reduced agriculture output probably slowed growth to about 6 percent in 2007. government spending and lose monetary policy drove inflation to 16 % in 2007. sri lanka ' s most dynamic sectors now are food processing, textiles and apparel, food and beverages, port construction, telecommunications, and insurance and banking. in 2006, plantation crops made up only about 15 % of exports ( compared with more than 90 % in 1970 ), while textiles and garments accounted for more than 60 %. about 800, 000 sri lankans work abroad, 90 % of them in the middle east. they send home more than $ 1 billion a year. the struggle by the tamil tigers of the north and east for an independent homeland continues to cast a shadow over the economy. sudan ' s economy is booming on the back of increases in oil production, high oil prices, and large inflows of foreign direct investment. gdp growth registered more than 10 % per year in 2006 and 2007. from 1997 to date, sudan has been working with the imf to implement macroeconomic reforms, including a managed float of the exchange rate. sudan began exporting crude oil in the last quarter of 1999. agricultural production remains important, because it employs 80 % of the work force and contributes a third of gdp. the darfur conflict, the aftermath of two decades of civil war in the south, the lack of basic infrastructure in large areas, and a reliance by much of the population on subsistence agriculture ensure much of the population will remain at or below the poverty line for years despite rapid rises in average per capita income. in january 2007, the government introduced a new currency, the sudanese pound, at an initial exchange rate of $ 1. 00 equals 2 sudanese pounds. the economy is dominated by the mining industry, with exports of alumina, gold, and oil accounting for about 55 % of gdp, 85 % of exports, and 25 % of government revenues, making the economy highly vulnerable to mineral price volatility. the short - term economic outlook depends on the government ' s ability to control inflation and on the development of projects in the bauxite and gold mining sectors. suriname ' s economic prospects for the medium term will depend on continued commitment to responsible monetary and fiscal policies and to the introduction of structural reforms to liberalize markets and promote competition. in 2000, the government of ronald venetiaan, returned to office and inherited an economy with inflation of over 100 % and a growing fiscal deficit. he quickly implemented an austerity program, raised", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4459759712156591, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 106, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.753167"} {"text": "reforms to liberalize markets and promote competition. in 2000, the government of ronald venetiaan, returned to office and inherited an economy with inflation of over 100 % and a growing fiscal deficit. he quickly implemented an austerity program, raised taxes, attempted to control spending, and tamed inflation. these economic policies are likely to remain in effect during venetiaan ' s third term. prospects for local onshore oil production are good as a drilling program is underway. offshore oil drilling was given a boost in 2004 when the state oil company ( staatsolie ) signed exploration agreements with repsol, maersk, and occidental. bidding on these new offshore blocks was completed in july 2006. coal mining is the major economic activity on svalbard. the treaty of 9 february 1920 gave the 41 signatories equal rights to exploit mineral deposits, subject to norwegian regulation. although us, uk, dutch, and swedish coal companies have mined in the past, the only companies still mining are norwegian and russian. the settlements on svalbard are essentially company towns. the norwegian state - owned coal company employs nearly 60 % of the norwegian population on the island, runs many of the local services, and provides most of the local infrastructure. there is also some hunting of seal, reindeer, and fox. in this small, landlocked economy, subsistence agriculture occupies approximately 70 % of the population. the manufacturing sector has diversified since the mid - 1980s. sugar and wood pulp remain important foreign exchange earners. in 2007, the sugar industry increased efficiency and diversification efforts, in response to a 17 % decline in eu sugar prices. mining has declined in importance in recent years with only coal and quarry stone mines remaining active. surrounded by south africa, except for a short border with mozambique, swaziland is heavily dependent on south africa from which it receives more than nine - tenths of its imports and to which it sends 60 % of its exports. swaziland ' s currency is pegged to the south african rand, subsuming swaziland ' s monetary policy to south africa. customs duties from the southern african customs union, which may equal as much as 70 % of government revenue this year, and worker remittances from south africa substantially supplement domestically earned income. swaziland is not poor enough to merit an imf program ; however, the country is struggling to reduce the size of the civil service and control costs at public enterprises. the government is trying to improve the atmosphere for foreign investment. with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44776786134914076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 107, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.754298"} {"text": "income. swaziland is not poor enough to merit an imf program ; however, the country is struggling to reduce the size of the civil service and control costs at public enterprises. the government is trying to improve the atmosphere for foreign investment. with an estimated 40 % unemployment rate, swaziland ' s need to increase the number and size of small and medium enterprises and attract foreign direct investment is acute. overgrazing, soil depletion, drought, and sometimes floods persist as problems for the future. more than one - fourth of the population needed emergency food aid in 2006 - 07 because of drought, and nearly two - fifths of the adult population has been infected by hiv / aids. aided by peace and neutrality for the whole of the 20th century, sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living under a mixed system of high - tech capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. it has a modern distribution system, excellent internal and external communications, and a skilled labor force. timber, hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy heavily oriented toward foreign trade. privately owned firms account for about 90 % of industrial output, of which the engineering sector accounts for 50 % of output and exports. agriculture accounts for only 1 % of gdp and 2 % of employment. sweden is in the midst of a sustained economic upswing, boosted by increased domestic demand and strong exports. this and robust finances have offered the center - right government considerable scope to implement its reform program aimed at increasing employment, reducing welfare dependence, and streamlining the state ' s role in the economy. the govenment plans to sell $ 31 billion in state assets during the next three years to further stimulate growth and raise revenue to pay down the federal debt. in september 2003, swedish voters turned down entry into the euro system concerned about the impact on the economy and sovereignty. switzerland is a peaceful, prosperous, and stable modern market economy with low unemployment, a highly skilled labor force, and a per capita gdp larger than that of the big western european economies. the swiss in recent years have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with the eu ' s to enhance their international competitiveness. switzerland remains a safehaven for investors, because it has maintained a degree of bank secrecy and has kept up the franc ' s long - term external value. reflecting the anemic economic conditions of europe, gdp growth stagnated during the 2001 - 03 period, improved during 2004 - 05, and jumped to 2. 9 % in 2006, and 2. 6 % in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46268399477050204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 108, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.755336"} {"text": "long - term external value. reflecting the anemic economic conditions of europe, gdp growth stagnated during the 2001 - 03 period, improved during 2004 - 05, and jumped to 2. 9 % in 2006, and 2. 6 % in 2007. unemployment has remained at less than half the eu average. the syrian economy grew by an estimated 3. 5 % in real terms in 2007 led by the petroleum and agricultural sectors, which together account for about one - half of gdp. higher crude oil prices countered declining oil production and led to higher budgetary and export receipts. damascus has implemented modest economic reforms in the past few years, including cutting lending interest rates, opening private banks, consolidating all of the multiple exchange rates, raising prices on some subsidized items, most notably, gasoline and cement, and establishing the damascus stock exchange - which is set to begin operations in 2008. in october 2007, for example, damascus raised the price of subsidized gasoline by 20 %, and may institute a rationing system in 2008. in addition, president asad signed legislative decrees to encourage corporate ownership reform, and to allow the central bank to issue treasury bills and bonds for government debt. nevertheless, the economy remains highly controlled by the government. long - run economic constraints include declining oil production, high unemployment and inflation, rising budget deficits, and increasing pressure on water supplies caused by heavy use in agriculture, rapid population growth, industrial expansion, and water pollution. taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with gradually decreasing guidance of investment and foreign trade by the authorities. in keeping with this trend, some large, state - owned banks and industrial firms are being privatized. exports have provided the primary impetus for industrialization. the island runs a large trade surplus, and its foreign reserves are among the world ' s largest. despite restrictions on cross - strait links, china has overtaken the us to become taiwan ' s largest export market and its second - largest source of imports after japan. china is also the island ' s number one destination for foreign direct investment. strong trade performance in 2007 pushed taiwan ' s gdp growth rate above 5 %, and unemployment is below 4 %. tajikistan has one of the lowest per capita gdps among the 15 former soviet republics. only 7 % of the land area is arable ; cotton is the most important crop. mineral resources include silver, gold, uranium, and tungsten. industry consists only of a large aluminum plant, hydropower facilities, and small obsolete factories mostly in light industry and food", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46833514188631126, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 109, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.756360"} {"text": "the land area is arable ; cotton is the most important crop. mineral resources include silver, gold, uranium, and tungsten. industry consists only of a large aluminum plant, hydropower facilities, and small obsolete factories mostly in light industry and food processing. the civil war ( 1992 - 97 ) severely damaged the already weak economic infrastructure and caused a sharp decline in industrial and agricultural production. while tajikistan has experienced steady economic growth since 1997, nearly two - thirds of the population continues to live in abject poverty. economic growth reached 10. 6 % in 2004, but dropped to 8 % in 2005, 7 % in 2006, and 7. 2 % in 2007. tajikistan ' s economic situation remains fragile due to uneven implementation of structural reforms, weak governance, widespread unemployment, and the external debt burden. continued privatization of medium and large state - owned enterprises could increase productivity. a debt restructuring agreement was reached with russia in december 2002 including a $ 250 million write - off of tajikistan ' s $ 300 million debt. tajikistan ranks third in the world in terms of water resources per head. russian investment in the sangtuda i hydropower dam, set to go online late 2007 or early 2008, will increase production of electricity for domestic consumption. the completion of sangtuda ii and rogun dams would substantially add to electricity output, which could also be exported for profit. if finished, rogun will be the world ' s tallest dam. tajikistan was also the recipient of substantial infrastructure development credits from the shanghai cooperation organization to improve roads and an electricity transmission network. to help increase north - south trade, the us funded a $ 36 million bridge which opened in august 2007 and links tajikistan and afghanistan. tanzania is one of the poorest countries in the world. the economy depends heavily on agriculture, which accounts for more than 40 % of gdp, provides 85 % of exports, and employs 80 % of the work force. topography and climatic conditions, however, limit cultivated crops to only 4 % of the land area. industry traditionally featured the processing of agricultural products and light consumer goods. the world bank, the imf, and bilateral donors have provided funds to rehabilitate tanzania ' s out - of - date economic infrastructure and to alleviate poverty. long - term growth through 2005 featured a pickup in industrial production and a substantial increase in output of minerals led by gold. recent banking reforms have helped increase private - sector growth and investment. continued donor assistance and solid macroeconomic policies supported real gdp growth of nearly 7 % in 2007. with a well - developed infrastructure, a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4757540602937183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 110, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.758457"} {"text": "substantial increase in output of minerals led by gold. recent banking reforms have helped increase private - sector growth and investment. continued donor assistance and solid macroeconomic policies supported real gdp growth of nearly 7 % in 2007. with a well - developed infrastructure, a free - enterprise economy, and generally pro - investment policies, thailand appears to have fully recovered from the 1997 - 98 asian financial crisis. the country was one of east asia ' s best performers from 2002 - 04. boosted by strong export growth, the thai economy grew 4. 5 % in 2007. bangkok has pursued preferential trade agreements with a variety of partners in an effort to boost exports and to maintain high growth. by 2007, the tourism sector had largely recovered from the major 2004 tsunami. following the military coup in september 2006, investment and consumer confidence stagnated due to the uncertain political climate that lasted through the december 2007 elections. foreign investor sentiment was further tempered by a 30 % reserve requirement on capital inflows instituted in december 2006, and discussion of amending thailand ' s rules governing foreign - owned businesses. economic growth in 2007 was due almost entirely to robust export performance - despite the pressure of an appreciating currency. exports have performed at record levels, rising nearly 17 % in 2006 and 12 % in 2007. export - oriented manufacturing - in particular automobile production - and farm output are driving these gains. in late 1999, about 70 % of the economic infrastructure of timor - leste was laid waste by indonesian troops and anti - independence militias. three hundred thousand people fled westward. over the next three years a massive international program, manned by 5, 000 peacekeepers ( 8, 000 at peak ) and 1, 300 police officers, led to substantial reconstruction in both urban and rural areas. by the end of 2005, refugees had returned or had settled in indonesia. the country continues to face great challenges in rebuilding its infrastructure, strengthening the civil administration, and generating jobs for young people entering the work force. the development of oil and gas resources in offshore waters has begun to supplement government revenues ahead of schedule and above expectations - the result of high petroleum prices. the technology - intensive industry, however, has done little to create jobs for the unemployed because there are no production facilities in timor. gas is piped to australia. in june 2005 the national parliament unanimously approved the creation of a petroleum fund to serve as a repository for all petroleum revenues and preserve the value of timor - leste ' s petroleum wealth for future generations. the fund held assets of us $ 1. 8 billion as of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4470737015609465, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 111, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.761391"} {"text": "the national parliament unanimously approved the creation of a petroleum fund to serve as a repository for all petroleum revenues and preserve the value of timor - leste ' s petroleum wealth for future generations. the fund held assets of us $ 1. 8 billion as of september 2007. the mid - 2006 outbreak of violence and civil unrest disrupted both private and public sector economic activity and created 100, 000 internally displaced persons - about 10 percent of the population. while real non - oil gdp growth in 2006 was negative, the economy probably rebounded in 2007. the underlying economic policy challenge the country faces remains how best to use oil - and - gas wealth to lift the non - oil economy onto a higher growth path and reduce poverty. in late 2007, the new government announced plans aimed at increasing spending, reducing poverty, and improving the country ' s infrastructure, but it continues to face capacity constraints. in the short term, the government must also address continuing problems related to the crisis of 2006, especially the displaced timorese. this small, sub - saharan economy is heavily dependent on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, which provides employment for 65 % of the labor force. some basic foodstuffs must still be imported. cocoa, coffee, and cotton generate about 40 % of export earnings with cotton being the most important cash crop. togo is the world ' s fourth - largest producer of phosphate. the government ' s decade - long effort, supported by the world bank and the imf, to implement economic reform measures, encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues in line with expenditures has moved slowly. progress depends on follow through on privatization, increased openness in government financial operations, progress toward legislative elections, and continued support from foreign donors. togo is working with donors to write a poverty reduction and growth facility ( prgf ) that could eventually lead to a debt reduction plan. economic growth remains marginal due to declining cotton production, underinvestment in phosphate mining, and strained relations with donors. tokelau ' s small size ( three villages ), isolation, and lack of resources greatly restrain economic development and confine agriculture to the subsistence level. the people rely heavily on aid from new zealand - about $ 4 million annually - to maintain public services with annual aid being substantially greater than gdp. the principal sources of revenue come from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. money is also remitted to families from relatives in new zealand. tonga has a small, open, south pacific island economy. it has a narrow export base in agricultural", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4285366003838095, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 112, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.764833"} {"text": "gradually lessened over the past decade with increasing privatization, simplification of the tax structure, and a prudent approach to debt. progressive social policies also have helped raise living conditions in tunisia relative to the region. real growth, which averaged almost 5 % over the past decade, reached 6. 3 % in 2007 because of development in non - textile manufacturing, a recovery in agricultural production, and strong growth in the services sector. however, tunisia will need to reach even higher growth levels to create sufficient employment opportunities for an already large number of unemployed as well as the growing population of university graduates. broader privatization, further liberalization of the investment code to increase foreign investment, improvements in government efficiency, and reduction of the trade deficit are among the challenges ahead. turkey ' s dynamic economy is a complex mix of modern industry and commerce along with a traditional agriculture sector that still accounts for more than 35 % of employment. it has a strong and rapidly growing private sector, yet the state still plays a major role in basic industry, banking, transport, and communication. the largest industrial sector is textiles and clothing, which accounts for one - third of industrial employment ; it faces stiff competition in international markets with the end of the global quota system. however, other sectors, notably the automotive and electronics industries, are rising in importance within turkey ' s export mix. real gnp growth has exceeded 6 % in many years, but this strong expansion has been interrupted by sharp declines in output in 1994, 1999, and 2001. the economy is turning around with the implementation of economic reforms, and 2004 gdp growth reached 9 %, followed by roughly 5 % annual growth from 2005 - 07. inflation fell to 7. 7 % in 2005 - a 30 - year low but climbed back to 8. 5 % in 2007. despite the strong economic gains from 2002 - 07, which were largely due to renewed investor interest in emerging markets, imf backing, and tighter fiscal policy, the economy is still burdened by a high current account deficit and high external debt. further economic and judicial reforms and prospective eu membership are expected to boost foreign direct investment. the stock value of fdi currently stands at about $ 85 billion. privatization sales are currently approaching $ 21 billion. oil began to flow through the baku - tblisi - ceyhan pipeline in may 2006, marking a major milestone that will bring up to 1 million barrels per day from the caspian to market. in 2007, turkish financial markets weathered significant domestic political turmoil, including turbulence sparked by controversy over the selection of former foreign minister", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4683888100802258, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 114, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.768944"} {"text": "of tourists, accounting for more than three - quarters of the 175, 000 visitors that arrived in 2004. major sources of government revenue also include fees from offshore financial activities and customs receipts. tuvalu consists of a densely populated, scattered group of nine coral atolls with poor soil. the country has no known mineral resources and few exports. subsistence farming and fishing are the primary economic activities. fewer than 1, 000 tourists, on average, visit tuvalu annually. government revenues largely come from the sale of stamps and coins and remittances from seamen on merchant ships abroad. substantial income is received annually from an international trust fund established in 1987 by australia, nz, and the uk and supported also by japan and south korea. thanks to wise investments and conservative withdrawals, this fund grew from an initial $ 17 million to over $ 35 million in 1999. the us government is also a major revenue source for tuvalu because of payments from a 1988 treaty on fisheries. in an effort to reduce its dependence on foreign aid, the government is pursuing public sector reforms, including privatization of some government functions and personnel cuts of up to 7 %. tuvalu derives around $ 1. 5 million per year from the lease of its \". tv \" internet domain name. with merchandise exports only a fraction of merchandise imports, continued reliance must be placed on fishing and telecommunications license fees, remittances from overseas workers, official transfers, and income from overseas investments. uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regular rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper, cobalt, gold, and other minerals. agriculture is the most important sector of the economy, employing over 80 % of the work force. coffee accounts for the bulk of export revenues. since 1986, the government - with the support of foreign countries and international agencies - has acted to rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by undertaking currency reform, raising producer prices on export crops, increasing prices of petroleum products, and improving civil service wages. the policy changes are especially aimed at dampening inflation and boosting production and export earnings. during 1990 - 2001, the economy turned in a solid performance based on continued investment in the rehabilitation of infrastructure, improved incentives for production and exports, reduced inflation, gradually improved domestic security, and the return of exiled indian - ugandan entrepreneurs. growth continues to be solid, despite variability in the price of coffee, uganda ' s principal export, and a consistent upturn in uganda ' s export markets. in 2000, uganda qualified for enhanced highly indebted poor countries (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4280614185256472, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 116, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.775787"} {"text": "ugandan entrepreneurs. growth continues to be solid, despite variability in the price of coffee, uganda ' s principal export, and a consistent upturn in uganda ' s export markets. in 2000, uganda qualified for enhanced highly indebted poor countries ( hipc ) debt relief worth $ 1. 3 billion and paris club debt relief worth $ 145 million. these amounts combined with the original hipc debt relief added up to about $ 2 billion. after russia, the ukrainian republic was far and away the most important economic component of the former soviet union, producing about four times the output of the next - ranking republic. its fertile black soil generated more than one - fourth of soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. likewise, its diversified heavy industry supplied the unique equipment ( for example, large diameter pipes ) and raw materials to industrial and mining sites ( vertical drilling apparatus ) in other regions of the former ussr. shortly after independence was ratified in december 1991, the ukrainian government liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for privatization, but widespread resistance to reform within the government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led to some backtracking. output by 1999 had fallen to less than 40 % of the 1991 level. ukraine ' s dependence on russia for energy supplies and the lack of significant structural reform have made the ukrainian economy vulnerable to external shocks. ukraine depends on imports to meet about three - fourths of its annual oil and natural gas requirements. a dispute with russia over pricing in late 2005 and early 2006 led to a temporary gas cut - off ; ukraine concluded a deal with russia in january 2006 that almost doubled the price ukraine pays for russian gas. outside institutions - particularly the imf - have encouraged ukraine to quicken the pace and scope of reforms. ukrainian government officials eliminated most tax and customs privileges in a march 2005 budget law, bringing more economic activity out of ukraine ' s large shadow economy, but more improvements are needed, including fighting corruption, developing capital markets, and improving the legislative framework. ukraine ' s economy remains buoyant despite political turmoil between the prime minister and president. real gdp growth reached about 7 % in 2006 - 07, fueled by high global prices for steel - ukraine ' s top export - and by strong domestic consumption, spurred by rising pensions and wages. although the economy is likely to expand in 2008, long - term growth could be threatened by the government ' s plans to reinstate tax, trade, and customs privileges and to maintain restrictive grain export quota", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4448055781934629, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 117, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.777215"} {"text": "domestic consumption, spurred by rising pensions and wages. although the economy is likely to expand in 2008, long - term growth could be threatened by the government ' s plans to reinstate tax, trade, and customs privileges and to maintain restrictive grain export quotas. the uae has an open economy with a high per capita income and a sizable annual trade surplus. despite largely successful efforts at economic diversification, nearly 40 % of gdp is still directly based on oil and gas output. since the discovery of oil in the uae more than 30 years ago, the uae has undergone a profound transformation from an impoverished region of small desert principalities to a modern state with a high standard of living. the government has increased spending on job creation and infrastructure expansion and is opening up utilities to greater private sector involvement. in april 2004, the uae signed a trade and investment framework agreement with washington and in november 2004 agreed to undertake negotiations toward a free trade agreement with the us. the country ' s free trade zones - offering 100 % foreign ownership and zero taxes - are helping to attract foreign investors. higher oil revenue, strong liquidity, housing shortages, and cheap credit in 2005 - 07 led to a surge in asset prices ( shares and real estate ) and consumer inflation. rising prices are increasing the operating costs for businesses in the uae and adversely impacting government employees and others on fixed incomes. dependence on oil and a large expatriate workforce are significant long - term challenges. the uae ' s strategic plan for the next few years focuses on diversification and creating more opportunities for nationals through improved education and increased private sector employment. the uk, a leading trading power and financial center, is one of the quintet of trillion dollar economies of western europe. over the past two decades, the government has greatly reduced public ownership and contained the growth of social welfare programs. agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by european standards, producing about 60 % of food needs with less than 2 % of the labor force. the uk has large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves ; primary energy production accounts for 10 % of gdp, one of the highest shares of any industrial nation. services, particularly banking, insurance, and business services, account by far for the largest proportion of gdp while industry continues to decline in importance. since emerging from recession in 1992, britain ' s economy has enjoyed the longest period of expansion on record ; growth has remained in the 2 - 3 % range since 2004, outpacing most of europe. the economy ' s strength has complicated the labor government ' s", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48470140846536486, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 118, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.778861"} {"text": "recession in 1992, britain ' s economy has enjoyed the longest period of expansion on record ; growth has remained in the 2 - 3 % range since 2004, outpacing most of europe. the economy ' s strength has complicated the labor government ' s efforts to make a case for britain to join the european economic and monetary union ( emu ). critics point out that the economy is doing well outside of emu, and public opinion polls show a majority of britons are opposed to the euro. the brown government has been speeding up the improvement of education, health services, and affordable housing at a cost in higher taxes and a widening public deficit. the us has the largest and most technologically powerful economy in the world, with a per capita gdp of $ 46, 000. in this market - oriented economy, private individuals and business firms make most of the decisions, and the federal and state governments buy needed goods and services predominantly in the private marketplace. us business firms enjoy greater flexibility than their counterparts in western europe and japan in decisions to expand capital plant, to lay off surplus workers, and to develop new products. at the same time, they face higher barriers to enter their rivals ' home markets than foreign firms face entering us markets. us firms are at or near the forefront in technological advances, especially in computers and in medical, aerospace, and military equipment ; their advantage has narrowed since the end of world war ii. the onrush of technology largely explains the gradual development of a \" two - tier labor market \" in which those at the bottom lack the education and the professional / technical skills of those at the top and, more and more, fail to get comparable pay raises, health insurance coverage, and other benefits. since 1975, practically all the gains in household income have gone to the top 20 % of households. the response to the terrorist attacks of 11 september 2001 showed the remarkable resilience of the economy. the war in march - april 2003 between a us - led coalition and iraq, and the subsequent occupation of iraq, required major shifts in national resources to the military. the rise in gdp in 2004 - 07 was undergirded by substantial gains in labor productivity. hurricane katrina caused extensive damage in the gulf coast region in august 2005, but had a small impact on overall gdp growth for the year. soaring oil prices in 2005 - 2007 threatened inflation and unemployment, yet the economy continued to grow through year - end 2007. imported oil accounts for about two - thirds of us consumption. long - term problems include inadequate investment in economic infrastructure", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4759229004124564, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 119, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.782390"} {"text": "for the year. soaring oil prices in 2005 - 2007 threatened inflation and unemployment, yet the economy continued to grow through year - end 2007. imported oil accounts for about two - thirds of us consumption. long - term problems include inadequate investment in economic infrastructure, rapidly rising medical and pension costs of an aging population, sizable trade and budget deficits, and stagnation of family income in the lower economic groups. the merchandise trade deficit reached a record $ 847 billion in 2007. together, these problems caused a marked reduction in the value and status of the dollar worldwide in 2007. uruguay ' s economy is characterized by an export - oriented agricultural sector, a well - educated work force, and high levels of social spending. after averaging growth of 5 % annually during 1996 - 98, in 1999 - 2002 the economy suffered a major downturn, stemming largely from the spillover effects of the economic problems of its large neighbors, argentina and brazil. for instance, in 2001 - 02 argentina made massive withdrawals of dollars deposited in uruguayan banks, which led to a plunge in the uruguayan peso and a massive rise in unemployment. total gdp in these four years dropped by nearly 20 %, with 2002 the worst year due to the banking crisis. the unemployment rate rose to nearly 20 % in 2002, inflation surged, and the burden of external debt doubled. cooperation with the imf helped stem the damage. uruguay in 2007 improved its debt profile by paying off $ 1. 1 billion in imf debt, and continues to follow the orthodox economic plan set by the fund in 2005. the construction of a pulp mill in fray bentos, which represents the largest foreign direct investment in uruguay ' s history at $ 1. 2 billion, came online in november 2007 and is expected to add 1. 6 % to gdp and boost already rising exports. the economy has grown strongly since 2004 as a result of high commodity prices for uruguayan exports, a strong peso, growth in the region, and low international interest rates. uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country of which 11 % consists of intensely cultivated, irrigated river valleys. more than 60 % of its population lives in densely populated rural communities. uzbekistan is now the world ' s second - largest cotton exporter and fifth largest producer ; it relies heavily on cotton production as the major source of export earnings. other major export earners include gold, natural gas, and oil. following independence in september 1991, the government sought to prop up its soviet - style command economy with subsidies and tight controls on production and prices.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4466002883032935, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 120, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.785536"} {"text": "as the major source of export earnings. other major export earners include gold, natural gas, and oil. following independence in september 1991, the government sought to prop up its soviet - style command economy with subsidies and tight controls on production and prices. while aware of the need to improve the investment climate, the government still sponsors measures that often increase, not decrease, its control over business decisions. a sharp increase in the inequality of income distribution has hurt the lower ranks of society since independence. in 2003, the government accepted article viii obligations under the imf, providing for full currency convertibility. however, strict currency controls and tightening of borders have lessened the effects of convertibility and have also led to some shortages that have further stifled economic activity. the central bank often delays or restricts convertibility, especially for consumer goods. potential investment by russia and china in uzbekistan ' s gas and oil industry may boost growth prospects. in november 2005, russian president vladimir putin and uzbekistan president karimov signed an \" alliance, \" which included provisions for economic and business cooperation. russian businesses have shown increased interest in uzbekistan, especially in mining, telecom, and oil and gas. in 2006, uzbekistan took steps to rejoin the collective security treaty organization ( csto ) and the eurasian economic community ( eurasec ), both organizations dominated by russia. uzbek authorities have accused us and other foreign companies operating in uzbekistan of violating uzbek tax laws and have frozen their assets. us firms have not made major investments in uzbekistan in the last six years. this south pacific island economy is based primarily on small - scale agriculture, which provides a living for 65 % of the population. fishing, offshore financial services, and tourism, with more than 60, 000 visitors in 2005, are other mainstays of the economy. mineral deposits are negligible ; the country has no known petroleum deposits. a small light industry sector caters to the local market. tax revenues come mainly from import duties. economic development is hindered by dependence on relatively few commodity exports, vulnerability to natural disasters, and long distances from main markets and between constituent islands. in response to foreign concerns, the government has promised to tighten regulation of its offshore financial center. in mid - 2002 the government stepped up efforts to boost tourism through improved air connections, resort development, and cruise ship facilities. agriculture, especially livestock farming, is a second target for growth. australia and new zealand are the main suppliers of tourists and foreign aid. venezuela remains highly dependent on oil revenues, which account for roughly 90 % of export earnings", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.520234730574801, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 121, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.787447"} {"text": ", and cruise ship facilities. agriculture, especially livestock farming, is a second target for growth. australia and new zealand are the main suppliers of tourists and foreign aid. venezuela remains highly dependent on oil revenues, which account for roughly 90 % of export earnings, more than 50 % of the federal budget revenues, and around 30 % of gdp. a nationwide strike between december 2002 and february 2003 had far - reaching economic consequences - real gdp declined by around 9 % in 2002 and 8 % in 2003 - but economic output since then has recovered strongly. fueled by high oil prices, record government spending helped to boost gdp in 2006 by about 9 % and in 2007 by about 8 %. this spending, combined with recent minimum wage hikes and improved access to domestic credit, has created a consumption boom but has come at the cost of higher inflation - roughly 20 percent in 2007. imports also have jumped significantly. embolden by his december 2006 reelection, president hugo chavez in 2007 nationalized firms in the petroleum, communications, and electricity sectors, which reduced foreign influence in the economy. although voters in december 2007 rejected chavez ' s proposed constitutional changes, chavez still has significant control of the economy and has indicated he intends to continue to consolidate and centralize authority over the economy by implementing \" 21st century socialism. \" vietnam is a densely - populated developing country that in the last 30 years has had to recover from the ravages of war, the loss of financial support from the old soviet bloc, and the rigidities of a centrally - planned economy. economic stagnation marked the period after reunification from 1975 to 1985. in 1986, the sixth party congress approved a broad economic reform package that introduced market reforms and set the groundwork for vietnam ' s improved investment climate. substantial progress was achieved from 1986 to 1997 in moving forward from an extremely low level of development and significantly reducing poverty. the 1997 asian financial crisis highlighted the problems in the vietnamese economy and temporarily allowed opponents of reform to slow progress toward a market - oriented economy. gdp growth averaged 6. 8 % per year from 1997 to 2004 even against the background of the asian financial crisis and a global recession. since 2001, vietnamese authorities have reaffirmed their commitment to economic liberalization and international integration. they have moved to implement the structural reforms needed to modernize the economy and to produce more competitive, export - driven industries. the economy grew 8. 5 % in 2007. vietnam ' s membership in the asean free trade area ( afta ) and entry into force of the us - vietnam bilateral trade agreement in december 2001", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44850755035422846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 122, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.788537"} {"text": "and to produce more competitive, export - driven industries. the economy grew 8. 5 % in 2007. vietnam ' s membership in the asean free trade area ( afta ) and entry into force of the us - vietnam bilateral trade agreement in december 2001 have led to even more rapid changes in vietnam ' s trade and economic regime. vietnam ' s exports to the us increased 900 % from 2001 to 2007. vietnam joined the wto in january 2007, following over a decade long negotiation process. wto membership has provided vietnam an anchor to the global market and reinforced the domestic economic reform process. among other benefits, accession allows vietnam to take advantage of the phase - out of the agreement on textiles and clothing, which eliminated quotas on textiles and clothing for wto partners on 1 january 2005. agriculture ' s share of economic output has continued to shrink, from about 25 % in 2000 to less than 20 % in 2007. deep poverty, defined as a percent of the population living under $ 1 per day, has declined significantly and is now smaller than that of china, india, and the philippines. vietnam is working to create jobs to meet the challenge of a labor force that is growing by more than one - and - a - half million people every year. in an effort to stem high inflation which took off in 2007, early in 2008 vietnamese authorities began to raise benchmark interest rates and reserve requirements. hanoi is targeting an economic growth rate of 7. 5 - 8 % during the next four years. tourism is the primary economic activity, accounting for 80 % of gdp and employment. the islands hosted 2. 6 million visitors in 2005. the manufacturing sector consists of petroleum refining, textiles, electronics, pharmaceuticals, and watch assembly. one of the world ' s largest petroleum refineries is at saint croix. the agricultural sector is small, with most food being imported. international business and financial services are small but growing components of the economy. the islands are vulnerable to substantial damage from storms. the government is working to improve fiscal discipline, to support construction projects in the private sector, to expand tourist facilities, to reduce crime, and to protect the environment. the economy is limited to traditional subsistence agriculture, with about 80 % of labor force earnings from agriculture ( coconuts and vegetables ), livestock ( mostly pigs ), and fishing. about 4 % of the population is employed in government. revenues come from french government subsidies, licensing of fishing rights to japan and south korea, import taxes, and remittances from expatriate workers in new caledonia. the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42713459357481565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 123, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.789695"} {"text": "and fishing. about 4 % of the population is employed in government. revenues come from french government subsidies, licensing of fishing rights to japan and south korea, import taxes, and remittances from expatriate workers in new caledonia. the west bank - the larger of the two areas comprising the palestinian authority ( pa ) - has experienced a general decline in economic conditions since the second intifada began in september 2000. the downturn has been largely a result of israeli closure policies - the imposition of closures and access restrictions in response to security concerns in israel - which disrupted labor and trading relationships. in 2001, and even more severely in 2002, israeli military measures in pa areas resulted in the destruction of capital, the disruption of administrative structures, and widespread business closures. international aid of at least $ 1. 14 billion to the west bank and gaza strip in 2004 prevented the complete collapse of the economy and allowed some reforms in the government ' s financial operations. in 2005, high unemployment and limited trade opportunities - due to continued closures both within the west bank and externally - stymied growth. israel ' s and the international community ' s financial embargo of the pa when hamas ran the pa during march 2006 - june 2007 has interrupted the provision of pa social services and the payment of pa salaries. since june the fayyad government in the west bank has restarted salary payments and the provision of services but would be unable to operate absent high levels of international assistance. western sahara depends on pastoral nomadism, fishing, and phosphate mining as the principal sources of income for the population. the territory lacks sufficient rainfall for sustainable agricultural production, and most of the food for the urban population must be imported. incomes in western sahara are substantially below the moroccan level. the moroccan government controls all trade and other economic activities in western sahara. morocco and the eu signed a four - year agreement in july 2006 allowing european vessels to fish off the coast of morocco, including the disputed waters off the coast of western sahara. moroccan energy interests in 2001 signed contracts to explore for oil off the coast of western sahara, which has angered the polisario. however, in 2006 the polisario awarded similar exploration licenses in the disputed territory, which would come into force if morocco and the polisario resolve their dispute over western sahara. global output rose by 5. 2 % in 2007, led by china ( 11. 4 % ), india ( 8. 5 % ), and russia ( 7. 4 % ). the 14 other successor nations of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42078670437440624, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 124, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.790784"} {"text": "dispute over western sahara. global output rose by 5. 2 % in 2007, led by china ( 11. 4 % ), india ( 8. 5 % ), and russia ( 7. 4 % ). the 14 other successor nations of the ussr and the other old warsaw pact nations again experienced widely divergent growth rates ; the three baltic nations continued as strong performers, in the 8 % - 10 % range of growth. from 2006 to 2007 growth rates slowed in all the major industrial countries except for the united kingdom ( 3. 0 % ). analysts attribute the slowdown to uncertainties in the financial markets and lowered consumer confidence. worldwide, nations varied widely in their growth results. externally, the nation - state, as a bedrock economic - political institution, is steadily losing control over international flows of people, goods, funds, and technology. internally, the central government often finds its control over resources slipping as separatist regional movements - typically based on ethnicity - gain momentum, e. g., in many of the successor states of the former soviet union, in the former yugoslavia, in india, in iraq, in indonesia, and in canada. externally, the central government is losing decisionmaking powers to international bodies, notably the eu. in western europe, governments face the difficult political problem of channeling resources away from welfare programs in order to increase investment and strengthen incentives to seek employment. the addition of 80 million people each year to an already overcrowded globe is exacerbating the problems of pollution, desertification, underemployment, epidemics, and famine. because of their own internal problems and priorities, the industrialized countries devote insufficient resources to deal effectively with the poorer areas of the world, which, at least from an economic point of view, are becoming further marginalized. the introduction of the euro as the common currency of much of western europe in january 1999, while paving the way for an integrated economic powerhouse, poses economic risks because of varying levels of income and cultural and political differences among the participating nations. the terrorist attacks on the us on 11 september 2001 accentuated a growing risk to global prosperity, illustrated, for example, by the reallocation of resources away from investment to anti - terrorist programs. the opening of war in march 2003 between a us - led coalition and iraq added new uncertainties to global economic prospects. after the initial coalition victory, the complex political difficulties and the high economic cost of establishing domestic order in iraq became major global problems that continued through 2007. yemen, one of the poorest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.51394624155082, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 125, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.791957"} {"text": "led coalition and iraq added new uncertainties to global economic prospects. after the initial coalition victory, the complex political difficulties and the high economic cost of establishing domestic order in iraq became major global problems that continued through 2007. yemen, one of the poorest countries in the arab world, reported average annual growth in the range of 3 - 4 % from 2000 through 2007. its economic fortunes depend mostly on declining oil resources, but the country is trying to diversify its earnings. in 2006 yemen began an economic reform program designed to bolster non - oil sectors of the economy and foreign investment. as a result of the program, international donors pledged about $ 5 billion for development projects. in addition, yemen has made some progress on reforms over the last year that will likely encourage foreign investment. oil revenues probably increased in 2007 as a result of higher prices. zambia ' s economy has experienced modest growth in recent years, with real gdp growth in 2005 - 07 between 5 - 6 % per year. privatization of government - owned copper mines in the 1990s relieved the government from covering mammoth losses generated by the industry and greatly improved the chances for copper mining to return to profitability and spur economic growth. copper output has increased steadily since 2004, due to higher copper prices and foreign investment. in 2005, zambia qualified for debt relief under the highly indebted poor country initiative, consisting of approximately usd 6 billion in debt relief. zambia experienced a bumper harvest in 2007, which helped to boost gdp and agricultural exports and contain inflation. although poverty continues to be significant problem in zambia, its economy has strengthened, featuring single - digit inflation, a relatively stable currency, decreasing interest rates, and increasing levels of trade. the government of zimbabwe faces a wide variety of difficult economic problems as it struggles with an unsustainable fiscal deficit, an overvalued official exchange rate, hyperinflation, and bare store shelves. its 1998 - 2002 involvement in the war in the democratic republic of the congo drained hundreds of millions of dollars from the economy. the government ' s land reform program, characterized by chaos and violence, has badly damaged the commercial farming sector, the traditional source of exports and foreign exchange and the provider of 400, 000 jobs, turning zimbabwe into a net importer of food products. badly needed support from the imf has been suspended because of the government ' s arrears on past loans and the government ' s unwillingness to enact reforms that would stabilize the economy. the reserve bank of zimbabwe routinely prints money to fund the budget deficit, causing the official annual", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46976193078640494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 126, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.793017"} {"text": "stop the violence relationship violence is defined as intentional violent or controlling behavior by a person who is, or was, in a relationship with the victim. it can include such behavior as actual or threatened physical injury, sexual assault, psychological abuse, economic control, and / or progressive social isolation. relationship violence cuts across all lines including race, age, sexual orientation, and social - economic class. it is rarely isolated and almost always escalates in severity over time. relationship violence can be stopped. everyone has the right to live with respect and dignity. the boston college code of student conduct affirms that all students have \u201c the right to be free from violence, force, threats, and abuse, and the right to move about freely. \u201d emotional abuse is controlling behavior through degradation and fear. the abuser ' s actions often work toward his / her dependency on the abuser so that the manifestation of control over him / her can escalate and become endless. emotional abuse covers a wide range of potentially damaging and dangerous behavior : - diminishing his / her self - esteem by calling him / her names and insisting that she / he does not look desirable and is inadequate as a person. - threatening to leave him / her or cause harm to themselves or to him / her and intimidating and ordering him / her to do things that she is not comfortable doing. - controlling him / her economically. - isolating her / him from his / her family, friends, and roommates. - emotional / psychological abuse can lead and usually does lead to physical abuse. for many people living in a violent environment abuse occurs in cycles. for each situation the cycle varies in time, intensity and in the form of abuse. tension building - victim senses abuser ' s edginess and begins to feel that abuse is deserved. violent episode - victim is battered, yet denies severity of the issues. loving stage - abuser and victim believe it will never happen again but it almost always does. what to do : - get medical attention - get counseling - find support while learning to change, deal with, or leave the violent environment - go to a safe place and call for advice / help. no one deserves to be abused - press criminal charges : you have the right to file assault and batter charges against your abuser - abuse prevention act : under this law you may obtain a restraining and vacate order from the court if you are threatened with abuse or have been abused - family support : find those friends or relatives who support you and will offer you shelter if needed no", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.519910713245315, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.797499"} {"text": "- abuse prevention act : under this law you may obtain a restraining and vacate order from the court if you are threatened with abuse or have been abused - family support : find those friends or relatives who support you and will offer you shelter if needed no one deserves to be threatened, hit or beaten. violence against another person is a crime. the abuse prevention act was created to protect people who are battered. a restraining order can be obtained 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, including holidays, with the assistance of the police and an on - call judge. a restraining order directs the alleged abuser to cease abusing the victim, to stay away from the victim and to have no contact with the victim. violation of such orders is a criminal offense and violators are subject to mandatory arrest by the police. any person who has been abused physically or sexually, even by members of the same sex, or threatened with abuse may obtain a temporary restraining order. the boston college police will assist you in obtaining a restraining order. there is no cost to the victim. in massachusetts a stalking law is in effect. this new law aims at halting a pattern of threats and harassment. the boston college police offer the assistance of specially trained officers to victims of relationship violence. we also recommend that victims of abuse seek counseling services available on campus. bc womens resource center the women ' s resource center ( wrc ) is an advocacy collaborative focused on women and gender issues. it provides the boston college community with a forum to discuss contemporary social topics through empowering educational programs ; nurturing peer - to - peer support groups ; and outreach awareness campaigns. boston area rape crisis center as the second oldest rape crisis center in the united states, the boston area rape crisis center ( barcc ) has been highly visible locally and nationally in the fight against violence against women. asian task force against domestic violence 617 - 338 - 2355 ( boston, ma ) issues literature in various asian languages for abused women, support groups, advocacy, referrals. casa myrna vazquez safelink hotline : 877 - 785 - 2020 ( boston, ma ) emergency shelter for battered women, support services, hotline, spanish. counseling and education to stop domestic violence. for people who batter. the network / la red is a survivor - led, social justice organization that works to end partner abuse in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender communities. gay mens domestic violence project gay men \u2019 s domestic violence project is a grassroots, non - profit organization founded by a gay male", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4580522378435421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.798489"} {"text": "have you ever looked down at your pup \u2019 s droppings and said to yourself \u201c wow, that \u2019 s an odd color. \u201d your pup \u2019 s poop can come in a variety of colors, each with their own story to tell you. as a pup owner, studying your pup \u2019 s poop is important to ensure that they remain healthy. so when you discover that your pup has pooped the color orange, you have to ask \u201c what does it mean? \u201d your pup \u2019 s poop is naturally darker on the outside and light on the inside. a healthy pup \u2019 s droppings will normally be a tan or brown color when they first unload. so if you notice that your pup has left a few orange droppings behind them, there are two possibilities to consider. is it something he ate? often times orange poop will be the outcome of certain things they ate. a change in diet or new treats can affect the tone of their droppings. usually if the color shows up once and then disappears, it is likely that your pup \u2019 s diet has changed, or perhaps even a neighbor has slipped them a treat. if your pup \u2019 s droppings are dark orange or continuously orange in color, this may be signs of intestinal problems. some infections can cause internal bleeding, and though most times a pup \u2019 s poop will be black or extreme brown when this happens, bleeding in the lower intestines can lead to fresh blood in the stool, giving it an orange color. along with infections, parasites such as worms can also damage your pup \u2019 s digestive track. if you suspect that this is a problem, take your pup to the vet immediately. remember to always keep track of your pup \u2019 s poop, whether on walks, in the yard or in their litter box. droppings come in all different sizes and consistencies, so those must also be factored into your analysis. you don \u2019 t want to jump to conclusions, but it is always better to be safe than sorry. so next time you take your pup out for their daily walk, stop and check out their droppings, ( you should pick it up to be polite to your neighbor too ) and make sure that your pup \u2019 s health is in tip - top shape.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4304346317668929, "token_count": 460, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.803626"} {"text": "what is alternative therapy? in some cases, physicians will recommend, or patients may request, treatment alternatives that are not considered conventional medicine. \u201c conventional \u201d refers to medicine typically practiced by persons who have m. d. ( medical doctor ) or d. o. ( doctor of osteopathy ) degrees, and who suggest treatments that have been scientifically tested, found to be safe and effective, and approved by the us food and drug administration ( fda ). sometimes, however, these physicians may also recommend some non - conventional therapies that may be used to complement, or complete, a treatment plan. complementary medicine is any form of therapy used in combination with other alternative treatments or standard / conventional medicine. complementary therapy usually serves to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. alternative medicine is used alone, without recommended standard treatment. when the term \u201c cam \u201d is used, that means that the treatment combines complementary and alternative medicine. the national center for complementary and alternative medicine ( nccam ) points out that what is considered to be cam changes continually because once those therapies are proven to be safe and effective, they become incorporated into conventional medicine. what are the different types of complementary and alternative therapies? the following are some complementary and alternate therapies that may be included in a patient \u2019 s treatment plan : diet and herbs before considering complementary and alternative therapy : most complementary and alternative medicine ( cam ) fields are not standardized or controlled by any western medical guidelines. you should consult your physician before beginning any complementary or alternative therapy, as some therapies may interfere with standard treatment. it is important to be an informed healthcare consumer when considering complementary or alternative medicine. before starting therapy, you should consider the following : consult with your physician. use your library to research books, articles, and scientific journals. use the internet to do research. look for information on controlled, scientific studies on the therapy you are considering. talk to others who have actually tried the therapy. what warning signs may indicate a fraudulent therapy? according to the american cancer society, it is better to avoid treatment with the following warning signs : the treatment is based on unproven theories. the treatment promises a cure. the treatment is a secret and can only be given by certain providers. the treatment requires travel to another country. those who provide the treatment discount standard or conventional medicine and / or tell the patient not to use standard or conventional medicine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5187618182100449, "token_count": 486, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.807957"} {"text": "encyclopedia of islam myths : islamic belief in jinn is superstitious paganism! refuting the arab claims refuting the islamic claims islamic belief in jinn is superstitious arab paganism. jinn are unique to arab paganism. jinn are the \" mythical bad guys \" of arab culture. rather than discarding the wide spread concept of the \" jinn \" believed by the pagan arabs, muhammad rubber stamped these mythical manmade creatures and brought them right into the koran! - early arab history is a mixture of fact and fantasy... tradition tells us that allah made the jinn two thousand years before he made adam. though invisible, they loved and married, begat children and died. in the beginning, all jinn were good, but long before the time of adam they rebelled against their settled existence and tried to change the order of things. during the course of the revolt, one of the evil jinn, iblis, gained great power and became the satan of the arab world. iblis retained his power even after the angels of allah had quelled the rebellion. jinn haunted ruins and dwelt in rivers and oceans. the arab saw them in whirlwinds and waterspouts. the jinn ' s main abode, however, was a mysterious mountain called kaf which, in the imagination of the arab, was founded on an immense emerald. indeed, this sparkling gem gave the azure tint to the sun ' s rays so often in evidence over desert regions. ( islam and the arabs, rom landau, 1958 p 11 - 21 ) - the bedouin peopled the desert with living things of beastly nature called jinn or demons. these jinn differ from the gods not so much in their nature as in their relation to man. the gods are on the whole friendly ; the jinn, hostile. the latter are, of course, personifications of the fantastic notions of the terrors of the desert and its wild animal life. to the gods belong the regions frequented by man ; to the jinn belong the unknown and un - trodden parts of the wilderness. a madman ( majnun ) is but one possessed by the jinn. with islam the number of jinn was increased, since the heathen deities were then degraded into such beings. ' ( history of the arabs, philip k. hitti, 1937, p 96 - 101 ) - \" before islam, the religions of the arabic world involved the worship of many spirits, called jinn", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.426738165929321, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.819552"} {"text": "what is mumps? | what is the mumps vaccine? | who should get vaccinated and when? | what are the risks associated with the mumps vaccine? | who should not get vaccinated? | what other ways can mumps be prevented besides vaccination? | what happens in the event of an outbreak? what is mumps? is a highly contagious infection. it results in fever and swelling of the parotid glands. these are salivary glands located near the front of the ear. mumps is caused by a virus. the virus is usually spread through contact with an infected person ' s saliva. since the virus is highly contagious, it spreads easily among people in close contact. once a common childhood illness, mumps is now rarely seen in the unite states. this is largely because of the use of the vaccine, which provides lifelong immunity. - painful swelling of the parotid glands ( under the cheeks and jaw ) - stiff neck - nausea and vomiting - swelling and pain under the tongue, jaw, or front of the chest - in males : painful inflammation of the testicles - in females : inflammation of the ovaries, which results in pain or tenderness in the abdomen in some cases, people have no symptoms. if symptoms do occur, it is generally 2 - 3 weeks after exposure. there are no medicines or specific treatments for mumps. since the illness is caused by a virus, it cannot be treated with antibiotics. mumps should be treated with aspirin. treatment is aimed at improving comfort, which may include : - applying hot or cold compresses to swollen areas - gargling with warm saltwater - using non - aspirin pain relievers - using fever - reducing medicines ( eg, acetaminophen, ibuprofen ) - drinking plenty of fluids - avoiding tart or acidic drinks ( eg, orange juice, lemonade ) - eating a soft, bland diet what is the mumps vaccine? the mumps vaccine is usually given in combination with : who should get vaccinated and when? all children ( with few exceptions ) should receive the vaccine two times : - 12 - 15 months - 4 - 6 years ( school entry ) \u2014 can be given earlier, but the two doses must be separated by at least four weeks the vaccine can also be given to infants aged 6 - 11 months who will be traveling internationally. these infants should also get the two routine shots at ages 12 - 15 months and 4 - 6 years", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4865212506466556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.839704"} {"text": "the two doses must be separated by at least four weeks the vaccine can also be given to infants aged 6 - 11 months who will be traveling internationally. these infants should also get the two routine shots at ages 12 - 15 months and 4 - 6 years. for those 18 years of age or younger who have not been vaccinated, two doses of mmr are given. the doses are separated by four weeks. adults born after 1957 who have not been previously vaccinated may need 1 - 2 doses. talk with your doctor if you were not previously vaccinated. what are the risks associated with the mumps vaccine? like any vaccine, the mmr vaccine could cause serious problems. while most people do not have any problems with the mmr vaccine, some have reported : - mild problems : fever, a mild rash, or swelling of the glands in the cheeks or neck - moderate problems : seizure caused by fever, temporary pain and stiffness in the joints, and low platelet count - very rare : serious allergic reactions who should not get vaccinated? you should not get the vaccine if you : had a life - threatening allergic reaction to gelatin, the antibiotic, or a previous dose of mmr vaccine - are moderately or severely ill \u2014 wait until you recover. - pregnant women \u2014 wait until after you have given birth. if you are planning on becoming pregnant, wait until four weeks after getting the vaccine. talk to your doctor before getting the vaccine if you have the following conditions : a condition that affects the immune system ( eg, - are being treated with drugs that affect the immune system ( eg, long - term steroids ) or are being treated for cancer - low blood platelet count have had a what other ways can mumps be prevented besides vaccination? other than getting the vaccine, the best way to prevent mumps is to avoid contact with an infected person. what happens in the event of an outbreak? a case of mumps needs to be reported to public health authorities. if you think you or your child has mumps, call the doctor right away. anyone who may have been exposed and has not been fully immunized will need to receive the vaccine.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44405663477073143, "token_count": 446, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.850846"} {"text": "vocalisation has been recognised as one of the important modes of animal communication. in one anabantoid fish, the croaking gourami trichopsis vittata, both sexes produce loud, croaking sounds during agonistic encounters and courtship. it is known that sound emission of this fish is mostly involved with the ritualised portion of the contest, which is likely to convey information between the opponents about their respective strength and status. the sound is produced by a complex mechanism that involves two modified tendons, located behind each pectoral fin. due to the external position of these soft structures, parasites, sickness, or injury from fights can easily damage the tendons, leading to muteness. reduction or even loss of the croaking ability may result in a substantial decreasing of the overall fitness. experiments were designed to test whether or not croaking gouramis can repair damaged tendons and regain fully functional sound producing organs, as well as to evaluate the effect of muting and recovery on the outcomes of agonistic interactions. fishes were muted by surgically cutting one or both the tendons that connect the \" sonic ' ' muscle with the fin rays. the occurrence and timing of recovery was evaluated for 30 specimens of t. vittata after surgical muting. croaking sounds produced by the fish were recorded during staged contests after recovery. sound from each specimen was previously recorded before and after muting as well, for comparison. the elapsed time of reconnection of each tendon to the relative fin ray was also recorded. some fishes were found to recover completely within less than 30 days, while others needed up to three months. however, evidence for the beginning of the recovery process was noticed as early as 4 days after operation. behavioural performance after recovery was normal. details of sounds produced and changes of behavioural repertoires are discussed ( supported by national organization for hearing research, nimh - 58198, institute of museum and library service - ll90187 ). nicola novarini, tomonari akamatsu & hong y. yan ( 2002 ). effects of muting and recovery on sound production in the croaking gourami trichopsis vittata ( pisces : anabantoidei ) [ abstract ]. bioacoustics 13 ( 2 ) : 202 - 203", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.48842982481607283, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.871725"} {"text": "the scrapbook collection acquired by h. r. forrest of manchester in 1890 is remarkable and forms part of the shakespeare library which can be found in arts, languages and literature, floor 3, central library see also new! king lear | new! the merchant of venice hamlet | macbeth | othello | romeo and juliet | a midsummer night ' s dream introduction to william shakespeare he took illustrated editions of kenny meadows, knight, staunton and cassell and added to them illustrations by boydell, fuseli, howard, smirke, chodwiecki, retzch and ruhl, together with every other illustration he could procure, including portraits of shakespeare and his contemporaries and of shakespearean actors. the collection fills 76 folio volumes. on the left is a poster for the princes theatre, manchester, 1864 on the right is a drury lane playbill, 1771 act 1 scene 1 a ship at sea a tempestuous noise of thunder and lightning. enter a shipmaster, a boatswain and mariners boatswain here, master. what cheer? master good ; speak to th ' mariners. fall to ' t yarely, or we run ourselves aground. bestir, bestir! ( exit ) boatswain heigh, my hearts! cheerly, cheerly, my hearts! yare, yare! take in the topsail. tend to th ' master ' s whistle. ( to the storm ) blow till thou burst thy wind, if room enough! act 1 scene 2 the island enter prospero and miranda if by your art, my dearest father, you have put the wild waters in this roar, allay them. the sky it seems would pour down stinking pitch, but that the sea, mounting to th ' welkin ' s cheek, dashes the fire out. o i have suffered with those that i saw suffer! a brave vessel, who had no doubt some noble creature in her, dashed all to pieces. o the cry did knock against my very heart! poor souls they perished, had i been any god of power, i would have sunk the sea within the earth, or ere it should the good ship so have swallowed, and the fraughting souls within her. no more amazement. tell your piteous heart there ' s no harm done. o, woe the day. i have done nothing but in care of thee - of thee my dear one, thee my daughter - who art ignorant of what thou art, nought knowing of whence", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41621037550096596, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.926800"} {"text": "full fathom five thy father lies, of his bones are coral made ; those are pearls that were his eyes ; nothing of him that doth fade, but doth suffer a sea - change into something rich and strange. sea - nymphs hourly ring his knell. hark, now i hear them, ' ding dong bell '. ( spirits echo the burden ' ding dong bell ' ) the ditty does remember my drowned father. this is no mortal business, nor no sound that the earth owes. i hear it now above me. act 2 scene 1 a remote part of the island ( waking ) now, good angels preserve the king. ( he shakes alonso ) why, how now? ho! awake? why are you drawn? wherefore this ghastly looking? whats the matter? whiles we stood here securing your repose, even now, we heard a hollow burst of bellowing, like bulls, or rather lions ; did ' t not wake you? it struck mine ear most terribly. act 2 scene 2 near caliban ' s cave all the infections that the sun sucks up from bogs, fens, flats, on prosper fall, and make him by inch - meal a disease. his spirits hear me, and yet i needs must curse. but they ' ll nor pinch, fright me with urchin - shows, pitch me i ' th mire, nor lead me like a firebrand in the dark out of my way, unless he bid ' em ; but for every trifle are they set upon me, sometime like apes, that mow and chatter at me and after bite me ; then like hedgehogs, which lie tumbling in my barefoot way and mount their pricks at my footfall ; sometime am i all wound with adders, who with cloven tongues do hiss me into madness. lo, now lo! here comes a spirit of his, and to torment me for bringing wood in slowly. i ' ll fall flat, perchance he will not mind me. ( he lies down, and covers himself with a cloak ) if thou beest trinculo, come forth! i ' ll pull thee by the lesser legs. if any be trinculo ' s legs, these are they. ( pulls him out ) thou art very trinculo indeed! how cam ' st thou to be the seige of this moon - calf? can he vent trinculos? act 3 scene 2 near caliban ' s cave tell not me.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45994557168274613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.931602"} {"text": "him out ) thou art very trinculo indeed! how cam ' st thou to be the seige of this moon - calf? can he vent trinculos? act 3 scene 2 near caliban ' s cave tell not me. when the butt is out we will drink water, not a drop before ; therefore bear up, and board ' em. servant monster, drink to me. servant monster? the folly of this island! they say there ' s but five upon this isle ; we are three of them - if th ' other two be brained like us, the state totters. trinculo, keep a good tongue in your head. if you prove a mutineer, the next tree. the poor monster ' s my subject, and he shall not suffer indignity. i thank my noble lord. wilt thou be pleased to hearken once again to the suit i made to thee? marry will i. kneel, and repeat it. i will stand, and so act 4 scene 1 near prospero ' s cave silver! there it goes, silver. fury, fury! there, tyrant, there! hark, hark! ( exeunt caliban, stephano and trinculo, pursued by spirits ) go, charge my goblins that they grind their joints with dry convulsions, shorten up their sinews with aged cramps, and more pinch - spotted make them, than pard, or cat o ' mountain. act 5 scene 1 near prospero ' s cave where the bee sucks, there suck i ; in a cowslips bell i lie ; there i couch when owls do cry ; on the bats back i do fly, after summer merrily. merrily, merrily, shall i live now, under the blossom that hangs on the bough. here prospero discovers ferdinand and miranda, playing at chess sweet lord, you play me false. no, my dearest love, i would not for the world. yes, for a score of kingdoms you should wrangle, and i would call it fair play. ( gesturing to caliban ) this is as strange a thing as ere i looked on. he is as disaproportioned in his manners as in his shape. go, sirrah, to my cell ; take with you your companions. as you look to have my pardon, trim it handsomely. ay that i will ; and ill be wise hereafter, and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41569053049558397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.936371"} {"text": "his manners as in his shape. go, sirrah, to my cell ; take with you your companions. as you look to have my pardon, trim it handsomely. ay that i will ; and ill be wise hereafter, and seek for grace. what a thrice - double ass was i to take this drunkard for a god and worship this dull fool! and promise you calm seas, auspicious gales, and sail so expeditious that shall catch your royal fleet far off. my ariel, chick, that is thy charge. then to the elements be free, and fare thou well. please you draw near. exeunt all ( exceptprospero ) now my charms are all orthrown, and what strength i have mine own which is most faint. now is true i must be here confined by you, or sent to naples, let me not, since i have my dukedom got and pardoned the deceiver, dwell in this bare island, by your spell ; but release me from my bands with the help of your good hands. gentle breath of yours my sails must fill, or else my project fails, which was to please. now i want spirits to enforce, art to enchant, and my ending is despair, unless i be relieved by prayer which pierces so, that it assaults mercy itself, and frees all faults. as you from crimes would pardoned be, let your indulgence set me free.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41821438591766247, "token_count": 303, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:52.972353"} {"text": "please be aware that this discussion guide may contain spoilers! institutions loom large in the book, from public school ( which is the equivalent of private school in the us ), to the communist party, to the catholic church. how do the main characters reinforce and / or defeat them? bernie begins the book as a devoted communist, yet eventually becomes disillusioned with its ideology. disillusionment with the catholic church also plays a large role in the book. why does the author juxtapose the two? what are the dangers of ideology? the threat of approaching winter permeates the book. what does the cold weather symbolize? why did the author choose to set the book during the each of the books main characters is tempted by corruption and bribery. is corruption a by - product of war? can corruption ever be positive? bernie is a fervent believer in communism and also an atheist. yet in the labor camp, he is threatened by the power - hungry estalbo, a fellow prisoner and communist, and shown kindness by father eduardo, a catholic priest. why did the author choose to upend bernies perceived notions of good and bad? what does bernie learn about kindness and cruelty? how does harrys parentless background and experiences at dunkirk shape his character? is his reluctance to spy on sandy justified? have you read any other novels about the spanish civil war? how does this book compare? bernie and sandy are very different characters, yet barbara forms a relationship with both of them. what draws her to each? is her relationship with sandy believable? why or why not? harry, sandy and bernie are all classmates at rookwood, but each of them has a vastly different experience at the school. why did the author choose to connect sandy, harry and bernie in this way? how do their experiences at rookwood define them as characters? how do you feel about the books conclusion? unless otherwise stated, this discussion guide is reprinted with the permission of penguin books. any page references refer to a usa edition of the book, usually the trade paperback version, and may vary in other editions. judge rules unused borders gift cards to be worthless ( may 23 2013 ) borders owes nothing to holders of roughly $ 210. 5 million of gift cards that had not been used by the time the bookstore chain shut down, a manhattan federal...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5109523409848336, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.054497"} {"text": "since this test of emotion is fundamentally sound, it is not surprising that the nervous man is in a state of distress. indigestion, fatigue, over - sensibility, sound like problems in physiology, but we cannot go far in the discussion of any of them without coming face to face with the emotions as the real factors in the case. when we turn to the mental characteristics of nervous folk, we even more quickly find ourselves in the midst of an emotional disturbance. worried, fearful, anxious, self - pitying, excitable, or melancholy, the nervous person proves that whatever else a neurosis may be, it is, in essence, a riot of the emotions. there is small wonder that a riot at the heart of the empire should lead to insurrection in every province of the personality. it is only for the purpose of discussion that we can separate feeling from thinking and doing. every thought and every act has in it something of all three elements. an emotion is not an isolated phenomenon ; it is bound up on the one hand with ideas and on the other with bodily states and conduct. whoever runs amuck in his emotions runs amuck in his whole being. the nervous invalid with his exhausted and sensitive body, his upset mind and irrational conduct is a living illustration of the central place of the emotions in the realm of the personality. but it is not the nervous person only who needs a better understanding of his emotional life. the well man also gets angry for childish reasons ; he is prejudiced and envious, unhappy and suspicious for the very same reason as is the nervous man. since the working - capital of energy is limited to a definite amount, the control of the emotions becomes a central problem in any life, \u2014 a deciding factor in the output and the outcome, as well as in comfort and happiness by the way. nothing is harder for the average man to believe than this fact that he really has the power to choose his emotions. he has been dissatisfied with himself in his past reactions, and yet he has not known how to change them. his anger or his depression has appeared so undesirable to his best judgment and to his conscious reason that it has seemed to be not a part of himself at all but an invasion from without which has swept over him without his consent and quite beyond control. most of the confusion comes from the fact that we know only a part of ourselves. what we do not consciously enjoy we believe we do not enjoy at all. what we do not consciously choose we believe to be beyond our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5474916836654711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.066497"} {"text": "yet the experience of that year was not lost. it was the first instance of a company of settlers in that northern climate passing the winter without illness, discord or trouble with the indians. later, in the little new settlements of quebec and montreal, some of the colonists met again under the wise and kindly rule of champlain. little helene lived to bring her own roses to a garden in new france, and teach indian girls the secrets which old jacqueline taught her. and it is recorded in the history of the voyageurs, priests and adventurers of france in the new world that wherever they went they were apt to take with them seeds and plants of wholesome garden produce, which they planted along their route in the hope that they might thus be of service to those who came after them. amsterdam \u2019 s the cradle where the race was rocked \u2014 all the ships of all the world to her harbor flocked. rosy with the sea - wind, solid, stubborn, sweet, played the children by canals, up and down the street. neltje, piet and hendrik, dirck and myntje too, \u2014 little nick of leyden sailed his wooden shoe. \u201c quarter - deck and cabin \u2014 rig thus he murmured wisely as he launched his craft. \u201c cutlass, pike and musquetoun, howitzer and shot \u2014 but our knives and mirrors and beads are worth the lot. \u201d room enough for cargo to last a year or two, in the round amidships of a wooden shoe! bobbing on the waters of the see the bantam galleot, short and broad and high. laden for the indies, trading all the way, frank and shrewd and cautious, fiery in a fray, \u2014 sagamore and mandarin are all the same to you, little nick of leyden with your wooden shoe! the fires that talked all along the coast of britain, from john o \u2019 groat \u2019 s to beachey head, from saint michael \u2019 s mount to cape wrath, twinkled the bonfires on the headlands. henry hudson, returning from a voyage among icebergs, guessed at once what this chain of lights meant. the son of mary queen of scots had been crowned in london. hudson \u2019 s keen eyes were unusually grave and thoughtful as the muscovy duck sailed up to london pool on the incoming tide. the sailors looked even more sober, for most of them were english protestants, with a few flemings, and john williams the pilot was an anabaptist. it was", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4167202565910376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.072306"} {"text": "why no explosion? science brain teasers require understanding of the physical or biological world and the laws that govern it. it is scientific fact that if all else is held constant, the pressure of a gas varies directly with its temperature. in other words, if you have a gas in a sealed, insulated, rigid container and you double its temperature, its pressure will also double. if you triple the temperature, the pressure will triple, etc. this is not exactly true, but it is close enough for the purpose of this teaser. why is it, then, that if i were to fill my tires with 32 psi of air on a day that is 2 degrees celsius, the tires won ' t explode if the temperature later increases to 20 degrees celsius ( which would seemingly increase the pressure 10 - fold to 320 psi, well beyond the capacity of most tires )? assume that the temperature of the air in the tire always matches the temperature outdoors : it starts at 2 degrees and ends at 20 degrees. also ignore the fact that the tires will expand. hintthis problem is really more mathematical than scientific. here ' s a hint : say you have a temperature of - 10 degrees celsius. now double that temperature. you get - 20 degrees. doesn ' t it seem a little odd that when you double something ' s temperature that it actually goes down?? when you double something ' s length, it never goes down. what ' s wrong here? answerlike the hint implies, the key to this teaser is understanding what you are really doing when you multiply numbers. for example, if you have the number 3 on a number line and you want to double it, what you could do is put your thumb at 0 and your index finger at 3, and then measure off that distance past 3 one time, which will of course bring you to 6. you are essentially doubling the distance that 3 is from 0 to get 6. the only reason this works, however, is because at 0 you really have zero length. 0 really means \" nothing \" in this case. with the celsius temperature scale, however, 0 degrees does not mean that you have \" no temperature \". 0 degrees was chosen arbitrarily to coincide with the freezing point of water. other than that, it has no real significance. so if you want to multiply 2 degrees c by 10, you have to increase its distance from absolute zero by 10, not its distance from the arbitrary 0. absolute zero is about - 273 degrees c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5599271549711288, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.075540"} {"text": "you exercise your body to stay physically in shape, so why shouldn ' t you exercise your brain to stay mentally fit? with these daily exercises you will learn how to flex your mind, improve your creativity and boost your memory. as with any exercise, repetition is necessary for you to see improvement, so pick your favorite exercises from our daily suggestions and repeat them as desired. try to do some mentalrobics every single day! amnesia is a condition characterized by the inability to form new memories or the inability to recall existing memories. amnesia is caused when the hippocampus or thalamus becomes damaged. this can be the result of a blow to the head, a stroke, surgery, alcoholism or certain types of infections. one of the most common misconceptions about amnesia is that people forget everything that they ever knew. in reality, it ' s episodic memory which is most impaired. intelligence, attention and creativity are generally unaffected. anterograde amnesia refers to a condition where the sufferer cannot make new memories. they can still recall memories from before the condition started, but not from any experiences that occur after the onset of amnesia. this is because the brain becomes unable to convert short - term memories into long - term memories. retrograde amnesia is when the person is capable of forming new memories, but is unable to remember anything that happened before the onset of amnesia. amnesia patients may experience both types of amnesia to different degrees. another misconception, fueled by cartoons and hollywood movies, is that a second impact to the head can completely reverse the condition. in reality, a second impact would cause increased memory impairment. there are no specific treatments for amnesia, but conditions generally improve over time as the injury that caused it heals. short term memory test interactively test your short term memory. mentalrobics public forums chat about these articles and other mind related topics. sudoku logic puzzle this puzzle requires logic and a good memory.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5301013297026073, "token_count": 393, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.080414"} {"text": "veliky knyaz constantinearticle free pass veliky knyaz constantine, ( \u201c grand prince, \u201d or \u201c duke \u201d : ) russian in full konstantin pavlovich ( born may 8 [ april 27, old style ], 1779, tsarskoe selo, russia \u2014 died june 27 [ june 15 ], 1831, vitebsk ), son of the russian emperor paul i ( reigned 1796 \u2013 1801 ), younger brother of alexander i ( reigned 1801 \u2013 25 ) and elder brother of nicholas i ( reigned 1825 \u2013 55 ) ; he was the virtual ruler of the congress kingdom of poland ( 1815 \u2013 30 ). educated by a swiss tutor under the supervision of his grandmother, the empress catherine ii the great ( reigned 1762 \u2013 96 ), constantine participated in general a. v. suvorov \u2019 s campaign in italy against napoleon bonaparte ( 1799 ). he was present at the russo - austrian defeat at austerlitz ( dec. 2, 1805 ), which forced the austrians to conclude a separate peace with france, and took part in the russian campaigns of 1807, 1812, 1813, and 1814 against napoleon. after the congress of vienna ( 1815 ) set up the constitutional kingdom of poland with the emperor of russia as its king, alexander appointed constantine commander in chief of poland \u2019 s armed forces with the powers of viceroy ( november 1815 ). although constantine organized the polish army, he failed to win its support, and he also alienated the parliament and the general populace with his harsh rule. he nevertheless sympathized with the poles \u2019 desire for autonomy. after his morganatic marriage to a polish countess, joanna grudzinska, may 24 ( may 12, old style ), 1820, he renounced all of his claims to the russian throne ( january 1822 ). when alexander i died ( dec. 1 [ nov. 19 ], 1825 ), however, there was confusion over his successor. on the day that the guards were to swear allegiance to constantine \u2019 s younger brother nicholas ( dec. 26 [ dec. 14 ], 1825 ), a group of revolutionaries, including many officers ( later known as the dekabrists, or decembrists ), convinced the soldiers to call for \u201c constantine and constitution \u201d in an attempt to start a rebellion. though constantine had played no part in the rising, which was swiftly suppressed, differences soon arose between him and nicholas because constantine insisted that the polish army and bureaucracy were loyal to the russian empire despite the large role poles had played in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39549128897727814, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.086478"} {"text": "solar scholars to lead three solar energy workshops bucknell environmental facts - 95 percent of campus energy is produced by co - generation plant - greenhouse gas emissions are down 45 percent from pre - 1998 level - all campus stationery is chlorine - free and contains 100 percent post - consumer fiber content - environmental studies major created in 1979 - bucknell environmental center established in 2006 the saturday workshops will be held feb. 16, march 1, and april 5 from 9 a. m. to 2 p. m. at the \" attendees can expect to learn the basics of designing, siting, and installing a small - scale residential solar array, \" said jess scott, a bucknell senior and member of the campus solar scholars program. \" they can expect to learn how solar energy works - - from the time the sun hits a solar panel to the time a light bulb turns on in their home. \" scott, the student organizer behind the recent focus the nation teach - in, a daylong effort to focus attention on global climate issues and potential solutions, said that participants can expect to \" come out of this workshop with an understanding of solar energy strong enough to play an integral role in the design and installation of their own array. \" among the topics that will be discussed at each of the five - hour workshops are how to determine the correct type and size of solar system, the steps of installing and operating a solar system at a home or small business, solar cost analysis, battery and wiring basics, and system comparisons. to attend the solar workshops, contact jess scott. the workshops are the continuation of the work of the solar scholars program, a solar energy design and education program started on six electricity from the solar array, when not fully used at the center, is fed to the national electric grid. another solar scholars design and installation project was recently completed on the bucknell campus with the construction of two arrays at bucknell west. electricity from the panels - - one stationary and one that tracks the sun - - is powering a student living space and panel data are being collected for classroom analysis and being shared with the other schools participating in the solar scholars education program. bucknell university environmental center co - director craig kochel with the center ' s solar panel. contact : office of communications posted feb. 5, 2008 next story > >", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4773347709617854, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.091409"} {"text": "by michael f. potter, extension entomologist university of kentucky college of agriculture anyone who has ever battled fleas knows how difficult they are to eradicate. once a home becomes infested, control can be difficult, time - consuming and expensive. a flea - infested dog or cat can introduce hundreds of new flea eggs into the home each day. by mid - to late summer, pet owners often find themselves fighting a losing battle against established flea populations that are enormous. a better way to manage fleas is through prevention. by taking action before fleas are abundant, pet owners can avoid severe infestations later in the season. preventive flea control has been made possible by new product innovations and insights into flea biology. we now know that adult fleas ( the biting stage ) spend virtually their entire life on the pet, not in the carpet. eggs are laid on the fur and fall off into carpeting, beneath furniture cushions, and wherever else the pet lays, sleeps or spends time. after hatching, the eggs transform into larvae, pupae, and eventually adults to renew the cycle. pet owners can break the cycle of flea development and prevent future generations by killing the eggs as they are laid on the pet, or by eliminating the egg - laying adults. the easiest way to do this is to take action before flea problems get out of control. several products are available which are convenient and effective. the \u201c pill \u201d ( program\u2122 ) - this product prevents flea eggs from hatching when administered orally to pets once a month at mealtime. dogs are fed program in tablet form, whereas cats are fed a liquid suspension mixed with their food. different tablet sizes and suspension doses are prescribed according to the weight of the animal. when an adult female flea bites a program - treated dog or cat, the flea ingests the active ingredient ( lufenuron ) which then passes into her eggs and prevents them from hatching. program is dispensed only through veterinarians. a companion product, sentinel\u2122, contains both the flea control ingredient and heartworm medication all in one dosage. \u201c egg - stopper \u201d collars - unlike conventional flea collars, these contain an insect growth regulating ingredient ( methoprene or pyriproxyfen ) which prevents egg hatch for several months. thus, the overall effect is much like program. pet owners should carefully read the \u201c active ingredients \u201d panel on the package of the collar to verify that methoprene or pyriproxyfen are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4360271238873096, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.104581"} {"text": "which prevents egg hatch for several months. thus, the overall effect is much like program. pet owners should carefully read the \u201c active ingredients \u201d panel on the package of the collar to verify that methoprene or pyriproxyfen are present. one such brand, the ovitrol / ovitrol plus\u2122 flea egg collar is available through veterinarians. retail versions include the fleatrol\u2122 flea egg collar and relieve\u2122 collar, sold in pet stores and discount chains. once installed, the egg - inhibiting substance releases from the collar and rapidly distributes over the fur of the entire animal, killing flea eggs on contact. this breaks the life cycle and infestations never become established. the methoprene and pyriproxyfen - impregnated collars are virtually 100 % effective at preventing new flea eggs from hatching for at least 6 months ( essentially season - long ) on both dogs and cats. spot - ons - another effective, convenient treatment method involves applying a few droplets of material between the shoulder blades of the animal. two veterinarian - supplied products, advantage\u2122 and frontline\u2122, control adult fleas on pets for at least 1 month. on dogs, frontline top spot lasts up to 3 months. another \u2018 spot - on \u2019 product, available through retail stores, is biospot\u2122, which contains the egg - inhibiting ingredient pyriproxyfen. the best way to use any of the above - mentioned products is to initiate treatment before flea season begins, typically in the spring. by doing so you will greatly reduce the chances of developing a serious flea problem later in the summer. any stray fleas the pet happens to pick up around the home or at the kennel will be unable to lay viable eggs. breaking the cycle of flea development on the pet also reduces the need to apply insecticides throughout the living areas of the home. ( each of these on - animal products is of negligible hazard to people and pets, and there is seldom any adverse reaction with other petmedications. ) methoprene or pyriproxyfen - based products may need to be supplemented, periodically, with a topical spray or dip to knock down any adult fleas irritating the pet, especially if the animal is flea allergic. this should not be necessary with advantage and frontline. in any case, the occasional adult flea spotted on the pet will be unable to reproduce and soon will die off. if you were frustrated by", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.427486054778443, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.105637"} {"text": "the summit is designed to provide information to the entire community to raise the level of awareness of education issues. the theme of this year \u2019 s summit is \u201c preparing our children for their future. \u201d our students will be competing for jobs with others from around the world. employers are now looking for 21st century skills such as creativity, problem solving, communication, innovation, and critical thinking. kentucky has adopted new curriculum standards to address the new skills. the keynote by gene wilhoit will address the new standards and how these standards will prepare our students and the community for the future. i have heard mr. wilhoit speak a couple of times in the last year ; he will inspire you about the future of education. the kentucky department of education must change to meet the demands of the future. therefore, kde associate commissioner for the office of next generation learners, felicia cumings smith, will be discussing the next generation learners concept. mrs. smith is overseeing much of the work related to the implementation of the new standards. the process of preparing our children for their future must start with the early years. it is in those years that a child \u2019 s brain is developing and habits are being formed. therefore, there will be a session on the importance of laying a strong foundation to help students learn at high levels. there will also be a session explaining on how schools can help each and every student learn. active parent involvement in education raises student achievement. many times parents simply do not know the opportunities for involvement. as a parent you will be able to attend a breakout session where a local parent will share how he became involved in trigg county public schools. even if you are not an educator or a parent, education is important to the local community as a whole. ultimately, the quality of education our students receive affects the wellbeing of the community and the life we all enjoy. a strong education system will help to recruit new business and industry which in turn creates new jobs. as a community member, we need you to be involved to help make a difference in our schools, no matter your role. while the entire summit will help raise your awareness, local business members will share how they have become strategic partners with the schools. the education summit will be held on saturday, february 5, 2011 from 8 : 00 a. m. until 12 : 00 p. m. at hopkinsville community college, 720 north drive, hopkinsville, ky 42240 we want to see you at this year \u2019 s regional education summit. it is a tremendous opportunity to learn more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4437567791790388, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.108383"} {"text": "about this booklet this national cancer institute ( nci ) booklet is for you \u2014 a woman who has just been diagnosed with breast cancer. this booklet is about medical care for women with breast cancer. learning about medical care for breast cancer can help you take an active part in making choices about your care. you can read this booklet from front to back. or, you can read only the sections you need right now. this booklet has lists of questions that you may want to ask your doctor. many people find it helpful to take a list of questions to a doctor visit. to help remember what your doctor says, you can take notes. you may also want to have a family member or friend go with you when you talk with the doctor \u2014 to take notes, ask questions, or just listen. breast cancer also develops in men. in 2013, more than 2, 200 american men will learn they have breast cancer. nci ' s website has information about breast cancer in men at http : / / www. cancer. gov / cancertopics / types / breast. in addition, nci ' s cancer information service at 1 - 800 - 4 - cancer ( 1 - 800 - 422 - 6237 ) and at livehelp can answer questions about breast cancer in men. this picture shows the lobes and ducts inside the breast. it also shows lymph nodes near the breast. normal cells in the breast and other parts of the body grow and divide to form new cells as they are needed. when normal cells grow old or get damaged, they die, and new cells take their place. sometimes, this process goes wrong. new cells form when the body doesn ' t need them, and old or damaged cells don ' t die as they should. the buildup of extra cells often forms a mass of tissue called a lump, growth, or tumor. - are usually not harmful - rarely invade the tissues around them - don ' t spread to other parts of the body - can be removed and usually don ' t grow back - may be a threat to life - can invade nearby organs and tissues ( such as the chest wall ) - can spread to other parts of the body - often can be removed but sometimes grow back breast cancer cells can spread by breaking away from a breast tumor. they can travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. after spreading, cancer cells may attach to other tissues and grow to form new tumors that may damage those tissues. for example, breast cancer cells may spread first to nearby", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.448611759982767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.142969"} {"text": "travel through blood vessels or lymph vessels to reach other parts of the body. after spreading, cancer cells may attach to other tissues and grow to form new tumors that may damage those tissues. for example, breast cancer cells may spread first to nearby lymph nodes. groups of lymph nodes are near the breast under the arm ( axilla ), above the collarbone, and in the chest behind the breastbone. when breast cancer spreads from its original place to another part of the body, the new tumor has the same kind of abnormal cells and the same name as the primary ( original ) tumor. for example, if breast cancer spreads to a lung, the cancer cells in the lung are actually breast cancer cells. the disease is metastatic breast cancer, not lung cancer. for that reason, it ' s treated as breast cancer, not lung cancer. breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women in the united states ( other than skin cancer ). in 2013, more than 232, 000 american women will be diagnosed with breast cancer. the most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma. this cancer begins in cells that line a breast duct. see the picture of breast ducts. about 7 of every 10 women with breast cancer have ductal carcinoma. the second most common type of breast cancer is lobular carcinoma. this cancer begins in a lobule of the breast. see the picture of lobules. about 1 of every 10 women with breast cancer has lobular carcinoma. other women have a mixture of ductal and lobular type or they have a less common type of breast cancer. after you find out that you have breast cancer, you may need other tests to help choose the best treatment for you. lab tests with breast tissue the breast tissue that was removed during your biopsy can be used in special lab tests : - hormone receptor tests : some breast cancers need hormones to grow. these cancers have hormone receptors for the hormones estrogen, progesterone, or both. if the hormone receptor tests show that the breast cancer has these receptors, then hormone therapy is often recommended as part of the treatment plan. ( see the hormone therapy section. ) - her2 test : some breast cancers have large amounts of a protein called her2, which helps them to grow. the her2 test shows whether a woman ' s breast cancer has a large amount of her2. if so, then targeted therapy against her2 may be a treatment option. ( see the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45432832929761524, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.144279"} {"text": "a protein called her2, which helps them to grow. the her2 test shows whether a woman ' s breast cancer has a large amount of her2. if so, then targeted therapy against her2 may be a treatment option. ( see the targeted therapy section. ) it may take several weeks to get the results of these tests. the test results help your doctor decide which cancer treatments may be options for you. triple - negative breast cancer about 15 of every 100 american women with breast cancer have triple - negative breast cancer. these women have breast cancer cells that \u2026 - do not have estrogen receptors ( estrogen negative ) - do not have progesterone receptors ( progesterone negative ) - do not have a large amount of her2 ( her2 negative ) staging tests can show whether cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body. when breast cancer spreads, cancer cells are often found in the underarm lymph nodes ( axillary lymph nodes ). breast cancer cells can spread from the breast to almost any other part of the body, such as the lungs, liver, bones, or brain. your doctor needs to learn the stage ( extent ) of the breast cancer to help you choose the best treatment. staging tests may include \u2026 - lymph node biopsy : if cancer cells are found in a lymph node, then cancer may have spread to other lymph nodes and other places in the body. surgeons use a method called sentinel lymph node biopsy to remove the lymph node most likely to have breast cancer cells. the nci fact sheet sentinel lymph node biopsy has more information, including pictures of the method. if cancer cells are not found in the sentinel node, the woman may be able to avoid having more lymph nodes removed. the method of removing more lymph nodes to check for cancer cells is called axillary dissection. - ct scan : an x - ray machine linked to a computer takes a series of detailed pictures of your chest or abdomen. you may receive contrast material by mouth and by injection into a blood vessel in your arm or hand. the contrast material makes abnormal areas easier to see. the pictures from a ct scan can show cancer that has spread to the lungs or liver. - mri : a strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, or brain. an mri can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. sometimes contrast material makes abnormal areas show up more", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49321839781912125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.145323"} {"text": "lungs or liver. - mri : a strong magnet linked to a computer is used to make detailed pictures of your chest, abdomen, or brain. an mri can show whether cancer has spread to these areas. sometimes contrast material makes abnormal areas show up more clearly on the picture. - bone scan : the doctor injects a small amount of a radioactive substance into a blood vessel. it travels through the bloodstream and collects in the bones. a machine called a scanner detects and measures the radiation. the scanner makes pictures of the bones. because higher amounts of the substance collect in areas where there is cancer, the pictures can show cancer that has spread to the bones. - pet scan : you ' ll receive an injection of a small amount of radioactive sugar. the radioactive sugar gives off signals that the pet scanner picks up. the pet scanner makes a picture of the places in your body where the sugar is being taken up. cancer cells show up brighter in the picture because they take up sugar faster than normal cells do. a pet scan can show cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. questions you may want to ask your doctor about tests - what did the hormone receptor test show? - what did the her2 test show? - may i have a copy of the report from the pathologist? - do any lymph nodes show signs of cancer? - what is the stage of the disease? has the cancer spread? - would genetic testing be helpful to me or my family? the stage of breast cancer depends on the size of the breast tumor and whether it has spread to lymph nodes or other parts of the body. doctors describe the stages of breast cancer using the roman numerals 0, i, ii, iii, and iv and the letters a, b, and c. the stage often is not known until after surgery to remove the tumor in the breast and one or more underarm lymph nodes. stage 0 is carcinoma in situ. in ductal carcinoma in situ ( dcis ), abnormal cells are in the lining of a breast duct, but the abnormal cells have not invaded nearby breast tissue or spread outside the duct. the breast tumor is no more than 2 centimeters ( no more than 3 / 4 of an inch ) across. cancer has not spread to the lymph nodes. \u00a9 2007 terese winslow. u. s. govt has certain rights a tumor that is 2 centimeters is about the size of a peanut, and a tumor that is 5 centimeters is about the size of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5026837279868035, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.146331"} {"text": "has not spread to the lymph nodes. \u00a9 2007 terese winslow. u. s. govt has certain rights a tumor that is 2 centimeters is about the size of a peanut, and a tumor that is 5 centimeters is about the size of a lime. the tumor is no more than 2 centimeters across. cancer cells are found in lymph nodes. the tumor is no more than 2 centimeters across, and the cancer has spread to underarm lymph nodes. or, the tumor is between 2 and 5 centimeters ( between 3 / 4 of an inch and 2 inches ) across, but the cancer hasn ' t spread to underarm lymph nodes. the tumor is between 2 and 5 centimeters across, and the cancer has spread to underarm lymph nodes. or, the tumor is larger than 5 centimeters across, but the cancer hasn ' t spread to underarm lymph nodes. the breast tumor is no more than 5 centimeters across, and the cancer has spread to underarm lymph nodes that are attached to each other or nearby tissue. or, the cancer may have spread to lymph nodes behind the breastbone. or, the tumor is more than 5 centimeters across. the cancer has spread to underarm lymph nodes that may be attached to each other or nearby tissue. or, the cancer may have spread to lymph nodes behind the breastbone but not spread to underarm lymph nodes. the breast tumor can be any size, and it has grown into the chest wall or the skin of the breast. the breast may be swollen or the breast skin may have lumps. the cancer may have spread to underarm lymph nodes, and these lymph nodes may be attached to each other or nearby tissue. or, the cancer may have spread to lymph nodes behind the breastbone. the breast cancer can be any size, and it has spread to lymph nodes behind the breastbone and under the arm. or, the cancer has spread to lymph nodes above or below the collarbone. the tumor can be any size, and cancer cells have spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs, liver, bones, or brain. inflammatory breast cancer - inflammatory breast cancer is a rare type of breast cancer. it occurs in about 1 of every 100 american women with invasive breast cancer. - the breast looks red and swollen because cancer cells block the lymph vessels in the skin of the breast. - when a doctor diagnoses inflammatory", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4485335206531576, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.147245"} {"text": "of breast cancer. it occurs in about 1 of every 100 american women with invasive breast cancer. - the breast looks red and swollen because cancer cells block the lymph vessels in the skin of the breast. - when a doctor diagnoses inflammatory breast cancer, it ' s at least stage iiib, but it could be more advanced. women with breast cancer have many treatment options. treatment options include \u2026 you may receive more than one type of treatment. the treatment that ' s best for one woman may not be best for another. the treatment that ' s right for you depends mainly on \u2026 - the stage of breast cancer - whether the tumor has hormone receptors - whether the tumor has too much her2 - your general health in addition, your treatment plan depends on \u2026 - the size of the tumor in relation to the size of your breast - whether you have gone through menopause at any stage of disease, care is available to control pain and other symptoms, to relieve the side effects of treatment, and to ease emotional concerns. you can get information about coping on nci ' s website at http : / / www. cancer. gov / cancertopics / coping. also, you can get information about coping from nci ' s cancer information service at 1 - 800 - 4 - cancer ( 1 - 800 - 422 - 6237 ). or, chat using nci ' s instant messaging service, livehelp. doctors who treat breast cancer your health care team will include specialists. there are many ways to find doctors who treat breast cancer : - your doctor may be able to refer you to specialists. - you can ask a local or state medical society, or a nearby hospital or medical school for names of specialists. - nci ' s cancer information service can give you information about treatment centers near you. call 1 - 800 - 4 - cancer ( 1 - 800 - 422 - 6237 ). or, chat using livehelp, nci ' s instant messaging service. - other sources can be found in the nci fact sheet how to find a doctor or treatment facility if you have cancer. your health care team may include the following specialists : - surgeon : this type of doctor can perform surgery. you may want to find a breast cancer surgeon. - medical oncologist : a medical oncologist is a doctor who specializes in treating cancer with drugs, such as chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapy. - radiation oncologist : a radiation oncologist is a doctor who specializes in treating cancer with radiation therapy", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4401814234462846, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.148234"} {"text": ": a medical oncologist is a doctor who specializes in treating cancer with drugs, such as chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapy. - radiation oncologist : a radiation oncologist is a doctor who specializes in treating cancer with radiation therapy. your health care team can describe your treatment choices, the expected results of each treatment, and the possible side effects. because cancer treatments often damage healthy cells and tissues, side effects are common. these side effects depend on many factors, including the type of treatment. side effects may not be the same for each woman, and they may even change from one treatment session to the next. before treatment starts, ask your health care team about possible side effects and how treatment may change your normal activities. you and your health care team can work together to develop a treatment plan that meets your medical and personal needs. you may want to talk with your health care team about taking part in a research study ( clinical trial ) of new treatment methods. research studies are an important option for women at any stage of breast cancer. see the cancer treatment research section. questions you may want to ask your doctor about treatment choices - what are my treatment choices? which do you recommend for me? why? - what are the expected benefits of each kind of treatment? - what are the risks and possible side effects of each treatment? - how can the side effects be managed? - what can i do to prepare for treatment? - will i need to stay in the hospital? if so, for how long? - what is the treatment likely to cost? will my insurance cover it? - how will treatment affect my normal activities? - would a research study ( clinical trial ) be right for me? before starting treatment, you might want a second opinion about your treatment plan. some women worry that the doctor will be offended if they ask for a second opinion. usually the opposite is true. most doctors welcome a second opinion. and many health insurance companies will pay for a second opinion if you or your doctor requests it. some companies actually require a second opinion. if you get a second opinion, the second doctor may agree with your first doctor ' s treatment plan. or, the second doctor may suggest another approach. either way, you have more information and perhaps a greater sense of control. you can feel more confident about the decisions you make, knowing that you ' ve looked at all of your options. it may take some time and effort to gather your medical records and see another doctor. in most cases, it ' s not a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.495511297517421, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.149393"} {"text": ". you can feel more confident about the decisions you make, knowing that you ' ve looked at all of your options. it may take some time and effort to gather your medical records and see another doctor. in most cases, it ' s not a problem to take several weeks to get a second opinion. the delay in starting treatment usually will not make treatment less effective. to make sure, you should discuss this delay with your doctor. surgery is the most common treatment for breast cancer. there are several kinds of surgery. your surgeon can describe each kind of surgery, compare the benefits and risks, and help you decide which kind might be best for you : - removing part of the breast : breast - sparing surgery is an operation to remove the cancer and a small amount of the normal tissue that surrounds it. this is also called breast - conserving surgery. it can be a lumpectomy or a segmental mastectomy ( also called a partial mastectomy ). a woman usually has radiation therapy after breast - sparing surgery to kill cancer cells that may remain in the breast area. some women will have more tissue removed but not the whole breast. for these women, the surgeon will remove lymph nodes under the arm and some of the lining over the chest muscles below the tumor. - removing the whole breast : surgery to remove the whole breast ( or as much of the breast tissue as possible ) is a mastectomy. in some cases, a skin - sparing mastectomy may be an option. for this approach, the surgeon removes as little skin as possible. - in total ( simple ) mastectomy, the surgeon removes the whole breast but not the underarm lymph nodes. - in modified radical mastectomy, the surgeon removes the whole breast and most or all of the lymph nodes under the arm. often, the lining over the chest muscles is removed. a small chest muscle may also be taken out to make it easier to remove the lymph nodes. the choice between breast - sparing surgery and mastectomy depends on many factors : - the size, location, and stage of the tumor - the size of your breast - certain features of the cancer - how you feel about how surgery will change your breast - how you feel about radiation therapy - your ability to travel to a radiation treatment center for daily treatment sessions the surgeon usually removes one or more lymph nodes from under the arm to check for cancer cells. if cancer cells are found in the lymph nodes,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4569078277465397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.150452"} {"text": "about radiation therapy - your ability to travel to a radiation treatment center for daily treatment sessions the surgeon usually removes one or more lymph nodes from under the arm to check for cancer cells. if cancer cells are found in the lymph nodes, other cancer treatments will be needed. ( for more about information about lymph node biopsy, see the tests section. ) after mastectomy, you may choose to have breast reconstruction. this is plastic surgery to rebuild the shape of the breast. if you ' re considering breast reconstruction, talk with a plastic surgeon before having cancer surgery. see the breast reconstruction section. it ' s common to feel tired or weak for a while after surgery for breast cancer. the time it takes to heal is different for each woman. surgery causes pain and tenderness, and the skin where your breast was removed may feel tight. your arm and shoulder muscles may feel stiff and weak, and your neck and back may hurt. medicine can help control your pain. before surgery, discuss the plan for pain relief with your health care team. after surgery, they can adjust the plan if you need more pain control. any kind of surgery carries a risk of infection, bleeding, or other problems. tell your health care team right away if you develop any problems. removing the underarm lymph nodes slows the flow of lymph fluid. the fluid may build up in your arm and hand and cause swelling. this swelling is called lymphedema. it can develop soon after surgery or months or even years later. always protect the arm and hand on the treated side of your body from cuts, burns, or other injuries. remind nurses not to measure your blood pressure or give you injections on the treated side of your body. information about preventing and treating lymphedema is available on nci ' s website at http : / / www. cancer. gov / cancertopics / coping and from nci ' s cancer information service at 1 - 800 - 4 - cancer ( 1 - 800 - 422 - 6237 ) or livehelp. the doctor, nurse, or physical therapist can suggest exercises to help you regain movement and strength in your arm and shoulder. exercise can also reduce stiffness and pain. you may be able to begin gentle exercise within days of surgery. because nerves may be injured or cut during surgery, you may have numbness and tingling in your chest, underarm, shoulder, or upper arm. these feelings may go away within a few weeks or months. you can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.45641171069759445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.152321"} {"text": "exercise within days of surgery. because nerves may be injured or cut during surgery, you may have numbness and tingling in your chest, underarm, shoulder, or upper arm. these feelings may go away within a few weeks or months. you can find pictures and more information about breast cancer surgery on nci ' s website at http : / / www. cancer. gov / cancertopics / types / breast. questions you may want to ask your doctor about surgery - what kinds of surgery can i consider? is breast - sparing surgery an option for me? is a skin - sparing mastectomy an option? which operation do you recommend for me? why? - will any lymph nodes be removed? how many? why? - how will i feel after the operation? will i have to stay in the hospital? - what are the risks of surgery? - how many surgeries for breast cancer have you done? - will i need to learn how to take care of myself or my incision when i get home? - where will the scars be? what will they look like? - if i decide to have plastic surgery to rebuild my breast, how and when can that be done? can you suggest a plastic surgeon for me to contact? - will i have to do special exercises to help regain motion and strength in my arm and shoulder? will a physical therapist or nurse show me how to do the exercises? radiation therapy uses high - energy rays to kill cancer cells. it affects cells only in the part of the body that is treated. radiation therapy may be used after surgery to destroy breast cancer cells that remain in the chest area. women usually have radiation therapy after breast - sparing surgery, but it ' s sometimes used after mastectomy too. you can get radiation therapy to treat breast cancer in two ways : - machine outside the body ( external radiation therapy ) : the radiation comes from a large machine outside the body. you ' ll go to a hospital or clinic for treatment. usually, women get treatment once a day, 5 days a week for 3 to 6 weeks. each treatment session lasts only a few minutes. external radiation is the most common type used for breast cancer. - material inside the body ( brachytherapy ) : the doctor will place one or more thin tubes inside the breast through a tiny incision. a radioactive substance is loaded into the tube. the treatment session may last for a few minutes, and the substance is removed. when it ' s removed, no radioactivity remains in your", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45299404817350886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.153399"} {"text": "more thin tubes inside the breast through a tiny incision. a radioactive substance is loaded into the tube. the treatment session may last for a few minutes, and the substance is removed. when it ' s removed, no radioactivity remains in your body. this method of radiation therapy may be repeated every day for a week. side effects depend mainly on the type of radiation and how much is given. ask your health care team to describe what you can expect. it ' s common for the skin in the treated area to become red, dry, tender, and itchy. check with your doctor before using lotion, cream, or deodorant on the treated area. after treatment is over, the skin will slowly heal. however, there may be a lasting change in the color of your skin. with either type of radiation therapy, your breast may feel heavy and tight. internal radiation therapy may make your breast look red or bruised. these problems usually go away over time. bras and tight clothes may rub your skin and cause soreness. you may want to wear loose - fitting cotton clothes during this time. you ' re likely to become tired during radiation therapy, especially in the later weeks of treatment. although getting enough rest is important, most people say they feel better when they exercise every day. try to go for a short walk, do gentle stretches, or do yoga. you may wish to discuss with your doctor the possible long - term effects of radiation therapy. for example, radiation therapy to the chest may harm the lung or heart. also, it can change the size of your breast and the way it looks. if any of these problems occur, your health care team can tell you how to manage them. the nci booklet radiation therapy and you has helpful ideas for coping with side effects. questions you may want to ask your doctor about radiation therapy - which type of radiation therapy can i consider? are both types an option for me? - when will treatment start? when will it end? how often will i have treatment? - how will i feel during treatment? will i need to stay in the hospital? will i be able to drive myself to and from treatment? - what can i do to take care of myself before, during, and after treatment? - how will we know the treatment is working? - will radiation therapy harm my skin? - how will my chest look afterward? - are there any lasting effects? - what is the chance that the cancer will come back in my breast? hormone therapy can also be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49679076207903133, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.169817"} {"text": "we know the treatment is working? - will radiation therapy harm my skin? - how will my chest look afterward? - are there any lasting effects? - what is the chance that the cancer will come back in my breast? hormone therapy can also be called anti - hormone treatment. if lab tests show that your breast cancer cells have hormone receptors, then hormone therapy may be an option. ( see the part about lab tests with breast tissue. ) hormone therapy keeps the cancer cells from getting or using the natural hormones ( estrogen and progesterone ) they need to grow. if you have not gone through menopause, the options for hormone therapy include \u2026 - a drug that blocks estrogen ' s activity in the body ( tamoxifen ) - surgery to remove your ovaries ( which make estrogen ) - a drug that reduces the amount of estrogen made by the ovaries ( lh - rh agonist ) if you have gone through menopause, the options include \u2026 - a drug that prevents the body from making estrogen ( aromatase inhibitor ) the side effects of hormone therapy depend on the type used. the most common side effects are hot flashes, vaginal discharge, and nausea. the nci fact sheet hormone therapy for breast cancer has information about the use and side effects of hormone therapy. chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. it may be given to women with stage i, ii, iii, or iv breast cancer. chemotherapy may be given before or after surgery. the drugs for breast cancer are usually given directly into a vein ( intravenously ) through a thin needle or as a pill. you may receive a combination of drugs. you may receive chemotherapy in a clinic, at the doctor ' s office, or at home. it ' s unusual for a woman to need to stay in the hospital during treatment. the side effects depend mainly on which drugs are given and how much. chemotherapy kills fast - growing cancer cells, but the drugs can also harm normal cells that divide rapidly : - blood cells : when drugs lower the levels of healthy blood cells, you ' re more likely to get infections, bruise or bleed easily, and feel very weak and tired. your health care team will check for low levels of blood cells. if your levels are low, your health care team may stop the chemotherapy for a while or reduce the dose of the drug. there are also medicines that can help your body make new blood cells. - cells in hair roots : chemotherapy may cause hair loss. if you lose", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4621235666572189, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.171084"} {"text": "low, your health care team may stop the chemotherapy for a while or reduce the dose of the drug. there are also medicines that can help your body make new blood cells. - cells in hair roots : chemotherapy may cause hair loss. if you lose your hair, it will grow back after treatment, but the color and texture may be changed. - cells that line the digestive tract : chemotherapy can cause a poor appetite, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, or mouth and lip sores. your health care team can give you medicines and suggest other ways to help with these problems. some drugs used for breast cancer can cause tingling or numbness in the hands or feet. this problem often goes away after treatment is over. other problems may not go away. for example, some of the drugs used for breast cancer may weaken the heart. your doctor may check your heart before, during, and after treatment. a rare side effect of chemotherapy is that years after treatment, a few women have developed leukemia ( cancer of the blood cells ). if you have not yet gone through menopause, some anticancer drugs may damage the ovaries and cause hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and other menopause symptoms. your menstrual periods may no longer be regular or may stop, and you may lose the ability to become pregnant. the older you are, the more likely that this damage to the ovaries will be permanent. women who may want to get pregnant later on should ask their health care team about ways to preserve their eggs before treatment starts. on the other hand, other anticancer drugs don ' t damage the ovaries and you may remain able to become pregnant during chemotherapy. before treatment begins, talk with your doctor about birth control because many anticancer drugs given during the first trimester are known to cause birth defects. the nci booklet chemotherapy and you has ideas for coping with side effects. women whose lab tests show that their breast cancer cells have too much her2 protein may receive targeted therapy. the targeted therapies used to treat breast cancer block cancer cell growth by blocking the action of the extra her2 protein. these drugs may be given intravenously or as a pill. the side effects depend mainly on which drug is given. possible side effects include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. the drugs may also cause heart damage, heart failure, and serious breathing problems. during treatment, your doctor will watch for signs of heart and lung problems. you may want to read the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.450758665138817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.177028"} {"text": "possible side effects include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. the drugs may also cause heart damage, heart failure, and serious breathing problems. during treatment, your doctor will watch for signs of heart and lung problems. you may want to read the nci fact sheet targeted cancer therapies. questions you may want to ask your doctor about hormone therapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy - what drugs will i be taking? what will they do? - when will treatment start? when will it end? how often will i have treatments? - where will i have treatment? - what can i do to take care of myself during treatment? - how will we know the treatment is working? - which side effects should i tell you about? - will there be long - term side effects? a woman who plans to have a mastectomy has a choice about whether or not to have surgery to rebuild the shape of the breast ( breast reconstruction ). instead of breast reconstruction, a woman could choose to wear a breast form ( a device that replaces the breast ), wear padding inside her bra, or do nothing. all of these options have pros and cons. what is right for one woman may not be right for another. breast reconstruction may be done at the same time as the mastectomy, or it may be done later on. if radiation therapy is part of the treatment plan, some doctors suggest waiting until after radiation therapy is complete. if you ' re thinking about breast reconstruction, talk to a plastic surgeon before the mastectomy, even if you plan to have your reconstruction later on. a surgeon can reconstruct the breast in many ways. some women choose to have breast implants, which are filled with saline or silicone gel. you can read about breast implants on the food and drug administration ' s website at http : / / www. fda. gov. another method of breast reconstruction is to create a breast shape using tissue taken from another part of your body. the plastic surgeon can take skin, muscle, and fat from your lower abdomen, back, or buttocks. the type of reconstruction that is best for you depends on your age, body type, and the type of cancer surgery that you had. a plastic surgeon can help you decide. questions you may want to ask your doctor about breast reconstruction - which type of surgery would give me the best results? how will i look afterward? - when can my reconstruction begin? - how many surgeries will i need? - what are the risks at the time", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.3935259332616542, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.178144"} {"text": "want to ask your doctor about breast reconstruction - which type of surgery would give me the best results? how will i look afterward? - when can my reconstruction begin? - how many surgeries will i need? - what are the risks at the time of surgery? later? - will i have scars? where? what will they look like? - if tissue from another part of my body is used, will there be any permanent changes where the tissue was removed? - what activities should i avoid after surgery? when can i return to my normal activities? - will i need follow - up care? - how much will reconstruction cost? will my health insurance pay for it? eating well is important before, during, and after cancer treatment. you need the right amount of calories to maintain a good weight. you also need enough protein to keep up your strength. eating well may help you feel better and have more energy. sometimes, especially during or soon after treatment, you may not feel like eating. you may be uncomfortable or tired. you may find that foods don ' t taste as good as they used to. in addition, poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, mouth blisters, and other side effects of treatment can make it hard for you to eat. on the other hand, some women treated for breast cancer may have a problem with weight gain. your doctor, a registered dietitian, or another health care provider can suggest ways to help you meet your nutrition needs. also, the nci booklet eating hints has many useful recipes and lists of foods that can help with side effects. you ' ll need regular checkups ( such as every 3 to 6 months ) after treatment for breast cancer. checkups help ensure that any changes in your health are noted and treated if needed. if you have any health problems between checkups, contact your doctor. checkups help detect \u2026 - breast cancer that comes back after treatment : breast cancer may return in the breast or chest wall. or, it may return in any other part of the body, such as the bones, liver, lungs, or brain. - health problems that can result from cancer treatment - a new breast cancer checkups usually include an exam of the neck, underarm, chest, and breast areas. since a new breast cancer may develop, you should have regular mammograms. you probably won ' t need a mammogram of a reconstructed breast or if you had a mastectomy without reconstruction. your doctor may order other imaging procedures or lab tests.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41424641047689414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.179088"} {"text": "may develop, you should have regular mammograms. you probably won ' t need a mammogram of a reconstructed breast or if you had a mastectomy without reconstruction. your doctor may order other imaging procedures or lab tests. sources of support learning that you have breast cancer can change your life and the lives of those close to you. these changes can be hard to handle. concerns about treatments and managing side effects, hospital stays, and medical bills are common. you may also worry about caring for your family, keeping your job, or continuing daily activities. it ' s normal for you, your family, and your friends to need help coping with such worries. several organizations offer special programs for women with breast cancer. women who have had the disease serve as trained volunteers. they may talk with or visit women who have breast cancer, provide information, and lend emotional support. they often share their experiences with breast cancer treatment, breast reconstruction, and recovery. here ' s where you can go for support : - doctors, nurses, and other members of your health care team can answer questions about treatment, working, or other activities. - social workers, counselors, or members of the clergy can be helpful if you want to talk about your feelings or concerns. often, social workers can suggest resources for financial aid, transportation, home care, or emotional support. - support groups can also help. in these groups, women with breast cancer or their family members meet with other patients or their families to share what they have learned about coping with the disease and the effects of treatment. groups may offer support in person, over the telephone, or on the internet. you may want to talk with a member of your health care team about finding a support group. women with breast cancer often get together in support groups, but please keep in mind that each woman is different. ways that one woman deals with cancer may not be right for another. you may want to ask your health care provider about advice you receive from other women with breast cancer. - nci ' s cancer information service can help you locate programs, services, and nci publications. call 1 - 800 - 4 - cancer ( 1 - 800 - 422 - 6237 ). or, chat using livehelp, nci ' s instant messaging service. - your doctor or a sex counselor may be helpful if you and your partner are concerned about the effects of breast cancer on your sex life. ask your doctor about possible treatment of side effects and whether these effects are likely to last.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42308753795025794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.180220"} {"text": "instant messaging service. - your doctor or a sex counselor may be helpful if you and your partner are concerned about the effects of breast cancer on your sex life. ask your doctor about possible treatment of side effects and whether these effects are likely to last. whatever the outlook, you and your partner may find it helps to discuss your concerns. for tips on coping, you may want to read the nci booklet taking time : support for people with cancer. cancer treatment research doctors all over the world are conducting many types of cancer treatment studies ( clinical trials ) in which people volunteer to take part. research has already led to advances in the prevention, detection, and treatment of breast cancer. doctors continue to search for new and better ways to treat breast cancer. nci is sponsoring many studies with women who have breast cancer, such as studies that combine surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and radiation therapy. even if a woman in a research study doesn ' t benefit directly from the treatment under study, she may still make an important contribution by helping doctors learn more about breast cancer and how to control it. although research studies may pose some risks, researchers do all they can to protect their patients. if you ' re interested in being part of a research study, talk with your doctor. you may want to read the nci booklet taking part in cancer treatment research studies. it describes how treatment studies are carried out and explains their possible benefits and risks. nci ' s website has a section on research studies at http : / / www. cancer. gov / clinicaltrials. it has general information about research studies as well as detailed information about specific ongoing studies of breast cancer. nci ' s cancer information service can answer your questions and provide information about research studies. contact cis at 1 - 800 - 4 - cancer ( 1 - 800 - 422 - 6237 ) or at livehelp.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4741129166755323, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.181045"} {"text": "technical report on cdc guidance for responses to influenza for institutions of higher education during the 2009 - 2010 academic year this website is archived for historical purposes and is no longer being maintained or updated. for updated information on the current flu season, see the cdc seasonal flu website. february 22, 2010 2 : 00 pm et cdc has released guidance to help decrease the spread of influenza ( flu ) among students, faculty, and staff of institutions of higher education ( ihe ) and post - secondary educational institutions during the 2009 - 2010 academic year. the guidance expands upon earlier guidance for these settings by providing a menu of tools that ihe and health officials can choose from based on conditions in their area. it recommends actions to take now ( during this academic year ), suggests strategies to consider if flu severity is increasing compared with april through december 2009 of the 2009 h1n1 influenza outbreak, and provides a checklist for making decisions. based on the severity of 2009 h1n1 flu - related illness thus far, this guidance also recommends that students, faculty, and staff with flu - like illness remain home until 24 hours after resolution of fever without the use of fever - reducing medicines. for the purpose of this document, ihe is used to refer to public and private, residential and nonresidential, degree - granting and non - degree - granting institutions providing post - secondary education in group settings regardless of the age of their students. portions of this guidance pertaining to dormitories and residence halls may be useful for residential ( boarding ) schools providing primary and secondary education, with adaptations as needed for their younger population. this guidance represents cdc \u2019 s current thinking on this topic. it does not create or confer any rights for or on any person or operate to bind the public. this technical report includes a more in depth explanation of the strategies presented in the cdc guidance for responses to influenza for institutions of higher education during the 2009 - 2010 academic yearand gives suggestions on how to use them. the guidance is designed to decrease exposure to regular seasonal flu and 2009 h1n1 flu while limiting the disruption of day - to - day activities and the vital learning that goes on in institutions of higher education ( ihe ). more than 17 million students attend the 4, 300 degree - granting post - secondary institutions in the united states and more than 3 million people work as faculty and staff. an additional 2, 222 non - degree - granting institutions offer vocational post - secondary education. ihes are extremely varied and include : - public and private institutions - residential and nonres", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4753133907651954, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.212038"} {"text": "united states and more than 3 million people work as faculty and staff. an additional 2, 222 non - degree - granting institutions offer vocational post - secondary education. ihes are extremely varied and include : - public and private institutions - residential and nonresidential institutions - degree - granting and non - degree - granting institutions - educational or training programs that last from a few weeks to 4 or more years - student population sizes ranging from fewer than one hundred to tens of thousands - community colleges and vocational education and training programs that serve their local communities - colleges and universities with students from across the country and around the world institutions will need to tailor the guidelines to their own unique circumstances, taking into account the size, diversity and mobility of their student body, faculty, and staff ; their location and physical facilities ; programs ; and student and employee health services. decisions about which strategies to implement should balance the goal of reducing the number of people who become seriously sick or die from flu with the goal of minimizing educational and social disruption. ihes should examine and revise, as necessary, their current crisis or pandemic plans and procedures, including updating contact information for students, their families, faculty, and staff. communication plans should be shared with students, their families, faculty, and staff before an outbreak so that they know how the ihe will contact them and what types of information to expect. establishing mechanisms to contact students \u2019 families in the event of a flu outbreak on campus, or to notify them that their student is sick, may decrease the number of inquiries coming into the ihe and therefore the burden on ihe staff. ihes also should communicate with vendors who supply critical products or services to plan for continuation of those services throughout the flu season. critical services may include food service, hygiene supplies, security, and personal protective equipment for staff. this planning is especially important when suppliers may be small businesses in the local area that could also be affected by a flu outbreak. visit http : / / www. flu. gov / plan / school / collegeschecklist. html for the colleges and universities pandemic influenza planning checklist. the purpose of this document is to provide updated guidance for reducing the spread of flu in ihes. we provide recommendations for the 2009 - 2010 flu season, assuming that severity of illness is similar to what was seen during april through december 2009 of the 2009 h1n1 flu outbreak, as well as recommendations that could be added if the severity of illness worsens. flu is unpredictable. cdc will continue to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4803810190387613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.213150"} {"text": "assuming that severity of illness is similar to what was seen during april through december 2009 of the 2009 h1n1 flu outbreak, as well as recommendations that could be added if the severity of illness worsens. flu is unpredictable. cdc will continue to monitor the spread of flu, the severity of the illness it is causing, and for possible changes in flu viruses ; cdc will provide periodic updates of these assessments. if the information cdc gathers indicates that flu is causing more severe disease than during april through december 2009 of the 2009 h1n1 flu outbreak, or if other developments indicate more aggressive mitigation measures should be taken, cdc may recommend additional strategies. flu symptoms, transmission, and risk : symptoms of flu can include fever, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, body aches, headache, chills, and fatigue, and sometimes diarrhea and vomiting. people may be infected with the flu, including 2009 h1n1 flu and have respiratory symptoms without a fever. like seasonal flu, 2009 h1n1 flu infection in humans can vary in severity from mild to severe. visit http : / / www. cdc. gov / h1n1flu / qa. htm for more information on flu symptoms. like seasonal flu, the 2009 h1n1 flu virus is spread mainly from person to person through coughs or sneezes of infected individuals. people may also become infected by touching something \u2013 such as a surface or object \u2013 with flu virus on it and then touching their mouth, nose, or eyes. some people are at higher risk than others for serious complications from flu. these people include : - children younger than 5 years old, but especially children younger than 2 years old - people aged 65 years or older - pregnant women - adults and children who have : - neurological and neurodevelopmental conditions - chronic lung disease - heart disease - blood disorders - endocrine disorders ( such as diabetes ) - kidney, liver, and metabolic disorders - weakened immune systems due to disease or medication - people younger than 19 years of age who are receiving long - term aspirin therapy for more information on people at high risk for flu complications, visit http : / / www. cdc. gov / h1n1flu / highrisk. htm. the most important things ihes can do are to encourage flu vaccination for all those recommended for vaccination ; suggest early treatment for people at higher risk for flu complications ; facilitate use of respiratory etiquette", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4243447908904755, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.214180"} {"text": "highrisk. htm. the most important things ihes can do are to encourage flu vaccination for all those recommended for vaccination ; suggest early treatment for people at higher risk for flu complications ; facilitate use of respiratory etiquette and hand hygiene by students, faculty, and staff ; and to separate sick and well people as soon as possible. administrators should frequently remind students, faculty, and staff about the importance of these. educational materials ( for example, posters ) to enhance compliance with recommendations should be visible in the ihe setting. examples of these materials are available at http : / / www. cdc. h1n1flu / flyers. htm. there are many ways to employ these strategies ; not all can be described in this document. the following recommendations provide a framework to determine the most appropriate and feasible strategies for each ihe. isolating sick people is a critical strategy for addressing 2009 h1n1 flu for two reasons : ( 1 ) 2009 h1n1 flu may result in more serious complications for people at higher risk for flu complications and these measures help protect these people ( see list below ) ; and ( 2 ) a widespread pandemic may result in many more hospitalizations and medical care visits than usually associated with seasonal flu. measures to limit the spread of flu, if effective, may reduce demand on the healthcare system. other measures, such as suspending classes, are recommended for conditions of increased flu severity, but might also be necessary during periods of increased flu activity with the same severity as during april through december 2009 of the 2009 h1n1 flu outbreak in the community, on a case - by - case basis, if the ihe is not able to maintain normal functioning. ihes should review, and revise if necessary, their current crisis or pandemic plans and procedures ; develop contingency plans to cover key positions when staff are absent from work ; update contact information for families and staff ; and share their plans with students, faculty, staff, and community. administrators should review and revise, if necessary, their sick leave policies to remove barriers to faculty and staff staying home while sick or to care for a sick family member. for students, ihes may consider altering policies on missed classes and examinations and late assignments so that students \u2019 academic concerns do not prevent them from staying home when sick or prompt them to return to class or take examinations while still symptomatic and potentially infectious. do not require a healthcare provider \u2019 s note for students, faculty, or staff", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4781064975734062, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.215169"} {"text": "that students \u2019 academic concerns do not prevent them from staying home when sick or prompt them to return to class or take examinations while still symptomatic and potentially infectious. do not require a healthcare provider \u2019 s note for students, faculty, or staff to validate their illness or to return to work, as healthcare provider offices and medical facilities may be extremely busy and may not be able to provide such documentation in a timely way. distance learning or web - based learning may also help students maintain self - isolation. ihes should determine quantities of supplies and space needed to facilitate self - isolation for example, hygiene supplies, masks and other personal protective equipment. ihes should take opportunities at the beginning of campus events to remind attendees about the importance of self - isolation when sick ; early evaluation by a healthcare provider for those who become sick, especially for people at higher risk for flu complications ; respiratory etiquette ; and hand hygiene. educational materials such as posters and flyers to enhance compliance with recommendations should be visible throughout the campus. information and links to credible sources should be posted on the ihe website. examples of these materials are available at www. cdc. gov / h1n1flu. the recommendations that follow are divided into two groups : 1 ) recommendations to use now, during this academic year, assuming a similar severity to april through december 2009 of the 2009 h1n1 flu outbreak, and 2 ) recommendations to consider adding if the flu begins to cause more severe disease. recommended strategies to use now, for flu conditions with severity similar to april through december 2009 of the 2009 h1n1 flu outbreak encourage vaccination against the flu : the best way to protect against the flu is to get vaccinated. the vaccine for seasonal flu is produced every year. groups that should be vaccinated against seasonal flu include : everyone 6 months through 18 years of age ; all people 50 years of age and older ; women who will be pregnant during flu season ; people age 18 through 49 with certain medical conditions that put them at higher risk for flu complications ; healthcare workers ; and household contacts and caregivers of people who are at increased risk of severe illness from flu, including children less than 5 years of age, pregnant women, people 65 and older, and anyone with certain medical conditions. facilitate self - isolation of residential students with flu - like illness in their residence halls, dormitory rooms, the campus health service, or other locations, and help them stay away from others for the full recommended period : promote self - isolation at home by non -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4540909869108222, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.217034"} {"text": "self - isolation of residential students with flu - like illness in their residence halls, dormitory rooms, the campus health service, or other locations, and help them stay away from others for the full recommended period : promote self - isolation at home by non - resident students, faculty, and staff : emphasize respiratory etiquette : flu viruses are thought to spread mainly from person to person in respiratory droplets of coughs and sneezes. this can happen when droplets from a cough or sneeze of an infected person are propelled through the air and deposited on the mouth or nose or are inhaled by people nearby. cdc recommends covering the nose and mouth with a tissue when coughing or sneezing and throwing the tissue in the trash after use. wash hands promptly after coughing or sneezing. if a tissue is not immediately available, coughing or sneezing into one \u2019 s elbow or shoulder ( not into one \u2019 s hand ) is recommended. to encourage respiratory etiquette, students, faculty and staff should have access to tissues and must be educated about the importance of respiratory etiquette, including keeping hands away from the face. visit : http : / / www. cdc. gov / flu / protect / covercough. htm for more information on respiratory etiquette. promote hand hygiene : perform and encourage routine environmental cleaning : - doorknobs, handrails, elevator buttons - desks, tables, chairs - counters and surfaces in cafeterias, meeting rooms, and offices - remote controls - telephone receivers and touch - tone pads - promote early treatment of students and staff at higher risk for flu complications : - discourage the public and visitors with flu - like illness from attending ihe events until they have been free of fever for at least 24 hours : - considerations for specific student populations : - students studying abroad : - early / middle college students : - students with disabilities : - sports teams, bands, and other large student groups : - health - care profession students : permit students, faculty, and staff at higher risk for flu complications to stay home : increase social distances : if flu severity increases, ihes should explore innovative methods for increasing social distances while continuing to meet their educational mission. the goal should be for there to be at least 6 feet of distance between people at most times. this is not a simple or easy strategy and would typically require considerable flexibility. possible options to increase the amount of space between students include moving desks farther apart, leaving vacant seats between students, holding classes outdoors, and using distance learning methods. at an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48507298729121484, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.218083"} {"text": "this is not a simple or easy strategy and would typically require considerable flexibility. possible options to increase the amount of space between students include moving desks farther apart, leaving vacant seats between students, holding classes outdoors, and using distance learning methods. at an increased level of severity, ihes should consider whether to suspend or modify public events such as lectures, films, concerts, sporting events, worship services, and commencement or baccalaureate ceremonies. ihes could also discourage large gatherings that are not sponsored by the ihe, such as fraternity parties. consider postponing campus events : extend the self - isolation period : consider suspending classes : - large gatherings : - residential students : - resuming classes : - cdc will continue to work with state and local partners to monitor the spread and severity of flu illness, monitor for changes in circulating flu viruses that may confer increased severity of disease, identify promising methods for reducing morbidity and mortality, assist state and local health and education agencies to implement those methods and evaluate their effectiveness, and provide timely updates on new scientific findings as well as additional guidance as the conditions warrant. - the u. s. department of education ( ed ) will collaborate with federal, state, and local agencies as well as non - governmental entities to disseminate new guidance, provide support to state education agencies, and work with states to provide flexibility in regulations around funding. - ihes should : - work with state and local public health and education agencies to decide which strategies to implement and when, collect and share data, and disseminate emerging guidance. - establish collaborative relationships with local colleges of medicine, hospitals, urgent care centers, and emergency departments. - assure campus health services have established plans for triage, treatment, vaccination, and education of students. - examine and revise, as necessary, their current crisis or pandemic plans and procedures. - examine and revise, as necessary, sick leave policies for faculty and staff to allow them to stay home when sick and policies on missed classes and examinations and late assignments so that students \u2019 academic concerns do not prevent them from staying home when sick. - serve as resources for their students, parents, faculty, staff, visitors, and wider communities by providing education about ways to reduce the spread of flu. - students, faculty, and staff must take personal responsibility for staying home when sick and practicing respiratory etiquette and hand hygiene. - identify the decision - makers. in some communities, local and state health, education, and homeland security agencies may have relevant decision - making", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4662504595789376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.219251"} {"text": ", and staff must take personal responsibility for staying home when sick and practicing respiratory etiquette and hand hygiene. - identify the decision - makers. in some communities, local and state health, education, and homeland security agencies may have relevant decision - making responsibilities. public ihes will have different types of decision - makers than private institutions. - identify the stakeholders. stakeholders will vary between ihes, but may include : staff from campus health services and mental health services, emergency management, student affairs, residential life, security, communications, physical plant operations, and food service ; students ; faculty ; other staff ; community representatives ; and students \u2019 families. - do you have a process for regular input and collaboration on decisions? - are there strong, open communication channels between decision - makers and stakeholders? does this include frequent information sharing? - do you regularly review your crisis and pandemic plans? do you revise as needed? - what is the severity and extent of spread of the disease in the state or locality? how many people are making outpatient visits for flu - like illness? how many people are being hospitalized for flu - like illness? are the numbers of hospitalizations or deaths increasing? what percent of these hospitalized patients require admission to intensive care units? how many flu deaths have occurred in the community? are some groups being disproportionately affected? - how busy are local healthcare providers and emergency departments? how many visits are they getting for flu - like illness? are they able to meet the increased demand for care from people with flu - like illness? are local healthcare providers or emergency departments becoming overburdened? - are the hospital and intensive care unit ( icu ) beds full with flu patients? is there available space in the icus? are there enough ventilators? - do the hospitals have enough staff to provide care? is there increasing absenteeism in healthcare workers due to flu - like illness in themselves or their family members? - is there enough antiviral medicines in the community to treat sick patients at higher risk for flu complications? - what are the plans for seasonal and 2009 h1n1 flu vaccination clinics? - what are student absenteeism rates? rates for faculty? staff? - how busy is the campus health service? how many visits are they getting for flu - like illness? are they able to meet the increased demand for care from people with flu - like illness? are beds available for students who need to self - isolate? - what resources are available? do you have access", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4660113997276609, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.220293"} {"text": "visits are they getting for flu - like illness? are they able to meet the increased demand for care from people with flu - like illness? are beds available for students who need to self - isolate? - what resources are available? do you have access to the funds, personnel, equipment, and space needed? - how long will the strategies take to implement? how long can the strategies be sustained? - are changes to policy needed? how feasible are these changes? - how can you most clearly communicate with the ihe community about steps students, faculty, staff, and students \u2019 families need to take and the reasons for recommendations? - how are public concerns affecting the community? are rumors circulating about the flu? about the strategies you are considering? what can you do to counter false rumors? - what can you do to empower personal responsibility for protective actions? what can you do to increase buy - in? - will the community support the strategies under consideration? what can you do to increase support? - what secondary effects ( for example, job security, financial support, health service access, and educational progress ) might result from the strategies under consideration? can these secondary effects be mitigated? vaccination to protect against the 2009 h1n1 flu virus should be encouraged. cdc \u2019 s advisory committee on immunization practices ( acip ) has recommended that initial doses of the 2009 h1n1 flu vaccine be prioritized for 5 primary target groups : pregnant women, people who live with or care for children younger than 6 months of age, healthcare and emergency medical services personnel, people age 6 months through 24 years, and people age 25 through 64 years who have certain medical conditions that put them at higher risk for flu complications. due to increased vaccine availability, everyone, including those over age 65 years, can now be vaccinated. students and staff should be encouraged to receive the seasonal flu vaccine and the 2009 h1n1 flu vaccine. for more information on the acip recommendations, visit http : / / www. cdc. gov / mmwr / pdf / rr / rr58e0821. pdf. ihes should contact their local health officials to determine where vaccine will be administered and to discuss the possibility of a vaccination clinic at the ihe. cdc recommends that individuals with flu - like illness remain at home and away from other people until at least 24 hours after they are free of fever ( 100\u00b0 f [ 37. 8\u00b0 c ] or greater when measured orally ), or signs of a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4828664871688815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.221365"} {"text": "recommends that individuals with flu - like illness remain at home and away from other people until at least 24 hours after they are free of fever ( 100\u00b0 f [ 37. 8\u00b0 c ] or greater when measured orally ), or signs of a fever, without the use of fever - reducing medicines. if possible, residential students, faculty, or staff members who live relatively close to the campus should return to their home to keep from making others sick. those leaving the ihe to go to a private home to recuperate should be instructed to do so in a way that limits contact with others as much as possible. for example, travel by private car or taxi would be preferable over use of public transportation. while the campus infirmary would be an ideal location for sick people, few ihes have them and such facilities could be rapidly overwhelmed during a flu outbreak. students with single rooms and private bathrooms should stay in their rooms. students living in suite - type living quarters should remain in their own rooms and receive care and meals from a single person, if possible. students could be asked to establish a \u201c flu buddy scheme \u201d in which students pair up as the identified caregiver if one or the other becomes sick. sick students should limit their contact with others and, to the extent possible, maintain a distance of 6 feet from people with whom they share living space. shared bathrooms should be avoided or receive frequent cleaning. if close contact with others cannot be avoided, cdc recommends people with known, probable, or suspected flu or flu - like illness to use a facemask if available and tolerable, or otherwise to cover their noses and mouths with a tissue when coughing or sneezing ( or an elbow or shoulder if no tissue is available ). for those caring for people with flu - like illness, cdc has recommendations for use of personal protective equipment. visit http : / / www. cdc. gov / h1n1flu / masks. htm for information on appropriate personal protective equipment. close contact, for the purposes of this document, is defined as having cared for or lived with a person with flu - like illness or being in a setting with a high likelihood of contact with respiratory droplets and / or body fluids of such a person. close contact typically does not include activities such as walking by an infected person or sitting across from a symptomatic patient in a waiting room or office. for those who cannot leave campus, and who do not have a private room, ihes may consider providing temporary, alternate housing where those", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5001326442874376, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.222477"} {"text": "as walking by an infected person or sitting across from a symptomatic patient in a waiting room or office. for those who cannot leave campus, and who do not have a private room, ihes may consider providing temporary, alternate housing where those who are sick can stay until 24 hours after they are free of fever. when logistically necessary, because sick students do not need to stay away from other sick students, some ihes have considered temporarily converting a gym or other large space to housing for sick people. local emergency management agencies might be able to assist with planning and arranging for necessary equipment, such as sleeping cots. locations should have good access to bathrooms ( which ideally should not be shared with well people ) and security services ; meals and medicines ( if indicated ) should be provided. internet access might allow students to continue their class work when feeling better but still self - isolating. some ihes have explored pre - arranging contracts with hotels or local landlords for temporary use of off - campus space. ihes should establish a method for maintaining contact with students who are in self - isolation. if resources permit, student affairs, housing staff, or healthcare providers ( for example, nurses or nursing assistants ) could be assigned to make daily contact with each student who is in self - isolation for flu - like illness in a dormitory or other university residential setting. for some ihes, residential advisors also may serve this function. possible contact methods include e - mail, text messaging, phone calls, or room visits. sick students should be provided guidance that reinforces hygiene and self - isolation. some ihes may choose to also check on roommates, suitemates, and others who come in close contact with the sick person to determine if they have also fallen sick. students should be instructed to promptly seek medical attention if they have a medical condition that places them at higher risk for flu complications, are concerned about their illness, or develop severe symptoms. severe symptoms include increased fever, shortness of breath, chest pain or pressure, rapid respirations, cyanosis ( bluish skin color ), vomiting, dizziness, or confusion. campus health services can communicate to the ihe community about these symptoms, how to contact health services, and groups of people at higher risk for flu complications. guidance for caring for flu patients in the home can be applied in the dormitory or residence hall as well. visit : http : / / www. cdc. gov / h1n1flu / guidance _ homecare. htm for more information on caring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.502020090919869, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.223647"} {"text": "caring for flu patients in the home can be applied in the dormitory or residence hall as well. visit : http : / / www. cdc. gov / h1n1flu / guidance _ homecare. htm for more information on caring for sick people in the home. students, faculty, and staff should be vigilant in identifying people who appear to be sick. these individuals should be encouraged by anyone who encounters them to self - isolate and to talk with a healthcare provider about whether they have flu, appropriate treatment, and actions to take if they experience severe symptoms. cdc recommends that individuals with flu - like illness remain at home until at least 24 hours after they are free of fever ( 100\u00b0 f [ 37. 8\u00b0 c ] or greater ), or signs of a fever, without the use of fever - reducing medicines. if possible, students, faculty, and staff with flu - like illness should be asked to stay at home or at a friend or family member \u2019 s home and avoid contact with other people until at least 24 hours after they are free of fever. students leaving the ihe to go to a private home to recuperate should be instructed to do so in a way that limits contact with others as much as possible. for example, travel by private car or taxi would be preferable over use of public transportation. if he or she can tolerate it, the sick person should wear a facemask while in close contact with others. visit http : / / www. cdc. gov / h1n1flu / guidance / exclusion. htm for more information on staying home while sick. flu may spread via contaminated hands or inanimate objects that become contaminated with flu viruses. cdc recommends that students, faculty, and staff be encouraged to wash their hands often with soap and water, especially after coughing or sneezing. if soap and water are not available, alcohol - based hand rubs can also be used. however, hand rubs should not be used when hands are visibly soiled. soap and paper towels are critical for proper hand washing and should be readily available throughout the campus. ihes should educate all students, faculty, and staff about good hand hygiene through direct education as well as posting and disseminating communications materials such as signs, posters, and flyers. visit : www. cdc. gov / cleanhands for more information on hand hygiene. promote routine cleaning of frequently touched surfaces, and ensure adequate supplies of soap and paper towels. provide no - touch wastebaskets and empty them frequently", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46841199204725703, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.224660"} {"text": "and flyers. visit : www. cdc. gov / cleanhands for more information on hand hygiene. promote routine cleaning of frequently touched surfaces, and ensure adequate supplies of soap and paper towels. provide no - touch wastebaskets and empty them frequently. establish regular schedules for frequent cleaning of high - touch surfaces : provide disposable wipes so that commonly used surfaces can be wiped down by students before each use. high - use surfaces include : encourage students to frequently clean their living quarters. students living together should regularly clean frequently used surfaces such as doorknobs, refrigerator handles, remote controls, computer keyboards, countertops, faucet handles, and bathroom areas. ihes should ensure that custodial staff and others who use cleaners or disinfectants read and understand all instruction labels and understand safe and appropriate use. instructional materials and training should be provided in languages other than english as locally appropriate. cdc does not believe any additional disinfection of environmental surfaces beyond the recommended routine cleaning is required. the epa provides a list of epa - registered products effective against flu : http : / / www. epa. gov / oppad001 / influenza - disinfectants. html people at higher risk for flu complications who become sick with flu - like illness should speak with their healthcare provider as soon as possible to determine if they need antiviral treatment. it \u2019 s very important that antiviral drugs be used early to treat flu in people who are very sick ( for example people who are in the hospital ) and people who are sick with flu and have a greater chance of getting serious flu complications. other people may also be treated with antiviral drugs by their doctor this season. cdc recommends that ihes encourage sick students, faculty, and staff at higher risk for flu complications to seek early treatment. students and staff at higher risk for flu complications who have had close contact with others who are sick with a flu - like illness should contact their healthcare provider to discuss whether they may need to take antiviral medicines. people on antiviral treatment may still shed flu viruses and therefore may still transmit the virus to others. these flu viruses may develop resistance to antiviral medicines. to lessen the chance of spreading flu viruses that are resistant to antiviral medicines, people on antiviral treatment should remain in self - isolation according to the current recommendations and adhere to good respiratory etiquette and hand hygiene. visit : http : / / www. cdc. gov / h1n1flu /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.48751876752129136, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.225711"} {"text": "medicines, people on antiviral treatment should remain in self - isolation according to the current recommendations and adhere to good respiratory etiquette and hand hygiene. visit : http : / / www. cdc. gov / h1n1flu / recommendations. htm for more information on antiviral medicines. ihe events that draw the public and other visitors, such as football games or concerts, may pose a high risk of exposure and transmission of flu. ihes should use a variety of communication methods such as e - mail, posters, flyers, and media coverage to discourage people with flu - like illness from attending these events until they have been free of fever for at least 24 hours without the use of fever - reducing medicines and to encourage adherence to respiratory etiquette and hand hygiene. materials should be made available in the language ( s ) spoken by the ihe community, including those for whom english is not their primary language. ihes can also look for ways to modify these events to reduce close contact and increase distances between participants and may need to consider cancelling if modification is not possible and there is a high level of flu activity in the community. ihes should review their policies for study abroad programs, including how students can access health services abroad, how illness will be reported to the ihe, access to resources for students abroad who are unable to travel back to the u. s., and any legal liability issues. visit http : / / www. cdc. gov / travel for more information on considerations for travel. ihe plans and policies should consider high school students taking college classes for credit ; students and families touring the ihe ; and other k - 12 students who regularly come to campus. ihes should communicate with their partner k - 12 schools about their plans, policies, and strategies they are implementing. more than 11 % of undergraduates reported some type of disability in 2003 - 2004 ; 7. 5 % of these students reported a specific learning disability. ihes should determine if they need to use special communication strategies for these students. ihes should review their policies for sports teams, bands, and other large groups of students who spend a great deal of time together in close proximity. ihes may need to consider cancelling or postponing travel to off - campus events if there is a high level of flu activity in the community. ihes that train healthcare professionals such as physicians, dentists, and nurses represent environments with the potential for greater exposure and to amplify transmission to populations at higher risk for flu complications", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4982080890188004, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.226770"} {"text": "if there is a high level of flu activity in the community. ihes that train healthcare professionals such as physicians, dentists, and nurses represent environments with the potential for greater exposure and to amplify transmission to populations at higher risk for flu complications. students in the heath care professions who spend any time in a clinical setting should be reminded to self - monitor for symptoms of flu - like illness, practice respiratory etiquette and good hand hygiene, and use appropriate personal protective equipment. visit http : / / www. cdc. gov / h1n1flu / clinicians for guidance for healthcare settings. recommended strategies to add in the event of increased flu severity compared to april through december 2009 of the 2009 h1n1 flu outbreak cdc will work with state and local health departments to continue to assess the severity of illness caused by 2009 h1n1 flu and disseminate the results of these ongoing assessments. if global, national, or regional risk assessments indicate an increased level of severity compared with the april through december 2009 of the 2009 h1n1 flu outbreak, cdc will consider the need to recommend additional strategies. decisions to add strategies should be based on information on the severity of illness reported in global, national, and regional assessments, local goals, epidemiology, and healthcare system capacity, bearing in mind the feasibility and acceptability of the strategies being considered. the following strategies use a variety of methods for increasing social distance, while attempting to maintain operability of most ihes. feasibility and acceptability of these strategies will vary considerably. although the following strategies have not been scientifically tested in the ihe setting, they are grounded on basic principles of infection control. implementing these strategies is likely to be more difficult and to have more disruptive effects than the previously described strategies. these strategies should be considered if flu severity increases and are meant for use in addition to the strategies outlined above. if flu severity increases, students, faculty, and staff at higher risk for flu complications may consider staying home while flu transmission is high in their community. such people should make this decision after consulting with their healthcare provider. people who elect to stay home should also attempt to decrease their exposure in other ways - - for example, by avoiding large public gatherings. ihes should consult with their boards and legal counsel about policy accommodations that might be necessary. for example, ihes might be able to make provisions for distance learning methods such as conference calls and internet - based lessons or students at higher risk for flu complications might be allowed to withdraw for the semester without", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48095611272832794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.227901"} {"text": "counsel about policy accommodations that might be necessary. for example, ihes might be able to make provisions for distance learning methods such as conference calls and internet - based lessons or students at higher risk for flu complications might be allowed to withdraw for the semester without penalty. sick leave policies might be tailored to address the needs of faculty and staff at higher risk for flu complications. work responsibilities and locations potentially could be modified to keep people at higher risk for flu complications from coming into contact with potentially sick individuals. to the extent possible, telecommuting and distance learning could be made more widely available. at an increased level of severity, ihes should consider whether to suspend or modify public events such as lectures, films, concerts, sporting events, worship services, and commencement or baccalaureate ceremonies. ihes could also discourage large gatherings that are not sponsored by the ihe, such as fraternity parties. if flu severity increases, individuals with flu - like illness should self - isolate at home for at least 7 days after symptom onset, even if symptoms resolve sooner. individuals who are still sick 7 days after they become sick should continue to self - isolate until at least 24 hours after symptoms have resolved. this recommendation is based on viral shedding information. flu virus shedding generally occurs for 5 to 7 days for seasonal flu infection. longer periods of exclusion of people who have flu symptoms also may be considered based on setting - and population - specific characteristics. see information above for self - isolation for residential and non - residential students. visit http : / / www. cdc. gov / h1n1flu / guidance / exclusion. htm for more information about staying home while sick. cdc recommends that ihes review and revise, as necessary, pandemic flu plans that can be readily implemented if flu severity increases. officials should balance the risks of flu in their community with the disruption suspending classes will cause in both education and the wider community. ihe officials should work closely and directly with their local and state public health officials to revise their plans, to make sound decisions based on local conditions, and to implement strategies in a coordinated manner. when ihes suspend classes, they should use multiple channels to communicate a clear message about their reasons for doing so and the implications for the students, faculty, staff, and the community. reactive class suspension might be appropriate when ihes are experiencing high rates of absenteeism due to flu - like illness among students, faculty, or staff, when a large number of students are visiting campus health services for flu - like", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4910328708433608, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 15, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.229006"} {"text": "and the community. reactive class suspension might be appropriate when ihes are experiencing high rates of absenteeism due to flu - like illness among students, faculty, or staff, when a large number of students are visiting campus health services for flu - like illness, or when the ihe is not able to maintain normal functioning due to severe flu conditions in the community. preemptive class suspension can be used to decrease the spread of flu virus or to reduce demand on the healthcare system. ihes might be asked to suspend classes to decrease the spread of flu virus if global, national, or regional risk assessments indicate an increased level of severity compared with the april through december 2009 of the 2009 h1n1 flu outbreak. suspending classes is likely to be more effective in decreasing the spread of flu virus in the community when used early in relation to the appearance of the virus in the community and when used in conjunction with other strategies. ihes should consider whether they can allow faculty and staff to continue to use their facilities while classes are not being held. keeping facilities open may allow faculty to develop lessons and materials, to continue teaching through distance learning methods, to advise students using methods such as telephone calls and e - mail, and to engage in other essential activities, such as research projects. visit http : / / www. cdc. gov / h1n1flu / vaccination for more information on the 2009 h1n1 flu vaccination. if an increase in community - wide transmission occurs shortly before vaccine - induced immunity is anticipated, or before a scheduled break, some ihes may consider suspending classes temporarily. if classes are suspended preemptively, other large gatherings should be cancelled or postponed. this would include sporting events, dances, performances, commencement ceremonies, and other events that bring large groups of people into close proximity with one another. large gatherings might also need to be cancelled, postponed, or modified during a reactive class - suspension period. ihes with residential students should plan for ways to continue essential services such as meals, custodial services, security, and other basic operations for students who remain on campus. when possible, dismiss students, faculty, and staff who can drive home or who can go to the nearby home of a relative, close friend of the family, or an international student \u2019 s host family. students leaving the ihe should be instructed to do so in a way that limits contact with others as much as possible. for example, travel by private car or taxi would be preferable over use of public", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.507467654672795, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.230044"} {"text": "or an international student \u2019 s host family. students leaving the ihe should be instructed to do so in a way that limits contact with others as much as possible. for example, travel by private car or taxi would be preferable over use of public transportation. international students and others who do not have easy access to alternative housing should stay on campus, but increase the distance between people and minimize crowding to decrease the likelihood of flu transmission. for example, if multiple roommates remain on campus, one might be able to move to a friend \u2019 s vacant room for this time period. additionally, ihes can explore distance - based learning methods to facilitate continued education both for students who remain on campus and those who leave. faculty and staff should be allowed continued use of their facilities while classes are not being held. the length of time classes should be suspended will vary depending on the reason for suspending classes as well as the severity and extent of illness. when the decision is made to suspend classes, cdc recommends doing so for at least 5 to 7 calendar days. before the end of this period, the ihe, in collaboration with public health officials, should reassess the epidemiology of the disease and the benefits and consequences of continuing the suspension or resuming classes. based on this reassessment, the ihe may decide either to extend the period for which classes are suspended ( and reassess again ) or to resume classes. in the event that global, national, and regional risk assessments indicate a much higher severity than that seen in april through december 2009 of the 2009 h1n1 flu outbreak, ihes should plan for more prolonged periods of class suspension. complete closing of the campus ( which would include suspension of research activities ) is not possible or desirable for most ihes and is unlikely to be recommended. however, ihes should plan for ways to care for animals and maintain critical research activities while minimizing contact between people. collaboration is essential : many different stakeholders have important roles to play in the decision - making process, implementing strategies, and ensuring their effectiveness. to decrease exposure of students, faculty, and staff to the flu virus, cdc recommends a combination of targeted, layered strategies applied early and simultaneously as the best means to reduce spread of flu. the selection of strategies should be based on trends in the severity of the disease, characteristics of the virus, feasibility, and acceptability. a course of action should be determined through collaborative decision - making involving public health agencies, ihe faculty and staff ; students ; students \u2019", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5041588228152554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.231100"} {"text": "should be based on trends in the severity of the disease, characteristics of the virus, feasibility, and acceptability. a course of action should be determined through collaborative decision - making involving public health agencies, ihe faculty and staff ; students ; students \u2019 families, and the wider community. cdc and its partners will continuously look for changes in the severity of flu and will share what is learned with state and local agencies, the public, and other stakeholders. however, states and local communities can expect to see a lot of differences in disease patterns from community to community. every ihe has to balance a variety of objectives to determine the best course of action to help decrease the spread of flu. decision - makers should explicitly identify and communicate their objectives which might be one or more of the following : ( a ) protecting overall public health by reducing community transmission ; ( b ) reducing transmission among students, faculty, and staff ; and ( c ) protecting people at higher risk for flu complications. some strategies can have negative consequences in addition to their potential benefits. the following questions can help begin discussions and lead to decisions. decision - makers and stakeholders are all the right people involved in the decision - making process? what is the process for working together? information collection and sharing can local or state health officials determine and share information about the following? what does the ihe know about the following? do you have the resources to implement the strategies being considered? have you determined how to address the following challenges to implementing the strategies? get email updates to receive weekly email updates about this site, enter your email address : - centers for disease control and prevention 1600 clifton rd atlanta, ga 30333 tty : ( 888 ) 232 - 6348 24 hours / every day", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5070016490468738, "token_count": 348, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 18, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.231897"} {"text": "los angeles, ca \u2014 a researcher at charles drew university of medicine and science is investigating the potential use of non - pathogenic baker \u2019 s yeast as a promising, natural therapy for cancer. dr. mamdooh ghoneum presented his findings tuesday, feb. 2 at a special conference on \u201c cell death mechanism, \u201d sponsored by the american association for cancer research ( aacr ) at the omni san diego hotel in san diego. \u201c the central focus of the meeting is cell death regulation and how to mine and exploit it for therapeutic gain, \u201d a written evaluation of the aacr special conference states. \u201c this conference includes new complexities of cell death and cell survival, new technologies, and clinical translational aspects necessary for the evolution of new therapeutic strategies. \u201d for more than two decades, dr. ghoneum has pursued a theory that cancer cells self destruct when exposed to small quantities of yeast. in laboratory tests, dr. ghoneum exposed cancer cells to yeast and observed as they ingested the yeast \u2014 through a process known as phagocytosis \u2014 and then as the cancer cells died. first, he investigated this phenomenon in test tubes ( in vitro ), introducing yeast to breast, tongue, colon, and skin cancers. \u201c i have no doubt that i am close to unlocking the mystery as to why cancer cells weaken to the point of destruction after eating common baker \u2019 s yeast, \u201d dr. ghoneum said. \u201c the cells just gravitate to the yeast. i call it fatal attraction. \u201d in later experiments, yeast was injected inside the tumors of mice and, again, he observed a decrease in the size of the tumor mass. then, in his most recent tests, he examined whether yeast could kill cancer cells in mice that had cancer metastasized to the lung. these tests also showed significant clearance of the cancer cells from the lung. \u201c we observed that when the cancer cells eat the yeast, they die, \u201d dr. ghoneum said. the next step, dr. ghoneum said, is to conduct clinical trials to determine safety, efficacy of dosage and a method of treatment. born in egypt, dr. ghoneum earned his ph. d. at the university of tokyo in 1980 and did his postdoctoral studies at ucla, school of medicine. dr. ghoneum is an internationally recognized immunologist, who is an expert in cancer immune therapy. he holds patents for inventing three biological response modifiers for the treatment of cancer. he has been a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47741173520862823, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.235669"} {"text": "in the last few years, a number of methods have been developed to repair cartilage damage. these include osteochondral transplantation, microfracture surgery and autologous chondrocyte ( cartilage cell ) implantation. a feature common to all of these techniques is that they are limited to the repair of focal lesions. patients with oa are excluded from treatment. oa cartilage lesions are usually larger and unconfined and so do not provide an appropriate environment for chondrocytes to be retained long enough to build a framework ( matrix ). so... successful repair of oa cartilage damage is dependent on the ability to form a matrix within the joint. effective cartilage engineering protocols have already been developed in which chondrocytes in young animal models have been shown to be effective in creating cartilage. generating cartilage using adult human cartilage cells is far more challenging. older oa patients have cartilage that is less responsive to stem cell stimulation and their stem cells seem to respond less well to the usual growth factors. there are three potential avenues for obtaining stem cells. the first are embryonic stem cells which have the attraction of being relatively pristine. however, political and ethical interests have made this source of stem cells unobtainable. plus, there is the theoretical possibility that theses stem cells may grow unchecked leading to unregulated growth, ie cancer. a second source are mesenchymal stem cells grown in a laboratory from normal volunteers. while carefully screened for diseases and genetic problems, these stem cells do carry the potential for possible rejection reactions. finally, the last source and the one that seems to have the most promise - at least for now - are autologous stem cells. these are stem cells harvested from the iliac crest of the patient. autologous stem cells provide an attractive option for osteoarthritis patients and their clinicians. however it must also be recognized that autologous therapies are expensive. ideally, it would be good to treat the specimen obtained from the iliac crest to growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines, to stimulate an increase in the number of stem cells. however, both governmental regulations as well as sterility concerns preclude this step. in addition, the search for better matrix production to allow stem cells a \" home \" to grow in and multiply is still being studied. there have been a few clinical trials that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.466426816561341, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.240464"} {"text": "regulations as well as sterility concerns preclude this step. in addition, the search for better matrix production to allow stem cells a \" home \" to grow in and multiply is still being studied. there have been a few clinical trials that have demonstrated some promise. the first comes from murdoch university in australia. working with australia ' s adult stem cell company, mesoblast limited ( asx : msb ), the university ' s pre - clinical trials of mesoblast ' s patented adult stem cells had shown the therapy to significantly protect cartilage against damage in knee osteoarthritis. the project ' s principal investigator, professor rick read stated, \" we are delighted with the significant cartilage protective effects of mesoblast ' s allogeneic ( donor unrelated ) cells in our large animal model of knee osteoarthritis, without any adverse events of the cells at all. \" mesoblast ' s cartilage trials evaluated the effectiveness and safety of the company ' s allogeneic adult stem cells to treat osteoarthritis of the knee in 48 arthritic sheep joints. the results showed that osteoarthritic sheep knee joints receiving mesoblast ' s stem cells had significantly greater thickness of joint cartilage, reduced cartilage breakdown, and greater biomechanical strength three months later than did control joints receiving hyaluronic acid. in another study, duke university medical center researchers have \" reprogrammed \" adult stem cells taken from a small deposit of fat behind the kneecap into functioning cartilage, bone, or fat cells that could potentially be grown into replacement tissues for osteoarthritis. the research team has provided evidence that stem cells taken from different adult sources have the potential to be transformed into multiple specialized cell types. in the current study, the researchers took the fat pads from patients whose knee joints were removed during total joint replacement surgery. the fat pad is a dense structure behind the patella, or kneecap that is unlike typical fat tissue found throughout the body. they were able to isolate and grow adult stem cells from this tissue. according to scientists at cardiff university, stem cells identified in their studies can be turned into cartilage cells ( chondrocytes ) in huge quantities. this may mean that limitations in cartilage transplants, in which healthy cartilage cells are collected and transplanted into a damaged joint, could be overcome. however, despite recent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48072773366334864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.241440"} {"text": "##ilage cells ( chondrocytes ) in huge quantities. this may mean that limitations in cartilage transplants, in which healthy cartilage cells are collected and transplanted into a damaged joint, could be overcome. however, despite recent media reports that heralded the identification of these stem cells as a breakthrough in the treatment of osteoarthritis, this research is currently only being considered to treat people with limited cartilage damage only. dr. nathan wei states, \" our current understanding of stem cell biology is obviously not where it needs to be. however, early work at our center using autologous stem cells obtained from iliac crest bone marrow and then concentrated has shown very promising results in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. it is important to comment on the fact that prior to introduction of the stem cells, irritation of the cartilage and adjacent capsule is important to initiate an inflammatory response which then leads to cell proliferation which is an essential part of healing and subsequent cartilage regeneration. \" dr. wei adds, \" for sure, though, i feel that this approach which is relatively painless will prove to be more effective than other therapies we currently have for osteoarthritis. \" for more information about stem cells and osteoarthritis, call the arthritis and osteoporosis center of maryland at ( 301 ) 694 - 5800.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47349707943423397, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.242040"} {"text": "the three gorges dam along the yangtze river today, china is a leading producer in hydroelectricity. the dam is situated in sandouping of yichang city, hubei province. the usd 27. 2 billion three gorges project dam is the largest water conservancy project ever built in china and in the world, with an installed capacity of 22. 5 gigawatts. a large percentage of china ' s renewable energy is provided by this controversial dam project. the three gorges dam has been named among the world ' s top 10 renewable energy projects by the globally renowned science magazine scientific american in july 2009 on may 20, 2006, china completed construction of the world ' s largest and most powerful hydro - electric project the three gorges project, 3 years ahead of schedule. the construction of a dam along the yangtze river has long been in the minds of the chinese even before the idea was first proposed in 1919. the primary objective is for harnessing and developing the yangtze with comprehensive benefits mainly in flood control, power generation and navigation improvement. historically, the population in the middle and lower reaches of the yangtze river suffered tremendous losses in human lives and property due to the yangtze flooding. in 1931 alone, as a result of flooding, 333 thousand hectares of cultivated land were stricken, 145 thousand people were in 1998 the flood caused 4, 150 lives, and damage worth usd 38 the three gorges project serves multi - functions in : china \u2019 s three gorges dam helps alleviate severe flooding ( july 2010 ) in central china. the three gorges dam on yangtze river helped to buffer the worst floods in decades as it blocked more than 40 % of upstream water from the swollen yangtze river. in 2010, china experienced frequent incidences of torrential rains across the country. unusually heavy rains had caused extensive flooding, numerous lives, damaged houses and buildings, reduced crop outputs, displaced millions of people and resulted in usd billions of economic losses. the three gorges dam in july helped alleviate what might have been a worse repeat of the 1998 flood which killed 4150 people in china. it accomplished this much needed task by containing the raging water from the upper reach of yangtze river, swollen from torrential rains, rambling down with a ferocious speed of 70, 000 m3 a second. this was 20, 000 m3 a second higher than the worst flood of china, the 1998 mega floods. the rains had raised the level of the three gorges reservoir by 4m ( 13ft ) overnight, just 20m below its", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4462443843480774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.253979"} {"text": "a second. this was 20, 000 m3 a second higher than the worst flood of china, the 1998 mega floods. the rains had raised the level of the three gorges reservoir by 4m ( 13ft ) overnight, just 20m below its maximum capacity. water was then released at a safe level downstream. torrential rains continued and on july 28 2010, the dam passed yet another challenge after it was able to withstand another raging water from the upper yangtze river. highest flow rate that hit the dam this time was 56, 000 m3 per second. water level in the reservoir rose to 158 m, just 17 m below its maximum capacity of 175 m. so far, floods in 2010 in china has resulted in economic losses of usd 22 billion and affected 120 million people. more than 1, 000 people have died or disappeared, the highest death toll since the 1998 flooding. about the three gorges project : ( source : xinhuanet ) floods of yangtze river critics on the construction of the three gorges project to critics worldwide, it is a social and environmental disaster. they question whether both effects of flood control and power generation can be achieved at the same time as each requires low and high water level respectively ; suggest that both could be achieved by faster, less expensive means in place of dam construction. they doubt whether the human and cultural losses are worth the project benefits. when the dam becomes operational, over a million people will have been relocated, over a thousand archeological sites will be submerged beneath the reservoir, and endangered species may be driven to extinction. \" the world ' s largest \u2014 had the potential of becoming one of china ' s biggest environmental nightmares, triggering landslides, altering entire ecosystems and causing other serious environmental problems \u2014 and, by extension, endangering the millions who live in its shadow : \" this is my opinion, but who am i? nobody, so, don ' t take to heart if you disagree. harnessing liability from nature into assets for man ( the tgp way ) first of all, we have to really look at the yangtze river with which the chinese have been living since early chinese civilization. it is their mother river, which they love and respect for the means of livelihood and natural habitat provided by it. but, though they hate to say it aloud, it has also been their endless source of hardship and sufferings : frequent flooding causing damages of agricultural products, properties, lands and above all, hardship and countless lives. the main consideration behind the construction of this dam, is the numerous valuable lives", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4422972927503992, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.255046"} {"text": "aloud, it has also been their endless source of hardship and sufferings : frequent flooding causing damages of agricultural products, properties, lands and above all, hardship and countless lives. the main consideration behind the construction of this dam, is the numerous valuable lives lost in every flood. the august 1998 flood of the yangtze river, caused 4, 000 lives, and 24 billion dollars worth of damage. it may have been weighed many times before the final and difficult decision was made, placing human lives above all other important issues, like natural habitats, farmland, historic sites, culture and relocation. then comes the subsequently important issues of energy to help china solve 1 / 9 of its energy need. loss of culture heritage needs the least worry from outsiders, as china is a country richest in culture preservation. no effort would have been spared to ensure maximum salvage of culture preservation and minimum loss of heritage along the affected areas. moreover, river floods are the ones that have all along been destroying cities and cultural sites. in the processes of development and modernization, haven ' t we been tearing down old buildings and structures, haven ' t we been changing our lifestyle for better comfort? are not these constituting loss of our ( previous ) culture? archeological and endangered species losses could not be the primary concern to millions of people who have been living under hardship conditions. the relocation was clearly a positive move with new cities having modern plumbing and using coal gas for heating and cooking, electricity and water facilities, minus the fear factor. what is wrong for china to stop the massive flooding, for generating a cleaner energy to reduce emissions! use other options? has not china been venturing into other options too?! are not the so called environmentalists placing wrong emphasis? no doubt, the heritage and the endangered species are our very concern. but which is of utmost importance : to avert the possible loss of millions of lives, in addition to having an added facility to generate cleaner hydroelectricity for ghg reductions ; or heritage and endangered species? i already answered it. so what is yours? ( comment posted on china big push for r. energy ) 01 / 08 / 2008 tom lin, ny 7 / 29 / 05 mark st. leger, lake elmo, minnesota modernization is more important than preservation of antiquities. this happens in every city in america, as city fathers exert eminent domain for the greater good, taking farmlands and buildings, tearing down antiquated buildings for modern business, and so called urban renewal. only time will tell if the dam does provide energy for the long term", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4460572417431944, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.256115"} {"text": "america, as city fathers exert eminent domain for the greater good, taking farmlands and buildings, tearing down antiquated buildings for modern business, and so called urban renewal. only time will tell if the dam does provide energy for the long term, or will it silt in like the aswan dam. only time will tell if this is ten year or twenty year fix, or one of longer standing. china is moving forward for better or worse. history will be the judge of its consequences. three gorges does have some ecological problems associated with it as stated in your article. however, the dam was built as a \" flood control \" structure ( the electrical power generation is an ancillary benefit ) because over 300, 000 people have died in yangtze river floods in the 20th century ( 156, 000 in 1840 ; 142, 000 in 1935 ; over 33, 000 in 1954 ; and most recently over 3, 000 in 1998 ). naturally, when you build a large dam with its associated large reservoir, there will be ecological problems that were not previously existent ; and these must be handled. however, the logic dictates that you build the dam to save the thousands of human lives. then you must address the ecological problems that were unforeseen prior to the construction of the dam. hydropower electrical production is much more efficient than wind energy ( 85 % overall efficiency vs. wind energy ' s 40 % overall efficiency ). hydropower also in summary, the dam was required to avoid the loss of human life due to the frequent flooding of the yangtze river ; and the saving of human lives on such a large scale is imperative. the ecological problems created have to be addressed. the electrical power generation is a large ancillary benefit. regardless of the differing perspectives, everyone agrees that the three gorges dam is an incredible undertaking. like china ' s great wall, it will be one of the few man - made structures visible from space. the impacts on the environment and the benefit of this dam have to be monitored for the next 20 years at least to make a conclusion. by 2006, the second largest hydroelectric power plant in the world is itaipu dam, a project jointly developed by brazil and paraguay. with a capacity of 12. 6 gw. it produced 26 % of the total energy demand of brazil in 1997and 79 % of paraguay.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4550954119411881, "token_count": 478, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.257068"} {"text": "in a new paper released today in nature, biofrontiers institute scientists at the university of colorado boulder, tom cech and leslie leinwand, detailed a new target for anti - cancer drug development that is sitting at the ends of our dna. researchers in the two scientists \u2019 laboratories collaborated to find a patch of amino acids that, if blocked by a drug docked onto the chromosome end at this location, may prevent cancerous cells from reproducing. the amino acids at this site are called the \u201c tel patch \u201d and once modified, the end of the chromosome is unable to recruit the telomerase enzyme, which is necessary for growth of many cancerous cells. \u201c this is an exciting scientific discovery that gives us a new way of looking at the problem of cancer, \u201d cech said. \u201c what is amazing is that changing a single amino acid in the tel patch stops the growth of telomeres. we are a long way from a drug solution for cancer, but this discovery gives us a different, and hopefully more effective, target. \u201d cech is the director of the biofrontiers institute, a howard hughes medical investigator and winner of the 1989 nobel prize in chemistry. co - authors on the study include postdoctoral fellows jayakrishnan nandakumar and ina weidenfeld ; university of colorado undergraduate student caitlin bell ; and howard hughes medical institute senior scientist arthur zaug. telomeres have been studied since the 1970s for their role in cancer. they are constructed of repetitive nucleotide sequences that sit at the ends of our chromosomes like the ribbon tails on a bow. this extra material protects the ends of the chromosomes from deteriorating, or fusing with neighboring chromosome ends. telomeres are consumed during cell division and, over time, will become shorter and provide less cover for the chromosomes they are protecting. an enzyme called telomerase replenishes telomeres throughout their lifecycles. telomerase is the enzyme that keeps cells young. from stem cells to germ cells, telomerase helps cells continue to live and multiply. too little telomerase produces diseases of bone marrow, lungs and skin. too much telomerase results in cells that over proliferate and may become \u201c immortal. \u201d as these immortal cells continue to divide and replenish, they build cancerous tumors. scientists estimate that telomerase activation is a contributor in up to 90 percent of human cancers. to date, development of cancer therapies has focused on limiting the enzymatic action of telomerase", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4959788737695812, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.263663"} {"text": "##lenish, they build cancerous tumors. scientists estimate that telomerase activation is a contributor in up to 90 percent of human cancers. to date, development of cancer therapies has focused on limiting the enzymatic action of telomerase to slow the growth of cancerous cells. with their latest discovery, cech and leinwand envision a cancer drug that would lock into the tel patch at chromosome ends to keep telomerase from binding there. this approach of inhibiting the docking of telomerase may be the elegant solution to the complex problem of cancerous cells. cech, a biochemist, and leinwand, a biologist, joined forces to work on their latest solution. \u201c this work was really made possible by the fact that our labs are so close, \u201d leinwand said. \u201c my lab was able to provide the cell biology and understanding of genetics, and tom \u2019 s lab allowed us to explore the biochemistry. we have a unique situation at biofrontiers where labs and people comingle to make discoveries just like this. \u201d leinwand is the chief scientific officer of the biofrontiers institute and a professor of molecular, cellular and developmental biology. researchers at the university of colorado have a significant history in developing marketable biotechnologies. cech founded ribozyme pharmaceuticals inc. leinwand co - founded myogen with cu professor michael bristow, hiberna and recently launched myokardia ( http : / / www. myokardia. com / about. php ). the biofrontiers institute is an interdisciplinary institute housed at the jennie smoly caruthers biotechnology building at cu - boulder. the institute is dedicated to training the next generation of interdisciplinary scientists through its iq biology interdisciplinary quantitative biology ph. d. program. for more information about biofrontiers visit http : / / biofrontiers. colorado. edu emilia costales, biofrontiers institute, 303 - 735 - 3001", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49327101083098857, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.264604"} {"text": "the stresses subsea cables are subjected to in these days of globalization, keeping the world connected is imperative. information needs to pass as freely and quickly as possible in order to keep markets up - to - date with the latest news and to ensure that commerce can be conducted without hindrance ( at least of the technical kind ). so what do you do \u2013 look to the sky? the answer is no ; in fact, 99 % of this information is carried by undersea cables. these unsung heroes sit at the bottom of the sea. there they are buffeted by the high pressures and general movement of the surrounding water, and the rough terrain they lay upon. even so, they provide instantaneous messaging between countries and peoples of different cultures. how do subsea cables withstand the stresses they are subjected to? the latest issue of comsol news touches on this subject, with reports on jdr cables. this is a company based out of the uk that designs and manufactures subsea umbilical systems of cables and reelers for oil and gas and renewable processes. they \u2019 ve been doing this for years, but increased requirements for quality and cost controls has led them to use modeling for their designs. these subsea cables are not simple. they often contain a number of different wires of varying sizes, with different purposes in mind, as part of the cable package. these wires are all wound together within thick armature shells made of material tough enough to withstand the undersea environment. once the cables have been manufactured, they are then wound onto large reels or spindles, placed onto a boat and then wound up and down as part of the laying process. together with the harsh environment of the sea and wind, the cables also have to withstand the tensile forces that the cables are subjected to as part of the reeling process. these subsea cables are not simple. how jdr was able to simulate this is explained in the comsol news article. part of their challenge was that they identified over 3, 000 localized regions of high contact within the cable package. but once they, and their comsol certified consultant, continuum blue, were able to achieve this, they found their models cost half as much as physical testing, with further reductions in manufacturing costs. login to comment - create account - forgot your password?", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45013350959106885, "token_count": 466, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.271051"} {"text": "changing cod distribution observed as ecosystem warms bottom to top during the first six months of 2012, sea surface temperatures in the northeast shelf large marine ecosystem were the highest ever recorded, according to the latest ecosystem advisory issued by noaa ' s northeast fisheries science center ( nefsc ). above - average temperatures were found in all parts of the ecosystem, from the ocean bottom to the sea surface and across the region, and the above average temperatures extended beyond the shelf break front to the gulf stream. the annual 2012 spring plankton bloom was intense, started earlier and lasted longer than average. this has implications for marine life from the smallest creatures to the largest marine mammals like whales. atlantic cod continued to shift northeastward from its historic distribution center. the northeast us continental shelf large marine ecosystem ( lme ) extends from the gulf of maine to cape hatteras, north carolina. the nefsc has monitored this ecosystem with comprehensive sampling programs from 1977 onward ; prior to 1977, this ecosystem was also monitored by the nefsc through a series of separate but coordinated programs dating back decades. \" a pronounced warming event occurred on the northeast shelf this spring, and this will have a profound impact throughout the ecosystem, \" said kevin friedland, a scientist in the nefsc ' s ecosystem assessment program. \" changes in ocean temperatures and the timing of the spring plankton bloom could affect the biological clocks of many marine species, which spawn at specific times of the year based on environmental cues like water temperature. \" friedland said the average sea surface temperature ( sst ) exceeded 10. 5 degrees c ( 51\u00b0f ) during the first half of 2012, exceeding the previous record high in 1951. average sst has typically been lower than 9 degrees c ( 48\u00b0f ) over the past three decades. sea surface temperature in the region is based on both contemporary satellite remote - sensing data and long - term ship - board measurements, with historical sst conditions based on ship - board measurements dating back to 1854. in some nearshore locations like delaware and chesapeake bays in the middle atlantic bight region, temperatures were more than 6 degrees c ( 11\u00b0f ) above historical average at the surface and more than 5 degrees c ( 9\u00b0f ) above average at the bottom. in deeper offshore waters to the north, bottom waters were 1 degree c ( 2\u00b0f ) warmer in the eastern gulf of maine and greater than 2 degrees c ( 3. 6\u00b0f ) warmer in the western gulf of maine. ocean bottom temperature data cited in the advisory posted today", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.44070393001972824, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.276570"} {"text": ", bottom waters were 1 degree c ( 2\u00b0f ) warmer in the eastern gulf of maine and greater than 2 degrees c ( 3. 6\u00b0f ) warmer in the western gulf of maine. ocean bottom temperature data cited in the advisory posted today came from a variety of sources, including emolt, a cooperative research program between the northeast fisheries science center and lobstermen who deploy temperature probes attached to lobster traps. while some of the temperature probes from the emolt program are still in the water and have not yet been returned, those that have been returned indicate that bottom water temperatures in 2012 were the warmest since the emolt program began in 2001. atlantic cod distribution in the gulf of maine continues a northeasterly shift, with the spring 2012 data consistent with a response to ecosystem warming. warming ocean temperatures and the resulting impact on the distribution of 36 fish stocks was reported by the center in a 2009 study published in marine ecology progress series. that study analyzed annual nefsc spring survey data from 1968 to 2007 and other information and found that about half of the 36 fish stocks studied in the northwest atlantic ocean, many of them commercially valuable species, have been shifting northward over the past four decades, with some disappearing from us waters as they move farther offshore. friedland notes that although cod didn ' t shift as much as other species like hake in the 2009 study, the effects of warming water on ocean currents and other ocean circulation patterns could change that. \" cod distribution continues to be dynamic, with northerly shifts detected in the spring 2012 data, consistent with a response to ecosystem warming, \" friedland said. \" the big question is whether or not these changes will continue, or are they a short - term anomaly? \" mike fogarty, who heads the ecosystem assessment program, says the abundance of cod and other finfish is controlled by a complex set of factors, and that increasing temperatures in the ecosystem make it essential to monitor the distribution of many species, some of them migratory and others not. \" a complex combination of factors influence ocean conditions, and it isn ' t always easy to understand the big picture when you are looking at one specific part of it at one specific point in time, \" fogarty said, a comparison similar to not seeing the forest when looking at a single tree in it. \" we now have information from a variety of sources collected over a long period of time on the ecosystem, and are continually adding more data to clarify specific details. the data clearly show a relationship between all of these factors. \" the 2012 spring", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4288667775320839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.277514"} {"text": "it. \" we now have information from a variety of sources collected over a long period of time on the ecosystem, and are continually adding more data to clarify specific details. the data clearly show a relationship between all of these factors. \" the 2012 spring plankton bloom, one of the longest duration and most intense in recent history, started at the earliest date recorded since the ocean color remote sensing data series began in 1998. in some locations, the spring bloom began in february, and was fully developed by march in all areas except georges bank, which had an average although variable spring bloom. the 2012 spring bloom in the gulf of maine began in early march, the earliest recorded bloom in that area. \" what this early start means for the northeast shelf ecosystem and its marine life is unknown, \" fogarty said. \" what is known is that things are changing, and we need to continue monitoring and adapting to these changes. \" intensive surveys of environmental conditions on the northeast shelf from cape hatteras, north carolina to nova scotia were conducted from 1977 to 1987 as part of the marine resources monitoring, assessment & prediction ( marmap ) program. the efforts continued at reduced levels through the 1990s and are ongoing today as part of the center ' s ecosystems monitoring ( ecomon ) program. plankton samples are collected six times a year in each of the four subareas of the northeast shelf : the middle atlantic bight, southern new england, georges bank, and the gulf of maine. ecomon scientists also collect water samples and other oceanographic data about conditions during each season in each of the four areas to provide a long - term view of changing conditions on the shelf. ecosystem advisories have been issued twice a year by the nefsc ' s ecosystems assessment program since 2006 as a way to routinely summarize overall conditions in the region. the reports show the effects of changing coastal and ocean temperatures on fisheries from cape hatteras to the canadian border. the advisories provide a snapshot of the ecosystem for the fishery management councils and also a broad range of stakeholders from fishermen to researchers. the spring 2012 ecosystem advisory with supporting information is available online.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4551146706914745, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.278350"} {"text": "the european - mediterranean seismological centre and the u. s. geological survey said the quake struck at 1343 gmt ( 9 : 43 a. m. edt ), followed by a 5. 2 - magnitude temblor eight minutes later. the usgc said the stronger quake hit at a depth of 5. 3 miles ( 8. 6 kilometers ), 58 miles ( 93 kilometers ) northwest of jan mayen, a norwegian island with a research station but no permanent population. the quake could be felt on the island, but didn ' t cause any damage or injuries, said erik persheim, an electronics engineer at the research station. \" we watched the mountain as the loose stones and shale came sliding down, \" persheim told the associated press. \" it didn ' t seem very big and i don ' t think much of anything broke, but we ' ll have to have a thorough inspection. \" he said there are currently 44 people on island involved in various research and maintenance work. normally, the station houses about 18 engineers and other personnel. norwegian seismologist tormod kvaerna said jan mayen, about 370 miles ( 600 kilometers ) east of greenland, lies near a fault line and is often exposed to earthquakes though he couldn ' t remember any previous temblors there of that size. \" this is very big, \" he said, adding that it probably wasn ' t in 2008, a 6. 2 - magnitude earthquake off the svalbard islands was billed as the most powerful earthquake on record in norway. it was unclear whether the epicenter of thursday ' s quake was inside norwegian territorial waters.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4041347576935166, "token_count": 333, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.279855"} {"text": "build a solid foundation in science, formulation and product development \u2014 find out more! most popular in : dyeing to be natural by : katie schaefer, cosmetics & toiletries magazine posted : june 30, 2009, from the july 2009 issue of cosmetics & toiletries. page 2 of 3 henna, a commonly used natural dye, did not exhibit the efficacy he was after. \u201c the dyes we selected have a performance advantage over henna. with henna, you can only get some reds and oranges. also, the pigment coats the hair, so if the consumer decides they do not like it, it is hard to remove or color over it, \u201d said greaves. the main objective for greaves was to achieve natural permanent hair colors that are stable, strong and that stick. in many cases, greaves bred plants specifically to create strong plant dyes. \u201c we have plants such as madder [ an herbal extract ] that are selectively bred for their pigments. madder contains multiple pigments in various forms but we only wanted certain ones - and we wanted to breed down the solids and sugars that we would have to pull out. there is a lot of trial and error to get the pigment you want, \u201d conceded greaves. this trial and error can involve plant exchange resins and solvent extraction. \u201c we are not separating the molecules, \u201d explained greaves. \u201c we are just isolating them. \u201d most of the edible pigments chosen by greaves are from vegetables. for example, he formulates with indigo from indigofera tinctoria, a violet pigment from red cabbage, and anthocyanins from purple sweet potato, red radish and purple carrots. \u201c some of the traditional anthocyanin sources such as grape are less stable, \u201d said greaves, who added that they also contain an overabundance of tannins and sulfur dioxides. instead, he searched for dyes containing double bonds to make them resistant to oxidation. reaction for deposition to deposit the dye into the hair, greaves \u2019 color kit reacts the plant - based dyes with mineral salts and the protein in hair to form a stable complex. the mineral salt is a divalent or trivalent ion that creates a bond with the protein. the dye does not open the cuticle like traditional dyes. \u201c typically the isometric point of hair is around 4. 5. an oxidative dye molecule is too large to get into hair. therefore, the formulator would have to use an amine to raise the ph", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5087726660401417, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.282577"} {"text": "what is the purpose of the ban on patching compounds and artificial ash and embers that contain respirable free - form asbestos? these regulations eliminate from certain products respirable free - form asbestos fibers that may cause lung or other cancers. where can i find the bans on consumer patching compounds and emberizing materials containing asbestos? the bans are published in the code of federal regulations ( c. f. r. ) in title 16, parts 1304 and 1305. what is respirable free - form asbestos? respirable free - form asbestos is asbestos that is notbound, woven, or otherwise \u201c locked in \u201d by a glue orresin to a patching compound or to artificial ashes orembers. because they are not locked in, asbestosfibers can get into the air and be inhaled when thepatching compounds are sanded or the ashes andembers are heated. what forms of asbestos are subject to the ban? the bans cover products containing amosite, chrysolite, crocidolite, anthophyllite, actinolite, and tremolite asbestos. which products must meet this regulation? the ban covers the following products containing asbestos : ( 1 ) products such as spackling compounds, tape joint compounds, and other mixtures that consumers use to patch or seal cracks, holes, or other imperfections in drywall and other surfaces. these products may be in dry form ready to be mixed with water or may be an already - mixed paste. the ban only applies to patching compounds to which asbestos has been intentionally added as an ingredient or which contain asbestos because the manufacturer knowingly used a raw material that contained asbestos. when a manufacturer finds out that a patching compound contains asbestos, the commission will consider the manufacturer to have knowingly used a raw material containing asbestos, unless the manufacturer reduces the amount of asbestos as much as is feasible. ( 2 ) decorative simulated ashes or embers that are placed under artificial logs in gas - burning fireplaces and that, when heated, glow like real burning embers. the ban includes material containing asbestos that is glued to artificial logs either at the factory or by consumers using an \u201c emberizing \u201d kit, and also covers artificial embers and ashes used in artificial fireplaces for decorative purposes. synthetic logs made of cellulosic material that burn completely are not subject to the ban, nor are electric artificial logs and artificial ash beds used in electric fireplaces, which do not contain asbestos. where can i find additional information", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4674112118466139, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.286846"} {"text": "although the weather can seem fairly random from day to day, the weekly and monthly patterns are driven by the overriding impact of the seasons. likewise, the stock market has long - term \u201c secular \u201d cycles driven by the fundamentals of finance and short - term \u201c cyclical \u201d cycles within these secular cycles. because the market movements often appear random, conventional wisdom assumes a random walk for the market. yet conventional wisdom too often includes shortcuts that create blinders to insight. whether you invest or trade, an understanding of the cycles and their implications can be invaluable toward financial success. secular stock market cycles are extended periods of above - average returns ( secular bull markets ) and below - average returns ( secular bear markets ). just like seasons of the weather, these secular cycles are not coincidental patterns or long - term phenomena ; rather, these periods are caused by fundamental drivers of returns. why does this matter to a trader or investor? an understanding of the patterns and drivers can greatly enhance success in the market. the market is not a random pattern of results or a simple game of chance, such as flipping a coin or spinning the roulette wheel. in games of chance, the odds are known and are unaffected by previous events or current conditions. the market more closely relates to a game of skill, where past events and current conditions actually affect future results. this article should help you to \u201c count the cards \u201d in the market to know when it is winter or summer and to know when to fade a winter warm spell or lean into the emerging spring. if returns in the market were occurring randomly over time, then 10 - year periods in the stock market would presumably show relatively random results. however, figure 1 presents quite a different pattern. it undulates from below - average to above - average. the chart reflects all 10 - year periods since 1900 : the first is 1900 to 1909, then 1901 to 1910 and so on. each bar is the average compounded return including dividends during every 10 - year period since 1900. the pattern clearly is not random, and it is driven primarily by the significant factor of market valuation. figure 1. s & p 500 index total returns by decades to understand a multifaceted situation, it is sometimes helpful to break it into the component parts. stock market returns consist of three parts : earnings growth, dividend yield and the change in the price - to - earnings ratio ( p / e ). the growth of earnings represents the core driver of stock market appreciation. as the earnings of companies increase", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.513278754717929, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.294382"} {"text": "stock market returns consist of three parts : earnings growth, dividend yield and the change in the price - to - earnings ratio ( p / e ). the growth of earnings represents the core driver of stock market appreciation. as the earnings of companies increase over time, the value of companies tends to increase. if p / e ( the valuation multiple of the market ) stays the same, then the stock price ( or overall market ) will increase consistently with earnings growth. but the stock market often increases by more than earnings growth or, at times, declines despite earnings growth. in these instances, respectively, earnings growth is multiplied by an increase in p / e or offset by a decrease in p / e. the big picture the price / earnings ratio for the overall market is developed by dividing a price index by the aggregate earnings of companies in the index. p / e is a valuation multiple because it essentially reflects the number of years worth of earnings that investors will pay today for a future stream of income from stocks. when inflation and interest rates are high, investors want higher returns, so they pay a lower price upfront for stocks. when deflation occurs, future income and dividends reflect a declining deflationary trend, so investors pay lower prices here, too. only in conditions when inflation is low and stable do investors pay higher p / es for stocks. therefore, trends in inflation or deflation drive p / es through a cycle of higher and lower levels. because p / e is a multiplier of earnings growth, a rising trend in p / e can often double or triple the level of return from earnings growth. a declining trend in p / e, however, can offset some or all of the benefit from earnings growth. beyond the return that is driven by earnings growth and the change in p / e, an investor also receives dividends from a portfolio of stocks. so dividends add a final component to the total return from the stock market. what \u2019 s the cycle? the key point, as detailed in the book unexpected returns : understanding secular stock market cycles, is to recognize that the cycle in p / e drives the secular stock market cycles. as earnings tend to grow over time, a rising p / e will multiply earnings growth and drive above - average returns. a decline in p / e will offset earnings growth and deliver below - average returns. the impact of the price / earnings ratio on the stock market is reflected in figure 2. the red and green bars represent the year - end level of the market ; the colors of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4874320052188482, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.295387"} {"text": "p / e will offset earnings growth and deliver below - average returns. the impact of the price / earnings ratio on the stock market is reflected in figure 2. the red and green bars represent the year - end level of the market ; the colors of the bars represent secular bear and secular bull cycles, respectively. the blue line on the bottom of the graph is p / e. as it rises, we experience green - bar, secular bull market periods. as p / e falls, we experience red - bar, secular bear market periods. figure 2. secular stock market cycles explained most noteworthy, the pattern of p / e is not random \u2026 and the red - bar and green - bar periods are not random. the price pattern for secular bull markets is a generally rising stock market driven by an increase in earnings and an increase in p / es. the price pattern for secular bear markets is a generally choppy stock market driven by an increase in earnings and a decrease in p / es. implications for trading for long - term investors, a multi - year and multi - decade perspective is often sufficient, especially when the environment is a green - bar, secular bull market. but for traders and curious investors, a look inside a typical secular bear market can be revealing. for example, although the himalaya mountains may appear to be little hills from an airplane flying over them, the terrain is quite different for someone taking each step on the ground. the red - bar, secular bear market of the 1960s and 1970s in figure 2 appears muted across a century of time. yet the daily, trail - worn path \u201c feels \u201d quite different. figure 3 reflects the dramatic short - term cyclical bull and bear cycles that occur throughout the longer secular bear market period. the magnitude of the swings, presented as percentages between peaks and troughs, is much more significant than most people expect. figure 3. living through the last secular bear market additionally, the relatively short periods for the cyclical bulls and bears further multiplies the drama. the investment approach employed not only by investors, but also particularly by traders, should adjust to the different conditions of secular bulls and secular bears. whether your strategy is long - or short - biased, each of the secular market animals presents a unique environment of challenges and opportunities. secular bear markets, with their repeatedly changing and erratic short - term cycles, pose especially challenging conditions. however, one trader \u2019 s challenge is another \u2019 s opportunity. outlook for the next few years in chapter five of reminiscences of a stock operator", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4998706388233255, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.296347"} {"text": "markets, with their repeatedly changing and erratic short - term cycles, pose especially challenging conditions. however, one trader \u2019 s challenge is another \u2019 s opportunity. outlook for the next few years in chapter five of reminiscences of a stock operator by edwin lefevre, the stalwart sage mr. partridge has a jousting exchange with investment newbie elmer harwood. harwood was focused only on the current stock trade ; partridge \u2019 s many years of experience taught him not to ignore the overall trend. harwood would ultimately learn, while partridge would profit. the underlying conditions of the market were as relevant a century ago as they are today. but today, unlike the secular bull market of the 1920s, we are in the middle of a secular bear market that started in 2000. for the remainder of this secular bear \u2014 which can be expected to last many more years \u2014 we can expect a couple or several years of surges punctuated by a year or two of decline. while inflation remains relatively low and p / es are commensurately high, the fundamentals are not in place to enable p / es to double or triple to generate the next secular bull market. the pattern will be frustrating for those who are not aware of it, yet rewarding for those who see the opportunities. the secular bear roller coaster reflected in figure 3 emphasizes the need to stay aware of the current normalized p / e. after the first quarter of 2010, p / e is in the lower end of the typical valuation range for relatively low inflation environments. crestmont research updates quarterly, or more often as warranted, a complimentary assessment of the current state of p / e in the stock market section of its website. for now, the short - term cyclical bull has momentum ; within quarters or years, another short - term bear will likely add another punctuation point to the current longer - term secular bear market. for thousands of years, early man observed a pattern of seasons \u2014 from winter to spring, then on to summer, and concluding with fall. for many millenniums, seasons were a constant, though unexplained, pattern. at times, a warm day in the middle of winter would be confused with the beginning of spring. farmers would run out and plant crops, only to be nipped by the continuation of winter. then about 500 years ago, astronomers determined that the tilt of the earth caused the seasons. suddenly they knew that summer cannot start in the middle of winter, no matter how long the warm spell", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5194119569935076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.297284"} {"text": "a risk factor is something that increases your likelihood of getting a disease or condition. it is possible to develop low back pain or sciatica with or without the risk factors listed below. however, the more risk factors you have, the greater your likelihood of developing low back pain or sciatica. if you have a number of risk factors, ask your doctor what you can do to reduce your risk. risk factors include : sedentary job or lifestyle muscles that support the back can become weak with lack of exercise. work that requires the following motions puts additional stress on the back : - heavy lifting - bending or twisting - exposure to vibrations, such as riding in a car or operating heavy machinery participating in strenuous or contact sports injuries from contact sports or falls can result in back pain. smoking may contribute to degeneration of the discs in the spine. maintenance of good weight is important for your overall health. while scientific evidence is inconclusive as to how much obesity contributes to back pain, extra pounds can increase pressure on the spinal muscles and disks. improper lifting techniques when you lift objects with your back muscles instead of the stronger muscles in your legs, you increase your risk of back injury. as you grow older, the discs in your back begin to lose water content and degenerate. this increases the risk of disc problems and back pain, especially after age 40. however, even with some disc degeneration, most people do not have back pain.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5007559312617803, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.298986"} {"text": "| this page will not teach you everything about modbus, but will attempt to answer some of the most frequently asked questions. if you still have questions about modbus after reviewing this information, just click support above. what is modbus? modbus is an industrial protocol standard that has been in use for many years. modbus ascii and modbus rtu are relatively simple serial protocols that use eia - 232 or eia - 485 to transmit data packets. the protocol defines function codes and the encoding scheme for transferring data as either single points ( 1 - bit, coils ) or as 16 - bit data registers. this basic data packet is then encapsulated according to the protocol specifications for modbus ascii, rtu, or tcp. the tcp version of modbus follows the osi network reference model ; however the serial implementations of modbus do not. modbus / tcp defines the presentation and application layers in the osi model. modbus protocol is defined as a master / slave protocol, meaning a device operating as a master will poll one or more devices operating as a slave. this means a slave device cannot volunteer information ; it must wait to be asked for it. the master will write data to a slave device \u2019 s registers, and read data from a slave device \u2019 s registers. a register address or register reference is always in the context of the slave \u2019 s registers. modbus / tcp makes the definition of master and slave less obvious because ethernet allows peer to peer communication. the definition of client and server are better known entities in ethernet based networking. in this context, the slave becomes the server and the master becomes the client. there can be more than one client obtaining data from a server. in modbus terms, this means there can be multiple masters as well as multiple slaves. rather than defining master and slave on a physical device by device basis, it now becomes the system designer \u2019 s responsibility to create logical associations between master and slave functionality. where do i start? here are the first few things you need to find out : ( 1 ) what is the physical connection? modbus rtu uses rs - 485 or rs - 232. modbus tcp uses ethernet. if you are looking for a control solutions gateway, you will need to pick the model that matches the electrical interface of the equipment you want to connect. if you are choosing a control solutions i / o device, pick one that matches your network. ( 2 ) how are the registers mapped? when", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5548705997866367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.311193"} {"text": ", you will need to pick the model that matches the electrical interface of the equipment you want to connect. if you are choosing a control solutions i / o device, pick one that matches your network. ( 2 ) how are the registers mapped? when using a gateway to interface a modbus device to a non - modbus network, you need to get documentation from the equipment manufacturer that describes the available registers and how to address them. modbus protocol does not provide a means for registers to automatically identify themselves. control solutions cannot determine this information for you. you must consult the equipment manufacturer. when using control solutions i / o devices ( such as addme iii ) you will find this information in the online help files that came with the device, or on our web site. ( 3 ) what are the communication parameters? modbus rtu requires that you know or define baud rate, character format ( 8 bits no parity, etc ), and slave id ( aka slave address, unit number, unit id ). a mis - match in any of these will result in no communication. modbus tcp requires that you know or define ip addresses on the network. in some cases, you also need unit id ' s. control solutions modbus tcp devices may use the unit id, or may ignore it, depending on the device and the application. review of modbus register types the types of registers referenced in modbus devices include the following : \u2022 coil ( discrete output ) \u2022 discrete input \u2022 input register \u2022 holding register whether a particular device includes all of these register types is up to the manufacturer. it is very common to find all i / o mapped to holding registers only. coils are 1 - bit registers, are used to control discrete outputs, and may be read or written. discrete inputs are 1 - bit registers used as inputs, and may only be read. input registers are 16 - bit registers used for input, and may only be read. holding registers are the most universal 16 - bit register, may be read or written, and may be used for a variety of things including inputs, outputs, configuration data, or any requirement for \" holding \" data. control solutions gateways will support all register types when the gateway is the master, or when operating in direct mode ( babel buster sp - gw ). control solutions gateways that connect a non - modbus device to a modbus network use only holding registers to represent the non - modbus device data ( e. g. copy lonworks network variable data", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4529811437779937, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.312284"} {"text": ". | slave device failure | | an unrecoverable error occurred while the slave was attempting to perform the requested action | slave device busy | | the slave is engaged in processing a long - duration command. the master should try again later. | gateway path unavailable | | specialized use in conjunction with gateways, usually means the gateway is misconfigured or overloaded | gateway target device failed to respond | | specialized use in conjunction with gateways, indicates no response was received from the target device. modbus : when 40001 really means 1, or 0 really means 1 documentation for modbus is not well standardized. actually there is a standard, but not well followed when it comes to documentation. you will have to do one or more of the following to decipher which register a manufacturer is really referring to : a ) look for the register description, such as holding register, coil, etc. if the documentation says # 1, and tells you they are holding registers, then you have holding register # 1. you also have user friendly documentation. b ) look at the numbers themselves. if you see the first register on the list having a number 40001, that really tells you register # 1, and it is a holding register. this form of notation is often referred to as the old modicon convention. c ) look for a definition of function codes to be used. if you see a register # 1, along with notation telling you to use function codes 3 and 16, that also tells you it is holding register # 1. important : register 1 is address 0. read on \u2026 d ) do the numbers in your documentation refer to the register number or address? register # 1 is address zero. if it is not clear whether your documentation refers to register or address, and you are not getting the expected result, try plus or minus one for register number. all control solutions products refer to register numbers in configuration software or web pages. however, some manufacturers document their devices showing address, not register numbers. when you have addresses, you must add one when entering that register into configuration software from control solutions. 40001 : modicon convention notation for modbus registers modbus was originally developed by gould - modicon, which is presently schneider electric. the notation originally used by modicon is still often used today, even though considered obsolete by present modbus - ida standards. the advantage in using the modicon notation is that two pieces of information are included in a single number : ( a ) the register type ; ( b )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5018731605057613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.314620"} {"text": "is another defacto standard that looks very similar. additional register types and reference ranges recognized by babel buster ( lonworks ) gateways are as follows : 0x = coil = 000001 - 065535 1x = discrete input = 100001 - 165535 3x = input register = 300001 - 365535 4x = holding register = 400001 - 465535 when using the extended register referencing, it is mandatory that all register references be exactly six digits. this is the only way babel buster will know the difference between holding register 40001 and coil 40001. if coil 40001 is the target, it must appear as 040001. if registers are 16 - bits, how do i read floating point or 32 - bit data? modbus protocol defines a holding register as 16 bits wide ; however, there is a widely used defacto standard for reading and writing data wider than 16 bits. the most common are ieee 754 floating point, and 32 - bit integer. the convention may also be extended to double precision floating point and 64 - bit integer data. the wide data simply consists of two consecutive \" registers \" treated as a single wide register. floating point in 32 - bit ieee 754 standard, and 32 - bit integer data, are widely used. although the convention of register pairs is widely recognized, agreement on whether the high order or low order register should come first is not standardized. for this reason, many devices, including all control solutions gateways, support a \" swapped \" option. this means you simply check the \" swapped \" option if the other device treats wide data in the opposite order relative to control solutions default order. control solutions modbus products all default to placing the high order register first, or in the lower numbered register. this is known as \" big endian \", and is consistent with modbus protocol which is by definition big endian. what does notation like 40001 : 7 mean? this is a commonly used notation for referencing individual bits in a register. this particular example references register 40001, bit 7. bits are generally numbered starting at bit 0, which is the least significant or right most bit in the field of 16 bits found in a modbus register. how to i read individual bits in a register? the bit mask shown in the expanded form of the rtu read map is a 4 digit hexadecimal ( 16 bit ) value used to mask out one or more bits in a register. the selected bits will be right justified, so a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5149348741590352, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.317825"} {"text": "the bit mask shown in the expanded form of the rtu read map is a 4 digit hexadecimal ( 16 bit ) value used to mask out one or more bits in a register. the selected bits will be right justified, so a single bit regardless of where positioned in the source register will be stored locally as 0 or 1. the notation of register number followed by a colon and number from 0 to 15 indicates a single bit picked from that register. the hex bit mask values would be as follows, assuming a register number of 40001. 40001 : 0 mask : 0001 40001 : 1 mask : 0002 40001 : 2 mask : 0004 40001 : 3 mask : 0008 40001 : 4 mask : 0010 40001 : 5 mask : 0020 40001 : 6 mask : 0040 40001 : 7 mask : 0080 40001 : 8 mask : 0100 40001 : 9 mask : 0200 40001 : 10 mask : 0400 40001 : 11 mask : 0800 40001 : 12 mask : 1000 40001 : 13 mask : 2000 40001 : 14 mask : 4000 40001 : 15 mask : 8000 sometimes a 16 - bit register is used to hold two 8 - bit values. to strip bytes using the bit mask, you would enter the following : low byte mask : 00ff high byte mask : ff00 what is the difference between modbus rtu, tcp, and ascii? modbus protocol defines a protocol data unit ( pdu ) that is independent of the underlying communication layers. modbus rtu is the most commonly used, and is a binary representation of the pdu with addressing before the pdu, a crc appended to the end. modbus ascii is a representation of the same pdu using all printable characters ( and generally twice as many bytes ). modbus tcp is essentially the exact same pdu as modbus rtu, except the crc is left off of the application layer byte string and left up to the tcp layer to deal with automatically. there are also some additional addressing bytes in the tcp encapsulation of the rtu packet. the function codes, register numbering and addressing are identical regardless of protocol variant. register types are the same, i. e, the same data blocks are defined for the modbus device. can i put 2 gateways on the same modbus network? you can not have more than one master on a modbus rtu ( rs - 48", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5163673988007297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.318813"} {"text": "how does allergic rhinitis related to otitis media with effusion ( ome ) otitis media is an inflammation that occurs in the middle ear. middle ear space contains fluid that could be easily infected and the infected middle ear is called otitis media with effusion. the cause of the chronic ome ( otitis media with effusion ) for most of the allergic rhinitis patients is mainly due to the ige - mediated allergies. ige - mediated allergy is the allergy that happens when ige antibody ( one type of the white blood cell ) binds with the mast cell. ige antibody is being produced by the plasma cell when foreign particular from outside of the body entering into the blood through nasal mucosal surface. once the ige antibody binds with the mast cell around the nose, histamine is secreted from this cell and it is the main chemical that causes itching and hypersensitive of the nose. according to the publication by a group of scentists, 50 % of the children who had chronic ome also had nasal allergy [ acta otolaryngol ( stockh ) 1988 ; 458 ( suppl ) : 41 - 7 ]. effects of the seasonal allergic rhinitis to the eustachian tube function and middle ear pressure had been studied by a few groups of medical scientists. according to one of the studies, eustachian tube of the pollen allergic patients become obstructed increases from 15 % to 60 % from the starting to the maximum of the pollen exposure. [ ann allergy 1990 ; 65 : 206 - 10 ]. in one of the studies, ragweed pollen, which is a seasonal pollen, was let it exposed to a group of people. what had been discovered is that it will cause immune reactions in the eustachian tube and nose [ am j rhinol 1988 ; 2 : 155 - 61. ]. apart from this study, the other study reported that house - dust mite, which was a perennial allergen, also caused eustachian tube obstruction [ archotolaryngol head neck surg 1986 ; 112 : 840 - ]. in the same study, they found out that 55 % of the adults, who had nasal allergy, experienced the development of the eustachian tube dysfunction when this group of adult was exposed to house - dust mite. in the following study, new thing that had been found out was eustachian tube obstruction happened more frequently", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44690487639239207, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.325801"} {"text": "allergy, experienced the development of the eustachian tube dysfunction when this group of adult was exposed to house - dust mite. in the following study, new thing that had been found out was eustachian tube obstruction happened more frequently for the patients who had allergic rhinitis. [ j. allergy clin immunol 1987 ; 79 : 27 - 31 ]. in allergen provocation studies, scientist found out that nasal obstruction usually occurred before the development of the eustachian tube obstruction. in allergen provocation study, individuals who took part in this study were exposed to allergen to provoke their nasal allergy symptom. in this study, researchers also discovered that various of inflammatory mediators such as histamine have been detected in middle ear effusions of the children who had ome [ arch otolaryngol head neck surg 1988 ; 114 : 1131 - 3 ]. if eustachian tube obstruction that was caused by perennial exposure to allergen such as house - dust mite was left it untreated for quite a sometime, it could form middle ear disease, especially, when priming phenomenon occurs in the eustachian tube. priming phenomenon happens when mucosa in the organ responds to lower doses of allergen with repeated exposure. allergic rhinitis could have priming phenomenon too when the mucosa in the nasal passage responds to low amount of allergen that has been inhaled through the nostril. for the eustachian tube obstruction that was caused by seasonal exposure to allergen such as ragweed pollen, its physiologic hyperresponsiveness could extend beyond the ragweed season. studies show that half of the newly occurrence otitis media are diagnosed immediately after patient had been infected by viral urti ( virus that causes flu and common cold ). by using traditional standard culture techniques, it is quite rare that viruses could be isolated from the middle ear effusions in the patient with otitis media. however, with the newly developed pcr - based molecular analysis, viruses in the middle ear effusions could be detected and discovered that 53 % of the middle ear effusions are positive for viruses [ j infect dis 1995 ; 172 : 1348 - 51 ]. an experimental, which was carried out by infecting real human with rhinovirus - 39, had been carried out in children ' s hospital of pittsburgh to study the effect of this virus to the middle", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5167432307818898, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.326700"} {"text": "1995 ; 172 : 1348 - 51 ]. an experimental, which was carried out by infecting real human with rhinovirus - 39, had been carried out in children ' s hospital of pittsburgh to study the effect of this virus to the middle ear pressure and eustachian tube. result of this experiment showed a substantial increase of eustachian tube dysfunction and also abnormal middle ear in approximately 30 % of the people who had been infected in this study. however, all these people who had been infected by this virus had less possibility to develop an otitis media disease. in another study, where influenza a virus was intranasally inoculated to a group of peoples, 59 % of the inoculated people experienced the development of middle ear under pressure and only 25 % of these people developed otitis media [ j infect dis 1995 ; 172 : 1348 - 51 ]. in this study, one of the inoculated people developed middle ear under pressure followed by purulent otitis media. this patient middle ear effusion was taken for pcr analysis and it showed positive result for both influenza a and streptococcus pneumoniae. streptococcus pneumoniae is some kind of spherical, gram - positive, alpha - hemolytic bacterium and it is a member of the genus streptococcus. in this group of inoculated people, 80 % of them who had infected by this virus experienced the development of eustachian tube dysfunction and 80 % of them had middle ear under pressure [ ann otol rhinol laryngol 1994 ; 103 : 59 - 69 ]. with this group of infected people, five of them had developed ome on the 4th day after the viral exposure. one of the patients had dizziness and vertigo symptoms, which is mainly due to the inner ear malfunction. all these studies support the causes of otitis media by urtis virus and causes of otitis media starting from the development of eustachian tube obstruction and abnormal middle ear pressure. in the recent publication about the study of a group of children with acute otitis media, micro - organisms in the fluids of the middle ears of the children were isolated by the investigator of this study. they found out that 65 % of the fluid samples that had been collected contained both bacteria and viruses. these results show that virus infection in the middle ear creates an environmental that is suitable for the breeding of bacteria. [ n engl j med 1999 ; 340 : 260 - 4 ]. based", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.525696305309743, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.327617"} {"text": "fluid samples that had been collected contained both bacteria and viruses. these results show that virus infection in the middle ear creates an environmental that is suitable for the breeding of bacteria. [ n engl j med 1999 ; 340 : 260 - 4 ]. based on the information that had been collected from a few recent publications of the studies of the relationships of the allergic rhinitis to the ome ( otitis media with effusion ), we could conclude that allergic rhinitis or common cold / flu will cause eustachian tube obstruction and middle ear pressure. when the situation becomes uncontrollable, otitis media with effusion will develop and this may could permanent hearing impairment. therefore, allergic rhinitis and common cold / flu should be treated immediately without any delay. this is because these common illnesses may become serious and develop to chronic sinusitis disease and otitis media with effusions, which is quite difficult to cure. by alexander chong author of \" how to cure your incurable nasal allergy without using any synthetic drugs, herbs and expensive devices \". infocrystals. com : articles directory article1 - how to cure your incurable nasal allergy? article2 - how to prevent your nasal allergy? article3 - a review of xango mangosteen juice article4 - seriousness of allergy rhinitis article6 - nasal allergy : allergic rhinitis and its causes article7 - supplements for nasal allergy and sinus infection patients article8 - how to take good care of your nose? article9 - common cold treatment and allergy prevention article10 - causes, symptoms, prevention and treatment for common cold article11 - advices from medical specialist for those who have nasal problem article12 - nasal irrigation article13 - make yourself stronger against flu and cold", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4828168493160774, "token_count": 366, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.328373"} {"text": "mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets are changing people \u2019 s lifestyles at a rapid pace, including how they manage their health care. health care providers and patients are increasingly communicating via mobile technology and many doctors are actually prescribing health apps to their patients for everything from pill reminders to managing their diabetes to using a family planning method ( hello cyclebeads! ). the development and adoption of health apps has exploded in a short time, and continues to grow with thousands of medical apps available for mobile devices. experts forecast that mobile health ( or mhealth as the industry is becoming known ) is going to change how healthcare is delivered and managed over the next few years. posts in : education cyclebeads are included as a part of the global health innovation insight series. the global health innovation project at stanford university series is intended to develop tools and materials that innovators can use to increase their effectiveness in tackling common business - related issues in low resource settings. the insight series looks at companies and products who have navigated these situations and are willing to share their learnings with others. a number of the issues that we have faced with introducing cyclebeads over the past 10 years, and that are relevant to other innovative health products, are described in these articles. these issues include : new cyclebeads toolkit - a resource for health providers integrating this natural family planning option attention! health care providers and health educators : a toolkit for integrating the standard days method\u00ae and cyclebeads\u00ae into u. s. health clinics and programs has been created by our research partner, the institute for reproductive health. it is a free online resource that includes an integration guide, a training course, training materials, instructional videos and more. while cyclebeads and icyclebeads\u2122 are an easy and effective way to use natural family planning, and can be purchased without a prescription, it is important and helpful for health care professionals to have a plan and guidance when introducing it to a clinic or program. the toolkit gives tips on how to create a positive atmosphere for offering the method, how to train staff to screen and counsel clients, how to procure materials, and suggests other creative ways to use cyclebeads in a practice and in outreach. the toolkit is available at : www. cyclebeadstoolkit. com feel free to download materials to use in your practice and for training your staff. contact us with any questions at email @ example. com. in a recent tedtalk, melinda gates eloquently", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4734019186064194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.332368"} {"text": "www. cyclebeadstoolkit. com feel free to download materials to use in your practice and for training your staff. contact us with any questions at email @ example. com. in a recent tedtalk, melinda gates eloquently outlined why contraception should not be considered a \" controversial \" topic and the importance of giving people everywhere access to a full range of family planning options. thank you ms. gates, for your willingness to lend your voice to this important issue... and of course, we were thrilled that cyclebeads were included among the full range of family planning options! when guli fager started her job as a sexual health educator for university students in texas, she was shocked to learn how little they knew. while most students had basic knowledge about contraception, they had minimal understanding of reproductive processes and sexual health issues. her concern grew when she realized that not only were the students generally uninformed, they were often misinformed. she decided to focus on the question, \u201c what is healthy sexual health development? \u201d and how could she convey this question and the answers to the students through programs at the university health center. \" after using other methods of birth control, my husband and i decided to try cyclebeads. they are easy to use and have worked wonderfully for us. we have a nice family of three, including our black lab, sadie ( shown in photo with me ), and we want to keep it that way for now! i recommend this natural, safe and reliable way to anyone who wants to avoid toxic substances while sharing the responsibility of birth control with her partner. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5047940819110402, "token_count": 330, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.334732"} {"text": "arctic sea ice at ' lowest ever level ' - and it will get worse, warn scientists by mark prigg scientists say critical ice in the arctic ocean melted to record low levels this summer. the national snow and ice data center has revealed that the extent of arctic sea ice shrank to 1. 58 million square miles and is likely to melt more in the coming weeks. that breaks the old record of 1. 61 million square miles set in 2007. scattered ice floes are seen from the bridge of the rv healy on august 20, 2012 northwest of barrow, alaska. arctic sea ice fell to its lowest daily extent in the satellite record on sunday, august 26 figures are based on satellite records dating back to 1979. data center scientist ted scambos says the melt can be blamed mostly on global warming from man - made emissions of greenhouse gases. scientists say arctic sea ice - ocean water that freezes - helps moderate temperatures lower on the globe and is crucial for polar bears. greenland has also had record melt this year. nsidc scientist walt meier said, ' by itself it ' s just a number, and occasionally records are going to get set. ' but in the context of what ' s happened in the last several years and throughout the satellite record, it ' s an indication that the arctic sea ice cover is fundamentally changing. ' according to nsidc director mark serreze, ' the previous record, set in 2007, occurred because of near perfect summer weather for melting ice. newly released images show the difference in artic ice levels in 2007 ( left ) and 2012 ( right ). scientists said today ice levels were at their lowest since records began in 1979 ' apart from one big storm in early august, weather patterns this year were unremarkable. ' the ice is so thin and weak now, it doesn ' t matter how the winds blow. ' ' the arctic used to be dominated by multiyear ice, or ice that stayed around for several years, ' meier said. ' now it ' s becoming more of a seasonal ice cover and large areas are now prone to melting out in summer. ' with two to three weeks left in the melt season, nsidc scientists say that the minimum ice extent could fall even lower. it will release a full analysis of the melt season in early october, once monthly data are available for september.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43956148155625985, "token_count": 476, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.337456"} {"text": "stem cells carry high hopes to help treat and possibly cure a myriad of diseases. however, the use of stem cells is a subject of great debate do to the fact that the best source for stem cells for use in this type of research is from human embryos. reuters reports that researchers from california - based novocell inc. recently used human embryonic stem cells to treat diabetes in mice. the stem cells were implanted into mice and were turned into \u201c nearly \u201d normal insulin - producing cells in the mice. the animal trial hints at a possible long term treatment for diabetes. according to msnbc at least 170 million people globally have diabetes with the number of afflicted expected to double by 2030. those afflicted with one of the two types of diabetes, types 1 and 2, can \u2019 t use or create enough insulin to regulate glucose in the blood. the researchers used embryonic stem cells from discarded embryos from fertility clinics. batches of the stem cells were then grown by the researchers in lines in other human cells. emmanuel baetge, novocell chief scientific officer says, \u201c our data provide the first compelling evidence that human embryonic stem cells can serve as a renewable source of functional insulin - producing cells for diabetes cell replacement therapies. \u201d these embryonic stem cells created by the researchers are said to be able to live virtually forever in lab dishes and produce generations of new cells. baetge says that at first the team was able to produce hormone - producing or endocrine cells, but that each cell produced a mishmash of hormones instead of the specifically insulin producing cells they were aiming for. the problem with growing the right cell led the researchers to implant the stem cells into a mouse where baetge says something in the mouse directed the cells to mature properly. baetge told msnbc in a phone interview, \u201c [ stem cells ] are producing all the right enzymes and release insulin in response to glucose. \u201d novocell says it is now looking for a large pharmaceutical company to partner with to fund further research. dailytech reported in december 2007 that researchers had been able to create stem cells artificially and use the cells to cure sickle cell in mice.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45795950290424814, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.339860"} {"text": "33. cardiovascular disease select, organize, download, and save your choice of chapters into a single pdf file for printing and distribution. this is a free service. log in to view your saved custom books editors / authors : thomas a. gaziano, k. srinath reddy, fred paccaud, susan horton, and vivek chaturvedi as developing countries begin to reap the benefits of economic development, they are becoming increasingly vulnerable to an insidious byproduct of the modern world? cardiovascular disease ( cvd ). the leading cause of death in developing countries, cvd is associated with a number of risk factors linked to lifestyle and behavioral patterns that can be changed. ischemic heart disease, stroke, and congestive heart failure account for at least 80 percent of the burden of cvd worldwide, and cvd deaths are expected to increase in precisely those parts of the world that have made gains in combating infectious disease and malnutrition. the economic impact of cvd in developing countries? in asia, the pacific, the former soviet states, latin america, the middle east, and africa? is significant because working \u2013 age adults account for a high proportion of the cvd burden. not only have mortality rates increased, but in some countries, like russia, life expectancy actually has declined because of cvd. in sub \u2013 saharan africa, cvd is becoming a leading killer among those over the age of 30. the vast majority of cvd is attributed to such risk factors as obesity, which is escalating in the developing world at an alarming pace, high blood pressure and high cholesterol, extensive tobacco and alcohol use, and low vegetable and fruit consumption. effective interventions to reduce risk factors in developing countries likely will involve a mix of treatment and education. cost \u2013 effective medical interventions include ace ( angiotensin \u2013 converting enzyme ) inhibitors, beta \u2013 blockers and off \u2013 patent statins, and aspirin. compliance could be improved and costs reduced by incorporating several medications into a \" polypill \" for long \u2013 term use. above all, education is essential. health care workers need training to implement clinical guidelines, and patients need to be educated about the importance of adhering to their medical regimens. these interventions can reap future savings in terms of reduced medical costs and improved quality of life and productivity. - 33. 1 major causes of death in persons of all ages in low - and middle - income regions - 33. 2 percentage change in ischemic", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4192412835178225, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.343534"} {"text": "this document describes the new handling of font encodings introduced with xfsft - 1. 0. 3. in many cases, installing fonts with xfsft only requires creating an entry in the ` fonts. scale ' file ( either by hand or with the ` ttfmkfdir ' utility ) with the required encoding and running ` mkfontdir '. in some cases, however, when using incorrect homebrew fonts, this will lead to wrong results. typical symptoms are missing glyphs or glyphs at unexpected positions. the ` xfd ' utility ( distributed with x11 ) can be used to examine x fonts. this document tries to give enough information for users to fix such problems when they occur. a character is an abstract description of a unit of a writing system. examples of characters include the latin capital letter a, the arabic letter jim, and the dingbat black scissors a glyph is a picture that might be included in a font, and can be displayed by a window system or printed by a printer. while glyphs roughly correspond to characters, this correspondence is not, in general, one to one. for example, a font may have many variant forms of the capital letter a ; a single fi ligature may correspond to the letters f and i. as x11 does not currently distinguish between glyphs and characters, the rest of this document uses the two terms ( more or less ) interchangeably. a coded character set is a set of characters together with a function mapping integer codes - - known as codepoints - - to characters. examples of coded character sets include us - ascii, iso 8859 - 1, koi8 - r, and jis x 208 1990. more information on a number of common coded character sets can be found on the character soup page. a coded character set need not use 8 - bit integers to index characters. many early mainframes used 6 - bit character sets, and 16 - bit character sets are necessary for ideographic writing systems. the coded character set known as iso 10646 or unicode is a 32 - bit character set that has the ambition of being the universal character set for all known writing systems, living and dead. a font is a collection of glyphs. those glyphs need to be identified in some way ; the way this is done depends on the type of font. glyphs in a type 1 font are identified by glyph name. adobe maintains a standard collection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5161219894824713, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.354295"} {"text": "of glyphs. those glyphs need to be identified in some way ; the way this is done depends on the type of font. glyphs in a type 1 font are identified by glyph name. adobe maintains a standard collection of glyph names to be used in type 1 fonts. a type 1 font also contains a default encoding vector, which maps 256 codepoints to glyph names. the default encoding vector is a suggestion from the font designer as to how the font should be encoded by default ; however, it is only a suggestion, and users of the font may re - encode the font to fit their needs. it is to be noted that many fonts, especially those designed for languages used outside of western europe, do not follow the adobe guidelines with respect to glyph naming. a type 1 font that uses incorrect glyph names is said to be incorrectly encoded. font designers should ensure that they use proper adobe glyph names for all the alphabetic fonts they create. glyphs in a truetype font are indexed by a number of distinct mappings, known as cmaps. cmaps are identified by two small integers, known as the platform id ( ` pid ' ) and encoding id ( ` eid ' ). a font must contain at least one cmap ; which cmaps are used is platform dependent. on microsoft platforms, text fonts contain a ` microsoft unicode ' cmap ( pid = 3, eid = 1 ), while symbol fonts contain a ` microsoft symbol ' cmap ( pid = 3, eid = 0 ) ; on the apple platform, fonts contain an ` apple unicode ' cmap ( pid = 0, eid irrelevant ) and / or a number of language - specific cmaps. due to a shortcoming of the truetype specification, and a number of flaws in a number of systems with support for truetype fonts, some truetype fonts contain cmaps that misassign codepoints to glyphs. a truetype font that lies about the identity of the glyphs that it contains is said to be incorrectly encoded. furthermore, a truetype font may optionally contain a table mapping adobe glyph names to glyphs in the font. this table is typically only used when converting to a postscript font format ( such as type 1 or type 42 ), usually for printing to a postscript printer. xfsft does not use this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45877000868728757, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.355234"} {"text": "be installed using the ` adobe - fontspecific ' encoding. in an ideal world, all truetype symbol fonts would be installed using one of the ` microsoft - symbol ' and ` apple - roman ' encodings. a number of symbol fonts, however, are not marked as such ; such fonts should be installed using ` microsoft - cp1252 ', or, for older fonts, ` microsoft - win3. 1 '. in order to guarantee consistent results ( especially between type 1 and truetype versions of the same font ), it is possible to define a special encoding for a given font. this has already been done for the zapfdingbats font ; see the file ` encodings / adobe - dingbats. enc ' in the xfsft source distribution. a number of text fonts are incorrectly encoded. incorrect encoding is sometimes done by design, in order to make a font for an exotic script appear like an ordinary western text font. it is often due to the font designer ' s laziness or incompetence ; in particular, most people seem to find it easier to invent idiosyncratic glyph names rather than follow the adobe glyph list. there are two ways of dealing with such fonts : using them with the encoding they were designed for, and creating an ad hoc encoding file. these methods are analoguous to the methods described above for dealing with symbol fonts. of course, the proper fix would be to hit the font designer very hard on the head with the plrm ( preferably the first edition, as it was published as a hardcover ). in the case of type 1 fonts, the font designer can specify a default encoding ; this encoding is requested in xfsft by using the ` adobe - fontspecific ' encoding in the xlfd name. sometimes, the font designer omitted to specify a reasonable default encoding ; in this case, you should experiment with ` iso8859 - 1 ', ` microsoft - cp1252 ', ` microsoft - win3. 1 ', and ` apple - roman ' ( ` microsoft - symbol ' doesn ' t make sense for type 1 fonts ). truetype fonts do not have a default encoding. however, most truetype fonts are designed with either microsoft or apple platforms in mind, so one of ` microsoft - cp1252 ', ` microsoft - win3. 1 ', or ` apple - roman ' should yield reasonable results. it is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.41214710333058197, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.357312"} {"text": ", most truetype fonts are designed with either microsoft or apple platforms in mind, so one of ` microsoft - cp1252 ', ` microsoft - win3. 1 ', or ` apple - roman ' should yield reasonable results. it is always possible to define an encoding file to reorder the glyphs in a font in any desired order. again, see the ` encodings / adobe - dingbats. enc ' file to see how this is done. by following the directions above, you will find yourself with a number of fonts with unusual names - - specifying encodings such as ` adobe - fontspecific ', ` microsoft - win3. 1 ' etc. in order to use these fonts with standard applications, it may be useful to remap them to their proper names. this is done by writing a ` fonts. alias ' file. the format of this file is similar to the format of the ` fonts. dir ' file, except that it maps xlfd names to xlfd names. a ` fonts. alias ' file might look as follows : 1 - ogonki - alamakota - medium - r - normal - - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - p - 0 - iso8859 - 2 \" - ogonki - alamakota - medium - r - normal - - 0 - 0 - 0 - 0 - p - 0 - adobe - fontspecific \" the ` fonts. alias ' file is described in the mkfontdir ( 1 ) manual page. adobe, postscript, truetype, apple, microsoft, and possibly others are registered trademarks of their respective owners. copyright \u00a9 1998 - 1999 by juliusz chroboczek permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this material, to deal in it without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and / or sell copies of this material, and to permit persons to whom this material is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4105913231291222, "token_count": 439, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.358142"} {"text": "gangland killings often involve pistols, which though compact and lethal, still need to be disposed of to prevent being traced. i would favor slipping the guns into a crucible of molten steel or iron, but such hot metal is seldom available and other methods must be found. the scene of the crime in this case the reputed leader of the new england la cosa nostra allegedly ordered two subordinates to kill an individual, one raymond curcio. the intended victim was lured into a car to assist in a burglary. instead, he received two bullets in the back of the head and his body was left in the car. there was no prosecution for 15 years until police divers recovered two pistols from canada pond in rhode island. the police were acting on testimony from one of the killers who was apparently trying for a reduced sentence. divers brought up the two pistols that had allegedly been used in the murder. one was a. 32 - caliber automatic and the other a. 38 - caliber revolver, both of which supposedly spent 15 years at the bottom of the lake. i was asked to determine whether the weapons had indeed been in the lake for 15 years. i examined the guns at a police station, along with an electron microscopy expert, lennie sudenfield. sudenfield and i have worked together on many cases. see \u201c the case of the shortened shotguns. \u201d he made rubber replicas of the insides of the two gun barrels for study under the scanning electron microscope. the inside of the. 38 - caliber pistol was badly corroded. the inside of the. 32 - caliber barrel was nearly pristine, as shown in the photo of the replica, below. the rifling is in such good shape a bullet could have been fired through the barrel for ballistic tests. the determining factor in corrosion rates of steel is not temperature, acidity or saltiness. the composition of the steel is only a minor factor ( except for stainless steel ). the oxygen content of the water is the crucial factor. at my request, divers measured the oxygen content in the region where the guns were found. the water was found to be saturated with oxygen, so the corrosion rate of the steel could be estimated at about 1 / 100 inch per year. the smoking gun the guns had supposedly been freshly fired when thrown in the lake, so the insides of the barrels would not be covered with oil or other preservative. such preservatives would delay the onset of corrosion and make estimating time of immersion difficult. i concluded that the badly", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4638551466066261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.361192"} {"text": "definition of enemy : 1. hostile ; inimical. 2. one hostile to another ; one who hates, and desires or attempts the injury of, another ; a foe ; an adversary ; as, an enemy of or to a person ; an enemy to truth, or to falsehood. confederate, falsifier, terrorist, murderer, confrontation, traitor, revolutionary, criminal, ally, hostile, nemesis, informer, detractor, love, resistance, assassin, rebel, betrayer, friend, supporter, inquisitor, foeman, oppositeness, spy combatant ( part of speech : noun ) brawler, gladiator, foe, man - at - arms, duelist, rival, competitor, mercenary, jouster, pugilist, struggler, combatant, tough, rioter, adversary, opponent, bruiser, warrior, quarreler, bully, battler, antagonist, soldier, swordsman, militant, thug, contestant, assailant, fighter opponent ( part of speech : noun ) enemy ( part of speech : noun ) - \" but tell me, \" added he, \" do you think my daughter safe, so near a garrison of the enemy? \" - \" the scottish chiefs \", jane porter. - he could not understand how his enemy had got out of the way so quickly. - \" children of the wild \", charles g. d. roberts. - he did not speak to her like an enemy ; - and then, too, he would know better than any man alive how she might best escape from her trouble. - \" the eustace diamonds \", anthony trollope.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5405720407007414, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.363758"} {"text": "difference between oat and wheat oat vs. wheat what is the difference between oats and wheat? we often hear these names on tv ads, or see them labeled on popular food boxes at the groceries. one thing is for sure, these products are cereals, which means that they are edible items ; not to mention, they offer their consumers some health benefits, for example, their protein content. oats, as what these cereals are commonly called, are scientifically named as avena sativa. they are one of the popular cereal species that has being grown to harvest its seeds. due to their nature, oats are used in various ways. these products can be eaten by humans, for example, the popular oatmeal or rolled oats. animals can also make use of these products in the form of oat feeds. two familiar animals that consume this product are horses and cattle. although nowadays, oats is being incorporated in the foods of certain domesticated animals, like cats and dogs. on the contrary, wheat, or triticum spp., is actually a kind of grass. it has become widely commercialized throughout the world, and is nowadays ranked as the third most produced cereal - like product, following maize and rice. as it is produced almost everywhere, it has become one of the staple foods, and is currently being used to make flours for breads, cakes and pastries. amazingly, wheat products are not only limited to baking, because this grass is highly fermentable, which makes it a very good choice for beer production. its environmental importance is also not hidden to the public, since this grass is one of those plants that have been used to harness natural fuels, termed as biofuels. moreover, its value does not end there, for wheat can also be used in the realm of construction. actually, its straw is used as a thatch for roofing. in a carefully observed scientific study done in 2002 at the colorado state university, these two products were shown to have a very big impact on the overall nutrition and diet of an individual. an under accurate lipoprotein analyses with the subjects revealed that an oat diet was able to reduce ldl ( bad cholesterol ) by 2. 5 %, whereas, a wheat diet propelled the value by 8 %. 1. oats are typically eaten by humans as oatmeal or rolled oats, while wheat is a raw product that is used to make flours for baking cakes and pastries. 2", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43541771615951547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.369365"} {"text": "specialized root structures of bald cypress that grow vertically above water or moist soil. it is thought that these structures aid the oxygen / carbon dioxide exchange in the roots. | bald cypress - knees montezuma cypress - no knees q : i have bald cypress trees in my yard. the root nodules are becoming a problem with my lawn mower. would it damage the trees if i trimmed them off at ground level? b. d., dallas. a : yes, the knees are part of the root system. change the area to mulch or ground cover and try to dry out the soil. the knees grow in overly moist soil. question : i have a bald cypress, and the roots are coming out of the ground all around the yard. some are close to the tree and some are far away. the roots come out of the ground for about 12 inches or less and then go back into the ground. how can i keep this from happening? can i cut the roots that are already protruding without hurting the tree? k. e., fort worth answer : this is a characteristic of bald cypress. their roots always do this to some degree, especially when the ground stays moist to wet. improving the drainage and reducing your use of water will help, but the only way to eliminate the protruding roots is to remove the tree. i would suggest instead that you use mulch or plant a groundcover around the tree so you won ' t need to mow over or around cypress roots.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4122001729008984, "token_count": 300, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.372848"} {"text": "mammoth cave national park opens trails to mountain bikers | gary sprung - imba thursday, august 19, 1999 the national park service went one step further in welcoming bikes on trails when mammoth cave national park ( kentucky ) inked an agreement this year with the bowling green league of bicyclists to open 12 miles of trails. the park will evaluate the effects of bicycling on the narrow, overgrown roadbeds during the course of a two - year trial. mammoth cave national park ( mcnp ) occupies 60, 000 - acres of former farmland in south central kentucky. while the main attraction may be below ground at 350 miles in length, it ' s the world ' s largest cave the park offers good recreational opportunities on 70 miles of trail. most of the park ' s trails were once narrow, unpaved roads built early this century to provide automobile access to farms and small communities. during the 1920s and 1930s, a private association and the state government acquired 600 farms and congress opened the national park in 1941. with park status, the roads became unnecessary. thick, eastern hardwood forests have been reclaiming the routes and fields. national parks in the united states allow bicycling on paved and some dirt roads, but prohibit bicycling on narrow trails unless a park superintendent creates a special regulation. in march, mcnp superintendent ronald switzer and jeff rose, president of the bowling green league, agreed to try the experimental trail opening. their objectives include improvement of the trails, education in appropriate use of bicycles, and demonstration of \" exemplary sustainable conservation practices in bikeway use and maintenance. \" the project maneuvered through potential bureaucratic obstacles with relative ease. vicki carson, mcnp information officer, explained that an environmental assessment was not required, \" because we ' re using a disturbed area. we weren ' t creating new trails... this agreement where [ cyclists ] will bring in crews to work on the trails is wonderful. it ' s more than we could do ourselves. \" park managers seem confident that the bicycling project will succeed. project coordinator henry holman commented, \" the work they do i think helps their credibility not only with the park, but also with other trail users. \" he will work with the bowling green league to reroute certain sections that are too steep, and to perform maintenance. holman expects little user conflict, but said that is the main issue at hand. \" mountain bike use is a relatively new issue for the national park service, \" he explained. \" there has been", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40900099588603367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.376928"} {"text": "that are too steep, and to perform maintenance. holman expects little user conflict, but said that is the main issue at hand. \" mountain bike use is a relatively new issue for the national park service, \" he explained. \" there has been a lot of opposition from other user groups. i think that ' s the primary issue that we end up dealing with. our science and resource management division is monitoring the trail and the number of users. over a couple years we will develop site specific information that will allow us to assess whether we have an acceptable level of conflicts or an unacceptable level. we ' ve opened the trails for a trial period of at least a couple years and we ' ll see what the effects really are. after that, we ' ll be in a position to make decisions about the future, not only for the trails now open, but potentially others. \" holman continued, \" what i have found through reading is most conflicts are not physical where somebody is forced off the trail or a horse is scared. most are goal conflicts.... people have very dearly held opinions about what the parks are for and what the trails ought to be like and who ought to be there and what they ought to be doing. mountain biking is facing an uphill battle about what is suitable use of trails. it ' s now become generally accepted that horses have more impact on trail tread than bicycles, yet horses are accepted because it ' s a traditional use. mountain biking is not a traditional use, so this will be a continuing process. \" i think that in the future, bicycling will be more accepted in parks, \" holman continued. \" i ' ve worked for park service for over 25 years and i think i ' ve seen a progression in attitudes about trails. in most parks we have more users and more user types. we ' re having to do more trail maintenance with less money. so when we fix a section of trail, we have to fix it right to last a long time. we ' re paying more attention to the physical structure of trails. \" the real key to sustainability of trails is where you put them. it ' s not the use on the trail that is the primary cause of environmental problems. it ' s how trails are laid out. the evidence of that is pretty clear. on trails all over the country some segments are perfectly fine and other segments have problems, yet both segments received the same use, \" he said. \" in the end, we will have better trails and that means all", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4616734755353028, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.378084"} {"text": "location and description the 4, 670 - acre wildlife area is situated in central ohio eight miles north of delaware, 10 miles south of marion, and between u. s. routes 42 and 23. the wildlife area is adjacent to the delaware reservoir and delaware state park and can be reached from the east and west by state route 229 and from the south and north by u. s. route 23 and county road 220. the topography of the area ranges from flat to slightly rolling. the soils are generally well drained and of medium productivity. approximately 350 acres are under cultivation in row and small grain crops annually. approximately 50 percent of the wildlife area is in old field habitat consisting of mixed grasses, briers and small shrubs. over 10 percent of the area has been planted to prairie grasses, timothy and clover to provide grassland wildlife habitat. nearly 40 percent of the wildlife area consists of second growth hardwoods and brush in advanced stages of succession. the timber stands consist of cottonwood, ash, elm, beech, maple, hickory, oak, and black walnut. index of ohio ' s trees from the division of forestry. history and purpose delaware reservoir was constructed from 1947 to 1950 by the u. s. army corps of engineers for flood control. most of the 8, 301 acres are licensed to the ohio department of natural resources for fish, wildlife, and general recreation purposes. delaware state park, on the southwest side of the reservoir, provides camping, picnicking, and boat launching facilities for the hunter and angler. the remaining 6, 000 acres, including the 1, 330 - acre lake, are managed for fish and wildlife and are available for hunting and fishing. the wildlife management plan for the area provides for a diversity of habitats for upland wildlife. management techniques include sharecropping, planting of permanent nesting cover, manipulating timber stands, and periodic burning to control succession. wetland wildlife habitat has been improved by the construction of 54 ponds and the flooding of 159 acres of seasonal wetlands. the olentangy wildlife research station, which serves as the headquarters for statewide upland wildlife research, is located here. many field research projects have been carried out on this area since 1951. fish and wildlife cottontail rabbit, ring - necked pheasant, mourning dove, squirrels, woodchuck, raccoon, muskrat, mink, and opossum are the principal upland game and fur species. resident populations of canada geese, wood ducks, and mallards occur on the area. during the spring and fall migrations, these and other waterfo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.42021660014298556, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.382758"} {"text": "muskrat, mink, and opossum are the principal upland game and fur species. resident populations of canada geese, wood ducks, and mallards occur on the area. during the spring and fall migrations, these and other waterfowl species can be found in large numbers on the reservoir, ponds, and seasonally flooded marsh. a great variety of both nesting and migrant birds utilize the area. of particular interest is the spring migration of waterfowl and songbirds and the fall migration of hawks. red - tailed hawks, american kestrels, and northern harriers ( marsh hawks ) are common summer sights over the open fields and woodlots. large numbers of turkey vultures are also present during summer. among the rare and unusual birds which have been observed are the northern goshawk, king rail, snowy owl, long - eared owl, great egret, cattle egret, and sandhill crane. in 1994, wild turkeys were relocated from eastern ohio to the delaware wildlife area. bald eagles and osprey nest at and / or near the area. bird observation is a popular activity at delaware. populations of black bass, bluegill, crappie, white bass, saugeye, and catfish occur in the reservoir. a hydrographic fishing map ( publication 231 ) for delaware lake is available. hunting, trapping, and fishing the delaware wildlife area is popular for rabbit, mourning dove, pheasant, and deer hunting. pheasants are released each year to increase harvest opportunity for this popular game bird. at the extreme southern end of the wildlife area, a 159 - acre marsh provides excellent waterfowl hunting. jump shooting for ducks on the numerous ponds is often productive. trapping for muskrat, raccoon, and mink is equally rewarding and night hunting is popular. bass, crappies, bluegill, channel catfish, and saugeye make up the bulk of the fishery. fishing below the dam during cold weather for saugeye and fishing the olentangy and whetstone rivers during the spring migration of white bass should prove rewarding. throughout the warmer months, catfish, saugeye and black crappie fishing in the reservoir is very good. public use facilities parking lots are situated throughout the area. several boat launching areas are available for anglers and hunters. a rifle and handgun shooting range is available to shooters who purchase a shooting range permit. contact the division of wildlife for details on permit prices, locations to purchase permits and dates and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.37723962260782024, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.384999"} {"text": "the area. several boat launching areas are available for anglers and hunters. a rifle and handgun shooting range is available to shooters who purchase a shooting range permit. contact the division of wildlife for details on permit prices, locations to purchase permits and dates and hours the range is open. shotgun shooters can use the hand - trap range free of charge. the shotgun range operates under the same days and hours as the rifle - handgun range. a dog training area is available for year - round use. permission to erect a permanent duck blind on the reservoir must be secured from the park manager at the delaware state park headquarters. contact the delaware state park for more information. the following facilities are available to users with disabilities : rifle, handgun, and shotgun shooting ranges with accessible restrooms, and an archery range. further information may be obtained from the area manager, delaware wildlife area, 8589 horseshoe road, ashley, ohio 43003 ; telephone ( 740 ) 747 - 2919 ; or from the wildlife district one office, 1500 dublin road, columbus, ohio 43215 ; telephone ( 614 ) 644 - 3925. turn in a poacher ohio \u2019 s tip, \u201c turn in a poacher, \u201d program is helping to curtail poaching throughout the state. tip is designed to involve the public in reporting wildlife violations. citizens who observe wildlife violations should call the tip toll - free hotline, 1 - 800 - poacher.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.37490175244446106, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.385804"} {"text": "by steven reinberg thursday, july 19 ( healthday news ) - - the number of whooping cough cases in the united states may hit a record high this year, federal health officials reported thursday. \" many states are seeing higher than expected cases of pertussis [ whooping cough ], \" dr. anne schuchat, director of the national center for immunization and respiratory diseases at the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention, said during a noon news conference. pertussis has already caused the death of nine infants this year, she added. as of thursday, almost 18, 000 cases had been reported, schuchat said. \" that ' s more than twice as many as we saw last year at this time. in fact, that ' s more than we ' ve seen in the past five years. we may be on track for a record - high pertussis rate this year. \" washington state illustrates the troubling trend. between january and june, more than 2, 500 cases of whooping cough were reported there, a 1, 300 percent increase from 2011, health officials said. most of these cases were seen among teens aged 13 to 14, despite the fact that most of these adolescents were vaccinated as young children, according to the cdc. \" what is happening in washington state is a reflection of the larger national picture of this very difficult - to - control disease, \" schuchat said. and, as with most diseases, reported cases are only a small percent of actual cases because most go unreported, she noted. although pertussis comes in waves every three to five years, the current outbreaks are also probably the result of waning effectiveness of the pertussis vaccine, schuchat noted. pertussis rates are the highest since a historic low in the 1970s, she added. because pertussis vaccination starts after the age of 1 and infants are especially vulnerable to the disease, schuchat urged people to get a pertussis booster. vaccination is especially important for pregnant women and others who come in contact with infants, she noted. the report is published in the july 20 issue of the morbidity and mortality weekly report, a cdc publication. the outbreak in washington state is only the tip of the iceberg, researchers stressed. similar reports are coming in from all over the nation, according to the report. dr. marc siegel, an associate professor of medicine at nyu langone medical center in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4310239398493414, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.389282"} {"text": "the outbreak in washington state is only the tip of the iceberg, researchers stressed. similar reports are coming in from all over the nation, according to the report. dr. marc siegel, an associate professor of medicine at nyu langone medical center in new york city, said that \" this is happening because the pertussis vaccine lasts only about 10 years. \" \" it looks like it was less effective than everybody thought it was, \" he added. \" so, we have ended up with a reservoir of cases in high school and college students. \" schools, siegel said, are a fertile breeding ground for bacteria such as pertussis. \" this is a very easy bacteria to transmit, \" he explained. in addition, doctors often fail to diagnose it because they aren ' t looking for it, siegel said. the solution to stopping the spread of pertussis is a revaccination campaign ; people should probably get a booster shot every 10 years, siegel said. although pertussis is usually not fatal in teens and adults, it can be deadly in young children and infants, siegel noted. for more information on whooping cough, visit the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention. sources : marc siegel, m. d., associate professor, medicine, nyu langone medical center, new york city ; july 19, 2012, news conference with : anne schuchat, m. d., director, national center for immunization and respiratory diseases, u. s. centers for disease control and prevention ; july 20, 2012, morbidity and mortality weekly report copyright \u00a9 2012 healthday. all rights reserved. | previous : fatal car crashes less likely in major cities, cdc study finds | | next : cervical cancer spotted later in women without health insurance | reader comments on this article are listed below. review our comments policy. submit your opinion : are you a doctor, pharmacist, pa or a nurse? join the doctors lounge online medical community", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43161315472924977, "token_count": 404, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.390056"} {"text": "the world produces more than enough food to feed everyone on the planet, but nearly 1 billion people around the world suffer from hunger. read on how this issue is the greatest risk to health worldwide. poverty is the leading cause of hunger. one in four people in developing countries live on $ 1. 25 a day or less. natural disasters like floods, tropical storms and droughts wipe out crops and cause super serious food shortages. war moves thousands of people from their homes, leaving many without access to food supplies. many developing countries lack the tools and supplies needed to grow and transport their crops. rising temperatures are affecting crops and causing more droughts. people can become malnourished even if they eat. this happens when food does not have enough vitamins and minerals. a third of people in developing countries are affected by vitamin and mineral deficiencies. not enough vitamin a can cause blindness and retardation in children. between 100 and 140 million children is vitamin a deficient. iodine deficiency in mothers during pregnancy can cause stillbirths and mental retardation. fifty million people have mental impairment caused by a lack of iodine. hunger in the u. s. hunger in the u. s. is an issue of food insecurity. food insecurity is when a family does not have enough food because of a lack of money and other resources. in the u. s., 35. 5 million people live in food insecure households. in 2011, 45 million people received food stamps. that is a 70 percent increase from 2007! kids suffering from hunger have higher levels of chronic illness, anxiety and depression than kids with no hunger.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44071930909170287, "token_count": 332, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.391755"} {"text": "lori matassa and max domeika are the authors of break away with intel atom processors : a guide to architecture migration good software design seeks a balance between simplicity and efficiency. performance of the application is an aspect of software design ; however correctness and stability are typically prerequisite to extensive performance tuning efforts. a typical development cycle is depicted in figure 1 and consists of four phases : design, implementation, debugging, and tuning. the development cycle is iterative and concludes when performance and stability requirements are met. figure 1 further depicts a more detailed look inside of the tuning phase, which consists of single processor core optimization, multi - core processor optimization, and power optimization. one key fact to highlight about the optimization process is that changes made during this phase can require another round of design, implementation, and debug. it is hoped that a candidate optimization would require minimal changes, but there are no guarantees. each proposed change required as a result of a possible optimization should be evaluated in terms of stability risk, implementation effort, and performance benefit. similarly, the tune step is also iterative with the goal of reaching a satisfactory equilibrium between single core, multi - core, and power performance. the components of the tune step are summarized as follows : - single processor core tuning. optimization of the application assuming execution on one intel atom processor core. this step focuses on increasing performance, which is typically the reduction of execution time. - multi - core tuning. optimization of the application taking advantage of parallel technology including intel hyper - threading technology and multiple processor cores. this step focuses on increasing performance, which is typically the reduction of execution time. - power tuning. optimization of the application focusing on power utilization. this step focuses on reducing the amount of power used in accomplishing the same amount of work. single processor core tuning single processor core tuning focuses on improving the behavior of the application executing on one physical intel atom processor core. intel hyper - threading technology is not considered during this phase ; it enables one physical processor core to appear as two cores and introduces issues more related to multi - core processing. this tuning step isolates the behavior of the application from more complicated interactions with other threads or processes on the system. this step is not entirely focused on what traditionally is called serial tuning because parallelism in the form of vector processing or acceleration technology can be considered. the foundation of performance tuning is built upon complementary assertions that of the pareto principle and amdahl ' s law. the pareto principle, colloquially known as the 80 / 20 rule, states", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5674536777542175, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.401843"} {"text": "of vector processing or acceleration technology can be considered. the foundation of performance tuning is built upon complementary assertions that of the pareto principle and amdahl ' s law. the pareto principle, colloquially known as the 80 / 20 rule, states that 80 percent of the time spent in an application is in 20 percent of the code. this observation helps prioritize optimization efforts to the areas of highest impact, namely the most frequently executed portions of the code. amdahl ' s law provides guidance on the limits of optimization. for example, if your optimization can only be applied to 75 percent of the application, the maximum theoretical speedup is 4 times. single processor core tuning is itself comprised of multiple steps, which are characterized as first gaining an understanding of the application and then tuning based upon general performance analysis and tuning and then analysis and tuning specific to the intel atom processor. the single processor core tuning process is summarized by the following steps : - benchmark. develop a benchmark that represents typical application usage. - profile. analyze and understand the architecture of the application. - compiler optimization. use aggressive optimizations if possible. - general microarchitecture tuning. tune based upon insight from general performance analysis statistics. these statistics, such as clock cycles per instruction retired, are generally accepted performance analysis statistics that can be employed regardless of the underlying architecture. - intel atom processor tuning. tune based on insight about known processor \" glass jaws. \" these include statistics and techniques to isolate performance issues specific to the intel atom processor. multi - core processor tuning the focus of multi - core processor tuning is on the effective use of parallelism that takes advantage of more than one processor core. this step pertains to both intel hyper - threading technology and true multi - core processing. there are some issues specific to each ; where appropriate these differences are highlighted. second, at the application level, two techniques allow you to take advantage of multiple processor cores, multitasking and multithreading. multitasking is the execution of multiple operating system processes on a system. in the context of one application, multitasking requires the division of work between distinct processes and special effort is required to share data between processes. multithreading is the execution of multiple threads and by default assumes memory is shared, which introduces its own set of concerns. this article limits itself to discussion of multithreading because multitasking is a more mature technology and one where the operating system governs much of the policy of execution. multithreading in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5984426434697901, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.402902"} {"text": ", which introduces its own set of concerns. this article limits itself to discussion of multithreading because multitasking is a more mature technology and one where the operating system governs much of the policy of execution. multithreading in the context of the intel atom processor is much more under the control of the software developer. developing software for multi - core processors requires good analysis and design techniques. a wealth of information on these techniques is available in literature by mattson et al., breshears, and many others. tuning of multithreaded applications on the intel atom processor requires ensuring good performance when the application is executing on both, logical processor cores available via intel hyper - threading technology, and multiple physical processor cores. general multithreading issues that affect performance regardless of the architecture must be addressed. these issues include for example lock contention and workload balance. one of the performance concerns when executing under intel hyper - threading technology is on the shared resources of the processor core. for example, the caches are effectively shared between two concurrently executing threads. in a worst case scenario, it is possible for one thread to cause the other to miss in the cache on every access. tuning for multi - core processors adds another level of complication as the possible thread interactions and cache behavior can be even more complicated. it is possible for two threads to cause false sharing, which limits performance but can be easily addressed. understanding techniques to analyze performance and how to mitigate these performance issues are essential. converting a serial application to take advantage of multithreading requires an approach that uses the generic development cycle, consisting of these five phases : analysis, design, implementation, debug, and tune. there are threading tools that help with code analysis, debugging, and performance tuning. - analysis. develop a benchmark that represents typical system usage and comprised by concurrent execution of processes and threads. in many cases, the benchmark from the single core tuning phase and the initial parallel implementation may be an appropriate starting point. use a system performance profiler such as the intel vtune performance analyzer to identify the performance hotspots in the critical path. determine if the identified computations can be executed independently. if so, proceed to the next phase ; otherwise look for other opportunities with independent computations. - design. determine changes required to accommodate a threading paradigm ( data restructuring, code restructuring ) by characterizing the application threading model ( data - level or task - level parallelization ). identify which variables must be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.564077334506397, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.403966"} {"text": "opportunities with independent computations. - design. determine changes required to accommodate a threading paradigm ( data restructuring, code restructuring ) by characterizing the application threading model ( data - level or task - level parallelization ). identify which variables must be shared and if the current design structure is a good candidate for sharing. - implementation. convert the design into code based on the selected threading model. consider coding guidelines based on the processor architecture, such as the use of the pause instruction within spin - wait loops. make use of the multithreading software development methodologies and tools. - debug. use runtime debugging and thread analysis tools such as intel thread checker. - tune. tune for concurrent execution on multiple processor cores executing without intel hyper - threading technology. tune for concurrent execution on multiple processor cores executing with intel hyper - threading technology. tuning that is focused on power utilization is a relatively new addition to the optimization process for intel architecture processors. the goal of this phase is to reduce the power utilized by the application when executing on the embedded system. one of the key methods of doing so is by helping the processor enter and stay in one of its idle states. in an embedded system, power at its fundamental level is a measure of the number of watts consumed in driving the system. power can be consumed by several components in a system. typically, the display and the processor are the two largest consumers of power in an embedded computing system. other consumers of system power include the memory, hard drives, solid state drives, and communications. power management features already exist in many operating systems and enable implementation of power policy where various components are powered down when idle for long periods. a simple example is turning off the display after a few minutes of idle activity. power policy can also govern behavior based upon available power sources. for example, the embedded system may default to a low level of display brightness when powered by battery as opposed to being plugged into an outlet. several statistics exist for characterizing the power used by a system including : - thermal design power ( tdp ). the maximum amount of heat that a thermal solution must be able to dissipate from the processor so that the processor operates under normal operating conditions. tdp is typically measured in watts. - \" plug load \" power. a measure of power drawn from an outlet as the embedded system executes. plug load power is typically measured in watts. - battery power draw. a estimate of power drawn from a battery as the embedded system executes. typically", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5720431215136037, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.404994"} {"text": "plug load \" power. a measure of power drawn from an outlet as the embedded system executes. plug load power is typically measured in watts. - battery power draw. a estimate of power drawn from a battery as the embedded system executes. typically, battery power draw is stated in watts and is based upon estimates from acpi. your project requirements will guide which of these power measurements to employ and what goals will be set with regard to them. the intel atom processor enables a number of power states, which are classified into c - states and p - states. c - states are different levels of processor activity and range from c0, where the processor is fully active down to c6 where the processor is completely idle and many portions of the processor are powered down. p - states, known as performance states, are different levels of processor frequency and voltage. to determine if optimizations improve power utilization, a tool is required to measure power utilization. there are two categories of tools to measure power on an embedded system. the first category provides a direct measurement and employs physical probes to measure the amount of power used. these probes could be as simple as a plug load power probe between the device and the electrical outlet. they could require more extensive probes placed on the system board monitoring various power rails such as those required to execute the eembc energybench benchmark. the second category, power state profiling tools, employs an indirect method of measuring power utilization. instead of directly measuring power, this class of tool measures and reports on the amount of time spent in different power states. the objective when using these tools is to understand what activities are causing the processor to enter c0 and to minimize them. the goal of power tuning is two - fold : - minimize time in active state. - maximize time in inactive state. on the surface it may seem like these goals are redundant ; however in practice both are required. power is expended in transitioning into and out of idle modes. a processor that is repeatedly waking up and then going back to sleep may consume more power than a processor that has longer periods in an active state. in general, the end result is for the system to be in idle mode 90 percent of the time. of course, this end result depends on the specific workload and application. techniques to meet this goal follow one of two tuning strategies, which are summarized as follows : - race to idle. the tasks are executed as quickly as possible to enable the system to idle. this approach typically entails aggressive performance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5984452443305512, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.405973"} {"text": "women far more likely to live to 100 than men : u. s. census tuesday dec. 11, 2012 - - women stand a much better chance of becoming centenarians than men do, a new u. s. census bureau report shows. of the 53, 364 people aged 100 and older in the united states in 2010, more than 80 percent were women, the report found. for every 100 centenarian women, there were only 20. 7 men in that very select age group. centenarians accounted for less than two per 10, 000 people in the total u. s. population, and 19 per 10, 000 of people who were 70 and older, according to the analysis. about 62 percent of centenarians were aged 100 or 101, while about 92 percent were aged 100 to 104. supercentenarians ( people aged 110 and older ) represented 0. 6 percent of the centenarian population, the report said. centenarians were less ethnically and racially diverse than the overall u. s. population. in 2010, 82. 5 percent of centenarians were white alone, compared with 72. 4 percent white alone in the total population. hispanics accounted for 5. 8 percent of centenarians, compared with 16. 3 percent of the total population. compared to other living arrangements, centenarian women were slightly more likely ( 35. 2 percent ) to live in a nursing home, and centenarian men were more likely to be living with others in a household ( 43. 5 percent ). centenarians who were white or non - hispanic were most likely to live alone, 36. 4 percent and 35 percent, respectively. nearly 86 percent of centenarians lived in an urban area in 2010. most lived in the south ( 17, 444 ), followed by the midwest ( 13, 112 ), northeast ( 12, 244 ) and west ( 10, 564 ). in general, states with the largest populations had the most centenarians, the report noted. california had the most centenarians ( 5, 921 ), followed by new york, florida and texas. alaska had the fewest centenarians ( 40 ), along with wyoming ( 72 ), vermont ( 133 ) and delaware ( 146 ). the u. s. national institute on aging offers healthy aging advice. posted : december 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.42411543268587554, "token_count": 482, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.408114"} {"text": "the following lots ( 185 - 208 ) consist of ephemeral mexican publications that are rarely encountered. by their nature, they were not really meant to survive. many of them concern problems and issues in texas, california, new mexico, and other mexican borderland areas. they offer considerable insight into the day - to - day pressing events that needed to be addressed by mexico as the texas revolution gradually built and unfolded. as such, there is an immediacy about them. sometimes the information in this type of material cannot be found in standard sources such as arrillaga and elsewhere. to fully appreciate the history north of the border, it is useful to understand the history from the other side. 185. mexico. army. division del norte. general en gefe. noticia extraordinaria.... a las doce del dia de ayer he ocupado esta plaza con las tropas de mi brigada, habiendo convenido al sr. general urrea.... [ letter from valentin canalizo dated monterrey june 21, 1839, reporting on the terms that he and urrea have reached. ] [ dated and signed at end ] : monterrey, june 21, 1839, pedro de valle. [ colophon ] : monterrey : = 1839. - - imprenta del gobierno, a cargo del c. froylan de mier. 2 pp., folio ( 30. 7 x 21 cm ), wove paper. creased where formerly folded, otherwise fine. first edition. after jose de urrea \u2019 s participation in combating the texas revolution, he basically spent the rest of his career fomenting one rebellion after another. at the time when the republic of the rio grande was being contested by federalists and centralists, urrea proclaimed sinaloa and sonora to be part of the federalist system. however, he was defeated shortly thereafter, whereupon he fled to durango and became involved in yet another uprising in conjunction with jose antonio mexia ( see handbook of texas online ), the end of which is documented here. on april 30, 1839, santa - anna reached puebla first, thereby securing it for the centralist forces. three days later, mexia and urrea were defeated, whereupon mexia was immediately executed. urrea managed to elude capture and, along with some of his followers, fled to tampico, where he could have the advantage of its strong fortifications and gunboats in the port. general arista soon", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43302956511936547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.411799"} {"text": "whereupon mexia was immediately executed. urrea managed to elude capture and, along with some of his followers, fled to tampico, where he could have the advantage of its strong fortifications and gunboats in the port. general arista soon conquered the city, but urrea again managed to escape, fleeing to tuxpan, which surrendered a few days later. the main document printed here, entitled \u201c capitulacion de tuxpan \u201d and dated june 13, 1839, stipulates almost total amnesty for both troops and civilians who participated in the federalist uprising. a final article contains urrea \u2019 s agreement that he will return to private life. in reality, however, general paredes had agreed that urrea could be restored as a general in the mexican army, an arrangement santa - anna annulled. one of the ships urrea had available to him at tampico was the former texas navy schooner independence, which had been captured in 1837 by the mexicans ; however, its crew was taken prisoner by arista \u2019 s forces. tucson, arizona, native urrea ( 1797 - 1849 ) was a significant player in borderland history for several decades. he died of cholera shortly after the mexican - american war, in which he fought. see handbook of texas online ( jose de urrea ). ( $ 100 - 300 ) auction 21 | dsrb home | e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org copyright dorothy sloan 2007", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3733661018416238, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.412398"} {"text": "california - - south san francisco bay wetlands restoration project, knapp tract, santa clara county the south bay region of the san francisco bay consists of approximately 75, 000 acres of public and private wetland and associated upland habitats. this project will restore 332 acres of wetlands by reestablishing estuarine tidal flows between the south bay and remnant tidal sloughs within the don edwards san francisco bay national wildlife refuge. restored tidal exchange will facilitate marsh development which will provide habitat for waterfowl and many other species of wetland wildlife, particularly endangered species such as the california clapper rail and salt marsh harvest mouse. work activities by du will include survey and engineering services, procurement of materials, and management of earthwork activities to breach levees and plug artificial ditches. this area is owned and managed by the u. s. fish and wildlife service. california - - sonny bono salton sea national wildlife refuge wetland restoration and enhancement, imperial county ducks unlimited is working with sonny bono salton sea national wildlife refuge managers to restore and enhance emergent wetlands and associated uplands to benefit a variety of wildlife. work will also give refuge managers additional tools to maximize their management capabilities while conserving water. habitat units on the refuge are in need of a new water control infrastructure to better maximize and conserve water. in addition, wetland topography on some units is currently inadequate to provide the diversity of shallow water habitats necessary for resident and migratory wildlife species. this project seeks to restore 60 acres of wetlands and associated uplands and enhance 345 acres of wetlands by restoring wetland topography and hydrology and improving water conveyance. new water control structures will be installed and a new levee constructed to provide additional undulating shallow water habitat. the refuge has been managed for over 70 years by the u. s. fish and wildlife service to provide a wide variety of habitats for the protection and conservation of migratory and resident species. the increased shallow water habitat and management potential will benefit waterfowl, shorebirds, colonial waterbirds, and neotropical songbirds. in addition, many species of desert wildlife will benefit from improved habitat. california - - live oak gun club - wetland water supply improvement for fields 5 and 6, sutter county live oak gun club is a i, 726 - acre private duck hunting club located in the heart of the butte sink. the property consists of seasonal wetlands managed to provide habitat for migrating and wintering waterfowl and provide waterfowl hunting. also present are some rice lands that are winter flooded for waterfowl. in addition, some wetland areas remain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.43078750897156176, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.416653"} {"text": "butte sink. the property consists of seasonal wetlands managed to provide habitat for migrating and wintering waterfowl and provide waterfowl hunting. also present are some rice lands that are winter flooded for waterfowl. in addition, some wetland areas remain flooded through late spring and early summer to provide waterfowl brood - rearing habitat. some year - round water is also maintained in some areas in accordance with a management agreement under the california department of fish and game ' s landowner incentive program. most of the property is protected through conservation easements held by either the u. s. fish and wildlife service or natural resources conservation service. the project area is located within a federally - held easement. du \u2019 s work will enhance 98 acres of wetlands and will consist of installing a well and pump to improve the overall water supply and provide a reliable source of water to support summer and early fall wetland habitat. this club has been used for waterfowl hunting for many years and is recognized as one of the most important privately - owned wetland areas for waterfowl in the sacramento valley. standard wetland management activities conducted on the property include mowing, discing, burning, and spraying to control undesirable vegetation ; irrigating in the summer and early fall to promote vigorous vegetation growth and seed production from desirable waterfowl food plants ; and planting wetland trees and shrubs. this club provides important habitat for a variety of wildlife and is extremely important for wintering waterfowl in the pacific flyway. waterfowl \\ that will benefit from this project include mallard, gadwall, northern pintail, and green - winged teal. this project will also benefit several special - status species including greater sandhill crane, white - faced ibis, and american bittern.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39952256567500727, "token_count": 358, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.417640"} {"text": "preventive medicine guidelines for the physician assistant exam as a healthcare professional, you may be evaluated on how well you adhere to preventive medicine guidelines. the physician assistant exam ( pance ) will certainly expect you to know about preventive medicine. benjamin franklin said it best when he said, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. health maintenance involves different types of prevention, namely primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. primary prevention : the goal of primary prevention is to use measures that prevent disease or illness from occurring in the first place. secondary prevention : secondary prevention means a medical condition may be present, but screening catches the condition early, before the person develops symptoms. tertiary prevention : tertiary prevention focuses on limiting further progression of a disease process or on rehabilitation to help improve a significantly disabling condition ( in other words, restoring a person \u2019 s functioning ). as an example in primary prevention, suppose a person does not have a diagnosis of coronary artery disease ( cad ) but takes steps to reduce risk factors for developing cad. these steps can include exercising ; adhering to an eating plan low in saturated fat and high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains ; keeping cholesterol levels and blood pressure low ; and never starting smoking. secondary prevention includes lowering the cholesterol to goal and adhering to strict blood pressure guidelines. aspirin therapy is also indicated, as the person has documented cad. tertiary prevention is treating someone who has cad as diagnosed by a cardiac catheterization. steps to reduce further progression could include the use of beta blockers, ace inhibitors, statin therapy, and exercise therapy. note the overlap between secondary and tertiary prevention as it relates to cad ; the difference is that with secondary prevention, you \u2019 re trying to intervene before the person develops the symptoms of cad. with tertiary prevention, the person has established cad ( with a catheter and multiple stents placed ), and you \u2019 re trying to prevent the condition from getting any worse. broadly, primary prevention can include the following : lifestyle choices : physical exercise reduces the risk for many conditions and is good for total body health. stopping smoking, limiting alcohol use, and following a healthy diet are all examples of primary prevention. vaccines : a vaccine prevents a disease from occurring in the first place. examples include vaccines intended to prevent measles, mumps, smallpox, and influenza. condoms and safe sexual practices : the goal is to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted disease ( sti ), especially hiv / aids. some practices can prevent pregnancy as", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4950439650195936, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.423267"} {"text": "include vaccines intended to prevent measles, mumps, smallpox, and influenza. condoms and safe sexual practices : the goal is to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted disease ( sti ), especially hiv / aids. some practices can prevent pregnancy as well. safety gear : other examples of primary prevention include using a helmet when riding a bike and wearing a seatbelt. examples of secondary prevention can include cancer screening and prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis ( dvt ) in a hospital setting. some medical conditions are prevalent in the population, and screening for them reduces the risk of acquiring them. also, if a cancer is caught early, you \u2019 ve reduced the risk of potential complications. the same goes for dvt prophylaxis. someone who \u2019 s bedridden and not moving is at high risk for developing of a deep venous thrombosis. the goal is to minimize the risk with prophylaxis, such as anti - coagulation therapy. examples of tertiary prevention include aggressive rehabilitation to restore functionality in a person who has suffered a stroke. in someone diagnosed with diabetes, tertiary prevention includes screening for eye and renal problems. you \u2019 re evaluating a 55 - year - old male with a history of asthma, which has been well controlled on his current asthma regimen. he notes that recently at work he \u2019 s been having asthma flares. your goal is to identify potential allergens at his workplace that are worsening his asthma. which of the following would this be an example of? ( a ) primary prevention ( b ) secondary prevention ( c ) tertiary prevention ( d ) occupational health prevention ( e ) global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease ( gold ) criteria the correct answer is choice ( c ). this man \u2019 s asthma was stable before an exposure at work that has caused an exacerbation. looking for potential allergens to prevent worsening of his condition is an example of tertiary prevention. an example of secondary prevention, choice ( b ), is the use of a steroid inhaler in someone who \u2019 s been having asthma exacerbations and for whom an as - needed albuterol inhaler isn \u2019 t enough. primary prevention, choice ( a ), would be eliminating risk factors that could foster the development of asthma and / or lung disease, including not smoking in the house and reducing exposure to second - hand smoke and other lung irritants. given that this issue is taking place at work, occupational health may", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49072392770123296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.424295"} {"text": "steve lewis / durango herald as the manager at burger king, flor rodriguez has climbed to the topmost rung she can reach, but the single mother of two still can \u2019 t afford to support her children. she works up to 60 hours per week for an annual salary of $ 32, 000, but her bills outpace her wages month after month. so now she \u2019 s considering getting a second job at denny \u2019 s. rodriguez, who never earned a high school diploma, knows that more education is the key to a better job but has almost no time or money to put toward ged classes. low - wage workers \u2013 defined by the u. s. department of health and human services as those who make $ 11 an hour or less \u2013 form the backbone of durango \u2019 s tourism industry. yet for many of these workers, their efforts reap neither the savings for the future nor the resources to take the next step toward a better life. the concept of a low - wage job becoming a stepping stone to a better career is more myth than reality. this low - wage dilemma doesn \u2019 t affect everyone equally. national statistics and local observations reveal that the populations disproportionately represented in low - wage jobs are those that have long struggled to gain equal footing in the work world : minorities and women. a mountain of barriers statistics show that after a 25 - year period, only half of those in the lowest 20 percent of wage earners had moved up, and of those who did move, half had moved only to the next highest wage group but still earned less than the national median wage, according to statistics from the sloan work and family research network. abel garcia has been a low - wage earner since he entered high school. ten months ago, he was a high school senior about to graduate, with his sights set on going to college and becoming a mechanical engineer. but now those dreams have been smothered under the weight of 11 - hour workdays making tacos and waiting tables at two local restaurants. he doesn \u2019 t have time to pursue a college degree and has little savings left over after paying bills and his share of rent to live with his parents. local advocates agreed that education is a crucial step on the path to career advancement, but for people living paycheck to paycheck, finding the time and the money for classes or training can seem an insurmountable challenge. durango \u2019 s higher cost of living exaggerates the financial burden, said eve presler, founder of the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3728084484500907, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.431367"} {"text": "paycheck to paycheck, finding the time and the money for classes or training can seem an insurmountable challenge. durango \u2019 s higher cost of living exaggerates the financial burden, said eve presler, founder of the collaboration of caring communities, which works to optimize services and resources for people in need. the hourly wage required for a single person to sustain himself of herself in the county is $ 11. 57, according to region 9 economic development district. the livable wage for those supporting families is triple that. yet average wages for the three most common occupations here \u2013 sales, administrative support, and food service and preparation \u2013 are between $ 9 and $ 15. \u201c it \u2019 s like you can \u2019 t afford less hours, but you also can \u2019 t afford not to improve yourself, \u201d said sallie collom, a spunky 32 - year - old who works more than 60 hours per week at two fast - food restaurants in town to pay $ 450 per month for rent and other bills. \u201c education would definitely help, but i \u2019 ve gotta pay the bills. \u201d collom doesn \u2019 t have children, but those who do face the added challenge of securing child care while they attend classes or training, said nicole mosher, executive director of the four corners immigrant resource center. it \u2019 s also hard for people on the financial edge to think about the long - term benefits of education or technical training, said deborah uroda, programs coordinator with the women \u2019 s resource center. the area \u2019 s high living costs leave many unable to cover costs but still ineligible for assistance such as food stamps or child care support. so even if a person is working full time, his or her life might not look different from someone who is unemployed, presler said. lower - level workers also are usually the first to be laid off or fired. \u201c it \u2019 s hard to advance in a career when you are perpetually looking for a new job, \u201d presler said. women and minorities face additional challenges to making their way up the career ladder. minority children are more likely to grow up in poverty and to enter the workforce with less education. and many immigrants face language - related challenges, yet also often have to send money back to family members in their home countries, leaving less to spend on english classes or vocational training, mosher said. single motherhood is on the rise, bringing its own set of barriers. the prospect of taking out large student loans to finance an education, for example, is a huge", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3702799358106581, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.434106"} {"text": ", leaving less to spend on english classes or vocational training, mosher said. single motherhood is on the rise, bringing its own set of barriers. the prospect of taking out large student loans to finance an education, for example, is a huge concern for women who are the sole supporters of their families, said deborah uroda, of the women \u2019 s resource center. and single parents or not, women continue to take on the lion \u2019 s share of child - rearing responsibilities and may be perceived as less reliable when they have to put family before their work, which could hurt their chances for a promotion, uroda said. such workplace discrimination is more widespread than most people realize, said ryan smith, an associate professor of sociology at baruch college in new york who studies race, ethnicity and gender in the workplace. segregation of minorities and women into certain kinds of jobs is a national phenomenon, smith said. managers and upper - level executives, who are disproportionately white and male, tend to hire and promote employees from similar backgrounds as themselves, perpetuating the racial and gender inequality, smith said. \u201c if you are a racial minority and you worked hard, got a good education and spoke the language well, research shows you would still confront barriers to employment that would have nothing to do with your abilities, \u201d smith said. for women and minorities, \u201c it seems like the system is rigged, \u201d he said. but when people are locked into certain positions, their potential is stifled because there isn \u2019 t a reward for working harder, smith said. a concentration of women and minorities in low - wage jobs also deprives the overall economy of the benefits of a diverse workforce. \u201c no one group has a monopoly on productivity, virtue or vice, \u201d smith said. it is demoralizing for people to work day in and day out without hope for a pay increase, said roger zalneraitis, executive director of the la plata economic development alliance. if people are resigned to living paycheck to paycheck, they put off buying a house or going back to school, which has a human and economic cost, said joseph thomas, with colorado jobs with justice. \u201c people are cutting out all the stuff that provides a boost to the economy, \u201d he said. low - wage earners also lack the ability to save for retirement, emergencies or health care, making them more likely to depend on social services, experts said. but low - wage work supports a system that produces affordable goods and services. the trade -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4014433241493425, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.435632"} {"text": "sleep is an essential part of living and one that is often taken for granted. the average person spends well more than one - third of his or her life sleeping. however, sleep is essential to normal functioning. our body utilizes sleep as a time to rejuvenate, rest, repair and process the many experiences of the day. sleep deprivation is known to result in fatigue, irritability, emotional swings, and decreased physical and mental performance, and can even raise blood pressure. disorders of sleep are unfortunately common. sleep hygiene is a term used to describe the many aspects of the daily schedule that may affect sleep. believe it or not, we are all born with an internal clock. many people who suffer from problems with sleep have problems with the functioning of the internal clock. sleep hygiene refers to the process for resetting our internal clock to help us sleep properly. the first step to good sleep hygiene is to arrange our sleep environment so that it favors sleep. this means that where you sleep should be quiet, relaxing, reasonably dark and designated specifically for sleep purposes. a bedroom filled with things that might distract from sleep is undesirable. removal of projects, television, computer, video games and the like can enhance the sleep environment. the next step is to develop a routine. the average adult requires seven to eight hours of sleep per 24 - hour period. children and adolescents may require more sleep, while the elderly may require less sleep. establishing a sleep routine begins with setting a bedtime and awakening time that account for the desired seven to eight hours of sleep. a person should plan to go to bed at the same time each night and to arise from bed the same time each morning. for people who have sleep difficulties, this should be the same schedule seven days a week without changes on weekends or holidays. moreover, even if you do not sleep well on a given night you should still plan to get up and go to bed at the scheduled time. gradually, the body will conform to the schedule in order to meet its sleep needs. another important approach to good sleep hygiene is diet and exercise. getting regular physical activity and eating scheduled meals made up of a well - balanced diet actually promotes healthy sleep behavior. for people with sleep difficulties, i often recommend avoidance of caffeine after noon. this includes soda, energy drinks, coffee, tea and chocolate. caffeine, as a stimulant, can contribute to sleep problems. also, nicotine and alcohol can lead to sleep problems and should be avoided in those who have difficulty sleeping", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5102548363787528, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.438399"} {"text": "james ephraim lovelock was born on july 26, 1919 in letchworth garden city in the united kingdom. he graduated as a chemist from manchester university in 1941 and in 1948 received a ph. d. degree in medicine from the london school of hygiene and tropical medicine. in 1959 he received the d. sc. degree in biophysics from london university. after graduating from manchester he started employment with the medical research council at the national institute for medical research in london, but five years between 1946 and 1951 were spent at the common coid research unit at harvard hospital in salisbury, wiltshire. in 1954 he was awarded the rockefeller travelling fellowship in medicine and chose to spend it at harvard university medical school in boston. in 1958 he visited yale university for a similar period. he resigned from the national institute in london in 1961 to take up full time employment as professor of chemistry at baylor university college of medicine in houston, texas, where he remained until 1964. during his stay in texas he collaborated with colleagues at the jet propulsion laboratory, pasadena, california on lunar and planetary research. since 1964 he has conducted an independent practice in science, although continuing honorary academic associations as a visiting professor, first at the university of houston and then at the university of reading in the u. k. since 1982 he has been associated with the marine biological association at plymouth, first as a council member, and from 1986 to 1990 as its president. james lovelock is the author of approximately 200 scientific papers, distributed almost equally among topics in medicine, biology, instrument science and geophysiology. he has filed more than 50 patents, mostly for detectors for use in chemical analysis. one of these, the electron capture detector, was important in the development of environmental awareness. it revealed for the first time the ubiquitous distribution of pesticide residues and other halogen bearing chemicals. this information enabled rachel carson to write her book, silent spring, often said to have initiated the awareness of environmental disturbance. later it enabled the discovery of the presence of pcb ' s in the natural environment. more recently the electron capture detector was responsible for the discovery of the global distribution of nitrous oxide and of the chlorofluorocarbons, both of which are important in the stratospheric chemistry of ozone. some of his inventions were adopted by nasa in their programme of planetary exploration. he was awarded by nasa three certificates of recognition for these. he is the originator of the gaia hypothesis ( now gaia theory ) and has written four books on the subject : gaia", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5346415677082441, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.448237"} {"text": "were adopted by nasa in their programme of planetary exploration. he was awarded by nasa three certificates of recognition for these. he is the originator of the gaia hypothesis ( now gaia theory ) and has written four books on the subject : gaia : a new look at life on earth, ( oxford university press, 1979 ) ; the ages of gaia, ( w. w. norton, 1988 ) ; gaia : the practical science of planetary medicine, ( gaia books, 1991 ), and homage to gaia ( 2000 ). he was elected a fellow of the royal society in 1974 and in 1975 received the tswett medal for chromatography. earlier he received a ciba foundation prize for research in ageing. in 1980 he received the american chemical society ' s award for chromatography and in 1986 the silver medal and prize of the plymouth marine laboratory. in 1988 he was a recipient of the norbert gerbier prize of the world meteorological organization, and in 1990 was awarded the first amsterdam prize for the environment by the royal netherlands academy of arts and sciences. in 1996 he received both the nonino prize and the volvo environment prize, and in 1997 japan ' s blue planet prize. he has received honorary doctorates in science from the university of east anglia 1982, exeter university 1988, plymouth polytechnic ( now plymouth university ) 1988, stockholm university 1991, university of edinburgh 1993, university of kent and the university of east london in 1996, and from the university of colorado in 1997. he was made a c. b. e. by her majesty the queen in 1990. james lovelock ' s first interest is the life sciences, originally as medical research but more recently in geophysiology, the systems science of the earth. his second interest, that of instrument design and development, has often interacted with the first to their mutual benefit. he is at present an honorary visiting fellow of green college, oxford university. when devising a series of ionisation detectors for gas chromatography in the mid 1950 ' s i had no notion that one of them, the electron capture detector, would significantly affect the development of environmental thinking. it was invented in 1957, and is still among the most sensitive of chemical analytical methods in existence ; moreover it is specifically sensitive to those chemicals that are a threat to the environment. its use led to the discovery of the ubiquitous distribution of pesticide residues in the natural environment, and to rachel carson ' s book, the silent spring, which can be said to have started", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5067064436831845, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.449406"} {"text": "sensitive to those chemicals that are a threat to the environment. its use led to the discovery of the ubiquitous distribution of pesticide residues in the natural environment, and to rachel carson ' s book, the silent spring, which can be said to have started the environmental movement. it was later used to discover and measure the abundance of pcbs, chlorofluorcarbons and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere. most recently, the detector has made possible a system of atmospheric and oceanic tracer technology. perfluorocarbons, which are othervise inert and harmless, are easily detected tracers by electron capture. this system has enabled meteorologists to follow the movement of air masses across continents and is now finding use in ocean research. in 1961, having heard of these new detectors, nasa invited me to join with the team at jet propulsion laboratory who were developing lunar and planetary landers. initially the invitation concerned the development of methods for analysing lunar soil but soon i became involved with nasa ' s quest to discover whether there was life on mars. in a letter to nature in 1965, i proposed some physical tests for the presence of planetary life. one of these was a top down view of the whole planet instead of a local search at the site of landing. the test was simply to analyse the chemical composition of the planet ' s atmosphere. if the planet were lifeless then it would be expected to have an atmosphere determined by physics and chemistry alone and be close to the chemical equilibrium state. but if the planet bore life, organisms at the surface would be obliged to use the atmosphere as a source of raw materials and as a depository for wastes. such a use of the atmosphere would change its chemical composition. it would depart from equilibrium in a way that would show the presence of life. dian hitchcock joined me then and together we examined atmospheric evidence from the infra - red astronomy of mars ( hitchcock and lovelock 1967 ). we compared this evidence with that available about the sources and sinks of the gases in the atmosphere of the one planet we knew bore life, earth. we found an astonishing difference between the two atmospheres. mars was close to chemical equilibrium and dominated by carbon dioxide, but the earth was in a state of deep chemical disequilibrium. in our atmosphere carbon dioxide is a mere trace gas. the coexistence of abundant oxygen with methane and other reactive gases, are conditions that would be impossible on a lifeless planet. even the abundant nitrogen and water are difficult to explain by geo", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5549510833892761, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.451175"} {"text": ". in our atmosphere carbon dioxide is a mere trace gas. the coexistence of abundant oxygen with methane and other reactive gases, are conditions that would be impossible on a lifeless planet. even the abundant nitrogen and water are difficult to explain by geochemistry. no such anomalies are present in the atmospheres of mars or venus, and their existence in the earth ' s atmosphere signals the presence of living organisms at the surface. sadly, we concluded that mars is lifeless now, although it may once have had life. thinking about the profound difference between the earth ' s atmosphere and those of the other planets led me to my other principal research during the past twenty years, a hypothesis that the earth is a self regulating system able to keep its climate and chemical composition comfortable for the organisms that inhabit it. this, the gaia hypothesis, now gaia theory, is still up for trial. a common criticism is of teleology. this accusation is unjust ; neither purpose or foresight were ever claimed. whether right or wrong, it is a testable theory and capable of making ' risky ' predictions. in the course of expeditions to gather evidence for tests of the gaia hypothesis i made several interesting discoveries. one, made in 1971, was that the chlorofluorocarbons were distributed throughout the atmosphere and at an average abundance of 50 parts per trillion, suggesting the absence of any sink for these gases. this was the evidence that allowed molina and rowland to develop their theory of ozone depletion. on this expedition i also found the ubiquitous distribution in the ocean of methyl iodide, dimethyl sulphide and carbon disulphide and carbon tetrachloride. the presence of methyl iodide and dimethyl sulphide was sought as confirmation of a prediction from gaia that there should be a large enough emission of these gases from the oceans to balance the natural sulphur and iodine budgets. preliminary confirmation came from these first measurements in 1971 - 72, complete confirmation was made independently by m. o. andreae. later, when considering the prediction from gaia of climate regulation, charlson, lovelock, andreae and warren, proposed that cloud density was modulated by the abundance of atmospheric dimethyl sulphide, and that this in turn changed the earth ' s albedo and mean surface temperature. this proposal was published as a nature paper 1987 and is still under test. gaia theory also offered an interpretation of the long term regulation of carbon dioxide and climate through", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5511967363560746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.452228"} {"text": "and that this in turn changed the earth ' s albedo and mean surface temperature. this proposal was published as a nature paper 1987 and is still under test. gaia theory also offered an interpretation of the long term regulation of carbon dioxide and climate through biologically assisted rock weathering. this proposal was confirmed by schwartzman and volk, in 1989. other environmental contributions were the discovery of methyl chloride as a natural atmospheric gas ( 1975 ). an estimate ( 1977 ) of the hydroxyl abundance of the atmosphere from measurements of the abundance of methyl chloroform, a man - made chemical whose principal sink is reaction with hydroxyl. the first atmospheric halocarbon monitoring station was established at adrigole in ireland in the 1970 ' s. it later became one of the five globally distributed stations that established the atmospheric lifetimes of the chlorofluorocarbons. in 1952 i developed a quantitative theory of the damage suffered by living cells when frozen and thawed. my experiments had shown that damage was due to the concentration of salt and other solutes when ice separated as a pure substance. i was also able to explain the protective action of glycerol and neutral solutes and predicted successfully that dimethyl sulphoxide would be an excellent protective agent. i participated in the team that successfully froze and thawed whole animals, hamsters. my other researches included an investigation of the pathways for the spread of respiratory infection, especially the common cold, and the design of means for its prevention. among my inventions are detectors and other devices for use in gas chromatography. the argon detector was the first practical sensitive detector. it realized the potential of the gas chromatography. the electron capture detector was invented in 1957, and is still among the most sensitive of chemical analytical methods in existence. its use led to the discovery of the ubiquitous distribution of pesticide residues in the natural environment and can be said to have started the environmental movement. the same detector was later used to discover and measure the abundance of chlorofluorocarbons and of nitrous oxide in the atmosphere. another invention was the palladium transmodulator, a device whose use was crucial for the gas chromatograph mass spectrometer experiment aboard the viking space craft that landed on mars. most recently i developed a tracer method for mass transport measurements in the atmosphere and oceans. it uses perfluorocarbons as tracers and detects them by electron capture. it has enabled meteor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5530258607227811, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.453256"} {"text": "the viking space craft that landed on mars. most recently i developed a tracer method for mass transport measurements in the atmosphere and oceans. it uses perfluorocarbons as tracers and detects them by electron capture. it has enabled meteorologists to follow the movement of air masses across continents and is now finding use in ocean research. twenty years ago i postulated that the earth is a self - regulating system able to keep the climate and chemical composition comfortable for organisms. this, the gaia hypothesis, is now the gaia theory, with a mathematical basis, and is still up for trial. a common criticism is of teleology. this accusation is unjust ; neither purpose nor foresight were ever claimed. whether right or wrong, it is a testable theory and capable of making ' risky ' predictions. one of these was that there should be a large enough emission of dimethyl sulphide from the oceans to balance the natural sulphur budget. preliminary confirmation came from my own measurements in 1972 ; complete confirmation was made independently by m. o. andreae. later, when considering the prediction from gaia of climate regulation, charleson, lovelock, andreae and warren proposed that cloud density was modulated by the abundance of atmospheric dimethyl sulphide, and that this in turn changed the earth ' s albedo and mean surface temperature. this proposal was published as a nature paper in 1987 and is still under test. gaia theory also offered an interpretation of the long - term regulation of carbon dioxide and climate through biologically assisted rock weathering. this proposal was confirmed by schwartzman and volk in 1989. at present an honorary visiting fellow of green college, oxford university ( 1941 ) b. sc. in chemistry from manchester university ( 1948 ) ph. d. in medicine from london school of hygiene and tropical medicine ( 1959 ) d. sc. in biophysics from london university 1954 - 55 rockefeller travelling fellowship in medicine at harvard university 1958 - 59 visiting scientist, yale university medical school, usa prizes, honours and awards 1955 ciba foundation award for research in ageing 1974 made a fellow of the royal society 1975 tswett medal for chromatography 1980 american chemical society ' s award for chromatography 1986 the silver medal and prize of the plymouth marine laboratory 1988 norbert gerbier prize of the world meteorological associatio 1990 amsterdam prize for the environment awarded by the royal netherlands academy of arts & sciences 1990 made a c. b. e. by her majesty the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5715668080555565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.454343"} {"text": "advancements in transportation have played a key role in the growth of our nation. u. s. government policies have also had a considerable impact on the development of transport as we know it today. in this series of three lessons, the students examine transportation and its impact on our nation ( and vice versa ) since the united states declared its independence in 1776. lesson 1 focuses on improvements in transportation during the 19th century, particularly the development of a national rail system, to show how invention, innovation and infrastructure encouraged western expansion and economic growth. lesson 2 moves on to the 20thcentury focusing on the development of auto transport and aviation. the impact on communities and world trade, for both good and bad, is examined. lesson 3 calls upon the students to create a class time line of transportation milestones ; the time line will help the students more clearly understand the factors, especially the economic incentives, that have played a key role in what has been called the ' transportation revolution. ' while these three lessons will ideally be used together as a set, teachers may choose to use one or two of them, selectively, to focus, for example, on the 19th or the 20th century. if you would like your students to study the economics of transportation in more depth, consider following up with the econedlink lesson, an economic mystery : what happened to railroads? costs, determinants of supply, economic growth, gains from trade, incentive, innovation, inventors, investment, markets, non - price determinants, price, role of government, specialization, standard of living, supply, technological changes, transaction costs - distinguish among invention, innovation and investments in infrastructure. - explain how economic incentives encouraged technological change and the capital investments that led to the transportation revolution. - identify ways in which advancements in transportation dramatically transformed trade and promoted economic growth in the united states. play the song america the beautiful. online versions of the music and the lyrics can be found at these two federal web pages : - america the beautiful ; a song sheet posted by the national institute of environmental health sciences ( part of the national institutes of health, u. s. department of health and human services ). - songs and oaths : america, the beautiful ; part of ben ' s guide to u. s. government kids pages ask the students to identify the song. tell them that the words to \" america, the beautiful \" were written by katharine lee bates, a massachusetts teacher and poet, while she was visiting colorado springs, colorado, in 1893. project this visual, which", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49761736142855584, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.477898"} {"text": "ask the students to identify the song. tell them that the words to \" america, the beautiful \" were written by katharine lee bates, a massachusetts teacher and poet, while she was visiting colorado springs, colorado, in 1893. project this visual, which offers a photograph of pikes peak along with a quotation in which bates explains what inspired her words. one day some of the other teachers and i decided to go on a trip to 14, 000 - foot pikes peak. we hired a prairie wagon. near the top we had to leave the wagon and go the rest of the way on mules. i was very tired. but when i saw the view, i felt great joy. all the wonder of america seemed displayed there, with the sea - like expanse. bates wrote a poem about what she saw, and people liked the sentiments in the poem so much that they started singing the words as lyrics to popular tunes of the time. in 1910, the words were published with the music we know today - music from a song titled \" materna \" written by samuel a. ward in 1882, eleven years before bates wrote her poem. distribute print copies of the lyrics to \" america the beautiful \" or project the words on a screen so that all students can see them. point out the line \" from sea to shining sea \". tell the students that bates wrote her poem at the end of a period of great expansion for the united states of america. at the beginning of the 19th century, the nation was comprised of only 16 states nestled between the atlantic ocean and the mississippi river. by 1893, the nation had grown to include 44 states, stretching across the continent to the pacific ocean. the land acquired during the era nearly quadrupled the land mass of the united states, encompassing what we now know as the continental 48 states plus alaska. alaska and hawaii became states in 1959. you have probably read about this geographic expansion in a history book. but did you know the 19th century was also a time when the nation ' s economy expanded from sea to shining sea? advancements in transportation dramatically changed how people and goods moved across the united states. [ note : as the students prepare to work at their computers, they may enjoy hearing the ray charles ' version of the song at www. brownielocks. com / americathebeautifulwave. html. charles places the third verse first, after which he sings the usual first verse. ] visuals and handouts - prepare this visual for projection via an overhead or lcd projector during your introduction to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4571318667696508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.479143"} {"text": ". com / americathebeautifulwave. html. charles places the third verse first, after which he sings the usual first verse. ] visuals and handouts - prepare this visual for projection via an overhead or lcd projector during your introduction to this lesson. the visual includes a photograph of pikes peak along with a quotation from katherine bates explaining how she was inspired to write \" america the beautiful \". - prepare a visual for projection or print copies of the lyrics to \" america, the beautiful. \" music and lyrics the following two federal government web pages provide both the music and lyrics to the song \" america the beautiful \" which is used in the lesson introduction. you may need a speaker hooked to your computer to enable your students to hear the music. america, the beautiful : a song sheet posted by the national institute of environmental health sciences ( part of the national institutes of health, u. s. department of health and human services ). songs and oaths : america, the beautiful : part of ben ' s guide to u. s. government kids pages. students take a virtual time trip back to the 19th century using these video clips provided by the smithsonian institution. to view these videos you either need windows media player or real one player. transportation infrastructure, 1800 - 1900 video and read - along - text : americanhistory. si. edu / onthemove / themes / story _ 47 _ 1. html transportation technology, 1800 - 1900 video and read - along text : americanhistory. si. edu / onthemove / themes / story _ 50 _ 1. html transportation history, 1800 - 1900 video and read - along - text : americanhistory. si. edu / onthemove / themes / story _ 48 _ 1. html america the beautiful. song lyrics to america the beautiful by ray charles. american experience : native americans. this site explains government policy towards the native americans during the construction of the transcontinental railroad. the buffalo harvest. this site explains government policies that lead to the near extermination of the buffalo. documents on the sand creek massacre. this site provides historical documentation of the sand creek massacre. the fort laramie treaty. this pbs page provides the articles of the fort laramie treaty. know details about the canal. this site explains in detail how the panama canal works. the transportation problem prior to 1800, people in the united states were relatively self - sufficient. trade that occurred was overwhelmingly local. the reason : transportation was very poor. there", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42425579051824613, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.480184"} {"text": "details about the canal. this site explains in detail how the panama canal works. the transportation problem prior to 1800, people in the united states were relatively self - sufficient. trade that occurred was overwhelmingly local. the reason : transportation was very poor. there were no motorized means to move people or cargo. transport technology was limited to harnessing animals for land transport and using wind for water transport. waterways were often the only routes for getting goods to and from market. on land, walking was the primary means of transportation. a person could walk about 3 miles per hour. horses travel faster ( between 5 and 10 miles per hour ) than people on foot, but they were not as common as you might think. horses were expensive to feed and required special care. they were owned primarily by wealthy people and businesspersons. people used carts and wagons pulled by horses and oxen to get things from one place to another. oxen were much slower than horses, but they were stronger and could haul heavier loads. oxen were also easier to deal with than horses. roads in the new nation were few and far between. those that did exist were rough and dusty in good weather. when it rained, they were muddy. wooden planks or logs were sometimes used in an effort to make them passable but imagine how bumpy the ride would be on a road firmed up by logs! travel by water was the preferred method of getting people and goods from place to place. because of this, many settlers established their homes and farms along the atlantic ocean and next to rivers. sailing ships harnessing wind power were used to move goods along the coastline while smaller canoes, rafts and boats dependent on people - power traveled inland. not surprisingly, all 10 of the nation ' s largest cities in 1800 were harbor oriented. imagine that you are a farmer who lived near pittsburgh in 1810 and you wanted to get your crop to market in new york city. land routes were so poor that you would probably choose to ship your freight by flatboat or keelboat down the ohio and mississippi rivers to new orleans. a ship would then move your crop through the gulf of mexico, around florida, and finally up the atlantic coast to new york city. the trip was long and difficult. what about travel to the continent ' s pacific coast? in 1810, john jacob astor ( the world ' s richest man at the time ) decided to set up a fur trade business in what we know today as oregon. astor sent a supply ship around the cape of south america to the mouth of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43201036790356767, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.481246"} {"text": "coast? in 1810, john jacob astor ( the world ' s richest man at the time ) decided to set up a fur trade business in what we know today as oregon. astor sent a supply ship around the cape of south america to the mouth of the columbia river while another group traveled overland to the same location. traveling overland from missouri to oregon took nearly two years! the trip was so difficult that several of the men died, while others deserted and some went insane. the sea route was faster taking only six and a half months, but it still was a miserable choice. the ship captain was so nasty that eight sailors drowned trying to get off the ship when it reached land. it was often easier to send products to europe than to another part of the united states. as people moved farther west, they needed new ways to make travel easier, faster, and less costly. the solution to the transportation problem involved three elements : invention, innovation, and infrastructure. 1. invention is the creation of a new object or process. one of the technological inventions that most significantly contributed to the transportation revolution was the steam engine. 2. innovations change how people use preexisting ideas and products. for example, steam engines were adapted as a new power source for preexisting transport technologies - boats and railroads. 3. infrastructure is the set of interconnected elements that support the use of inventions and innovations. examples of transportation infrastructure are roads, bridges, tunnels, canals, rail lines, and ports. building new roads was one of the first solutions to the new nation ' s transportation problem. the financial success of turnpikes in pennsylvania and new york in the 1790s set off a wave of construction projects funded primarily by local communities and private investors. few states had the ability to raise the money needed for such efforts. a turnpike was a road that had been cleared of trees and brush. it might have wood planks or logs to make it an all - weather road. long pikes, or poles, were placed at the entrance and lifted when travelers paid a toll. the user fee helped pay for building and maintaining the road. hundreds of turnpike companies were established in the early 1800s but most of the roads never went beyond 20 miles in length. sometimes the federal government provided incentives to states to build roads. when ohio entered the union in 1803, a deal was struck providing that five percent of federal land sales would be used to build roads. similar deals were struck later with indiana, illinois, and missouri. in 1806, the federal government decided to build a road", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5015575498429815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.482211"} {"text": "ohio entered the union in 1803, a deal was struck providing that five percent of federal land sales would be used to build roads. similar deals were struck later with indiana, illinois, and missouri. in 1806, the federal government decided to build a road. congress authorized funding of the national road to provide portage between the potomac and ohio rivers. the road connected the eastern states with the western frontier. now part of the route travelers call u. s. highway 40, the national road was the first road in the nation to use a macadam road surface. stagecoaches carrying passengers and mail could travel 60 to 70 miles a day on the national road, while conestoga wagons ( designed to carry heavy loads ) could travel at a slower but still impressive rate of five miles a day. these maps show how road construction and improvements reduced travel time by 1830. use them to answer the questions that follow. roads and travel times 1800 roads and travel times 1830 what geographical feature was an obstacle to road building in 1775? [ the appalachian mountains ] have the students use information from the graphs above to complete this chart showing how many weeks it took to get from new york to pittsburgh, detoit, and st. louis : travel time from new york city ( in weeks ) looking at this chart, what can you conclude about the impact of road improvements between 1800 and 1830? [ the new roads cut travel time on the east coast in half. ] an equally significant transportation improvement was the building of canals. canals are man - made waterways. in the united states, canals were often little more than shallow ditches filled with water funded through private and public investments. canal barges were towed by horses walking along the side of the canal on a towpath. the water bore most of the weight of the load, which enabled each horse to pull far more than it could pull while traveling on land. one horse could pull less than a ton over roads but it could pull up to 30 tons of cargo loaded in a canal barge. the erie canal was one of the earliest and most successful canal projects in the united states. it stretched 363 miles across new york state from the hudson river in the east to lake erie in the west. it was 12 times longer than any previously built canal. the erie canal connected the old northwest to new york harbor and the atlantic ocean. started in 1817, it turned a profit long before its construction was completed in 1825. it sparked a canal boom as others tried to copy its success in linking eastern cities to the great lakes and western rivers. before", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42390911878360815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.483928"} {"text": "new york harbor and the atlantic ocean. started in 1817, it turned a profit long before its construction was completed in 1825. it sparked a canal boom as others tried to copy its success in linking eastern cities to the great lakes and western rivers. before the erie canal was built, three weeks were needed to haul one ton of goods from new york city to buffalo. the financial cost was $ 95 to $ 125 per ton. the canal reduced the time required for the journey to 8 days and the dollar cost to just $ 4, within 10 years of the canal ' s completion. the erie canal helped make new york city the largest and richest city in the nation. some say it is the reason new york, not baltimore, became the most important city on the east coast. in 1816 there were only about 100 miles of operative canals in the entire nation. the success of the erie canal caused a canal - building frenzy, with states borrowing millions of dollars ( primarily from europe ) to build more canals. by 1850 there were about 3, 800 miles of canals. the cost to ship one ton of freight for one mile via canal was as little as one penny per ton, 1 / 15 the lowest cost of transporting one ton for one mile via horse and wagon at the time. these maps show the boom in canal building that lasted until the civil war. did you notice that the waterways on the 1860 map include all of the great lakes? this was because another very important canal opened in 1855. the sault sainte marie canal ( popularly known as the soo canal or soo locks ) allowed ships to bypass the rapids of the st. marys river. the canal uses locks to lower boats and other vessels from lake superior to the other great lakes. find the soo canal on this map. canals became a vital means for transporting the heavy loads needed for the economic and geographic expansion of the era. notable freight being moved included : - stone and gravel used to make road improvements ; - grain from the western frontier shipped to populated eastern cities ; plus - iron, coal and timber required to build and operate new industries and homesteads. another significant contribution to transportation technology was the use of the steam engine to power boats. englishmen thomas newcomen and james watt are credited with developing and making many improvements on the steam engine during the 18th century. by 1807 robert fulton had used this new technology to build the north river steamboat ( often called the clermont ). traveling on the hudson river, fulton took his paddle wheeler from new york city to albany and back in five days. he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4060000938673791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.484947"} {"text": "the 18th century. by 1807 robert fulton had used this new technology to build the north river steamboat ( often called the clermont ). traveling on the hudson river, fulton took his paddle wheeler from new york city to albany and back in five days. he is credited with providing the first safe, regular steamboat service in the united states. introduction of the steamboat to the mississippi river and other rivers soon followed. before steamboats came into use, flatboats and keelboats went down the mississippi river fairly easily, but only keelboats could make the return trip upstream. so many men were needed to haul the boat upriver that little room was left for freight or passengers. boats were often broken up and sold for lumber and firewood at the end of the journey. those taking a boat downstream would get home by land the best way they could. in contrast, steamboats easily moved against the current. river steamboats were also faster ; they reached their destinations in one - fourth the time required by barges powered by hand or animals. steamboats were common on the ohio and mississippi rivers by the 1820s. they were also starting to replace sailing ships on the great lakes and across the seas. one penny was enough to ship three tons of cargo for a mile on a river. the same penny would ship 10 tons for a mile on the great lakes. for most of the 19th century and the early 20th century, steamboats dominated water transport. at the peak of the steamboat era, there were 6, 000 steamers competing for business on the mississippi river alone. steam power also had a spectacular impact on land travel. in 1801, british engineer richard trevithick put a steam engine on wheels. three years later he built the world ' s first steam locomotive. but it took many more years before steam locomotives were actually used as a means of transport. in 1829, two locomotives were imported to the u. s. from england, but they were found to be too heavy for american tracks. more suitable locomotives would have to be produced domestically. one of the first engines to be built in the united states ( the best friend of charleston ) traveled 30 miles an hour without freight or up to 21 miles an hour with four loaded cars. as for railroad tracks, they were not new. primitive wood and iron tracks had been used before for mining operations. men or horses had pushed carts along these tracks. unlike steamboats, steam locomotives didn ' t depend on the location and condition of waterways. more direct routes from place to place were possible. they could carry people and freight anywhere", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.42883386007108204, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.485896"} {"text": "before for mining operations. men or horses had pushed carts along these tracks. unlike steamboats, steam locomotives didn ' t depend on the location and condition of waterways. more direct routes from place to place were possible. they could carry people and freight anywhere engineers could set rail. they also offered year - round service. many canals and rivers were useless in the winter when the water froze. the first railroads and tracks were financed by local governments and private investors in towns and cities along waterways. they were often built to provide links where a canal was impractical. these short - distance lines helped communities tap potential markets in the surrounding countryside. extension and connection of these lines soon provided uninterrupted transportation over longer distances. in 1840, the united states had almost 3, 000 miles of track. by 1860, mileage had been multiplied 10 - fold. a network of 30, 000 miles linked most of the nation ' s major cities and towns. railroad lines were east of what major geographic feature? [ the mississippi river ] where were most of these rail lines, in the north or the south? [ about two - thirds of the tracks were in the north, with the remaining third in the south. ] no true \" rail system \" existed until later. most lines were still relatively short and there was no standardized track width. the promise of gold and new lands for homesteading created a demand for easier access to the west. the u. s. government realized it needed to get involved and help fund a transcontinental rail line that would connect the east and west coasts. building the railroad was an expensive venture, and private banks, fearing it would take rail companies a long time to pay off their debts, were reluctant to lend money to the companies. in 1862, congress gave two companies ( the union pacific and the central pacific railroads ) the right to lay down tracks along with a 30 - year government loan for each mile of track constructed. the companies were also given millions of acres of public land along the line that they could sell to make the money required to lay rails. the first continental railroad stretched across two - thirds of the continent from omaha, nebraska to sacramento, california. when the transcontinental railroad was completed at promontory point, utah in 1869, the united states had a rail line linking the atlantic to the pacific ocean. instead of six weeks travel across the west in a stagecoach, the coast to coast journey could now be made in five or six days. four more transcontinental lines followed. - the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44911931307534075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.486916"} {"text": "had a rail line linking the atlantic to the pacific ocean. instead of six weeks travel across the west in a stagecoach, the coast to coast journey could now be made in five or six days. four more transcontinental lines followed. - the atchison, topeka and santa fe railway connected atchison, kansas with the southern pacific railroad at deming, new mexico, to offer a second link to los angeles, california, in 1882. - the southern pacific railroad linked new orleans, louisiana ( and the gulf of mexico ) to los angeles in 1883 - the northern pacific railway, also completed in 1883, linked chicago, illinois with seattle, washington - the great northern railroad stretched from st. paul, minnesota to seattle in 1893. four out of the five transcontinental railroads were built with help from the federal government. did you notice that the last railroad line was finished in 1893, the year in which katharine bates wrote \" america the beautiful \"? between 1865 and 1890, rail lines west of the mississippi increased from 3, 272 miles of track to 72, 463 miles. people could travel in relative comfort and safety in record times. goods were transportable anywhere. the cost of shipping a ton of freight for one mile was two cents, at least double the cost of shipping via water, but dependable access to new places and speed often made rail shipment worth the difference in cost. this map shows the land the federal government gave to the railways as an incentive to build these transcontinental lines. bridges and tunnels many people who write about advances in transportation forget to mention the contributions made by bridges and tunnels. these structures are an essential part of road, canal and rail construction projects, making more direct routes possible where there are mountains, valleys and water. people heading west often were forced to travel miles out of their way to find a safe place to cross a river. sometimes they waited for days or weeks for flooding water to recede. narrow wagon wheels sank into the muddy river bottoms, and the swift, unpredictable currents took a toll in lives and property. travel through the mountains ( particularly the rocky mountains ) was also challenging and dangerous. again, people had to travel miles out of their way to find passage. they had to move fallen boulders out of their way and be concerned about going up and down steep inclines with loaded wagons. another worry was that they might get stranded in a snowstorm without sufficient supplies for survival. early bridges in the united states designed to carry heavy loads were made of wood or stone. most bridges were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45936659378840594, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.487983"} {"text": "going up and down steep inclines with loaded wagons. another worry was that they might get stranded in a snowstorm without sufficient supplies for survival. early bridges in the united states designed to carry heavy loads were made of wood or stone. most bridges were built of wood because it was cheap and easily available. the problem with wood was that it was subject to decay. stone was the preferred building material because it was practically maintenance - free, it could last for centuries, and strength was rarely an issue. in the new nation, however, money and people with masonry skills were scarce which meant masonry bridges were extremely rare. in 1779, abraham darby ( iii ) built an iron bridge in england. darby ' s bridge marked the beginning of a revolution in how bridges are constructed. iron ( followed in the second half of the 19th century by steel and concrete ) made it possible to build longer and stronger bridges. the new bridges were more durable than wood yet not as expensive as stone. and they could be built relatively quickly. this was especially important when new rail lines were being built over long distances in a short period of time. inventions and innovations had a similar impact on tunnels. in 1818, englishman isambard kingdom brunel invented a cast - iron shield that made it possible for miners to dig tunnels under soft earth and water, which had previously been obstacles to tunneling. through the mid 1800s, state - of - the art technology for digging tunnels amounted only to hand drills, pickaxes, and black powder. swedish chemist and engineer, alfred nobel changed all of this in 1866 when he created dynamite, a safer and more manageable explosive that was stronger than black powder. about fifteen years later, thomas english ( another englishman ) patented the tunnel - boring machine that provided an alternative to digging and blasting. step back in time take a virtual time trip back to the 19th century and watch as these transportation changes occurred. see how many inventions, innovations and improvements in infrastructure you can identify. transportation infrastructure, 1800 - 1900 transportation technology, 1800 - 1900 the economic impact lower transaction costs this chart offers a glimpse at how the cost of moving goods changed between 1915 and 1960. costs to transport one ton mode of transportation 15\u00a2 or more 2\u00a2 or more 1 / 3\u00a2 or more | 1 / 3\u00a2 or more | 1\u00a2 or more 1\u00a2 or less 1 / 2\u00a2 or less | source : george rogers taylor, the transportation revolution ( new york : holt, rinehart, 1962 ) appendix a, table 2 | how much did it cost to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47986091619003307, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.488985"} {"text": "more | 1\u00a2 or more 1\u00a2 or less 1 / 2\u00a2 or less | source : george rogers taylor, the transportation revolution ( new york : holt, rinehart, 1962 ) appendix a, table 2 | how much did it cost to move the same amount of freight over the same distance by rail in 1860? [ $. 20 ( $. 02x10 miles ) ] how much did it cost to move the same amount of freight for the same distance over land in 1860? [ $ 1. 50 ( $. 15 x 10 miles ) ] calculate how many tons could be shipped for a mile in 1860 with one penny. horse and wagon : [ 1 / 15 mile ] railroad : [ 1 / 2 mile ] ocean vessel : [ 2 miles ] river steamboat : [ 3 miles ] what was the least expensive way to transport one ton of freight - by land or water? [ water ] what was the least expensive option for land transport? [ railroads ] the decline in the transaction costs created by the technical changes made it possible for producers to sell more goods at lower prices. economists refer to these technical changes as non - price determinants which cause the supply curve for goods to shift right. a national marketplace prior to the transportation revolution, people depended on goods from their regional market. transportation advancements increased the speed of moving goods and reduced what producers had to pay to get their goods to market. as a result, producers could sell goods at lower prices and still profit. they could also undersell competitors in other regions, expanding their markets. geographic regions of the united states began to specialize. specialization occurs when an economic unit ( in this case a region ) produces a narrower range of goods and services than it consumes. regions specialize in the production of the goods and services that they are best fitted to produce given their particular productive resources. while agriculture was important in all sections of the nation, the production of grains such as wheat, corn, and oats was most important in the midwest. the cornbelt is traditionally the center of hog production so it should not be a surprise that the midwestern states also led in the production of pigs. farther west, the land was best suited for cattle and other grazing livestock, as evidenced by the success of the buffalo in the region before the farmers arrived. the south stood out in the production of cotton. because cotton requires a tropical or subtropical climate, it was impossible to grow the fiber in the other regions of the nation. when it came to manufacturing, the east was dominant. water", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47570236073195815, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.489951"} {"text": "the farmers arrived. the south stood out in the production of cotton. because cotton requires a tropical or subtropical climate, it was impossible to grow the fiber in the other regions of the nation. when it came to manufacturing, the east was dominant. water was a critical element in the generation of power required to operate factories. the region had a large number of rivers and waterfalls that could generate power. in contrast the west had very few water sources that could generate power. unlike today, power in the 19th century was not a product that could be traded across distances. another advantage for the east was its location where original settlement of the nation had occurred. it had a more developed infrastructure than other areas. the growth of manufacturing in the 19th century required minerals such as coal, iron ore, copper and oil. as deposits of these minerals were found, new places specialized in extracting them. for example, pennsylvania and ohio were the first sources of oil. minnesota and montana specialized in iron ore and copper, respectively. another important resource was timber. wood was needed to build homes, stores, factories, railways, and ships. it also provided a source of fuel. the location of the timber industry evolved as local sources were depleted and people moved west. logging moved from the forests of new york to the great lake states, and then to the south and the pacific northwest. some factories followed the resources. for example, detroit ' s proximity to lumber, iron ore, and coal in the midwest made it a manufacturing center for railroad cars, ships, and iron stoves. when george washington was president ( from 1789 to 1797 ), the united states extended west and only as far as the mississippi river. one hundred years later, the nation had spread across the continent from \" sea to shining sea. \" to develop the west and to expand the nation ' s economy as a whole, a good transportation system was needed, one that would allow people and goods to move easily and cheaply from one part of the nation to another. technological advancements such as steamboats and steam locomotives combined with improvements in transport infrastructure made the nation seem like a much smaller place. step back in time for a few more minutes for an overview of how transportation changed between 1800 and 1900. transportation history 1800 - 1900 the transportation revolution ( particularly the development of railroads ) was vital to economic expansion in the united states in the 19th century. the technological inventions and innovations combined with improved infrastructure made it possible to move people and goods relatively easily, quickly and cheaply. farmers and ranchers on the western frontier", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.46239076964266385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.491024"} {"text": "of railroads ) was vital to economic expansion in the united states in the 19th century. the technological inventions and innovations combined with improved infrastructure made it possible to move people and goods relatively easily, quickly and cheaply. farmers and ranchers on the western frontier were able to transport grain and livestock to distant markets. in turn, western consumers were able to get an affordable supply of goods from eastern and foreign markets. the economic impact of the lower transportation costs is multi - layered. structurally, the u. s. economy was transformed from a collection of relatively local markets to a unified national market that spread across the continent. regional specialization occurred, yielding dramatic increases in productivity. the transportation revolution also increased access to the resources needed to build homes and expand businesses throughout the growing nation. the overall result was economic development and economic growth, providing new jobs and a higher level of living. have your students click here to complete an interactive activity. [ evaluation of student learning is based on the students ' responses to interactive questions included in this part of the lesson and the students ' preparation of posters for the timeline ( during the third part of the lesson ). ] - government policies can have both positive and negative effects. the u. s government encouraged transcontinental railroad construction in an effort to unify and strengthen the nation, to accelerate the populating of the west by homesteaders, and to increase taxable wealth. on the other hand, it contributed to the decline of the buffalo and native americans. analyze the negative impact of the westward expansion of the railroads. these web sites are a good place to start : - native americans - native americans and the transcontinental railroad - the buffalo harvest - documents on the sand creek massacre - fort laramie treaty, 1868 - read one of these classic books which provide insight into travel during the 19th century : - life on the mississippi by mark twain. twain has much to say about the operation of steam boats. - around the world in eighty days by jules verne. verne offers an imaginary travel log involving diverse modes of transport available during the period. - in the early 1800s, traveling from new york city to san francisco by boat required a trip of more than six months around cape horn at the tip of south america. in 1855, a railway was built across the isthmus of panama in central america. travel by this railway, cut the number of miles that had to be traveled by more than half, but the trip still had unpleasant elements. it was a hassle to transfer between the various modes of transport. add", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42999685100214463, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.492100"} {"text": "##us of panama in central america. travel by this railway, cut the number of miles that had to be traveled by more than half, but the trip still had unpleasant elements. it was a hassle to transfer between the various modes of transport. add to this the fact that ships providing transport to california were rare. people and freight were often stranded for weeks ( even months ) in overcrowded towns where life - threatening diseases were common. a canal seemed like a better solution. inspired by the successful 1869 completion of the suez canal, the french started to build a canal across the isthmus of panama in 1893. after much effort, the project failed. the u. s. government bought the french equipment and tried again in 1904. it took 10 years, but the panama canal was finally completed and travel by ship between the two important u. s. cities was cut to less than two weeks. construction of the panama canal is considered one of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken. it is considered a marvel in terms of both technology and infrastructure. look at this map which shows how dramatically the route was shortened. now take a look at how the canals ' locks operate. select \" transit \" and \" operations \" after clicking on this link www. pancanal. com / eng / general / howitworks / index. html. be the first to review this lesson! add a review", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.45317535324930963, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.492672"} {"text": "hiv rates rise in youth the number of new hiv infections in the united states remains relatively stable, standing at about 50, 000 people annually. but hiv, the virus that causes aids, is on the rise among younger americans under the age of 25. in fact, too many youth in the united states continue to become infected with hiv, federal officials said. and few are tested. those are two key take away points from a new report out by the atlanta - based centers for disease control and prevention, which was released to coincide with world aids day. specifically, young people between the ages of 13 and 24 in the u. s. account for more than a quarter of new hiv infections each year ( 26 percent ) while 60 percent of these youth living with hiv are unaware they are infected, according to the cdc \u2019 s vital signs report, released november 27. the most - affected youth are gay and bisexual men and african americans. the analysis looked at the latest data on hiv infections, testing, and risk behaviors among young people. the report offers insights into what kinds of behavior are driving the high rates of infection. for example, young men who have sex with men - or msm - were more likely to report having had sex with four or more partners or injecting illegal drugs. in addition, among students who were currently sexually active, young msm were also more likely to have used alcohol or drugs before their last sexual experience and were less likely to have used a condom. and young msm were also less likely to report having been taught about hiv or aids in school. a silent epidemic medical professionals expressed concern over the report. \" the aids epidemic is silent, \" said dr. kenneth h. mayer, medical research director of the fenway institute in boston, in a phone interview. \" it may have been horrible for older people, but youth don \u2019 t know people who are very sick. they think of aids as a disease of old people, and it \u2019 s a manageable disease. at least that is the youthful perspective. \" mayer is also the director of hiv prevention at boston \u2019 s beth israel deaconess hospital. for african americans, he said, discrimination, stigma, and homophobia are contributing factors to increased rates of hiv infection. \" these youth are very disenfranchised from society, \" mayer explained. \" if you are a young black man, you may have been ostracized by your family of birth, experienced racism - so there is a lot going on in your life. \" other independent factors,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3835851547345177, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.499454"} {"text": "us to reduce new infections, and that includes educating those vulnerable to infection on ways to keep themselves safer, \" haag added. overall, an estimated 12, 200 new hiv infections in the u. s. occurred in 2010 among young people aged 13 - 24, with young gay and bisexual men and african - americans hit harder by hiv than their peers. in 2010, for example, 72 percent of estimated new hiv infections in young people occurred in young men who have sex with men. by race and ethnicity, 57 percent of estimated new infections in this age group were in african americans. two data sources were used for hiv testing and risk behavior analysis, including surveys from public school students in grades 9 - 12 in 11 states ( connecticut, delaware, florida, hawaii, illinois, massachusetts, michigan, new hampshire, rhode island, vermont, and washington ) and nine large urban school districts ( boston, chicago, detroit, district of columbia, los angeles, milwaukee, new york city, san diego, and seattle ). \" that so many young people become infected with hiv each year is a preventable tragedy, \" cdc director dr. thomas r. frieden told reporters during a conference call last week to discuss the findings. \" all young people can protect their health, avoid contracting and transmitting the virus, and learn their hiv status, \" he said. \" this is our future generation and the bottom line is that every month 1, 000 youth are becoming infected with hiv. \" he added, \" hiv, despite the great treatments that we have, remains an incurable infection. and the cost of care of a single patient is approximately $ 400, 000 over their lifetime. that means we are incurring about $ 400 million in health care costs, and every year $ 5 billion from preventable infections in youth. \" despite recommendations from cdc and the american academy of pediatrics that call for routine hiv testing of youth in medical settings, the vital signs analysis showed that 35 percent of 18 - 24 year olds have been tested for hiv, while only 13 percent of high school students - and 22 percent of sexually experienced students - have ever been tested. \" the key here for clinicians is to make it routine, \" said frieden. \" it is routine screening just as we screen adults for high cholesterol, we screen people for hiv infection. \" test then treat of course, testing is only the first step to treatment, which can lead to improved patients \u2019 health if they are found to be hiv - positive, as well as prevent them from spreading infection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.409113423441684, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.502310"} {"text": ", we screen people for hiv infection. \" test then treat of course, testing is only the first step to treatment, which can lead to improved patients \u2019 health if they are found to be hiv - positive, as well as prevent them from spreading infection. the phenomenon is known as \" treatment cascade, \" which frieden addressed during the conference call. by \" improving what we call the treatment cascade, increasing the number and proportion of people whose infection is controlled whose viral load is suppressed, we will reduce the risk for everyone in society, \" he said. \" that \u2019 s a critical goal for us to work with communities, health care providers, and most importantly with people infected with hiv so they can get the care and services they need to live long and productive lives, be healthy, stay out of the hospital, and not to infect other people. \" furthermore, studies have shown that people who know they are hiv - positive are less likely to engage in risky behaviors, such as unprotected sex and sharing needles. \" we can and must achieve a generation that is free from hiv and aids, \" said dr. kevin fenton, director of the national center for hiv / aids, viral hepatitis, std, and tb prevention at the cdc. \" it will take a concerted effort at all levels across our nation to empower all young people, especially young gay and bisexual youth, with the tools and resources they need to protect themselves from hiv infection, \" he said. an openly gay man, fenton, who participated in the conference call, is stepping down from his position at the end of the year to return to his native england. he has served as head of the cdc \u2019 s hiv / aids division for seven years. currently, an estimated 1. 2 million people in the u. s. are living with hiv.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4482818900837419, "token_count": 369, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.503120"} {"text": "lech walesa shocks poland with anti - gay comments warsaw, poland - - lech walesa, the polish democracy icon and nobel peace prize winner, has sparked outrage in poland by saying that gays have no right to a prominent role in politics and that as a minority they need to \" adjust to smaller things. \" some commentators are now suggesting that walesa, the leading figure in poland \u2019 s successful democracy struggle against communism, has irreparably harmed his legacy. walesa said in a television interview on friday that he believes gays have no right to sit on the front benches in parliament and, if represented at all, should sit in the back, \" and even behind a wall. \" \" they have to know that they are a minority and must adjust to smaller things. and not rise to the greatest heights, the greatest hours, the greatest provocations, spoiling things for the others and taking ( what they want ) from the majority, \" he told the private broadcaster tvn during a discussion of gay rights. \" i don \u2019 t agree to this and i will never agree to it. \" \" a minority should not impose itself on the majority, \" walesa said. the words have enraged many. \" from a human point of view his language was appalling. it was the statement of a troglodyte, \" said jerzy wenderlich, a deputy speaker of parliament with the democratic left alliance. in some ways the uproar says as much about poland today as it does about walesa. walesa, poland \u2019 s first democratic - era president, is a deeply conservative roman catholic and a father of eight. but, the democracy he helped create in 1989 from the turmoil of strikes and other protests has had a profound social transformation in recent years. poland is a traditionally conservative and catholic society that long suppressed discussions of gay rights. the topic was essentially taboo under communism, and in the early years of democracy. the polish church, which has a strong role in political life, still holds that homosexuality is deviant, while gays and lesbians say they face discrimination and even violence. however, much has changed. a watershed moment came in 2011 when a new progressive and anti - clerical party - palikot \u2019 s movement - entered parliament for the first time. taking seats for the party were anna grodzka, a transsexual, and robert biedron, who is openly gay. these were all historic firsts. the two have been in the public eye while law", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39672757343769016, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.506471"} {"text": "the first time. taking seats for the party were anna grodzka, a transsexual, and robert biedron, who is openly gay. these were all historic firsts. the two have been in the public eye while lawmakers have debated a civil partnership law. though lawmakers have recently struck down proposals, the discussions continue. a new campaign was just launched to fight taboos. some predicted the consequences for walesa could be serious. a national committee devoted to fighting hate speech and other crimes filed a complaint with prosecutors on sunday in gdansk, walesa \u2019 s home city, accusing him of promoting \" propaganda of hate against a sexual minority. \" walesa is no longer active in polish political life, though he is often interviewed and asked his opinion on current affairs. much of his time is spent giving lectures internationally on his role in fighting communism and on issues of peace and democracy. \" now nobody in their right mind will invite lech walesa as a moral authority, knowing what he said, \" wenderlich said. monika olejnik, a leading television journalist, said walesa \" disgraced the nobel prize. \" some, however, said they were not surprised by walesa \u2019 s words. \" i am surprised that only now we are noticing that walesa is not in control of what he says and that he has views that are far from being politically correct, \" said adam bielan, a conservative polish member of the european parliament.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.42311908370089135, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.507082"} {"text": "obsessive - compulsive disorder ( ocd ) ( cont. ) in this article after you are diagnosed with obsessive - compulsive disorder ( ocd ), your doctor will likely prescribe antidepressants known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( ssris ), such as fluoxetine ( for example, prozac ). antidepressants are thought to help balance neurotransmitters ( such as serotonin ) in your brain. in some cases it takes time to adjust the dosage or find the right medicine that will work for you. you may start to feel better within 1 to 3 weeks of taking an ssri. but it can take as many as 12 weeks to see more improvement. if you have questions or concerns about your medicines, or if you do not notice any improvement by 3 weeks, talk to your doctor. your doctor may increase the dosage of your medicine, change to another ssri, or use another medicine known as clomipramine if the medicine first prescribed does not help. clomipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant, has been used for years to treat ocd, but it may have more side effects than ssris. your doctor may prescribe other medicines if you have other conditions along with ocd. antidepressants ( ssris ) such as fluoxetine ( for example, prozac ), fluvoxamine ( luvox ), and sertraline ( zoloft ) are commonly prescribed to treat ocd. these medicines are taken as tablets or capsules. the medicine venlafaxine can also help symptoms of ocd. the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine ( anafranil ) is sometimes used as well. antidepressants are used to relieve the obsessive thoughts and subsequent compulsive behaviors in those who have ocd. by increasing the level of serotonin in the brain, antidepressants help to regulate the communication between different parts of the brain. other medicines ( such as antipsychotics ) are sometimes used to treat ocd. what to think about a person with ocd may also have other anxiety disorders that complicate treatment and require using other medicines. for children and adolescents with ocd, treatment combining cognitive - behavioral therapy with antidepressants ( ssris ), such as sertraline, works better than only taking medicine. cognitive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44876942603509895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.512908"} {"text": "an internist is a medical doctor who specializes in the care of adults. people might choose an internist as their primary doctor for regular checkups and for treating illness. internists can further specialize in : - adolescent medicine ( conditions and diseases common to teenagers ). - allergy, or immunology ( immune system diseases ). - cardiac electrophysiology ( problems with the heart ' s electrical system ). - cardiology ( diseases and conditions of the heart and blood vessels ). - critical care medicine ( the care of people who are in an intensive care unit, or icu ). - endocrinology ( diseases of the endocrine glands, which regulate hormones ). - gastroenterology ( diseases of the digestive system ). - geriatric medicine ( conditions and diseases in older adults ). - hematology ( diseases of the blood and blood system ). - infectious disease ( complex infections ). - interventional cardiology ( procedures to diagnose and treat heart disease ). - nephrology ( diseases of the kidney and urinary system ). - oncology ( cancer ). - pulmonology ( lung diseases such as asthma, emphysema, and pneumonia ). - rheumatology ( immune system diseases and diseases of the joints ). - sports medicine ( the treatment of injuries to the bones, muscles, joints, tendons, or ligaments that result from physical activity ). internists can be board - certified by the board of internal medicine, which is recognized by the american board of medical specialties. | primary medical reviewer | | kathleen romito, md - family medicine | | specialist medical reviewer | | e. gregory thompson, md - internal medicine | | last revised | | august 20, 2010 |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48806583101253875, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.564757"} {"text": "the one rule for a formal table is for everything to be geometrically spaced : the centerpiece at the exact center ; the place settings at equal distances ; and the utensils balanced. beyond these placemats, you can vary flower arrangements and decorations as you like. the placement of utensils is guided by the menu, the idea being that you use utensils in an \" outside in \" order. for the illustrated place setting here, the order of the menu is : - appetizer : shellfish - first course : soup or fruit - fish course ( a ) service plate : this large plate, also called a charger, serves as an underplate for the plate holding the first course, which will be brought to the table. when the first course is cleared, the service plate remains until the plate holding the entree is served, at which point the two plates are exhcnaged. the charger may serve as the underplate for several courses which precede the entree. ( b ) butter plate : the small butter plate is placed above the forks at the left of the place setting. ( c ) dinner fork : the largest of the forks, also called the place fork, is placed on the left of the plate. other smaller forks for other courses are arranged to the left or right of the dinner fork, according to when they will be used. ( d ) fish fork : if there is a fish course, this small fork is placed farthest to the left of the dinner fork because it is the first fork used. ( e ) salad fork : if the salad is served after the entree, the small salad fork is placed to the right of the dinner fork, next to the plate. if the salad is to be served first, and fish second, then the forks would be arranged ( left to right ) : salad fork, fish fork, dinner fork. ( f ) dinner knife : the large dinner knife is placed to the right of the dinner plate. ( g ) fish knife : the specially shaped fish knife goes to the right of the dinner knife. ( h ) salad knife ( note : there is no salad knife in the illustration ) : if used, according to the above menu, it would be placed to the left of the dinner knife, next to the dinner plate. if the salad is to be served first, and fish second, then the knives would be arranged ( left to right ) : dinner knife, fish knife, salad knife. ( i ) soup spoon or fruit spoon :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45389617619264183, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.581178"} {"text": ", next to the dinner plate. if the salad is to be served first, and fish second, then the knives would be arranged ( left to right ) : dinner knife, fish knife, salad knife. ( i ) soup spoon or fruit spoon : if soup or fruit is served as a first course, then the accompanying spoon goes to the right of the knives. ( j ) oyster fork : if shellfish are to be served, the oyster fork goes to the right of the spoons. note : it is the only fork ever placed on the right of the plate. ( k ) butter knife : the small spreader is paced diagonally on top of the butter plate, handle on the right and blade down. ( l ) glasses : these can number up to five and are placed so that the smaller ones are up front. the water goblet ( la ) is placed directly above the knives. just to the right goes a champagne flute ( lb ) ; in front of these are placed a red ( lc ) or white ( ld ) wine glass and a sherry glass ( le ). ( m ) napkin : the napkin is placed on top of the charger ( if one is used ) or in the space for the plate. - knife blades are always placed with the cutting edge toward the plate. - no more than three of any implement is ever placed on the table, except when an oyster fork is used in addition to three other forks. if more than three courses are served before dessert, then the utensil for the fourth course is broght in with the food ; likewise the salad fork and knife may be brought in when the salad course is served. - dessert spoons and forks are brought in on the dessert plate just before dessert is served.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44666347376245297, "token_count": 355, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.582214"} {"text": "these are poly - aromatic compounds, insoluble in n - heptane, with a number of carbon atoms greater than 50. the asphalthene content of a crude may be the cause of deposits in inter - changers and / or lines. in fact, the mix of a crude having a high asphalthene content with a paraffinic crude can displace the balance of the asphalthenes, precipitating them. a high asphalthene content ensures that the vacuum pitch will be suitable for producing asphalt. astm d86 distillation is a test that measures the volatility of gasoline, kerosene and diesel. basic sediment and water ( bsw ) the bsw relates to the content of free water ( not dissolved ) and sediments ( mud, sand ) in the crude. it is important that its reading is low in order to avoid dirtiness and difficulties during the crude processing, in which the steam produced by the free water can damage the oven. it is reported as a percentage in volume over the crude. this is the weight of the residue remaining after the combustion of a fuel sample. it represents the facility of a heavy fuel to produce particles during combustion. this is the measurement of the mass of a volume. it is expressed in kilograms per liter, or grams per cubic centimeter. density depends on the temperature as this affects the volume of the substances. temperature at which a liquid stops flowing when cooled, through the precipitation of crystals of solid paraffin. the draining temperature is very important as, in the unloading of paraffinic crudes using sea terminals with underwater pipelines of a certain length, the temperature of the crude can fall below the draining point, creating deposits of wax or solid paraffin in the pipelines, thus obstructing the flow. this is the minimum temperature at which the vapors of a product flash or detonate momentarily when a flame is applied in controlled conditions. it represents the maximum temperature at which a product can be stored or transported in safe conditions. this is the temperature at which the crystals formed during the cooling of a product sample disappear completely when the temperature rises in a controlled way the metals content of a crude, vanadium and nickel, gives us an indication of their content in the heaviest products obtained in the refining. this is important because, for example, the metals in gas oil in vacuum are poison for the catalytic and hydro - cracking catalysts. a high vanadium content or metals in the combustible oil may cause oven and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5444429276057483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.599501"} {"text": "obtained in the refining. this is important because, for example, the metals in gas oil in vacuum are poison for the catalytic and hydro - cracking catalysts. a high vanadium content or metals in the combustible oil may cause oven and boiler tube breakage problems because they form corrosive products during combustion. number of cetane this measures the ease with which the spontaneous ignition occurs of diesel oil using a standardized engine and a reference fuel. the cetane rating is determined by making a comparison of the ignition time of a mix of cetane ( c16 ) ) and hepta - methyl - nonane ( c 15 ), which has the same delay time in ignition as the fuel being examined. the cetane rating measured is the percentage of the cetane compound in the cetane / hepta - methyl - nonane mix. the c16 has a cetane rating equal to 100 ( it is an easily - ignited paraffin ) and c15 has a cetane rating equal to 0 ( as being a slow - combustion aromatic ). a high cetane rating represents a high ignition quality or a short delay time between the fuel injection and the start of combustion. the diesel engine uses a high compression ratio to produce the spontaneous ignition of the diesel, instead of a spark as in the case of the internal combustion engine. the compressed air temperature in the diesel engine is sufficiently high to fire the diesel. the lineal paraffins have a high cetane rating and therefore burn well ; on the other hand, the aromatics are of a low cetane rating and burn badly, producing deposits of carbon and the production of black smoke. for that reason, high - quality diesel should have an aromatic content compatible with the specified cetane rating. the cetane rating can be calculated based on the volatility ( corresponding to the temperature of 50 % distilled ) and the density of the diesel and is called calculated cetane rating. the reason for using the formula is the high cost of the cetane engine. octane number ( nor ) the rvp and nor are the most important parameters of gasoline quality. the nor measures the resistance of the gasoline to self - ignition or premature detonation in an engine ' s functioning conditions. self - ignition is noted for the hammering or noise produced when the gasoline self - ignites, detonating before the cylinder compresses all the gasoline and air mixture, losing power. the detonation produces sound waves", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5003809748770323, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.602798"} {"text": "' s functioning conditions. self - ignition is noted for the hammering or noise produced when the gasoline self - ignites, detonating before the cylinder compresses all the gasoline and air mixture, losing power. the detonation produces sound waves that are detected using special microphones. the octane rating is measured by comparing the noise of the detonation made by a reference fuel mixture in a standardized engine with that for which the fuel examined is made. the reference fuels are iso - octane ( 2, 2, 4 trimethyl pentane ), with an octane rating equal to 100 ( high resistance to hammering ) and the n - heptane which has an octane rating of zero ( very low resistance ). the octane rating determined is the percentage in volume of iso - octane in the iso - octane / heptane mixture. fuels with a high octane rating have greater resistance to premature detonation than those of a lower octane rating. in addition, fuels with a high octane rating can be used in engines with a high compression ratio, which are more efficient. there are two types of engine for the determination of the octane rating of gasoline. one uses the research method and the other the motor method. the research method represents the behavior of an engine in cities at low and moderate speeds. the motor method represents situations with fast acceleration, like climbing gradients or overtaking. there is another way of expressing the octane rating of a gasoline which is called highway octane. the highway octane rating is expressed as the sum of the research octane and the motor octane ratings divided by 2. the highway octane rating is used in the united states while the research method is used in chile. reid vapor pressure ( rvp ) the reid vapor pressure is an empirical test that measures the pressure in pounds per square inch ( psi ) exercised by the vapors or light components of the crude or of an oil product, in a closed container at a temperature of 100 \u00b0f ( 38 \u00b0c ). a high vapor pressure of the crude tells us that light products are present in it and that they will burn in the torch in the processing if there is no suitable recovery system. in the case of an internal combustion engine, excessive vapor pressure will cause a blockage which will impede the flow of gasoline. crude oil contains salt ( naci ) which comes from the oil fields or the sea water used as ballast by oil tankers. it is necessary to extract the salt with desalination", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.520047715749917, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.603937"} {"text": "cause a blockage which will impede the flow of gasoline. crude oil contains salt ( naci ) which comes from the oil fields or the sea water used as ballast by oil tankers. it is necessary to extract the salt with desalination equipment before the crude oil can enter the atmospheric distillation oven in order to avoid corrosion that is produced in the upper part of the atmospheric tower. the salt decomposes and produces chlorhydric acid. it is expressed in grams of salt per cubic meter of crude. the temperature at which some products inflame spontaneously in contact with the air ( without flame ), probably due to the heat the show oxidation produces, which accumulates, raising the temperature to the inflammation point. fortunately, the oil distillers have very high self - ignition temperatures and are therefore difficult to achieve ; this is 450\u00bac in gasoline. oily rags, on the other hand, self - ignite easily and cause fires and so should be suitably destroyed. the ratio of the weight of a substance and the weight of an equal volume of water at the same temperature. in oil, the api specific gravity is used which is measured with hydrometers that float in the liquid. the api grades are read directly on the scale that stands above the liquid at the flotation line point. the api scale arose from the facility of graduating the hydrometer rod uniformly. \u00b0api = 141. 5 / ( specific gravity ) - 131. 5 the \u00b0api determines whether the crude or product is light or heavy and enables us to calculate the tons of this unloaded. a light crude has an api of 40 - 50 while a heavy one has 10 - 24. sulfur and the api are the properties with the greatest influence on the price of crude. this is the resistance to degradation through heat or oxidation of an oil product. products containing olefinic material are unstable and susceptible to degradation. the sulfur content permits the foreseeing of difficulties in meeting product and atmospheric emission specifications, as treatment units are needed to meet these ; it is also poison for some catalysts. it also enables us to see whether the plant metallurgy is the most suitable for processing it. it is expressed as a percentage in weight of sulfur. sulfuric acid ( h2s ) a prior knowledge of the sulfuric acid content of the crude permits preventive actions and avoids accidents to people. the sulfhydric acid is very dangerous because it anesthetizes the olfactory nerve which prevents people from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.520141376995338, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.604917"} {"text": "h2s ) a prior knowledge of the sulfuric acid content of the crude permits preventive actions and avoids accidents to people. the sulfhydric acid is very dangerous because it anesthetizes the olfactory nerve which prevents people from being aware of the situation and is mortal in small quantities. personnel working in contact with the crude have therefore to wear protection equipment and personal sulfhydric acid sensors. this is the degree of resistance of a liquid to flow. the greater the viscosity, the greater the resistance to flow. viscosity is affected by the temperature, reducing it when the latter rises. it is measured by using special viscosimeters and is expressed in uss ( universal saybolt seconds ), fss ( furol saybolt seconds ) and in centi - stokes. viscosity is important for fuel injection in engines and burners. it is also critical in the pumping of crude oil and products by pipeline. a higher viscosity than that designed for will reduce the desired flow and make a greater pump motor capacity necessary. the viscosity also affects measuring instrument factors, altering the readings. the measurement of the facility with which a product vaporizes. volatile products have high steam pressure and a low boiling point. it is measured through the astm d86 test and is expressed as the temperature at which certain volumes are distilled.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5009526620100251, "token_count": 279, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.605460"} {"text": "great marine protection areas the pacific island nation of kiribati has established the world ' s largest marine protected area of coral reefs and fish populations, but both of which are threatened by overfishing and climate change. the phoenix islands protected area conserves one of the world ' s last intact coral reef archipelago ecosystems with eight coral reefs, two submerged reef systems and underwater mountains, over 415, 000 square kilometers of nearly uninhabited islands with abundant marine and bird life. a marine protected area ( mpa ) is a protected area whose boundaries include some area of ocean. \" mpa \" is often used as an umbrella term that describes a wide range of marine areas that restrict human activity to protect living, non - living, cultural, and / or historic resources. protections in various areas range from limits on development, fishing gear types, fishing seasons, catch limits, moorings, to complete bans on removing marine life of any kind. mpas are established to protect a certain species, to benefit fisheries, rare habitat, or nursing grounds for fish or to protect entire ecosystems. mpas are also established to protect historical sites such as shipwrecks and cultural sites such as aboriginal fishing grounds. mpas can be very large ( such as the great barrier reef ) or very small ( such as the area marina protetta capo rizzuto ). typical restrictions in mpas include ones on fishing, oil and gas mining and tourism. other restrictions may limit the use of ultrasonic devices like sonar ( which may confuse cetaceans ), development, construction and the like. the degree to which environmental regulations affect shipping varies according to whether mpas are located in territorial waters, exclusive economic zones, or high seas. the law of the sea regulates these limits. the phoenix islands are a group of eight atolls and two submerged coral reefs, lying in the central pacific ocean east of the gilbert islands and west of the line islands. they are a part of the republic of kiribati. this nation is small and relatively poor. kiribati is expected to be the first country in which all land territory disappears due to global climate change. using new boundaries, kiribati has almost doubled the size of the phoenix island protected area since 2008 : \" kiribati has taken an inspirational step in increasing the size of pipa well beyond the original eight atolls and globally important seabird, fish and coral reef communities, \" said greg stone, the new england aquarium ( neaq ) vice - president of global marine programs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4509716007181422, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.609303"} {"text": "an inspirational step in increasing the size of pipa well beyond the original eight atolls and globally important seabird, fish and coral reef communities, \" said greg stone, the new england aquarium ( neaq ) vice - president of global marine programs. \" the new boundary includes extensive sea mount and deep sea habitat, tuna spawning grounds, and as yet unsurveyed submerged reef systems. \" the phoenix islands area is pristine and an important migration route for marine and bird life. three neaq research expeditions since 2000 have found 120 species of coral and 520 species of fish, some new to science. it also has some of the most important sea bird nesting sites in the pacific ocean. in the case of kiribati, and most nations that set aside marine areas for conservation, they are restricting commercial fishing while allowing subsistence fishing ( kanton island is the only inhabited island in the chain, with ~ 30 people ) and sustainable development. as they are giving up the revenue that could be accrued if they did not give protected status, an endowment system has been set up by conservation international and the new england aquarium ( neaq ) to both manage the area and compensate the people and government for any losses. there are many other mpa ' s and plans for such around the world. some include : american samoa - 20 % of reefs to be protected by 2010. south australia - 19 marine protected areas by 2010. bahamas - 20 % of the marine ecosystem protected for fishery replenishment by 2010. chile - 10 % of marine areas by 2010. micronesia - 30 % of shoreline ecosystems by 2020. fiji - 30 % of reefs by 2015. germany - 38 % of water managed by the marine protected network. ( no set date ) grenada - 25 % of nearby marine resources by 2020. guam - 30 % of nearby marine ecosystem by 2020. jamaica - 20 % of marine habitats by 2020. marshal islands - 30 % of nearby marine ecosystem by 2020. new zealand - 20 % of marine environment by 2010. palau - 30 % of nearby marine ecosystem by 2020. senegal - creation of mpa network. ( no set date ) tanzania - 10 % of marine area by 2010. usa \u2014 california 29 with mpas covering 18 % of state marine area.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4203038883617776, "token_count": 454, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.610204"} {"text": "is clean coal finally a reality? combustion is the main mechanism used to harness energy from coal. all existing coal burning processes consume oxygen to produce heat. the downside, however, is that it also produces a large amount of pollutants, such as nitrogen and sulfur oxides, which are difficult to contain and are harmful to the environment. osu researchers found a way to harness the energy from coal through what they call coal - direct chemical looping ( cdcl ). cdcl mixes tiny iron oxide beads to carry oxygen to spur the chemical reaction with coal, which is grounded into a fine powder. this mixture is then heated to high temperatures, where the materials react with each other. carbon from the coal binds with the oxygen from the iron oxide to produce heat and almost pure carbon dioxide that rises to the top of the chamber where it is then captured. the excess heat harvested in this process produces water vapor to power steam - turbines to generate electricity. researchers reported that each unit can produce about 25 thermal kilowatts. pure carbon dioxide is separated and recycled, the iron beads are exposed to air inside the reactor becoming re - oxidized, allowing the beads to be re - generated almost indefinitely and the coal ash is removed and disposed of safely. coal - direct chemical looping exceeds all the goals that the department of energy ( doe ) has set in place for the development of clean energy from coal. based on current tests the team at ohio state university is confident that they will continue to exceed the requirements set by the doe. osu is preparing for their larger - scale pilot plant which is under construction at the u. s department of energy ' s national carbon capture center in wilsonville, al. set to begin operations in late 2013, the plant will produce up to 250 kilowatts using cdcl. the department of energy funded this research with private sector collaborating companies. heap of coal image via shutterstock", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5323188329117847, "token_count": 387, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.612194"} {"text": "2012 award winner dr. elizabeth murchison research fellow in cancer genetics and genomics at wellcome trust sanger institute, cambridge, united kingdom elizabeth murchison received the eppendorf award 2012 for her discoveries concerning a deadly cancer that is spreading among the endemic population of tasmanian devils in tasmania and threatening the survival of the species. | | | listen here dr. elizabeth murchison ' s podcast with nature and learn more about her work and the impact the award has had on her career. | origins and evolution of transmissible cancers each individual cancer is a clonal cell lineage that emerges through an evolutionary process when a single cell of the body acquires somatic mutations that drive proliferation and survival. as it develops, cancer can spread through the body to invade distant tissues. however, it does not normally spread or survive outside of the body. clonally transmissible cancers are clonal cell lineages that survive beyond the deaths of their hosts by acquiring adaptations for transmission between hosts. rare examples of cancer transmission between humans have been reported due to transfer of cancer cells in utero, by surgical injury, by experimental inoculation and by inadvertent transplantation of cancer cells with donated organs. however, there are only two known naturally occurring clonally transmissible cancers that have spread between multiple hosts and these are the transmissible venereal tumour of dogs and the facial tumour of tasmanian devils. these two cancers are specialised parasitic clonal cell lineages that spread between individuals through physical contact and have survived long after the deaths of the animals from which they originally emerged. the goal of my research is to understand how cancers can become transmissible and survive in multiple hosts. by studying the genetics and evolution of the canine and tasmanian devil transmissible cancers i hope to understand the changes that allow cancers to survive long - term and to evade the immune systems of their hosts. laudatio for dr. elizabeth murchison by prof. dr. reinhard jahn poster about elizabeth murchison and her work", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5084809966489925, "token_count": 408, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.615855"} {"text": "eu aims to clean up european seas by 2021 european scientists and policy makers met at the baltic sea and european marine strategy conference in helsinki, finland, this week to discuss how to achieve good environmental status for european seas in the next 15 years. esa took part by demonstrating the potential of earth observation for monitoring and implementing marine policies. the conference, held 13 to 15 november under the auspices of finland ' s european union ( eu ) presidency, addressed the eu \u2019 s newly proposed marine strategy, which stresses the need to apply an \u2018 ecosystem approach \u2019 to improving the state of the baltic sea and europe ' s other troubled seas. in his opening speech, finnish environment minister jan - erik enestam said : \" this \u2018 ecosystem approach \u2019 will require us to have a holistic view and a good understanding of the linkages between marine ecosystems and human activities that have an impact on those ecosystems. \" this kind of management of human activities [ \u2026 ] will require swift information exchange and dialogue between policymakers, administrators and scientists. this work has to be based on the best possible knowledge of marine environments. \" when asked if new technologies like satellite observations were important, enestam said they were \" crucial for marine safety \". peter gammeltoft, head of the protection of water and the marine environment unit at the european commission \u2019 s directorate general for environment, said : \" for the first time, the eu is putting in place a policy framework \u2013 including legislation \u2013 which specifically addresses the vital issue of protecting europe ' s seas and oceans in an integrated manner, looking at all pressures and impacts. \" participants of the conference drafted and approved a declaration, which among other directives includes : - encouraging relevant actors to develop well designed operational networks and an open data policy relevant to the environment - asking the national, regional and european authorities to set up and implement more efficient environmental policies and legislation using innovative and economic instruments to provide incentives and technical solutions to protect the basin and catchments of the baltic sea. gammeltoft said the current state of knowledge about europe \u2019 s marine environment needs to be improved and that future management would take into account data collected from improved monitoring systems. gmes ( global monitoring for environment and security ) is the response to europe \u2019 s need for geo - spatial information services. esa is the main partner to the eu in gmes, which provides autonomous and independent access to information for policy - makers, particularly in relation to environment and security. esa presented the gmes services at a stand showing how current available earth observation ( eo ) services can", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4284980834341817, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.621217"} {"text": "research paper writing guide many students turn to research paper writing guides in order to ensure that they are writing their documents correctly. most professors supply they own article writing guides to their students at the beginning of every semester, especially professors in english classes that require learners to write multiple research papers. the purpose of a report writing guide is to help students understand the basic format for a research paper as well as to provide some tips about how to go about writing the document. one of the first things that will be included in the report writing guide is information about the style of the document. some professors require that students submit articles that are in mla format. other professors prefer apa format. the format for the document should be exactly what the professor requires. if a student wants a research paper writing guide that specifically discusses the proper formatting of a particular style, the student should look online or access a writing center at the student ' s university. a research paper writing guide that a professor gives students will usually contain tips from the instructor for how to create an effective project. students should follow these tips, as they are likely to reflect a professor ' s personal preferences. the professor may look to see if students have followed the tips when they review the reports. in terms of the approach that students need to take when writing their documents, many research paper writing guides will offer the same advice to pupils. this advice usually begins with the research process. a research paper writing guide should tell students to spend a good deal of time researching the topic before the student begins writing the document. keeping detailed notes about the data in a notebook may help learners to stay organized. good research paper writing guides may also tell students to outline their documents before they begin writing the reports. however, not all reference report writing guides offer this advice. even if a student does not outline the report, the student should still expect to create several drafts of the report before he or she reaches the final draft. a research paper writing guide will contain different information than writing guides for other types of projects. for example, the guidelines that a learner will use to write an essay are different than the guidelines a student will use to write a reference project. therefore, students need to be mindful of the exact information included in the report writing guide. premium papers involving \" research paper writing guide \" helpful videos on university writing", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4269669216742008, "token_count": 470, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.624063"} {"text": "in the pharaonic times, the temples, royal cemeteries, and royal palaces included workshops where specialized craftsmen worked making furniture, jewelry, glass, metals, and other products. egyptian tombs show vivid scenes and figures portraying various groups of craftsmen performing their handicrafts, such as carpenters and weavers in workshops. museums around the world are full of various products made by those ingenious craftsmen. for 4, 000 years, egyptian crafts have generated various types of small arts with different styles and artistic tastes, which were known worldwide. egyptians were skillful in engraving all kinds of metals with ornamented shapes and adorning them with semiprecious stones and colored glass. they were also proficient in woodworking, creating different kinds of furniture, which were often gold - plated and adorned with precious stones for the royal palaces. glass vessels of the pharaonic period were made around a pre - made template. the glass - blowing technique was not used until the roman era. in the islamic age, the glass industry and the making of oriels and arabesque, which is the engraving in wood by making complex geometric and artistic shapes, were also popular. different kinds of transparent and colored glass vessels are still kept, even very small ones were made in great detail with various monuments drawn on them. weaving was a popular art that flourished notably in the coptic culture and continued in the islamic age as high - class islamic carpets became widespread. the multitude of craftsmen with their innovative techniques allowed for their artistic experience to be passed from one generation to another. they were divided into groups ; each group had an elected head, who managed its affairs and settled any disputes among its members. egypt ' s districts had specified areas for craftsmen, goldsmiths, and coppersmiths. it is probable that the egyptian artist was educated and trained by his father at an early age. the young child helped the workgroup in which his father worked to learn the rules of the craft. that was the case in egypt until the islamic age. however, in the ottoman age, egypt lost most of its craftsmen and artisans, as the skillful artisans were forced to move to istanbul, capital of the ottoman empire. subsequently, egypt witnessed a period of stagnation in art that lasted until the beginning of the modern times.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4582398224895188, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.626492"} {"text": "in light of recent studies that suggest the use of stored blood during transfusions may cause adverse effects in patients, the national heart, lung, and blood institute ( nhlbi ) funded a number of research projects to examine the safety of transfusing older red cells and the impact of stored blood on respiratory gases. these papers discussing potential adverse effects of stored blood and related concerns for oxygen delivery by transfusion are now available online in transfusion, a journal published by wiley - blackwell on behalf of aabb. blood banks are responsible for the collection, testing, and storage of blood to be used by the nearly 5 million americans who receive blood transfusions annually. when patients experience a loss of blood due to illness or trauma, transfusions of whole blood or individual components ( red cells, white cells, platelets, and plasma ) are administered to restore blood volume to adequate levels. according to the 2007 national blood collection and utilization survey ( nbcus ) report, 14. 7 million units of blood were administered in the u. s., with a total of 72, 000 transfusion - related adverse reactions in the prior year. \" the most critical issue facing transfusion medicine is whether or not stored ( older ) blood is less safe than fresher blood, \" explains paul m. ness, m. d., director of transfusion medicine at johns hopkins medical institute in baltimore, md, and editor - in - chief of transfusion. \" although emerging infectious disease risks and transfusion reactions are important concerns, there is nothing more imperative to our patients than making sure the methods we use to collect and store red cells do not impair their transport of vital respiratory gases. \" current food and drug administration ( fda ) standards state that red cells may be stored under refrigeration for a maximum of 42 days, or frozen for up to ten years. nbcus 2007 data reported the mean age of stored red cells at the time of transfusion was 16 days. medical evidence, however, has not been able to conclusively determine if stored blood adversely affects patients ' health. in one prior study, trauma patients who received red cells stored beyond two weeks had a significantly increased risk of mortality compared to those transfused with fresher blood ( weinberg et al., 2010 ). conversely, a study by edgren et al., analyzed close to 405, 000 transfusions between 1995 and 2002 and found no significant association between age of blood and seven - day mortality. controlled clinical trials in cardiac surgery and intensive care units are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4979275646349821, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.635789"} {"text": "conversely, a study by edgren et al., analyzed close to 405, 000 transfusions between 1995 and 2002 and found no significant association between age of blood and seven - day mortality. controlled clinical trials in cardiac surgery and intensive care units are under way, and are expected to provide the transfusion community with critical data regarding the adverse effects of stored blood use. \" findings from these trials will not be reported for several years, \" said dr. ness. \" our early publication of the nhlbi grant program studies provides the transfusion community with a head start in learning more about what makes stored blood old, and provides advance opportunity for commercial industry to develop improved methods of blood storage that will mitigate adverse effects in patients. \" these studies are published in transfusion. media wishing to receive a pdf of the articles may contact email @ example. com. editorial : \" does transfusion of stored red cells cause clinically important adverse effects? a critical question in search of an answer and a plan. \" paul ness. transfusion ; published online : april 15, 2011 ( doi : 10. 1111 / j. 1537 - 2995. 2011. 03121. x ) ; print issue date : april 2011. http : / / doi. wiley. com / 10. 1111 / j. 1537 - 2995. 2011. 03121. x editorial : \" the 2010 tibor greenwalt lecture the air we breathe - - three vital respiratory gases and the red cell : oxygen, nitric oxide, and carbon dioxide. \" walter h. dzik. transfusion ; published online : april 15, 2011 ( doi : 10. 1111 / j. 1537 - 2995. 2011. 03114. x ) ; print issue date : april 2011. http : / / doi. wiley. com / 10. 1111 / j. 1537 - 2995. 2011. 03114. x article : \" red blood cell age and potentiation of transfusion - related pathology in trauma patients. \" jordan a. weinberg, scott r. barnum, and rakesh p. patel. transfusion ; published online : april 15, 2011 ( doi : 10. 1111 / j. 1537 - 2995. 2011. 03098. x ) ; print issue date : april 2011. http : / / doi. wiley. com / 10. 1111 / j. 1537 - 2995. 2011. 03098. x article : \" new frontiers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45498657977044754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.636764"} {"text": "- 2995. 2011. 03103. x ) ; print issue date : april 2011. http : / / doi. wiley. com / 10. 1111 / j. 1537 - 2995. 2011. 03103. x article : \" insufficient nitric oxide bioavailability : a hypothesis to explain adverse effects of red blood cell transfusion. \" john d. roback, robert neuman, arshed quyyumi, and roy sutliff. transfusion ; published online : april 15, 2011 ( doi : 10. 1111 / j. 1537 - 2995. 2011. 03094. x ) ; print issue date : april 2011. http : / / doi. wiley. com / 10. 1111 / j. 1537 - 2995. 2011. 03094. x article : \" harmful effects of transfusion of older stored red blood cells : iron and inflammation. \" eldad a. hod and steven l. spitalnik. transfusion ; published online : april 15, 2011 ( doi : 10. 1111 / j. 1537 - 2995. 2011. 03096. x ) ; print issue date : april 2011. http : / / doi. wiley. com / 10. 1111 / j. 1537 - 2995. 2011. 03096. x article : \" the transfusion problem : role of aberrant s - nitrosylation. \" james d. reynolds, douglas t. hess, and jonathan s. stamler. transfusion ; published online : april 15, 2011 ( doi : 10. 1111 / j. 1537 - 2995. 2011. 03097. x ) ; print issue date : april 2011. http : / / doi. wiley. com / 10. 1111 / j. 1537 - 2995. 2011. 03097. x about the journal transfusion is the official journal of aabb and the foremost publication in the world for new information regarding transfusion medicine. written by and for members of aabb and other health - care workers, transfusion reports on the latest technical advances, discusses opposing viewpoints regarding controversial issues, and presents key conference proceedings. in addition to blood banking and transfusion medicine topics, transfusion presents submissions concerning tissue transplantation and hematopoietic, cellular, and gene therapies. for more information, please visit http : / / onlinelibrary. wiley. com /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5010780263625778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.638565"} {"text": "blood banking and transfusion medicine topics, transfusion presents submissions concerning tissue transplantation and hematopoietic, cellular, and gene therapies. for more information, please visit http : / / onlinelibrary. wiley. com / journal / 10. 1111 / ( issn ) 1537 - 2995 / issues. aabb ( formerly the american association of blood banks ) is an international, not - for - profit association representing individuals and institutions involved in the field of transfusion medicine and cellular therapies. the association is committed to improving health by developing and delivering standards, accreditation and educational programs that focus on optimizing patient and donor care and safety. aabb membership consists of nearly 2, 000 institutions and 8, 000 individuals, including physicians, nurses, scientists, researchers, administrators, medical technologists and other health care providers. members are located in more than 80 countries. for more information, please visit www. aabb. org. wiley - blackwell is the international scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly publishing business of john wiley & sons, with strengths in every major academic and professional field and partnerships with many of the world ' s leading societies. wiley - blackwell publishes nearly 1, 500 peer - reviewed journals and 1, 500 + new books annually in print and online, as well as databases, major reference works and laboratory protocols. for more information, please visit www. wileyblackwell. com or our new online platform, wiley online library ( wileyonlinelibrary. com ), one of the world ' s most extensive multidisciplinary collections of online resources, covering life, health, social and physical sciences, and humanities. aaas and eurekalert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to eurekalert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the eurekalert! system.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5032588974957803, "token_count": 380, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.639332"} {"text": "- boka tid - barn & tonaringar - att sola - about us who has the highest risk of getting melanoma? the risk of developing melanoma is higher in somebody with fair skin that burns and freckles easily, and in those with numerous moles. a history of sunburn especially in childhood and adolescence, and a history of melanoma in another family member also contribute to a higher risk of melanoma. frequent exposure to the sun, especially for recreational purposes, also increases the danger of developing melanoma. on a universal level, melanoma is equally common in men and women. melanoma can occur at any age ; however it is extremely rare in childhood. what has caused the increasing incidence of melanoma? apart from the ozone layer depletion, people \u2019 s behaviour in the sun has been the main cause for the rise in skin cancer rates in recent decades. an increase in the popularity of outdoor activities and sunbathing has led to excessive uv exposure. many people consider a suntan a symbol of attractiveness and good health. however, a suntan is merely a sign of uv damage and represents the skin \u2019 s attempt to minimise further harm. how can the chances of surviving melanoma be improved? the key to a favourable outcome is early detection and timely surgical treatment. periodic self - examination of the skin in addition to seeking medical attention when in doubt should become standard practice if we expect to keep the mortality rate from melanoma at the lowest possible level. what are the other harmful effects of the sun on the skin? besides melanoma, the sun induces other forms of skin cancer, which though not usually fatal, often result in significant disfigurement. the sun \u2019 s ultraviolet rays also cause premature ageing of the skin in the form of wrinkles, blemishes, coarseness, broken veins, and scaly patches ( photodamage ). is it safe to stay in the sun for long periods as long as one is wearing sun - screen? a total sunblock in the real sense of the word does not yet exist. variable amounts of longer wavelength uv rays ( uva ) do not get filtered by currently available sunscreens in spite of the high factor formulations that exist. the cumulative effect of these unfiltered rays can still lead to skin cancer and premature ageing of the skin. one should not stay in the sun too long under the false impression that the sun \u2019 s rays are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42496823024216274, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.642848"} {"text": "factor formulations that exist. the cumulative effect of these unfiltered rays can still lead to skin cancer and premature ageing of the skin. one should not stay in the sun too long under the false impression that the sun \u2019 s rays are completely blocked by sunscreen. sun exposure should be avoided during between the hours of 11am to 3pm, when the sun \u2019 s rays are most extreme. is a fake tan safer than a suntan? a fake tan ( auto bronzing ) is by far safer than a suntan. a fake tan produces a natural looking tan through a chemical reaction in the skin. it therefore gives the desired cosmetic result in someone who is very keen to have a tan, without him or her having to sunbathe. application of fake tan needs to be carried out every 1 - 2 weeks in order to maintain the tan since the top layers of the skin are constantly being renewed. however, the actual tanning produces by \u2018 fake tan \u2019 is not at all protective against uv - radiation and consumers should be aware of this important factor. is it ok to get an artificial tan from a tanning bed or booth? one word of warning about tanning beds and booths. these induce skin tanning by means of ultraviolet a radiation, which, though very efficient in tanning the skin without burning, still significantly increases the risk of skin cancer and is no doubt extremely efficient in causing premature skin ageing. something that perhaps most people may not be aware of is that a tan acquired from these tanning units does not protect their skin from sunburn when they go out in the sun ( since ultraviolet b rays are responsible for sunburn ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43480248230547897, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.644419"} {"text": "the evolution deceit the ability to think is one of the greatest blessings granted to people because only by thinking can people be aware of allah ' s boundless power and the beauty of the universe he created. only a thinking person realizes that the world has been created by divine wisdom in every detail, that death is near, and that there are certain obligations that are required to be met in this life. we are told in a large number of qur ' anic verses that only thinking people can heed advice and that they alone are capable of seeing the proofs of allah ' s existence. indeed, the very purpose of the revelation of the qur ' an is for people to think carefully about its verses, as is stated here : \" it is a book we have sent down to you, full of blessing, so let people of intelligence ponder its signs and take heed. \" ( surah sad : 29 ) however, a large proportion of humanity regards thinking as a hardship. these people even believe that thinking is damaging to their lives and their set ways. according to this opinion, \" the greatest damage \" lies in reminding people of their responsibilities in this life and taking them out of the slumbering, empty minded state of heedlessness in which they find themselves. like a kind of magic spell, this sleep makes people forget why they exist, that there is a purpose in life, and that one day they will die. another form of this sleep is to be inundated by the daily routines. perhaps these people feel they spend a great deal of time thinking, making decisions and finding answers, but in fact what they think about does not go beyond the details of their day - to - day needs and impulses. their thoughts are not related to the purpose of human creation, how the world came into being or the fact that one day every living thing will be buried in the ground. actions, statements and behaviour learned by rote, taught, and become accustomed to, have such a hold on these people that they do not even feel a need to think about more fundamental realities. just as they evade thought, so too do these people escape hastily from warnings given by others ; they turn their faces from belief in allah, thinking about the verses of the qur ' an, and living by his guidance. but nothing and nobody has been put on the face of the earth for an empty purpose. allah created every detail in the universe for people to think about. in fact in the qur ' an, allah announces that he created \" \u2026 death", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.532927760611771, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.654846"} {"text": "his guidance. but nothing and nobody has been put on the face of the earth for an empty purpose. allah created every detail in the universe for people to think about. in fact in the qur ' an, allah announces that he created \" \u2026 death and life to test which of you is best in action \u2026 \" ( surat al - mulk : 2 ) in this fleeting life, one is put to the test by all his or her deeds. a person has a great responsibility towards allah who created him and will resurrect him after death and call for an accounting for his deeds. reading the qur ' an, taking heed of it, thinking about the verses and comprehending and applying them are amongst every person ' s principal responsibilities. allah draws attention to this truth with the verse which reads, \" do they not ponder these words? has anything come to them that did not come to their ancestors the previous peoples? \" ( surat al - mu ' minun : 68 ) thinking people will conclude that such fine detail in the universe and its examples of flawless design mean that it cannot have come into being by accident and that there exists a creator of all things. by thinking deeply about the miracles created around them and other proofs of allah ' s existence, and observing the divine wisdom in the details which he has created, they will give themselves over to him and live solely for the purpose of earning his approval. aware of this truth, satan wants them to live their lives in heedlessness, keep away from allah ' s verses and hence to refrain from thought. allah describes this purpose of satan ' s in a verse of the qur ' an : [ satan said ], \" \u2026 i will lie in ambush for them on your straight path. then i will come at them, from in front of them and behind them, from their right and from their left... ( surat al - a ' raf : 16 - 17 ) in order to achieve this ultimate aim, satan prepares very special situations to sink people into a state of heedlessness. for this purpose, he makes plans using people ' s weaker aspects, and attempts to make evil deeds attractive to people ' s egos. unlike the faithful, people distanced from religious morality can end up in a state of spiritual heedlessness by forgetting allah and not thinking about their purpose in life. for example, satan can easily waylay people in places of entertainment, because such places are conducive to wasting time and not thinking about anything.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4811310826905445, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.655871"} {"text": "state of spiritual heedlessness by forgetting allah and not thinking about their purpose in life. for example, satan can easily waylay people in places of entertainment, because such places are conducive to wasting time and not thinking about anything. in these places what assumes the most importance are the clothes and accessories people wear, the money they spend, and the people around them. with the music so loud that people cannot hear one another, the air so full of smoke they cannot see one another, exploding flashbulbs, loud conversation and yelling, an environment is formed in which people who have no fear of allah certainly cannot concentrate their attention or think. of course it is a great blessing for people to enjoy themselves and come together with others they enjoy talking to. but these days places of entertainment are not those where the name of allah is mentioned and where people recall their purpose in life. the purpose of creation is entirely forgotten. people who feel no fear of allah in their hearts and spend their time in such places experience an atmosphere of heedlessness and are left in no condition to consider or understand warnings. in fact, one of the reasons why such people prefer these places is to forget everything and avoid thought, and they often say so. while a person who comes to such a place to, as he expresses it, escape from the troubles of the world, may have been behaving sensibly ten minutes earlier, now he starts to regard any excess as normal. in the name of enjoying themselves, these people see immorality of all kinds as reasonable and become insensitive to what is happening around them. in fact, in environments of this type, breaking plates, overturning tables, throwing napkins, attacks on others with obscene language, and fights reflect only a small part of the kind of heedlessness and immorality into which people can sink. concert arenas, football stadiums and other places where large crowds gather only magnify this effect of heedlessness. a large number of people go to such places not to enjoy themselves or to watch an entertaining game or to listen to a beautiful voice but to shout, to fight and to cause trouble, in short to display ugly behaviour of every kind. in such environments, it is utterly impossible for people with no fear of allah to extract from their minds a single useful thought. it only remains to be said that people in such an uncontrolled environment that encourages violence and immorality, are wide open to the whisperings of satan so", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5342896576368157, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.656879"} {"text": "people with no fear of allah to extract from their minds a single useful thought. it only remains to be said that people in such an uncontrolled environment that encourages violence and immorality, are wide open to the whisperings of satan so that the obedience of people to satan ' s \" don ' t think! \" order is ensured. allah draws attention to this method of satan ' s with this verse : \" stir up any of them you can with your voice and rally against them your cavalry and your infantry and share with them in their children and their wealth and make them promises!.. \" ( surat al - ' isra : 64 ) people whose lives are filled with work and going out to such places of entertainment, where heedlessness reigns, forget that one day they will meet the angel of death. and when they do, it is too late, because this person has passed his worldly life in pursuit of empty practices and has fled from consideration of the verses of the qur ' an. for a person who thinks about death, the transitory nature of life and his responsibilities towards allah, it is impossible ever to accept such a heedless state. a person who knows that allah can take his life at any moment and that there will be a reckoning for his every word, thought and action never lets these realities slip his mind in any environment whatsoever and does not surrender to heedlessness. for a person to continue a life of heedlessness resembles his seeing a truck with brake failure hurtling towards him and failing to get out of the way - even though this is possible - while being fully aware that it is going to hit and crush him. during his life, a person can indulge in excess hundreds or thousands of times, can even spend his entire life in this way, but when death takes him, everything he has experienced is left behind. if a person has passed his time in heedlessness of the existence of allah, he will realize on the day of his death that this way of life, described in ignorant societies as \" making the best of life, \" has brought him nothing but loss. he will feel regret for all the excesses he indulged in because he forgot allah and the day of judgement. but heedless people ignore allah ' s warnings : mankind ' s reckoning has drawn very close to them, yet they heedlessly turn away. no fresh reminder comes to them from their lord without their listening to it as if it was a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46700081971748547, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.657887"} {"text": "storage area networks ( san ) the management of storage has become a key issue for it systems in the last few years. as the amount of storage increases and the demands for high availability of storage becomes more prevalent, having disparate pools of storage across many servers becomes ever more complex to manage. in the last few years, we have seen an increase in the availability of the storage area network ( san ). in simple terms, this takes all the local disk storage usually found in servers and consolidates it into a single, large pool. however, these devices are more than just a simple nas box. they concentrate on making that storage highly available as well as providing the tools to carve it up into appropriate capacities. one of the biggest management headaches with traditional server storage is we typically find large pools of unused storage, while pools on other servers are bursting to the seams. a lot of support time can be spent relocating data and then having to change application configurations ( which point to that storage ), user short - cuts, shares and drive mappings as well as backup configurations. the san allows these key servers to be provisioned with only a small amount of local storage to hold the operating system. using a high performance network data access protocol ( iscsi ), the required storage is then carved out on the san and accessed across the network by the server. the san devices can be made redundant and a well designed solution will be able to suffer the outage of a san server with no downtime or performance impact to the network. san is also a key component in designing a redundant vm network. the virtual machine hard drives are placed on the san storage. the virtual hosts then run the virtual machines from the san. systems like vmware vmotion then allow these virtual machines to be moved from one host to another in real - time while they are operating. after a significant amount of market research, exmos selected lefthand networks ( now part of hp ) as their partner for san. left hand networks were the first san oem to provide high performance iscsi on their devices ( having been built for iscsi from the ground up ). as well as providing traditional san server appliances, hp lefthand also makes their san solution available as a virtual machine ( vm ). while initially this may seem a somewhat strange idea, it is the ideal starter solution for building a fully redundant vm network running on as few as two traditional servers ( whereas with appliances it would require two san appliances and two servers ). this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.497962790004302, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.660640"} {"text": "why you should know what iso does iso is one of three factors which determine the exposure of a photo, along with aperture and shutter speed. to really get the most out of your photos you need to know what all 3 do and how you can use them. read this post to gain a more in depth knowledge of how to use your camera properly and start taking expert photos. section 1 \u2013 what exactly is iso? the iso ( international standards organization ) determines the sensitivity of the sensor in your camera, which in turn affects the exposure of your photos. the iso scale typically starts at 100, and continues to double from this point to the boundary of your camera \u2019 s capabilities : 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600 \u2026 the starting and ending points of this range and how well the camera handles the iso depends solely on the camera that you \u2019 re using. most modern cameras these days have many more points at which you can set the iso in between those that i \u2019 ve mentioned. the international standards organization are those responsible for setting this widely used standard and all you need to know is included in the information below. section 2 \u2013 how does iso affect exposure? iso is one of three factors which determine the exposure of a photo, along with aperture and shutter speed. these two affect the lens and exposure time respectively, with the iso affecting the sensor ( or film ). to be more specific, the iso determines how well exposed a photo will be by changing the sensitivity. the iso scale is similar to shutter speed in the sense that, when doubled, the exposure is also doubled ; they are proportional to one another e. g. a low iso number would give a low exposure and a high iso would give a high exposure ; much simpler then aperture. this is much easier to demonstrate using actual photos as you can see in the slideshow below. the photos are displayed in the following order : 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200. the aperture and shutter speed remains constant throughout these photos with only the iso changing so that you can clearly see its effect on a photo. the ideal exposure is shown in the fourth photo, which was taken at iso 800. as you may have noticed by now, nothing affects the exposure in one single way. there are consequences to using different iso \u2019 s. section 3 \u2013 how does iso affect the quality of photos? as a general rule, the lower the number, the better the quality of the photo. by doubling the iso, you \u2019 re effectively doubling the exposure taken by the camera and in turn,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5165107962269895, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.664838"} {"text": "section 3 \u2013 how does iso affect the quality of photos? as a general rule, the lower the number, the better the quality of the photo. by doubling the iso, you \u2019 re effectively doubling the exposure taken by the camera and in turn, doubling the digital noise. this noise reduces the detail of a photo by making the image appear grainy and uneven. lower number = lover sensitivity = finer quality photos to best demonstrate how the iso affects the quality of the image, i \u2019 ve taken another series photos and displayed them below. for the purpose of this experiment, i have changed the shutter speed and aperture of each photo rather than simply changing the iso to produce an even exposure so that it is easier to compare the difference in quality. the photos are displayed in the following order : 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200. as you can see, the higher the number, the stronger the unsightly noise becomes. there is noise reduction software that can help to correct this, but you \u2019 ll find that it only really smooths out the noise, which can result in an airbrushed effect on faces, reducing the detail in a photo, like the one below ( cropped to 1 % of actual image ). clearly, it has it \u2019 s uses but should be used in moderation and with consideration to what the photo is being used for. cameras with larger sensors handle noise better as they allow more light into a photo, but as technology improves, the difference between sensor size and noise is reducing. what used to be a big problem is much less of a one now in high quality cameras. all cameras are different so i suggest taking yours into low light conditions in order to discover the maximum iso that you \u2019 d be comfortable using. enhancing the exposure in post production has the same effect as increasing your iso, so make sure you get the exposure right in the camera the first time round in order to avoid this. now that you know what the iso does, let \u2019 s take a look at situations where it might be used. section 4 \u2013 which iso and when? iso 100 - 200 : your photos will have the most detail and the best quality ; great for shooting in daylight as there is no need to boost the iso any higher. shooting at 1600 in bright conditions would be a waste as easily avoidable grainy results would be achieved. iso 1600 - 3200 : again, event photographers will use this range for live gigs, but it \u2019 s also used in extreme low light conditions where using a tripod is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49796393436434827, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.665909"} {"text": "now confidential government files from spring 1982 reveal how the then prime minister margaret thatcher stood four square with her troops in the diplomatic battles behind the scenes. they detail how the iron lady held firm against american president ronald reagan when he urged her to go soft on the enemy. she is also seen at her fighting best, demanding that france, another ally, postpone the sale of missiles which were certain to be used against our troops. the dossiers, published under the 30 - year rule at the national archives in kew, south - west london, also give a glimpse of her heartache at the 10 - week conflict. but her determination to show as much grit as the british task force was evident in a heated late - night telephone call with mr reagan, her friend and ally. he had telephoned no 10 downing street on may 31, as the battle for the falklands capital port stanley was starting and the war had two weeks to run. a memo recording their conversation says : \u201c president reagan said the us considered it imperative that the uk should show it was prepared to talk before the argentinians were forced to withdraw. the president had spoken to the president of brazil who shared his view that the best chance for peace was before complete argentine humiliation. as the uk now had the upper hand militarily, it should strike a deal now. \u201d but mrs thatcher refused even to allow the un to occupy the islands. the memo continues : \u201c the prime minister stressed that britain had not lost precious lives in battle and sent an enormous task force to hand over the queen \u2019 s islands immediately to a contact group. \u201c the immediate priority after argentinian withdrawal would be to restore british law and administration, to carry out reconstruction and development. as britain had had to go into the islands alone, with no outside help, she could not let the invader gain from his aggression. \" the prime minister asked the president to put himself in her position. \" she had lost valuable british ships and invaluable british lives. \" she was sure the president would act in the same way if alaska had been similarly threatened. \u201d twenty - four hours before the showdown, mrs t had confronted president francois mitterrand over france \u2019 s deal to supply exocet missiles to peru. some had been used to lethal effect by argentine forces and victims included hms sheffield, sunk with the loss of 20 crew. london and paris knew that if sold to peru, any further missiles would fi nd their way to its ally argentina and be used against britain. i just say it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4112283679218114, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.672333"} {"text": "by argentine forces and victims included hms sheffield, sunk with the loss of 20 crew. london and paris knew that if sold to peru, any further missiles would fi nd their way to its ally argentina and be used against britain. i just say it was the worst, i think, moment of my life. mrs t cabled mitterrand, saying : \u201c i must ask you with all the emphasis and urgency at my command to find a means of delaying the departure of these missiles from france for at least a further month. \u201d she warned if argentina was able to use france \u2019 s weapons against their allies, anglo - french relations would be in tatters. \u201c i greatly hope therefore that for the time being you will be able to find some way of keeping these missiles in france. \u201d a day later she had some unwelcome help solving the threat from attorney general sir michael havers, who wanted to recruit a middle man to infiltrate a network supplying the missiles. he wrote to her : \u201c the risk of resupply to the argentines of further air - sea missiles justifies consideration of all options to prevent this, even the most way - out which may be thought to be more appropriate to a james bond movie. \u201d however, by the time she was handed the note by an aide sir michael had thought better of such a scheme and backed away from it. her horror at the war unfolded before the franks committee which held an inquiry into whether it could have been avoided in autumn 1982. she compared the invasion to the start of the first world war, saying : \u201c i just say it was the worst, i think, moment of my life. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.38783576156360444, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.673943"} {"text": "deer tend to avoid some plants and relish others. while no plant can be guaranteed to be \" deer - proof, \" some types of plants are less tasty to a deer. try planting the following kinds of plants which are less attractive to deer. tree suggestions include white fir, colorado spruce, pinyon pine, common juniper, rocky mountain maple, hackberry and honeylocust. shrub possibilities are lead plant, potentilla, austrian copper rose, quince, ' blue mist ' spirea, winged euonymus, golden currant, lilacs, oregon grape holly and pyracantha. ground covers to be tried are creeping mahonia, english ivy, thyme and snow - in - summer. perennial flowers that may be of use are purple coneflower, peony, blazing star, shasta daisy, mexican hat coneflower, lily - of - the - valley and russian sage. deer - resistant herbs include marjoram and lavender. native plants growing in their native habitats may be less appealing to deer than highly fertilized and highly watered garden plants. any plant may be attractive to some individual deer or deer in some seasons. more extensive lists may be obtained from some municipalities or local colorado state university extension county offices. for more information, see the following colorado state extension fact sheet ( s ). do you have a question? try ask an expert! updated friday, april 19, 2013", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.36949663315778136, "token_count": 286, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.675353"} {"text": "a retinal detachment is a serious and sight - threatening event, occurring when the retina \u2013 the light - sensitive inner lining of the back of the eye \u2013 becomes separated from its underlying supportive tissue. the retina cannot function when it detaches and, unless it is reattached soon, permanent vision loss may result. signs and symptoms of retinal detachment if you suddenly notice spots, floaters and flashes of light, you may be experiencing a retinal detachment. your vision might become blurry, or you might have poor vision. another symptom is seeing a shadow or a curtain coming down from the top of the eye or across from the side. these symptoms can occur gradually as the retina pulls away from the supportive tissue, or they may occur suddenly if the retina detaches immediately. there is no pain associated with retinal detachment. if you experience any of the above symptoms, consult your eye doctor right away. immediate treatment increases your odds of regaining lost vision. what causes retinal detachments? an injury to the eye or face can cause a detached retina, as can very high levels of nearsightedness. extremely nearsighted people have longer eyeballs with thinner retinas that may be more prone to detaching. on rare occasions, retinal detachment may occur after lasik surgery in highly nearsighted individuals. in a study of more than 1, 500 lasik patients, just four suffered retinal detachment ; their pre - lasik prescriptions ranged from - 8. 00 d to - 27. 50 d. cataract surgery, tumors, eye disease and systemic diseases such as diabetes and sickle cell disease may also cause retinal detachments. new blood vessels growing under the retina \u2013 which can happen in diseases such as diabetic retinopathy \u2013 may separate the retina from its underlying support tissue as well. treatment for retinal tears and detachments surgery is the only effective treatment for a torn or detached retina. the procedure or combination of procedures your doctor uses depends on the severity and location of the problem. also called photocoagulation, laser surgery is generally used for retinal breaks and tears that have not yet become retinal detachments. the surgeon directs a laser beam into your eye through the pupil to \u201c spot weld \u201d the damaged retina to its underlying tissue. photocoagulation requires no surgical incision and causes less irritation to the eye than other treatments. in this treatment, the surgeon applies", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5050668244121368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.678897"} {"text": "laser beam into your eye through the pupil to \u201c spot weld \u201d the damaged retina to its underlying tissue. photocoagulation requires no surgical incision and causes less irritation to the eye than other treatments. in this treatment, the surgeon applies a freezing probe to the outer surface of the eye over the area of defective retina. the scarring that occurs from the freezing reattaches the retina to its support tissue. this surgery is generally used to treat a retinal detachment in the upper half of the retina. the surgeon injects an expandable gas bubble inside the eye, positioning the bubble over the torn and detached retina. as the gas bubble expands, it pushes the detached retina against its support tissue. the surgeon then may use laser photocoagulation or cryopexy to firmly reattach the retina to the underlying tissue. over time, your body absorbs the gas bubble. until that occurs, certain precautions are necessary. in a variation of pneumatic retinopexy, the surgeon may inject silicone oil rather than expandable gas into the eye to press the detached retina against its support tissue. in this procedure, the silicone oil must be removed from the eye after the retina is reattached. this is the most common surgery used to treat a retinal detachment. in this procedure, the surgeon places a soft silicone band around the eye, which indents the outside of the eye toward the detached retina. the band is sutured against the tough outer white coating of the eye ( the sclera ). the surgeon then drains any fluid between the retina and its support tissue, and reattaches the retina with laser photocoagulation or cryopexy. in about 90 % of cases, detached retinas are successfully reattached with a single surgery. however, this does not mean your vision will return to normal. patients who have the best visual outcomes from retinal detachment surgery are those who seek attention immediately upon noticing symptoms and have detachments that do not involve the central retina ( the macula ). article \u00a92012 access media group llc. all rights reserved. reproduction other than for one - time personal use is strictly prohibited.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4945197159604806, "token_count": 462, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.679921"} {"text": "rise and fall regardless of the obscurity of their origins, it is clear that a distinctive etruscan culture evolved about the 8th cent. b. c., developed rapidly during the 7th cent., achieved its peak of power and wealth during the 6th cent., and declined during the 5th and 4th cent. etruria had no centralized government, but rather comprised a loose confederation of city - states. important centers were clusium ( modern chiusi ), tarquinii ( modern tarquinia ), caere ( modern cerveteri ), veii ( modern veio ), volterra, vetulonia, perusia ( modern perugia ), and volsinii ( modern orvieto ). the political domination of the etruscans was at its height c. 500 b. c., a time in which they had consolidated the umbrian cities and had occupied a large part of latium. during this period the etruscans were a great maritime power and established colonies on corsica, elba, sardinia, the balearic islands, and on the coast of spain. in the late 6th cent. a mutual agreement between etruria and carthage, with whom etruria had allied itself against the greeks c. 535 b. c., restricted etruscan trade, and by the late 5th cent. their sea power had come to an end. the romans, whose culture had been greatly influenced by the etruscans ( the tarquin rulers of rome were etruscans ), were distrustful of etruscan power. the etruscans had occuped rome itself from c. 616 b. c., but in c. 510 b. c. they were driven out by the romans. in the early 4th cent., after etruria had been weakened by gallic invasions, the romans attempted to beat the etruscans back. beginning with veii ( c. 396 b. c. ) one etruscan city after another fell to the romans, and civil war further weakened etruscan power. in the wars of the 3d cent., in which rome defeated carthage, the etruscans provided support against their former allies. during the social war ( 90 \u2013 88 b. c. ) of sulla and marius the remaining etruscan families allied themselves with marius, and in 88 b. c. sulla eradicated the last traces of etruscan independence. the columbia electronic encyclopedia, 6th ed. copyright \u00a9", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3983016027977515, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.682360"} {"text": "last modified : 2011 - 09 - 02 by bruce berry keywords : eritrea | united nations | wreath | links : fotw homepage | search | disclaimer and copyright | write us | mirrors image by mark sensen and dov gutterman, 25 may 2002 this image of an historical flag of eritrea can be found in \" flags through the ages and across the world \" by whitney smith [ smi75 ]. it has a light blue background with a green wreath in the center. chris pinette, 11 july 1996 according to the flag bulletin [ fbn ] of may / june 1996, the eritrean flag with the \" un blue \" field and green emblem was adopted in 1952 and used until the territory was absorbed into ethiopia in 1959. it continued in use as a \" flag of liberation \" until 1993 when independence was nick artimovich, 11 july 1996 according to page 88 of flags of the world by william crampton ( 1990 ) [ cra90 ], this flag was also used as the flag of the eritrean liberation front ( elf ), which i am assuming was the political movement for eritrean independence. randy young, 29 january 1999 the elf was founded in 1958, and started the armed struggle three years later. in 1971, eritrean people ' s liberation front ( eplf ) was founded due to disagreements the elf. eplf soon became the main liberation movement. ole andersen, 30 jan 1999 the opposition movements with eritrea still use the 1952 flag, as can be seen the national \" emblem \" in green over light blue dov gutterman, 25 may 2002", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.40968221600578286, "token_count": 324, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.686855"} {"text": "african nuclear - weapon - free zone treaty ( treaty of pelindaba ) the african nuclear - weapon - free zone ( anwfz ) treaty, known as the treaty of pelindaba, prohibits contracting parties from conducting research on, developing, manufacturing, stockpiling, acquiring, or possessing any nuclear explosive devices. similar to the treaty of rarotonga, the treaty of pelindaba also bans the dumping of radioactive material anywhere in the region and allows each party to decide for itself whether to permit the visit or transit of foreign ships and aircraft through its territory. however, pelindaba goes beyond the treaties of tlatelolco and rarotonga with some of its provisions. it prohibits research and the seeking of assistance for research on nuclear explosive devices. the treaty also calls for the dismantlement and destruction of any nuclear explosive device manufactured before the treaty \u2019 s entry into force ; \u201c the physical protection of nuclear materials, facilities and equipment to prevent theft or unauthorized use ; \u201d and \u201c the prohibition of armed attack by conventional or other means against nuclear installations in the zone. \u201d to verify compliance, each party to the treaty must apply full - scope iaea safeguards to its nuclear activities. the treaty also provides for the establishment of the african commission on nuclear energy ( afcone ) to supplement the safeguards. the treaty lists several protocols that require the signature and ratification of extra - zonal parties : ( 1 ) it calls for all npt - designated nuclear weapon states ( nws ) to refrain from using or threatening to use nuclear explosive devices against any party to the treaty ; ( 2 ) it prohibits nws from testing or assisting the testing of any nuclear explosive device within the anwfz ; ( 3 ) spain and france \u2014 two countries responsible for territories in the zone \u2014 are required to apply the treaty \u2019 s prohibitions to their respective territories. the treaty of pelindaba was opened for signature on april 11, 1996, when 47 of the region \u2019 s 53 states signed. all of the nws \u2014 with the exception of russia \u2014 signed the treaty \u2019 s first two protocols on that day. russia \u2019 s unwillingness to sign the protocols resulted from an ambiguity it saw in the u. s. and u. k. position on the militarization of diego garcia island in the indian ocean. the united states and the united kingdom maintain that neither the treaty nor its protocols apply to the island and, therefore, do not preclude the presence of u. s. nuclear weapons there. russia eventually signed protocols", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48258494808355146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.690424"} {"text": "garcia island in the indian ocean. the united states and the united kingdom maintain that neither the treaty nor its protocols apply to the island and, therefore, do not preclude the presence of u. s. nuclear weapons there. russia eventually signed protocols i and ii on may 11, 1996. france has signed and ratified protocol3 ; however, spain has done neither. as of 2001, china, france, and the united kingdom have all ratified protocols i and ii of the treaty. u. s. and russian ratification of these protocols is still pending. as per article 18, the treaty entered into force on july 15, 2009, when burundi became the twenty - eighth state to deposit its instrument of ratification. african nuclear - weapon - free zone ( treaty of pelindaba ). ( 2010, june 22 ). center for nonproliferation studies. retrieved from http : / / www. nti. org / e _ research / official _ docs / inventory / pdfs / anwfz. pdf graham, t., & lavera, d. j. ( 2003 ). treaty of pelindaba. in cornerstones of security : arms control treaties in the nuclear era ( pp. 24 - 30 ). seattle, wa : university of washington press. jones, r. w., mcdonough, m. g., & spector, l. s. ( 1998 ). appendix e : nuclear - weapon - free zones. in tracking nuclear proliferation : a guide in maps & charts, 1998 ( pp. 301 - 305 ). washington, dc : carnegie endowment for international peace. retrieved from http : / / www. carnegieendowment. org / files / tracking _ appe. pdf regehr, e. ( 2009 ). africa as a nuclear - weapon - free zone. the ploughshares monitor, 30 ( 3 ). retrieved from http : / / www. ploughshares. ca / libraries / monitor / mons09e. pdf", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.477682737498165, "token_count": 407, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.691180"} {"text": "more education, socio - economic benefits equals longer life a study by researchers at university of illiniois shows that despite advances in health care and increases in life expectancy overall, americans with less than a high school education have life expectancies similar to adults in the 1950s and 1960s. \" the most highly educated white men live about 14 years longer than the least educated black men, \" lead author of the study s jay olshansky said. \" the least educated black women live about 10 years less than the most educated white women, \" he added. the researchers examined life expectancy by race, sex and education and examined trends in disparities from 1990 through 2008. \" over the last couple of decades, almost all longevity boats have risen, \" said olshansky, but there have been some subgroups that have had a drop in life expectancy. \" \" it ' s as if americans with the least education are living in a time warp, \" he said. the least educated black men are living in 1954, black women in 1962, white women in 1964, and white men in 1972. according to researchers white women with less than 12 years of education can expect to live five years less than their counterparts did in 1990 ( a decline from age 78 to 73 ). black women with less than 12 years education can expect to live to age 74, up from age 73 two decades ago. \" there are essentially two america ' s, \" said olshansky. one subgroup of the population is highly educated, doing well, be the first to comment.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4430130086759717, "token_count": 314, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.693734"} {"text": "abhijit v banerjee and esther duflo in their book poor economics \u2014 rethinking poverty & the ways to end it write a very interesting story about a woman they met in the slums of hyderabad. this woman had borrowed rs 10, 000 from spandana, a microfinance institution. they write : \u201c a woman we met in a slum in hyderabad told us that she had borrowed rs 10, 000 from spandana and immediately deposited the proceeds of the loan in a savings bank account. thus, she was paying a 24 percent annual interest rate to spandana, while earning about 4 percent on her savings account \u201d. the question, of course, was why would anyone in their right mind do something like this? borrow at 24 percent and invest at 4 percent? but, as the authors found out, there was a clear method in the woman \u2019 s madness. \u201c when we asked her why this made sense, she explained that her daughter, now 16, would need to get married in about two years. that rs 10, 000 was the beginning of her dowry. when we asked why she had not opted to simply put the money she was paying to spandana for the loan into her savings bank account directly every week, she explained that it was simply not possible : other things would keep coming up \u2026 the point, as we eventually figured out, is that the obligation to pay what you owe to spandana \u2013 which is well enforced \u2014 imposes a discipline that the borrowers might not manage on their own. \u201d the example brings out a basic point that those with low income find it very difficult to save money and, in some cases, they even go to the extent of taking a loan and repaying it, rather than saving regularly to build a corpus. this includes a lot of very small entrepreneurs and people who do odd jobs and make money on a daily basis. such individuals have to meet their expenses on a daily basis and that leaves very little money to save at the end of the day. also, the chances of the little money they save, being spent are very high. as abhijit banerjee told me in an interview i did for the economic times : \u201c the broader issue is that savings is a huge problem. cash doesn \u2019 t stay. money in the pillow doesn \u2019 t work. \u201d hence, as the above example, showed it is easier for people to build a savings nest by borrowing and then repaying that loan, rather than by saving regularly. another way building a savings nest is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4348418178385257, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.704489"} {"text": "money in the pillow doesn \u2019 t work. \u201d hence, as the above example, showed it is easier for people to build a savings nest by borrowing and then repaying that loan, rather than by saving regularly. another way building a savings nest is by visiting a bank regularly and depositing that money almost on a daily basis. but that is easier said than done. in a number of cases, the small entrepreneur, or the person doing odd jobs, figures out what he has made for the day only by late evening. by the time the banks have closed for the day. the money saved can easily be spent between the evening and the next morning when the banks open. also, in the morning, the person will have to get back to whatever he does, and may not find time to visit the bank. banks also do not encourage people depositing small amounts on a daily basis. it pushes up their cost of transacting business. but what if the bank or a financial institution comes to the person everyday late in the evening, once he is done with his business for the day and knows exactly what he has saved for the day. it also does not throw tantrums about taking on very low amounts. this is precisely what subrata roy \u2019 s sahara group has been doing for years, through its parabankers who number anywhere from six lakh to a million. they go and collect money from homes or work places of people almost on a daily basis. the sahara group fulfilled this basic financial need of having to save on a daily basis for those at the bottom of the pyramid ( as the management guru ck prahalad called them ). the trouble, of course, was that there was very little transparency in where this money went. the group has had multiple interests ranging from real estate, films, television, and now even retail. a lot of these businesses are supposedly not doing well. over the last few years, both the reserve bank of india ( rbi ) and securities and exchange board of india ( sebi ) have cracked down on the money - raising schemes of the sahara group. in a decision today, the supreme court of india has directed that the sahara group refund more around rs 17, 700 crore that it raised through its two unlisted companies between 2008 and 2011. the money was raised from 2. 2 crore small investors through an instrument known as optionally fully convertible debentures. the money has to be returned in three months. sebi had ordered sahara last year to refund this money with 15 percent interest", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43783383593644254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.705539"} {"text": "the money was raised from 2. 2 crore small investors through an instrument known as optionally fully convertible debentures. the money has to be returned in three months. sebi had ordered sahara last year to refund this money with 15 percent interest. this was because the fund - raising process did not comply with sebi rules. sahara had challenged this, but the supreme court upheld sebi. the question that arises here is : why has sahara managed to raise money running into thousands of crores over the last few decades? the answer probably lies in our underdeveloped banking system. in a november 2011 presentation made by the india brand equity foundation ( a trust established by the ministry of commerce with the confederation of indian industry as its associate ), throws up some very interesting facts. a few of them are listed below : - despite healthy growth over the past few years, the indian banking sector is relatively underpenetrated. - limited banking penetration in india is also evident from low number of branches per 100, 000 adults. the branched per 100, 000 adults ratio in india stands at 747 compared to 1, 065 for brazil and 2, 063 for malaysia - of the 600, 000 village habitations in india only 5 percent have a commercial bank branch - only 40 percent of the adult population has bank accounts what these facts tell us very clearly is that even if a person wants to save it is not very easy for him to do so because chances are he does not have a bank account or there is no bank in the vicinity. this is where sahara comes in. the parabanker comes to the individual on a regular basis and collects his money. as a reuters story on sahara points out, \u201c investors in sahara \u2019 s financial products tend to be from small towns and rural areas where banking penetration is low they see sahara on television everyday as sponsor of the cricket team and that leads them to believe that this is the best company, \u201d said a spokesman for the investors and consumers guidance cell, a consumer activist group. \u201d sahara has built trust over the years by being a highly visible brand. it sponsors the indian cricket and hockey team. it has television channels and a newspaper as well. hence people feel safe handing over their money to sahara. the irony of this, of course, is that rbi, which has been trying to shut down the money raising activities of sahara, is in a way responsible for its rise, given the low level of banking penetration in the country. vivek kaul is a writer and can be reached at first", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.36963567108451567, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.706794"} {"text": "fundamentals of thermal - fluid sciences rrp us $ 123 us $ 69. 97 save us $ 53. 03 ( 43 % ) free shipping worldwide ships from uk supplier | format : | | paperback, 1152 pages, international studen edition | | published in : | | united states, 01 january 2012 | the fourth edition in si units of \" fundamentals of thermal - fluid sciences \" presents a balanced coverage of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer packaged in a manner suitable for use in introductory thermal sciences courses. by emphasizing the physics and underlying physical phenomena involved, the text gives students practical examples that allow development of an understanding of the theoretical underpinnings of thermal sciences. all the popular features of the previous edition are retained in this edition while new ones are added. this edition features : a new chapter on power and refrigeration cycles ; the new chapter 9 exposes students to the foundations of power generation and refrigeration in a well - ordered and compact manner. an early introduction to the first law of thermodynamics ( chapter 3 ) : this chapter establishes a general understanding of energy, mechanisms of energy transfer, and the concept of energy balance, thermo - economics, and conversion efficiency. learning objectives : each chapter begins with an overview of the material to be covered and chapter - specific learning objectives to introduce the material and to set goals. developing physical intuition : a special effort is made to help students develop an intuitive feel for underlying physical mechanisms of natural phenomena and to gain a mastery of solving practical problems that an engineer is likely to face in the real world. new problems : a large number of problems in the text are modified and many problems are replaced by new ones. some of the solved examples are also replaced by new ones. upgraded artwork : much of the line artwork in the text is upgraded to figures that appear more three - dimensional and realistic. media resources : limited academic version of ees with selected text solutions packaged with the text on the student dvd. the online learning center offers online resources for instructors including powerpoint [ registered ] lecture slides, and complete solutions to homework problems. mcgraw - hill ' s complete online solutions manual organization system allows instructors to streamline the creation of assignments, quizzes, and tests by using problems and solutions from the textbook, as well as their own custom material. table of contents chapter 1 introduction and overview part i thermodynamics chapter 2 basic concepts of thermodynamics chapter 3 energy, energy transfer & general energy analysis chapter 4", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.632991374843745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.710281"} {"text": "this guide looks at medical errors and steps you can take to protect yourself. a medical error is when a mistake is made that can negatively affect the patient. examples can include errors in diagnosis or in a surgical procedure, mistakes in giving medications or in the use of medical equipment, misinterpretation of a test or lab results, and others. a medical error can involve the failure to carry out a plan of action or use of the wrong plan. an individual can cause the error or it might happen because of a failure in the system. medical errors can take place in health care facilities, pharmacies, your doctor \u2019 s office, and even in your home. they can involve complex systems like how a hospital tracks the medical services given to patients, or common tasks like giving food high in salt to a patient who needs a salt - free diet. while advances have improved medical care and extended the lives of many people, the complexity of the american health care system also contributes to medical errors. poor communication between patients and their health care providers can lead to mistakes as well. you can play an important part in patient safety by being actively involved in your own health care and the health care of your loved ones. this guide will look at some of the problems and the actions each of us can take. health care team safety in health care facilities and in home care prevention of infections prevention of falls health care team most people no longer have one physician who takes care of them throughout their lives and knows their entire history. you might change primary care physicians, visit various specialists, or find yourself in a hospital emergency department. at your doctor \u2019 s office you might see the doctor, nurse practitioner, or another professional. you might receive your care through a clinic where you see a different provider each time you visit. the one constant in this care is you. you are an important member of your health care team. you know your history, medications, allergies, illnesses, and surgeries. part of your responsibility is to educate yourself about your conditions and treatments and to share important information about your health with your health care providers. communication between you and your health care providers is an important part of patient safety. you have the right to ask questions and to have matters explained to you in a way you understand. you have the right to know what treatment choices are available for your care. in addition you may find yourself being an advocate for loved ones because they are unable to make health care decisions, or a loved one may need to represent you if you are unable to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.49179396492712635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.732411"} {"text": "have the right to know what treatment choices are available for your care. in addition you may find yourself being an advocate for loved ones because they are unable to make health care decisions, or a loved one may need to represent you if you are unable to speak for yourself. tips for being a part of your health care team : - inform all of your health care providers of your medical history including any treatments, surgeries, medications, allergies, or medical conditions. - tell all of your providers about every medication you take, including prescriptions, over - the - counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. - write down questions and take them to your appointment. you might want to take notes during the visit or take someone with you as your advocate. they can help you speak up, ask questions, and write notes. later you can talk with this person about your situation and choices. - if you need to have medical care, ask what treatment choices you have. - if something is said you don \u2019 t understand, ask for a clearer explanation. - if tests are performed and you don \u2019 t receive results, call the office and ask for them. you can also request a copy of the results. - if you want another opinion about a diagnosis or treatment, request one from another doctor. ask if your health insurance will pay for a second opinion. - if you \u2019 re not satisfied with your health care provider you may want to choose another one. - if you have a medical condition, are getting a certain treatment, or are taking medications, educate yourself in these matters. ask your health care provider for educational materials and use your local library or the internet to learn more. health care surrogate designation if you \u2019 re unable to be active in your health care due to physical or mental incapacity ( like being in a coma or developing dementia ) and if you don \u2019 t have a health care advance directive, health care decisions may be made for you by a guardian appointed by the courts, your spouse, adult child, parent, adult sibling or, under certain circumstances, another adult relative or close friend. if you would like someone to represent you if you are unable to make decisions yourself you can designate a health care surrogate. further information can be found in the pamphlet health care advance directives. actively managing and learning about your medications is an important part of patient safety. following are suggestions to better protect yourself and your loved ones when taking medications. do your health care providers know all of the medications you take? some medicines and supplements", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4547699541323093, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.734644"} {"text": "directives. actively managing and learning about your medications is an important part of patient safety. following are suggestions to better protect yourself and your loved ones when taking medications. do your health care providers know all of the medications you take? some medicines and supplements may cause harm if used together. learn about the medications and supplements you take and any interactions they may have. at least once a year review all of your medicines ( prescription and non - prescription ) and supplements ( vitamins and herbs ) with your health care providers. whenever you are prescribed medication ask if the new medicine will interact with other medications or supplements you currently take. can you read your prescription? if you can \u2019 t read your prescription the pharmacist may misread it and give you the wrong medicine. florida law requires that the prescription be written clearly, so make sure you ask for a clearly written prescription. however, many doctors now use electronic prescribing so your prescription may be sent to the pharmacy through a secure internet connection. learn more at e - prescribe. before leaving the pharmacy check the medication label to see that it is written to you and it \u2019 s the same name and strength as written on the prescription. check this every time you fill a prescription. be familiar with how your medicine looks. if it looks different than what you took before talk with your pharmacist before taking it. do you read your medication label and insert? the label will tell you how much to take, when and how long to take it, and if there are restrictions. for example, the label might say you shouldn \u2019 t drink alcohol while taking the medication, stay out of the sun, or avoid certain foods or other medications. the insert will include information about safety precautions and side effects. ( a side effect is, for example, when an allergy or cold medicine might also make you sleepy. ) if you have questions about the label directions, safety precautions, or side effects talk with your pharmacist. if you cannot clearly read the label ask the pharmacist to use larger type. if you don \u2019 t understand the directions ask the pharmacist to explain. is there a danger of buying medication that has been altered or that isn \u2019 t what the label says it is? a good way to protect yourself is to confirm that the pharmacy where you buy your medication is licensed by the state of florida. each pharmacy is required to post the company \u2019 s license as well as the license of the pharmacy manager. if you buy prescription medication over the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46382260248885226, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.735989"} {"text": "to protect yourself is to confirm that the pharmacy where you buy your medication is licensed by the state of florida. each pharmacy is required to post the company \u2019 s license as well as the license of the pharmacy manager. if you buy prescription medication over the internet, or by mail order, it is important to be a wise shopper. first see your own health care provider for a prescription. check to see if the company is licensed in the state in which it operates or if the national association of boards of pharmacy ( nabp ) certifies the company through its vipps program ( verified internet pharmacy practice sites\u2122 ). visit the nabp website nabp. net or call ( 847 ) 391 - 4406. be cautious buying medications over the internet or by mail order. if the company is not legitimate, you may end up with fake, altered, or expired medication that will not help you and may cause harm. in addition, the website or mail order company may appear to be based in the united states, but actually be operating outside of the u. s. where quality and safety controls may not be available. is there a danger in taking over - the - counter ( otc ) medications? some otc medications should not be used with certain prescription drugs. read your medication label and insert, and talk with your pharmacist if you have questions. also compare active ingredients before taking more than one medication at the same time. many otc and prescription medications contain the same active ingredient, which means you could take more than the recommended dose. for example, if you take a pain medication along with a cough, allergy, or sleep medicine, they may contain the same drug and the combination may be more than is safe to take at one time. while your health care provider or pharmacist can alert you to unsafe combinations of drugs, you can also watch for the following two common ingredients : - acetaminophen is used in over 600 products, especially headache and cold medicines. taking more than is recommended can lead to liver damage or failure. - nsaids ( nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ) are common pain relievers. overuse, or when used in combination with some drugs, can lead to stomach bleeding or kidney damage. otc medications are meant for temporary relief. if you need to use a medication longer than it says on the label, see your health care provider. you may have a serious medical condition or your provider may recommend another form of treatment. why is it", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4328906819536577, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.736990"} {"text": "otc medications are meant for temporary relief. if you need to use a medication longer than it says on the label, see your health care provider. you may have a serious medical condition or your provider may recommend another form of treatment. why is it important to know the correct dosage to take? medications can make you sick, injure you, or sometimes cause death when taken incorrectly. do not take more of the medication than is recommended. some things to watch out for : - over - the - counter ( otc ) medications come in a variety of strengths. for example, pain relief medication may be regular, extra strength, or time - release ; they may be pills, liquid, or capsules. follow package directions for - some people mistakenly think taking three pain relief pills at one time will relieve the pain more quickly. or they take too many pills within a 24 - hour time or for too many days. taking more than the recommended dose can be dangerous. - if you take prescription medication do not change the dosage before discussing it with your health care - an adult dosage of medication should not be given to children. follow directions prescribed by your child \u2019 s doctor and for otc medications buy the children \u2019 s strength and follow the directions. an incorrect dosage can quickly have a dangerous effect on children because of their smaller size. - some seemingly harmless otc medications may not be appropriate for children. for example, the american college of pediatrics recommends that aspirin not be given to children. - the elderly can also be more sensitive to medications and their side effects. check with your physician if you become drowsy, confused, dizzy, or have other side effects, as your physician may be able to adjust or change tips on safe handling of medications : - put medications in a safe place away from children ( and animals ) and keep them in childproof bottles. - if there is an adult who has difficulty reading labels or in knowing when to take medication, have another adult oversee the medication. - if medication poisoning occurs call your doctor or the poison information center at ( 800 ) 222 - 1222 or, if life threatening, call for emergency assistance which in most areas is 911. - do not store medications in your bathroom as the moisture and heat could change or destroy their effectiveness. if you store medication in the kitchen protect it from heat and moisture. find out if your medication should or should not be stored in the refrigerator. - at least once a year review all of your prescription and over - the - counter medications,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45529613822705106, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.737970"} {"text": "effectiveness. if you store medication in the kitchen protect it from heat and moisture. find out if your medication should or should not be stored in the refrigerator. - at least once a year review all of your prescription and over - the - counter medications, as well as vitamins and supplements. do not continue to use medications that have changed color, consistency, or odor. safely throw away any that have expired, that you no longer use, or whose labels you can \u2019 t read. - throw out old medicine in a sealed, outdoor trash can in a manner that children, animals, or other adults cannot take it. used syringes and needles should be placed in a hard container ( like a used laundry soap bottle ) with a tight lid and then thrown into the trash. to dispose of controlled substances, like narcotics, you may want to ask your pharmacist or health care provider for advice. - if you take several medications you may want to keep a list and schedule of when you take each one. some people keep track of their medications by using a pill organizer they fill once a week. ask your pharmacist about pill organizers or other tracking aids. - if your medications are delivered by mail or another delivery service make sure they don \u2019 t sit outside your home for a lengthy period of time, they \u2019 re not exposed to heat or cold, and they won \u2019 t be tampered with or stolen. safety tips on taking medications : - if you have an allergic reaction call your health care provider, or if life threatening, call for emergency assistance which in most areas is 911. - learn about possible side effects of your medication, what you can do about them, and when they might be dangerous or life threatening. - if you forget to take your medicine, as scheduled, immediately taking the missed dose may not be the best thing to do. read the package insert or call your pharmacist for advice. - some people do not take their prescribed medications because they can \u2019 t afford them. if you do not take your medications or you skip doses, you may be able to get less expensive drugs by comparing the pharmacy prices in your area. view the state of florida prescription drug price website at myfloridarx. com. the site has price information on the top most commonly used prescription drugs in - if you cannot afford your medications talk with your health care provider as he or she may recommend a less expensive medicine or may have free samples. also, you may be eligible for prescription assistance programs ( see the next", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43182099898618254, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.738970"} {"text": "top most commonly used prescription drugs in - if you cannot afford your medications talk with your health care provider as he or she may recommend a less expensive medicine or may have free samples. also, you may be eligible for prescription assistance programs ( see the next section ). - some medications should not be cut in half, chewed, or have the capsules opened as this will affect the medication and could cause harm or with some medications can even result in death. read the insert or ask your pharmacist if you have questions. - if you arrange for your child to be given medication at day care or school, ask about the procedures for storage, administration, and record keeping. every so often confirm that your child is being given the medication - do not take medication for recreational use or use medication prescribed to a friend or family member, even if you have the same illness or symptoms as that person. doing so is illegal and can be dangerous or deadly. - because older established drugs have been on the market longer more is known about their effectiveness and side effects. when you \u2019 re prescribed a medication ask your physician how long it \u2019 s been on the market. if there are medication choices ask which will best serve your needs. prescription assistance programs the following programs may offer assistance if you meet their eligibility requirements : - medicare part d prescription drug assistance is an insurance benefit to help people with medicare pay for prescription drugs and is provided through medicare approved private health plans. for more information contact medicare \u2019 s toll - free number ( 800 ) 633 - 4227 or tty ( 877 ) 486 - 2048 or visit medicare. gov. - sunshine for seniors, a state sponsored program, is for people 60 years or older. it provides referral to drug assistance programs, helps seniors choose the best program, and can help with the application process. call the elder helpline toll - free number ( 800 ) 963 - 5337. - the national council on aging has a referral service for people 55 years or older. visit benefitscheckup. org. - some drug companies offer low or no cost medicine to low - income individuals. ask your pharmacist if he or she knows of programs or do a search on the internet of the companies that make your medicines. some programs can also be found at medical help resources on you may also want to read understanding prescription drug costs. safety in health care facilities and in home care as a patient or resident in a facility or a person receiving home care services it might be challenging to be an active", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41370893696110644, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.739934"} {"text": "be found at medical help resources on you may also want to read understanding prescription drug costs. safety in health care facilities and in home care as a patient or resident in a facility or a person receiving home care services it might be challenging to be an active member of your health care team. you may not feel well. you may be given medication that makes you drowsy. you may be frail and find it difficult to speak up for yourself. but even with these challenges you still play a very important part in your health care team and you have the right to be involved in your care. it \u2019 s important to have clear communication with your health care providers. if you think you may not be able to be clear, due to a temporary condition or to longer term declining health, you may want to have a loved one be your advocate and speak up for you. you may also want to designate someone as your health care surrogate as mentioned before entering a health care facility or receiving services from a home care provider you may want to learn more about the choices you have and the following resources on floridahealthfinder. gov can provide helpful - learn about nursing homes through the florida nursing home guide. - you can read the consumer guides : assisted living in florida, home health care in florida, nursing home care in florida, and long - term care. - compare florida hospitals and ambulatory surgery centers, hospice providers and health plans. on the same website you can find a list of facilities and home care providers licensed, registered, or certified by the agency for health care administration. - the federal medicare program also provides information on nursing homes, hospitals, home health agencies, and dialysis facilities that serve medicare patients. to learn more visit medicare. gov. while receiving care : - you have the right to review records related to your care. if you \u2019 re receiving medical care under a physician \u2019 s orders you will have a plan of care that describes your treatment. if a plan of care is not required other kinds of records may be kept. - when you are admitted, transferred, or discharged from a health care facility review your medications with your physician. find out if there were medication changes and if you need to throw away any unused medicine that was replaced by a different drug or dosage. - if you \u2019 re in a facility where you have an identification ( id ) bracelet, check that it can be read and correctly identifies you. if your id bracelet doesn \u2019 t have the correct information, if it comes undone or if it can \u2019 t be read", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4511075814122078, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.741149"} {"text": "\u2019 re in a facility where you have an identification ( id ) bracelet, check that it can be read and correctly identifies you. if your id bracelet doesn \u2019 t have the correct information, if it comes undone or if it can \u2019 t be read ask that it be replaced. - when you \u2019 re given medication, ask the person to check the medication, the order, and your identification so you receive the correct medicine and dosage at the correct time. - be familiar with how your medicine looks and if it looks different than what you were given before, talk with the nurse or aide before taking it. - ask what hours you are scheduled for medications. tell the nurse or aide if a medication time passes and no one has brought your medication. - before a medical test or procedure is done, ask the person to check the order and your identification. ask what is going to be done and why. - tell your nurse or physician if you have a reaction to your treatment or if your symptoms get worse. - if you are bed bound ask what safeguards are in place to prevent blood clots and skin ulcers. - while staying in a hospital or ambulatory surgery center, try to have a family member or friend with you at all times, if possible. while receiving care in a health care facility : - if you have a loved one with alzheimer \u2019 s disease or dementia in a health care or long - term care facility ask what safety precautions are in place for patients who wander. - ask the facility what procedures are in place should the facility need to be evacuated due to an emergency or natural disaster, like a fire or hurricane. - ask the facility what their policies are concerning restraints and seclusion of patients or residents. while receiving care in your home : - when receiving services in your home try to have a backup plan if the caregiver does not show up for the scheduled appointment. a home health care provider is required to provide all scheduled visits, so tell the agency \u2019 s director of nursing or administrator if someone doesn \u2019 t show. if the problem continues you may want to change agencies. - if you need medical equipment and supplies, your home care provider is required to train you and your loved ones in the correct use of the equipment. keep written instructions and the company \u2019 s phone number nearby. call them if you have questions or problems. if the equipment has alarms or error messages learn what these mean and what you need to do. - the home care provider is required to give you a phone number to call when you", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45901444583711415, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.742336"} {"text": "s phone number nearby. call them if you have questions or problems. if the equipment has alarms or error messages learn what these mean and what you need to do. - the home care provider is required to give you a phone number to call when you have questions or problems. if you \u2019 re receiving nursing or therapeutic services or if you \u2019 re on life - support equipment the company must be on - call 24 - hours a day, 7 days a week. - if you have a physical or mental condition that will require help with evacuation and sheltering during a disaster, like a hurricane, the home care provider must help you register with the florida division of emergency safety tips for surgery & medical procedures : - if you have a choice, pick a health care provider and facility that have experience with the surgery / procedure you are having. by using the hospitals and ambulatory surgery centers comparison tool on floridahealthfinder. gov you can view the number of visits and range of charges on over a 150 medical conditions and procedures performed at ambulatory surgery centers and the number hospitalizations and range of charges for hospitals. additional information on hospitals includes average length of stay as well as rates for readmissions, complications and infections, and mortality. the hospital comparison tool provides comparison of pediatric care as well as adult care, and a patient - carefully follow directions about what you need to do prior to the surgery or procedure. if you don \u2019 t understand the directions ask them to be explained to you. - ask your health care provider if you need to stop any of your medications prior to the surgery / procedure, plus ask what you can eat or drink. - make sure it is clear who will perform the surgery / procedure, what exactly will be done, and what to expect during and after the surgery / procedure. - ask what safeguards are in place to ensure the correct surgery / procedure is done at the correct site on the correct patient. - ask if you will need a blood transfusion and what safety precautions are in place to assure you receive the correct blood type. if possible, you may want to donate your own blood prior to the surgery / procedure. tell your doctor if you have ever had a reaction to a blood transfusion. - ask if there \u2019 s a risk of complications after your surgery / procedure and what symptoms you should watch - have a loved one available during your surgery / procedure to be your advocate. tell your physician if you want your loved one consulted, if needed, and to report to them once the surgery / procedure is complete.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4166434372858603, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.743330"} {"text": "procedure and what symptoms you should watch - have a loved one available during your surgery / procedure to be your advocate. tell your physician if you want your loved one consulted, if needed, and to report to them once the surgery / procedure is complete. - learn about your follow - up care including healing of the surgery site ; how much rest you will need ; what medications, food, and activities to avoid ; and when you can return to work and other activities. - make sure your health care provider answers all your questions and concerns. safety tips for anesthesia : when preparing for a surgery or procedure you will also want to learn about anesthesia. anesthesia is medication that keeps you from feeling pain and sensations during a surgery / procedure. ask exactly who will give you anesthesia and monitor your vital signs. tell your doctor and the anesthesiologist if you have ever had a reaction to anesthesia. tell them all the medications you take ( prescribed, over - the - counter, vitamins, and herbal supplements ) and any allergies you have. also, let them know if you have any medical problems and, though this may feel personal, if you have a drinking problem or use drugs recreationally. this information is very important for safe anesthesia care. ask about restrictions on medications, food, and alcohol before and after the use of anesthesia. after surgery under general anesthesia ( the kind that puts you to sleep ) you may continue to feel drowsy, tired, or weak for a few days and you may have problems with coordination and thinking clearly. for at least 24 hours after receiving general anesthesia don \u2019 t drive, use machines, or do things that could be dangerous if you are not alert. if you have a complaint : if you have a complaint about your health care provider or health care facility talk with them first to see if the matter can be resolved. if you are still not satisfied and want to file a complaint with the state of florida call the toll - free number ( 888 ) 419 - 3456. prevention of infections the centers for disease control ( cdc ) states that about two million people a year get an infection during their stay in a hospital in the united states. a person can also get an infection in non - hospital settings like nursing homes, dialysis centers, physicians \u2019 offices, or in their own home. data is available on infection rates at florida hospitals. if you are going to receive care or treatment in a hospital you may want to check your hospital \u2019 s infection rates or", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.4262889134989525, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.744253"} {"text": "homes, dialysis centers, physicians \u2019 offices, or in their own home. data is available on infection rates at florida hospitals. if you are going to receive care or treatment in a hospital you may want to check your hospital \u2019 s infection rates or compare several hospitals in your area. you can find infection rates on the hospital comparison tool on floridahealthfinder. gov. tips on infection prevention : - a patient can be at risk of getting an infection, so if you are ill do not visit a person who is sick at home or in the hospital. if a patient has an infection, he or she may transfer it to others, so take precautions to - the cdc states that clean hands are the most important part in preventing the spread of infection. - if you are giving care be sure to wash your hands before and after, and if you are receiving care don \u2019 t be afraid to ask your health care providers if they washed their hands. - as a patient it \u2019 s also important to keep your hands clean, particularly after handling soiled items or after using the bathroom. - if you are visiting an ill person, wash your hands before and after the visit. - gloves should be worn if coming into contact with body fluids, soiled items, or when inserting any invasive devices ( like a catheter ). hands should be washed before and after using gloves. the gloves should be thrown out after caring for a patient. - if you have a drainage tube or a catheter that comes lose, immediately tell your caregiver or health care provider. a drainage tube might be inserted to drain a wound ; a catheter might be a foley catheter ( a thin tube inserted to remove urine from the bladder ) or an intravenous line ( or iv ) that is inserted into a vein to give fluids. - if you have either a catheter or a wound, keep the skin clean and dry around your iv catheter dressing or wound dressing. if the dressing gets wet or comes lose tell your caregiver or health care provider. - long nails and artificial nails can continue to hold infectious germs even after a good hand washing. if a patient is at risk of getting an infection the cdc states caregivers should keep their nail tips to \u00bc inch in length and should not wear artificial nails. - other ways germs can spread are through droplets ( from an infected person coughing, sneezing, or talking, etc ) ; airborne transmission ( which may require special air handling and ventilation for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43845614344407113, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.745146"} {"text": "inch in length and should not wear artificial nails. - other ways germs can spread are through droplets ( from an infected person coughing, sneezing, or talking, etc ) ; airborne transmission ( which may require special air handling and ventilation for treatment ) ; items that have picked up germs like medical equipment or any item that can then spread infection ; or when animals or bugs transmit infection ( like mosquitoes, flies, or rats ). - sometimes it may be necessary for the patient, staff, or visitors to wear protective masks or gowns. - under certain circumstances a patient may be placed in isolation in a hospital to protect the patient and to prevent the spread of infection. patients placed in isolation will have signs posted outside their hospital doors. before entering the room ask the hospital staff about visiting restrictions and any protective requirements for the patient, staff, or visitors. - some medical equipment and items may require special handling during and after use, for example, needles, catheters, or items soiled with body fluid ( like blood on a bandage ), etc. some items can be thrown in the regular trash, but others may need to be placed in a biohazard waste container. other items may be able to be sterilized or disinfected for future use. - ask your health care provider about proper use and disposal of gloves, gowns, masks, medical equipment, - the patient \u2019 s bed linens and clothing should be changed and washed regularly or if they become soiled. the patient \u2019 s surroundings should be kept clean. - tell your health care provider if you show signs of a possible infection, like a fever, chills, pain, redness, swelling, a discharge, or other symptoms. - if you are diabetic you have a higher risk of developing an infection. be careful about controlling your blood sugar and especially talk with your health care provider about your diabetic care needs if you have surgery, need wound care, will be bedridden, or other situations that might lead to infection. - if you are given antibiotics for an infection, use all the medication until it is finished. even if you feel better do not stop taking the antibiotic. prevention of falls injuries from falls are of particular concern for the elderly and for patients who might be frail or disoriented from illness, recovering from surgery, or on medication. whether you \u2019 re in a health care facility or your own home, check for the following to help prevent falls : - if you \u2019 re in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4315970204152554, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.746119"} {"text": "patients who might be frail or disoriented from illness, recovering from surgery, or on medication. whether you \u2019 re in a health care facility or your own home, check for the following to help prevent falls : - if you \u2019 re in a hospital bed the side rails may need to be kept up. ask your caregiver to lock the brakes on your bed. and, if needed, call for help to get out of bed. - make sure throw rugs and floors aren \u2019 t slippery. keep the floor clear of clutter. - use shoes that give good support and are not slippery. - use a walker, cane, or wheelchair if needed and learn how to use them correctly. - eyeglasses or a change in eyeglasses may help as poor vision can contribute to falls. - make sure there is good lighting. - consider a bedside commode if walking to the bathroom in the middle of the night is difficult. - use chairs and a bed that are easy to get in and out of. - grab bars in the bathroom, a raised toilet seat, shower chair, and non - slip mat in the tub or shower are good safety features. - stairs should have handrails on both sides, have good lighting, and be clear of objects. - ask your physician if an adjustment in your medications could improve coordination. - an exercise program, even for the frail elderly, can help improve balance and strength and help prevent falls. you may want to consult an exercise trainer or participate in an exercise program geared towards your skill review your surroundings and see what other actions can be taken to help prevent falls. additional consumer guides include : a patient \u2019 s guide to a hospital stay assisted living in florida end - of - life issues \u2013 a practical planning guide health and human services programs health care advance directives home health care in florida nursing home care in florida understanding prescription drug costs note : this is not designed to offer medical or legal advice. please consult with your physician for medical advice and an attorney for legal advice. information is current as of september 2012. this may be copied for public use. please credit the agency for health care administration for its creation. if you have comments or suggestions, please call ( 850 ) 412 - 3730.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43646805215528367, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.746988"} {"text": "planting instructions by flower name - hardy zones : 3 - 8 - spacing : 36 \" - height : 24 - 30 \" - blooms : late spring to early summer - planting depth : plant with eyes 1 \" below soil surface sarah bernhardt peony peonies are in the peony family, paeoniaceae, and native to temperate eurasia. they have been in cultivation for over 2000 years. individual plants may live up to 50 years. they will not flower the first year of planting, and can take up to two years to produce their showy, fragrant blooms. named after the pioneer silent movie actress, the sarah bernhardt peony will produce large, double, pink flowers. peonies are long - lived and resent disturbance, so choose the site carefully and prepare the soil well. choose an area that receives full or filtered sunlight and is not near large trees or shrubs that will compete for space and nutrients. for best results, dig the planting hole 18 \u201d deep and 18 \u201d wide. fill the bottom 4 \u201d with organic matter, such as compost or well - aged manure, mixing in a couple cups of bone meal or plant food. fill the hole with soil, amending with organic matter if necessary. the soil must be well - draining. plant the roots near the surface, making sure the \u201c eyes, \u201d the pink growth tips, are facing upward and about 1 \u201d deep. if planted more than 2 \u201d deep, the plant may not flower. spread the roots outward and gently firm the soil around them. water well. peonies will not bloom the first year. when they do flower, they require staking to support their large, heavy blooms. install a stake or flower support when growth begins in the spring. when leaf growth starts, feed with a well - balanced fertilizer and mulch with organic matter to retain moisture and keep the soil cool. feed again midway through the growing season. when dry, water deeply. remove faded flowers to divert energy into next year \u2019 s blooms. peonies are quite hardy and actually require a cold dormancy period for successful blooming. when the foliage dies back in the autumn, cut the stems back to 3 \u201d. remove the old mulch and cover with a fresh dressing for the winter, such as loose straw or evergreen boughs.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.39180932126994583, "token_count": 472, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.749424"} {"text": "law school piece is the best short summary i have found of the various insanity defenses. the mcnaughton rule - - not knowing right from wrong the first famous legal test for insanity came in 1843, in the mcnaughton case. englishman daniel mcnaughton shot and killed the secretary of the british prime minister, believing that the prime minister was conspiring against him. the court acquitted mcnaughton \" by reason of insanity, \" and he was placed in a mental institution for the rest of his life. however, the case caused a public uproar, and queen victoria ordered the court to develop a stricter test for insanity. the \" mcnaughton rule \" was a standard to be applied by the jury, after hearing medical testimony from prosecution and defense experts. the rule created a presumption of sanity, unless the defense proved \" at the time of committing the act, the accused was laboring under such a defect of reason, from disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing or, if he did know it, that he did not know what he was doing was wrong. \" the mcnaughton rule became the standard for insanity in the united states and the united kingdom, and is still the standard for insanity in almost half of the states. the durham rule - - \" irresistible impulse \" monte durham was a 23 - year - old who had been in and out of prison and mental institutions since he was 17. he was convicted for housebreaking in 1953, and his attorney appealed. although the district court judge had ruled that durham ' s attorneys had failed to prove he didn ' t know the difference between right and wrong, the federal appellate judge chose to use the case to reform the mcnaughton rule. citing leading psychiatrists and jurists of the day, the appellate judge stated that the mcnaughton rule was based on \" an entirely obsolete and misleading conception of the nature of insanity. \" he overturned durham ' s conviction and established a new rule. the durham rule states \" that an accused is not criminally responsible if his unlawful act was the product of mental disease or mental defect. \" the durham rule was eventually rejected by the federal courts, because it cast too broad a net. alcoholics, compulsive gamblers, and drug addicts had successfully used the defense to defeat a wide variety of crimes. the model penal code : turning responsibility to the jury the american law institute - model penal code. in 1972", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.46788588315274005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.753791"} {"text": "net. alcoholics, compulsive gamblers, and drug addicts had successfully used the defense to defeat a wide variety of crimes. the model penal code : turning responsibility to the jury the american law institute - model penal code. in 1972, the american law institute, a panel of legal experts, developed a new rule for insanity as part of the model penal code. this rule says that a defendant is not responsible for criminal conduct where ( s ) he, as a result of mental disease or defect, did not possess \" substantial capacity either to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law. \" this new rule was based on the district of columbia circuit ' s decision in the federal appellate case, united states v. brawner, 471 f. 2d 969 ( 1972 ). the federal rule : reagan gets into the act in 1984, congress passed, and president ronald reagan signed, the comprehensive crime control act. the federal insanity defense now requires the defendant to prove, by \" clear and convincing evidence, \" that \" at the time of the commission of the acts constituting the offense, the defendant, as a result of a severe mental disease or defect, was unable to appreciate the nature and quality or the wrongfulness of his acts \" ( 18 u. s. c. \u00a7 17 ). this is generally viewed as a return to the \" knowing right from wrong \" standard. the act also contained the insanity defense reform act of 1984, 18 u. s. c. \u00a7 4241, which sets out sentencing and other provisions for dealing with offenders who are or have been suffering from a mental disease or defect.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43454739126834485, "token_count": 338, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.754406"} {"text": "| allegro cl version 9. 0 | unrevised from 8. 2 to 9. 0. this document contains the following sections : 1. 0 garbage collection introduction lisp does its own memory management. the garbage collector is part of the memory management system. it disposes of objects that are no longer needed, freeing up the space that they occupied. while the garbage collector is working, no other work can be done. therefore, we have made the garbage collector as fast and unobtrusive as possible. allegro cl uses a version of the generation - scavenging method of garbage collection. because optimal performance of generation - scavenging garbage collection depends on the application, you have a great deal of control over how the garbage collector works. in this section, we will describe the user interface to the garbage collector, and suggest how to tune its performance for an application. in what follows, the generation - scavenging garbage collection system will be abbreviated gsgc, and the act of garbage collecting will be abbreviated gc. the allegro cl garbage collector is a two - space, generation - scavenging system. the two spaces are called newspace and oldspace. note that, as we describe below, newspace is divided into two pieces, called areas, and oldspace may be divided into a number of pieces, also called areas. generally, when we say newspace, we mean both newspace areas and when we say oldspace, we mean all oldspace areas. we try to use the word area when we want to refer to a single area, but please note that this naming convention is new and you may run into text that uses ` oldspace ' to refer to an oldspace area. usually, the context should make this clear. the two pieces of newspace are managed as a stop - and - copy garbage collector system. the two areas are the same size. at any one time, one area is active and the other is not. a newspace area is filled from one end to the other. imagine, for example, a book shelf. existing books are packed together on the right side. each new book is placed just to the left of the leftmost book. it may happen that books already placed are removed, leaving gaps, but these gaps are ignored, with each new book still being placed to the left of the location of the last new book. when the shelf fills up, the other shelf ( newspace area ) is used. first, all books remaining are moved to the other shelf, packed", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4881316158888357, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.805742"} {"text": ", with each new book still being placed to the left of the location of the last new book. when the shelf fills up, the other shelf ( newspace area ) is used. first, all books remaining are moved to the other shelf, packed tight to one side, and new books are placed in the next free location. so with lisp objects in newspace areas. all existing objects are packed together on one side of the area and new objects are placed in the free space next to the existing objects, with gaps left by objects which are no longer alive being ignored. when the area fills up, lisp stops and copies all live objects to the other area, packing them tight. then the process is repeated. the process of copying objects from one newspace area to the other is called a scavenge. we will discuss the speed of scavenges below, but scavenges are supposed to be so fast that humans usually barely notice them. a scavenge happens in one of the following cases : : allocation : lispstatic - reclaimable, for example, see cl : make - array in implementation. htm ), or a weak - vector or finalization will cause aclmalloc space to be freed ( see section 10. 0 weak vectors, finalizations, static arrays, etc. ). the first listed cause is under user - control. the second and third causes are under system control and the resulting scavenge cannot be prevented if the system determines it must occur. the system keeps track of the age of objects in newspace by counting the number of scavenges that the object has survived. the number of scavenges survived is called the generation of an object. when objects are created, they have generation 1, and the generation is increased by 1 at each scavenge. of course, many objects become garbage as time passes. ( an object is garbage when there are no pointers to it from any other live object. if there are no pointers to an object, nothing can reference or access it and so it is guaranteed never to be looked at again. thus, it is garbage. ) the theory of a generation scavenging garbage collector is that most objects that will ever become garbage will do so relatively quickly and so will not survive many scavenges. the problem with a stop - and - copy system is that objects that survive have to be moved and moving objects takes time. if an object is going to be around for a while ( or for the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5052442460580528, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.806708"} {"text": "so will not survive many scavenges. the problem with a stop - and - copy system is that objects that survive have to be moved and moving objects takes time. if an object is going to be around for a while ( or for the entire lisp session ), it should be moved out of newspace to some place where it does not have to be moved ( or is moved much less often ). this is where the other half of the generation scavenging algorithm comes into play. once an object has survived enough scavenges, it is assumed to be long - lived and is moved to oldspace. oldspace is not touched during scavenges and so objects in oldspace are not moved during scavenges, thus saving considerable time over a pure stop - and - copy system. part of a scavenge is checking the age ( generation ) of surviving objects and moving those that are old enough to oldspace. the remaining objects are moved to the other newspace area. the age at which objects are tenured is user - settable. its initial value is 4 and that seems to work for many applications. we will discuss below how changing that ( and many other ) settings can affect gc performance. the process of moving an object to oldspace is called tenuring and the object moved is said to be tenured. at one point, oldspace was also called tenured space and you may see that term occasionally in allegro cl documents. note the assumption : objects that survive a while are likely to survive a long while. if one could know exactly how long an object is going to survive, one could provide the best possible garbage collection scheme. but that knowledge is not available. objects are created all the time by different actions and users and even application writers typically do not know what actions create objects or how long those objects will live. indeed, that information often depends on future events that are hard to control - - such as the behavior of the person running the application. so the algorithm makes that assumption : if an object survives for a while, it is likely to survive for a long while, perhaps forever ( forever means the length of the lisp session ). of course, for many objects this assumption is wrong : the object may become garbage soon after it is tenured. however, as we said above, scavenges ( which are automatic and cannot be prevented by a user although they can be triggered by a user ) do not touch oldspace. in order to clear garbage from olds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4903216392471161, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.807730"} {"text": "after it is tenured. however, as we said above, scavenges ( which are automatic and cannot be prevented by a user although they can be triggered by a user ) do not touch oldspace. in order to clear garbage from oldspace, a global garbage collection ( global gc ) must be done. an interface for automating global gc ' s is provided in allegro cl and different interfaces are easy to implement ( see below for more information ), but the two important points about global gc ' s are : the lisp heap grows upwards ( to higher addresses ). oldspaces are at low addresses and newspace occupies addresses higher than any oldspace area. this means that newspace can grow without affecting oldspace and oldspace can grow ( usually by creating a new oldspace area ) by having newspace move up as far as necessary. why might newspace grow? suppose, for example, a newspace area is 600 kbytes and you want to allocate a 1 mbyte array. newspace has to grow to accommodate this. why might oldspace grow? as objects are tenured to oldspace, it slowly fills up. even with regular global gc ' s, it can fill up. when it does, newspace moves up and a new old area is created. ( new areas are created rather than a single area being expanded for various technical reasons. we discuss below how to reduce sizes dynamically. see section 3. 5 can other things be changed while running?. ) we will not describe the internal algorithms of the garbage collector because they cannot be changed or modified by users in any way. but let us consider how newspace might be moved, as this might make the process clearer. suppose the current scavenge is about to move live objects to the high address area. before anything is moved, lisp can compute how much space the live objects need, how much space objects waiting to be allocated need, and how much space a new old area needs. from that information, it can compute the highest address of the high address newspace area. it requests from the operating system that the area be allocated ( using malloc or sbrk ), and once the operating system confirms the allocation, starts copying the live objects to that high address, filling toward lower addresses. when all live objects have been moved and new objects are allocated in the high address newspace area, the new oldspace area ( if one is required ) can be created and the location of the low address", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48970360090897297, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.808709"} {"text": "that high address, filling toward lower addresses. when all live objects have been moved and new objects are allocated in the high address newspace area, the new oldspace area ( if one is required ) can be created and the location of the low address newspace area can be determined. recall that high address newspace area is active so the low address newspace area does not contain anything of importance. a consequence of what we just said about newspace moving when it has to grow or when a new oldspace area is needed is that the size of the lisp image can grow while it is running. this is usually normal, indeed what you want. it allows images to start small and grow as much ( but no more ) than they need. it also allows the same image to run effectively on machines with different configurations. but, sometimes growth can be unexpected and the image can want to grow to a size larger than the operating system can handle ( usually because there is not enough swap space ). the growth is often necessary, because of the type of application being run. what is important is that the growth be managed and be no more than is really needed. in earlier releases, space for foreign code loaded into the image, space for foreign objects, and direct calls to malloc all could cause a gap to be placed above newspace. if a new oldspace or a larger newspace was needed, it had to be placed above the gap, causing in some cases a small need for additional space to result in a multimegabyte increase in image size. now, malloc space is placed away from the new and old spaces and so the lisp heap ( new and old spaces together ) are unaffected and can grow incrementally as needed. there is a lisp heap size specified by the lisp - heap - size argument to build - lisp - image ( see building - images. htm ). the os will try to reserve this space when lisp starts up. if more space is needed, lisp will request it from the os but it is possible more space will not be available. if this happens, you might increase the original request. the space reserved in a running lisp is reported as ' resrve ' on the ' lisp heap ' line of the output of ( room t ). if the heap grows larger than that size, gaps may appear. if you see gaps in your application, you should consider starting with an image with a larger heap size. application writers and users can control the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4819508512095516, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.809653"} {"text": "of the output of ( room t ). if the heap grows larger than that size, gaps may appear. if you see gaps in your application, you should consider starting with an image with a larger heap size. application writers and users can control the behavior of the garbage collector in order to make their programs run more efficiently. this is not always easy, since getting optimal behavior depends on knowing how your application behaves and that information may be difficult to determine. also, there are various paths to improvement, some of which work better than others ( but different paths work better for different applications ). one thing to remember is that ( unless the image needs to grow larger than available swap space ), things will work whether or not they work optimally. you cannot expect optimal gc behavior at the beginning of the development process. instead, as you gather information about your application and gc behavior, you determine ways to make it work better. the automated gc system is controlled by switches and parameters ( they are listed in section 5. 0 system parameters and switches below ). there is not much difference between a switch and a parameter ( a switch is usually true or false, a parameter usually has a value ) and there probably should not be a distinction, but these things are hard to change after they are implemented. the functions gsgc - switch and gsgc - parameter can be used to poll the current value and ( with setf ) to set the value of switches and parameters. the function gsgc - parameters prints out the values of all switches and parameters : cl - user ( 14 ) : ( sys : gsgc - parameters ) : generation - spread 4 : current - generation 4 : tenure - limit 0 : free - bytes - new - other 131072 : free - percent - new 25 : free - bytes - new - pages 131072 : expansion - free - percent - new 35 : expansion - free - percent - old 35 : quantum 32 ( switch : auto - step ) t ( switch : use - remap ) t ( switch : hook - after - gc ) t ( switch : clip - new ) nil ( switch : gc - old - before - expand ) nil ( switch : next - gc - is - global ) nil ( switch : print ) t ( switch : stats ) t ( switch : verbose ) nil ( switch : dump - on - error ) nil cl - user ( 15 ) : gsgc - switch can poll and set switches while gsgc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4762876577726438, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.810801"} {"text": "( switch : print ) t ( switch : stats ) t ( switch : verbose ) nil ( switch : dump - on - error ) nil cl - user ( 15 ) : gsgc - switch can poll and set switches while gsgc - parameter can poll and set parameters : here we poll and set the cl - user ( 15 ) : ( setf ( sys : gsgc - switch : print ) nil ) nil cl - user ( 16 ) : ( sys : gsgc - switch : print ) nil cl - user ( 17 ) : ( setf ( sys : gsgc - switch : print ) t ) t cl - user ( 18 ) : ( sys : gsgc - switch : print ) t cl - user ( 19 ) : the gc function can be used to toggle some of the switches. the system will cause a scavenge whenever it determines that one is necessary. there is no way to stop scavenges from occurring at all or even to stop them from occurring for a specified period of time. however, you can cause a scavenge by calling the gc function with no arguments : ( excl : gc ) ; ; triggers a scavenge you can also cause a scavenge and have all live objects tenured by calling the gc function with : tenure, like this global gc ' s ( a gc of old and new space ) are not triggered automatically ( but triggering can be automated ). you can trigger a global gc by calling gc with the argument t : ( excl : gc t ) ; ; triggers a global gc see section section 6. 0 global garbage collection for information on other ways to trigger a global gc and ways to automate global gc ' s. the function room provides information on current usage ( it identifies oldspaces and newspace and free and used space in each ). setting the : verbose switches causes the system to print information while gc ' s are occurring. see section 5. 4 gsgc switches and section 3. 1 how do i find out when scavenges happen?. ( room t ) provides the most information about the current state of memory management. here is a ( room t ) output from a allegro cl image that has been doing a fair amount of work. this is from a unix machine and was done immediately after a global gc, so some of the oldspaces have significant free space. cl - user ( 1", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4520240825417865, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.812140"} {"text": ") output from a allegro cl image that has been doing a fair amount of work. this is from a unix machine and was done immediately after a global gc, so some of the oldspaces have significant free space. cl - user ( 1 ) : ( room t ) area area address ( bytes ) cons other bytes # type 8 bytes each ( free : used ) ( free : used ) top # x106a0000 new # x10598000 ( 1081344 ) 134 : 13113 340128 : 582984 new # x10490000 ( 1081344 ) - - - - - - - - - - 1 old # x10290000 ( 2097152 ) 0 : 0 2095952 : 0 0 * old # x10000e80 ( 2683264 ) 0 : 68273 0 : 2124792 tot ( old areas ) 0 : 68273 2095952 : 2124792 * = closed old area root pages : 61 lisp heap : # x10000000 pos : # x106a0000 resrve : # x10fa0000 aclmalloc heap : # x64000000 pos : # x64011000 resrve : # x640fa000 pure space : # x2d1aa000 end : # x2d747ff8 code type items bytes 112 : ( simple - array t ) 6586 930920 28. 3 % 1 : cons 80502 644016 19. 6 % 8 : function 8432 520192 15. 8 % 7 : symbol 17272 414528 12. 6 % 117 : ( simple - array character ) 2259 259984 7. 9 % 96 : ( short - simple - array t ) 17498 151736 4. 6 % 18 : bignum 2966 139928 4. 3 % 125 : ( simple - array ( unsigned - byte 8 ) ) 31 87816 2. 7 % 12 : standard - instance 3291 52656 1. 6 % 9 : closure 2301 39688 1. 2 % 15 : structure 666 24944 0. 8 % 127 : ( simple - array ( unsigned - byte 32 ) ) 9 9920 0. 3 % 108 : ( short - simple - array code ) 16 7368 0. 2 % 10 : hash - table 108 3456 0. 1 % 17", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5264353820884483, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.812829"} {"text": ": ( simple - array ( unsigned - byte 32 ) ) 9 9920 0. 3 % 108 : ( short - simple - array code ) 16 7368 0. 2 % 10 : hash - table 108 3456 0. 1 % 17 : double - float 120 1920 0. 1 % 111 : ( short - simple - array foreign ) 51 1216 0. 0 % 16 : single - float 141 1128 0. 0 % 118 : ( simple - array bit ) 11 296 0. 0 % 20 : complex 11 176 0. 0 % 80 : ( array t ) 7 168 0. 0 % 11 : readtable 8 128 0. 0 % 123 : ( simple - array ( signed - byte 32 ) ) 1 88 0. 0 % 13 : sysvector 3 48 0. 0 % 85 : ( array character ) 1 24 0. 0 % total bytes = 3292344 aclmalloc arena : max size free bytes used bytes total 112 3472 112 3584 496 3472 496 3968 1008 2016 2016 4032 2032 0 12192 12192 4080 0 8160 8160 9200 18400 18400 36800 total bytes : 27360 41376 68736 cl - user ( 2 ) : newspace is divided into two equal size parts ( only one of which is used at any time ). there can be numerous oldspaces : two are shown in the example, but many more are common after lisp has run for a while. oldpsaces are numbered. the gsgc - parameter : open - old - area - fence takes such a number as an section 5. 1 parameters that control generations and tenuring for information on gsgc - parameters ). the 0th old area in the output is closed, as indicated by the asterisk. if there are no closed old areas : open - old - area - fence ) returns 0 ) then no asterisks show up and the \" * = closed old area \" note isn ' t given. when asterisks are shown, they denote any old areas that are closed. see the discussion of : open - old - area - fence in section 5. 1 parameters that control generations and tenuring and also the note on closed old areas after the table for information on closed and open old areas. root pages : 61 root pages contain information about pointers from oldspace to newspace. lisp heap : # x10000000 pos :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5296548180015839, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.813689"} {"text": "also the note on closed old areas after the table for information on closed and open old areas. root pages : 61 root pages contain information about pointers from oldspace to newspace. lisp heap : # x10000000 pos : # x106a0000 resrve : # x10fa0000 aclmalloc heap : # x64000000 pos : # x64011000 resrve : # x640fa000 pure space : # x2d1aa000 end : # x2d747ff8 the first value is the starting address of the specified heap in memory. the ` pure space ' line only appears in lisps which use a pll file ( see pll - file ), showing where the pll files is mapped. in the first two lines, pos ( position ) is the highest - use location ; this is one byte larger than the highest memory used by the lisp. some operating systems will only commit ( assign physical pages ) to memory between base ( inclusive ) and position ( exclusive ). this is a hexadecimal address value. resrve ( reserved ) is the number of bytes lisp thinks is reserved to it in virtual memory space. on some operating systems which support it, addresses greater than position, but less than starting location + reserved, will not be overwritten by shared - libraries, other memory mapping operations, etc. the lisp heap reserved size is a true limit only for certain free products. with paid license images ( and some free products ), this value is important only because if the heap grows larger than this limit, gaps in the heap may appear. see section 1. 8 the almost former gap problem for more information. this value is not a limit in any sense on how big the image can grow. the aclmalloc heap was called the \" c heap \" in earlier releases but its name was changed to reflect its real nature. it is the aclmalloc area used for space allocated by the aclmalloc function. that function differs from malloc ( ) in that it ensures that lisp will remember the location of aclmalloc ' ed allocations and preserve it through dumplisp and restarts, thus guaranteeing that aclmalloc addresses remain valid. more information on aclmalloc and regular malloc ( ) : malloc ( ) space is always started fresh when a lisp starts up, so addresses used by malloc", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5160790917694638, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.814584"} {"text": "% 80 : ( array t ) 7 168 0. 0 % 11 : readtable 8 128 0. 0 % 123 : ( simple - array ( signed - byte 32 ) ) 1 88 0. 0 % 13 : sysvector 3 48 0. 0 % 85 : ( array character ) 1 24 0. 0 % total bytes = 3292344 the aclmalloc arena describes allocation of space for aclmallocs and foreign data. it is divided into chunks of various sizes to allow allocation of requests of various sizes without fragmentation. ( space allocated by aclmalloc is freed by aclfree. ) aclmalloc arena : max size free bytes used bytes total 112 3472 112 3584 496 3472 496 3968 1008 2016 2016 4032 2032 0 12192 12192 4080 0 8160 8160 9200 18400 18400 36800 total bytes : 27360 41376 68736 as a user, or as an application writer, how can you get the garbage collector to work best for you? at first, you do not have to do anything. the system is set up to work as delivered. you will not run out of space, global gc ' s will happen from time to time ( as described below, see section 6. 0 global garbage collection ), the image will grow as necessary, and assuming you do not run out of swap space, everything will work. of course, it will not necessarily work as well as it could. as delivered, the garbage collector is set to work best with what we assume is a typical application : objects, none of which are too big, are created as needed. most objects that survive a while are likely to survive a long while or perhaps forever, and so on. if your application ' s use of lisp has different behavior, performance may be suboptimal. so what to do? one problem is that optimizing gc behavior is a multidimensional problem. factors that affect it include optimization in a multidimensional environment is always complicated. the first step is always to gather the information necessary to do the tuning. information like : section 3. 1 how do i find out when scavenges happen? section 3. 2 how many bytes are being tenured? section 3. 3 when there is a global gc, how many bytes are freed up? section 3. 4 how many old areas are there after your application is loaded? section 3", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48661085991404573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.816871"} {"text": "? section 3. 2 how many bytes are being tenured? section 3. 3 when there is a global gc, how many bytes are freed up? section 3. 4 how many old areas are there after your application is loaded? section 3. 5 can other things be changed while running? there are three gsgc switches ( these control the behavior of the garbage collector ) that affect printing information about the garbage ( setf ( sys : gsgc - switch : print ) t ) will cause a short message to be printed whenever a scavenge happens. unless the t, no message will be printed. switches control the amount of information printed. if the : stats switch is true, the message contains more information but the information is compact. if the : verbose switch is also true, a longer, more easily understood message is printed. ; ; in this example, we cause a scavenge with all flags off, ; ; then with : print true, then : print and : stats true, ; ; and finally : print, : stats, and : verbose all true. cl - user ( 5 ) : ( gc ) cl - user ( 6 ) : ( setf ( sys : gsgc - switch : print ) t ) t cl - user ( 7 ) : ( gc ) gc : done cl - user ( 8 ) : ( setf ( sys : gsgc - switch : stats ) t ) t cl - user ( 9 ) : ( gc ) gc : e = 17 % n = 17536 t + = 0 a - = 0 cl - user ( 10 ) : ( setf ( sys : gsgc - switch : verbose ) t ) t cl - user ( 11 ) : ( gc ) scavenging... done eff : 15 %, copy new : 1664 + tenure : 16064 = 17728 page faults : gc = 0 major + 2 minor cl - user ( 12 ) : : stats true, the message contains much more information, but it is coded - - e means efficiency, n means bytes copied in newspace, t means bytes copied to oldspace ( i. e. bytes : verbose also true, the same information is displayed in expanded form and additional information ( about page faults ) is provided. efficiency is defined as the ratio of cpu time not associated with gc to total cpu time. efficiency should typically be 75 % or higher, but the efficiencies in the example are low because we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4776993813515393, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.818227"} {"text": "information ( about page faults ) is provided. efficiency is defined as the ratio of cpu time not associated with gc to total cpu time. efficiency should typically be 75 % or higher, but the efficiencies in the example are low because we triggered gc ' s without doing anything else of significance. it is usually desirable to have : stats true while developing software. this allows you to monitor gc behavior and see if there seems to be a problem. that information is shown when the : stats switches are true, but perhaps the real question is whether things are being tenured that would be better left in newspace ( because they will soon become garbage ). this often happens when a complex operation ( like a compile of a large file ) is being carried out. this question, in combination with the next can tell you if that is the case. in the following, copied from above, 0 bytes are tenured in the first gc ( t + = 0 ) and 16064 in the second ( tenure : 16064 ) : cl - user ( 9 ) : ( gc ) gc : e = 17 % n = 17536 t + = 0 a - = 0 cl - user ( 10 ) : ( setf ( sys : gsgc - switch : verbose ) t ) t cl - user ( 11 ) : ( gc ) scavenging... done eff : 15 %, copy new : 1664 + tenure : 16064 + aclmalloc free : 0 = 17728 page faults : gc = 0 major + 2 minor cl - user ( 12 ) : switches are true, the amount of space freed by a global gc is printed at the end of the report. here is an example. the form t ) triggers a global gc. cl - user ( 13 ) : ( gc t ) gc : mark pass... done ( 1, 583 + 66 ), marked 128817 objects, max depth = 17, cut 0 xfers. weak - vector pass... done ( 0 + 0 ). cons - cell swap... done ( 0 + 67 ), 346 cons cells moved symbol - cell swap... done ( 17 + 0 ), 1 symbol cells moved oldarea break chain... done ( 83 + 0 ), 40 holes totaling 6816 bytes page - compaction data... done ( 0 + 0 ). address adjustment... done ( 1, 400 + 67", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5370980521447151, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.819128"} {"text": "cells moved oldarea break chain... done ( 83 + 0 ), 40 holes totaling 6816 bytes page - compaction data... done ( 0 + 0 ). address adjustment... done ( 1, 400 + 67 ). compacting other objects... done ( 150 + 0 ). page compaction... done ( 0 + 0 ), 0 pages moved new rootset... done ( 667 + 0 ), 20 rootset entries building new pagemap... done ( 83 + 0 ). merging empty oldspaces... done, 0 oldspaces merged. global gc recovered 9672 bytes of old space. gc : e = 0 % n = 1504 t + = 0 a - = 0 pfg = 54 + 187 cl - user ( 14 ) : the next to last line reports on what was recovered from oldspace ( 9672 bytes ). the value is often much higher. it is low in this example because we have not in fact done anything significant other than test gc operations. there is plenty of other information but we will not describe its meaning in detail. it is typically useful in helping us help you work out complicated gc problems. the amount of space freed is a rough measure of how many objects are being tenured that perhaps should be left for a while longer in newspace. if the number is high, perhaps things are being tenured too quickly ( increasing the value of the switch will keep objects in newspace longer, as will a larger the output printed by room shows the two newspace areas and the various oldspace areas. here is an example of room output. ( room takes an argument to indicate how much information should be displayed ). the following is the output of ( cl : room t ), which causes the most information to be displayed. cl - user ( 3 ) : ( room t ) area area address ( bytes ) cons other bytes # type 8 bytes each ( free : used ) ( free : used ) top # x569a000 new # x5134000 ( 5660672 ) 5 : 95781 597040 : 4239616 new # x4bce000 ( 5660672 ) - - - - - - - - - - 7 old # x498e000 ( 2359296 ) 458 : 18903 31904 : 2170416 6 old # x", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5206864438936345, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.819958"} {"text": "9 % 98 : ( simple - array ( unsigned - byte 8 ) ) 44 105184 0. 6 % 97 : ( simple - array bit ) 49 103952 0. 6 % 15 : structure 830 33144 0. 2 % 100 : ( simple - array ( unsigned - byte 32 ) ) 12 10264 0. 1 % 10 : hash - table 225 7200 0. 0 % 18 : bignum 410 4480 0. 0 % 16 : single - float 505 4040 0. 0 % 111 : ( simple - array foreign ) 103 2464 0. 0 % 17 : double - float 124 1984 0. 0 % 64 : ( array t ) 22 528 0. 0 % 65 : ( array bit ) 13 312 0. 0 % 13 : sysvector 14 224 0. 0 % 20 : complex 12 192 0. 0 % 11 : readtable 7 112 0. 0 % 69 : ( array character ) 1 24 0. 0 % total bytes = 16939984 aclmalloc arena : max size free bytes used bytes total 48 3024 48 3072 496 3968 0 3968 1008 4032 0 4032 2032 2032 2032 4064 4080 8160 36720 44880 5104 10208 10208 20416 9200 27600 9200 36800 20464 20464 20464 40928 total bytes : 79488 78672 158160 cl - user ( 4 ) : the output shows the two equal size newspace areas, only one of which is being used. it also shows eight oldspaces and provides information about what is in the oldspaces. then information is printed about other objects such as the number of root pages ( a root page keeps information on pointers from oldspace to newspace - - these pointers must be updated after a scavenge ), and the locations of the lisp and c heaps. then, there is a table showing the types and numbers of objects. finally, used and available malloc space is displayed. yes. the function resize - areas can be used to rearrange things while running. it is typically useful to call this function, for example, after loading a large application. if you know desirable old - and newspace sizes for your application, it is preferable to build an image with those sizes ( using the : oldspace and : newspace arguments to build - lisp - image, see building - images", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5188454332920794, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 16, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.822838"} {"text": "application. if you know desirable old - and newspace sizes for your application, it is preferable to build an image with those sizes ( using the : oldspace and : newspace arguments to build - lisp - image, see building - images. htm for more information ). however, you may not know until runtime what the best sizes are, in which case you can call resize - areas on application startup. be warned that it may take some time. another use of resize - areas is when you wish to dump an image ( with dumplisp ) into which your application has been loaded. you call resize - areas just before dumplisp in that case. the initial sizes of newspace and oldspace are determined when the image is built with build - lisp - image. see building - images. htm ( where build - lisp - image is fully documented - - the page on it is brief to avoid two sources for the same complex discussion ) the : newspace argument to build - lisp - image controls the initial size of newspace and the : oldspace argument the initial size of oldspace. an image dumped with dumplisp inherits new and oldspace sizes from the dumping image. see dumplisp. htm. resize - areas will restructure old and newspace sizes in a running image. the garbage collector will automatically resize old and newspace when it needs to. the amount of resizing depends on space required to allocate or move to oldspace live objects, and also on the parameters that relate to sizes. the parameters and switches described under the next set of headings control the action of the garbage collector. you may change them during run time to optimize the performance of the lisp process. all parameters and switches values may be set with setf. however, some values should not be changed by you. the descriptions of the parameters say whether you should change their values. by default, the system does automatically increase the generation number. you may find that it is useful to step it yourself at appropriate times with a call to gsgc - step - generation. there is really no difference between a parameter and a switch other than the value of switches is typically nil while parameters often have numeric values. however, once both were implemented, it became difficult to redo the design. the function gsgc - parameters prints the values of all parameters and switches. gsgc - switch and gsgc - parameter retrieve the value of, respectively,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45553768126102034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 17, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.824911"} {"text": "- negative integer which is the number of the oldest old area that is open ( not closed ). old areas are numbered with 0 as the oldest old area. this parameter is setfable, either with the number of the old - area that is desired to be the first open - old - area, or with a negative number, for which the old - areas are counted backward to set the fence. for example, see the note on closed old areas just after this table for more information. old areas can be marked as closed. when an old area is closed, no objects are newly tenured into a closed old - area ; it is as if the area is full. also, no dead object in a closed old area is collected while the area is closed, and data pointed to by that object is also not collected. see the description of the the table just above for details on how to specify old areas as the intended usage model for closing old areas is this : a programmer with an application, such as a var, will load up their application, perform a global - gc and possibly a resize - areas, and then close most of the old - areas, leaving room for their users ' data models to be loaded into the open - areas. when the user is done with the data model, it can be thrown away and a fast global - gc performed, making way for the next data model. the following parameters control the minimum size of newspace and when the system will allocate a new newspace. at the end of a scavenge, at : free - bytes - new - other bytes must be free, and at : free - percent - new percent of newspace must be free. if these conditions are not met, the system will allocate a new newspace, large enough for these conditions to be true after allocating the object that caused the scavenge, if there is one. ( unless explicitly called by the user, a scavenge occurs when the system is unable to allocate a new object. ) note that there is no system reason why there are two parameters, : free - bytes - new - other - - differences were anticipated in the original specification but none was never implemented. the two parameter values are added to get total free | | the value of this parameter is a 32 - bit integer which represents the minimum amount of space ( in 8 kbyte pages ) that will be requested for a new new or old space and the granularity of space requested ( that is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5329643390040695, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 19, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.827175"} {"text": "free | | the value of this parameter is a 32 - bit integer which represents the minimum amount of space ( in 8 kbyte pages ) that will be requested for a new new or old space and the granularity of space requested ( that is space will be requested in multiples of : quantum pages ). its initial value is 32. this parameter value is overshadowed by the other size - related parameters described immediately below, and for that reason, we do not recommend that you change this value. | | | this is one of the parameters which determine the minimum free space which must be available after a scavenge. its initial value is 131072. | | | this is one of the parameters which determine the minimum free space which must be available after a scavenge. its initial value is 131072. | | | this parameter specifies the minimum fraction of newspace which must be available after a scavenge, or else new newspace will be allocated. its initial value is 25. | the final two parameters control how large new newspace ( and new oldspace ) will be. if newspace is expanded or a new oldspace is allocated, then at least the percentage specified by the appropriate parameter shall be free, after, in the case of newspace, the object that caused the scavenge has been allocated, and after, in the case of oldspace, all objects due for tenuring have been allocated. there are different concerns for the newspace parameter and the oldspace parameter. let us consider the oldspace parameter first. in the case where no foreign code is loaded, then oldspaces are carved out of newspace, and newspace grows up into memory as needed. if each new oldspace is just large enough, the next time an object is tenured, another oldspace, again just large enough, will be created, and the result will be a bunch of small oldspaces, rather than a few larger ones. this problem will not occur if there is foreign code, since some oldspaces will be as large as previous newspaces. if the function room shows a bunch of little oldspaces, you might try increasing the : expansion - free - percent - old parameter to cure the problem. however, resize - areas can be used instead to coalesce the oldspaces into one. the newspace parameter is more complicated, since newspace can grow incrementally ( assuming growth is not blocked by foreign code ). since growing newspace takes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5490893069988092, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 20, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.828253"} {"text": "- areas can be used instead to coalesce the oldspaces into one. the newspace parameter is more complicated, since newspace can grow incrementally ( assuming growth is not blocked by foreign code ). since growing newspace takes time, you want to ensure that when newspace grows, it grows enough. therefore, it is essential that : expansion - free - percent - new be larger than : free - percent - new. otherwise, you might find newspace growing just enough to satisfy : free - percent - new, and then having to grow again at the next scavenge, since allocating a new object again reduced the free space below the | | at least this percentage of newspace must be free after allocating new newspace. the system will allocate sufficient extra space to guarantee that this condition is met. its initial value is 35. | | | at least this percentage of space must be free in newly allocated oldspace ( note : not the total oldspace ). its initial value is 35. | there are several switches which control the action of gsgc. the value of a switch must be nil. the function gsgc - switch takes a switch name as an argument and returns its value or with setf, sets its also prints out their values. the switches can be set by evaluating ( setf ( sys : gsgc - switch switch - name ) nil - or - non - nil ) | | if this switch is set true, then before expanding oldspace, the system will do a global garbage collection ( that is, it will gc oldspace ) to see if the imminent expansion is necessary. if enough space is free after the garbage collection of oldspace the expansion will not occur. initially | if true, print a message when a gc occurs. can be set by excl : gc. the length of the message is determined by the next two switches. if both are | | if true and | | if true, make the message printed ( when : print is true ) more | | this is the most important of the switches. if true, which is its initial value, gsgc - step - generation is effectively called after every scavenge. thus ( with the default : generation - spread ) an object is tenured after surviving four scavenges. | | | if this switch is true, the function object bound to the variable if this switch is set true, the next gc will be a global gc ( that is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49250877959389006, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 21, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.829210"} {"text": ") an object is tenured after surviving four scavenges. | | | if this switch is true, the function object bound to the variable if this switch is set true, the next gc will be a global gc ( that is both newspace and oldspace will be gc ' ed ). after the global gc, the system will reset this switch to the difference between setting this switch and causing a global gc explicitly with the function excl : gc is that setting this switch causes the system to wait until a scavenge is necessary before doing the global gc while calling the function causes the global gc to occur at once. the system uses this switch under certain circumstances. the scavenger maintains a new logical pool of memory in newspace called ` reserved '. when the if : print and : verbose are both true, information about the action triggered by this switch is printed. the information refers to ` hiding ' ( moving space to the reserved bucket ) and ` revealing ' ( moving space to the free bucket ). if this switch is set true and the operating system on which allegro cl is running supports it, then physical memory pages that are no longer used after a garbage collection are given back to the operating system in such a fashion that paging is improved. specifically, when this switch is true and the currently used half of newspace is copied to the unused half, the following things are done with the previously - used memory area : ( 1 ) the operating system is advised to ignore the page reference behavior of those addresses, and ( 2 ) the memory is unmapped and then is remapped, after being filled with zeros. the zero filling is necessary for security reasons, since the memory given back to the operating system will potentially be given to another process that requests virtual memory, without first being cleared. if it were not for ( 2 ), then remapping would always be advantageous and there would be no switch to control this behavior. as it is, there may be certain situations where zero filling will be too expensive, especially on machines which have a very large amount of physical memory and the decrease in locality does not effect the runtime performance of the allegro cl application, or where the mmap ( ) implementation is flawed. if this switch is set true, then a core dump is automatically taken when an internal garbage collection error occurs. the core dump will fail, however, if ( 1 ) there is a system imposed limit on the size of a core dump and dumping", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5204063467614125, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 22, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.830228"} {"text": ". if this switch is set true, then a core dump is automatically taken when an internal garbage collection error occurs. the core dump will fail, however, if ( 1 ) there is a system imposed limit on the size of a core dump and dumping the image would exceed this limit or ( 2 ) there is some other system impediment to dumping core, such as the existence of a directory named core. we assume that you can prevent the second limitation. here are a few more words on the first limitation. in the c shell, the limit command and its associates can be used to set a higher limit or no limit for the maximum size of a core dump. if the value of this switch is these examples show the effect on gc messages of nil, a message like the following is printed during a : verbose is also true but the message is : : stats is true and nil, the message is similar to : gc : e = 34 % n = 30064 t + = 872 a - = 0 pfu = 0 + 101 pfg = 1 + 0 the same message with : verbose true would be : scavenging... done eff : 9 %, new copy : 148056 + tenure : 320 + aclmalloc free : 0 = 148376 page faults : non - gc = 0 major + 1 minor abbreviations are used. their meanings are explained when : verbose is true. t or tenure means bytes tenured to oldspace. a and alcmalloc free refer to malloc space ( see aclmalloc ). e or eff. is efficiency : the ratio of non - gc time and all time ( the efficiency is low in our example because we forced gc ' s in order to produce the example ; as we say elsewhere, efficiencies of less than 75 % are a cause for concern when the gc is triggered by the system ). the copy figures are the number of bytes copied within newspace and to oldspace. x means \" expanding \", so xo means \" expanding oldspace \" and xn means \" expanding newspace \". xmn means \" expanding and moving newspace \". page faults are divided between user ( pfu or non - gc ) caused and gc ( pfg or gc ) caused. see the unix man page for getrusage for a description of the difference between major and minor page faults. here are a couple of more examples (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.490125913136573, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 23, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.831164"} {"text": "or non - gc ) caused and gc ( pfg or gc ) caused. see the unix man page for getrusage for a description of the difference between major and minor page faults. here are a couple of more examples ( with on and off in a fresh lisp each time ) : cl - user ( 1 ) : ( gc : print ) t cl - user ( 2 ) : ( setf ( sys : gsgc - switch : verbose ) t ) t [... ] cl - user ( 7 ) : ( defconstant my - array ( make - array 10000000 ) ) scavenging... expanding new space... expanding and moving new space... done eff : 36 %, copy new : 7533984 + old : 85232 = 7619216 page faults : non - gc = 1 major + 0 minor my - array ; ; and in a fresh image with : verbose off : cl - user ( 1 ) : ( gc : print ) t cl - user ( 2 ) : ( defconstant my - array ( make - array 10000000 ) ) gc : xn - xmn - e = 32 % n = 7522488 t + = 85632 a - = 0 pfu = 4 + 0 my - array | function or variable | | arguments of functions | | brief description | | gsgc - step - generation | | calling this function, which returns the new value of : current - generation, increases the current generation number and, if necessary, the value | gc | | & optional action | | called with no arguments, perform a scavenge ; called with | print - type - counts | | & optional ( location t ) | | prints a list of quantities and sizes of lisp objects in the specified location in the heap, along with type names and type codes of each object type printed. see the print - type - counts page for location details. | | lispval - storage - type | | object | | returns a keyword denoting where object is stored. see the lispval - storage - type page for interpretation of the returned value and examples. ( in earlier releases, the function pointer - storage - type performed this function. it is still supported, but its use is deprecated. lispval - storage - type is more flexible and should be used instead. ) | | resize - areas", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5196087498090909, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 24, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.832409"} {"text": "earlier releases, the function pointer - storage - type performed this function. it is still supported, but its use is deprecated. lispval - storage - type is more flexible and should be used instead. ) | | resize - areas | | & key verbose old old - symbols new global - gc tenure expand sift - old - spaces pack - heap | | this function resizes old and newspaces, perhaps coalescing oldspaces, according to the arguments. see the resize - areas page for details. | | | if the gsgc switch : hook - after - gc is true, then the value of this symbol, if true, will be funcalled immediately after a scavenge. see the description of | gc - after - c - hooks | | returns a list of addresses of c functions that will be called after a gc. see gc - after - c - hooks for details. | | gc - before - c - hooks | | returns a list of addresses of c functions that will be called before a gc. see gc - before - c - hooks for details. | in a global garbage collection ( global gc ), objects in oldspace are garbage collected. doing so frees up space in oldspace for newly tenured objects. global gc ' s are time consuming ( they take much longer than scavenges ) and they are not necessary for lisp to run. the effect of never doing a global gc is the lisp process will slowly grow larger. the rate of growth depends on what you are doing. the costs of growth are that the paging overhead increases and, if the process grows too much, swap space is exhausted, perhaps causing lisp to stop or fail. you have complete control over global gc ' s. the system will keep track of how many bytes have been tenured since the last global gc. you can choose one of these options for global gc : the function that records how many bytes have been tenured since the last global gc is the default value of the variable * gc - after - hook *. if you set that variable ( whose value must be a function or nil or a function that does not keep records of bytes tenured, you will not get the behavior described here. ( see the description of information on defining a function that does what you want and records bytes tenured correctly. ) has as its value its initial value or a function that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4621940751360938, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 25, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.836029"} {"text": "keep records of bytes tenured, you will not get the behavior described here. ( see the description of information on defining a function that does what you want and records bytes tenured correctly. ) has as its value its initial value or a function that records bytes tenured correctly, global gc behavior is controlled by the global * tenured - bytes - limit * is used in conjunction * global - gc - behavior *. the number of bytes tenured ( moved to oldspace ) since the last global gc is remembered and * global - gc - behavior * depends on when the tenuring macro causes the immediate tenuring ( moving to oldspace ) of all objects allocated while within the scope of its body. this is normally used when loading files, or performing some other operation where the objects created by forms will not become garbage in the short term. this macro is very useful for preventing newspace expansion. it is useful if possible to provide some sort of cue while garbage collections are occurring. this allows users to know that a pause is caused by a gc ( and not by an infinite loop or some other problem ). typical cues include changing the mouse cursor, printing a message, or displaying something in a buffer as emacs does when the emacs - lisp interface is running. unfortunately, providing such a cue for every scavenge is a difficult problem and if it is done wrong, the consequences to lisp can be fatal. however, we have provided an interface for the brave. the functions gc - before - c - hooks and gc - after - c - hooks return settable lists of addresses of c functions to be called before and after a gc. luckily, scavenges are usually fast and so failing to provide a cue may not be noticeable. global gc ' s, however can be slow but it is possible to provide a cue for a global gc even without using c functions. there are two strategies : ( 1 ) determine when a global gc is necessary and either schedule it when convenient or warn the user that one is imminent ; ( 2 ) do not give advance warning but provide a cue when it happens. looking at these examples, you can probably craft your own method of warning or cue. note that in these examples, we replace the value of * gc - after - hook * with a new value, destroying the current value ( which provides for the default automated behavior ). the default function is named by the ( internal ) one way to implement the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47247723935349595, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 26, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.837308"} {"text": "these examples, we replace the value of * gc - after - hook * with a new value, destroying the current value ( which provides for the default automated behavior ). the default function is named by the ( internal ) one way to implement the first strategy is to set a flag when a global gc is needed and then have code that acts on that flag. this code can be run at your choosing - - but be sure that it is run at some point. you might do this : ( defvar * my - gc - count * 0 ) ( defvar * time - for - gc - p * nil ) ( defun my - gc - after - hook ( global - p to - new to - old eff to - be - alloc ) ( declare ( ignore eff to - new to - be - alloc ) ) ( if global - p ( progn ( setq * my - gc - count * 0 ) ( setq * time - for - gc - p * nil ) ) ( progn ( setq * my - gc - count * ( + * my - gc - count * to - old ) ) ( if ( > * my - gc - count * excl : * tenured - bytes - limit * ) ( setq * time - for - gc - p * t ) ) ) ) ) make sure you compile my - gc - after - hook before making it the value of * gc - after - hook *. now, define a function that triggers a global gc ( calls ( gc t ) ) when * time - for - gc - p * is true. this function can be called by a user of your application, or when your application is about to do something that the user expects to wait for anyway, or whenever, so long as it is called at some point. in the second strategy, we provide some cue to the user that a global gc is occurring. we have not included the code for the cue ( you should supply that ) and notice we have gone to some pains to avoid a recursive error ( where the garbage collector calls itself ). ( defvar * my - gc - count * 0 ) ( defvar * prevent - gc - recursion - problem * nil ) ( defun my - gc - after - hook ( global - p to - new to - old eff to - be - alloc ) ( declare", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.49241931582269083, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 27, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.838221"} {"text": "( defvar * prevent - gc - recursion - problem * nil ) ( defun my - gc - after - hook ( global - p to - new to - old eff to - be - alloc ) ( declare ( ignore eff to - new to - be - alloc ) ) ( when ( null * prevent - gc - recursion - problem * ) ( if global - p ( setq * my - gc - count * 0 ) ( progn ( setq * my - gc - count * ( + * my - gc - count * to - old ) ) ( if ( > * my - gc - count * excl : * tenured - bytes - limit * ) ( excl : without - interrupts ( setq * prevent - gc - recursion - problem * t ) ; ; ( < change the cursor, print a warning, whatever > ) ( gc t ) ; ; ( < reset the cursor if necessary > ) ( setq * my - gc - count * 0 ) ( setq * prevent - gc - recursion - problem * nil ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ; ; ( < change the cursor, print a warning, whatever > ) ; ; ( < reset the cursor if necessary > ) with whatever code you want, but be careful that there is no possibility of waiting ( for user input, e. g. ) or going into an infinite loop because you are in a without - interrupts form and waiting is wrong and an infinite loop is fatal in that case. the following list contains information and advice concerning gsgc. some of the information has already been provided above, but is given again here for emphasis. nilunless some other method of stepping the generation is enabled ( including specific action by you ). if objects are not tenured, newspace will grow, filling up with long - lived objects, and performance will degrade significantly. : tenure ( which will cause all live objects to be tenured ) or with the tenuring macro. there is no way to prevent a specific object from ever being tenured except by disabling generation stepping and thus preventing all objects from being tenured. it is not easy to cause a gsgc error. such errors are usually catastrophic ( often lisp dies either without warning or with a brief message that some unrecognizable object was discovered ). once the garbage collector becomes confused", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4804292954546155, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 28, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.839059"} {"text": "an allocation request for 483032 bytes caused a need for 12320768 more bytes of heap. the operating system will not make the space available. [ condition type : storage - condition ] cl - user ( 26 ) : a global gc may free up enough space within lisp to continue without growing. killing processes other than lisp may free enough space for lisp to grow. but it may be the case that other allocations of virtual address space conflicts with lisp usage. please contact franz customer support for assistance in determining whether this is the case if the problem persists. you trigger a global gc by evaluating ( see gc ) : when the garbage collector gets confused, usually by following what it believes to be a valid pointer, but one that does not point to an actual lisp object, lisp fails with a two part message. the first part is a brief description of the specific problem. the second part is a general statement about the gc failures and the fact they cannot be recovered from, along with an opportunity of get a core file ( which may be useful for later analysis ). here are some examples of the second part : the gc ' s internal control tables may have been corrupted and lisp execution cannot continue. [ or ] the internal data structures in the running lisp image have been corrupted and execution cannot continue. [ then ] check all foreign functions and any lisp code that was compiled with high speed and / or low safety, as these are two common sources of this failure. if you cannot find anything incorrect in your code you should contact technical support for allegro common lisp, and we will try to help determine whether this is a coding error or an internal bug. would you like to dump core for debugging before exiting ( y or n )? here are some examples of the first part : system error ( gsgc ) : unknown object type at ( 0xc50ec9a ) system error ( gsgc ) : object already pointing to target newspace half : 0x42c43400 system error ( gsgc ) : scavenger invoked itself recursively. as the text says in the second part, there is no recovery. the causes of such errors can be one or more of the following : diagnosing and fixing the problem can be difficult. here are some initial steps to take where possible : ( gc : print ), see gc. ) if you cannot quickly determine the cause of the problem and a solution for it, contact franz", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47478076823441084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 30, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.841262"} {"text": "s are done regularly or that you do an explicit global gc before checking the status of an element of the weak array. we provide a simple example of weak vectors ( weak arrays differ from weak vectors only in having more dimensions ) and finalizations in section 10. 3 example of weak vectors and finalizations. weak hashtables are also supported. see implementation. htm for information on an extension to make - hash - table that creates weak hashtables. the function lispval - storage - type applied to an object returns a keyword providing information about the storage type of the object. weak vectors and finalizations are identified by this function which can be used to test whether an object is a weak vector. a finalization associates an object with a function and optionally queue. if the object is identified as garbage by the garbage collector, either the function is called with the object as its single argument before the object is scavenged away ( if there is no associated queue ) or a list consisting of the function and the object is placed on the queue. in the latter case, no further action is taken by the system. the program must apply the function call - finalizer at its convenience. multiple finalizations can be scheduled for the same object ; all are run or placed on queues if and when the gc identifies the object as garbage. the order of the running of multiple finalizations is unspecified. the timing is important here. while the garbage collector is running, nothing else can be done in lisp. in particular, functions ( except those internal to the garbage collector itself ) cannot be called. therefore, the process of running a finalization and the eventual reclamation of the finalized object occurs over two invocations of the garbage collector. during the first gc, the object is identified as garbage. the garbage collector sees the finalization and so, instead of immediately scavenging the object away, it keeps it alive and makes a note to call the finalization function or enqueue the list of the function and the object as soon as it finishes the current scavenge ( or global gc ). the finalization is removed from the object after the function is run so that during a subsequent garbage collection, the object is either garbage or, if a weak vector points to it, again identified as garbage and ( since it no longer has a finalization ) scavenged away. see the example in section 10. 3 example of weak vectors and finalizations. a finalization is not a type of lisp object", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5428266228834426, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 33, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.844263"} {"text": "to it, again identified as garbage and ( since it no longer has a finalization ) scavenged away. see the example in section 10. 3 example of weak vectors and finalizations. a finalization is not a type of lisp object. finalizations are implemented as vectors ( but that may change in a later release ). you should not write any code which depends on the fact that finalizations are implemented as vectors. you schedule a finalization with the function schedule - finalization. the function unschedule - finalization removes the finalization from the object. finalizations are only run once, either immediately after the garbage collection which identified the object as garbage or by the program. the object is not scavenged away during the garbage collection in which it is identified as garbage ( since it must be around to be the argument to the finalization function ). on windows, load the file after the transcript example. typing the example into the debug window in the integrated development environment on windows does not work as described, because tools in the ide cause pointers to the objects to be preserved, and, as a result, the example does not work as described. on unix, you can type the example directly to a prompt. ; ; this example can be typed to a prompt on a unix platform. ; ; we define a weak vector and a function to be called by finalizations. cl - user ( 10 ) : ( setq wv ( weak - vector 1 ) ) # ( nil ) cl - user ( 11 ) : ( defun foo ( x ) ( format t \" i am garbage! ~ % \" ) ) foo ; ; we create an object and put it in the weak vector : cl - user ( 12 ) : ( setq a ( cons 1 2 ) ) ( 1. 2 ) cl - user ( 13 ) : ( setf ( aref wv 0 ) a ) ( 1. 2 ) ; ; we schedule a finalization. cl - user ( 14 ) : ( schedule - finalization a ' foo ) # ( ( 1. 2 ) foo nil ) ; ; we remove the reference to the cons by setting the value of a to nil. cl - user ( 15 ) : ( setq a nil ) nil ; ; we evaluate unrelated things to ensure that the object ; ; is not the value of *, * *, or * * *. cl - user ( 16 ) : 1 1 cl - user ( 17 )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5218294928489835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 34, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.845118"} {"text": "data in a static array is placed in an area that is not garbage collected. this means that the data is never moved and, therefore, pointers to it can be safely stored in foreign code. ( generally, lisp objects are moved about by the garbage collector so a pointer passed to foreign code is only guaranteed to be valid during the call. see foreign - functions. htm for more information on this point. ) only certain element types are permitted ( listed below ). general arrays ( whose elements can be any lisp object ) cannot be created as static arrays. the primary purpose of static arrays is for use with foreign code. they may also be useful with pure lisp code but only if the array is needed for the whole lisp run and the array never has to be significantly changed. the problem is the array is not garbage collected and there is no way ( within lisp ) to free up the space. static arrays are returned by make - array with the ( allegro cl - specific ) allocation keyword argument specified. the data is stored in an area which is not garbage collected but the header ( if any ) is stored in standard lisp space. the following element types are supported in static arrays. bit ( signed - byte 8 ) ( unsigned - byte 4 ) ( unsigned - byte 8 ) ( signed - byte 16 ) ( unsigned - byte 16 ) ( signed - byte 32 ) ( unsigned - byte 32 ) character single - float double - float ( complex single - float ) ( complex double - float ) see implementation. htm for information on this extension to make - array. see lispval - other - to - address for information on freeing static arrays. copyright ( c ) 1998 - 2012, franz inc. oakland, ca., usa. all rights reserved. documentation for allegro cl version 9. 0. this page was not revised from the 8. 2 page. | allegro cl version 9. 0 | unrevised from 8. 2 to 9. 0.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5050105597975456, "token_count": 403, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 36, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.848008"} {"text": "to get the best out of this website, please read on... we have set your language based on your browser language settings or location. to change language use the flag above. we ' d like you to have the best possible experience of our new site, and we notice you ' re using an older browser that isn ' t compatible with some of the latest developments on the internet. we ' ve designed things so free buddhist audio will continue to work for you, but we invite you to a better experience of the web now and in future if you have a few minutes to upgrade... install ( or update from an older version ) a future - friendly browser : audio | view transcript buddhism is the most rational of religions. but it appeals no less to the heart than to the head, using the language of myth to do so. examples are four ' myths ' from the buddha ' s biography, here correlated with four of jung ' s archetypes. this talk is part of the series ritual and devotion in buddhism. | 1. | | seeing buddhism as a whole ( 11 : 54 ) | | 2. | | rationalism in buddhism ( 14 : 11 ) | | 3. | | how does buddhism speak to us? ( 6 : 31 ) | | 4. | | vision and transformation ( 3 : 24 ) | | 5. | | myth and legend ( 6 : 13 ) | | 6. | | myths in the buddha ' s biography ( 4 : 02 ) | | 7. | | the victory over mara ( 5 : 04 ) | | 8. | | the earth goddess ( 4 : 23 ) | | 9. | | brahma ' s request ( 1 : 37 ) | | 11. | | jungian and christian correspondences ( 8 : 52 ) | total running time : 1 : 13 : 54", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.535283217580427, "token_count": 373, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.849875"} {"text": "epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition that causes recurrent seizures. seizures can be a devastating, life challenging condition, however there are many misconceptions about epilepsy. here are 10 things you should know about epilepsy. 1. seizures are more than just physical many people think of seizures as just convulsions. epileptic patients also have symptoms of sensory perception. people may have a feeling of de ja vu, vision changes or become overcome by psychological feelings. 2. seizures knows no age seizures are not just for kids. they can occur at any age. 3. seizures can be a medical emergency if you see someone having a seizure greater than 5 min or not breathing, call 911 for help. do not put anything in the person \u2019 s mouth. 4. surgical treatment can be an option for some people with epilepsy, surgery can help decrease or eliminate the occurrence of seizures 5. there are reliable resources for information about epilepsy for help and information about seizure disorder and treatment options, contact epilepsy foundation of michigan at www. epilepsymichigan. org 6. blink and you \u2019 ll miss it some seizures may last just a few seconds and can consist of just a brief stare or quick twitch. 7. medication can help currently there are 20 medications available that help manage epilepsy and more are on the way. 8. the cause may be difficult to find seizures can occur from head injury, infections such as meningitis, high fever, low blood sugar, or some can have no known origin. 9. an epileptologist is a specialist that treats seizure disorders epilepsy monitoring units are available to evaluate and classify seizure types so that the epileptologist can properly treat their patients. 10. you are not alone more than 3 million americans have seizures. how brain surgery can prevent seizures 30 - 40 percent of patients respond well to medication. however in some people, brain surgery might be more beneficial. please take a few minutes to view how brain surgery helped a young lady suffering from epilepsy. chaim colen, md, phd, is the director of neurosurgical oncology and epilepsy surgery at beaumont hospital in grosse pointe, mich. dr. colen \u2019 s medical publishing company, colen publishing, produces patient and resident educational material and operative dictation templates for emr systems. he is the current chair of the young physicians representative section of the csns and actively involved in socioeconomics in neurosur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49153151902935427, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.856092"} {"text": "is pink turkey meat safe? | | the color pink in cooked turkey meat raises a \" red flag \" to many diners and cooks. conditioned to be wary of cooked fresh pork that looks pink, they question the safety of cooked poultry and other meats that have a rosy numerous callers to the usda meat and poultry hotline report being alarmed when seeing \" pink. \" to them, it means \" unsafe \" \" i cooked my turkey until done according to the directions, but when i sliced the breast meat, it was still pink near the bone, \" said an oklahoma caller. \" is it safe? \" \" we had a big family argument at thanksgiving dinner. aunt mildred wouldn ' t eat the turkey because it looked pink, \" reported the beleaguered cook from a wisconsin family. the color of cooked poultry is not always a sure sign of its safety. only by using a food thermometer can one accurately determine that poultry has reached a safe minimum internal temperature of 165 \u00b0f throughout the product. turkey can remain pink even after cooking to a safe minimum internal temperature of 165 \u00b0f. the meat of smoked turkey is always pink. to understand some of the causes of \" pinking \" or \" pinkening \" in fresh turkey, it ' s important to know first what gives meat its natural color. why is poultry lighter in color than beef? the protein myoglobin is the major pigment found in all vertebrates and can exist in various forms which determine the resulting meat color. the major reason that poultry meat is much lighter in color than beef is that it is dramatically lower in myoglobin. also, as an animal becomes older, its myoglobin content usually increases. turkeys today are young \u2014 4 to 5 months old at the time of slaughter. why are white & dark meat of poultry different the pink, red or white coloration of meat is due primarily to oxygen - storing myoglobin which is located in the muscle cells and retains the oxygen brought by the blood until the cells need it. to some extent, oxygen use can be related to the bird ' s general level of activity : muscles that are exercised frequently and strenuously \u2014 such as the legs \u2014 need more oxygen, and they have a greater storage capacity than muscles needing little oxygen. turkeys do a lot of standing around, but little if any flying, so their wing and breast muscles are white ; their what causes well - done meat to be pink? - chemical changes during cooking. scientists have found that pinkness occurs when gases", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4832139139992066, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.860843"} {"text": "turkeys do a lot of standing around, but little if any flying, so their wing and breast muscles are white ; their what causes well - done meat to be pink? - chemical changes during cooking. scientists have found that pinkness occurs when gases in the atmosphere of a heated gas or electric oven react chemically with hemoglobin in the meat tissues to give poultry a pink tinge. they are the same substances that give red color to smoked hams and other cured meats. the presence of high levels of myoglobin, or some of its redder forms due to incomplete denaturation during heat processing, can account for poultry having a pink to red color similar to that of an undercooked product. - natural presence of nitrites. nitrites are commonly used to produce a desired pink color in traditionally cured meats such as ham or bologna. so it follows that the natural presence of nitrates and nitrites, either in the feed or water supply, used in the production of poultry are a factor in nitrite levels in the birds. one study found that during 40 hours of storage at 40 \u00b0f, naturally occurring microorganisms converted nitrate to nitrite. it also found that the local water supply had nitrate and, thus, it could serve as a nitrate source during processing. - young age of meat. often meat of younger birds shows the most pink because their thinner skins permit oven gases to reach the flesh. the amount of fat in the skin also affects the amount of pink color. young birds or animals also lack the shield of a fat covering. meat and poultry grilled or smoked outdoors can also look pink, even when cooked to 165 \u00b0f. there may be a pink - colored rim about one - half inch wide around the outside of the cooked meat. the meat of commercially smoked turkeys is usually pink because it is prepared with natural smoke and liquid december 9, 2010", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47674874790503013, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.861631"} {"text": "welcome to usda ' s food safety and inspection service food safety at home podcast series. these podcasts were designed with you in mind - the consumer - who purchases and prepares meat, poultry and processed egg products for your family and friends. each episode will bring you a different food safety topic ranging from safe storage, handling, and preparation of meat, poultry and processed egg products to the importance of keeping foods safe during a power outage. so sit back, turn up the volume and listen in. welcome to \u201c food safety at home. \u201d this is gertie hurley with the food safety and inspection service. i am your host for this segment. joining me here today is diane van from the usda meat and poultry hot\u00acline. food safety is important for everyone but especially important for those at risk. diane will give us some practical information to help reduce the risk of foodborne illness for those who are at risk. welcome to the show, diane. thank you gertie. i am pleased to be here. diane \" who exactly are the at risk? \" gertie, everyone is at risk for contracting a foodborne illness. however, the very young, older adults, pregnant women and their unborn, and those with a weakened or compromised immune system due to illness and / or medication are at greater risk for experiencing a more serious illness or even death should they contract a foodborne how are they more vulnerable? young children have an underdeveloped immune system ; when a woman becomes pregnant her body undergoes hormonal changes causing her immune system to be weakened ; due to the aging process, older adults often experience decreasing function of their systems, including the immune system ; and then there are people who have conditions and / or take medications that weaken their immune system. why is food safety so important for the at - risk? foodborne illness is preventable. while people with normal functioning immune systems may experience diarrhea and other symptoms for a day or so, at - risk populations may experience a lengthier illness resulting in hospitalization or even death. for example, young children who consume a product contaminated with e. coli o157 may experience hemolytic uremic syndrome that can cause kidney failure or even death ; pregnant women who consume a product contaminated with listeria monocytogenes may experience a stillbirth or have a child born with severe medical complications. what are the major pathogens and some associated foods that can cause foodborne major pathogens associated with foodborne illness include for example e. coli", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4950647864353591, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.870000"} {"text": "monocytogenes may experience a stillbirth or have a child born with severe medical complications. what are the major pathogens and some associated foods that can cause foodborne major pathogens associated with foodborne illness include for example e. coli, listeria monocytogenes, campylobacter, salmonella, noroviruses, cryptosporidium, toxoplasma gondii, and vibrio what are the symptoms associated with these pathogens? flu - like symptoms are associated with foodborne illness, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever. with some pathogens such as listeria monocytogenes, one may experience a stiff neck ; with e. coli and campylobacter, one may experience bloody diarrhea. because the symptoms may often mimic the flu, if one suspects that they have contracted a foodborne illness they should consult their health care provider or physician for guidance. also, it is important to note that the onset of foodborne illness may take from a few hours to several weeks. it is important for the at - risk and those who provide their care to be aware of safe food handling practices and the symptoms associated with can you give us some examples of the foods that are most risky? yes, uncooked or undercooked meat, poultry, eggs, and seafood products and their juices, contaminated fresh fruits and vegetables, contaminated hot dogs, luncheon meats, soft cheeses and unpasteurized dairy products, smoked seafood and salads made in the store such as ham salad, chicken salad, or seafood salad. what four things would you want the at - risk person or their caretaker to remember in order to reduce their chance of getting foodborne illness? there are four principles that we promote to help consumers reduce their risk of contracting a foodborne illness, and they are the messages of clean, separate, cook and chill. be sure to wash your hands before and after eating, handling or preparing food and keeping all surfaces clean. keep raw or uncooked meat, poultry, and processed egg products and their juices away from ready - to - eat foods and fresh fruits and vegetables to prevent cross - contamination. use a food thermometer to make sure that your meat, poultry, or processed egg product has reached a safe minimum internal temperature ; for example, poultry should be cooked to 165, egg dishes and ground beef should be cooked to at least 160, and steaks / roasts should be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47041188857975325, "token_count": 510, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.870943"} {"text": "your meat, poultry, or processed egg product has reached a safe minimum internal temperature ; for example, poultry should be cooked to 165, egg dishes and ground beef should be cooked to at least 160, and steaks / roasts should be cooked to 145. keep cold foods cold and hot foods hot. chill leftovers and takeout foods within 2 hours ( within 1 hour in temperatures 90 or above ). use an appliance thermometer to check the temperature of your refrigerator and freezer. the temperature of your refrigerator should be 40 or lower and your freezer 0 or lower. to learn more about the four core food safety messages clean, separate, cook and chill, visit befoodsafe. gov. that \u2019 s that ' s it for this week. we have been talking to diane van from the usda meat and poultry hotline thank you, diane. i am gertie hurley and i \u2019 d like to thank you for joining us for this episode of \" food safety at home \" and remember, \u201c be food safe. \u201d well, that \u2019 s all for this time. thanks for joining us today for another episode of food safety at home! for answers to your food safety questions call usda ' s toll - free meat and poultry hotline at 1 - 888 - mphotline. that \u2019 s 1 - 888 - 674 - 6854. you can also get answers to food safety questions online from our virtual representative \" ask karen \" at www. askkaren. gov. let us know what you think of this podcast by sending your comments to thanks for tuning in.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4769416654686301, "token_count": 328, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.871560"} {"text": "on september 20, 2011, the u. s. postal service launched the save vanishing species stamp, with a beautiful drawing of an amur tiger cub, by artist nancy stahl. the image of the amur tiger cub is perhaps an example that best illustrates the problem and solutions that we have at hand : 60 years ago, the total number of the amur tigers, the world \u2019 s largest known cat, was down to about 50. some of the causes for this are illegal logging and fires that destroy tiger habitat ( deforestation ) and illegal poaching for use in traditional medicine, and illegal trade. conservation efforts have stemmed this decline. today the estimated population in the wild is 400 amur tigers. the save vanishing species stamp was created to raise public awareness and garner support for critically important global conservation efforts. proceeds from this stamp will directly benefit the us fish and wildlife service \u2019 s wildlife without borders - multinational species conservation funds, which have funded more than 1, 800 grants for tigers, elephants, great apes, rhinos, gorillas, chimpanzees, and sea turtles. the stamp sells for 55 cents each ( only 10 cents more than an individual first - class stamp ), and $ 11 per sheet of 20 stamps. the proceeds from the stamp are used to save endangered animals in the wild. ten million stamps were printed initially and it will be reprinted based on demand. in just about a year, 16. 5 million stamps have been purchased. it has raised a total of $ 1. 7 million for the five multinational species conservation funds. this stamp is also a celebration of a diverse and fantastic coalition of conservation organizations, private sector, and bipartisan support from members of congress. much effort and hard work was put into the creation of this monumental stamp. this initiative would not have been possible without the 31 member organizations of the multinational species coalition, a group representing over 231 million people who are truly dedicated to the vital importance of wildlife conservation. busch gardens and seaworld has declared this their official stamp. retired congressman henry brown of south carolina and the staff director for fisheries, wildlife, oceans and insular subcommittee of the house natural resource committee, harry burroughs have been champions in congress. the nation \u2019 s third largest advertising company, bbdo has been a key pro bono partner in planning the communications strategy and creative. also, the 2011 class of a semester in washington, a program at george washington university, developed a public relations strategy and produced public service announcements ( you see below ) to promote this cause. this stamp is a wonderful", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4582285324586171, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.874320"} {"text": "weed, weed, weed summer weeds are in full swing now, so try to stay ahead of them. spend just 15 minutes per day weeding, and you ' ll be surprised at how much you can get done. don ' t wait, or you may end up needing to take a week ' s vacation from work just to catch up. use fabric to tie plants tear up an old t - shirt or other soft fabric into strips ( or use purchased plant ties ) to bind climbing roses, tomatoes, and vines to their supports. twine or wire will almost certainly damage plant stems, inviting disease. remove spent rose blooms deadhead roses ( prune off spent blooms ) to encourage plants to produce more flowers. some types of roses have a relatively limited flowering period, while others will continue to bloom all summer long. in either case, it ' s best to deadhead to keep plants looking healthy. water new plants the most common cause of failure in new plants is lack of water. be sure to water new transplants and newly planted trees and shrubs frequently until they get established. during hot, sunny weather, this might mean a deep, thorough watering every few days, especially if your soil drains freely. check soil moisture levels by digging down a few inches. watch for cabbage loopers if the leaves of your cabbage - family plants, including broccoli, cauliflower, and kale, have lots of holes, they ' re probably infested with cabbage loopers or cabbageworms. inspect plants carefully for the light green caterpillars, and / or their dark - colored droppings. use bt - - a biological control that affects only caterpillars - - to control them. ( note that this insecticide also kills other caterpillars, some of which may be the larvae of butterflies you enjoy, so use it sparingly. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42629177306541366, "token_count": 378, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.876337"} {"text": "make notes for next year while problems with this year ' s garden are fresh in your mind, jot them down somewhere. note where plants have become overcrowded to help you remember what needs to be moved where next spring. note any sun - loving plants that are now too shaded, and spots where water puddles that need to be amended to improve drainage. or if visuals are more helpful, take photos of problem areas and write notes on the back of them so you ' ll know where to start with redo ' s next spring. take annual cuttings take cuttings of favorite geraniums, coleus, begonias, and any other annual flowers that you want to overwinter for replanting next year. you can also bring these plants indoors for the winter if you have a sunny spot. several popular bedding plants are perennial in warm climates and can be brought indoors as houseplants if you don ' t wait until the weather gets too cool. cold temperatures can set them back and make it hard for them to recover. gradually move the plants into shadier locations so they are better adjusted to the reduced light levels when you move them indoors. sow cover crops as you remove spent plants from your garden beds, sow a cover crop, such as winter rye. this will help reduce weed infestation, minimize erosion and compaction from fall rains, and will add nutrients and organic matter to the soil when it is tilled under next spring. if you ' re making a new bed, it ' s also a good idea to build the soil with a cover crop for a year before planting. till in the cover crop before it goes to seed, either later this fall or early next spring. refresh container plantings if you return from vacation to find tired plantings, you have two choices : cut them back and fertilize and hope they rejuvenate in time for you to enjoy them ; or toss them and start anew ( giving up is not an option yet! ). you can still find annuals at garden centers, or pot up some blooming perennials that you can plant in the ground later in the fall. or consider a combination of foliage plants, such as coleus, that you can bring indoors for the winter. keep watering newly planted trees and shrubs woody plants that you put in this spring or summer need adequate watering for the first year. even when it rains, the moisture might not soak deeply enough to reach the roots and encourage them to spread. the best", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.3988433338966325, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.879068"} {"text": "prevent blossom end rot blossom end rot shows up as dark, sunken spots on the blossom end of tomatoes, peppers, and squash. it ' s caused by a calcium imbalance in the plant - - the soil may have adequate calcium, but the plant isn ' t able to take up enough to supply the rapidly developing fruit. to minimize the problem, keep soil evenly moist, apply a layer of mulch to conserve moisture, don ' t overfertilize ( especially avoid high - nitrogen fertilizer ), and avoid damaging plant roots while cultivating. dispose of moldy strawberries if you have a strawberry bed, harvest frequently and remove any berries that show signs of grey mold or rot diseases. these berries not only are inedible, they quickly spread the diseases to other ripening fruits. pick and remove the rotten berries and mulch under plants with straw to reduce contact with the ground where the disease spores reside. foil japanese beetles japanese beetles will soon be out in full force, feeding on roses, grapes, beans, and many other plants. control them by handpicking early in the morning or in the evening when they are sluggish, or spray plants with insecticidal soap or neem oil. prune tomato suckers indeterminate tomato plants produce many suckers - - new shoots that start where a branch connects with the main trunk. removing suckers will decrease the number of fruits produced, but the remaining tomatoes will be larger and will ripen sooner. control apple maggots to prevent apple maggot adults from laying eggs on developing apple fruits, place red, sticky spheres ( available from nurseries ) in trees to fool the adults into landing on these fake apples, where they will die. place four spheres per dwarf tree, and check them every few days to clean off the moths.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42805544731463907, "token_count": 368, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.880836"} {"text": "geol 104 dinosaurs : a natural history fall semester 2012 introduction : what are dinosaurs? what is science? the meaning of fossils review course policies, goals of this course : - use dinosaurs as means of introducing students to key concepts of natural historical sciences, especially evolutionary biology and historical geology - demonstrate the scientific method as it is employed to test questions about the paleobiology, behavior, and extinction of dinosaurs - use the dinosauria as a model of demonstrating patterns of evolutionary divergence and adaptation learning outcomes : by the end of the semester, every student should be able to : - identify the major clades of dinosaurs and their primary attributes ( anatomy, behavior, stratigraphic and geographic distribution, etc. ) - interpret cladograms in determining evolutionary relationships and distribution of specializations - assess claims of inferred dinosaurian behavior, physiology, and extinction patterns from fossil dinosaur science is not archaeology! paleontology, the study of ancient life and their remains ( fossils ). fossils ( from latin fossilium \" that which is dug up \" ) are the physical remains of past life and its activities preserved in the rock record. vertebrate paleontology, the study of ancient backboned animals, including dinosaurs. the majority of paleontologists, or even of vertebrate paleontologists, are not dinosaur fossils have been found in mesozoic era rocks from every continent, including types of dinosaur fossils : - isolated bones and teeth - skeletons, in varying degrees of completeness - footprints and trackways - skin impressions and feathers - mineralized soft tissue ( muscles, intestines ) - non - mineralized soft tissue!! - eggs ( some with embryos ) and nests - coprolites ( fossilized feces ) the word \" dinosauria \" ( and hence \" dinosaur \" ) was coined in 1842 by sir richard - greek deinos \" fearfully great \" ( i. e., not just big, but scary big! ), and sauros \" lizard \" - note : hundreds of books to the contrary, owen did not say dinosauria meant owen recognized 3 different dinosaurs : - carnivorous megalosaurus - herbivorous iguanodon - armored hylaeosaurus saw that they were different from other fossil ( and modern ) reptiles because of : - upright limbs - extra hip vertebrae - and a few other skeletal features dinosauria is now recognized as a single major group of organisms, all descendants of a modern definition of dinosauria : the concestor ( most recent common ancestor ) of megalos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5820935373384084, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.887626"} {"text": "- upright limbs - extra hip vertebrae - and a few other skeletal features dinosauria is now recognized as a single major group of organisms, all descendants of a modern definition of dinosauria : the concestor ( most recent common ancestor ) of megalosaurus and iguanodon and all of its descendants thus, dinosaurs are not just \" any fossil animals \" or \" all fossil reptiles \" or \" all fossil reptiles of the mesozoic \" or \" all giant fossil reptiles of the mesozoic. \" instead, they are specific branch of the tree of life. what is science? - is not simply a body of knowledge - is the empirical ( evidence - based ) way of understanding the natural universe - uses the method of framing and testing hypotheses - proceeds by publication of ideas - allows others to check the original scientist ' s observations - allows others ( including later generations ) to independently test the hypotheses - allows ideas to be widely transmitted the following ( from thomas kida ' s don ' t believe everything you think ) are a useful set of characteristics of thinking like a scientist : - keep an open mind, but be skeptical of any unsubstantiated claim - make sure a claim ( hypothesis ) can be tested - evaluate the quality of the evidence for a claim - try to falsify the hypothesis ( i. e., look for discomfirming evidence ) - observations of natural phenomena lead to possible explanations ( hypotheses ) - these hypotheses must be falsifiable ( i. e., there must be some test, experiment, or observation which can demonstrate that the hypothesis is untrue ) - until the hypothesis is tested, it is only considered a speculation - if the hypothesis survives a test ( or tests ) of falsification, it is tentatively ( or provisionally ) accepted ( keeping in mind that additional tests might potentially overturn - consider alternative explanations - other things being equal, choose the claim that is the simplest explanation for the phenomenon ( i. e., the one that requires the - this is formally known as the principle of parsimony, and also called occam ' s razor - other things being equal, choose the claim that doesn ' t conflict with well - established knowledge - this is sometimes refered to as the principle of consilience - proportion your acceptance of a claim to the amount of evidence for or against a claim the meaning of fossils dinosaur fossils have been weathering out of the rock since long before humans evolved,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5682684645245764, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.888715"} {"text": "this is sometimes refered to as the principle of consilience - proportion your acceptance of a claim to the amount of evidence for or against a claim the meaning of fossils dinosaur fossils have been weathering out of the rock since long before humans evolved, yet \" dinosauria \" was not recognized until 1842. why did it take this long? before scientists could recognize the existence of dinosaurs, they had to recognize that fossils were the remains of dead ( not alive ), unknown, extinct ( not living anywhere ) organisms. traditional cultures around the world noticed fossils, but assumed they were remains of supernatural creatures ( giants, trolls, mammuts ( a siberian [ yakut ] legendary race of \" earth dwellers \" : the name is now transferred to fossil elephants! ), during the renaissance and enlightenment in europe, many thinkers began to abandon a view of the mythic past that included monsters and dragons. so what might fossils be? some - \" lessons \" put there by god, or \" tricks \" by satan - \" sports of nature \" : rocks that just happened to look like animal and plant parts - products of the \" vital force \" of nature ( at this time, many people believed that living things were produced by nicholas steno, a 17th century naturalist, came up with a simple solution : fossils really were parts of dead animals and plants! steno was one of the first people to recognize that rocks were not eternal, but were formed during the history of the earth. so fossils were the remains of living things buried as those rocks formed. but what sort of animals were represented baron georges cuvier ( france ) and contemporaries examined many fossils in the late 1700s / early 1800s : - had access to a wide variety of modern animal specimens as well as fossils - developed comparative anatomy : detailed descriptions of the equivalent parts of different living things - recognized fossils were remains of unknown organisms : that is, they were not examples of known living species - explained them being unknown because they were extinct organisms - examples of unusual extinct vertebrates described by cuvier and contemporaries in the late 1700s and early 1800s included : the stage was set for the discovery of dinosaurs. to next lecture. last modified : 15 august 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5542329947885625, "token_count": 442, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.889594"} {"text": "feature article of monday, 10 september 2012 columnist : anim - mensah, alexander.... threatening 100 million people with almost 100 million people in developing countries exposed to dangerously high levels of arsenic in their drinking water, and unable to afford complex purification technology, scientists have now described a simple, inexpensive method for removing arsenic based on chopped up pieces of ordinary plastic beverage bottles coated with a nutrient found in many foods and dietary supplements. dealing with arsenic contamination of drinking water in the developing world requires simple technology based on locally available materials, \" said study leader tsanangurayi tongesayi, ph. d., professor of analytical and environmental chemistry at monmouth university, west long branch, n. j. \" our process uses pieces of plastic water, soda, pop and other beverage bottles. coat the pieces with cysteine - - that ' s an amino acid found in dietary supplements and foods - - and stir the plastic in arsenic - contaminated water. this works like a magnet. the cysteine binds up the arsenic. remove the plastic and you have drinkable water. \" tongesayi described laboratory tests of the plastic bottle arsenic removal method on water containing 20 parts per billion ( ppb ) of arsenic, which is two times the safe standard set by the u. s. environmental protection agency for drinking water. it produced drinkable water with 0. 2 ppb of arsenic that more than meets the federal standard. the technology is so straight - forward that people without technical skills can use it, tongesayi said, citing that as one of its advantages over some of the existing arsenic - removal technologies. it can use discarded plastic bottles available locally, and the application of cysteine does not require complicated technology. tongesayi is seeking funding or a commercial partner, which he said is the key to moving the arsenic - removing process into use in a relatively short time. the technology also has the potential for removing other potentially toxic heavy metals from drinking water. odorless, tasteless and colorless, arsenic enters drinking water supplies from natural deposits in soil and rock that occur in some parts of the world, including parts of the united states, and from agricultural and industrial sources. symptoms of arsenic poisoning include thickening and discoloration of the skin ; stomach pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea ; vision loss ; and numbness in hands and feet. arsenic also has been linked to cancer of the bladder, lungs, skin, kidney, nasal passages, liver and prostate. the above article was published in sciencedaily", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5176100145503606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.895122"} {"text": "vomiting and diarrhea ; vision loss ; and numbness in hands and feet. arsenic also has been linked to cancer of the bladder, lungs, skin, kidney, nasal passages, liver and prostate. the above article was published in sciencedaily on september 1, 2011 http : / / www. sciencedaily. com / releases / 2011 / 08 / 110831205923. htm. however, it was part of the 242nd national meeting & exposition of the american chemical society ( acs ) report, a major scientific meeting with 7, 500 technical papers, being held in denver colorado the week of august 29, 2011. comments the above information shows that arsenic and other heavy metals are known to cause health problems and cysteine is effective for their removal or dealing with them. arsenic is present in some foods, water and air and which we are constantly exposed to. cysteine is an amino acid found in some foods, some dietary supplements and is also made by the body. cysteine is very beneficial to our body and this includes ( 1 ) assisting the body to detoxify heavy metals and chemicals, ( 2 ) protecting our cells from radical damage, and ( 3 ) assisting in the control of extra mucus in the lungs. also, cysteine is known to be vital for the prevention and / or treatment of asthma, acute respiratory distress syndrome, heart and liver disease, cataracts, hair loss, rheumatoid arthritis, viral infection, hiv / aids and heavy metal poisoning and exposure. the benefits of cysteine make it necessary to consume cysteine - rich foods. these cysteine - rich foods include garlic, onions, red pepper, poultry, egg yolks, yoghurt, oats, wheat germ, broccoli, and brussels sprouts. however, there are other foods that contain cysteine but not to appreciate levels to be effective and so are heavy metals in foods. while some could contain more heavy metals than others, others may contain both heavy metals and cysteine but this may be dependent on location. cysteine is also available on the market in raw form or as food supplement. if access to cysteine is unavailable for water treatment ; consuming foods rich in cysteine could be of enormous benefit to the body. this save lives as well as prolonging our longevity. note that different plants pick different amounts of arsenic from the soils and water. this means that different plants including some of our foods have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4884889961937148, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.896117"} {"text": "cysteine could be of enormous benefit to the body. this save lives as well as prolonging our longevity. note that different plants pick different amounts of arsenic from the soils and water. this means that different plants including some of our foods have the ability to accumulate arsenic and other heavy metals and could be used for cleaning up exercises in areas with high levels of heavy metals and chemicals including petroleum. this also means some of our plants could be explored for phytoremediation. phytoremediation however slow is renewable and could be coupled up with other techniques. i believe ghanaian researchers in the areas of food, water, medicine, environment and others could involve multidisciplinary research along these lines to provide simple but effective solutions to some of our local existing and emerging problems. in addition, awareness needs to be drawn to areas with high levels of heavy metals, chemicals, etc without good or effective water treatment to consider consuming cysteine - rich foods. ghana will be a better place if we actively read, research, investigate, share information, effectively draw awareness and implement our findings. i believe the government institutions, private companies, ngos, foundations, philanthropists, and others can be involved in providing funding to tertiary education and research institutes to equip them tailor solutions to some of ghana needs. in turn, proper disseminating and / or packaging of information or findings from these research will be necessary to attract more funding. in addition, avenues need to be available to nurture new ideas. ministry of science and technology, education and others needs to devise strategies to fund and support research as well as to nurture and safeguard new ideas in ghana. additionally, there is a need for bodies to look into the numerous findings and projects produced at the tertiary and research institutions and to select attractive ones with feasible economics for showcasing and for further investigations. i believe there are very effective solutions \u2019 sitting on the shelves of many tertiary institutions and in the minds of many ghanaians walking on the streets. i hope the above information open our eyes to understand and to solve our own problems. god bless ghana. alexander anim - mensah, phd dayton ohio email @ example. com", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5027478943361519, "token_count": 440, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.897083"} {"text": "gauguin was first a sailor, then a successful stockbroker in paris. in 1874 he began to paint on weekends. by the age of 35, with the encouragement of camille pissarro, he devoted himself completely to his art, having given up his position and separated ( 1885 ) from his wife and five children. allying himself with the impressionists, he exhibited with them from 1879 to 1886. the next year he sailed for panama and martinique. in protest against the \" disease \" of civilization, he determined to live primitively, but illness forced him to return to france. the next years were spent in paris and brittany, with a brief but tragic stay with van gogh at arles. later life and art in 1888, gauguin and emile bernard proposed a synthetist theory of art, emphasizing the use of flat planes and bright, nonnaturalistic color in conjunction with symbolic or primitive subjects. the yellow christ ( albright - knox art gall., buffalo ) is characteristic of this period. in 1891, gauguin sold 30 canvases and with the proceeds went to tahiti. there he spent two years living poorly, painting some of his finest pictures, and writing noa noa ( tr. 1947 ), an autobiographical novel set in tahiti. in 1893 he returned to france, collected a legacy, and exhibited his work, rousing some interest but making very little money. disheartened and sick from syphilis, which had afflicted him for many years, he again set out for the south seas in 1895. there his last years were spent in poverty, despair, and physical suffering. in 1897 he attempted suicide and failed, living to paint for five more years. he died on hiva oa in the marquesas islands. gauguin ' s style and impact on modern art today gauguin is recognized as a highly influential founding father of modern art. he rejected the tradition of western naturalism, using nature as a starting point from which to abstract figures and profound sense of mystery. he revived the art of woodcutting with his free and daring knife work and his expressive, irregular shapes and strong contrasts. he produced some fine lithographs and a number of pottery pieces. there are major examples of gauguin ' s work in the united states, including the day of the god ( art inst., chicago ), ia orana maria ( 1891 ; metropolitan mus. ), by the sea ( 1892 ; national gall., washington,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4139637206583745, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.900725"} {"text": "help us engage underserved students in exploring and learning science, engineering, and math concepts through the tech challenge. underserved students are often underrepresented in math and science and are not given the opportunity to participate in after - school programs. the tech museum believes every young person should have an opportunity to explore hands - on design. the tech challenge, one of the tech museum ' s signature programs, is our way of \" inspiring the innovator in everyone. \" the tech challenge provides months of team learning in science, engineering, and math. the tech challenge meets california content standards and reinforces 21st century skills of creativity, problem solving, design, teamwork, leadership, presentation, risk - taking, perseverance, and learning from failure. we will reach out to and provide underserved youth the opportunity to participate in the tech challenge. this project will provide an opportunity for 10 teams of under - served students to participate in the tech challenge. these students will have access to a program that reinforces the scientific process, inspires creativity, and builds teamwork skills. \" lots of the students here have the potential, they just haven ' t had the opportunity. however, by the end of the program, we can see that their self - confidence and sense of accomplishment have grown. \" - rosemary baez, executive director, third street community center total funding received to date : $ 8, 780 remaining goal to be funded : $ 16, 220 total funding goal : $ 25, 000 this project has provided additional documentation in a pdf file ( projdoc. pdf ). director, corporate relations", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.497827280302236, "token_count": 327, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.902430"} {"text": "| the person of christ - 22 - his atonement pre - figured in the old testament ot | chapter 22 - the atonement of christ in the old testament harold s. paisley the subject of atonement is of vital importance and is one of the great fundamentals of the faith once for all delivered to the saints. the concept of atonement as presented in the old testament is a covering of sins on the grounds of the death of the lord jesus yet to be accomplished at calvary. the old testament word the beautiful hebrew word translated? to make atonement? is? kaphar? and is found only once in its simple form. the instructions given by god to noah has this word in relation to the ark which was to be pitched within and without with pitch. mr. newberry gives the root word for pitch to mean? to cover or to make atonement? ( gen. 6 : 14 ). the word is used in other forms some one hundred times elsewhere in the old testament and is usually rendered? to make atonement.? the new testament replacement with these considerations we believe that atonement is not a new testament word at all, but is replaced by the grand word which conveys deeper truth, even the word propitiation ( i john 2 : 2 ). thus the truth of atonement is first of all an old testament doctrine. it must be pointed out however, in this century the two words atonement and propitiation are used as equivalents. the careful student will observe and appreciate that while words have changed their meaning by common usage there is no confusion in the language and thoughts of god. his word is ever the same. it is unchanging and every word of god is pure. the contrasts between the two words the basic meaning of atonement has the idea of the covering of sins or the hiding of them from sight for a time. the concept of propitiation is the giving to god full satisfaction for sin forever. on the day of atonement the blood was carried into the sanctuary but not placed upon the sinner ( lev. 16 : 15 ). in propitiation however, the precious blood of christ fully cleanseth the sinner from every trace of sin and guilt. the old testament atonement gave a brief period of rest to the sinner, at the longest one year, through the blood of the sacrifice.? those sacrifices could never make the comers thereunto perfect. for then would they not have", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48239200753647826, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.906630"} {"text": "the old testament atonement gave a brief period of rest to the sinner, at the longest one year, through the blood of the sacrifice.? those sacrifices could never make the comers thereunto perfect. for then would they not have ceased to be offered? because that the worshippers once purged should have had no more conscience of sins? ( heb. 10 : 1 - 2 ). in propitiation the soul enters into eternal rest and a standing before god without a spot on the grounds of the one offering of the lord jesus christ upon the cross. the words? their sins and iniquities will i remember no more,? have the blessed thought of a once for all dealing by god with the question of our sins. he remembered the sins continually year by year in atonement, but now in propitiation they are remembered no more, because they have been, once for all, laid upon the victim at calvary ( heb. 10 : 11 - 15 ). on the day of atonement the high priest alone entered into the presence of god as a worshipper. the people were excluded and stood waiting without. they had no right of entrance into his presence. in reconciliation which is one of the great blessings flowing out to us as the result of propitiation, all has been changed. the believer is now constituted a priest and has received a fitness and a title to draw near to god, within the veil, as a worshipper to offer the sacrifice of praise. this right is not confined to any select number of the people of god but is the grand and holy privilege of the whole priesthood of all believers. the atonement of the old testament removed sin from man for a little while, but the man himself was unchanged in his nature. the propitiation however, transcends this and should cause us to stand amazed in his presence, who hath done all things well. the believing soul now appears clothed in all the beauty of the son of his love, changed by divine grace, indwelt by the holy spirit and given a perfect place of acceptance in christ before god. atonement as a foreshadowing of propitiation in the consideration of atonement in this light it appears evident that it was a foreshadowing of the crowning glory of propitiation. god in his forbearance covered sins that were past on the grounds of the coming sacrifice of his son, which sacrifice was witnessed in the continual blood - shedding", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4529659840449464, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.907554"} {"text": "teen is on front lines of autism clinical trialshe lives in a world no one else can enter, unable to speak or interact with others. but 16 - year - old rebecca singer may be playing an important role in science. by : barbara williams, the record ( hackensack n. j. ) hackensack, n. j. \u2014 she lives in a world no one else can enter, unable to speak or interact with others. but 16 - year - old rebecca singer may be playing an important role in science. rebecca has become the first patient in a clinical trial testing a drug that researchers hope could pull her out of her reality and eventually lead to a groundbreaking autism treatment. in the study led by the mount sinai school of medicine and assisted by a research team from rutgers university, the tenafly, n. j., girl is taking a growth factor hormone that was shown to reverse in mice some of the deficits associated with autism. researchers aren \u2019 t expecting a cure but are hopeful for a \" disease modifying \" outcome, said dr. alex kolevzon, one of the physicians working on the study and the pediatrics clinical director at the seaver autism center at mount sinai. \" we know that humans don \u2019 t always respond the way mice do, but there \u2019 s the potential for significant benefit, \" kolevzon said. such words are remarkable to parents of children with autism. \" i \u2019 m trying not to get my hopes up that this could be the miracle we \u2019 ve been waiting for, \" rebecca \u2019 s father, jon singer said. \" but there is the possibility that it could be and even if this hormone only helps in a small way, it \u2019 s a start. \" autism rates are rising at a startling pace. one in 88 children nationwide now has the disorder. new jersey \u2019 s rates are even higher \u2014 one in every 49 children, including one in every 29 boys \u2014 according to a report released in march by the centers for disease and control and prevention. rebecca and two other children in the 7 - month blind study are being injected twice a day for three months with growth factor igf - 1 or a placebo, separated by a four - week resting period. the insulin - like hormone is typically used for children not growing appropriately for their age. in a trial last year, igf - 1 was shown to reverse nerve cell communication damage in mice. people with autism seem to have the same type of deficits. all the trial participants have a mutated or missing gene on chromosome 22", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47423335128476446, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.913435"} {"text": "age. in a trial last year, igf - 1 was shown to reverse nerve cell communication damage in mice. people with autism seem to have the same type of deficits. all the trial participants have a mutated or missing gene on chromosome 22, which causes phelan - mcdermid syndrome, a rare genetic disease that causes severe disabilities and, often, autism. chromosome 22 is involved in processes crucial for learning and memory ; the loss of it can impede neuron communication. people with phelan, estimated at fewer than 700 worldwide, typically have profound intellectual disabilities, chewing and swallowing problems, no formal language, and autism. \" rebecca seems to understand certain things and can use a fork and drink from a cup, something we didn \u2019 t think would ever happen, \" singer said. \" she turns the pages of a book when we \u2019 re reading to her but we \u2019 re not sure how much of it she understands. \" though rebecca doesn \u2019 t speak, her family understands her rudimentary method of communicating, like when she stops what she is doing to sit on a kitchen chair \u2014 meaning she \u2019 s hungry. when she wants to go to her favorite place \u2014 anywhere outdoors \u2014 she stands in front of the door. her father, her mother, michey, and 12 - year - old brother, sam, can interpret the sounds she makes to know whether she \u2019 s agitated or happy. and anyone can see her face - wide grin when she \u2019 s in a pool or riding her bike. \" she \u2019 s a real trouper \u2014 she \u2019 s been poked and prodded so much and she doesn \u2019 t really cry or give us a hard time, \" her mother said. \" i \u2019 m cautiously hopeful this trial will be groundbreaking and even if it doesn \u2019 t help rebecca, it will help someone else down the road. \" now that rebecca is in the study, her loved ones are watching carefully for any improvements \u2014 better eye contact or more fluid movements \u2014 though no one knows whether she \u2019 s taking igf - 1 or the placebo. \" sometimes i think she \u2019 s doing better with her fine motor skills but i have to remind myself how powerful suggestion can be, \" her father said. \" her teachers will tell us they believe she \u2019 s making longer eye contact, but we have to keep all this in perspective. even though everyone is trying to be objective, sometimes you see what you want to see. \" ( editors : story can end here ) while others look for hopeful signs,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5076910701752544, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.914378"} {"text": "s making longer eye contact, but we have to keep all this in perspective. even though everyone is trying to be objective, sometimes you see what you want to see. \" ( editors : story can end here ) while others look for hopeful signs, michey singer has her eyes trained on the conditions that indicate her daughter may be suffering from the growth factor \u2019 s side effects \u2014 low blood sugar, light - headedness or a more pronounced limp. \" i test her blood sugar three times a day and watch if she \u2019 s limping, \" michey singer said. \" even without the trial, there \u2019 s constant worry with rebecca \u2014 she can \u2019 t tell me when something is wrong so i \u2019 m always listening and watching to see if something seems off. \" two years ago. scientists discovered how to create autism - like conditions in mice, altering the chromosome to disrupt nerve cell communication. less than a year later, researchers gave the affected rodents igf - 1. by day six of the two - week treatment, they had reversed the damage. \" igf - 1 promotes synaptic growth in nerve cells, \" kolevzon said. \" you can \u2019 t compare the time frame between mice and humans but if igf - 1 is successful, this may shed a broader light on autism. \" ( editors : story can end here ) a psychology research team at rutgers university may be among the first to see any improvements in rebecca and others in the study. elizabeth torres, an assistant professor who leads the group, said they are creating three avatar - like images for each patient \u2014 before the study begins, half - way through the trial, and after it is over. comparing the images may allow researchers to discern slight changes in movement that may not be visible in the patient, researchers said. \" we \u2019 re collecting motion patterns \u2014 240 points of movement for each second, \" torres said. \" these movements are like fingerprints, unique to each person, and we can track their performance gains. \" emerging research points to genetic mutations as a likely cause of autism spectrum disorder. specifically, different genetic mutations may cause the common symptoms associated with the disorder, such as problems with social interaction, language and behavior. the mount sinai work could trigger other studies on various gene mutations, experts say. in addition to having autism, people with phelan also have a wide range of symptoms including intellectual disabilities, sleep disorders and seizures. infants may have very low muscle tone, poor motor control and problems with eating and swallowing. jon singer works tirelessly for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5216476784790778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.915549"} {"text": "| figure 2 - 3 : components of the terrestrial carbon pool ( compiled and amplified from apps and price, 1996 ). to fully account for carbon at a site, one must examine the forest, the crops, and the soils as a dynamic multi - component ecosystem, above - and below - ground, with changes in biomass and soil organic matter as key tracking mechanisms. the most easily measurable pool is the total standing aboveground biomass of woody vegetation elements. the aboveground biomass comprises all woody stems, branches, and leaves of living trees, creepers, climbers, and epiphytes, as well as herbaceous undergrowth. in some inventories, dead fallen trees and other coarse woody debris, as well as the litter layer, are included in biomass estimates ; in other inventories, these categories are considered as a separate dead organic matter pool. in practice, standing timber volumes per hectare are often taken as a proxy value, applying a locally tested conversion factor ( see section 2. 4 ). the below - ground biomass comprises living and dead roots, soil mesofauna, and the microbial community. there also is a large pool of organic carbon in various forms of soil humus ( soil organic carbon, soc ). other forms of soil carbon are charcoal from fires and consolidated carbon in the form of iron - humus pans or concretions. many soils also contain a subpool of inorganic carbon in the form of hard or soft calcium carbonate ( soil inorganic carbon, sic ). another major pool of carbon consists of forest products ( timber, pulp products, non - timber forest products such as fruits and latex ) and agricultural crops ( food, fiber, forage, biofuels ) taken off the site. section 2. 4 discusses their measurement and the monitoring of their routing and stability. the components of the terrestrial carbon pools are illustrated in figure 2 - 3. other reports in this collection", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.49189350295120976, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.917583"} {"text": "andre gunder frank, barry k. gills, eds. the world system : five hundred years or five thousand? london and new york : routledge, 1994. xxii + 320 pp. $ 65. 00 ( cloth ), isbn 978 - 0 - 415 - 07678 - 4. reviewed by jerry h. bentley ( university of hawaii ) published on h - world ( february, 1995 ) during the past two decades, world - system studies have deeply influenced scholarship in several disciplines. elaborated as an alternative to modernization analysis, the world - system approach originally seemed relevant particularly to the modern world. yet its main premise - - that individual lands and nations do not develop in isolation, but rather in the context of a larger system that shapes their political, economic, and social experiences - - might well have some application in premodern as well as modern times. indeed, in before european hegemony : the world system, a. d. 1250 - 1350 ( new york : oxford university press, 1989 ), janet l. abu - lughod argued that a world system quite different from the modern capitalist variety influenced political, economic, and social development throughout much of the eastern hemisphere during the age of the mongol empires. andre gunder frank and barry k. gills accept abu - lughod ' s argument, but they hold further that the notion of a world system is applicable much earlier than the mongol era. indeed, frank and gills argue that the world has generated only one world system, that it originated about 3000 b. c. e. with interaction between mesopotamian and egyptian societies, and that it has expanded in size and scale ever since. thus immanuel wallerstein ' s modern capitalist world system - - now about 500 years old - - represents only the latest phase of a world system that reaches back some five millennia. the volume under review brings together eleven essays - - seven of them reprinted, the other four published here for the first time - - that grapple with the notion of premodern world systems. writing individually or jointly, frank and gills contribute six of the eleven essays. k. ekholm and j. friedman contribute an article, originally published in 1982, on imperialism and exploitation in ancient world systems. david wilkinson offers fresh thoughts on the categories of civilization, core, world economy, and oikumene. samir amin reprints an article of 1991 distinguishing between ancient and modern world systems. janet l. abu - lughod provides an essay, previously circulated in manuscript, that recap", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5415579706861188, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.925034"} {"text": "civilization, core, world economy, and oikumene. samir amin reprints an article of 1991 distinguishing between ancient and modern world systems. janet l. abu - lughod provides an essay, previously circulated in manuscript, that recapitulates her understanding of the world system of the mongol era. and immanuel wallerstein contributes a brief essay, originally published in 1991, restating his contention that the modern capitalist world system represents a historical phenomenon qualitatively different from anything that preceeded it. in the nature of things, the views of frank and gills set the agenda for this volume, and they warrant particularly close attention. frank and gills argue that the hallmarks that wallerstein attributes to the modern capitalist world system - - most importantly the process of capital accumulation, the establishment of core - periphery relationships, the operation of cycles of expansion and contraction, and the existence of hegemony and rivalry relationships - - all apply equally well to premodern as to modern times. this contention leads them to deny the usefulness of the long - revered categories of feudalism, capitalism, and socialism, as well as the almost equally long - honored effort to chart transitions from one to another. since they believe that these artificial constructs obscure more than they clarify, frank and gills suggest that historical scholarship should abandon them altogether and focus instead on \" center - periphery structures, hegemony / rivalry within them, the process of capital accumulation, cycles in all of these, and the world system in which they operate \" ( p. xv ). this complex of themes they trace back some 5, 000 years to the beginning of regular interaction between ancient mesopotamian and egyptian societies. a thesis as large and novel as the one that frank and gills advance calls for detailed substantiation. unfortunately, in this volume, frank and gills do not attempt to sketch even briefly the structure of their world system. their work thus differs considerably from that of world - system analysts like wallerstein and abu - lughod, who described in some detail the economic and political relationships that served as foundations for the world systems they envisioned. the work of frank and gills differs also from that of economic historians like philip d. curtin, k. n. chaudhuri, and s. d. goitein, all of whom reconstructed trade networks that helped to integrate large - scale economic zones in premodern times. frank and gills deal with real historical experiences - - as opposed to analytical recommendations, methodological suggestions, or theoretical reflections - -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5408135746982552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.925969"} {"text": "goitein, all of whom reconstructed trade networks that helped to integrate large - scale economic zones in premodern times. frank and gills deal with real historical experiences - - as opposed to analytical recommendations, methodological suggestions, or theoretical reflections - - in only a single, jointly written essay that charts eight long cycles that they believe drove the economic and political history of the eastern hemisphere between 1700 b. c. e. and 1700 c. e. their identification of cycles, however, is largely unpersuasive. they rarely introduce economic data when discussing their eight cycles, but rather depend almost exclusively on the rise and decline of imperial states as an index to cyclical expansion and contraction. indeed, the criteria for identifying cycles are so loose and uncontrolled that it would be possible to make a case for either cyclical expansion or cyclical contraction for several of the eight cyclical periods proposed here. furthermore, frank and gills rely on scholarship that is long out of date ( works by e. h. warmington, frederick teggart, v. gordon childe, and others ) or even downright unreliable ( luc kwanten ' s study of nomadic empires ) when seeking to ground their cycles in historical experience. as a result of these problems, the notion of eight system - wide cycles remains an interesting hypothesis, but one that will require thorough investigation and solid documentation before scholars can accept the cycles with any degree of confidence. quite apart from these cycles, of course, other features of the proposed 5, 000 - year world system that do not receive any detailed attention here at all - - institutions, trade flows, economic and political relationships, and the like - - also call for documentation that this volume does not provide. another general problem with the thesis of frank and gills has to do with the term \" system. \" the authors never offer a precise definition of the term, but they associate it most closely with inter - societal transfers of surplus production : \" if different ` societies, ' empires, and civilizations, as well as other ` peoples, ' regularly exchanged surplus, then they also participated in the same world system. that is, ` society ' a here could and would not be the same as it was in the absence of its contact with b there, and vice versa \" ( p. 93 ). the world system of frank and gills is thus a much looser affair than that of wallerstein, which always exhibits an axial division of labor that distinguishes the core, periphery, and semi - periphery from each other. it differs also from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5388534363059094, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.926958"} {"text": "93 ). the world system of frank and gills is thus a much looser affair than that of wallerstein, which always exhibits an axial division of labor that distinguishes the core, periphery, and semi - periphery from each other. it differs also from abu - lughod ' s world system, which featured multiple cores, but which stood on the foundations of the mongol empires and long - established trade routes linking an archipelago of cities from china and southeast asia to western europe and north africa. many historians would agree that cross - cultural interaction was a prominent feature of the premodern world. some would agree further that premodern trade in luxury goods had much larger significance than wallerstein would allow. even at that, however, the term \" system \" may seem rather strong for the relationships that frank and gills have in mind. in any case, their usage certainly dilutes the term : it is clear that the world system of frank and gills was a creature very different indeed from those described by wallerstein and abu - lughod. even if the term be allowed for the past 5, 000 years, it demands more careful thought and more thorough elaboration than it has so far received. a third general problem with the world system of frank and gills is that it does not deal very well with change over time. most scholars would recognize the expansion of european influence in the larger world and the process of industrialization as major turning points in world history, and most would consider processes of cross - cultural interaction in modern times qualitatively different from those of premodern times. apart from their cycles of expansion and contraction, however, frank and gills have little if any apparatus to explain european prominence and industrialization. frank and gills have sought diligently to avoid eurocentric conceptions of the past - - including the residual eurocentrism that many historians find in wallerstein ' s vision of the modern capitalist world system - - and it certainly makes excellent sense to take a problem - centered rather than a eurocentric perspective on cross - cultural interactions. yet a vision of world - system history that ignores european prominence in modern times and the process of industrialization - - a vision that jettisons the notions of feudalism, capitalism, and socialism and offers nothing in their place to help conceive, analyze, or explain large - scale historical change - - is inadequate. in spite of these general problems - - as well as a number of smaller difficulties with their argument - - frank and gills have provided a valuable service by initiating a debate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5483612914022972, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.927901"} {"text": "##ceive, analyze, or explain large - scale historical change - - is inadequate. in spite of these general problems - - as well as a number of smaller difficulties with their argument - - frank and gills have provided a valuable service by initiating a debate about cross - cultural interactions before modern times and before the mongol era. my own opinion is that the notion of a single, 5, 000 - year world system is not persuasive. yet there remain many dimensions of cross - cultural interaction in premodern times - - including long - distance trade, imperial expansion, mass migrations, biological and ecological exchanges, and the spread of cultural and religious traditions - - that historians have only recently begun to examine seriously. even if it is excessive, the bold thesis of frank and gills may stimulate additional useful research on cross - cultural interactions and their effects in premodern times. if there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the list discussion logs at : http : / / h - net. msu. edu / cgi - bin / logbrowse. pl. jerry h. bentley. review of frank, andre gunder ; gills, barry k., eds., the world system : five hundred years or five thousand?. h - world, h - net reviews. copyright \u00a9 1995 by h - net, all rights reserved. h - net permits the redistribution and reprinting of this work for nonprofit, educational purposes, with full and accurate attribution to the author, web location, date of publication, originating list, and h - net : humanities & social sciences online. for any other proposed use, contact the reviews editorial staff at firstname. lastname @ example. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5458278776689147, "token_count": 351, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.928589"} {"text": "80 - 85 % of haitians are of african descent, and the remaining 20 - 15 % of the population are mostly of mixed - race background. a small percentage of the non - black population consists primarily of white haitians ; mostly of western european ( french, german, polish, portuguese and spanish ), and arab, armenian, or jewish origin. haitians of east asian descent or east indian origin number approximately 400. one of haiti ' s two official languages is french, which is the principal written and administratively authorised language. it is spoken by all educated haitians, is spoken in schools, and is used in the business sector. it is also used in ceremonious events such as weddings, graduations and church masses. the second is the recently standardised haitian creole, which is spoken by virtually the entire population of haiti. haitian creole is one of the french - based creole languages, it is strongly related to french and spanish, with influence from west african languages, taino and almost every european language. haitian creole is closely related to louisiana creole and all the other french creoles. for many years roman catholicism was the official religion of haiti. its official status was repealed with the enactment of the 1987 constitution ; however, neither the government nor the vatican has renounced the 1860 concordat that serves as a basis for relations between the two. in many ways roman catholicism retains a position of honour, but haitians are guaranteed the freedom to practice all religions by the constitution. according to 1998 estimates, roman catholics represent about 80 % of the population. most of the remainder belong to various protestant denominations, the largest being the baptist ( 10 % ) and pentecostal ( 4 % ) churches. other significant denominations include methodists, episcopalians, jehovah ' s witnesses, mormons, adventists, and orthodox. other religious groups include jews, muslims, rastafarians, and baha ' is. voodoo, a traditional religion partially derived from west african beliefs, is still widely practised, often in tandem with christianity. voodoo became an officially recognised church in 2001 with the establishment of the eglise voudou d ' ayiti ( the voodoo church of haiti ) and has had a growing attendance since then.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4120435160404611, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.930688"} {"text": "related media : understanding heart failure congestive heart failure ( chf ) is a condition that is usually the result of other underlying conditions. it is important to diagnose the underlying cause, so that the proper treatment can be given. copyright \u00a9 nucleus medical media, inc. there are not always noticeable symptoms for chf as it develops. when symptoms do occur, they may include : - shortness of breath, especially with activity, or when lying down - swelling of feet and ankles - fatigue and weakness - persistent cough or wheezing cough that may be accompanied by white or blood - tinged phlegm - rapid weight gain - irregular or rapid heartbeat - change in urine production ( increase or decrease, need to urinate at night ) - loss of appetite - decreased alertness american heart association website. available at : harrison \u2019 s principles of internal medicine. 14th ed. mcgraw - hill ; 2001. heart failure online website. available at : mayo clinic heart center website. vasan rs, benjamin ej, levy d. prevalence, clinical features and prognosis of diastolic heart failure ; an epidemiologic perspective. j am coll cardiol. last reviewed september 2012 by michael j. fucci, do please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. it is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. call your healthcare provider immediately if you think you may have a medical emergency. always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. copyright \u00a9 ebsco publishing. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4822511345125446, "token_count": 337, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.932549"} {"text": "insulin c - peptide is a blood test that measures the amount of c - peptide, a byproduct created when the hormone insulin is produced. how the test is performed blood is typically drawn from a vein, usually on the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. the site is cleaned with germ - killing medicine ( antiseptic ). the health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood. next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. the blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. the elastic band is removed from your arm. once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding. in infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to puncture the skin and make it bleed. the blood collects into a small glass tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. a bandage may be placed over the area if there is any bleeding. review date : 04 / 19 / 2010 reviewed by : ari s. eckman, md, division of endocrinology and metabolism, johns hopkins school of medicine, baltimore, md. review provided by verimed healthcare network. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45570575032181626, "token_count": 298, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.935795"} {"text": "blood gases is a measurement of how much oxygen and carbon dioxide is in your blood. it also determines the acidity ( ph ) of your blood. arterial blood gas analysis ; abg how the test is performed usually, blood is taken from an artery. the blood may be collected from the radial artery in the wrist, the femoral artery in the groin, or the brachial artery in the arm. the health care provider may test circulation to the hand before taking a sample of blood from the wrist area. the health care provider will insert a small needle through the skin into the artery. you can choose to have numbing medicine ( anesthesia ) applied to the site before the test begins. in some cases, blood from a vein may be used. after the blood is taken, pressure is applied to the site for a few minutes to stop the bleeding. the health care provider will watch the site for signs of bleeding or circulation problems. the sample must be quickly sent to a laboratory for analysis to ensure accurate results. how to prepare for the test there is no special preparation. if you are on oxygen therapy, the oxygen concentration must remain constant for 20 minutes before the test. how the test will feel you may feel brief cramping or throbbing at the puncture site. why the test is performed the test is used to evaluate respiratory diseases and conditions that affect the lungs. it helps determine the effectiveness of oxygen therapy. the test also provides information about the body ' s acid / base balance, which can reveal important clues about lung and kidney function and the body ' s general metabolic state. acidosis diabetic ketoacidosis lactic acidosis metabolic acidosis respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis review date : 08 / 13 / 2010 reviewed by : david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.512303640635273, "token_count": 412, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.938261"} {"text": "( source : stanford university, news release, nov. 11, 2012 ) wednesday, nov. 14 ( healthday news ) - - scientists say they have created a touch - sensitive plastic \" skin \" that can heal itself when torn or cut. the synthetic skin includes a plastic polymer with molecules that can reorganize themselves and restore the structure of the material after it is damaged. tiny particles of nickel were added to the polymer in order to increase its mechanical strength and its ability to conduct electricity. the stanford university team tested the healing ability of the synthetic skin by cutting a piece of it in half with a scalpel. they then gently pressed the pieces together for a few seconds and found that the material quickly regained 75 percent of its original strength and conductivity. within about a half - hour, the material was nearly 100 percent restored. even after being cut and repaired in the same place 50 times, the sample retained its original bending and stretching capabilities. \" before our work, it was very hard to imagine that this kind of flexible, conductive material could also be self - healing, \" chao wang, a co - first author of the research, said in a university news release. twisting or putting pressure on the synthetic skin changes the distance between the nickel particles and, in turn, the ease with which electrons can move between the particles. these changes in electrical resistance can be translated into information about pressure and tension on the skin. the material is sensitive enough to detect the pressure of a handshake, and may be ideal for use in artificial limbs, the researchers said. they also suggested that coating electrical devices and wires in this material could give them the ability to repair themselves and restore the flow of electricity without costly and difficult repair work, particularly in hard - to - reach locations such as inside walls or inside vehicles. the study was published nov. 11 in the journal nature nanotechnology. columbia university ' s go ask alice explains how skin heals after being injured. copyright \u00a9 2013 scoutnews, llc. all rights reserved. healthdaynews articles are derived from various sources and do not reflect federal policy. healthfinder. gov does not endorse opinions, products, or services that may appear in news stories. for more information on health topics in the news, visit health news on healthfinder. gov.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.527498548076768, "token_count": 467, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.942264"} {"text": "getting one \u2019 s temperature taken used to be a painful experience. over the years, thermometers have gotten progressively better and better and have become more child - friendly. according to forbes, there may be a new method for taking temperatures on the horizon that will trump them all. the human body, when in a state of wellness, has an average temperature of 98. 6 degrees. the variety of ways for a mother, and sometimes a doctor, measures a person temperature include : feeling one \u2019 s face and forehead, kissing of the forehead, the traditional mercury thermometer, a strip placed on the forehead, an electronic thermometer rolled over the forehead and face, and an ear thermometer that measures body temperature. here comes another : your smartphone. soon, the days of having to hold a thermometer under your tongue, under your armpit or shoved up your, err, southernmost point of entry, will be gone. replacing those old traditions will be an app for your smartphone. the fraden corporation has been granted the patent on an app that will allow one to take the temperature of a sick person, without physical contact. the process is quick, and eliminates the frustration many parents experience trying to get a sick child to be still long enough to take their temperature. this new measurement tool will entail measuring the infrared emitted from the human body. much like the principles of the ear thermometer, the smartphone will be able to take a picture that will measure the amount of infrared light given off by the body, and relate it into an accurate measuring of the body \u2019 s temperature. the new technology used today allows the sensor to be placed next to the camera lens located in the rear of most smartphones. the smartphone will be placed approximately an inch away from the patient \u2019 s temple, and when the signal is attained, the app will instantly register the temperature. results are very accurate, and by eliminating the need to touch the ill individual, can limit risks of disease transfer. the new mobile health agent is equipped to perform a host of other health - related tasks as well \u2013 all equally convenient. edited by braden becker", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.48894757388125454, "token_count": 432, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.944532"} {"text": "hiam health is a non government organisation ( ngo ) based in dili east timor ( timor leste ) working to create a future for this struggling nation in the way of education, rehabilitation and prevention of malnutrition. our latest initiatives november 2011 : read about our current projects including our new horticultural education program and our new malnutrition education program for influential village timor - leste ( tl ) facts - timor - leste is approximately 60 minutes from darwin, australia by plane. - it has a population of around 1 million. - over 50 percent of children under five are malnourished. ( ministry of health ( moh ) statistics may 2008 ). - approximately 100, 000 children under five are malnourished and hungry. life expectancy for women is as low as 54 years of age in some districts. - tl census infant mortality rate ( imr ) is as high as 111 per 1000 births in some districts. - tl census 2004 in 2000, world leaders devised eight goals to improve the health and welfare of men, woman and children living in developing nations. one child dies every six seconds from hunger and every day, around 30, 000 children die mostly from preventable causes. under nutrition is responsible for more than half the approximately 10 million deaths that occur in children under five in developing nations. nearly 150 million children under the age of five in developing nations are under weight for their age. two thirds of these children are in asia. eradicating hunger, part of the millennium development goals ( mdg ) no. 1, is the key to development. while people are hungry, all other development activities are thwarted. the hungry can concentrate on little other than their next meal. hungry mothers give birth to hungry children, who, if they live long enough, grow into hungry adults. world food program report 2009 malnutrition means ' badly nourished ', but is more than a measure of what we eat or fail to eat. malnutrition is characterised by inadequate intake of protein, energy and micronutrients and by frequent infections and diseases. starved of the right nutrition, people will die from common infections like measles or diarrhoea. malnutrition is measured not by how much food is eaten but by physical measurements of the body - weight to height - and age. although the proportion of hungry people in the world has declined over the past few years, the actual number of undernourished people has been rising for the past decade \u2013 mainly due to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42065032229459287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.948312"} {"text": "physical measurements of the body - weight to height - and age. although the proportion of hungry people in the world has declined over the past few years, the actual number of undernourished people has been rising for the past decade \u2013 mainly due to population growth and demand from the developing world. world food program report 2009 malnourished children are more frequently sick. malnourished children suffer life long term consequences of impaired development. nutrition is the foundation for health and development. better nutrition means stronger immune system, less illness and better health for people of all ages. the first two years of life are the \u201c window of opportunity \u201d to prevent early childhood undernutrition that causes largely irreversible damage. world food program focuses on the earliest phase of life, i. e. from conception ( - 9 months ) to 24 months of age, providing essential nutrients including vitamins and minerals. the millennium development goals - world food program - eradicate extreme poverty and hunger - achieve universal primary education - promote gender equality and empower women - reduce child mortality - improve maternal health - combat hiv / aids, malaria and other diseases - ensure environmental sustainability - develop a global partnership for development the health of children under five in timor leste has deteriorated since these goals were introduced. hiam health has developed programs to change this fact. for information on the world food insecurity food & agriculture organisation for information on micro nutrients click", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4965611523039345, "token_count": 287, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.948926"} {"text": "excavations at historic borestone site at bannockburn 7 december 2011 archaeologists are continuing preliminary investigations at the site of the new visitor centre for the battle of bannockburn. following earlier excavations in october, the team are digging for the position of the borestone where robert the bruce raised his banner before the battle of bannockburn in 1314 where the rotunda now stands. the rotunda, built in 1964 to mark the 650th anniversary of the battle, is badly in need of repair and structural engineers are assessing the work required. as part of the project a full conservation plan was completed for the rotunda by the conservation architect andrew wright. cabinet secretary for culture and external affairs fiona hyslop said : \u201c the work to create a new visitor centre at the site of the battle of bannockburn is continuing well with this second round of archaeology ensuring that nothing of importance is lost during the building work. \u201c we may still be some way off the opening in time for the 700th anniversary in 2014 but it is vital that we push ahead with this work to preserve any remaining archaeology and use these findings to add to our understanding and reflect it in the state of the art interpretation that will make this centre a world - class attraction. \u201c the new centre will just be the latest commemoration of this incredible site and this particular series of excavations is hugely interesting because it is looking at the legacy of the site as a memorial and the way that people have memorialised and interacted with it throughout the centuries. \u201d the new centre has been designed by award - winning architects reiach and hall as part of the project to enhance the presentation of the battle and its significance to our history in time for the 700th anniversary of the battle in 2014. in addition to the rotunda, the site is also the focus for other memorials to the battle : the famous pilkington - jackson statue of bruce, a cairn built in 1957, and the flagpole erected in 1870. derek alexander, head of archaeological services for the national trust for scotland, said : \u201c the first memorial to the battle was in fact the borestone itself : a flat stone with a circular hole 4 inches in diameter and 4 inches deep. tradition has it that the borestone was the socket in which robert bruce, king of scots, raised his standard prior to the battle and marks the site of the scots camp. the site has been visited by tourists since the 18th century, including robert burns, and an engraving of 1826 shows it beside the road in an open rural landscape. \u201c we are hoping", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.3880330020297552, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.954609"} {"text": "standard prior to the battle and marks the site of the scots camp. the site has been visited by tourists since the 18th century, including robert burns, and an engraving of 1826 shows it beside the road in an open rural landscape. \u201c we are hoping that in addition to the position of the borestone we may find objects dropped or even deliberately placed and left by visitors to the site over the last couple of hundred years \u2013 it certainly worth investigating. \u201d over the years numerous visitors chipped off parts of the borestone, to take home as souvenirs, and by the middle of the 19th century the fragments had to be protected by an iron grille set into a low stone wall and the site was staffed by a custodian. during the building of the rotunda in the 1960s the precise location of the original borestone was cleared and re - surfaced and the last two fragments transferred into the new visitor centre for safe - keeping. the current archaeological investigations are looking for the site of the original borestone itself, which may be marked by a bed of mortar. another trench will also be excavated over one end of the 19th century custodian \u2019 s hut. in both trenches it is hoped there may be artefacts dropped by visitors to the site over the last 300 years. the proposal for the new visitor centre was announced in 2009 with \u00a35m funding from the scottish government. an application for \u00a33. 8m has received a stage one pass from the heritage lottery fund with a final decision hoped for early in 2012. 2014 will be a huge year for events in scotland \u2013 as well as the 700th anniversary of the battle of bannockburn, scotland will also play host to the commonwealth games and the ryder cup. notes for editors : - the battle of bannockburn project is a joint venture by the national trust for scotland and historic scotland, on behalf of the scottish government, to provide a new visitor centre and experience for one of the most significant battles in scotland \u2019 s history for the 700th anniversary in the 2014. | | | architectural team \u2013 reiach and hall with sinclair knight merz ( engineer ), turner and townsend ( qs ) and kj tait ( m & e engineers ) | | | interpretation consultant \u2013 brightwhite | | | landscape architects \u2013 ian white associates | | | digital design - centre for digital documentation and visualisation ( cddv ) - historic scotland is an executive agency of the scottish government charged with safeguarding the nation \u2019 s historic environment. the agency is fully accountable to scottish ministers and through them", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.45250401058696466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.955863"} {"text": "operation downfall was the name given to the planned invasion of japan. operation downfall itself was divided into two parts - operation olympic and operation coronet. by mid - 1945, it was apparent that the collapse of japan was near and the allies had to plan for the invasion of the japanese mainland - something that they knew would be very costly in terms of lives lost. american military commanders were given the task of planning for the invasion - douglas macarthur, chester nimitz, ernest king, william leahy, hap arnold and george marshall. inter - service rivalry did occur as both army and navy wanted one of ' their men ' to be supreme commander of planning. eventually the navy accepted that macarthur was to have total control if the invasion was to take place. the planning proceeded without taking the atomic bomb into consideration as so few knew about its existence. the americans faced one very serious problem. they knew for sure that the japanese would defend their territory with zeal and that american casualties would be high - probably too high for the american public to accept. the fanaticism that had been shown by the kamikazes, would almost certainly be encountered in japan and the americans had to plan for this. there was plenty of evidence to indicate that any invasion of the japanese mainland would be very bloody for all concerned. the complexity of such an attack also led to both sides of the us military developing different ideas as to what the best plan should be. the navy believed that a blockade supported by an air campaign would suffice. they wanted to use air bases in china and korea to launch bombing raids against key cities in japan. the army believed that such a campaign would take too long and that the morale of the american public might suffer as a result. they supported the use of an invasion that would go to the heart of japan \u2013 tokyo. the army got its way. it quickly became apparent that any invasion of japan would present huge difficulties. there were very few beaches that could be used as a landing place and the japanese knew this. both sides knew that only the beaches in kyushu and the beaches at kanto, near tokyo, could support a huge amphibious landing. the japanese took the appropriate measures in both areas. the americans had planned to land in kyushu first and use it as a base for planes to attack other targets in japan. these planes would then be used to give support to the landings at kanto. as there were so few places to land a massive force of amphibious troops, the japanese guessed as early as 1944 where such landings would take place.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4334338552623214, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.960567"} {"text": "other targets in japan. these planes would then be used to give support to the landings at kanto. as there were so few places to land a massive force of amphibious troops, the japanese guessed as early as 1944 where such landings would take place. the actual invasion of kyushu was known to be fraught with dangers. therefore, there were those in the american military who advocated the use of chemical weapons on the japanese defenders. the use of poisonous gas had been outlawed by the geneva convention, but neither america nor japan had signed this. as japan had used poisonous gas in their attack on china, there were some in the us military who felt it was perfectly justified to use it on the japanese. the japanese did fear a gas attack and records do show that senior military figures in japan wanted to ensure that if there was a gas attack, that the response of the japanese would be such that it would not make any attack worse. american intelligence had known for a while that japan was in no fit state to respond to a gas attack with a gas attack. the main concern for the americans was the potential for huge casualty rates. nearly every senior officer involved in the planning did his own research regarding american casualties \u2013 this was based on the experience america had fighting the japanese since pearl harbour. the joint chiefs of staff estimated that olympic alone would cost 456, 000 men, including 109, 000 killed. including coronet, it was estimated that america would experience 1. 2 million casualties, with 267, 000 deaths. staff working for chester nimitz, calculated that the first 30 days of olympic alone would cost 49, 000 men. macarthur \u2019 s staff concluded that america would suffer 125, 000 casualties after 120 days, a figure that was later reduced to 105, 000 casualties after his staff subtracted the men who when wounded could return to battle. general marshall, in conference with president truman, estimated 31, 000 in 30 days after landing in kyushu. admiral leahy estimated that the invasion would cost 268, 000 casualties. personnel at the navy department estimated that the total losses to america would be between 1. 7 and 4 million with 400, 000 to 800, 000 deaths. the same department estimated that there would be up to 10 million japanese casualties. the \u2018 los angeles times \u2019 estimated that america would suffer up to 1 million casualties. regardless of which figures were used, it was an accepted fact that america would lose a very large number of men. this was one of the reasons why president truman authorised the use of the atomic bomb in an effort to get japan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43239092400308754, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.962632"} {"text": "an excerpt from www. houseofnames. com archives copyright \u00a9 2000 - 2013 where did the english porche family come from? what is the english porche family crest and coat of arms? when did the porche family first arrive in the united states? where did the various branches of the family go? what is the porche family history? porche is a name of ancient norman origin. it arrived in england with the norman conquest of 1066. the porche family lived in norfolk. thae name could also be an occupational name. occupational names that were derived from the common trades of the medieval era transcended european cultural and linguistic boundaries. in this case, the term porcker was someone who tended pigs. endless spelling variations are a prevailing characteristic of norman surnames. old and middle english lacked any definite spelling rules, and the introduction of norman french added an unfamiliar ingredient to the english linguistic stew. french and latin, the languages of the court, also influenced spellings. finally, medieval scribes generally spelled words according to how they sounded, so one person was often referred to by different spellings in different documents. the name has been spelled porcher, porchers and others. first found in norfolk where they held a family seat from very early times and were granted lands by duke william of normandy, their liege lord, for their distinguished assistance at the battle of hastings in 1066 a. d. this web page shows only a small excerpt of our porche research. another 237 words ( 17 lines of text ) covering the years 1185 and 1273 are included under the topic early porche history in all our pdf extended history products. more information is included under the topic early porche notables in all our pdf extended history products. to escape the political and religious persecution within england at the time, many english families left for the various british colonies abroad. the voyage was extremely difficult, though, and the cramped, dank ships caused many to arrive in the new world diseased and starving. but for those who made it, the trip was most often worth it. many of the families who arrived went on to make valuable contributions to the emerging nations of canada and the united states. an inquiry into the early roots of north american families reveals a number of immigrants bearing the name porche or a variant listed above : porche settlers in the united states in the 18th century porche settlers in the united states in the 19th century porche settlers in the united states in the 20th century the motto was originally a war cry or slogan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.37687977429148367, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.965780"} {"text": "for release : 09 : 00 am ( edt ) august 31, 2011 donna weaver / ray villard space telescope science institute, baltimore, md. 410 - 338 - 4493 / 410 - 338 - 4514 firstname. lastname @ example. org / email @ example. com rice university, houston, texas rice university, houston, texas hubble movies provide unprecedented view of supersonic jets from young stars new movies created from years of still images collected by nasa \u2019 s hubble space telescope provide new details about the stellar birthing process, showing energetic jets of glowing gas ejected from young stars in unprecedented detail. the jets are a byproduct of gas accretion around newly forming stars and shoot off at supersonic speeds of about 100 miles per second in opposite directions through space. these phenomena are providing clues about the final stages of a star \u2019 s birth, offering a peek at how our sun came into existence 4. 5 billion years ago. hubble \u2019 s unique sharpness allows astronomers to see changes in the jets over just a few years \u2019 time. most astronomical processes change over timescales that are much longer than a human lifetime. a team of scientists led by astronomer patrick hartigan of rice university in houston, texas, collected enough high - resolution hubble images over a 14 - year period to stitch together time - lapse movies of the jets ejected from three young stars. never - before - seen details in the jets \u2019 structure include knots of gas brightening and dimming over time and collisions between fast - moving and slow - moving material, creating glowing arrowhead features. the twin jets are not ejected in a steady stream, like water flowing from a garden hose. instead, they are launched sporadically in clumps. the beaded - jet structure might be like a \u201c ticker tape, \u201d recording how material episodically fell onto the star. \u201c for the first time we can actually observe how these jets interact with their surroundings by watching these time - lapse movies, \u201d said hartigan. \u201c those interactions tell us how young stars influence the environments out of which they form. with movies like these, we can now compare observations of the jets with those produced by computer simulations and laboratory experiments to see what aspects of the interactions we understand and what parts we don \u2019 t understand. \u201d jets are an active, short - lived phase of star formation, lasting only about 100, 000 years. astronomers don \u2019 t know precisely what role jets play in the star - formation process or exactly how the star", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5616769904146602, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.970219"} {"text": "parts we don \u2019 t understand. \u201d jets are an active, short - lived phase of star formation, lasting only about 100, 000 years. astronomers don \u2019 t know precisely what role jets play in the star - formation process or exactly how the star unleashes them. the jets appear to work in concert with magnetic fields. this helps bleed excess angular momentum from infalling material that is swirling rapidly. once the material slows down it feeds the growing protostar, allowing it to fully condense into a mature star. hartigan and his colleagues used the wide field planetary camera 2 to study the jets, called herbig - haro ( hh ) objects, named in honor of george herbig and guillermo haro, who studied the outflows in the 1950s. hubble followed hh 1, hh 2, hh 34, hh 46, and hh 47 over three epochs, 1994, 1998, and 2008. the team used computer software that wove together the observations to generate movies showing continuous motion. \u201c taken together, our results paint a picture of jets as remarkably diverse objects that undergo highly structured interactions both within the material in the outflow and between the jet and the surrounding gas, \u201d hartigan explained. \u201c this contrasts with the bulk of the existing simulations, many of which depict jets as smooth systems. \u201d hartigan \u2019 s team \u2019 s results appeared in the july 20, 2011 issue of the astrophysical journal. for images and more information about these results, visit :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5641417073102994, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.970930"} {"text": "emotions in sport is the first comprehensive treatment of how individual and team emotions affect athletic performance. edited by renowned olympic advisor, researcher, and teacher yuri hanin, the book provides you with a comprehensive understanding of emotional patterns such as anxiety, anger, and joy, as well as their impact on individual and team performance ; solid methods for determining the optimal emotional state of individual athletes ; innovative strategies for avoiding overtraining, burnout, and fatigue, while helping enhance performance ; an overview of injury management and the positive emotional states that can actually accelerate the healing process ; and a long - overdue look at exercise, emotions, and mental health. created and developed by dr. hanin during 30 years as a sport psychologist, the individual zones of optimal functioning ( izof ) model is the key conceptual framework in emotions in sport. the model can help you describe, predict, and explain the dynamics of emotion / performance for individual athletes and provides you with strategies for creating optimal emotional states and enhancing athletic performance. appendixes to the volume include a reproducible izof model form and step - by - step data collection instructions for your use. emotions in sport incorporates the insights, wisdom, and experience of authorities worldwide to give you a new perspective on this important subject and its impact on athletes. introduction. an individualized approach to emotion in sport part i. foundations of the individualized approach to the study of performance - related emotions chapter 1. the study of emotion in sport and exercise : historical, definitional, and conceptual perspectives robert vallerand and celine j. m. blanchard ( canada ) chapter 2. cognitive - motivational - relational theory of emotion richard s. lazarus ( united states ) chapter 3. individual zones of optimal functioning ( izof ) model : emotion - performance relationships in sport yuri l. hanin ( finland ) part ii. basic emotions and athletic performance chapter 4. competitive anxiety john s. raglin and yuri l. hanin ( united states / finland ) chapter 6. joy, fun and flow state in sport susan a. jackson ( australia ) chapter 7. successful and poor performance and emotions yuri l. hanin ( finland ) part iii. three approaches to training and emotional exhaustion chapter 8. overtraining in athletes john s. raglin and gregory s. wilson ( united states ) chapter 9. burnout in athletes and coaches k. wolfgang kallus and michael kellman ( austria / germany ) chapter 10. maladaptive fatigue syndrome and emotions in sport keith henschen ( united states ) part iv. additional", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5419318882062606, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.975140"} {"text": "united states ) chapter 9. burnout in athletes and coaches k. wolfgang kallus and michael kellman ( austria / germany ) chapter 10. maladaptive fatigue syndrome and emotions in sport keith henschen ( united states ) part iv. additional issues in emotion and sport chapter 11. the injured athlete john heil ( united states ) chapter 12. exercise, emotions, and mental health stuart biddle ( united kingdom ) concluding remarks. where to from here? appendix a. introduction to the izof - based individualized emotion - profiling forms appendix b. izof - based emotion profiling : step - wise procedures and forms appendix c. practical example of izof profiles reference for sport psychologists and coaches. textbook for graduate courses and seminars in sport psychology. internationally renowned sport psychologist yuri l. hanin, phd, is professor and senior researcher at the research institute for olympic sports in jyvaskyla, finland. he has been a university - level teacher and researcher in the field of sport psychology for more than 30 years. the author of three books as well as numerous book chapters and journal articles related to optimizing sports performance, dr. hanin has done extensive research, teaching, training, and activities with national, international, and olympic teams, athletes, and coaches. in addition, he has been a speaker at conferences throughout the united states, canada, europe, and australia. dr. hanin has served as an associate editor of the european yearbook of sport psychology. he is also a newsletter editor for the international association of applied psychology ( division 12 - - sport psychology ) and a member of the editorial board for the international journal of sport psychology, the sport psychologist, revista de psicologia del deporte, and coaching and sport science. dr. hanin holds phd ( 1970 ) and doctor of psychological sciences ( 1986 ) degrees in social psychology from leningrad university. he received the 1998 visiting scholar award from the australian college of sport psychologists and the 1999 distinguished international scholar award from the association for the advancement of applied sport psychology ( aaasp ). dr. hanin lives with his wife muza in jyvaskyla, finland. in his leisure time he enjoys downhill skiing and swimming.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49469085891775133, "token_count": 451, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.976225"} {"text": "we explore some of the questions surrounding asynchronous programming and reveal that the need for new constructs, such as await in c #, isn ' t due to deep considerations, but results from the fact that the ui is single threaded. there is currently a lot of ground - breaking work on the subject of asynchronous programming and how to make it easier for programmers to make use of the asynchronous nature of today ' s environments. the idea is to restore the correspondence between the programs text and the order of execution by using some interesting compiler rewriting techniques. while this is a step forward the real situation is more complicated. in fact this is a mess of our own creation and with a little more though no solution would have been necessary. when the modern gui was invent some means of attracting the programs attention to what was going on was needed. we could have opted for a polling loop. for example a rule of the ui could have been that every program took the form : if ( any controls active? ) process active controls if this sounds crazy you have been working with events too long. events in most guis are just a way of covering up the polling loop. instead of polling the designers opted for an event based system of asynchronous procedure calls. instead of a polling loop any control that needs attention, a button that has been clicked, places a record in a queue maintained by a dispatcher object running on the ui thread. the jargon isn ' t universal, but the way things work is more or less so. the event record can get into the dispatcher queue by way of another thread, but once it is in the queue it is then only processed by the ui thread and this is where the problems start. the ui is really is written in the form of a polling loop. rather than you writing the polling loop, it is part of the internals of the framework. the ui simply scans the dispatcher object ' s queue for new event records. as soon as it finds one, it calls the event handlers assigned to the event, if any. notice that it is the ui thread that is used to run the event handlers and while it is doing this the dispatcher object is not doing anything. this doesn ' t stop other threads putting event records into its queue, however. freezing the thread as long at the ui thread is being used to run an event handler it isn ' t available to poll the dispatchers queue and so no events get processed. this is", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.5104089665418462, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.985661"} {"text": "t stop other threads putting event records into its queue, however. freezing the thread as long at the ui thread is being used to run an event handler it isn ' t available to poll the dispatchers queue and so no events get processed. this is the reason that a long running event handler will cause the ui to freeze. this is true of windows forms, wpf, silverlight, html, swing, etc. in nearly all cases worth mentioning the use of a single threaded dispatcher results in the ui freezing if any event handler performs a task that takes a lot of time. so how do you let an event handler do a lot of time - consuming work? the standard way is to spin the work off into a worker thread that then releases the ui thread to process the dispatcher queue and so keep the ui responsive. however this takes the average programmer into the realm of multithreaded programming something that even the above average programmer makes mistakes with. the traditional alternative to multithreading is to allow the dispatcher some time to process the queue every now and again - for example the much derided doevents command in win forms. a doevents command simply calls the dispatcher to process its queue with the ui thread returning to the instruction after the doevents when the queue is empty. by putting doevents commands at regular intervals within a long - running event handler, the ui can be kept responsive. so what is the problem with doevent style commands? the usual objection is that the current event handler might be reactivated by accident and a nested sequence of doevents could bring the system to a halt. in practice doevents is also a difficult one to deal with, because there is no guarantee how long the ui thread will be occupied servicing other event code. there is also the small matter that other event handlers could make changes to variables. in other words the event handler that yielded the ui thread might discover that things have changed when it gets control back. however, this is not as bad as a true multithread situation as there is only one thread doing the work and race hazards can ' t occur. in this situation all event handlers have to be written with the idea that all of the in - scope variables are volatile and can change their values. notice that this is a problem that exists no matter what mechanism you use to allow the ui thread to run the dispatcher while an event handler is active. so what is the current solution all about? it isn ' t only event handlers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.45397470487555003, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.986745"} {"text": "values. notice that this is a problem that exists no matter what mechanism you use to allow the ui thread to run the dispatcher while an event handler is active. so what is the current solution all about? it isn ' t only event handlers that have a lot of work to do that are the problem. sometimes an event handler that doesn ' t have much work to do stops the system in its tracks because it makes use of a service which is slow. it downloads a file from the internet, say. usually this is done by calling another method and in this case the problem of blocking the ui thread is solved not by a \" doevents \" mechanism but by using a callback. a callback is just a function that is passed to the method doing the work that it promises to call when the job is complete. notice that the callback mechanism only works if the method using the callback terminates very soon after setting it. only then can the ui thread be released and the dispatcher serviced. notice that there is a subtlety here in that the callback has to be run on the ui thread and this either has to involve the dispatcher or some other similar mechanism to redirect the ui thread ' s attention to the callback function. essentially the callback function represents a continuation of the original method after the time consuming process is complete. unfortunately the continuation is a far from perfect one. usually little, if any, of the state of the method that issued the callback is preserved. that is, the callback starts off as a new function with no knowledge of what the original method was doing, other than what is conveyed in its parameters. providing some of the state to a callback function is what closures are all about - a callback function can have access to the variables that were local when it was defined, even if those variable are now out of scope and supposedly destroyed. the problem of loss of context when a callback is used to continue a method can be illustrated by a very simple example. imagine you want to download a single file from the internet. you might write : and expect the mycallback function to store the downloaded file when the download was complete. easy - and because the method ends after the call to downloadfile, the ui thread is released only to continue the method ' s work later when mycallback is invoked. now consider how you might download 25 files in the same way. the obvious thing to do is use a for loop but you can get the call back", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49341292954659205, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.987908"} {"text": "thread is released only to continue the method ' s work later when mycallback is invoked. now consider how you might download 25 files in the same way. the obvious thing to do is use a for loop but you can get the call back to continue a for loop automatically - the context is lost. so what can we do? the current solution offered by c # 4. 5 is interesting. it simply takes the idea of the continuation seriously. you can now write something like : now we don ' t need a callback because what happens is that the ui thread is released at the await until the download is complete, when the method continues as if nothing had happened. notice that, from the point of view of the innocent programmer, nothing much exciting has happened. the program has worked by executing commands in the order in which they are written and the call to downloadfile ( ) is nothing special, apart from the need to put await infront of it. of course, we know that at the await the ui thread was released and it got on with other tasks until the downloadfile call completed and the method was resumed with the mycallback function. ( there is no reason to use a function or to call it mycallback - this is just for continuity with the previous example. ) notice that the await approach doesn ' t really do much more than the doevent approach, apart from avoiding the problem of re - entering the method that used the doevent call. multithread the ui? overall this seems like a lot of machinery to solve a simple problem - that the ui is single threaded. surely in this more advanced age it is time to implement a ui that isn ' t single threaded. currently the dispatcher approach to implementing the ui is simply a gloss over the polling approach that seems so crude. it implements a sort of co - operative multitasking when we are quite capable of implementing a true multitasking architecture. why does the dispatcher have to run on the same thread as the event handlers? this may be simple but it causes all of the problems we have seen earlier and forces the compiler designers to introduce keywords like await and their corresponding semantics, simply because the ui is single threaded and not because of some deep fundamental need of asynchronous programming. if the dispatcher ran on its own thread and invoked event handlers using additional threads then it wouldn ' t matter at all if an event handler held onto its thread for a long time - it wouldn ' t block anything", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43768052875049046, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.989040"} {"text": "##ynchronous programming. if the dispatcher ran on its own thread and invoked event handlers using additional threads then it wouldn ' t matter at all if an event handler held onto its thread for a long time - it wouldn ' t block anything. of course, this is true multitasking and as such has some inherent dangers, but the dispatcher could apply some very simple rules to make sure nothing really terrible happened. it could ensure that only one thread was allocated at a time to control, so avoiding the problem of re - entrancy, i. e. an event cannot occur while its event handler is active. to make things simpler we could share a single thread between the ui components unless they were marked as concurrent and so on. the point is that we could invent some new mechanisms to protect the ui from accidental multithreading while making it easy to allow it where it was beneficial. i ' m not suggesting that making the ui multithreaded is an easy option, but i am suggesting it is the worthwhile option and tinkering with asynchronous constructs such as await is really not getting to the heart of the problem. if you build a real user interface using electronics then being able to press more than one button at a time is the way the world works, and it is the way the programmatic ui should work as well. the strange fact is that we are adding core language constructs to deal with a problem of framework design. make the ui multithreaded and the need for await goes away.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_computing", "similarity_score": 0.4936650413093909, "token_count": 318, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:53.989666"} {"text": "over the past couple of years, web services has gone from being an overly - hyped technology to one that many organizations are using productively. the early implementations, like all new technology projects, tended to be sandbox - type efforts or projects that were small, inside the firewall, and non - mission - critical in nature. those brave souls that tried to venture into the world of delivering web services over the internet found that they either had to provide services that were open and available for use by anyone ( for example xmethods or amazon ) or had to develop their own, typically proprietary, very company - specific, security scheme. early adopters using the internet as their transport typically used some form of registration process ( for example google ) for open internet services or only provided services to a small number of business partners with whom they already had a tight, trusted relationship. for example, in order to use google ' s web service - enabled search engine, the service requester must first register with google through an html based form. as part of the registration process, google sends the requester an email with a security \" token \". when the requester invokes the service, they provide this token to google as part of the soap message to verify that they are a registered, authorized user of the google web service. in these situations, even though service providers were using industry standards such as soap, additional information concerning the security scheme / process needed to be provided in order for the service requestors to be able to use the service. this had a rather undesired effect of tightly coupling the requester and the provider, a scenario that wasn ' t desired by either party. clearly an industry standard way of securing a web service was required, and ibm, microsoft, and verisign responded to this need in april, 2002. from the ws - security specification ( see also resources ) : \" ws - security describes enhancements to soap messaging to provide quality of protection through message integrity, message confidentiality, and single message authentication. these mechanisms can be used to accommodate a wide variety of security models and encryption technologies. ws - security also provides a general - purpose mechanism for associating security tokens with messages. no specific type of security token is required by ws - security. it is designed to be extensible ( e. g. support multiple security token formats ). for example, a client might provide proof of identity and proof that they have a particular business certification. \" since 1997, ibm has had", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5374265789442911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.010711"} {"text": "- security. it is designed to be extensible ( e. g. support multiple security token formats ). for example, a client might provide proof of identity and proof that they have a particular business certification. \" since 1997, ibm has had a program called jstart ( short for jump - start - - see resources ) to help its customers and business partners work with new emerging technologies. the program ' s goal is to help early adopters leverage new technologies to help make their businesses more successful. last fall, the jstart program worked with a company who wanted to provide a business - to - business web service using the internet as a transport. they desired a strong level of security and interoperability, and they decided to use a ws - security approach to secure the soap message traffic with their business partners. this paper discusses that project and its use of ws - security. as the use cases for our customer ' s application were being developed, a set of security - related, non - functional requirements were identified : - the communication between our customer and his business partner should not be able to be viewed by a third party as it travels on the internet. - our customer needed to be able to determine from whom the message was coming and be able to verify that the sender was who the sender claimed to be. - our customer needed to be able to ensure that the data being transmitted was not tampered with. non - functional requirement # 1 will be addressed through the use of https / ssl transport security. since this application will be a point - to - point application, with no third party service providers or intermediaries involved, the idea of using cryptography to encrypt all or part of the soap message was evaluated but not implemented at this time. given no third parties were involved, the value gained from an additional encryption step that would encrypt a segment of the soap message was not enough to justify the additional development expense and complexity that would have been needed to implement a form of message - level encryption. non - functional requirements # 2 and # 3 will be addressed through the use of digital signatures and digital certificates. when using a digital certificate approach, the web service requester must have a digital certificate which has been signed by a trusted certificate authority. the requester will use this certificate to assert their identity and will digitally sign the soap message so that the requester ' s identity and the message ' s integrity can be verified. once the message is received at our customer ' s system", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5963551729997665, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.011793"} {"text": "certificate authority. the requester will use this certificate to assert their identity and will digitally sign the soap message so that the requester ' s identity and the message ' s integrity can be verified. once the message is received at our customer ' s system, it will be time stamped and logged. at this point, the digital signature will be validated. the validation process will ensure that the message came from the sender as well as verify that the message contents have not been modified since it was signed at the sender ' s site. the soap message log that our customer creates in db2 will be used for non - repudiation purposes. now that you understand the requirements and the technical approach, let ' s take a look at what was implemented. the application that our customer chose to implement as a web service was developed using websphere studio application developer and some tools from the ibm alphaworks web site, namely, the xml security suite, and the apache axis run time that was part of the ibm web services toolkit. although the application is quite powerful as it drives our customer ' s core business application, it is simple in that it only implements one method. it was deployed on websphere application server and interacts with the customer ' s core business application through websphere mq series. by using the tcp / ip monitor that is part of application developer, we ' ve captured the soap message that is sent to the web service for processing. note that in order to maintain the confidentiality of our customer, we made the soap urls generic, removed the application - specific soap payload, and slightly modified some of the calculated values : 1. < soapenv : envelope xmlns : soapenv = \" http : / / schemas. xmlsoap. org / soap / envelope / \" xmlns : xsd = \" http : / / www. w3. org / 2001 / xmlschema \" xmlns : xsi = \" http : / / www. w3. org / 2001 / xmlschema - instance \" xmlns : soap - enc = \" http : / / schemas. xmlsoap. org / soap / encoding / \" > 2. < soapenv : header > 3. < wsse : security soapenv : actor = \" http : / / www. jstartcustomer. com / actors # verifier \" soapenv : mustunderstand = \" 1 \" xmlns : wsse = \" http : / /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5229477637216933, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.012869"} {"text": ". < / signaturevalue > 20. < keyinfo xmlns = \" http : / / www. w3. org / 2000 / 09 / xmldsig # \" > 21. < keyvalue > 22. < rsakeyvalue > 23. < modulus > 24. 2sw + ebjx5d2qmyr8oczizwnyhgf9zyhb4xwilpctvhnv7die3l8arepoa1abfk2omy 25. pzb + rb + nwqeo / / yfz / 28pml63kdlie72qmmquzupa5nxav9pj4jkw86qdlhggpfirh 26. 18iugf3xlfwqezqkynbltus7ftntgw5r4hh492k = 27. < / modulus > 28. < exponent > aqab < / exponent > 29. < / rsakeyvalue > 30. < / keyvalue > 31. < x509data > 32. < x509issuerserial > 33. < x509issuername > ou = java, o = ibm, l = unknown, st = oklahoma, c = us < / x509issuername > 34. < x509serialnumber > 0 < / x509serialnumber > < / x509issuerserial > 35. < x509subjectname > cn = john doe < / x509subjectname > 36. < x509certificate > 37. miib0tccatocaqawdqyjkozihvcnaqeebqawtzelmakga1uebhmcvvmxetapbgnvbagtce9rbgfo 38. b21hmrawdgydvqqhewdvbmsam3dumqwwcgydvqqkewnjqk0xdtalbgnvbastbephdmewhhcnmdiw 39. oti1mtaxmtq4whcnmdmwoti1mtaxmtq4wjatmrewdwydvqqdewhkb2huiervztcbnzanbgkqhkig 40. 9w0baqefaaobjqawgykcgyea", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5756646523461948, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.015321"} {"text": "soapenv : body > sections. the ws - security section, as defined by the ws - security specification, is positioned within the soap header and is designated by the opening and closing < wsse : security > block, lines 3 - 51. the < security > header block provides a mechanism for attaching security - related information targeted at a specific receiver ( the soap actor ). since only one soap actor is involved in this use case, only one < security > header block is contained in the message. in line 3, the soap actor attribute defines the recipient of a header entry, security soapenv : actor = \" http : / / www. jstartcustomer. com / actors # verifier \". line 3 also contains the soapenv : mustunderstand = \" 1 \" attribute. by setting the soap mustunderstand attribute to \" 1 \", we indicate that the service provider must process the soap header entry. as per the soap specification, since the attribute is set to \" 1 \", if the receiver cannot obey the semantics ( as conveyed by the fully qualified name of the element ) and process the message according to those semantics, the receiver must fail processing the message and generate a fault. < signedinfo > < / signedinfo >, describes the signed content of the message. note that as is customary with digital signature applications, a digest is used to facilitate faster processing. this is a standard industry practice and is done for performance reasons. the payload ( the soap body ) of our soap message is quite long, and the process of applying a public key algorithm to the full message could significantly impact the performance of our web service. as such, a digest is used. a digest is a fixed length, short message whose digital signature can be quickly generated and verified. when the message is received, our web service digital signature verifier class ( implemented as an apache axis plugable provider ) will compute the digest and verify that the newly - computed digest matches the digest that was sent. let ' s look at the elements that make up the signed content portion of the message. line 5, < canonicalizationmethod algorithm = \" http : / / www. w3. org / 2001 / 10 / xml - exc - c14n # \" / >, identifies the canonicalization algorithm that is used to create a canonicalized form of the information being signed - - in this case, the digest. this step is needed because of the nature of xml documents and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.539476432813178, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.017459"} {"text": "- c14n # \" / >, identifies the canonicalization algorithm that is used to create a canonicalized form of the information being signed - - in this case, the digest. this step is needed because of the nature of xml documents and the programming tools that work with them. xml documents, in some cases, can have slight textual differences, yet be essentially the same logical document. small variations in the way comments are represented or in the way an xml parser handles line delimiters when serializing / deserializing an xml data structure can create slightly different binary representations of the same content. if the algorithm that verifies the digital signature were to be run against a slightly different serialized version of the data, the result could be a fail when indeed it should be a pass. to avoid this problem, the document is first transformed into its canonicalized form through the use of a canonicalization algorithm. this algorithm, an implementation of the w3c exclusive xml canonicalization version 1. 0 specification ( see resources ), a w3c recommendation, transforms the document into its basic canonicalized form. this allows us to get a consistent binary representation that can be correctly compared and thus yield the correct result. < signaturemethod algorithm = \" http : / / www. w3. org / 2000 / 09 / xmldsig # rsa - sha1 \" / >, indicates the signature method algorithm. this is the algorithm that is used to convert the output of the canonicalization algorithm into the signature value. our signature algorithm is a combination of a key dependent algorithm ( rsa ) and a hash algorithm ( sha1 ). this algorithm is an implementation of the rsassa - pkcs1 - v1 _ 5 specification described in w3c rfc 2437 ( see resources ). < reference uri = \" # sign _ content _ 1043176028580 \" >, indicates the reference element. the optional uri attribute of reference identifies the data object that was signed. the reference block includes the algorithm that is used to compute the digest, the digest value that was computed, and the final transform that is performed prior to computing the digest value. lines 8 - 10, < transforms > < transform algorithm = \" http : / / www. w3. org / 2001 / 10 / xml - exc - c14n # \" / > < / transforms >, indicate the transformation algorithm, while lines 11 and 12 specify the digest algorithm and the computed digest value, in our application, the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6018073964329067, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.018410"} {"text": "adleman ) key - based approach in order to meet our non - repudiation requirement. the use of the rsa key scheme assures our web service provider that the message was in the same form that it was received, and it was signed by the owner of the extracted digital certificate. if the recomputed digest matches the decrypted digest from the soap message, the service provider is able to verify the integrity of the message. by logging the message before any processing is done ( the log is implemented as the first apache axis handler in the handler chain ), the web service provider can prove that the message in question was sent by whomever signed the message and that it was received unmodified from the form in which is was sent. rsakeyvalue elements have two fields : < modulus > 2sw + ebjx5d2qmyr8oczizwnyhgf9zyhb4xwilpctvhnv7die3l8arepoa1abfk2omy pzb + rb + nwqeo / / yfz / 28pml63kdlie72qmmquzupa5nxav9pj4jkw86qdlhggpfirh 18iugf3xlfwqezqkynbltus7ftntgw5r4hh492k = < / modulus > the rsa scheme uses large prime numbers to construct the key pairs. the modulus is the product of two large prime numbers. each pair shares the modulus, but each also has a specific exponent. the rsa laboratories ' frequently asked questions about today ' s cryptography, version 4. 1 document ( see resources ) describes how the modulus and the exponent are created : \" take two large primes, p and q, and compute their product n = pq ; n is the modulus. choose a number, e, less than n and relatively prime to ( p - 1 ) ( q - 1 ), which means that e and ( p - 1 ) ( q - 1 ) have no common factors except 1. find another number d such that ( ed - 1 ) is divisible by ( p - 1 ) ( q - 1 ). the values e and d are called the public and private exponents, respectively. the public key is the pair ( n, e ) ; the private key is ( n, d ). \" the service requester digitally signs", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5865017338447864, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.021812"} {"text": "- 1 ). the values e and d are called the public and private exponents, respectively. the public key is the pair ( n, e ) ; the private key is ( n, d ). \" the service requester digitally signs the message with their private key. on the service provider side, the signature is verified using the requester ' s public key. since the service requester signs the message with a private, asymmetric key, the service provider is assured that the only organization that could have signed the message is the holder of the private key. the next section of the key info block is the digital certificate itself as indicated by the < x509data > element. the digital certificate is used to identify the sender of the message in the way a user id is used to identify the user of web and enterprise applications. the first element in this block of data identifies the organization that signed the certificate. this is typically the certificate authority. in our case, that information has been replaced with generic information : next is the < x509subjectname > cn = john doe < / x509subjectname > element, which contains the distinguished name of the service requester - - in our case, simply john doe - - and finally the x. 509 certificate itself : < x509certificate > miib0tccatocaqawdqyjkozihvcnaqeebqawtzelmakga1uebhmcvvmxetapbgnvbagtce9rbgfo b21hmrawdgydvqqhewdvbmsam3dumqwwcgydvqqkewnjqk0xdtalbgnvbastbephdmewhhcnmdiw oti1mtaxmtq4whcnmdmwoti1mtaxmtq4wjatmrewdwydvqqdewhkb2huiervztcbnzanbgkqhkig 9w0baqefaaobjqawgykcgyea2sw + ebjx5d2qmyr8oczizwnyhgf9zyhb4xwilpctvhnv7die3l8a repoa1abfk2omypzb + rb + nwqeo / / yfz / 28pml63kdlie72qmmquzupa5nxav9", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.6037682159721762, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.023199"} {"text": "certificate authority role, the web service provider signs the certificate and returns it to the web service requester. as described above, the web service requester includes the ca - signed digital certificate in the soap message. after the digital signature has verified the integrity of the message, the certificate is extracted from the message and validated using the ca ' s public key. once the validity of the certificate has been achieved, the web service requester will have been authenticated and the processing of the ws - security portion of the message will be complete. the owner has successfully authenticated to the receiver. note that if, at a later date, our service provider chooses to relinquish the role of the certificate authority and use an industry - accepted, trusted, 3rd - party certificate authority, the logic of our validation code does not need to change. in this scenario, prior to using the web service, the web service requester will need to get a certificate issued by a trusted certificate authority. the service requester will place this 3rd - party certificate in the soap message. when the service provider is validating the digital certificate, instead of using their self - signed ca key, the public key of the 3rd - party ca will be used. in this scenario, the service provider has established a trust relationship with the 3rd - party certificate authority, and the ca will be trusted to adequately authenticate users before issuing certificates to them. one of the promises of web services is to be able to loosely couple the end points and allow the publishing of services in uddi directories that can be discovered and invoked dynamically at run time. unfortunately, at this point in the technology life cycle, the use of ws - security in the soap message header prevents us from being able to do this. today ' s java to wsdl emitters are not yet able to handle the creation of wsdl documents that appropriately describe the ws - security requirements. plus, even if they could, at this stage, development tools such as websphere studio application developer or visual studio. net couldn ' t generate the proxies that handle the ws - security aspects of the service. as such, the developers of web services in early 2003 will need to make a conscious trade - off here. when ws - security is used, the service provider needs to either provide stubs / proxies which partners can invoke that handle the ws - security portion of the message or manually communicate the ws - security requirement of the web service to their potential", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4849240996361961, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.025582"} {"text": "security is used, the service provider needs to either provide stubs / proxies which partners can invoke that handle the ws - security portion of the message or manually communicate the ws - security requirement of the web service to their potential business partners and customers. for the ws - security - based project described in this paper, proxies that properly sign the message and insert the ws - security element into the soap data stream were created for java technology, com, and. net clients. the next generation of web services development tools from ibm and others should be able to handle the ws - security elements of a web service, but for now, developers need to understand that this is an achievable, but manual process. this paper described an internet - based web services application that was developed and deployed in 2002. it was deployed on a websphere application server and is available for use by our customer ' s business partners. it demonstrates the soundness and overall viability of the draft ws - security specification by offering itself as a proof - point that secure, mission critical, web services applications are viable with today ' s development tools and deployment platforms. yes, in our customer ' s case, some non - automated, manual steps were required to handle the ws - security element of our soap message, but as support for ws - security gets folded into the next iteration of the wsdl specification and support is added to the web services development tools of many vendors, it will only get better. - find the w3c exclusive xml canonicalization version 1. 0 specification from the w3c web site. - find the w3c xml signature syntax and processing proposed recommendation specification from the w3c web site. - find the rfc 2437 ( pkcs1 ) from the w3c web site. - download the secure hash standard ( pdf ) from the department of commerce / national institute of standards and technology. - browse through the rsa laboratories ' frequently asked questions about today ' s cryptography, version 4. 1, year : 2000. - find more information about the ibm jstart program. - you can find the draft ws - security specification v1. 0 on the developerworks web services zone ( 5 april 2002 ). sam thompson joined ibm in 1980 and held various technical and management positions in vm product development. in 1992, sam moved to the systems management development lab in raleigh, north carolina and helped bring several systemview products to market. when systemview", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5649618419316621, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.026650"} {"text": "new african fossil confirms early human variations by brian thomas, m. s. * the cover of the august 9, 2012 issue of the journal nature featured the reconstructed face of newly - discovered human - like fossil bones described by meave leakey and colleagues in their report. 1 three new human - like fossil face parts from africa have given evolutionists another opportunity to reiterate their confusing philosophy, but the data don ' t match their story very well. what was their first task upon discovering the fossils? according to long - time african hominid fossil expert and anatomist bernard wood who summarized the leakey finds in a short article in the same issue of nature, \" the task of palaeoanthropologists is to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the period between our species, homo sapiens, and the ancestral species we share exclusively with chimpanzees and bonobos. \" 2 so much for objective science, which would entail evaluating the fossils against evolutionary and competing tenets, not force - fitting them into evolutionary preconceptions. after all, a century of searching has failed to produce one fossil that can wear the undisputed tag of \" ancestral species. \" wood said the three new fossils challenge a view that he had published in 1992. back then, he attributed a large lower jaw to a fossil human variety named homo rudolfensis whose identity has been contested for decades. 3 the two new lower jaw fossils, found near the same rock outcrop and having the same general shape as the lower jaw he once attributed to h. rudolfensis, now look like poor fits for h. rudolfensis. they may, instead, belong to yet another \" species \" or extinct variety of true humans. according to the nature authors, the new fossils support the idea that multiple varieties of humans lived at the same time and place in africa. wood ' s brief summary about these new fossils reshaping old ideas mirrors whole careers spent arguing over fossil fragments \u2014 whether they fit an ape, human, or something in - between ( or a pig ) 4 ; which kind or variety of ape or human ; and who gets the glory and funding from naming it. confusion and revision even characterize the constantly changing ages assigned to these fossils. 5 and now, evolutionists have to explain why these african rock beds that are supposed to represent the cradle of human evolution fail to show a series of fossils in anatomical progression. why don ' t these rocks display ape - like creatures morphing to man - like creatures in a well", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47569429676174635, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.032525"} {"text": "to explain why these african rock beds that are supposed to represent the cradle of human evolution fail to show a series of fossils in anatomical progression. why don ' t these rocks display ape - like creatures morphing to man - like creatures in a well - established continuum upward in geological position? evolutionists should also explain why there appears to have been three or more varieties of mankind whose remains were buried alongside the very ape - like remains that were once considered human ancestors. hominid remains can all be categorized as extinct ape varieties, extinct human varieties, or as too fragmentary or too poorly reconstructed to discern \u2014 or as exposed frauds. the evolutionist ' s task of unraveling their own stories, which incur new knots with almost every discovery, is unenviable. and according to wood, that task promises to worsen! he wrote, \" researchers will view our current hypotheses about this phase of human evolution as remarkably simplistic. \" 2 on the other hand, the bible ' s origins account is compatible with discontinuous fossils like these, since it says that god created people to reproduce after their own kind, not between kinds. scripture says that \" the son of adam, which was the son of god \" was not the son of an ape. 6 it follows from this that no undisputed ape - to - human transition will ever be discovered. if these new human - looking fossils really do represent human varieties, then they only reinforce the biblical and scientific observation that humans can and did rapidly express widely differing variations in form and features. 7 - leakey, m. g. et al. 2012. new fossils from koobi fora in northern kenya confirm taxonomic diversity in early homo. nature. 488 ( 7410 ) : 201 \u2013 204. - wood, b. 2012. palaeoanthropology : facing up to complexity. nature. 488 ( 7410 ) : 162 - 163. - some researchers have stated that representatives of h. rudolfensis do not even belong to the human genus homo, but instead to an extinct ape kind. one even wrote that the flat, human - like facial structure of the most famous h. rudolfensis fossil skull knm - dr 1470, described by richard leakey in 1974, was due to its facial bone fragments ( that came from at least four different individual creatures ) having been glued to an already human - like backer mold. see bromage, t. 1992. faces from the past. new scientist.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49935422112039163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.034947"} {"text": "global hot - spots of heat stress on agricultural crops due to climate change the productivity of important agricultural crops is drastically reduced when they experience short episodes of high temperatures during the reproductive period. crop heat stress was acknowledged in the ipcc 4th assessment report as an important threat to global food supply. we produce a first spatial assessment of heat stress risk at a global level for four key crops, wheat, maize, rice and soybean, using the fao / iiasa global agro - ecological zones model ( gaez ). a high risk of yield damage was found for continental lands at high latitudes, particularly in the northern hemisphere between 40 and 60 degrees n. central and eastern asia, central north america and the northern part of the indian subcontinent have large suitable cropping areas under heat stress risk. globally, this ranged from less than 5 mha of suitable lands for maize for the baseline climate ( 1971 - 2100 ) to more than 120 mha for wetland rice for a future climate change condition ( 2071 - 2100 ) assuming the a1b emission scenario. for most crops and regions, the intensity, frequency and relative damage due to heat stress increased from the baseline to the a1b scenario. however for wheat and rice crops, gaez selection of different crop types and sowing dates in response to a1b seasonal climate caused a reduction in heat stress impacts in some regions, which suggests that adaptive measures considering these management options may partially mitigate heat stress at local level. our results indicate that temperate and sub - tropical agricultural areas might bear substantial crop yield losses due to extreme temperature episodes and they highlight the need to develop adaptation strategies and agricultural policies able to mitigate heat stress impacts on global food supply. keywords : adaptation ; agriculture ; climate change ; global agro - ecological zones model ; heat stress ; food security", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5112912339615108, "token_count": 365, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.037763"} {"text": "more than a century ago, the preeminent black leader of his time made a prophecy that has come to pass. when blacks had little hope, booker t. washington stood alone in predicting that one day a black man would be president of the united states. almost all americans at the time would have considered this an absurd impossibility. yet history has proved washington right. in many ways, barack obama would find a kindred soul in the president of tuskegee, the largest black college of its time. like obama, washington came from mixed parentage and grew up in modest circumstances. washington had a white father ( who he never knew ) while obama \u2019 s black father more or less abandoned him. both were raised almost entirely by women who had a tremendous influence on their work ethic and life goals. each overcame these early disadvantages by obtaining an education through grit, determination, and some measure of luck. from an early age, both were comfortable in the presence of powerful whites. as he grew to manhood, washington anticipated obama \u2019 s remarkable ability to reassure whites and forge cross - racial alliances. this description of a young obama as community organizer could easily apply to washington as he created tuskegee : \u201c personality - wise, barack did not like direct confrontation. he was a nice young man, very polite.... but challenging power was not an issue for him. lack of civility was. \u201d obama by his behavior followed oliver wendell holmes \u2019 s dictum, often quoted by washington, that \u201c controversy equalizes fools and wise menand the fools know it. \u201d each man sought the end goals of interracial reconciliation. in predicting that a black man would sit in the oval office, washington, like obama, showed himself to be a man of profound \u201c hope. \u201d blacks as a whole revered washington to the same degree as they now do obama. in 1908, a neutral observer wrote that nearly all good black homes had washington \u2019 s picture \u201c over the fireplace with a little framed motto expressing his gospel of work and service. \u201d like obama, washington was a skilled diplomat to the wealthiest of americans. obama counts among his allies billionaires warren buffett and bill gates ; while washington was a confidant of andrew carnegie and john d. rockefeller. washington not only won their friendship but persuaded them to open their pocketbooks, thus making tuskegee one of the largest colleges in the southjust as obama \u2019 s campaign coffers gushed with unprecedented wealth. despite the many similarities, the philosophical worldviews are", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47532471452022246, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.042087"} {"text": "their friendship but persuaded them to open their pocketbooks, thus making tuskegee one of the largest colleges in the southjust as obama \u2019 s campaign coffers gushed with unprecedented wealth. despite the many similarities, the philosophical worldviews are profoundly different. washington repeatedly emphasized that thrift was the basis of advancement. \u201c you cannot plant a tree in air, \u201d wrote washington, \u201c and have it live. \u201d the secret of success was to shun excessive debt, delay gratification, and \u201c learn the savings habit ; until we learn to save every nickel and every dollar that we can spare. \u201d washington \u2019 s strategy eventually paid off. without washington, it is hard to imagine the rise of the black middle class in the 1950s. it was this middle class, often the product of black colleges founded on the tuskegee model, which made the civil rights movement, and thus president obama, possible in the first place. while obama sometimes sounds like washington in praising personal self - reliance, he has committed his administration to a massive borrow - and - spend policy. in words that would stun washington, obama pledges a \u201c blood infusion [ of spending ] to the patient right now to make sure that the patient is stabilized, and that means that we can \u2019 t worry short - term about the deficit. \u201d to our growing debt and spending of trillions, he appears ready to add trillions more. like most men of his time, washington did not believe that anyone could spend their way to success. progress ultimately rested on a solid foundation of hard work, thrift, and production. excessive debt, especially without the means to repay it, only created a trap leading to more debt and regress. it is doubtful that washington could imagine the endless bailouts of our own day. they certainly would have appalled him. it would be a great tragedy if obama \u2019 s administration, which starts with such hope and promise, ends in disillusionment because he \u201c planted trees in the air \u201d and left future generations with promissory notes from the present, to be paid by our children and grandchildren. | jonathan bean is a research fellow at the independent institute, professor of history at southern illinois university, and editor of the institute book, race and liberty in america : the essential reader. |", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43535399320015533, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.043126"} {"text": "the first half of the nineteenth century in england was much like contemporary america : it was a country strangled by bureaucratic regulations. many people were always hungry, not because of poverty level wages, but because the price of grain for bread was kept artificially high by laws which simultaneously prevented the importation of foreign grain and subsidized domestic producers. food riots, domestic unrest, and a stagnating economy were not sufficiently frightening to make the government eliminate these barriers. in the midst of all this lived a successful young manchester textile manufacturer named richard cobden ( 1804 - 1865 ). he saw the social injustice, and it made him furious. he was determined to change it, and he did. as a result, the world owes the existence of the free market to him. cobden demonstrated methods that we can use to break down our own protectionist fair trade laws and massive food subsidies. richard cobden began his public life by leaving his calico printing company to his brother. he received a portion of the profits, which allowed cobden to devote full time to the cause of free trade. it seemed an impossible task. yet, seven years later, england had undergone a revolutionary economic, political, and social change. taxes on grain had been decimated. unequaled prosperity flooded england. for the next 85 years britain maintained world economic leadership, and the rallying cry of free trade became much more than an economic slogan. free trade denoted the philosophy of limited government, social justice, and freedom. cobden understood the moral truths behind unregulated commerce. breaking down barriers to trading freedom broke down class barriers and obstacles to civil rights. it reduced military expansion, since a powerful navy was a legacy from the old mercantile idea that warships protected trade between colonies and other controlled markets. the corn laws protectionist tariffs were called corn laws. they restricted the free flow of corn, wheat, barley, and oats between great britain and foreign countries to shield the british farmer from competition. systematic government interference in grain production began in the 1660s. the amended corn law of 1774, which controlled legislation for the next half century, is a typical example : when the domestic price of corn, as paid to the farmer by the baker or dealer, fell below \u00a32. 4 a quarter ( 28 pounds ), the farmer was encouraged to sell his products abroad, to prevent the market price from falling still further. he was given a bounty of five shillings for each quarter exported. when corn sold for \u00a32. 8, export was forbidden", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49666438870354723, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.061923"} {"text": "quarter ( 28 pounds ), the farmer was encouraged to sell his products abroad, to prevent the market price from falling still further. he was given a bounty of five shillings for each quarter exported. when corn sold for \u00a32. 8, export was forbidden. at prices between these levels, there was a duty of six pence a quarter. over time, this system became progressively more bureaucratized, with elaborate regulations specifying how and in what town the price was to be measured, with specific procedures for reporting and allowances for regional differences. 1 the corn laws displayed another characteristic of government controls : regulations and subsidies in one area led to the manipulation of tangential areas. in this case, when bad harvests triggered soaring grain and bread prices, the corn law mechanism exacerbated the problem, causing still higher prices. this provoked civil disturbances to the point where the government feared insurrection. to defuse the threat, workers wages were subsidized, relative to the price of bread. this subsidy came from the poor rates, the british nineteenth - century welfare system. this greatly expanded state entitlement programs, leading to massive fraud, inequities, and even greater civil unrest. the corn laws are not merely things of the past. their spirit exists in most countries of the world. in the u. s. today, agricultural products are subsidized and stored, to the tune of tens of billions of dollars annually, to keep the price of food artificially high. this enhances the farmers income but it also prevents the poor from eating as they should. this has led, as in nineteenth - century england, to protectionism, international tensions, and the threat of trade wars. richard cobden : businessman to pamphleteer cobden was born in dunford, west sussex, in 1804. because of a succession of family business failures, his father could not support young richard. he went to live with an uncle who trained him to be a clerk in his london warehouse. at twenty - one cobden became a traveling salesman. he was so successful that in 1831 he went out on his own and took over the calico printing company in manchester. manchester was the worlds first great industrial city. it was viewed as the metropolis of the future. alexis de tocqueville best explained the paradox of manchester : from this foul drain the greatest stream of human industry flows out to fertilize the whole world. from this filthy sewer pure gold flows. here humanity attains its most complete development and its most", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.5007460294907563, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.063155"} {"text": "idealistic dreams. the united states industrial strength had revolutionized the world economy and political equilibrium. cobden : the new world is destined to become the arbiter of the commercial policy of the old. 6 already the need to trade with america had compelled britain to abandon many regulations governing colonial commerce. since free trade and military non - intervention were the same to cobden, he pleaded for britain to abandon the past and repeal protectionism. this would make britain turn moralist, in the end, in selfdefense. 7 manchester incorporation : prelude to repeal cobdens pamphlets attracted the attention of the editor of the manchester times, archibald prentice, who asked him to speak on free trade issues. this led to cobdens being elected to the manchester chamber of commerce. here he met two men who would influence his thinking and direction : john benjamin corn law smith and john bright. smiths nickname was due to his years of singlehandedly fighting for corn law repeal, long before it became a major topic. it was smith who converted cobden to total repeal, not just incremental reductions. john bright became cobdens chief lieutenant in the long war for repeal. brights speaking tours around the country were a great factor in victory. cobden used the chamber of commerce as a vehicle for focusing public issues. the first political problem he tackled was the incorporation of manchester. like many of englands new industrial cities, manchester had no borough ( an urban political administrative area ) charter. its government was manorial, with the power of a small town, instead of one of englands largest urban centers. in 1837 cobden led the battle for a charter. one factor in winning was that he fought for it as if it were a national issue. his pamphlet, incorporate your borough, portrayed the struggle as one of democracy versus privilege, the rights of the productive classes against the rapacious aristocracy. he showed that the nobilitys gerrymandering of counties forced the middle and working classes to be their vassals. incorporation required a petition of taxpayers. there was powerful opposition from the upper class tories. to counter this, cobden focused on the shopocracy, the smaller merchants and manufacturers, for petition signatures. then, using electoral registers, the incorporationists sent a circular to all parliamentary electors who supported reform causes, to aid them by filling seats at public meetings. they did, and incorporation passed despite the fact that the tories had three times as many signatures. cobden made", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.48579386519340384, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.067158"} {"text": ", the incorporationists sent a circular to all parliamentary electors who supported reform causes, to aid them by filling seats at public meetings. they did, and incorporation passed despite the fact that the tories had three times as many signatures. cobden made a name - by - name check of the opposition petition and found that 70 percent were invalid. with incorporation, cobden was elected to his first public offices : borough councilor and alderman. 8 the manchester league : fighting for free trade cobden now set his sights on an ambitious national goal that had previously proved impossible to attain : repeal of the corn laws. in 1838 the manchester anti - com law association ( later, the manchester league ) was created. cobden saw repeal as the greatest single battle of his time. it would unite workers, farmers, and commercial interests against privilege to radically alter the political power structure of the country. the leagues initial goal was to educate the public. lecturers went all around england, giving free trade conferences. at this stage, political pressure did not seem necessary. but the league did have an ally in parliament : charles villiers. for years he had unsuccessfully tried to initiate a corn law repeat debate in the house of commons, which was dominated by big landlords. however, cobden knew that villiers efforts helped identify supporters at the national level. this would influence the leagues strategy in the provinces. within the first year cobden realized that he had underestimated the protectionists strength. in rural areas, league meetings were disrupted by physical violence. the farmers erroneously believed that free trade would bring unemployment and depression. the chartists, representing the urban workers, were hostile for the same reason. cobden hoped that the leagues message would convince both groups that repeat would open up new markets which would raise all wages. it required years of educating for these truths finally to be perceived. this generated a strategic change : the lectures were now combined with petition drives for parliament. thus began overt political activism. by 1840 the manchester league transformed itself, creating in every borough an anti - corn law party, or at least an effort to prevent the return of any candidate at the next election, whatever his political party may be, who supports... the landowners bread tax. 9 this meant a more aggressive league, less compromising, less fearful of making enemies. in 1841, a major economic depression occurred. suddenly prime minister robert peel resorted to the free trade idea of lower tariffs to stimulate the economy. this made the corn laws nationally significant and gave greater", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.47188950659215256, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.068640"} {"text": ", less compromising, less fearful of making enemies. in 1841, a major economic depression occurred. suddenly prime minister robert peel resorted to the free trade idea of lower tariffs to stimulate the economy. this made the corn laws nationally significant and gave greater credibility to the league. by now the league had several members in parliament, including cobden. but he was a reluctant member. he did not want to be a party man, loyal and compromising. he needed to be free to harass the government. cobdens speeches in parliament were not influential and this dampened league members enthusiasm. support dropped sharply. in all mass movements, zeal is critical. there is a constant need to exceed earlier achievements or risk dissolution. so cobden created make - work projects like conferences and fund - raisers to keep the fervor at high pitch. by 1843, paradoxically, economic recovery made the league acceptable to the one group most antagonistic to repeal : the aristocratic landowners. when times had been bad, high prices and high subsidies compensated for the poor yields. but now, prices kept failing with increased abundance and the tories saw that the corn laws did not shore up their incomes. cobdens speeches became more moderate. instead of attacking the corn laws, he attacked the greater evils behind them : the economic woes to workingmen and farmers. the new accent was on distress, not repeal. now he no longer seemed menacing to the tories. gone were the threats of the collapse of society because of high food prices. no longer did he say that the corn laws benefited only the rich. he appealed to the landlords themselves, showing them that protective tariffs deterred them from investing to improve their crops, thus hindering their prosperity. this wider view drew many leading tories to the repeal side and was responsible for robert peel receiving a league delegation after repeatedly turning them down. this was followed by a new league political plan. all the boroughs were classified as either safe, doubtful, or hopeless. voter registration focused on the hopeless districts. teams of lecturers and voter canvassers fanned out and recruited thousands of new members. cobdens overall objective was staggering : to reach every voter with league material through the canvassers. the sheer scale of it produced more enthusiasm, more fund - raisers, more activities, but it failed and did not destroy the protectionists. cobden had the courage to admit he was wrong and turned around completely in mid - campaign, refocusing on the win", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4817055705052647, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.069782"} {"text": "produced more enthusiasm, more fund - raisers, more activities, but it failed and did not destroy the protectionists. cobden had the courage to admit he was wrong and turned around completely in mid - campaign, refocusing on the winnable boroughs. cobden targeted 160 boroughs as winnable. the 1845 national election showed substantial gains in 112. this still wasnt sufficient to win a parliamentary vote. league members were now thoroughly demoralized. their tremendous work seemed futile. then cobden discovered a loophole in the election law, enabling the league to attack from an entirely different direction. this proved to be the key to victory. previously cobden had conceded the counties ( the rural political districts ). to win them he would have to create a vast new electorate. this seemed impossible because of the large property qualification required. or so he thought. but a little - known law made it possible to vote in a county election if one owned a forty - shilling freehold, a small piece of property that almost anyone could afford. by promoting forty - shilling freeholds as a great real estate investment, the number of free - trade voters was greatly expanded. immediately the tories retreated. they acknowledged that protectionism hindered agricultural modernization and conceded that subsidies did not stabilize corn prices. seeing that his opponents were caving in, cobden once again switched the mode of attack : de - emphasizing public education to put more pressure on parliament. this forced prime minister peel over to the league side, provoking a governmental crisis. he was forced to resign and his government collapsed. repeal now seemed within reach. but the chaos compelled a parliamentary re - organization, reflecting the revolutionary change in the balance of power that repeal represented, shifting away from the aristocrats toward the urban middle class. it appeared that the protectionists had formed a last - ditch coalition to block repeal just when it seemed assured. league members held their breath. repeal passed parliament and became law. 10 the consequences of repeal following repeal, richard cobden was physically, mentally, and financially drained. he considered retiring permanently from politics. for the five years prior to repeal he saw very little of his wife and children. my only boy is five years old... he did not positively know me as his father, so incessantly was i upon the tramp. 11 yet cobden felt the necessity to go on. he saw repeal as a beginning, not an end. more than prosperity, it would bring world peace. he spent", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45550757259815194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.074236"} {"text": "as his father, so incessantly was i upon the tramp. 11 yet cobden felt the necessity to go on. he saw repeal as a beginning, not an end. more than prosperity, it would bring world peace. he spent the next fourteen months on a missionary tour of europe, promoting the social benefits of trade without barriers. he wrote : warriors and despots are generally bad economists and they instinctively carry their ideas of force and violence into the civil politics of their governments. free trade is a principle which recognizes the paramount importance of individual action. 12 several years later his evangelism led to the second great triumph of his political career, the anglo - french commercial treaty of 1860. france was still a protectionist country, but cobdens tour had converted important frenchmen into freetraders. they had influenced napoleon iii. one such person was michel chevalier, a political economist. for centuries england and france had been military antagonists, but in the crimean war of 1854 - 55 they were allies. through free trade there was a unique opportunity to strengthen the bonds for permanent peace. initially there were several secret meetings in london among chevalier, cobden, and gladstone, the chancellor of the exchequer. then cobden, with no official status, quietly left for paris. he believed then, as always, that free trade would undo the national animosities kept alive by the professional diplomats and the military. i would not step across the street just now to increase our trade, for the mere sake of commercial gain.... but to improve moral and political relations of france and england, by bringing them into greater intercourse and increased dependence, i would walk barefoot from calais to paris. 13 napoleon realized that he had to convince his own government about the benefits of free trade. he asked cobden how to go about it. cobden replied, i told him, i would act precisely as i did in england, by dealing first with one article which was the keystone of the whole system. in england, that article was corn, in france, it was iron ; that i should totally abolish and at once the duty on pig iron, and leave only a small revenue duty, if any, on bars... this would render it much easier to deal with all the other industries, whose general complaint is that they cant compete with england owing to the high price of iron and coal. 14 when the negotiations reached their critical phase, cobden thought he would be replaced by professional diplomats. instead", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4691614107608287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.080076"} {"text": "deal with all the other industries, whose general complaint is that they cant compete with england owing to the high price of iron and coal. 14 when the negotiations reached their critical phase, cobden thought he would be replaced by professional diplomats. instead he was given plenipotentiary powers and continued on his own. the agreement was signed in january 1860. cobden died in april 1865. he was sixty years old. his legacy is enormous and remains so to this day. for eighty - five years free trade reigned as englands national policy, influencing the commercial principles of every major country in the world. richard cobdens idealism and passionate dream can be summed up by his statement : i see in the free trade principle that which will act on the moral world as the principle of gravitation in the universedrawing men together, thrusting aside the antagonisms of race, and creeds and language, and uniting us in the bonds of eternal peace.... i believe the effect will be to change the face of the world, so as to introduce a system of government entirely distinct from that which now prevails. i believe the desire and the motive for large and mighty empires and gigantic armies and great navies will die away.... when man becomes one family, and freely exchanges the fruits of his labor with his brother man. 15 1. norman longmate, the breadstealers : the fight against the corn laws, 1838 - 1846 ( new york : st. martins press, 1984 ), pp. 3 - 4. 2. alexis de tocqueville, journeys to england and ireland, edited by j, p. mayer ( new haven : yale university press, 1958 ), pp. 107 - 108. 3. john mcgilchrist, richard cobden, the apostle of free trade ( new york : harper & brothers, 1865 ), p. 20. 4. richard cobden, russia, from the political writings of richard cobden, 4th edition ( london : w. ridgway, 1901 ), p. 26. 5. cobden, america, from political writings, p. 5. 6. ibid., p. 21. 7. ibid., p. 256. 8. nicholas edsall, richard cobden, independent radical ( cambridge : harvard university press, 1986 ), pp. 51 - 59. 9. ibid., p. 85. 10. ibid., pp. 53", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4668209371653731, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.111646"} {"text": "peter panliterary hero best known as : fanciful boy hero of peter pan peter pan is the mischievous hero of j. m. barrie ' s 1904 play peter pan. peter is \" the boy who never grew up, \" a fantastical figure who visits the bedroom of the darling children ( wendy, john and michael ) and flies them away to neverland. there the children meet peter ' s loyal troupe of lost boys, and have adventures and battles with the nefarious captain hook. the character of peter went through several versions, from a 1902 book the little white bird to barrie ' s hugely successful 1904 play. barrie published the story as prose in 1911, under the title of peter and wendy. in 1953, walt disney made a hit animated movie out of a cleaned up version the story, and a 1954 broadway musical version of the play earned a tony award for mary martin, who played peter. in films peter has been played by jeremy sumpter ( peter pan, 2003 ) and robin williams ( hook, 1991 ) among many others. peter pan is also the star of a series of adventure stories for children by dave barry and ridley pearson, starting with peter and the starcatcher ( 2004 ). peter pan is assisted by a tiny fairie named tinkerbell, who carries a lighted wand ; she has become one of the signature figures of the walt disney empire... late singer michael jackson called his extravagant california ranch \" neverland \"... in barrie ' s story, peter tells wendy he lives \" second to the right, then straight on till morning. \" in some productions this has been changed to \" second star to the right, then straight on till morning \"... peter is usually played onstage by women, a tradition started with the original 1904 production ; gymnast cathy rigby and actress sandy duncan played the role often later in the 20th century... in 1929, barrie donated the rights to peter pan to london ' s great ormond street hospital for children. copyright \u00a9 1998 - 2013 by who2?, llc. all rights reserved. more on peter pan from infoplease : information please\u00ae database, \u00a9 2007 pearson education, inc. all rights reserved.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4013885148613958, "token_count": 445, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.128572"} {"text": "the chinese zodiac the twelve animal signs of the chinese calendar by elizabeth olson unlike the western linear calendar used in the united states, the chinese calendar features a cyclical dating method that repeats every 60 years. the calendar is based on two cycles that interact with each other \u2014 the chinese zodiac, which is divided into 12 parts, and the five elements. the five elements are metal, water, wood, fire, and earth. each year of the chinese zodiac is represented by a different animal : the rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, rooster, dog, and pig. the five elements are assigned to the 12 animals ( years ), giving different characteristics to each animal ( year ). assigning each of the five elements to the 12 years creates 60 different combinations that results in a 60 - year cycle. each sign has personality traits horoscopes were developed around animal signs to predict personality traits and destiny. each animal is known to have certain characteristics that a person born under the sign would demonstrate. the year a person is born determines their animal sign. for example, a person ' s animal sign is a rat if they were born in the year of the rat. animal signs are also assigned by month and hours of the day, which are also broken up into increments of 12. it is important to remember when determining the hour in which you were born, that hours are not based on local time, but in relation to the sun ' s location, according to the chinese zodiac. animal personality traits the five elements and yin and yang much of chinese philosophy is built around five elements, and the belief that they interact with natural phenomena. the five elements, including metal, water, wood, fire, and earth, have existed in chinese culture for thousands of years, and affect the chinese zodiac. each element has different traits. characteristics of the five elements are assigned to the 12 animal signs, creating 60 possible characteristic combinations. the concept of yin and yang also affects the chinese zodiac by assigning opposing forces to each animal sign \u2014 odd years are yin years and even years are yang years. yin is perceived as earth, female, dark, and passive. yang is perceived as male, heaven, light, and active. considering that the chinese zodiac was created thousands of years ago, it is not surprising that there are several interpretations of its origin. most agree, however, that the 12 animals on the chinese zodiac calendar were the animals that appeared in response to an invitation to a celebration from buddha or the jade emperor", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49634649921312857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.131906"} {"text": "the emancipation of consciousness in nineteenth - century america author : schmit d. source : journal of consciousness studies, volume 7, number 10, 2000, pp. 41 - 60 ( 20 ) publisher : imprint academic amidst the current profusion of research on consciousness, discussions of the historic origins of the topic are frequently overlooked. at the beginning of the nineteenth century in the west, the nature of consciousness was barely understood, nor differentiated from its esoteric and religious contexts. by the end of the century, however, novel ideas about the structure of consciousness were proposed by janet, james, and the society for psychical research. this article proposes that these discoveries were intrinsically linked to popular nineteenth - century explorations of unorthodox religious experiences and trance states. operating outside mainstream religious, medical, and academic settings, alternative spiritual and medical sub - cultures such as mesmerism, mind cure, spiritualism, transcendentalism and orientalism provoked scientific discourse about consciousness that advanced the field. examining these developments sheds light on the current renaissance in consciousness research and its relation to popular interest in states of consciousness, meditation and powers of mind. document type : research article affiliations : box 4096, college of st. catherine, 2004 randolph avenue, st. paul, mn 55105, usa. email : firstname. lastname @ example. org publication date : 2000 - 01 - 01", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.6011742413979713, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.135040"} {"text": "| | | what your doctor is reading | | | update from the medical journals : october 2010 october 29, 2010 by mary pickett, m. d. harvard medical school what ' s the latest news in the medical journals this month? find out what your doctor is reading. gene patterns may contribute to adhd children with attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) have symptoms that include difficulty paying attention, impulsive behavior, excessive restless or fidgety behavior. a new interesting study adds to the evidence that the adhd behavior pattern comes from biologic differences in the brain, not from emotional stress or from unskilled parenting. the study was published online in the lancet on september 30. it found that genetic variations are more common in children with adhd than in children without adhd. the study involved a fairly new area of science : \" copy number variations. \" humans have 23 pairs of matching chromosomes. each chromosome is made up of a long strand of dna proteins. genes are segments of the dna that carry instructions for cells. usually, a chromosome has one copy of each gene that it carries. but sometimes one chromosome has extra copies of the same gene. this is a variation of \" copy number. \" it is also possible for a chromosome to have no copies of a gene that we would expect it to carry, even though the other chromosome in its \" pair \" carries the gene. this is also a copy number variation. researchers compared the dna from 366 children diagnosed with adhd to the dna from 1, 047 children who were not diagnosed with adhd. they found that 14 % of children with adhd had extra or missing copies of genes, compared with only 7 % of children who did not have adhd. genes tell cells how to make proteins. so having more copies or fewer copies of a gene could result in too much or too little of a specific protein. in the brain, proteins help to activate brain cells and to send messages between brain cells. it seems realistic that a change in \" copy number \" of a gene might create an imbalance of brain hormones or a difference in brain development. in fact, children with adhd have less dopamine activity in the brain than is usual. it ' s possible that this new evidence helps explain why. in recent years, studies of twins have shown that if one twin has adhd, his or her sibling has about a 75 % chance of having adhd, too. also, researchers have found several genes that are more common in the dna of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5249182155421371, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.145996"} {"text": ". in recent years, studies of twins have shown that if one twin has adhd, his or her sibling has about a 75 % chance of having adhd, too. also, researchers have found several genes that are more common in the dna of children with adhd than in children without adhd. although genetic differences contribute to many illnesses, they rarely act alone. usually, genetic differences predispose a person to a condition but they don ' t cause illness until they combine with other factors. other factors that may contribute to adhd include diet, iron deficiency or possibly environmental exposures. based on the research as a whole, it is likely that several factors may contribute to adhd, not only genetics. back to top new drug tested for osteoarthritis osteoarthritis breaks down the smooth cartilage that lines joints. it is the most common form of arthritis. the new england journal of medicine published a study in the october 14 issue about the effectiveness of an injected drug that acts against a chemical messenger involved in pain. ( the study was released september 29 online ). the drug, called tanezumab, is an antibody that targets nerve growth factor. in the study, 450 people with osteoarthritis of the knee received either tanezumab or placebo injections. after four months, the group that got tanezumab reported pain scores that were 45 % to 62 % lower than the pre - treatment pain level for that group. the group that received placebo injections reported a 22 % reduction in pain. with tanezumab, people reported improved function. up to 93 % of tanezumab - treated individuals felt better after treatment, compared with 44 % of placebo - treated people. also, people who took tanezumab needed to take less of other pain medicines. the treatment, however, had some unexpected effects. x - rays revealed that 16 people who were treated with tanezumab had a rapid increase in the amount of cartilage and bone damage in the joints, including bone necrosis ( death of bone tissue ). these patients needed joint replacement surgery for the knee or hip. researchers are wondering if the pain relief allowed these patients to over - work their damaged joints because they were not limited by pain. for the time being, the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) has stopped additional testing of tanezumab because of the problems seen at the end of this study. still, it is exciting to see", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4726027105475137, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.147321"} {"text": "not limited by pain. for the time being, the u. s. food and drug administration ( fda ) has stopped additional testing of tanezumab because of the problems seen at the end of this study. still, it is exciting to see a new approach to treating an old problem. targeting nerve growth factor may be a powerful new tool in pain management, once we know how to most safely use a drug like tanezumab. back to top more news in brief - new drugs are in pipeline to treat hepatitis c. currently hepatitis c may be treated with the medication interferon. not everyone can safely take interferon, however, and it frequently causes bothersome side effects. on oct 14, the lancet released the results of a study online that could improve treatment options for people with hepatitis c. the study tested the safety and effectiveness of a new drug combination rg7128 and danoprevir that prevents the hepatitis c virus from multiplying. both are taken by mouth. they have not yet been approved for use in the united states. in the first two weeks of the study, essentially all 74 patients who took the drugs had a dramatic drop in the number of virus particles that were detected in their blood. the drugs seemed to be tolerated easily by patients. it worked in people who didn ' t respond to interferon. if larger studies confirm safety, this drug pair could become the first choice in treatment for hepatitis c. the authors suggest that 8 to 12 weeks of treatment might be enough time to cure a hepatitis c infection. - 30 years from now diabetes may affect 1 in 3 americans. about 1 in 10 people in the united states has been diagnosed with diabetes. many more people have undiagnosed diabetes. in an online statement in population health metrics on october 22, the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) predicted that as many as 1 in 3 american adults may have diabetes by the year 2050. the cdc is basing this prediction on the increasing rates of obesity, which can cause type 2 diabetes to develop, as well as the increasing number of older adults in our population. - new recommendations for testing toddlers ' iron levels. the american academy of pediatrics ( aap ) updated its recommendations for how often children up to age 3 should have a blood test to check for low iron. the aap also recommended how much dietary iron a child needs each day. for children aged 0 to 6 months, the daily need is about 3 milligrams", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43864321863719075, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.148555"} {"text": "often children up to age 3 should have a blood test to check for low iron. the aap also recommended how much dietary iron a child needs each day. for children aged 0 to 6 months, the daily need is about 3 milligrams of elemental iron. for children 7 to 12 months, the daily need is 11 milligrams. for children aged 1 to 3 years, the daily need is 7 milligrams. the recommendations were published online october 5 in the journal pediatrics. ( you can view them here on the aap website. ) iron deficiency affects 15 % of toddlers. some estimates are higher for children in early grade school years. low iron in infancy and early childhood can affect brain development and behavior. every child should have an initial blood test for iron between 9 months and 12 months of age. children should be checked again between 15 months and 18 months of age. a routine complete blood count ( cbc ) will check the hemoglobin level and can usually determine if a child is iron deficient. to get enough iron, some infants and children need supplements. for example, breastfed infants need daily iron supplement drops beginning at four months until they begin eating cereals that are iron - fortified. preterm infants may also need supplements. modern formula milk usually has iron, so children who are bottle - fed don ' t need supplements. ( avoid giving an infant cows milk before 12 months to prevent loss of iron from the gut. ) children older than 1 year need to eat plenty of iron - rich foods, such as meat, fish, legumes and green leafy vegetables. adding fruits with vitamin c to a meal ( such as citrus fruits ) can help a child to absorb iron during digestion. back to top mary pickett, m. d. is an associate professor at oregon health & science university where she is a primary care doctor for adults. she supervises and educates residents in the field of internal medicine, for outpatient and hospital care. she is a lecturer for harvard medical school and a senior medical editor for harvard health publications.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.41853639815637955, "token_count": 424, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.150461"} {"text": "| | | | heart and circulatory heart rhythm problems a cardiac arrhythmia is any abnormal heart rate or rhythm. intelihealth medical content what is it? a cardiac arrhythmia is any abnormal heart rate or rhythm. in normal adults, the heart beats regularly at a rate of 60 to 100 times per minute, and the pulse ( felt at the wrist, neck or elsewhere ) matches the contractions of the heart ' s two powerful lower chambers, called the ventricles. the heart ' s two upper chambers, called the atria, also contract to help fill the ventricles, but this milder contraction occurs just before the ventricles contract, and it is not felt in the pulse. under normal circumstances, the signal for a heartbeat comes from the heart ' s sinus node, the natural pacemaker located in the upper portion of the right atrium. from the sinus node, the heartbeat signal travels to the atrioventricular node, or \" a - v node, \" ( located between the atria ) and through the bundle of his ( pronounced hiss - a series of modified heart muscle fibers located between the ventricles ) to the muscles of the ventricles. this causes the ventricles to contract and produces a heartbeat. cardiac arrhythmias sometimes are classified according to their origin as either ventricular arrhythmias ( originating in the ventricles ) or supraventricular arrhythmias ( originating in heart areas above the ventricles, typically the atria ). they also can be classified according to their effect on the heart rate, with bradycardia indicating a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute and tachycardia indicating a heart rate of more than 100 beats per minute. some common types of cardiac arrhythmias include : - sinus node dysfunction - this usually causes a slow heart rate ( bradycardia ), with a heart rate of 50 beats per minute or less. the most common cause is scar tissue that develops and eventually replaces the sinus node. why this happens is not known. sinus node dysfunction also can be caused by coronary artery disease, hypothyroidism, severe liver disease, hypothermia, typhoid fever or other conditions. it also can be the result of vasovagal hypertonia, an unusually active vagus nerve. - supraventricular tachyarrhythmias", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5216612203815191, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.162951"} {"text": "hypothermia, typhoid fever or other conditions. it also can be the result of vasovagal hypertonia, an unusually active vagus nerve. - supraventricular tachyarrhythmias - this diverse family of cardiac arrhythmias causes rapid heartbeats ( tachycardias ) that start in parts of the heart above the ventricles. in most cases, the problem is either an abnormality in the a - v node or an abnormal pathway that bypasses the typical route for heartbeat signals. - atrial fibrillation - this is a supraventricular arrhythmia that causes a rapid and irregular heartbeat, during which the atria quiver or \" fibrillate \" instead of beating normally. during atrial fibrillation, heartbeat signals begin in many different locations in the atria rather than in the sinus node. although these abnormal signals manage to trigger 300 to 500 contractions per minute within the atria, the extraordinarily high number of heartbeat signals overwhelms the a - v node. as a result, the a - v node sends sporadic, irregular signals to the ventricles, causing an irregular and rapid heartbeat of 80 to 160 beats per minute. the disordered heartbeat of atrial fibrillation cannot pump blood out of the heart efficiently. this causes blood to pool in the heart chambers and increases the risk of a blood clot forming inside the heart. the major risk factors for atrial fibrillation are age, coronary artery disease, rheumatic heart disease ( caused by rheumatic fever ), hypertension, diabetes and thyrotoxicosis ( an excess of thyroid hormones ). - a - v block or heart block - in this family of arrhythmias, there is some problem conducting the heartbeat signal from the sinus node to the ventricles. there are three degrees of a - v block : - first - degree a - v block, where the signal gets through, but may take longer than normal to travel from the sinus node to the ventricles - second - degree a - v block, in which some heartbeat signals are lost between the atria and ventricles - third - degree a - v block, in which no signals reach the ventricles, so the ventricles beat slowly on their own with no direction from above some common causes of a - v block include coronary artery disease, heart attack or an overdose of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5153732021561296, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.163876"} {"text": "a - v block, in which no signals reach the ventricles, so the ventricles beat slowly on their own with no direction from above some common causes of a - v block include coronary artery disease, heart attack or an overdose of the heart medication digitalis. - ventricular tachycardia ( vt ) - this is an abnormal heart rhythm that begins in either the right or left ventricle. it may last for a few seconds ( non - sustained vt ) or for many minutes or even hours ( sustained vt ). sustained vt is a dangerous rhythm and if it is not treated, it often progresses to ventricular fibrillation. - ventricular fibrillation - in this arrhythmia, the ventricles quiver ineffectively, producing no real heartbeat. the result is unconsciousness, with brain damage and death within minutes. ventricular fibrillation is a cardiac emergency. ventricular fibrillation can be caused by a heart attack, an electrical accident, a lightning strike or drowning. symptoms of specific arrhythmias include : - sinus node dysfunction - there may not be any symptoms, or it may cause dizziness, fainting and extreme fatigue. - supraventricular tachyarrhythmias - these can cause palpitations ( awareness of a rapid heartbeat ), low blood pressure and fainting. - atrial fibrillation - sometimes, there are no symptoms. this can cause palpitations ; fainting ; dizziness ; weakness ; shortness of breath ; and angina, which is chest pain caused by a reduced blood supply to the heart muscle. some people with atrial fibrillation alternate between the irregular heartbeat and long periods of completely normal heartbeats. - a - v block or heart block - first - degree a - v block does not cause any symptoms. second - degree a - v block causes an irregular pulse or slow pulse. third - degree a - v block can cause a very slow heartbeat, dizziness and fainting. - vt - non - sustained vt may not cause any symptoms or cause a mild fluttering in the chest. sustained vt usually causes lightheadedness or loss of consciousness and can be lethal. - ventricular fibrillation - this causes absent pulse, unconsciousness and death. your doctor will ask about your family history of coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias, fainting spells or sudden death from heart problems. your doctor also will review your personal medical", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5375076930473627, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.164787"} {"text": "- this causes absent pulse, unconsciousness and death. your doctor will ask about your family history of coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias, fainting spells or sudden death from heart problems. your doctor also will review your personal medical history, including any possible risk factors for cardiac arrhythmias ( coronary artery disease, rheumatic fever, thyroid disorders, certain medications ). you will be asked to describe your specific cardiac symptoms, including any possible triggers for those symptoms. during the physical examination, your doctor will check your heart rate and rhythm, together with your pulses. this is because certain cardiac arrhythmias cause a mismatch of the pulse and the heart sounds. your doctor also will check for physical signs of an enlarged heart and for heart murmurs, one sign of a heart valve problem. a test called an electrocardiogram ( ekg ) often can confirm the diagnosis of a cardiac arrythmia. however, because cardiac arrhythmias may come and go, a one - time office ekg may be normal. if this is the case, an ambulatory ekg may be required. during an ambulatory ekg, the patient wears a portable ekg machine called a holter monitor, usually for 24 hours, but sometimes much longer. you will be taught to press a button to record the ekg reading whenever you experience symptoms. this approach is especially useful if your symptoms are infrequent. some newer heart rhythm recording devices can be used for patients with rare symptoms, including monitors that can be implanted under the skin and used to evaluate possible rhythm problems for months. when a patient has ventricular fibrillation, it is an emergency. the patient is unconscious, not breathing, and doesn ' t have a pulse. if available, electrical cardioversion must be administered as soon as possible. if not available, then cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( cpr ) should be started. how long a cardiac arrhythmia lasts depends on its cause. for example, atrial fibrillation that is caused by an overactive thyroid may go away when the thyroid problem is treated. however, cardiac arrhythmias that result from progressive or permanent damage to the heart tend to be long - term problems. when a heart attack causes ventricular fibrillation, death can occur within minutes. cardiac arrhythmias that result from coronary artery disease can be prevented by taking the following actions to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4870979251540579, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.165735"} {"text": "the heart tend to be long - term problems. when a heart attack causes ventricular fibrillation, death can occur within minutes. cardiac arrhythmias that result from coronary artery disease can be prevented by taking the following actions to modify your risk factors : - eat a heart healthy diet, including eating an abundance of vegetables and fruits, fish, and plant sources for protein and avoiding saturated and trans fats. - control your cholesterol and high blood pressure. - quit smoking. - control your weight. - get regular exercise. cardiac arrhythmias related to medications can be minimized by checking with a health care professional or pharmacist about any potential drug interactions. you might have to switch to another medication or reduce the dose of a problem medication. ventricular fibrillation resulting from electrical shock can be prevented by following routine safety precautions around live wires and by seeking shelter during electrical storms. not all cardiac arrhythmias can be prevented. the treatment of a cardiac arrhythmia depends on its cause : - sinus node dysfunction - in people with frequent, severe symptoms, the usual treatment is a permanent pacemaker. - supraventricular tachyarrhythmias - the specific treatment depends on the cause of the arrhythmia. in some people, massaging the carotid sinus in the neck will stop the problem. other people need medications such as beta - blockers, calcium channel blockers, digoxin ( lanoxin ) and amiodarone ( cordarone ). some patients respond only to a procedure called radiofrequency catheter ablation, which destroys an area of tissue in the a - v node to prevent excess electrical impulses from being passed from the atria to the ventricles. - atrial fibrillation - atrial fibrillation resulting from an overactive thyroid can be treated with medications or surgery. fibrillation resulting from rheumatic heart disease may be treated by replacing damaged heart valves. medications, such as beta - blockers ( for example atenolol and metoprolol ), digoxin, amiodarone, diltiazem ( cardizem, tiazac ) or verapamil ( calan, isoptin, verelan ), can be used to slow the heart rate. drugs such as amiodarone can be used to reduce the chances that the atrial fibrillation will return. other treatment", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.44805484146109287, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.166628"} {"text": "heart muscle disorder. the prognosis for ventricular fibrillation is grave, and death follows quickly without emergency treatment. most atrial arrhythmias have an excellent prognosis. the outlook is good for heart block, even third - degree a - v block, the most serious type. the availability of permanent pacemakers, implanted cardioversion / defibrillation devices and effective medications has improved the prognosis for many people with serious cardiac arrhythmias. american heart association ( aha ) 7272 greenville ave. dallas, tx 75231 national heart, lung, and blood institute ( nhlbi ) p. o. box 30105 bethesda, md 20824 - 0105 american college of cardiology 9111 old georgetown road bethesda, md 20814 - 1699 toll - free : 1 - 800 - 253 - 4636, ext. 694 last updated april 13, 2011 23677, 23693, 23921, heart, arrhythmias, ventricles, a - v block, ventricular fibrillation, atrial fibrillation, heart rate, atria, coronary artery disease, thyroid, cardiac arrhythmia, dizziness, arrhythmia, cardioversion, heart attack, beta - blockers, bradycardia, catheter, chest pain, cpr", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4386489065465486, "token_count": 290, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.169962"} {"text": "what is it? a fallen arch or flatfoot is known medically as pes planus. the foot loses the gently curving arch on the inner side of the sole, just in front of the heel. if this arch is flattened only when standing and returns when the foot is lifted off the ground, the condition is called flexible pes planus or flexible flatfoot. if the arch disappears in both foot positions - - standing and elevated - - the condition is called rigid pes planus or rigid flatfoot. flexible flatfeet are considered normal in young children because babies are not born with a normal arch. the arch may not form fully until sometime between ages 7 and 10. even in adulthood, 15 % to 25 % of people have flexible flatfeet. most of these people never develop symptoms. in many adults who have had flexible flatfeet since childhood, the missing arch is an inherited condition related to a general looseness of ligaments. these people usually have extremely flexible, very mobile joints throughout the body, not only in the feet. flatfeet also can develop during adulthood. causes include joint disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, and disorders of nerve function ( neuropathy ). unlike a flexible flatfoot, a rigid flatfoot is often the result of a significant problem affecting the structure or alignment of the bones that make up the foot ' s arch. some common causes of rigid flatfeet include : the majority of children and adults with flexible flatfeet never have symptoms. however, their toes may tend to point outward as they walk, a condition called out - toeing. a person who develops symptoms usually complains of tired, aching feet, especially after prolonged standing or walking. symptoms of rigid flatfoot vary depending on the cause of the foot problem : if your child has flatfeet, his or her doctor will ask about any family history of flatfeet or inherited foot problems. in a person of any age, the doctor will ask about occupational and recreational activities, previous foot trauma or foot surgery and the type of shoes worn. the doctor will examine your shoes to check for signs of excessive wear. worn shoes often provide valuable clues to gait problems and poor bone alignment. the doctor will ask you to walk barefoot to evaluate the arches of the feet, to check for out - toeing and to look for other signs of poor foot mechanics. the doctor will examine your feet for foot flexibility and range of motion and feel for any tenderness or bony abnormalities. depending on the results of this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4677577623920077, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.175938"} {"text": "of the feet, to check for out - toeing and to look for other signs of poor foot mechanics. the doctor will examine your feet for foot flexibility and range of motion and feel for any tenderness or bony abnormalities. depending on the results of this physical examination, foot x - rays may be recommended. x - rays are always done in a young child with rigid flatfeet and in an adult with acquired flatfeet due to trauma. although infants are usually born with flexible flatfeet, most develop normal arches sometime between ages 7 and 10. in the 15 % to 20 % of children whose flatfeet last into adulthood, the condition often is inherited and lifelong. however, it may not cause symptoms. a rigid flatfoot is a long - term condition, unless it is corrected with surgery or other therapy. because most cases of flatfeet are inherited, the condition is usually impossible to prevent. even when children with flexible flatfeet are treated with arch supports and corrective shoes, there is little evidence that these devices prevent the condition from lasting into adulthood. for mild pain or aching, acetaminophen ( tylenol ) or a nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drug ( nsaid ), such as aspirin or ibuprofen ( advil, motrin and others ) may be effective. when there are no symptoms, treatment is not needed. if a child older than age 3 develops symptoms, the doctor may prescribe a therapeutic shoe insert made from a mold of the child ' s foot or a corrective shoe. as an alternative, some doctors recommend store - bought arch supports. these appear to work as well as more expensive treatments in many children. with any conservative, nonsurgical treatment, the goal is to relieve pain by supporting the arch and correcting any imbalance in the mechanics of the foot. surgery is typically offered as a last resort in people with significant pain that is resistant to other therapies. the treatment of a rigid flatfoot depends on its cause : when to call a professional call your doctor whenever you have foot pain, whether or not you have flatfeet. this is particularly important if your foot pain makes it difficult for you to walk. call your pediatrician or family doctor if your child complains about foot pain or appears to be walking abnormally. even if there are no foot symptoms, it is wise to check with your doctor periodically about your child ' s foot development just to be sure that everything is progressing as expected. up to 20 % of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4215018573137261, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.176994"} {"text": "the lifestyle choices to keep your heart healthy are similar to what you should do to help prevent many other diseases, such as diabetes and certain types of cancer. if you have coronary heart disease or are at high risk to develop it, you should do the following : - eat plenty of vegetables and fruits while avoiding trans fats and saturated fats. - keep blood pressure in the normal range, ideally with a systolic blood pressure of less than 120 millimeters of mercury ( mm hg ). - don ' t smoke. - get your low - density lipoprotein, or ldl ( bad ), cholesterol under 100 milligrams per deciliter ( mg / dl ) and perhaps as low as 70 mg / dl. this usually requires medications such as a statin drug. - maintain a healthy weight. - strive to keep your blood sugar levels normal. - manage stress. - become more physically active, and make daily exercise a priority at an intensity level recommended by your doctor. high ldl cholesterol is one of the major risk factors for heart disease, and the risk increases as the bad cholesterol level rises. other major risk factors are smoking, high blood pressure and diabetes. your cholesterol level is determined by your genetic makeup and the amount of saturated fat and cholesterol in the foods you eat. the liver manufactures cholesterol, so even if you never eat cholesterol, your body can make all it needs. several factors contribute to high blood cholesterol : diet : reduce your blood ldl cholesterol level by eating less fat, particularly saturated fat ( as found in whole milk, cheese and meat ). low cholesterol foods are important, too. studies have shown that your total cholesterol and your bad cholesterol levels may begin to drop two to three weeks after you begin your lower you intake of fat, calories and cholesterol. a healthy diet : - contains healthy fats. once you ' ve cut way back on saturated fats and trans fats ( the unhealthy fats ), you can start adding healthy fats to your diet. healthy fats are polyunsaturated and monounsaturated. - contains healthy sources of carbohydrates. eat more whole grains foods like whole - wheat bread, brown rice and oatmeal to help lower cholesterol, improve blood sugar and insulin levels, control weight, protect the heart, guard against diabetes and keep your digestive", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4457083404792781, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.181170"} {"text": "africa : one step nearer to cure for river blindness nairobi, 12 march 2002 ( irin ) - it is bacteria inside parasitic worms, and not the worms themselves, that cause river blindness, according to the latest research published by british - based nature magazine. onchocerciasis, more commonly known as river blindness, earned its name because of its most extreme manifestation. its variety of symptoms range from serious visual impairment, including blindness ; rashes, lesions, intense itching and de - pigmentation of the skin ; lymphadenitis, which results in hanging groins and elephantiasis of the genitals ; and general debilitation. the world health organisation reports that of the 36 countries where the disease is endemic, 30 are in sub - saharan africa ( plus yemen ) and six in south america. an estimated 17 to 18 million people suffer from it. the minute offspring of parasitic worms - carried by black flies endemic in fertile riverside areas - called microfilaria were believed to cause the disease, nature reported, with fragments of dead microfilaria prompting the human immune system to overreact. working with a genetically modified mouse mimic of human river blindness, however, eric pearlman of case western reserve university in cleveland, ohio, has discovered that wolbachia microbes within the parasitic worms are probably the culprits. pearlman ' s team of researchers have found that bacteria - free worm extract did not cause severe disease in the test mice, but wolbachia - laden worms did. furthermore, the researchers found a molecular receptor in the eye that is particularly sensitive to wolbachia, according to nature. this receptor is crucial to eliciting an inflammatory immune response, which can lead to a cataract - like blindness occurring in humans. nature said these findings could lead to better ways of preventing or treating the disease. \" it ' s a very significant finding - it gives us a more precise idea of what ' s happening, \" the magazine quotes alexander trees of the liverpool school of tropical medicine in england as saying. moreover, trees ' s researchers recently found that the parasitic worms need wolbachia bacteria to enable them to reproduce, and that antibiotics to kill wolbachia can therefore also serve to sterilise adult worms. river blindness is currently managed by using chemicals to stop adult worms from reproducing, and with insecticides to kill the black flies that carry the worms. nature reports that, based on the new findings regarding wolbachia ' s interaction with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47402147587229604, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.188027"} {"text": "february 18, 2011, 12 : 38 pm \u2014 yale university scientists have built what they call the first anti - laser, a device that can cancel out beams of light generated by a laser. such a device could be an integral element in optical computers, a long promised successor to today ' s computers that would use light instead of electrons to process information. while scientists have long known of different ways to absorb light, this work is unique in that can absorb light of a particular wavelength, the researchers claim. \" after some research, we found that several physicists had hinted at the concept in books and scientific papers, but no one had ever developed the idea, \" said yale university physicist a. douglas stone, who along with fellow researcher hui cao led a team of researchers to build the anti - laser. the device was based on the theoretical work stone published last summer. a summary of their work appears in the feb. 18 issue of science. lasers, short for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, generate coherent light, which is to say a stream of light photons that all have the same frequency, amplitude and wave pattern. the researchers built what they call a coherent perfect absorber ( cpa ), a silicon wafer that traps and dissipates incoming coherent light of a predefined wavelength. in other words, just as a laser generates coherent light, the cpa absorbs coherent light. the light ' s energy is dissipated as heat. such an anti - laser switch could help solve one of the toughest challenges in building an optical computer, namely the management and manipulation of the light used to encode information. for instance, a cpa could be used in an optical switch, one that would absorb light of a particular wavelength while letting light with other wavelengths pass. it could also be used to detect incoming light, or as a waveguide to direct beams of light along certain routes. that could lead to optical switches replacing transistors in future computers. optical computers could potentially be much more powerful than today ' s computers, given that the size of components could be shrunk beyond the limits of today ' s electron - based technologies. as with any prototype, the cpa has some limitations, which the researchers feel can be overcome with more work. the current cpa absorbs 99. 4 of all light it receives, but they would like to get that number up to 99. 999 percent. also the current cpa is one centimeter wide, which they say can be shrunk to a much", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.667634171364234, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.192210"} {"text": "forest governance and climate policies fred stolle of the world resources institute looks at the need for redd to address forest governance issues as well as creating market incentives. policy - makers are recognizing the essential role that the world \u2019 s remaining forests play in maintaining the global climate system. the political momentum generated by the bali action plan under the un framework convention on climate change ( unfccc ) will create a unique opportunity to put in place a framework of incentives that could curb deforestation, slow forest degradation, and improve the way forests are managed. to succeed, these incentives must strike at the main drivers of rampant deforestation and must also recognize the dependency of local communities on forest ecosystems for their livelihoods. in the coming months, climate change negotiators have agreed to explore a mechanism for providing compensation for \u201c reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries \u201d ( redd ). under most redd proposals, compensation would be financed by the sale of these emission reductions as \u2018 carbon offsets \u2019 to be used by regulated countries or companies to remain within their emissions limits. however, will the promise of money for carbon alone create the conditions necessary to counteract the drivers of deforestation? if a redd mechanism is to succeed, competing pressures on forests will need to be managed fairly and effectively. redd needs to strike at the heart of the drivers, which are not always directly linked to markets, but are as often factors of problems such as illegal logging, bad planning, lack of law enforcement, the absence of tenure rights, the lack of accountability, the lack of coordination and capacity of institutions that manage forest resources and the loss of revenues and other governance factors. it seems thus apparent that redd will need to do more than create market incentives. to make redd effective, efficient and capable of achieving lasting impacts, these governance issues need to be addressed. however, to make these difficult governance improvements countries will need assistance, while these improvements cannot be directly translated into reduced emissions and thus cannot be paid for by carbon credits. there is thus a need for a payment mechanism phase either in parallel or prior to a market mechanism, for redd to be successful. although this phase could not be measured by tons of carbon removed, it is clear that such a phase needs to be measured ( and reported and verified ), not to fall into the same trap of general development assistance ( oda ) over the last decades that has had a low percentage of success. the concept of this governance phase is getting more attention lately and one option of such a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43681344130031496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.195855"} {"text": "it was only in 2000 that our dollar was at 39 cents us and we joked about it being the pacific peso. the new zealand dollar was initially pegged to the us dollar at us $ 1. 62 = nz $ 1. this rate changed on 21 november of the same year to us $ 1. 12 = nz $ 1 after the devaluation of the british pound ( see bretton woods system ), although new zealand devalued more than the uk. in 1971 the us devalued its dollar relative to gold, leading new zealand on 23 december to peg its dollar at us $ 1. 216 with a 4. 5 % fluctuation range, keeping the same gold value. from 9 july 1973 to 4 march 1985 the dollar ' s value was determined from a trade - weighted basket of currencies. the nz $ was floated on 4 march 1985 at the initial rate of us $ 0. 4444. since then the dollar ' s value has been determined by the financial markets, and has been in the range of about us $ 0. 39 to 0. 88. the dollar ' s post - float minimum average daily value was us $ 0. 3922 on 22 november 2000, and it set a post - float maximum on 22 july 2011 of us $ 0. 8666. much of this medium - term variation in the exchange rate has been attributed to differences in interest rates. the new zealand dollar ' s value is often strongly affected by currency trading, and is among the 10 most - traded currencies. on 11 june 2007 the reserve bank sold an unknown amount of new zealand dollars in an attempt to drive down its value. this is the first intervention in the markets by the bank since the float in 1985. two suspected interventions followed, but they were not as successful as the first : the first appeared to be initially effective, with the dollar dropping to approximately us $ 0. 7490 from near us $ 0. 7620. however, within little more than a month it had risen to new post - float highs, reaching us $ 0. 8103 on 23 july 2007. after reaching its post - float record high in early 2008, the value of the nz $ plummeted throughout much of the 2nd half of 2008 and the first quarter of 2009 as a response to the global economic downturn and flight by investors away from \" riskier \" currencies such as the nz $. the nz $ bottomed out at approximately us $ 0. 50 on 6 march 2009. however,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4357467189048816, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.199308"} {"text": "of 2009 as a response to the global economic downturn and flight by investors away from \" riskier \" currencies such as the nz $. the nz $ bottomed out at approximately us $ 0. 50 on 6 march 2009. however, it rebounded strongly as the year progressed, reaching the us $ 0. 75 range by november 2009. phil. check out house of custom ' s, website. he is based in paeroa. he sells a combo set, front or rear. just change the top hoop. all the hooks etc. it looks like its made in europe. i got the stand and rear spools / bobbins for 97. 00. real cheap for what it is and does. works a treat. the stand works from the rear so you should clear your mufflers. he sells via trademe as well. your bike looks sharp. thank your lucky stars it ' s not to damaged. oh? it ' s a stand? i thought you were trying to attach some training wheels. just kiddin '. yes, i am sure you uttered \" oh, crap! \" funny how bike was sitting on training wheels and all i could think about after liftting it back up and that could of been when i broke abs wires was to go into the house a get my camera. hind sight is a great thing but once it was on the ground i should of removed the left hand side of the stand as it un bolt ' s.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45048771358459, "token_count": 299, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.201227"} {"text": "named yrvind ten after its 10 foot length, the miniature vessel will be just 1. 8 meters wide with two six meter - tall masts. weighing 1. 5 tons, it will be made out of a composite foam and fiberglass material which, he says, is \" excellent for insulation and floatation. \" powered by wind, solar panels, gel batteries and a foot crank, yrvind ten will set sail from ireland in a 48, 000 kilometer return journey around the globe. sir robin knox - johnston, the first person to sail around the world in 1969 in a 9. 8 meter yacht, said there was a real possibility yrvind would complete the voyage. briton knox - johnston, who also founded the clipper round the world yacht race, added that many people had thought his own bid to circumnavigate the globe was impossible at the time. \" one of the biggest challenges he ' ll face is when he ' s coming up against these massive 25 meter waves in the southern ocean. in a boat that size he ' s just going to be rolled around and around like he ' s inside a giant washing machine, \" knox - johnston said. \" he might also find he ' s using a lot more energy - - and will need a lot more food - - being rolled around like that. \" the swede will collect rainwater in sails, funneled by a hose to a tank. with no heating equipment on board, he ' ll rely on 400 kilograms of muesli and sardines, supplemented with vitamin tablets and fish caught from the sea. \" i need just half - a - kilogram of food a day and this will give me enough food for 800 days, \" he said. \" in the beginning i will have fruit but obviously that will run out. i also have a friend in melbourne with a boat who will come out with supplies. \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.3808413129379934, "token_count": 389, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.203227"} {"text": "magic of the canadian west with a vast land area of almost 10 million square kilometres and a population of just over 30 million people, canada has a lot of wide open spaces with huge tracts of uninhabited countryside. there is a great variety of different landform, ranging from the intensively farmed plains of the south to the evocatively named \u201c barren grounds \u201d of the north, which are characterised by permafrost and freezing tundra. the yukon stretches from british columbia in the south to beyond the arctic circle. to the northwest it is bordered by alaska. the region and the state gets its name from the yukon river, a 3000 - km ( 1800 mile ) artery that rises in bc ' s coast mountains and flows through the heart of the yukon and alaska to the bering sea. at the westernmost tip of the yukon are located the country ' s highest mountains. together with the neighbouring wrangell national park in alaska, the kluane national park protects the st elias mountains, including mount logan ( 5950m ) - canada ' s highest point \u2013 and mount mckinley ( 6193m ) in alaska, the highest point in north america. below them, and covering half the park, is a huge basin of mile - deep glaciers and ice fields, the world ' s largest non - polar ice. the canadian rockies extend for 2000 km ( 1200 miles ) south from the yukon through alberta and british columbia. one of the most accessible parts of the range is located at the western edge of the state of alberta, some 250 km ( 155 miles ) west of edmonton and closer still to the town of calgary. here, there are 2 adjoining national parks ; banff national park and jasper national park, which together enclose more than 17, 000 sq km ( 6, 560 sq miles ) of beautiful mountain scenery. despite its ease of access, this is still a wilderness area. endless forests, extensive tundra, powerful glaciers, and cascading rivers are overlooked by peaks almost 4000m ( 13, 000ft ) tall. the athabasca river, which has its source in the jasper national park, flows for more than 1500 km ( almost 1000 miles ) across canada. the time in alberta is gmt - 7 hours the weather in the canadian rocky mountains is ever - changing and always unpredictable. summer days are long, but the summer season is short. july is the warmest month with a mean daily maximum temperature of 22\u00b0c / 72\u00b0f. we can expect to encounter temperatures during the day ranging from", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4321063320457099, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.207818"} {"text": "- changing and always unpredictable. summer days are long, but the summer season is short. july is the warmest month with a mean daily maximum temperature of 22\u00b0c / 72\u00b0f. we can expect to encounter temperatures during the day ranging from 18\u00b0c / 64\u00b0f to 27\u00b0c / 80\u00b0f. naturally, at the highest elevations, the daytime temperatures will be lower than this. at night, the temperatures will typically drop to around 10\u00b0c / 50\u00b0f or even a few degrees lower. although the weather is relatively stable at this time of year, we can expect some rainfall. the unit of currency in canada is the canadian dollar. for up to date exchange rates visit : www. xe. com. canadian dollars can be easily obtained outside the country. the best and fastest way to obtain cash in - country is from atms using a credit or debit card. if you are carrying your travel money in travellers cheques you should use us or canadian dollar denominations. cheques can be cashed at thomas cook and other exchange bureaux or at major banks. credit cards can be used to purchase most goods and services and at major restaurants. citizens of the us, australia, new zealand, switzerland, and nationals of countries within the eu do not need a visa. passengers intending to fly via the usa, please note the following : under the electronic system for travel authorisation ( esta ), all travellers, including children, from the 27 countries under the us visa waiver programme ( vwp ) will have to fill out an electronic travel authorization form online at www. esta. cbp. dhs. gov prior to boarding any us - bound aircraft or ship. you can also use this site to check whether your country is part of the visa waiver scheme. you will be required to answer questions about criminal records, communicable diseases, past history of visa revocation or deportation, and basic biographical data such as name, birth date and passport information. changes in address and itinerary can be made online after the esta form has been first submitted. you will not be allowed to board any us bound aircraft if you have not completed the online esta form. if you have a criminal record ( including criminal driving offences ), you will be required to obtain a visa in advance of entering or transiting the usa. you should attend your own doctor and dentist for a check - up. your doctor will have access to the most up to date information on the required vaccination", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4178520566933856, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.209085"} {"text": "macmillan \u2019 s immediate source of inspiration for a first world war ballet was vera brittain \u2019 s autobiographical testament of youth. a poem from it, \u2018 the war generation : ave \u2019 is quoted in the programme book whenever gloria is performed. the ballet can also be seen as a testament to macmillan \u2019 s scottish father, who had been gassed in the first world war and who suffered the after - effects for the rest of his life. he never spoke of his experience in the trenches. he died of pneumonia when kenneth was 17. although poulenc \u2019 s gloria in g is in praise of god in the highest, macmillan intended it to be an elegy for young lives cut short or blighted by war. it could be seen as the third of his works contemplating mortality, set to vocal music : the earlier two are song of the earth ( 1965 ) and requiem ( 1976 ). this time, unlike the previous occasions, no objections were raised by the board of the royal opera house to his choice of sacred music for a ballet. macmillan briefed his young designer, andy klunder, to look at photographs and paintings of the great war, as well as memorial sculpture. the set is sparse, devastated, with entrances and exits over a ramp at the back of the stage. the men resemble soldiers whose uniforms, and flesh, have been torn off ; their helmets recall the hats of medieval pilgrims. the women are dressed in silver - grey, with coiled ear - muffs that make them seem ghosts from a far - off past. the two principal women embody aspects of vera brittain and all women who have suffered the loss of loved ones in wartime : one is the fearless girl, the other the woman in mourning. brittain lost her brother and her lover in the war. the two principal men in the ballet are brothers - in - arms, unknown warriors. one survives the other, only to drop out of sight beneath the ramp on the last notes of the music. the corps de ballet of women and soldiers serve as ritual celebrants, circling the stage at the beginning and end of the ballet. the four soloists are the personal expression of their anonymous suffering, dancing to the latin words of the catholic mass extolling god \u2019 s mercy. the leading man who points at the audience during his last, defiant solo accuses passive spectators of acquiescing in death and destruction. the ballet is about the futility of all wars, not just the 1914 - 1919 great war, which it was hoped, in vain", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43585974950863493, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.211845"} {"text": "the total number of hair follicles for an adult human is estimated at 5 million with 1 million on the head of which 100, 000 alone the scalp. in humans, the only external regions of skin devoid of hair follicles are the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. the basic hair follicle structure remains essentially the same throughout the range of mammalian species with modifications for specialized functions. the hair follicle can be recognized a separate entity within the skin with formation and maintenance based on interaction between dermal and epidermal components. under the influence of the dp, epidermal cell differentiation during anagen produces a keratinized hair fiber and associated products. the source epidermal cells, called matrix cells, that lie in the immediate vicinity of the dermal papilla are a living, actively proliferating group of cells which differentiate and become keratinized to form the hair cortex ( co ) and surrounding hair cuticle ( hc ) of the hair shaft at the center of which is situated the medulla ( m ). cells around the hair shaft comprise the inner root sheath ( irs ) which can be divided into three layers the cuticle ( cu ), huxley layer ( hu ) and henle layer ( he ) based on structure, patterns of keratinization and incorporation of a product called trichohyalin. the irs breaks down at the level of the sebaceous gland to leave only the hair cortex and surrounding cuticle to protrude above the the main differentiated layers in a mature anagen hair follicle. the hair follicle penetrates the dermal layer of the skin composed of fibroblast cells and collagen connective tissue interspersed with blood vessels, sweat glands and sensory nerves. the bulb region sits in the subcutaneous ( adipose fat ) tissue layer. | image showing the layers in a hair follicle from the outside ( left ) to the center it is the dermal papilla ( dp ) which directs and dictates the embryonic generation of a hair follicle and it also retains this instructive ability throughout the life of the hair follicle. the dp presents as a healthy \" pear \" shape in normal hair follicles. as the name suggests, derived from the dermis mesenchyme the dp consists of a highly active group of cells shown to be capable of inducing follicle development from the epidermis and production of hair fiber ( oliver 1966", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5269490691384784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.220787"} {"text": "of more than the lower third of a hair follicle, reformation of a dp is unable to occur and the hair follicle is effectively permanently destroyed. the dp cells retain their embryonic functional abilities and are able to induce new hair fiber growth in mature, adult skin when implanted into previously deactivated hair follicles and in close association with ors epidermal cells ( oliver 1967, horne 1986 ). dp cells can also interact with adult epidermis to induce the development of new hair follicles ( jahoda 1990 ). in the established hair follicle the dp cells act in conjunction with epidermal cells via mechanisms similar to those in embryogenesis to permit hair follicle cycling through hair production and resting phases. dp cells are almost unique in maintaining their embryogenic regenerative properties in adults making them potentially attractive for investigation with a view to gaining an insight on organ / limb regeneration and the bulb region of a hair follicle. the hair fiber is the core part of any hair follicle. epidermal derived cells close to the dp remain undifferentiated cells, called matrix cells, that focus on multiplying and proliferating to produce more cells. those cells made in the center of the hair follicle are destined to become part of the hair fiber and are called cortex ( cortical ) cells. as the cells multiply the constant stream of production pushes the cells upwards towards the skin surface. as they move up the hair follicle they begin to differentiate into particular cell types. the cortex cells change from a round into a flattened appearance. they are squeezed together into layers ( lamella ). if the hair follicle contains melanocyte cells then melanin pigment is incorporated into the cortex cells. these cortex cells become keratinized and harden. as they do so it becomes impossible for the cells to function properly and the cells die. the keratinized cells are then pushed away from the hair bulb region and upwards as new cells come in behind. the cortex cells are now part of the dead keratinized fiber. some large hair follicles have a central strand of cells that are loosely organized and not packed together. this tube in the very center of the hair fiber is called the medulla. around the outside of hair fiber we see a cuticle. the cuticle is made up of more keratinized cells but they arrange themselves in a slightly different way to cortex cells", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5166420228008508, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.222829"} {"text": "the very center of the hair fiber is called the medulla. around the outside of hair fiber we see a cuticle. the cuticle is made up of more keratinized cells but they arrange themselves in a slightly different way to cortex cells. as the cuticle cells are produced, they lay over the cortex cells and flatten into an overlapping roof tile fashion. cuticle cells become progressively flatter as they get older. as with cortex cells, when they keratinize the cell can no longer function properly and dies. the outer root sheath ( ors ) is distinct from other epidermal components of the hair follicle being continuous with the epidermis. the \" bulge \" region in the ors is the site at which the arrector pili muscle is attached. the arrector pili muscle is connected to the epidermis at the other end. this is the muscle that makes hair stand erect and produces goose bumps in your skin when you are cold. the contraction of the muscle pulls on both the hair to make it erect and pulls on the skin making a bumpy surface. the bulge region is believed to be the storage area for hair follicle stem cells. hair follicles go through a cycle of growth and rest ( below ). with each renewed attempt to produce hair fiber, the hair follicle must obtain a source of cells to form the matrix cell population that make hair fibers. the source of these cells is believed by some dermatologists to be the bulge region. other dermatologists suggest that stem cells are not present in the bulge region at all and that new matrix cells are obtained from the root sheath. also extending from the ors is the sebaceous gland. it consists of a few cells focused on production of oils ( lipids ). these cells are large with their cytoplasm filled with vacuoles containing lipid. the cells are often divided into several lobes of the sebaceous gland connected together by a sebaceous duct. the duct has a single opening into the tube where the hair fiber sits. the ors surrounds the hair fiber and inner root sheath until deep into the dermis. just above the bulb region containing the dermal papilla the ors tapers and ends so the ors does not entirely cover the hair fiber and inner root sheath. the ors consists of several layers of cells that can be identified with unique ultrastructural the inner root sheath ( irs ) is produced by matrix", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4927648536652092, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.223729"} {"text": "##rs and ends so the ors does not entirely cover the hair fiber and inner root sheath. the ors consists of several layers of cells that can be identified with unique ultrastructural the inner root sheath ( irs ) is produced by matrix cells sitting above the hair follicle. while those matrix cells in the center of a hair follicle proliferate and produce the hair fiber and cuticle, the matrix cells towards the periphery of a hair follicle proliferate and produce the irs. as with cells making up the hair fiber, the cells destined to be irs gradually become differentiated and keratinized as they are pushed away from the bulb region. as keratinization occurs, the cells die and form the irs surrounding and protecting the development of the hair fiber. the irs can be subdivided into several layers. adjacent to the hair fiber we see a single cell thick irs cuticle layer that closely interdigitates with the hair fiber cuticle layer. the next irs layer is called the huxley layer that may consist of up to four cell layers. outside of this there a single cell layer called the irs henle layer. the henle layer runs adjacent to the ors layer. the products of the sebaceous gland are believed to help break down the irs. the irs does not extend out of the hair follicle. only the hair fiber itself protrudes above the skin surface. the irs disintegrates at the level of the sebaceous duct opening. the debris from the irs break down mixes with the sebaceous gland oils and the result is sebum. sebum is an oily solid that is expelled from the hair follicle and normally scraped or washed away in our general skin care habits. sometimes overproduction of sebum can build up in the hair follicle and harden into plugs of material called comedones ( blackheads ). sebum is a nutrient rich material and an ideal habitat for bacteria. colonies of bacteria, particularly one called propionibacterium acnes may proliferate in hair follicles using sebum as a nutrient supply. the bacteria feeding on the sebum changes its composition that makes it irritating. the immune system responds to the antigens in the modified sebum and the bacteria resulting in inflammation and acne.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.48191184673416415, "token_count": 485, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.224702"} {"text": "dateline : august, 2011, issue 3 how does a juror ' s social status affect participation in deliberations? jurors with higher occupational statuses, higher levels of education, and higher incomes have higher social status. social status disparities affect our communication activities and social behaviors, including jurors ' behavior on juries. york ( 2006 ) interviewed jurors post - verdict in boston and found higher levels of participation in deliberations among upper class jurors. cornwell and hans ( 2009 ) studied 2, 306 criminal jurors who served on 311 juries. a juror ' s social class predicted the juror ' s participation in deliberations. jurors with a college degree participated significantly more than those not having a college degree. independently, jurors with higher incomes participated more in deliberations than those with lower incomes. absent consideration of social status, a juror ' s gender did not predict the juror ' s participation in deliberations. men did not participate more in deliberations than women. both men and women of higher social status participated more in deliberations, and men and women of lower social status participated less. jury decision - making reflects social status disparities. jurors with higher social status - - higher occupational statuses, higher levels of education, and higher incomes - - typically participate more in deliberations than their lower status counterparts. source york, e. ( 2006 ). social status in jury deliberations : 1957 and today, in memory of fred strodtbeck. paper presented at the annual meeting of the american sociological association, montreal, quebec. source cornwell, e. y. & hans, v. p. ( 2009, july 30 ). contextualizing jury participation : case -, jury -, and juror - level predictors of participation in jury deliberations. paper presented at the. cels 2009 4th annual conference on empirical legal studies.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4441717128720759, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.226795"} {"text": "the academy of natural sciences of drexel university is a popular museum on philadelphia ' s cultural boulevard and the oldest natural history museum in america. the first part of this two - part series focused on the academy ' s public role as museum and educational institution. in this, the second part, also taped on - site, scientists at the academy of natural sciences discuss its collections and its role as a center for scientific research. paleontologist ted daeschler, associate curator of vertebrate zoology and vice president of systematics and library, displays thomas jefferson ' s personal collection of fossils, presented to jefferson in 1808 by explorer william clark. daeschler notes that the academy holds some 18 million fossil specimens. he also displays the focus of his current research, the skull of a lobe - finned fish found in the canadian arctic, one of the first limbed animals and a key piece of evolutionary history - - a bridge between fish and mammal. entomologist daniel otte, curator of entomology and an expert on crickets and grasshoppers, speaks of describing new species of crickets and notes that there are many species of insects that remain undescribed. a highlight of otte ' s presentation are the beautifully detailed drawings from his books on north american grasshoppers. ending the segment, biogeochemist david velinsky, vice president of the academy ' s patrick center for environmental research, discusses the pioneering work on stream health of ecologist ruth patrick, the scientist for whom the center was named. velinsky also speaks of his current and controversial research on the ecological problems resulting from natural gas drilling in pennsylvania. this episode features video of display cases filled with fossils, seashells, giant insects, birds, and other specimens from the academy ' s \" library of life, \" as well as shots of its famous dinosaur skeletons. visit the website : http : / / www. drexel. edu / thedrexelinterview episode # 207 / length : 26 minutes", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.45332685594587885, "token_count": 410, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.229907"} {"text": "the number of children with autism is \" significantly \" higher than previously thought, according to a new report released by the centers for disease control and prevention. school - aged boys were four times more likely to have an autism spectrum disorder ( asd ) diagnosis than girls, according to the new data. the cdc released a report a year ago estimating 1 in 88 american children has a form of autism spectrum disorder - neurodevelopmental disorders that lead to impaired language, communication and social skills. the report looked at medical and educational records of all 8 - year - olds living in 14 areas of the united states during 2008. this new report is drawn from answers given by parents of children between the ages of 6 and 17 in a telephone survey. based on the answers provided by parents who chose to answer questions, the survey suggests that 1 in 50 school - aged children have autism. the cdc ' s national center for health statistics conducted the survey between february 2011 and june 2012. when the topic of autism was raised, the family member was asked if they had ever been told by a doctor or other health care provider that their child had any form of autism. if the answer was yes, they were asked if the child currently had autism. if the answer to that question was also yes, then the parent or guardian was asked if the autism diagnosis was \" mild, \" \" moderate \" or \" severe. \" \" the new data does suggest that the number of children with autism is higher than we had estimated four years ago. this will have implications for health care providers and school systems, \" says stephen blumberg, a health scientist with cdc? s national center for health statistics and lead author of the research published online wednesday. when this survey was conducted in 2007, 1. 6 % of parent said they had a child with an autism diagnosis - - which suggests 1 in 86 school - age children have some form of autism. in this latest study, 2 % of parents said their child currently had a diagnosis of some for of autism. based on this new cdc report and last year ' s cdc report, \" it ' s really tough to know what the true prevalence of asd is, \" says zachary warren, director of vanderbilt university ' s treatment and research institute for autism spectrum disorders.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.44026211311491836, "token_count": 458, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.232195"} {"text": "in the last decades overweight and obesity became a worldwide problem. germany is also highly affected by this \u201c global epidemic \u201d, as about 16 m people are suffering from obesity. meanwhile less than half of the german adults show a normal and healthy bodyweight. more than 20 % are obese, showing a body mass index \u2265 30 kg / m2 and another 40 % are overweight ( bmi \u2265 25 < 30 kg / m2 ). herewith closely related is the high risk to develop a multitude of co - morbidities such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and some cancer types. it is alarming that even amongst children and adolescents overweight occurs more often. the results of the german health interview and examination survey for children and adolescents ( kiggs ), undertaken between 2003 and 2006, showed that 15 % of all children and adolescents between 3 and 17 years have overweight, 6, 3 % are obese. ( 1 ) obesity is considered as a chronic disease, restraining quality of life as well as leading to multiple health problems and shortening the life expectancy. this means allocated costs of at least 13 bn \u20ac per annum for the german health care system. ( 2 ) to support obesity research the german ministry for education and research ( bmbf ) founded the competence network for obesity research and started its funding since july 2008. eight thematically structured consortia comprising thirty - nin sub - projects are working on the general aims as follows : - networking of german experts in the field of obesity. - establishment of a nationally and internationally visible and competitive research platform. - rapid transfer of new scientific results in prevention medicine and in patient care. - expert platform for all questions concerning obesity. ( 1 ) kurth bm, schaffrath rosario a. die verbreitung von uebergewicht und adipositas bei kindern und jugendlichen in deutschland ; ergebnisse des bundesweiten kinder - und jugendgesundheitssurveys ( kiggs ). bundesgesundheitsblatt gesundheitsforschung gesundheitsschutz. 2007 may - jun ; 50 ( 5 - 6 ) : 736 - 43 ( 2 ) knoll k. p., hauner h. kosten der adipositas in der bundesrepublik deutschland. adipositas 2008 ; 2 : 204 \u2013 210. > competence network on obesity > overview networks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49032572143270453, "token_count": 500, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.235067"} {"text": "kuwait ' s emergence as an independent political entity dates back more than 380 years ago, to 1613. this has been established by new research initiated by the kuwaiti government after the liberation of the country from the iraqi invasion. according to dr abdallah al - ghoneim, the president of the centre for kuwaiti research and studies the new research proves that kuwait existed as early as 1613 and not 1752 as formerly believed. this was substantiated by other evidence also. in a letter found in the british archives, addressed by sheikh mubarak al - sabah in 1913 to the british political resident, the former says \" kuwait is a land of the poor in which our grandfather al - sabah dwelled in 1613. \" evidence also includes a letter sent by oman ' s imam naser bin murshed in the 1730s to the kuwaiti government, appealing for help against the portuguese. kuwait had then sent two ships loaded with weapons and ammunition. in the 17th century, the bani khalid were the overlords of eastern arabia and their domain stretched from kuwait to qatar. in about 1672 barrak bin ghuraif, the amir of the bani khalid, built his kout ( a small house in the shape of a fortress situated near water ) in qurain, a small fishing community. this may have been in the area in kuwait city known today as wattiya. the utub, a federation of arab families, were driven out of al - aflaj in central arabia by the drought in the 17th century. they learned sea - faring and then scattered into various arabian gulf ports before coming to kuwait in the early 18th century. they settled here under the suzerainty of the bani khalid. family disputes within the ruling bani khalid in 1722 gave the utub in kuwait a chance to practice some independence. after 1752 further internal disputes among the bani khalid and the rise of the wahhabis, their bitter enemies in central arabia, gave the utub of kuwait de facto independence. in about 1756 they elected sabah bin jaber as the amir of kuwait to administer justice and the affairs of the town. as the regional influence of the bani khalid waned, kuwait \u2019 s lack of protection made the rise of a strong local power necessary. the utub had changed from nomads to settlers since their move from al - aflaj and the first al - sabah was chosen by the other families as their leader. hh the amir \u2019 s fifth son, hh sheikh abdullah - al", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.3745922554220553, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.244694"} {"text": "the utub had changed from nomads to settlers since their move from al - aflaj and the first al - sabah was chosen by the other families as their leader. hh the amir \u2019 s fifth son, hh sheikh abdullah - al - sabah was selected to succeed his father. under his stable rule, kuwait transformed into a prosperous and influential independency. in the latter part of the 18th and early 19th centuries kuwait became a major port of call on several international trading routes. pearls were kuwait \u2019 s only natural resource and each year hundreds of pearling ships such as sambuks made for the lucrative pearl banks to return at the end of summer. shipbuilding and using imported materials, became an important industry. in winter, large trading dhows set out for india to return with merchandise ( and mail ) which was loaded onto desert caravans bound for the mediterranean. caravans from southern and eastern arabia also passed through kuwait on their way to syria. kuwait \u2019 s markets were crowded with bedouins selling their products and services or buying imports for resale in the interior. hh the amir, sheikh jaber i al - sabah ( 1812 - 1859 ) ruled in consultation with the merchants of kuwait, and managed to maintain good relations with all the major powers of the day. however, as kuwait prospered throughout the 19th century its independence came under threat from regional and european powers. to counter growing turkish ambitions, hh the amir, sheikh mubarak ( 1896 - 1915 ) signed treaties with the global powers of that time. the country prospered greatly under hh sheikh mubarak \u2019 s rule. hundreds arrived to settle in kuwait, attracted by its orderly administration and increasing commercial activity. but trade declined sharply in kuwait from the 1920s onwards due to the worldwide recession, kuwait \u2019 s reduced importance as a major link in 20th century international trade routes, and because of hostilities from the ikhwan, tribesmen from the interior of arabia, who were only finally defeated in 1930. kuwait \u2019 s pearling industry, which once boasted 800 pearling ships, almost disappeared with the introduction of japanese cultured pearls and the worldwide fall in demand for luxury goods following the wall street crash of 1929. however, in the 1950s and 1960s, kuwait underwent a transition from a small amirate to an internationally influential modern state because of the oil boom. the rulers of the al - sabah dynasty 1. sheikh sabah i bin jaber : 1756 - 1762 2. sheikh abdullah i : 1762 - 1812 3. sheikh jaber i : 1812", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4181432055715243, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.247006"} {"text": "what : sodium lactate is the sodium salt of lactic acid, or milk acid. the salts of lactic acid naturally occur in muscle tissue, and sodium lactate is a component of the stratum coreum layer of the skin ( wiki ). sodium lactate is commonly used in cosmetics as a preservative, exfoliant, and humectant. origin : sodium lactate is produced by the fermentation of sugar from a natural source, such as corn or beets. products found in : facial moisturizer, facial treatments, anti - aging skincare, body moisturizers, sunscreen, facial cleanser. alternative names : 2 - hydroxypropanoic acid, monosodium salt ; propanoic acid, 2 - hydroxy -, monosodium salt ; sodiuma - hydroxypropionate ; sodium lactate solution ; monosodium salt 2 - hydroxypropanoic acid ; monosodium salt propanoic acid, 2 - hydroxy - ; 2 - hydroxy - monosodium salt propanoic acid ; 2 - hydroxy propanoic acid, monosodium salt ; propanoic acid, 2hydroxy, monosodium salt ; lacolin ; lactic acid sodium salt toxicity : sodium lactate is generally classified as a low health risk by the environmental working group ' s skin deep database.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4520054250700162, "token_count": 283, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.251177"} {"text": "fragrances can contain one or more ingredients and when listed as \" fragrance \" or \" perfum \", it is done because the composition is being kept a trade secret. this does not give any indication that the composition is synthetic or naturally sourced, although in most cases, \" fragrance \" consists of synthetic ingredients, such as phthalates. in the case of natural fragrances, especially those in npa or bdih certified products, the ingredients used for the scent are listed as \" fragrance \" because the composition is being kept proprietary - most often because the scent blend is purchased from a fragrance supplier who does not wish to disclose the blend composition. in order for the product to be certified natural, the certifying body would enter into an agreement with the fragrance supplier not to disclose the scent details. this then ensures that the certifiying body is able to ensure the individual scent ingredients meet the natural standards. synthetic fragrances are commonly used in personal care products and are complex formulations containing as many as 200 ingredients. they are used because they are more affordable than pure natural essential oils. most adverse reactions to cosmetics and toiletries are caused by fragrance chemicals, which are known irritants and allergens. many of us have encountered synthetic fragrances that cause us to sneeze or give us headaches, dizziness, violent coughing or even rashes and other skin irritations. most hypoallergenic products are fragrance free. on an ingredient label, fragrances, whether synthetic or natural, are simply listed as \u201c fragrance \u201d, \u201c perfume \u201d or \u201c parfum \u201d, preventing us from identifying the chemical makeup and whether these chemicals may be dangerous to our long - term health. products should be certified 100 % natural and not contain any synthetic fragrances \u2014 only the purest, 100 % natural essential oils and essences. look for products that are certified natural by associations such as the npa. these organizations will require that fragrance compounds are naturally sourced. note : the environmental working group ( ewg ) does not distinguish between synthetic and natural fragrance simply gives the ingredient \" fragrance \" a hazard score of 8. also, when scoring products, it does not differentiate if 5 % of fragrance is used of 0. 5 %. in our opinion, we feel this unfairly punishes certified natural products that go to the trouble to source great natural scents from fragrance suppliers to create a better sensory experience with their products, compared to simply adding some rose or lavender oil.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46780497478798055, "token_count": 501, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.256534"} {"text": "although the church welfare plan was not yet formalized, the early saints recognized the importance of living a self - reliant life, caring for the poor and needy, and serving others. the prophet joseph smith stated, \u201c a man filled with the love of god, is not content with blessing his family alone, but ranges through the whole world, anxious to bless the whole human race. \u201d not long after the church was established, small bishops \u2019 storehouses and tithing offices were erected to help the needy. joseph smith instituted the gathering of fast offerings in kirtland, ohio, during the 1830s. the principle of tithing was also introduced during this period ( see d & c 119 ). tithing and fast offerings were paid in the form of labor, produce, and other commodities. bishops and branch presidents oversaw the distribution of these resources as they do today. many of the early saints struggled to support themselves. to combat idleness, church leaders and members united to find ways to create sustainable livelihoods. some found work constructing church buildings and completing public works projects. others farmed and sold goods to provide for themselves and their families. as they labored together, the saints were blessed with enough to meet their needs. while the challenges of our time are different, latter - day saints continue to provide for themselves and care for the poor and needy by following the teachings of the savior and the example set by previous generations. \u201c when we fast, \u2026 we feel hunger. and for a short time, we literally put ourselves in the position of the hungry and needy. as we do so, we have greater understanding of the deprivations they might feel. when we give to the bishop an offering to relieve the suffering of others, we not only do something sublime for others, but we do something wonderful for ourselves as well. \u201d \u2014 elder joseph b. wirthlin continue to the next pagecatching the vision of self - reliance - j. reuben clark, jr., in conference report, april 1937. - spencer w. kimball, \u201c welfare services : the gospel in action, \u201d october 1977 general conference. - marion g. romney, \u201c the role of a bishop in the church welfare program, \u201d october 1979 general conference. - l. tom perry, \u201c the role of the stake bishops council in welfare services, \u201d april 1977 general conference. - teachings of presidents of the church : joseph smith ( 2007 ), 330 \u2013 31. - see howard w. hunter, \u201c fast day, \u201d october 1985 general conference. - see glen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.39275082384905496, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.262749"} {"text": "government should have a role in the promotion of religious values in the schools by passing laws that allows a prayer. brain needed to be exercised by learning new things and nimble brains help quality of life. the aim of the sport education is to help students become skilled sport participants. education is a continuous and creative process whose aim is to develop the capacities in human nature. it is possible to achieve an essential harmony between faith and reason through education. educated person should understand their positions as member of both a local community and world community. education has an immense effect on the human society and a person is not in the proper sense till he is educated. infect, man becomes a rational animal when he is educated. an uneducated person cannot read and write and therefore he is closed all knowledge and wisdom that he can get through education. in today ' s world, education has become more vital and it is an absolute necessity for economic and social development of a nation. education is the process of instruction which is necessary of all round development of boys and girls. it is only wealth that cannot be robbed and it is a powerful instrument for reducing poverty and inequality. education is the life long activity that starts at birth and continues until a person ' s last day on earth. education can be formal, non formal, traditional, imported and modern. education develops and cultivates character that is why during university convocation programs, the graduates are presented as for the awards of the degrees since they have found worthy in learning and character. early childhood education refers to pre schools and day care programs. researchers and early childhood educators both view the parents as an integral part of the education process. home schooling is the education of children at home, typically by parents ' rather than any public or private school. home education offer a broad range of opportunities that foster in each child the development of child ' s spiritual, emotional and intellectual well being. education enhances the ability of households to manage the health problems, improvement of childcare and nutrition and plan for future. we cannot even picture living devoid of education in this world because governments of all countries, especially those of developing and underdeveloped countries are taking huge steps in making of education available for all people. everybody wants that their kids get excellent education, but all over the world there are lots of adults ' persons who may have discontinued their education due to poverty, family commitments and other reasons. your occupation will be wealthier if you complete your higher education and it can only assist strengthen your profile further. education enables individuals to overcome their reluctance", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5336112060194862, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.271728"} {"text": "lots of adults ' persons who may have discontinued their education due to poverty, family commitments and other reasons. your occupation will be wealthier if you complete your higher education and it can only assist strengthen your profile further. education enables individuals to overcome their reluctance to take full advantage of technological advances. through a powerful combination of technology, primary and secondary education helps school to fulfill their mission and improve students and teachers recruiting, retention and development. education helps to prevent the labor and sexual exploitation of children. it allows people to be more productive, to play a role in economic life and to earn a better living. education is foundation for acquiring knowledge and skills which are necessary to participate in and benefits from globalization. quality education is one of the most valuable resources that a person posses and finding the right degree or education can increase one ' s earning power, self esteem and value to society. due to distance learning programs, educational opportunities abound in the modern world. a good education can lead to more rewarding career and increase self respect. educational opportunities are available to everyone, everywhere and all it requires is the desire to improve. we have to improve our education in the areas of science, culture and prosperity and to give the coming generation a robust, unchangeable and positive character. education should be free from all superstitions, it is of high quality, have national values and patriotic understanding. our objective in education is to raise those citizens who shall increase the social and civil value and improve the economic power as a whole. it is one of the most important factors in the evolution of the humanity. education cannot change character, which is all different, but it assists them to develop their utmost capacity. the means for education of children is to provide the best means for their progress and development and it is the brightest outlook for the future generations. the society demands and expects the education system to produce active, innovative and flexible students. counselors play an important role in society. you will learn how to use counseling techniques that provides you with the tools needed to change their lives. citizens acquire knowledge of current issues in their society through news papers. today ' s television and internet media becoming more popular among citizens and bridging the two cultures, science and humanities is necessary for the modern democratic society. education is one of the fundamental institutions in our society where we learn not only how to read and write, but also how to behave in public and follow directions. all over the world, schools can help alleviate poverty, prepares us for adult life and employments. schools should be", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4739935514666528, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.273121"} {"text": "the king and queen of the air just who the first person was to fly in wairarapa is, as they say, ' up in the air. ' local maori have a legend that one of their ancestors, the famed chief nukupewapewa, strapped himself on a large kite to attack a paa on the banks of the ruamahanga river near moiki, greytown, perhaps foreshadowing the invention of the hang glider. the arrival of hot air ballooning in wairarapa, however, can be much more accurately dated. the first balloonist in new zealand was an american, professor baldwin, who made the first new zealand balloon flight in dunedin in early 1889, using coal gas to inflate his oiled - silk balloon. he was soon followed by a number of hot air balloonists, but it wasn ' t until june 1894 that masterton was included on the itinerary of these travelling hot air ballooning in the 1890s was far from the safe pastime it now is. it was more akin to a circus performance, and filling the balloon with the hot air was part of the show. a 10 metre long and 60 cm deep trench was first dug in line with the prevailing wind, and an old water tank, with both top and bottom removed, placed at the downwind end of the trench. the trench was then filled with firewood and covered. the balloon was suspended on two high poles and placed over the water tank outlet. the fire was then lit, the wind carrying the hot air ( including some sparks ) along the trench, through the tank and into the balloon, like a crude blast furnace. a man stood inside the mouth of the balloon, armed with water to extinguish any sparks that landed on the balloon. the crowd was then invited to assist by pulling the skin of the balloon outwards, allowing the balloon to inflate. as can be imagined, the process usually ended up with soot - filled eyes, burnt hands and even singed masterton ' s first balloonist was a graceful and daring young american woman, leila adair, the self \u2013 styled \" aerial queen. \" leila travelled new zealand, performing acrobatic acts on a trapeze bar suspended under the inflated balloon, before dropping gracefully from the bar, and drifting to earth by parachute. or at least, that was the way it was meant to work. on leila ' s first new zealand ascent, in auckland, things went a little awry when the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40872640138232813, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.280872"} {"text": ", before dropping gracefully from the bar, and drifting to earth by parachute. or at least, that was the way it was meant to work. on leila ' s first new zealand ascent, in auckland, things went a little awry when the balloon, which had risen to a considerable height, was blown out over the channel between auckland and rangitoto island. not wanting to parachute into the sea, leila rode the balloon down until just metres from the waves. she then dropped into the sea, suspended by a life belt until she could be rescued by steamship. her new zealand adventures did not end in the waters of the a te aroha ascent ended with a waihi descent. in cambridge she landed in the tops of some tall poplars. in hamilton the balloon burst in mid - air while her wanganui ascent was even more spectacular. she was unable to get sufficient buoyancy to inflate the balloon and it flew on a perilous journey through flagstaffs and chimneys before leila was dumped unceremoniously in a fig tree. deatails of these adventures were reported in the local newspapers so the aerial queen ' s arrival in masterton was awaited with great anticipation. a huge crowd paid their shilling entrance fee and congregated in masterton park to watch what they were informed would be the \" greatest sensational feat ever performed in these parts. \" the huge crowd was to be disappointed. leila and her brother arrived at the ground in a cab, as arranged, and the dramatic inflation process was commenced. people stood open - mouthed as the balloon, said to be the size of a circus tent, slowly inflated. the men and boys helping to hold the balloon were jolted as the balloon rocked from side to side. the crowd ' s intrigue turned to concern however, as a small whiff of smoke was seen escaping from the top of the balloon. before long it became a large whiff of smoke, then the whole balloon caught fire. the crowd was excited at the sight of the large balloon burning, but their excitement turned to alarm as they realised a man was trapped within the inferno. with the calico burning all around him the man was trapped within the balloon, and there were anxious moments before he managed to extricate himself, blackened and burnt but without serious injury. leila adair sat in her cab watching the destruction of her balloon. her brother did his best to help salvage what remained of the balloon but it was a hopeless case. the balloon was gone. leila", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4243468915162052, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.282002"} {"text": "blackened and burnt but without serious injury. leila adair sat in her cab watching the destruction of her balloon. her brother did his best to help salvage what remained of the balloon but it was a hopeless case. the balloon was gone. leila \u2019 s brother stood and addressed the crowd, telling them that the balloon was beyond repair, and that it was going to cost \u00a3145 to replace. he promised that he and leila would have a new balloon built in wellington and would be back the following saturday to give a free exhibition to all those who had paid. not everyone was convinced, some even going so far as to say that the whole thing, including the burning of the balloon, was pre - planned and a swindle. many mastertonians did have faith in leila and the following saturday each of the wellington trains was met by a crowd, certain that the flamboyant aerialist would be on the train with her balloon. they were proven wrong each time. leila never returned to masterton although she did have a new balloon made, a balloon she toured other parts of new zealand with. the closest masterton got to seeing leila in the air was that sunday when local wag g. s. w. dalrymple sent a toy balloon, complete with doll attached to a trapeze bar, into the air from the masterton park. it wasn ' t to be until 1908 that masterton saw its first balloonist, and it wasn ' t the ' aerial queen ' it was the ' aerial king '. \u2019 before that, however, the first aviation death had taken place in new zealand, a death rather bizarrely caused by drowning! an aerialist calling himself \" captain lorraine \" ( actually aucklander david mahoney ) was making an ascent in a gas - filled balloon in christchurch when his poorly inflated balloon was blown out to sea. the aerialist was unable to use his parachute and was seen to plunge into the sea with his balloon. he clambered on top of his partially inflated balloon as it floated for a short time but by the time a boat reached the site, a mile out to sea, lorraine noah ezra jonasson, christchurch - born of danish parents, was to be the first successful balloonist in masterton when he made two ascents in the town in 1908. he seems to have learned his trade from an american, professor barnes, the ' aerial king ' who made a number of ascents in dunedin in late 1907 / early 1908. barnes had a lucky escape", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.3914124394297299, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.286217"} {"text": "made two ascents in the town in 1908. he seems to have learned his trade from an american, professor barnes, the ' aerial king ' who made a number of ascents in dunedin in late 1907 / early 1908. barnes had a lucky escape in dunedin when a parachute descent went awry, his life being saved by his landing in some telephone wires. jonasson made his first ascent in masterton on 2 april, 1908, from the showgrounds in dixon street, now the cameron and soldiers memorial park. a very large crowd gathered to watch his display which was slightly delayed because firewood used to inflate the balloon was too green and the balloon filled with smoke. eventually the balloon was cast adrift and it shot up into the air with the captain performing \u2018 clever gymnastic evolutions for the crowd. the balloon did not travel very far, nor ascend very high, however, and the captain parachuted down into a paddock behind bunny ' s bush ( now known as garlands bush, at the end of mckenna his next ascent, a week later, was said to be much more successful. the newspaper said that although only little over a hundred people paid to enter the grounds, many were draped over the dixon street fence, and three hundred children from the nearby central school had sneaked in free. one of those children was ten year old clementina mckay, who, when recalling the event in an interview in the 1980 ' s, said she could not remember much about the balloon, but could still remember the spanking she received for attending when she had been forbidden to. the ascent was more impressive this time, the balloon rapidly rising then catching the gentle southerly breeze to drift over the town. jonasson alighted from his parachute in land between cole and essex streets, while the aerialist - free balloon continued over the town, eventually landing in adamsville ( oxford street ). as the balloon passed over adamsville ( then largely in paddocks ) it was said to have had curious effects on animals, two quiet horses going into all sorts of antics, while the tame cockatoo, then resident in the adams ' bush, was said to have become very alarmed by the approach of the unmanned balloon. jonasson, unlike many other early aerialists, lived to an old age, dying in thames in 1959. he is said to have undertaken his last parachute jump, from an aeroplane this time, in the 1930s. he broke a leg as he landed. the advent of heavier - than - air flight put an", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4269674005719186, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.289518"} {"text": "conversations with jefferson davis whatever may be any ones opinion in regard to the justice of the cause he advocated, the man who headed for four years the greatest revolt of modern times, can not but be deemed one of the formost figures of american history. whatever crime against his country some think he has commited ( and it may be state here that the writer is not one who holds any such belief ) he has drained his full cup of suffering. as he stated not long ago, he did not seek the position in which he was placed, but obeyed a command which he, with lee and thousands of other good & true men regarded as imperative, the voice of his native state calling him in her defense. he did no more than other men to bring on the war and the question may well be asked as he asked it a few days ago \" why should i suffer more than others. \" why when others went free should i have been loaded with chains that would have burdened an ox ; the quetion is easier to ask than answer for the flimsy pretence that he has willfully caused the terrible state of affairs at andersonville vanished at the first investigation by men who had been his bitter opponents \u2014 it is needless to record here mr. davis ' history as a soldier \u2014 he was the blucher of genl taylor ' s waterloo at bronea viola, mexico \u2014 or his long and distinguished service in congress but one incident of his life as a cabinet officer may well be mentioned, render his direction of the acqueduct supplying washington with water was built, and without an instanse of his ; his name was commenced some stone he won in office took the pitiful measure of erasing it \u2014 but thereby seemed a lasting commemoration of his service for all visitors at once notice the rough marks of the chisel, and their inevitable by the statement that from the stone the name of jefferson davis has been ended, his influence also did much to ornament the capitol and the capitol city. the object of this article however is not to re - affirm either the northern or the southern view of mr. davis ' courage or to tell again a twice told tale, but to give a resume of various conservative [ sic ] which he held with a friend in whom he confided, and who had no intention of publishing his words, nothing will be made public here, however, that mr. davis would object for the world to know and all that follows is in substance what he has said. shortly after reaching montgomery alba to take", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41725344107538015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.301986"} {"text": ", and who had no intention of publishing his words, nothing will be made public here, however, that mr. davis would object for the world to know and all that follows is in substance what he has said. shortly after reaching montgomery alba to take his seat, he found he was watched by a number of men, not only to report his words and deeds but to take his life. two exconvicts who had been sent from philadelphia and promised a large reward if they killed him. the plot was discovered in time. when he arrived in richmond he was exposed to the same danger after having been the unanimous choice of the whole southern confederacy and received in that city with enthusiastic welcome he was soon startled by the knowledge that there were cowardly villains who would seek to assassinate him. one evening he was riding below richmond with col. wm preston johnston ( son of genl. albert sidney johnston ) his horse walked faster that that rider by his companion just after crossing gillies creek, at the lower end of the city a short space separated them. just as they passed this point the report of a gun was heard and a ball whistled between them, mr. davis knowing well whom the shot was intended for, checked his horses and a thorough examination of the neighborhood was made, but no one was found upon whom the assault could be charged. next day a man was arrested in a house near where the firing took place and a rifle and a federal uniform overcoat were found in the house but as no conclusive evidence was provided against he was put in the army and a few weeks he deserted and nothing more was heard of him. this was not the occasion which mr. davis ran such a risk. once when he was returning from an inspection of the fortification near the city he was fired at \u2014 about dusk \u2014 from behind a wall, but had the good fortune to escape untouched. his conversations from day to day as various topics were suggested to him can be reduced to historical sequence, but must be given as he uttered them. he never took any action in regard to military affairs without consultation with his officers of the highest rank in the army. this action in attempting to end the war by means of peace commensing his in the south has been the subject of more criticism than any other of his life. \" i have been severely condemned in regard to the peace commission and many people say that the war could have ended if j. had not prevented it \u2014 but i tell you j was in favor of peace. i believe that an agreement would have secur", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4299163989085474, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.304927"} {"text": "\" i have been severely condemned in regard to the peace commission and many people say that the war could have ended if j. had not prevented it \u2014 but i tell you j was in favor of peace. i believe that an agreement would have securred if a man high in office under the confederate government had not betrayed the condition of the south to mr. lincoln. only in our instance that j suggested to genl lee the movement from before petersburg as his army was guided and depleted and only time would inundate it by the crime or make a coup d ' etat. fort stedman was as you know the result ending at appomattox. give his home at beauvoir a happy father and husband and nothing is mor that happening but some unjust criticism from his enemies. a beautiful home looking out on the mexican gulf surrounded by luxuriant trees the shadows fliting over his erect figure in his evening walks. these pre - katrina photos of beauvoir appear courtesy of galen r. frysinger ( www. galenfrysinger. com ). the depiction of jefferson davis comes from beauvoir, the jefferson davis home and presidential library. beauvoir suffered catastrophic damage during the hurricane, images of which may be viewed here. the original essay and its transcription are in the possession of the fredericksburg area museum and cultural center, www. famcc. org, who has kindly made it available. the paragraph breaks and leading title were inserted during editing for historypoint. org.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.43471243737820137, "token_count": 304, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.308245"} {"text": "in its simplest form, concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates ( sand & rock ). the paste, composed of cement and water, coats the surface of the fine ( sand ) and coarse aggregates ( rocks ) and binds them together into a rock - like mass known as concrete. within this process lies the key to a remarkable trait of concrete : itis plastic and can be molded or formed into any shape when newly mixed, strong and durable when hardened. these qualities explain why one material, concrete, can build skyscrapers, bridges, sidewalks, and superhighways, houses and dams. the key to achieving a strong, durable concrete rests on the careful proportioning and mixing of the ingredients. a concrete mixture that does not have enough paste to fill all the voids between the aggregates will be difficult to place and will produce rough, honeycombed surfaces and porous concrete. a mixture with an excess of cement paste will be easy to place and will produce a smooth surface ; however, the resulting concrete will be more likely to crack and be uneconomical. a properly proportioned concrete mixture will possess the desired workability for the fresh concrete and the required durability and strength for the hardened concrete. typically, a mixture is by volume about 10 to 15 percent cement, 60 to 75 percent aggregates and 15 to 20 percent water. entrained air bubbles in many concrete mixtures may also take up another 5 to 8 percent the character of concrete is determined by the quality of the paste. the strength of the paste, in turn, depends on the ratio of water to cement. the water - cement ratio is the weight of the mixing water divided by the weight of the cement. high - quality concrete is produced by lowering the water - cement ratio as much as possible without sacrificing the workability of fresh concrete. generally, using less water produces a higher quality concrete provided the concrete is properly placed, consolidated although most drinking water is suitable for use in concrete, aggregates are chosen carefully. aggregates comprise 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of concrete. the type and size of the aggregate mixture depends on the thickness and purpose of the final concrete product. relatively thin building sections call for small coarse aggregate, while aggregates up to six inches in diameter have been used in large dams. a continuous gradation of particle sizes is desirable for efficient use of the paste. in addition, aggregates should be clean and free from any matter that might affect the quality of the the aggregates, water,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5328981973679654, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.357475"} {"text": "have been used in large dams. a continuous gradation of particle sizes is desirable for efficient use of the paste. in addition, aggregates should be clean and free from any matter that might affect the quality of the the aggregates, water, and the cement are combined, the mixture starts to harden. all portland cements are hydraulic cements that set and harden through a chemical reaction with water. during this reaction, called hydration, a node forms on the surface of each cement particle. the node grows and expands until it links up with nodes from other cement particles or adheres to the building up process results in progressive stiffening, hardening, and strength development. once the concrete is thoroughly mixed and workable it should be placed in forms before the mixture becomes too stiff. during placement, the concrete is consolidated to compact it within the forms and to eliminate potential flaws, such as honeycombs and air pockets. for slabs, concrete is left to stand until the surface moisture film disappears. after the film disappears from the surface, a wood or metal hand float is used to smooth off the concrete. floating produces a relatively even, but slightly rough, texture that has good slip resistance and is frequently used as a final finish for exterior slabs. if a smooth, hard, dense surface is required, floating is followed by steel toweling. curing begins after the exposed surfaces of the concrete have hardened sufficiently to resist marring. curing ensures the continued hydration of the cement and the strength gain of the concrete. concrete surfaces are cured by sprinkling with water fog, or by using moisture - retaining fabrics such as burlap or cotton mats. other curing methods prevent evaporation of the water by sealing the surface with plastic or special sprays special techniques are used for curing concrete during extremely cold or hot weather to protect the concrete. the longer the concrete is kept moist, the stronger and more durable it will become. the rate of hardening depends upon the composition and fineness of the cement, the mix proportions, and the moisture and temperature conditions. most of the hydration and strength gain take place within the first month of concrete ' s life cycle, but hydration continues at a slower rate for many years. concrete continues to get stronger as it gets older.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46260283531941626, "token_count": 461, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.361068"} {"text": "remember the old saying that when you take a breath you should add a comma. not true!! there really are rules and none of them have to do with breathing. use a comma to - set off an introductory word, phrase, or clause. \" haltingly, jim answered the question in class. \" \" even though tired from lack of sleep, sally made an a on her greek test. \" - separate clauses in compound sentences ( make sure you also use a coordinating conjunction ). \" alan built a snowman yesterday, and he also shoveled the driveway. \" - set off nonrestrictive elements ( clauses, phrases, and words that do not limit the words they modify ). \" gene march, who attended austin seminary, is a wonderful professor and a great asset to lpts. \" - \" who attended austin seminary \" is not essential to the meaning of the sentence because it does not limit who it modifies. - if there were two gene marchs at lpts then \" who attended austin seminary \" would be essential information distinguishing between the two genes and the commas would not be added. - set off appositives ( a noun or phrase that renames a nearby noun ). \" john grisham ' s new book, skipping christmas, is an easy read about a middle age couple who decide to forgo all the social conventions of christmas. \" - separate three or more items in a series ( back to the \" old \" way of doing it! ). \" spring semester i am taking scripture ii, hce, and nt exegesis. - introduce a quotation \" raymond brown opines that, ' nt writing about jesus and his disciples relate a story enacted on the stage of history. '", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5020025544741555, "token_count": 354, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.371770"} {"text": "the human body works best with a diet that includes some carbohydrate. recently a recommended dietary allowance for carbohydrate was set at a minimum of 130 grams per day. this would represent 26 % of the calories in a 2, 000 - calorie - per - day diet, which would still be considered a low - carbohydrate diet, but would avoid the potential hazards of more restrictive diets, including symptoms of ketosis ( nausea, weakness, dehydration, light - headedness, and irritability ) and loss of body protein. certain dietary fats and their food sources are associated with good health and reduction of disease risks. foods high in unsaturated fats that are free of trans fatty acids have been associated with protection from atherosclerosis, heart disease, insulin resistance, and other health concerns. examples of these foods include olive oil, fatty fish, flaxseeds, and nuts. however, replacing high - carbohydrate foods with these foods may increase calorie intake if portion sizes are not kept moderate. certain sources of dietary protein are more healthful than others. protein foods containing significant amounts of saturated fat and cholesterol have been associated with many diseases, including heart attacks, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and gallstones ; choosing low - fat and low - saturated - fat protein foods can minimize these risks. high meat intake, even of leaner cuts, may increase risk of osteoporosis and kidney stones. well - done meat or meat that has been preserved with nitrites should be avoided, or kept to a minimum, due to links with cancer. the most healthful choices for increasing protein intake are fish and seafood, low - or nonfat dairy products, legumes ( including soyfoods ), nuts, and seeds. even a low - carbohydrate diet should emphasize healthful carbohydrate sources. whole grains, fruits, and vegetables supply fiber and many important micronutrients. people with diabetes or insulin resistance may find that choosing carbohydrate foods with a low - glycemic index improves their blood sugar, blood cholesterol, and triglycerides ; helps them better control their weight ; and improves symptoms associated with their health conditions. bread, cereal, rice, and pasta : dairy products and dairy substitutes : - nonfat milk and milk products - unsweetened nonfat yogurt - soy beverages fats and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4558657050277245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.377370"} {"text": "what exactly is a continuous function? here is a typical explanation taken from a university textbook ( g. f. simmons, calculus with analytic geometry, mcgraw - hill, 1985 ) : in everyday speech, a ' continuous ' process is one that proceeds without gaps of interruptions or sudden changes. roughly speaking, a function y = f ( x ) is continuous if it displays similar behavior, that is, if a small change in x produces a small change in the corresponding value f ( x ). as the author observes, this description is \" rather loose and intuitive, and intended more to explain than to define. \" he goes on to provide a \" more rigorous, formal definition, \" which i summarize as : a function f is continuous at a number a if the following three conditions are satisfied : 1. f is defined on an open interval containing a. to make this precise, we need to define the notion of a limit : 2. f ( x ) tends to a limit as x tends to a. 3. that limit is equal to f ( a ). if a function f ( x ) is defined on an open interval containing a, except possibly at a itself, we say that f tends to a limit l as x tends to a, where l is a real number, if, for any \\ epsilon > 0, there is a \\ delta > 0 such that : if 0 < | x - a | < \\ delta, then | f ( x ) - l | < \\ epsilonwith limits defined in this way, the resulting definition of a continuous function is known as the cauchy - weierstrass definition, after the two nineteenth century mathematicians who developed it. the definition forms the bedrock of modern real analysis and any standard \" rigorous \" treatment of calculus. as a result, it is the gateway through which all students must pass in order to enter those domains. but how many of us manage to pass through that gateway without considerable effort? certainly, i did not, and neither has any of my students in twenty - five years of university mathematics teaching. why is there so much difficulty in understanding this definition? admittedly the logical structure of the definition is somewhat intricate. but it ' s not that complicated. most of us can handle a complicated definition provided we understand what that definition is trying to say. thus, it seems likely that something else is going on to cause so much difficulty, something to do with what the definition means. but what, exactly? let ' s start with the intuitive idea of continuity that we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6037508146396089, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.388767"} {"text": "that definition is trying to say. thus, it seems likely that something else is going on to cause so much difficulty, something to do with what the definition means. but what, exactly? let ' s start with the intuitive idea of continuity that we started out with, the idea of a function that has no gaps, interruptions, or sudden changes. this is essentially the conception newton and leibniz worked with. so too did euler, who wrote of \" a curve described by freely leading the hand. \" notice that this conception of continuity is fundamentally dynamic. either we think of the curve as being drawn in a continuous ( sic ) fashion, or else we view the curve as already drawn and imagine what it is like to travel along it. this means that our mental conception has the following features : 1. the continuous function is formed by motion, which takes place over time. aspects of this dynamic view are still present when we start to develop a more formal definition : we speak about the values f ( x ) approaching the value f ( a ) as x approaches a. the mental picture here is one of preserving closeness near a point. 2. the function has directionality. 3. the continuity arises from the motion. 4. the motion results in a static line with no gaps or jumps. 5. the static line has no directionality. notice that the formal definition of a limit implicitly assumes that the real line is continuous ( i. e., gapless, or a continuum ). for, if it were not, then talk about x approaching a would not capture the conception we need. in this conception, a line or a continuum is a fundamental object in its own right. points are simply locations on lines. when we formulate the final cauchy - weierstrass definition, however, by making precise the notion of a limit, we abandon the dynamic view, based on the idea of a gapless real continuum, and replace it by an entirely static conception that speaks about the existence of real numbers having certain properties. the conception of a line that underlies this definition is that a line is a set of points. the points are now the fundamental objects, not the line. this, of course, is a highly abstract conception of a line that was only introduced in the late nineteenth century, and then only in response to difficulties encountered dealing with some pathological examples of functions. when you think about it, that ' s quite a major shift in conceptual model, from the highly natural and intuitive idea of motion (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6534179490647146, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.390630"} {"text": "in the late nineteenth century, and then only in response to difficulties encountered dealing with some pathological examples of functions. when you think about it, that ' s quite a major shift in conceptual model, from the highly natural and intuitive idea of motion ( in time ) along a continuum to a contrived statement about the existence of numbers, based on the highly artificial view of a line as being a set of points. when we ( i. e., mathematics instructors ) introduce our students to the \" formal \" definition of continuity, we are not, as we claim, making a loose, intuitive notion more formal and rigorous. rather, we are changing the conception of continuity in almost every respect. no wonder our students don ' t see how the formal definition captures their intuitions. it doesn ' t. it attempts to replace their intuitive picture with something quite different. perhaps our students would have less trouble trying to understand the cauchy - weierstrass definition if we told them in advance that it was not a formalization of their intuitive conception - - that the mathematician ' s formal notion of a continuous function is in fact something quite different from the intuitive picture. indeed, that might help. but if we are getting into the business of open disclosure, we had better go the whole way and point out that the new definition does not explicitly capture continuity at all. that famous - - indeed, infamous - - epsilon - delta statement that causes everyone so much trouble does not eliminate ( all ) the vagueness inherent in the intuitive notion of continuity. indeed, it doesn ' t address continuity at all. rather, it simply formalizes the notion of \" correspondingly \" in the relation \" correspondingly close. \" in fact, the cauchy - weierstrass definition only manages to provide a definition of continuity of a function by assuming continuity of the real line! it is perhaps worth mentioning, if only because some students may have come to terms with the idea that a line is a set of points, that in terms of that conception of a line - - which is not something that someone or something can move along - - the original, intuitive idea of continuity reduces simply to gaplessness. in short, however you approach it, the step from the intuitive notion of continuity to the formal, cauchy - weierstrass definition, involves a huge mental discontinuity.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.6200749701252004, "token_count": 480, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.392377"} {"text": "adult students are often better motivated than traditional - age students, but many have not taken an examination for many years. thus, finding appropriate methods of assessment poses a challenge. background and purpose the houston community college system ' s central college has about 27, 000 full - time equivalent students who have various goals including changing careers, acquiring associate degrees and transferring to programs which will result in 4 - year degrees. there are no residential facilities at the college which is located in downtown houston, texas. some students are homeless, physically challenged, in rehabilitation programs ; and others are traditional students. the average age of our students is 27 years old. older students present the faculty member with unusual challenges since they don ' t necessarily respond well to traditional methods of teaching and assessment. however, they are capable of succeeding in learning mathematics if given appropriate support and opportunities to show what they have learned. many students have personal difficulties at the beginning of the semester. they are challenged with housing arrangements, parking and transportation problems. day care is also a problem for many single or divorced women. although the students have social problems and economic constraints, they are motivated to strive toward the academic goals of my class. they honestly communicate their difficulties and they share their successes. i design activities and assessment in my class to address these special needs of my students. flexibility and compassion create an environment rich with opportunities to learn, while the expectations of excellence, mastery and skills acquisition are maintained. these non - traditional students usually begin my course in college algebra with little confidence in their abilities. they are reluctant to go to the board to present problems. older students tend to do homework in isolation. many of them do not linger on campus to benefit from interaction with their classmates. college algebra students at central college have no experience with mathematics software or computer algebra systems such as derive, and are uncomfortable with computer technology generally. while older students may be uncomfortable with reform in college algebra, with time they do adjust and benefit from a pedagogical style which differs from the one they expected. in this article, i discuss some assessment techniques which i have found help these students grow, and allow them to show what they have learned. i usually start my college algebra classes with a 10 or 15 minute mini - lecture. i pose questions which encourage discussion among the students. these questions are sequenced and timed to inspire students to discover new ways of approaching a problem and to encourage them to persist toward solutions. students are invited to make presentations of problems on the board. cooperative learning offers opportunities for sharing information and peer tutoring. students", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5085613699511651, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.407562"} {"text": "are sequenced and timed to inspire students to discover new ways of approaching a problem and to encourage them to persist toward solutions. students are invited to make presentations of problems on the board. cooperative learning offers opportunities for sharing information and peer tutoring. students are invited to form groups of four or five. i assign the work : for example, the section of lial ' s college algebra test on word problems. each group selects its group leader. participants keep a journal of their work, and each member must turn in a copy of all solved problems in their own handwriting. students are warned that each group member must be an active problem solver and no one is to be a \" sponge. \" one class period is dedicated to forming the groups and to establishing the rules for completion of the assignment, and a second to work on the assignment. if the word problems are not completed in the designated class period, the assignment become a homework assignment to be completed by each group. approximately 30 word problems requiring the use of equations are solved using this method. as a result of this activity, students become aware of their strengths and weaknesses and become better at pacing themselves and at self assessment. although i give a group grade for projects, i do not give a group grade for classwork or participation in discussion groups : each individual receives a grade for work completed. projects provide an opportunity for students to become familiar with the mathematics laboratory. the goal of the project is graphing and designing at least three images : a cat ' s face, a spirograph and a flower. most designs are accomplished using lines and conics such as circles, ellipses and parabolas. some students do library or internet research for their projects : they look up trigonometric equations and discover the appropriate coefficients to produce the best ( and prettiest ) flowers, or use polar coordinates or parametric equations. an objective of the research is to identify role models and people of diverse backgrounds who persisted and succeeded in mathematics courses or professions that are mathematics dependent. a second objective is to inspire students to write about mathematics and to record their attitude toward mathematics and technology. i had the students in summer school find a web page on mathematics and nature, and write a short report. they also did research on biomimetics and composites to become aware of the usual connections in science, mathematics and nature. connecting mathematics to the world around them helps motivate them to work harder learning the mathematics. the mathematics and nature web site that the students found is the one that i have linked to", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5819897297970282, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.409787"} {"text": "become aware of the usual connections in science, mathematics and nature. connecting mathematics to the world around them helps motivate them to work harder learning the mathematics. the mathematics and nature web site that the students found is the one that i have linked to my page. i encouraged the students to use e - mail and to provide feedback to me by e - mail. examinations usually contain 14 - 20 questions requiring the students to \" show all work. \" this gives me an opportunity to see exactly what their needs are. four examinations and a comprehensive final are administered. the student is given the option to drop the first examination, if the grade is below 70. this option provides a degree of flexibility and often relaxes tension. our most successful endeavor has been the establishment of my web page, using student research and feedback to improve the design. the web page can be accessed at http : / / 22. 214. 171. 124. i have an instructional page ( with information for my students on syllabus, expectations, etc. ) and a personal page that students viewed and provided corrective feedback. this activity inspired many students to do more research using world wide web. encouraging students to use this technology helps some of those who are feel bypassed by technology overcome their fears. one student sent me an e - mail message : \" this project to research your webpage was not only educational to students it gave them an opportunity to use current fast moving technology. \" another commented, \" i have been meaning to start on my own for quite some time, and now you have inspired me to do so. \" attitudinal learning took place and students seemed more excited about the mathematics class and the use of technology. the college algebra classes have developed into a stimulating and broad intellectual experience for my students. they gained the algebra skills and a new attitude about mathematics and careers in mathematics. the drop out rate in my college algebra classes is lower than most classes in my department. approximately 89 percent of the students passed the course with grade c or above, while others realized that they did not have the time nor dedication to do a good job and they simply dropped the course. i believe students made wise judgments about their own ability and that they will probably re - enroll at a later date to complete the coursework. with persistence on the instructor ' s part, older students become more confident learners. for example, toward the beginning of the semester, a 62 - year - old businessman would often ask me to do more problems on the board for him. he would say,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5690560376917438, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.411090"} {"text": "persistence on the instructor ' s part, older students become more confident learners. for example, toward the beginning of the semester, a 62 - year - old businessman would often ask me to do more problems on the board for him. he would say, \" darling, would you work this problem for me?... i had a hell of a time with it last night. \" i didn ' t mind his style as long as he continued doing the work. eventually, he would put forth more effort and go to the board to show the class how much progress he made. he would point to the area where he was challenged, and then a discussion would ensue. as i observed his change in behavior i noted that he and other students were taking more and more responsibility for their learning. participants in my classes seem more appreciative of the beauty of mathematics and mathematics in nature. students who successfully completed their designs using derive discovered the beautiful graphs resulting from various types of mathematics statements. they learned how to use scaling and shifting to design images that were symmetric with respect to a vertical axes. while designing, for example, the cat ' s face, they learned how to change the radius and to translate small circles to represent the eyes of the cat. some students used a simple reflection with respect to the x - axis to obtain a portion of their design. as they pursue their work, they had conferences with me to gain more insight. many students needed to learn basic computer skills : how to read the main menu of a computer, search and find derive, and author a statement. tutors were available in the mathematics laboratory and i assisted students when questions arose. it was the first time many of my students had ever made an attempt to integrate the use of technology into college algebra. more students are enthusiastic about the use of technology in mathematics. three years ago only about 5 percent of the central college students owned graphing calculators or used a computer algebra system. in 1997, approximately 35 percent of them are active participants in the mathematics laboratory or own graphing calculators. use of findings as a result of student input, via informal discussions and e - mail, i will lengthen my mini - lectures to 20 - 25 minutes. furthermore, at the end of each class i will review concepts and provide closure for the entire group. more demonstrations using the ti - 92 will help prepare the students for their project assignments and a bibliography on \" diversity in mathematics \" will assist the student research component. i usually document class attendance on the first and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5434595373331466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.412194"} {"text": "supplementation of the b vitamin folic acid in women before conception and during early pregnancy has been shown to reduce the occurrence of neural tube defects ( ntds ) by at least 50 - 70 %. this collective evidence has led to a number of activities around prevention of ntds. in 1992, the u. s. public health service recommended that women of childbearing age consume 400 micrograms of folic acid per day for the purpose of reducing their risk of having a pregnancy affected by an ntd. subsequently, in 1996, the u. s. food and drug administration made it optional to fortify enriched grain products with folic acid, and mandated fortification by 1998. since 1995, the march of dimes has commissioned gallup to conduct surveys to measure women ' s awareness and behavior relative to folic acid and other pre - pregnancy health issues. | | | detailed data from march of dimes folic acid surveys are only available for the united states. quick facts for this information can be found here. | | | | for more detailed data, click on the topic edit button in search tool on left side, select one of the subtopics from drop down list under this topic. here you ' ll find more graphs, maps, and tables that pertain to this topic. | march of dimes folic acid surveys, conducted by gallup. centers for disease control and prevention, pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system. retrieved may 24, 2013, from www. marchofdimes. com / peristats.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.45173294679925435, "token_count": 309, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.414160"} {"text": "title ix of the education amendments of 1972 is the major statue prohibiting sex discrimination in education. it states : no person in the united states shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits or, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal assistance. federal regulations for title ix were issued in 1975 and prohibit discrimination in : - housing and facilities - access to courses and other educational activities - career guidance and counseling services - student financial aid - student health and insurance benefits - scholastic intercollegiate, club, or intramural athletics - physical education - based on marital or parental status pregnancy - since 1975 it has been determined that title ix applies to education employees, as well as to students, and that sexual harassment is also covered by title ix as a form of sex discrimination. military schools, religious schools, and other non - public schools are generally exempt from the provisions of title ix, unless they receive federal funding. each state department of education and local school system is required to have a title ix designee to coordinate the implementation of title ix. the maryland state department of education title ix coordinator is : senior educational equity specialist equity assurance and compliance branch title ix regulations & title ix of the education amendments of 1972 the u. s. department of education issued regulations related to the implementation of title ix in 1975. the regulations were updated in 2006. title ix local school system coordinators every local school system is required to have a title ix designee to coordinate the implementation of title ix. information related to the maryland local school system coordinators is provided below. title ix and single sex programs in 2006, new title ix regulations for the establishment of single sex programs in schools were adopted by the u. s. department of education. many factors and legal requirements must be addressed if schools are considering the development of single - sex options. the link below is to the latest u. s. department of education \u2019 s title ix single sex regulations. the regulations related to single sex programs are in section 106. 34, access to classes and schools. the link below is to a letter from the u. s. department of education \u2019 s assistant secretary in the office for civil rights about single - sex programs and title ix. research and background information visit the links below for additional information executive summary : single sex and coeducational schooling : a systematic review ( u. s. department of education ) 2005 national coalition for women and girls in education website \u2013 link to issues / single sex http : / / www. ncwge.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4481683251399696, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.420189"} {"text": "mgh hotline 04. 09. 10 optical coherence tomography ( oct ) is an intravascular imaging technology that offers the promise of revealing the microscopic characteristics of a vulnerable coronary plaque. the mgh leads international study to identify vulnerable coronary plaques oct pioneer : jang at the march 13 oct registry symposium optical coherence tomography ( oct ) is an intravascular imaging technology that offers the promise of revealing the microscopic characteristics of a vulnerable coronary plaque. using near - infrared light, oct creates extremely high - resolution images from within an artery. the images have a resolution at least 20 times better than standard imaging technologies, such as computed tomography. mgh heart center researchers, together with a coalition of 20 international sites, will create the world ' s largest registry of patients who have had oct of the coronary arteries. researchers hope the data will help determine the ability of oct to identify vulnerable plaques in patients as well as its benefits as a follow - up procedure to stent placement. when a vulnerable plaque in a coronary artery ruptures, the result can be catastrophic, blocking blood flow to the heart muscle and causing a heart attack. cardiologists estimate that vulnerable plaques cause two - thirds to three - quarters of all fatal heart attacks. standard imaging technologies are not able to identify the microscopic characteristics of these at - risk plaques. the international research team - - led by mgh interventional cardiologist ik - kyung jang, md, phd, a pioneer in the field of cardiac oct - - will collect data from 3, 000 patients who had cardiac oct during a catheterization procedure and will follow them for five years with the goal of determining the effectiveness of the technique in identifying at - risk patients. in a clinical study in 2002, jang was the first physician to use oct technology in a human heart, and he has led several studies of the technology over the years. use of cardiac oct has grown exponentially with more than 10, 000 cases performed worldwide last year. \" the mgh oct registry is the first international effort to share information about oct use in cardiac care, \" says jang. \" this collaboration will bring together a wealth of information and help us facilitate scientific advancement in the field. \" the registry was launched during the first mgh oct registry symposium on march 13. the study ' s international sites in japan, china, korea and australia will begin enrolling patients in june. enrollment in the united states will begin pending clearance of the technology by the u. s. food and drug", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.574216156274374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.423655"} {"text": "funguses ( also called fungi ) are parasitic, spore - producing organisms. they obtain their nourishment by absorbing food from the hosts on which they grow. many species of fungus exist in the environment, but only some cause infections. the primary source of most infections is soil. fungal infections can be acquired by inhalation, ingestion, or through the skin ( for example, through a cut or wound ). some fungal infections can cause disease in otherwise healthy animals, while others require a host that is sick, weakened, or immunocompromised to establish infection. prolonged use of antibiotic drugs or immunosuppressive agents appears to increase the likelihood of some fungal infections. the infection itself may be localized, or it may affect the entire body. in general, fungal infections affecting the skin ( such as ringworm ) are common in cats, while generalized fungal infections are very rare. aspergillosis is a fungal infection caused by several aspergillus species. it is primarily a respiratory infection that may become generalized. aspergillosis is found worldwide and in almost all domestic animals as well as in many wild animals ; however, the susceptibility to fungal infections varies among species. nasal cavity, lung, and intestinal forms have been described in domestic cats. cats that are already stressed by disease ( such as viral infection ) or immunosuppressed may be more likely to become infected. signs are nonspecific and include inflammation of the sinuses or the esophagus ( or both ) and pneumonia. establishing an accurate diagnosis can be difficult. surgery and antifungal drugs are usually recommended to treat aspergillosis ; however, the outlook depends on the overall condition of the cat and the extent of infection. candidiasis is a localized fungal disease affecting the mucous membranes and the skin. it is distributed worldwide in a variety of animals and is most commonly caused by species of the yeast - like fungus, candida albicans. candidiasis is rare in cats, but has been associated with oral and upper respiratory disease, lesions of the eye, infection of the space between the lungs and chest wall, intestinal disease, and bladder infection. factors that may predispose an animal to infection include injury to any of the mucous membranes, the use of catheters, administration of antibiotics, and immunosuppressive drugs or diseases. signs of infection are variable and nonspecific ( for example, diarrhea, weakness, skin lesions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47703009919889766, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.440921"} {"text": "any of the mucous membranes, the use of catheters, administration of antibiotics, and immunosuppressive drugs or diseases. signs of infection are variable and nonspecific ( for example, diarrhea, weakness, skin lesions ) and may be associated more with the primary or predisposing conditions than with the candida infection itself. an ointment or topical application may be useful in the treatment of oral or skin candidiasis. your veterinarian may also recommend different drugs given by mouth or by injection for treatment of infected cats. coccidioidomycosis ( valley fever ) coccidioidomycosis is a dustborne, noncontagious infection caused by the fungus coccidioides immitis. infections are limited to dry, desertlike regions of the southwestern united states and similar geographic areas of mexico and central and south america. inhalation of fungal spores ( often carried on dust particles ) is the only established mode of infection. epidemics may occur when rainy periods are followed by drought, resulting in dust storms. infections are uncommon in cats. coccidioidomycosis is primarily a chronic respiratory disease. infected cats most often have skin problems ( draining skin lesions, lumps under the skin, abscesses ), fever, lack of appetite, and weight loss. less common signs in cats include difficulty breathing, lameness, neurologic signs, and eye abnormalities. a diagnosis is based on identification of the fungus in tissue samples from the animal. treatment involves longterm antifungal medications. the prognosis is guarded, but cats with skin infections may respond to treatment. there is no known prevention other than decreasing your pet ' s exposure to desert soil and dust as much as possible. cryptococcosis is a fungal disease that may affect the respiratory tract ( especially the nasal cavity ), central nervous system, eyes, and skin ( particularly of the face and neck of cats ). it is caused by the fungus cryptococcus neoformans, which is found worldwide in soil and bird manure, especially in pigeon droppings. transmission is by inhalation of spores or contamination of wounds. cryptococcosis is most common in cats, although it also occurs in other domestic and wild animals. in cats, upper respiratory signs following infection of the nasal cavity are most common. the signs often include sneezing, bloody nasal discharge, polyp - like mass ( es ) in the nostril, and a firm swelling under the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4701588693180021, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.441960"} {"text": "animals. in cats, upper respiratory signs following infection of the nasal cavity are most common. the signs often include sneezing, bloody nasal discharge, polyp - like mass ( es ) in the nostril, and a firm swelling under the skin and over the bridge of the nose. areas of small raised bumps and nodules may affect the skin ; these may feel soft ( liquid filled ) or firm. these areas may ulcerate, leaving a raw surface. neurologic signs associated with cryptococcosis of the central nervous system include depression, changes in temperament, seizures, circling, slight paralysis, and blindness. eye abnormalities may also develop. various antifungal drugs may be prescribed for the treatment of cryptococcosis. most affected pets require prolonged treatment ( up to several months ), depending on the severity and extent of the disease. treatment for cryptococcosis may include surgery to remove lesions in the nasal cavity or on the bridge of the nose. the outlook for cats that are also infected with feline leukemia virus or feline immunodeficiency virus is guarded, because these cats have a higher likelihood of treatment failure. histoplasmosis is a noncontagious infection caused by the fungus histoplasma capsulatum, which is found worldwide. this soil fungus is widely distributed ( particularly by bird and bat populations ) in the midwestern and southern united states, especially in river valleys and plains. infection occurs when spores in the air are inhaled. the lungs and the lymph nodes in the chest are the sites of primary infection. the organisms enter the bloodstream from these sites and become dispersed throughout the body ; they may localize in bone marrow or the eyes. the signs vary and are nonspecific, reflecting the various organ involvements. occasionally, cats with lung involvement show signs of fever, labored breathing, and coughing. the lung infection usually resolves on its own. however, if the respiratory infection extends to other tissues, a more serious form of the disease may develop, involving a large number of organs and body systems. the organs most often involved are the lungs, intestine, lymph nodes, liver, spleen and bone marrow. signs of illness such as depression, fever, and poor appetite are common, as well as chronic diarrhea, intestinal blood loss, anemia, and weight loss. infection of the bones, eyes, skin, and central nervous system may occur. diagnosis requires identification of the fungus in body fluids or tissues", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4776610819123971, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.443027"} {"text": "are common, as well as chronic diarrhea, intestinal blood loss, anemia, and weight loss. infection of the bones, eyes, skin, and central nervous system may occur. diagnosis requires identification of the fungus in body fluids or tissues. treatment of widespread histoplasmosis is difficult. it requires the use of anti - fungal drugs and supportive treatment such as adequate nutrition, additional fluids ( hydration ), and control of secondary bacterial infections. antifungal treatment must be continued for prolonged periods of time and may be expensive. mycetomas are infections of the skin and underlying tissues that have the appearance of nodules or tumors. when such lesions are caused by funguses, they are known as eumycotic mycetomas. the fungus multiplies in the lesions and organizes into aggregates known as granules or grains. granules may be of various colors and sizes, depending on the species of fungus involved. mycetomas are rare in cats. most eumycotic mycetomas are confined to the tissue beneath the skin. in cats, mycetomas are usually characterized by skin nodules on the legs and feet or on the face. when the feet or limbs are involved, the infection may extend to the underlying bone. skin mycetomas, while not life - threatening, are often difficult to resolve. your veterinarian will recommend the best treatment options, which may include surgical removal or antifungal medication. north american blastomycosis north american blastomycosis, caused by the fungus blastomyces dermatitidis, is generally limited to geographically restricted areas in the mississippi, missouri, tennessee, and ohio river basins and along the great lakes and the st. lawrence seaway. beaver dams and other habitats where soil is moist, acidic, and rich in decaying vegetation may serve as the ecologic niche for the organism, which has also been found in pigeon and bat feces. blastomycosis is rare in cats. affected animals have signs such as fever, lethargy, poor appetite, and weight loss. lung involvement leads to exercise intolerance, cough, and difficulty breathing. the peripheral lymph nodes may be enlarged. bone involvement may occur and result in lameness. central nervous system infection may lead to behavior changes, seizures, coma, or sudden death. infection of the urogenital tract occasionally may occur and cause signs such as blood in the urine or difficulty urinating. eye involvement can lead to pain,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4686807034525591, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.444021"} {"text": ". central nervous system infection may lead to behavior changes, seizures, coma, or sudden death. infection of the urogenital tract occasionally may occur and cause signs such as blood in the urine or difficulty urinating. eye involvement can lead to pain, light sensitivity, and glaucoma. involvement of the retina may lead to blindness. draining nodules may be found in the skin. treatment of blastomycosis is based on the severity of the condition and other factors that must be evaluated by a veterinarian. treatment is aimed at relief of specific signs ( such as difficulty breathing, coughing, or eye problems ) and elimination of the fungus from the body. treatment may include one or more antifungal drugs, which are given for an extended period ( often 2 months or more ) until active disease is not apparent. relapses may occur ( see disorders affecting multiple body systems of dogs : north american blastomycosis ). phaeohyphomycosis is a general term for an infection by any of a number of pigmented funguses of the family dematiaceae. infection may result from fungal contamination of tissue at the site of an injury. phaeohyphomycosis is uncommon in cats. in most cases, the infection is confined to the skin and tissues beneath the skin. slowly enlarging masses beneath the skin are found on the head, the lining of the nasal passages, limbs, and chest. the nodules may ulcerate and have draining tracts. surgical removal of the lesion can be a cure. treatment with antifungal drugs may be considered in cases when surgery is not possible. rhinosporidiosis is a chronic, nonfatal infection, primarily of the lining of the nasal passages and, occasionally, of the skin. it is caused by the fungus rhinosporidium seeberi. uncommon in north america, it is seen most often in india, africa, and south america. infection is characterized by polyp - like growths that may be soft, pink, crumbly, lobular with roughened surfaces, and large enough to obstruct or close off the nasal passages. the skin lesions may be single or multiple, attached at a base, or have a stem - like connection. surgical removal of the lesions is considered to be the standard treatment, but recurrence is common. sporotrichosis is a sporadic chronic disease caused by sporothrix schenckii. the organism is found around the world in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4921185504315828, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.445009"} {"text": "connection. surgical removal of the lesions is considered to be the standard treatment, but recurrence is common. sporotrichosis is a sporadic chronic disease caused by sporothrix schenckii. the organism is found around the world in soil, vegetation, and timber. in the us, this fungus is most commonly found in coastal regions and river valleys. infection usually results when the organism enters the body through skin wounds via contact with plants or soil or penetrating foreign objects such as a sharp branch. transmission of the disease from animals to humans can occur. sporotrichosis is more common in cats than other species. the infection may remain localized to the site of entry ( involving only the skin ) or it may spread to nearby lymph nodes. although generalized illness is not seen initially, longterm infection may result in fever, listlessness, and depression. rarely, infection will spread through the bloodstream from the initial site of inoculation to the bone, lungs, liver, spleen, testes, gastrointestinal tract, or central nervous system. longterm treatment with antifungal drugs ( continued 3 to 4 weeks beyond apparent cure ) is usually recommended. because sporotrichosis can be passed from your pet to you, strict hygiene must be observed when handling animals with suspected or diagnosed sporotrichosis. if your cat is diagnosed with sporotrichosis, ask your veterinarian about the precautions you and every member of your family should take while your pet is ill. last full review / revision july 2011 by otto m. radostits, cm, dvm, msc, dacvim ( deceased ) ; eugene d. janzen, dvm, mvs ; jodie low choy, bvms ; dennis w. macy, ms, dacvim ; dudley l. mccaw, dvm, dacvim ( small animal, oncology ) ; barton w. rohrbach, vmd, mph, dacvpm ; j. glenn songer, phd ; richard a. squires, bvsc ( hons ), phd, dvr, dacvim, decvim - ca, mrcvs ; bert e. stromberg, phd ; joseph taboada, dvm, dacvim ; charles o. thoen, dvm, phd ; john f. timoney, mvb, phd, dsc, mrcvs ; ian tizard,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4537438917810711, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.445834"} {"text": "adrenal virilism is a syndrome in which excessive adrenal androgens cause virilization. diagnosis is clinical and confirmed by elevated androgen levels with and without dexamethasone suppression ; determining the cause may involve adrenal imaging. treatment depends on the cause. adrenal virilism is caused by an androgen - secreting adrenal tumor or by adrenal hyperplasia. malignant adrenal tumors may secrete excess androgens, cortisol, or mineralocorticoids ( or all three ), resulting in cushing syndrome ( see adrenal disorders : cushing syndrome ) with suppression of acth secretion and atrophy of the contralateral adrenal as well as hypertension. adrenal hyperplasia is usually congenital ; delayed virilizing adrenal hyperplasia is a variant of congenital adrenal hyperplasia ( see endocrine disorders in children : congenital adrenal hyperplasia ). both are caused by a defect in hydroxylation of cortisol precursors ; cortisol precursors accumulate and are shunted into the production of androgens. the defect is only partial in delayed virilizing adrenal hyperplasia, so clinical disease may not develop until adulthood. symptoms and signs effects depend on the patient ' s sex and age at onset and are more noticeable in women than in men. female infants with congenital adrenal hyperplasia ( see endocrine disorders in children : congenital adrenal hyperplasia ) may have fusion of the labioscrotal folds and clitoral hypertrophy resembling male external genitalia, thus presenting as female pseudohermaphrodites. in prepubertal children, growth may accelerate. if untreated, premature epiphyseal closure and short stature occur. affected prepubertal males may experience premature sexual maturation. adult females may have amenorrhea, atrophy of the uterus, clitoral hypertrophy, decreased breast size, acne, hirsutism, deepening of the voice, baldness, increased libido, and increased muscularity. in adult men, the excess adrenal androgens may suppress gonadal function and cause infertility. ectopic adrenal tissue in the testes may enlarge and simulate tumors. adrenal virilism is suspected clinically, although mild hirsutism and viril", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4293603191510439, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.450425"} {"text": "suppress gonadal function and cause infertility. ectopic adrenal tissue in the testes may enlarge and simulate tumors. adrenal virilism is suspected clinically, although mild hirsutism and virilization with hypomenorrhea and elevated plasma testosterone may also occur in polycystic ovary ( stein - leventhal ) syndrome ( see menstrual abnormalities : polycystic ovary syndrome ( pcos ) ). adrenal virilism is confirmed by showing elevated levels of adrenal androgens. in adrenal hyperplasia, urinary dehydroepiandrosterone ( dhea ) and its sulfate ( dheas ) are elevated, pregnanetriol excretion is often increased, and urinary free cortisol is normal or diminished. plasma dhea, dheas, 17 - hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, and androstenedione may be elevated. a 17 - hydroxyprogesterone level of > 30 nmol / l 30 min after administration of cosyntropin ( synthetic acth ) 0. 25 mg im strongly suggests the most common form of adrenal hyperplasia. virilizing tumors are excluded if dexamethasone 0. 5 mg po q 6 h for 48 h suppresses production of excess androgens. if excessive androgen excretion is not suppressed, ct or mri of the adrenals and ultrasonography of the ovaries are done to search for a tumor. recommended treatment for adrenal hyperplasia is dexamethasone 0. 5 to 1 mg po at bedtime, but even these small doses may cause signs of cushing syndrome. giving the dose at bedtime is most appropriate in terms of suppressing acth secretion but may cause insomnia. cortisol 25 mg po once / day or prednisone 5 to 10 mg po once / day can be used instead. although most symptoms and signs of virilism disappear, hirsutism and baldness disappear slowly, the voice may remain deep, and fertility may be impaired. tumors require adrenalectomy. for patients with cortisol - secreting tumors, hydrocortisone should be given preoperatively and postoperatively because their nontumorous adrenal cortex will be atrophic and suppressed. last full review / revision august 2012 by ashley", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.469596929803245, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.451421"} {"text": "anna maria garthwaite began designing silks in the mid - 1720s, when she was in her thirties. it is not known how she learned the art of designing for silk weaving, but her efficient use of materials and, more importantly her graceful designs show that she thoroughly understood her craft. her family was acquainted with several naturalists of the period, which may account for the skilled rendering of flowers seen in her work. many of the designs she produced from the 1720s through 1756 have been preserved in the collection of the victoria and albert museum, london, including the original design drawing for this silk along with another example of the textile itself. most of garthwaite ' s extant drawings are annotated with the date of the design, in addition to technical notes and sometimes even the name of the weaver to whom the design was sold. the colors of the design on paper are generally those that were woven. but in this case, the weaver changed the color scheme slightly and added a texture to the background. this design is typical of english dress silks of the period : the spare sprays of flowers are set on a white background, and the branch supporting the flowers meanders back and forth across the width of the fabric. the appearance of the truncated branch from which various types of flowers bloom may be a nod to the chinoiserie trend in the eighteenth - century rococo style.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4412276130185573, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.454717"} {"text": "edgar degas \u2019 wax - and - fabric statuette little dancer aged fourteen has held the curiosity of millions in its 28 bronze reproductions, but far fewer know the heart - rending history of the model, marie van goethem, and her sisters. in the painted girls, a historically based work of fiction rich with naturalistic details of late 19th century paris, cathy marie buchanan paints the girls who spring from the page as vibrantly as a dancer \u2019 s leap across a stage. living in the slum of lower montmartre, the girls aspire to be dancers at the paris opera ballet, a resource for urchins to save themselves from life on the streets. practicing long hours and fighting exhaustion and malnutrition, they could earn a meager income if they remain at the lowest rank of petit rat, but they could lead lavish lives if they climb to stardom. such was the dream of the van goethem sisters. when the novel opens, 17 - year - old antoinette has been dismissed from the ballet school for willfulness and belligerence. marie, unattractive and exceptionally skinny, is harder - working, achieves short - lived success and poses for degas \u2019 statuette at age 14. but charlotte, 7, self - absorbed, pretty, craving bright sashes, is the natural dancer. alternating marie \u2019 s point of view with antoinette \u2019 s, the novel contrasts the sheer pleasure of dancing with sharp depictions of brothels, prisons and the guillotine. despite their grace and achievement, the two oldest sisters are bound for calamity. through their bad decisions, lying, thieving and prostitution of one sort or another, one reads on, compelled by love for these girls whom buchanan describes so compassionately. it \u2019 s a story in the vein of 19th century naturalism, as deterministic as a zola novel. as buchanan reports, the italian criminologist cesare lombroso, corroborated by french anthropologists, theorized that certain cranial characteristics appearing in prehistoric man occur so frequently among modern criminals that they are scientific predictors of depravity : a low, sloping forehead, broad cheekbones, a forward thrust of the lower face. poor marie, the only sister who reads, discovers this theory in a newspaper article, and since her face exhibits these characteristics, she is haunted by the implications. the novel poses the question : is a descent into wretchedness inevitable? buchanan shows marie unwillingly sucked into a glittering salon where wealthy subscribers to the opera", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4583107124780708, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.458813"} {"text": "for many of us, being fit means maintaining a healthy weight with diet and exercise. however, the \u201c healthy weight = fit \u201d idea omits and misrepresents several important components of what beingtrulyfitmeans. in biological terms, \u201c being fit \u201d means \u201c being able to provide for one \u2019 s own life and wellbeing ; the fittest are those who can do so the best. \u201d now that \u2019 s a little closer to what we should be working toward. not just being fit to the point of sufficiency, but being the fittest. so, the question is : what can you do to be the fittest you can be, or to obtain the best quality of life possible? to answer that question, we \u2019 ll examine the five components of physical fitness. that \u2019 s right, there are five. not just \u201c fitting into my favorite jeans, \u201d \u201c being able to run a marathon, \u201d or \u201c bench pressing twice my body weight. \u201d our definitions are from the us department of health and human services. body composition : this refers to the relative amount of muscle, fat, bone, and other vital parts of the body. body composition can provide a better evaluation of overall health than weight or bmi alone, so it is important to maintain a level of body fat that is neither too low ( below 3 - 5 % for men and 8 - 12 % for women ), nor too high ( above 20 - 25 % for men and 29 - 35 % for women ). a variety of body fat measurement tools exist including calipers and bio - electrical impedance devices, and although some are more accurate and expensive than others, all can help you monitor changes. tip : have a body fat analysis performed to know your starting point, and begin implementing small, healthy diet and exercise changes to improve body composition. cardiorespiratory endurance : cardiorespiratory endurance is the ability of the body \u2019 s circulatory and respiratory systems to supply fuel during physical activity. this means being able to sustain an elevated heart rate. activities like walking, swimming, and bicycling will all lead to improvement, and the good news is that the activity you choose does not necessarily have to be strenuous ( at least initially ). tip : choose an activity you enjoy and start slowly, increasing the intensity and duration over time. flexibility : flexibility is the range of motion around a joint. maintaining good flexibility helps protect the muscles and joints from injury in all kinds of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5407674425864162, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.465982"} {"text": "least initially ). tip : choose an activity you enjoy and start slowly, increasing the intensity and duration over time. flexibility : flexibility is the range of motion around a joint. maintaining good flexibility helps protect the muscles and joints from injury in all kinds of activity. a basic stretching program, such as 10 - 15 minutes of light stretching for the upper body, lower body, and core after a workout, may be all you need to improve this oft - neglected fitness component. yoga and pilates classes can also add more structure to your flexibility program. tip : the key to improving flexibility is to make time for it! add 10 minutes to the end of your workout to stretch or take 10 - minute walking / stretching breaks at work. muscular endurance : muscular endurance is the ability of the muscle to continue to perform without fatigue. you can improve muscular endurance by doing sustained activities such as walking, swimming, or bicycling. when it comes to weight training, completing longer sets ( 12 - 25 repetitions ) would be considered working in the endurance range. tip : look for opportunities to activate your muscles outside the club. for example, walk to the grocery store and flex those biceps by carrying groceries. muscular strength : muscular strength is the ability of the muscles to exert force during an activity. sorry to those of you who want to stick to the treadmill, but this means using your muscles against resistance, whether that comes in the form of a dumbbell, resistance band, or your own body weight against gravity. tip : take the stairs instead of the elevator, or do some pushups during tv commercial breaks. to be truly, \u201c totally fit \u201d we need to focus on all five components of physical fitness. not only will we be healthier overall, but we will also enjoy the benefits of reduced risk of injury and disease prevention ( osteoporosis, diabetes, etc. ). the added bonus? improving any single area of fitness will help the others improve as well. so what are you waiting for?! what areas of physical fitness are you focusing on right now? lpga golfer stacy lewis \u2019 ability to overcome childhood scoliosis to become one of the game \u2019 s rising stars is an inspiring story that hits home with midtown athletic club in windy hill, georgia member heather mcnally, a coca - cola planning and resource management director. diagnosed with scoliosis at age 10, heather began to experience debilitating migraine headaches \u2014 often up to 20 times per month \u2014 in 2003. but thanks to a connection made", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47185195412899383, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.468304"} {"text": "\u2019 s spa. eight months into the program, heather says that her migraines have virtually disappeared. her back, she adds, is straighter than it has been in 30 years. \u201c we all know that physical activity is good for the body, \u201d says dina casso, windy hill \u2019 s general manager. \u201c but for heather, the results have been literally life - changing. \u201d \u201c many members come to us not only to help them lose weight or firm up areas of their body, but also to help them with debilitating ailments, \u201d casso adds. \u201c we help by designing specific physical fitness programs to help provide our clients with a better quality of life. \u201d mcnally wholeheartedly agrees. \u201c for me, even my personality has changed, \u201d she says. \u201c not living in constant pain has made me a happier person. my family, friends and co - workers have all noticed. if it weren \u2019 t for dr. feoktistov and my great team at midtown, i can \u2019 t imagine where i \u2019 d be today. \u201d veuillez remplir le formulaire qui suit pour obtenir plus de renseignements sur nos divers programmes et pour faire l ' essai du club en tant qu ' invite. un de nos associes vous contactera sous peu pour prendre rendez - vous.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4362831957741069, "token_count": 284, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.469994"} {"text": "the 74th anniversary of the 1937 wilsonville sit - down strike is quickly approaching and merits attention. while many labor actions are spurred by the struggle for better wages or working conditions, this strike was set in motion for a different reason. in his memoirs jack battuello recalls : \u201c whenever they mechanized a mine with one type of machinery that would reduce the working force, we \u2019 d simply took \u2018 em in our ranks and divided whatever work remained. day for day, hour for hour. \u2026 all these years under the united mine workers and under the progressives we had unwritten agreement that \u2026 when one of these mines shut down then the miners whose mine had shut down had a right to divide work with the remaining three mines. and suddenly for some reason that we never discovered the coal companies decided they didn \u2019 t want to continue that system. and they refused to let the number 1 men whose mine was shut down \u2013 a division of work in the other three mines. \u201d responding to layoffs caused by the closure of superior mine number 1, the workers at nearby superior mine number 4 demanded that they be allowed to share their work hours with the laid off miners. 540 miners occupied the mine and remained underground in a nine - day \u201c stay down \u201d strike and attracted substantial media attention. the image above illustrates how the workers lived during the conflict. ( here \u2019 s the link to a previous post which shows superior mine number 4 as it appears today. ) sit - down strikes became a widespread tactic in the late 1930 \u2032 s ; indeed the akron beacon journal editorialized that the use of sit - down strikes had become \u201c epidemic \u201d. the best - known example was the flint sit - down strike which occurred several months prior to wilsonville. labor activists utilized sit - down strikes primarily because they were an effective and immediate way to halt production and win concessions. of course, this wasn \u2019 t lost on factory owners. in may, 1936 goodyear issued a report on the nineteen sit - downs strikes which had occurred in its akron plants concluding : \u201c resumption of production has been accomplished only by substantial concessions on the part of management in the interest of peace and continuing production during the present peak period. \u201d more importantly, sit - down strikes often constituted genuine expressions of rank - and - file democracy. in some cases these actions were used to force business leaders to formally accept unionization of the workplace. in other instances workers chose sit - down strikes as a substitute for union - management bureaucratic channels in order to quickly resolve workplace conflict. and in the event that", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43645302274204517, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.476233"} {"text": "cases these actions were used to force business leaders to formally accept unionization of the workplace. in other instances workers chose sit - down strikes as a substitute for union - management bureaucratic channels in order to quickly resolve workplace conflict. and in the event that the contractual grievance procedure was followed, the leverage created by a sit - down strike could speed the process considerably. shop - floor democracy was manifested in other ways during a sit - down strike. typically excluded from decision - making in the workplace, striking workers seized the opportunity to practice direct democracy. strikers often demonstrated exemplary cooperation and discipline during these actions. the leaders of organized labor weren \u2019 t often enthusiastic about the sit - down tactic. certainly they viewed these bottom - up actions as threats to their authority. consequently labor \u2019 s heirarchy worked to regulate or fully usurp this expression of worker militancy. on may 29, 1937 the new york times reported afl president william green said that sit - down strikes presented \u201c grave implications detrimental to labor \u2019 s interests. \u201d the leadership of the fledgling cio wasn \u2019 t elated either. ever the opportunist, john l. lewis attempted to leverage sit - downs in order to force employers to accept cio contracts and collective bargaining. lewis promised government and corporate leaders : \u201c a c. i. o. contract is adequate protection against sit - downs, lie - downs, or any other kind of strike. \u201d the situation in wilsonville mirrored that power struggle. that strike was called just as progressive miners of america president, joe ozanic courted the american federation of labor in order to win affiliation for the progressive miners. much to ozanic \u2019 s chagrin, the p. m. a. executive board and officers where completely in the dark. the strike had been called by p. m. a. local 1 without the knowledge or support of the national union. the illinois state register reported : \u201c joe ozanic, president of the progressive miners, disclaimed responsibility for the action and said the strike was \u2018 unauthorized. \u2019 \u2018 they \u2019 re on their own legs, \u2019 ozanic declared. \u201d ( 5 / 21 / 37 ) subsequently in a unanimous vote, the pma \u2019 s executive board directed the local to end the strike. the members of local 1 didn \u2019 t support ozanic \u2019 s efforts to join the afl either. local 1 member jack battuello later recalled : \u201c we opposed the affiliation \u2026 local number1 lead the fight. we even cut off dues for a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4426799880284442, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.477416"} {"text": "of local 1 didn \u2019 t support ozanic \u2019 s efforts to join the afl either. local 1 member jack battuello later recalled : \u201c we opposed the affiliation \u2026 local number1 lead the fight. we even cut off dues for a while. we predicted william green was not a proper organization with which to associate. there was not a proper leadership. ineffectual leadership we maintained. and that we ought to be ashamed to affiliating with such a bankrupt, hopelessly outmoded organization. \u201d however, ozanic and john fisher, strike leader and p. m. a. local 1 president agreed to meet. the next day the illinois state register reported : \u201c the conference yesterday afternoon was a brief one. for about five minutes fisher and his committee met with [ the ] \u2026 executive board \u2026 national president joe ozanic, it was said, began with a critical statement about the strike. fisher replied that he and the committee had not come to hear criticism from officers whose salaries they helped pay, but had expected aid in the strike and in arranging a conference with the company. then they walked out. \u201d ( 5 / 22 / 37 ) in my next post, i \u2019 ll share the outcome of the strike, the pma \u2019 s internal conflict as well as the after - effects of the wave of sit - down strikes in the u. s. in the late 1930 \u2032 s. switch to our desktop site", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.391153554790983, "token_count": 292, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.478026"} {"text": "thousands of fish concentrated in open net pens produce tons of feces. combined with uneaten food pellets, this waste impacts the local environment, polluting the water and smothering plants and animals on the seafloor. scientists are also concerned about spreading disease and parasites \u2014 common occurrences in crowded pens \u2014 to wild fish. where salmon farms are located near the migration routes of young wild salmon, parasites may infect and kill up to 80 percent of the wild fish. pesticides and antibiotics used to control diseases and parasites can also leak into the environment, impacting local species. issue : chemical use many types of aquaculture require chemical treatments for a successful harvest. the amount of active chemicals released into the environment determines their effect on other organisms and human health. frequent application and the emergence of antibiotic - resistant bacteria can reduce effectiveness and affect our ability to treat human diseases. containing the problem onshore, \" closed \" farms contain wastes and other byproducts, making them easier to handle. u. s. fish farmers are experimenting with enclosed, recirculating systems, which filter wastewater and compost solid wastes to reduce the impact of untreated wastes. these farms can be located away from sensitive habitats where fish feed and breed. tilapia, catfish, cobia and trout are raised inland in the u. s. most arctic char is also raised onshore using systems that recirculate water, reducing disease transfer and pollution. all of these fish are delicious alternatives to ocean - farmed species and prove that most any fish \u2014 even salmon \u2014 can be farmed far from sensitive marine habitats. by encouraging measures that protect our waterways and surrounding habitats, you ' re helping ensure that aquaculture is conducted in a sustainable way. stay up to date on ocean policy with our e - newsletter seafood watch pocket guides help you select seafood that is caught or farmed in ways that help promote healthy oceans. choose from the green, \" best choice \" column. otherwise, try a yellow \" good alternative. \" download or print a pocket guide", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.46264016675359865, "token_count": 418, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.480338"} {"text": "environmental issues are california \u2019 s political bread - and - butter. los angeles is rightly famous for its smog, though the san francisco bay area is rapidly catching up in this unattractive race. if you \u2019 re sensitive to airborne pollution, take special precautions on days that local air quality officials designate \u201c spare the air. \u201d these are days, mostly in the summer, when pollution levels are especially high. stay indoors or, when going out, use public transportation. water pollution is also an issue in california ; plenty of sensational news stories crucify the state \u2019 s drinking water, while others laud it. most tap water is safe to drink, but swimming in california \u2019 s plentiful rivers and ocean requires more caution. sadly, water pollution from dumping into the ocean affects beach goers. dirt and pollution are common in the waters and on the beaches of los angeles and orange counties, while fishing is no longer permitted in the san francisco bay due to the long - standing pollution problems and high mercury levels in the bay \u2019 s fish. there are major restrictions on the types of power boats you can launch at lake tahoe, due to protections instituted to keep the azure - blue waters of this huge alpine lake pristine. similar restrictions can also be found for waterways across the state ; check the regulations for any lake or river before planning a boating trip. the good news is that environmental conservation and protection are taken very seriously in california. recycling, public transit growth, and water cleanup programs proliferate throughout the state. even as a short - time visitor, you can help california \u2019 s efforts to get and stay clean : use any recycling bins you see on the street ; minimize your use of plastic bags ; and don \u2019 t leave litter on the beach or out in wilderness areas \u2014 either throw it away or pack it out with you. \u00a9 liz hamill scott from moon california, 2nd edition", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.42339573732734287, "token_count": 384, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.483780"} {"text": "integrates globalization and culture change in every chapter. cultural anthropology introduces students to the concepts and methods that anthropologists bring to the study of cross - cultural diversity. nancy bonvillain brings the study of cultural anthropology to life by encouraging students to see what is going on in the world and helping them understand how it affects cultures. she presents the voices of people studied by anthropologists, and highlights the dynamic, adaptive nature of societies and cultures. a better teaching and learning experience this program will provide a better teaching and learning experience \u2014 for you and your students. here \u2019 s how : - personalize learning \u2013 the new myanthrolab delivers proven results in helping students succeed, provides engaging experiences that personalize learning, and comes from a trusted partner with educational expertise and a deep commitment to helping students and instructors achieve their goals. - improve critical thinking \u2013 study features include preview and summary questions, critical thinking questions, section reviews, chapter summaries, and a margin glossary and marginal notes. - engage students \u2013 each chapter includes features such as \u201c in their own voices, \u201d \u201c anthropology applied, \u201d and \u201c controversies. \u201d - understand anthropology \u2013 \u201c case study \u201d features help students understand the connections anthropologists make based on practices and change. - support instructors \u2013 myanthrolab, classprep, instructor \u2019 s manual, mytest, powerpoints, and ethnoquesta are available. note : myanthrolab does not come automatically packaged with this text. to purchase myanthrolab, please visit : www. myanthrolab. com or you can purchase a valuepack of the text + myanthrolab ( at no additional cost ) : valuepack isbn - 10 : 0205866182 / valuepack isbn - 13 : 9780205866182.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.48416348912065926, "token_count": 370, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.486190"} {"text": "below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine - read text ( when available ) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter - representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. because it is uncorrected material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading ; exclusively for search engines. ocr for page 11 attracting science and mathematics ph. d. s to secondary school education 1 introduction the united states is at a critical juncture in its efforts to improve science and mathematics education for its children. reports from the u. s. department of education suggest that the nation will need more than two million new teachers during the next decade. finding qualified teachers of science and mathematics within this pool poses a special challenge. the nation needs to meet these challenges at a time when the national research council ( nrc ) and others are urging states and school districts to improve science and mathematics education through the implementation of national science education standards and other efforts ( national research council, 1996 ; national research council, 1997 ). this report examines whether recent ph. d. s in science and mathematics might provide a resource for helping to meet the nation ' s need for qualified secondary school science and mathematics teachers in the future. background the need for qualified science and mathematics teachers we estimate that the nation will need to hire about 20, 000 public secondary school science and mathematics teachers each year over the next decade, or about 200, 000 in all. those public secondary school teachers who spent the largest portion of their time teaching science and mathematics account for about 10 percent of all k - 12 teachers ( national education association, 1997 ). as shown in table 1 - 1, the national center for education statistics ( nces ) has projected that the nation will need to hire more than two million new teachers from the 1998 - 99 school year to the 2008 - 09 school year. this projection is based on total public and private elementary and secondary school enrollment increasing 4 percent, from 52. 2 million in 1997 to 54. 5 million in 2006, and a large cohort of teachers retiring in the coming decade. ( national center for education statistics, 1999a ; national center for education statistics, 1999b ). if one assumes that 10 percent of new hires will also be in secondary school science and mathematics, then we", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5588579271638756, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.538486"} {"text": "/ teacher ratio. b total number of teachers for 1996 - 97 through 2008 - 09 based on maintaining 1995 - 96 level. c total number of teachers for 1996 - 97 through 2008 - 09 is from the projections of education statistics to 2008, which assumes decreasing class size. d the number of newly hired teachers was computed using the actual number of teachers. source : national center for education statistics 1999, table 7, p. 35. ocr for page 13 attracting science and mathematics ph. d. s to secondary school education the third international mathematics and science study ( timss ) in the mid - 1990s found, in assessing the performance of a half - million students around the world, that students in the united states were not performing at a level similar to their peers in other countries. a recent nrc report examining timss data concluded, \u201c the results of timss suggest that u. s. students are falling short. although u. s. fourth graders compare favorably to their international peers, u. s. eighth graders and high school seniors achieve at a lower level than do students in many other countries. \u201d the report argues that many factors affect the scores of u. s. students in timss, including curricular issues, instructional practices, and school support systems. with regard to the latter, the report argued that one of several \u201c particularly important aspects of this broader culture \u201d is the preparation and support of teachers ( national research council, 1999 ). similarly, the attrition rate for students who initially major in science, mathematics, and engineering as undergraduates is unacceptably high in 4 - year institutions in the united states. elaine seymour and nancy hewitt recently found that more than 40 percent of males and 50 percent of females who initially majored in science, mathematics, and engineering fields switched to other majors, and that the problem was even more severe for minorities. for 40 percent of these field switchers, the authors found that inadequate high school preparation in subject matter and study skills was an important factor ( and hewitt, 1997 ). the quality of teaching and teaching methods play a central role in ensuring adequate subject matter preparation in high school. finally, the nrc ' s national science education standards, published in 1996, urged dramatic changes in schools and school systems, including teacher preparation. this report advocates changes in how teachers are educated and keep pace and specifically recommends that teachers focus on \u201c a new way of teaching and learning about science that reflects how science is done, emphasizing inquiry as a way of achieving knowledge and understanding about the world. \u201d (", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.49832505083540374, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.561471"} {"text": "advocates changes in how teachers are educated and keep pace and specifically recommends that teachers focus on \u201c a new way of teaching and learning about science that reflects how science is done, emphasizing inquiry as a way of achieving knowledge and understanding about the world. \u201d ( national research council, 1996 ). the need for more qualified secondary school science and mathematics teachers and the call for inquiry - based teaching underlie the nrc efforts to attract ph. d. s to secondary school science and mathematics education. an untapped resource at the same time that the nation requires more qualified teachers of science and mathematics, the number of new science and mathematics ph. d. s who have difficulty securing positions in academe or industry is growing. as shown in table 1 - 2, there were more than 30, 000 postdoctoral fellows in science and mathematics \u2014 more than 20, 000 postdoctoral fellows in the life sciences alone \u2014 in the united states in 1998. many of these postdoctoral fellows find themselves in a \u201c holding pattern \u201d of three or more consecutive postdoctoral fellowships while awaiting employment ( national research council, 1998 ). ocr for page 14 attracting science and mathematics ph. d. s to secondary school education table 1 - 2 number of postdoctorate fellows, by field, physical and life sciences, 1998 field total m. d. sa ph. d. sb physical and life sciences, total 34, 702 6, 672 28, 030 physical sciences 6, 869 26 6, 843 physics and astronomy 2, 256 20 2, 236 chemistry 3, 716 4 3, 712 earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences 897 2 895 mathematical sciences 274 16 258 life sciences 27, 559 6, 630 20, 929 biological sciences 15, 480 1, 729 13, 751 health sciences 12, 079 4, 901 7, 178 aincludes m. d., d. o. d. d. s., d. v. m. also includes m. d. - ph. d. s bdoes not include m. d. - ph. d. s source : national science foundation / srs, survey of graduate students andpostdoctorates in science and engineering recent data show that the job market may be improving as increasing numbers of new ph. d. s \u2014 even in the life sciences \u2014 are entering tenure - track faculty positions at the time they receive their degrees. however, the job market for ph. d. s and our system of graduate education operate such that supply and demand", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5128585095073055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.565320"} {"text": "ph. d. s \u2014 even in the life sciences \u2014 are entering tenure - track faculty positions at the time they receive their degrees. however, the job market for ph. d. s and our system of graduate education operate such that supply and demand are out of synch from time - to - time, resulting in a periodic oversupply of science and mathematics ph. d. s. unfortunately, those already stuck in postdoctoral positions \u2014 especially those who have been in more than one \u2014 do not appear to be benefiting from the improving job market. thus, the large numbers of ph. d. s who have found themselves in this postdoctoral \u201c holding pattern \u201d \u2014 the current \u201c oversupply \u201d of ph. d. s \u2014 may provide an untapped source of qualified secondary school science and mathematics teachers. this study aims to explore the potential interest of ph. d. s in these positions. nrc role in science and mathematics education the national research council has been deeply involved in the last decade in efforts to improve the science and mathematics education of our nation ' s schoolchildren, emphasizing achieving the national goal of scientific and mathematical literacy for all of our students. the national science education standards, published in 1996, urged dramatic changes in schools and school systems. the standards advocate \u201c changes in what students are taught, in how their performance is assessed, in how teachers are educated and keep pace, and in the relationship between school and the rest of the community \u2014 including the nation ' s scientists and engineers. \u201d they also emphasize \u201c a new way of teaching and learning about science that reflects how science is done, emphasizing inquiry as a way of achieving knowledge and understanding about the world. \u201d ocr for page 15 attracting science and mathematics ph. d. s to secondary school education the nrc has since continued to initiate studies and programs designed to make a difference in our nation ' s science and mathematics education at all levels. the center for education ( cfe ) leads this effort by examining the efficacy and influence of standards - based systemic reform, the preparation and professional development of teachers, and programmatic and curricular models for improved mathematics, science, and engineering education. the nrc is also exploring the science of learning, the skills of teaching, and the assessment of student achievement. to this end the center produces reports on implementing science standards, teacher preparation, and student assessment designed, above all, to improve science and mathematics education. recent nrc reports include : every child a scientist : achieving scientific literacy for all ( 1997 ) improving student learning in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5186959913290455, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.574172"} {"text": "the center produces reports on implementing science standards, teacher preparation, and student assessment designed, above all, to improve science and mathematics education. recent nrc reports include : every child a scientist : achieving scientific literacy for all ( 1997 ) improving student learning in mathematics and science : the role of national standards in state policy ( 1997 ) improving teacher preparation and credentialing consistent with the national science education standards : report of a symposium ( 1997 ) science teacher preparation in an era of standards - based reform ( 1997 ) teaching about evolution and the nature of science ( 1998 ) designing mathematics or science curriculum programs : a guide for using mathematics and science education standards ( 1999 ) global perspectives for local action : using timss to improve u. s. mathematics and science education ( 1999 ) how people learn : bridging research and practice ( 1999 ) commission on behavioral and social sciences and education improving student learning : a strategic plan for education research and its utilization ( 1999 ) commission on behavioral and social sciences and education inquiry and the national science education standards : a guide for teaching and learning ( 2000 ) project on attracting ph. d. s to secondary education in early 1999 the nrc launched a three - phase project to explore the feasibility of attracting science and mathematics ph. d. s to positions in secondary school education. the essential goal of the project is to improve the science and mathematics education and literacy of our nation ' s schoolchildren. among the keys to ensuring ongoing improvement in science and mathematics education \u2014 standards - based systemic reform, the excellent preparation and professional development of teachers, new programmatic ocr for page 16 attracting science and mathematics ph. d. s to secondary school education and curricular models for improved science and mathematics education, and the appropriate assessment of student achievement \u2014 this project deals with the supply, preparation, and professional development of teachers. it does so by focusing on attracting those ph. d. s who could be well suited to secondary school education positions and could bring new techniques \u2014 such as inquiry - based learning \u2014 and a strong knowledge of science and mathematics to the classroom. this study reports on the outcomes of the first phase of the project, which focuses on assessing the potential interest of ph. d. s in such positions and the changes that states, school districts, or others might implement to attract these ph. d. s. underlying assumptions in launching this project, the nrc made assumptions about the contributions that ph. d. s could bring to secondary schools. these were : ( 1 ) that ph. d. training with its strong emphasis on", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.4934410426372111, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.584116"} {"text": "ph. d. s. underlying assumptions in launching this project, the nrc made assumptions about the contributions that ph. d. s could bring to secondary schools. these were : ( 1 ) that ph. d. training with its strong emphasis on experimental evaluation of scientific questions could be useful to teachers in providing the inquiry - based learning environment in schools recommended in the national science education standards, and ( 2 ) that the deeper training of ph. d. s in quantitative approaches and content \u2014 and their firm attachments to the nation ' s scientists and engineers \u2014 could also be very helpful in improving american science and mathematics education. the project also began with the assumption that the job market for ph. d. s and our system of graduate education are such that supply and demand for researchers will be out of phase from time - to - time, resulting in a periodic oversupply of science and mathematics ph. d. s who might be an untapped resource for science and mathematics teaching. in 1997, an nrc report on the careers of recent ph. d. s in the life sciences indicated that the number of postdoctoral fellows in the united states has been growing and that \u2014 particularly in the life sciences \u2014 many recent ph. d. s have experienced difficulty moving out of postdoctoral positions into permanent careers in either academia or industry. thus, we have reached one of those moments when an oversupply of ph. d. s has occurred and the nation has an unusual opportunity to attract these ph. d. s to america ' s secondary school classrooms. the committee established to oversee the first phase of this project believes that most ph. d. s are well suited to the research careers they have chosen and should continue to pursue them. yet there are many ph. d. s whose training, personalities, and outlook would make them ideal candidates for secondary school teaching positions and potential leaders in science and mathematics education. just as there are select groups of science and mathematics ph. d. s who have gone on to other careers outside of postsecondary teaching and research, we anticipate that secondary education may also provide attractive career opportunities for some ph. d. scientists. indeed, since 1991, a majority of ph. d. s in science and engineering have worked in careers outside of postsecondary academic institutions ( national academy of sciences, 1995 ; rice, 1996 ; tobias et. al., 1995 ; national science foundation, 1996 ; commission on professionals in science and technology, 1997 ; association of american universities, 1998 ). ocr for page", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5294511357554912, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.586800"} {"text": "academic institutions ( national academy of sciences, 1995 ; rice, 1996 ; tobias et. al., 1995 ; national science foundation, 1996 ; commission on professionals in science and technology, 1997 ; association of american universities, 1998 ). ocr for page 17 attracting science and mathematics ph. d. s to secondary school education there are, of course, a number of potential obstacles to ph. d. s taking secondary school teaching positions. these include the willingness of ph. d. s to take education courses and obtain certification ; the attitudes of professors, colleagues, mentors, high school principals, and other secondary school teachers ; the potential opposition of teachers ' unions ; and salary levels. it is the object of the phase one study to explore the interest of ph. d. s in secondary school education and to see what incentives might be implemented to overcome the potential obstacles to ph. d. s following this career path. problems and possibilities the nrc launched this project understanding that certain aspects of the graduate education and secondary school environments pose obstacles to ph. d. s taking secondary school teaching positions. success will depend, first, on the willingness and ability of ph. d. s to apply their knowledge and skills in a different educational environment. success will also depend on their ability to obtain certification, possibly through alternative certification programs that have already provided teacher preparation to many others. school districts, states, and higher education institutions will need to design programs \u2014 including appropriate teacher preparation programs \u2014 that offer incentives for scientifically trained ph. d. s to enter secondary school education. finally, the scientific community will need to provide these ph. d. s with support and treat them as colleagues throughout their careers. we have some information about areas where we might meet obstacles to success. number of ph. d. s employed in k - 12 educational institutions. as displayed in table 1 - 3, data from the 1997 survey of doctorate recipients ( sdr ) show that only a very small fraction \u2014 just 0. 8 percent \u2014 of ph. d. s in the life sciences, physical sciences, and mathematics currently work in k - 12 educational institutions. table 1 - 3 ph. d. s in biological and health sciences, physical sciences, and mathematics employed in k - 12 educational institutions, 1997 employed employed in k - 12 education * field population estimated percent estimated number physical and life sciences, total 275, 860 0. 8 % 2, 200 physical sciences 129, 650 0. 8 % 990 physics and astronomy 35, 920 0. 8 % 280 chemistry 54", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5123387730713607, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.588024"} {"text": "education * field population estimated percent estimated number physical and life sciences, total 275, 860 0. 8 % 2, 200 physical sciences 129, 650 0. 8 % 990 physics and astronomy 35, 920 0. 8 % 280 chemistry 54, 220 0. 9 % 470 earth / atmospheric / marine sciences 15, 110 0. 7 % 110 mathematical sciences 24, 400 0. 5 % 130 life sciences 121, 810 0. 9 % 1, 080 biological sciences 104, 630 0. 9 % 900 health sciences 17, 180 1. 0 % 180 * these data are calculated by special tabulations of a sample survey. they represent approximate estimates of the number and percentage of science and mathematics ph. d. s employed in k - 12 educational institutions. source : national science foundation / survey of doctorate recipients, specialtabulation. ocr for page 18 attracting science and mathematics ph. d. s to secondary school education alternative certification. for nearly 20 years, alternative certification has helped school districts and states meet the need for qualified teachers and will continue to be important as they seek to hire 200, 000 or more teachers each year in the next decade. school districts, states, and institutions of higher education first developed alternative certification programs in response to the threat of teacher shortages in the early 1980s and the number of programs has grown since. in 1998, according to the private, non - profit national center for education information ( ncei ), 41 states and the district of columbia report at least one alternative teacher certification program. these programs include a wide range of efforts, as ncei notes, \u201c from emergency certification to very sophisticated and well - designed programs that address the professional preparation needs of the growing population of individuals who already have at least a baccalaureate degree and considerable life experience and want to become teachers \u201d ( feistritzer and chester, 1998 ). many individuals with non - traditional backgrounds have and could contribute their knowledge and skills to secondary school education. ncei estimates that more than 80, 000 individuals \u2014 those trained to teach years ago but who never did, those who switch careers or retire from the military, and those from other institutions such as liberal arts colleges \u2014 have already been certified through these programs. thousands more receive certification through alternative programs created by institutions of higher education ( feistritzer and chester, 1998 ). graduate school training. although many science graduate programs require that their ph. d. candidates teach undergraduates as part of their training, none of these programs currently view its mission to prepare graduates to teach in secondary", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5008612921805368, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.589317"} {"text": "to attract science and mathematics ph. d. s to secondary school positions, drawing on the results of phase one, and a dialogue with those interested in secondary school science and mathematics education ; and ( 3 ) the implementation of demonstration programs that place ph. d. s in such positions in selected states. phase one : assessing the potential interest of ph. d. s in secondary school science and mathematics education the first phase of the project was carried out under the auspices of the nrc ' s office of scientific and engineering personnel ( osep ), in conjunction with the center for education ( cfe ). to identify the potential interest of ph. d. s in secondary school teaching and how they might be attracted to such positions, this committee carried out a national survey of graduate students and recent ph. d. s. we also conducted a series of interviews with ph. d. s working as secondary school teachers and educational administrators at the k - 12 and postsecondary level. this report summarizes the findings from our investigations, with suggestions to the committee overseeing phase two. phase two : designing demonstration programs in the second phase of this project, a new committee will bring information from a number of sources to bear on the design of programs to attract ph. d. s to secondary school science and mathematics education. one source of information will be the data and recommendations contained in this report. another will be a workshop of interested persons in secondary school science and mathematics education \u2014 including representatives of states interested in sponsoring demonstration programs \u2014 to discuss the design of demonstration programs. based on the outcomes of that workshop, discussions with other experts, and its own deliberations, the phase two committee will produce a report that recommends components of demonstration programs. phase three : implementing state demonstration programs once phase two of the project has been completed, the nrc will seek funding to implement and evaluate demonstration programs in three to five states, based on the goals ocr for page 20 attracting science and mathematics ph. d. s to secondary school education and design elements identified in phase two. this phase will also be overseen by an nrc committee. scope of the study the charge to the phase one committee the charge to this committee was very narrowly directed to two issues : is there a potential to attract science and mathematics ph. d. s to secondary school teaching and other leadership positions? what incentives would be useful for states, school districts, and others in attracting them to such positions? the committee was not asked to examine or substantiate the premises that underlie the charge,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5410606632883203, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.609679"} {"text": "s to secondary school teaching and other leadership positions? what incentives would be useful for states, school districts, and others in attracting them to such positions? the committee was not asked to examine or substantiate the premises that underlie the charge, nor was it asked to implement its findings. moreover, it was not charged with assessing the potential benefits of placing science and mathematics ph. d. s in secondary school teaching. these suggested benefits and their costs should be made explicit and carefully evaluated by the phase - two study committee. the charge for the phase one committee was primarily to provide information to the committee overseeing the second phase of the project as it deliberates on how demonstration programs might be designed. nevertheless, members of this committee do believe that a program to attract science and mathematics ph. d. s to secondary school classrooms could be of significant value to science education of secondary school students and would also provide a rewarding new career opportunity for ph. d. scientists. the charge to the committee was to investigate the career ambitions of ph. d. s in the physical and life sciences through focus groups, a national survey, and interviews. the committee was also asked to examine the potential interest of recent ph. d. s in secondary school teaching and curriculum development positions and to determine the kinds of incentives \u2014 regarding work conditions and compensation packages \u2014 that states, school districts, and others could use to induce ph. d. s to take these positions. the positions included the teaching of physics, chemistry, biology, and various electives in public high schools, as well as positions fostering better science and mathematical education at the secondary level. the committee found it necessary to discuss and address two issues that developed directly from the study data and that extended beyond its specific charge. first, in the course of holding focus group discussions, the committee found that many participants believed there were a number of ways, beyond secondary school teaching and curriculum development, that ph. d. s could contribute to improving science and mathematics education. graduate students and postdoctoral fellows clearly liked the idea of working on the development of science and mathematics curricula, not just for secondary school courses but across grades from kindergarten to grade 12. focus group ocr for page 21 attracting science and mathematics ph. d. s to secondary school education participants suggested that ph. d. s could also contribute by working in professional development, science education partnerships, or science museums and environmental centers. they indicated that ph. d. s might be interested in serving as science or mathematics specialists in school districts, science resource teachers in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5336654484216277, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.615842"} {"text": ". d. s could also contribute by working in professional development, science education partnerships, or science museums and environmental centers. they indicated that ph. d. s might be interested in serving as science or mathematics specialists in school districts, science resource teachers in elementary or secondary schools, or science specialists in regional or university - based science education resource centers. the committee believed it was important to explore these suggestions both in their own right and as context for the more specific questions on secondary school teaching and curriculum development it was asked to address. while the focus of this study remains secondary school science and mathematics education, the suggestions of focus group recipients were addressed by adding an additional question to the survey questionnaire. the results of this question are discussed at the end of chapter 2. second, the committee realized that recent ph. d. s by themselves cannot satisfy the need for new secondary school science and mathematics teachers. we considered the question of whether we should also examine the interest of other individuals with extensive science and mathematics education backgrounds. this included those who were abd ( \u201c all but dissertation \u201d ) and / or had master ' s degrees. in this case, the committee decided that a systematic exploration of the interest of these individuals in secondary school teaching and how to attract them to positions would take them beyond their charge. nonetheless, the committee believes that graduate students in science and mathematics who obtain master ' s degrees or who are \u201c abd \u201d should also be considered a potential source of qualified science and mathematics teachers. the fact that the focus groups we held and the questionnaire we fielded during the course of this study included graduate students as participants and respondents in some measure substantiates the potential interest of these additional groups, as well as the interest of those who have already received the ph. d, degree. questions to be answered by the present study the data reveals that there is only a small number of ph. d. s working in k - 12 educational institutions, but is the potential interest of ph. d. s in working in secondary school education higher than this small number might suggest? how do ph. d. s perceive the teacher certification process and what is required to ensure that ph. d. s become certified in an expeditious and effective manner? how should ph. d. s who take positions in secondary school science and mathematics education be prepared? what incentives \u2014 related to the work environment and compensation \u2014 might be useful in attracting ph. d. s to positions in secondary school science and mathematics education? ocr for page 22 attracting science and mathematics ph.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5221604642564929, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.621687"} {"text": "school science and mathematics education be prepared? what incentives \u2014 related to the work environment and compensation \u2014 might be useful in attracting ph. d. s to positions in secondary school science and mathematics education? ocr for page 22 attracting science and mathematics ph. d. s to secondary school education what have been the experiences of ph. d. s who have taken secondary school teaching and curriculum development positions and what can we learn from these experiences? how do secondary school and higher education administrators perceive the strengths and weaknesses of ph. d. s as secondary school science and mathematics teachers? what kinds of ongoing relationships should ph. d. s who teach secondary school science and mathematics have with postsecondary education and academic research? this study is a first effort at addressing these kinds of questions. the information gathered here is designed to inform the discussions and deliberations of the committee overseeing the second phase of this project as this committee addresses options for developing demonstration programs with a small number of states. methods of study the committee began its information gathering by conducting five focus groups with advanced graduate students and recent ph. d. s on their career aspirations and perceptions of secondary school science and mathematics education careers. led by a professional facilitator, the focus groups obtained reactions to a number of hypothetical incentives that might be used to attract ph. d. s to secondary school positions. the groups provided background information and elicited topics for a survey questionnaire to be fielded to graduate students and recent ph. d. s on their career aspirations. to obtain data on the willingness of ph. d. s to consider positions in secondary school science and mathematics education and on the various conditions that might enhance their recruitment, the committee conducted a national survey of graduate students and postdoctorates. the survey questionnaire reflects input from the five focus groups as well as the committee members and staff from several nrc units. it covers four broad areas of interest : ( 1 ) the demographic characteristics of the respondents, ( 2 ) their short - term and long - term career aspirations, including salary expectations, ( 3 ) the conditions under which the respondent might consider secondary school science and mathematics education as a career, and ( 4 ) incentives that might be required for the respondents to consider such careers. respondents were asked to comment on their interest in a range of positions in k - 12 science and mathematics education : elementary and secondary school teaching ; k - 12 science or mathematics curriculum development ; professional development for teachers ; school, district, or regional science resource specialist ; working for a science education partnership ;", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5229334332753848, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 13, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.623910"} {"text": "a range of positions in k - 12 science and mathematics education : elementary and secondary school teaching ; k - 12 science or mathematics curriculum development ; professional development for teachers ; school, district, or regional science resource specialist ; working for a science education partnership ; or working in a science museum, environmental center, or similar institution. the survey was fielded in july and august 1999 to a national sample of 2, 000 graduate students and recent ph. d. s stratified by field of study. we received 719 responses, for a 39 percent response rate. a telephone survey of nonrespondents to the survey indicated that there was little or no detectable nonresponse bias. the respondents ocr for page 23 attracting science and mathematics ph. d. s to secondary school education had demographic characteristics similar to the population of graduate students and recent ph. d. s from which our sample was drawn. the number of responses provided sufficient power to perform the required data analyses. in addition to fielding the survey, staff conducted a series of telephone interviews with interested individuals in secondary school science and mathematics education during the summer of 1999. we conducted interviews with 18 science and mathematics ph. d. s currently in secondary school teaching or curriculum development positions to learn about the barriers they encountered, their strategies for overcoming these barriers, their areas of success and achievement, and their thoughts on the recruitment and retention of other science ph. d. s. interviews were also conducted with high school principals, school district superintendents, and chief state school officers to obtain information about their attitudes toward employment of ph. d. s in secondary schools, about certification issues, and about funding of ph. d. s in secondary school education. in addition, telephone interviews were conducted with graduate school deans to identify potential obstacles and ascertain the kinds of programmatic changes required in graduate education to prepare ph. d. s for careers teaching in secondary schools. a more detailed explanation of the study methodology is provided in appendix a. the committee deliberated whether staff should interview other interested individuals beyond the principals, superintendents, and deans, such as union representatives, non - ph. d. secondary school teachers and postsecondary faculty, but determined that limited time and resources for its part of the overall project precluded interviewing these individuals. the committee overseeing the second phase of the project is charged with engaging the many additional interested persons, including union representatives, in conversations about bringing ph. d. s into classrooms. overview of the report chapter 2 reviews the results from five focus group sessions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5330633254671777, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.626070"} {"text": "the following html text is provided to enhance online readability. many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to html. please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. issues in the integration of research and operational satellite systems for climate research : ii. implementation for research missions as for operational systems, observational requirements and considerations of data accessibility drive sensor and ground systems to a particular implementation that emphasizes innovation, data quality, and long - term accessibility. rather than fly copies of specific sensors, the science research community generally prefers to fly new technology, and its missions are usually designed and implemented with strong scientific oversight. sensor calibration and data product validation are critical elements of each mission. ground systems focus on providing long - term access to low - level data to support reprocessing. although there are cost constraints for research missions, these constraints are not applied to the system as a whole. compelling new missions can be developed and funded somewhat independently of other elements of the nasa / ese budget. although the operational and the research approaches can appear to conflict, there are features of both that are essential for climate research and monitoring. however, the operational agencies are necessarily wary of assuming responsibility for new requirements that may be open ended in an environment that is cost constrained. the research agencies are similarly concerned about requirements for long - term, operational - style measuring systems that might inhibit their ability to pursue new technologies and new scientific directions. despite their need for long - term commitments to measure many critical variables, they wonder about relying on operational programs that might decrease the level of scientific oversight as well as opportunities for innovation. long - term, consistent time series are essential for the study of many critical climate processes, which vary over inherently long time scales. that said, many of the variables of interest for climate research have analogs in observing systems for short - term forecasting, although the performance requirements may differ significantly. for example, one of the fundamental attributes of operational observing systems \u2014 long - term commitment to data availability \u2014 is especially appealing to the climate research community. however, climate research also requires the ability to insert new observing capabilities to ensure that data remain at the state of the art as well as to respond to new science opportunities. thus, the fundamental challenge is not the transitioning of research capabilities into the operational systems but rather the integration of the two capabilities in a rational manner. both climate research and climate monitoring require a long - term commitment to consistent data sets and short - term flexibility to pursue new science and technology directions. the integration of research and operational capabilities", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5369770775271778, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.631917"} {"text": "systems but rather the integration of the two capabilities in a rational manner. both climate research and climate monitoring require a long - term commitment to consistent data sets and short - term flexibility to pursue new science and technology directions. the integration of research and operational capabilities for climate research will require continuing cooperation between nasa and noaa. eventually, a single federal agency may be responsible for the overall climate observing strategy, but for the foreseeable future, the committee expects that the expertise from multiple agencies will be required. its recommendations, therefore, are directed to nasa, noaa, and the ipo. key implementation issues the following are the key implementation issues : long - term comparability of data sets such that sensor performance and other technical performance issues are not mistaken for natural variability in earth \u2019 s system ( the committee prefers the term \u201c comparability \u201d rather than \u201c consistency \u201d because, in its view, the long - term objective is to develop data records that can be compared and the basis quantified \u2014 it is difficult to develop consistent data sets even with identical sensors ) ; data product validation, including quantitative assessments of the temporal and spatial accuracy of the data ; data continuity and strategies to launch replacement sensors to maintain the quality of the long - term data record ; long - term archiving of data sets and capabilities for reprocessing and analysis ; accessibility and availability of data, including pricing ; and", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5109558376445957, "token_count": 280, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.632594"} {"text": "artist ' s rendering of mariner 4 in space. credit : nasa \" mariner 4 ran into a cloud of space dust, \" says bill cooke of the marshall space flight center space environments team. \" for about 45 minutes the spacecraft experienced a shower of meteoroids more intense than any leonid meteor storm we ' ve ever seen on earth. \" the impacts ripped away bits of insulation and temporarily changed the craft ' s orientation in space. fortunately, the damage was slight and the mission ' s main objective - - a flyby of mars - - ad been completed two years earlier. but it could have been worse. \" there are many uncharted dust clouds in interplanetary space. some are probably quite dense, \" says cooke. most of these clouds are left behind by comets, others are formed when asteroids run into one another. \" we only know about the ones that happen to intersect earth ' s orbit and cause meteor showers such as the perseids or leonids. \" the mariner 4 cloud was a big surprise. what does a piece of space dust look like? this picture shows one that is only 10 microns across. it was captured by a u2 aircraft in the stratosphere. credit : nasa \" of all nasa ' s mars spacecraft, mariner 4 was the only one we ' ve sent with a micrometeoroid detector, \" he continued. during its journey to mars and back, the detector registered occasional impacts from interplanetary dust grains - - as expected. the space between the planets is sprinkled with dust particles. they ' re harmless in small numbers. but when mariner 4 encountered the cloud \" the impact rate soared 10, 000 fold, \" says cooke. mapping these clouds and determining their orbits is important to nasa for obvious reasons : the more probes we send to mars and elsewhere, the more likely they are to encounter uncharted clouds. no one wants their spaceship to be surprised by a meteor shower hundreds of millions of miles from earth. much of cooke ' s work at nasa involves computer - modeling of cometary debris streams - - long rivers of dust shed by comets as they orbit the sun. he studies how clumps form within the streams and how they are deflected by the gravity of planets ( especially giant jupiter ). he and his colleagues also watch the sky for meteor outbursts here on earth. \" it ' s a good way to test our models and discover new streams, \" he says. one such outburst happened on june 27, 1998. sky watchers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47585006042866057, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.640167"} {"text": ". he and his colleagues also watch the sky for meteor outbursts here on earth. \" it ' s a good way to test our models and discover new streams, \" he says. one such outburst happened on june 27, 1998. sky watchers were surprised when hundreds of meteors streamed out of the constellation bootes over a few - hour period. earth had encountered a dust cloud much as mariner 4 had done years earlier. the meteors of 1998 were associated with a well - known meteor shower called the june bootids. normally the shower is weak, displaying only a few meteors per hour at maximum. but in 1998 it was intense. similar outbursts had occurred, with no regular pattern, in 1916, 1921, and perhaps 1927. the source of the june bootids is comet 7p / pons - winnecke, which orbits the sun once every 6. 37 years. the comet follows an elliptical path that carries it from a point near the orbit of earth to just beyond the orbit of jupiter. pons - winnecke last visited the inner solar system in 2002. the comet ' s dusty trail is evidently clumpy. when our planet passes through a dense spot in the debris stream, a meteor shower erupts. meteor forecasters d. j. asher and v. v. emel ' yanenko ( mnras 331, 1998, 126 ) have calculated that the meteors seen in 1998 might return in 2003, although 2004 is more likely. \" that ' s why watching for june bootids this year is important : any activity now may herald another outburst in 2004, \" notes robert lunsford, secretary - general of the international meteor organization, who is encouraging people to monitor the sky this week.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4772553915184539, "token_count": 352, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.642686"} {"text": "road salt is toxic to pets - saturday, 12 december 2009 as reluctant as we may feel sometimes, our pets still need to get outdoors for exercise and fresh air in the cold winter months. but even as we bundle up to take fido for a walk, it ' s important to be aware of some outdoor hazards, in particular, road salt and other ice melting products used for de - icing roads and sidewalks. according to the natural resources defense council, about 10 million tons of salt are used on roads in the united states each year, and that number doesn ' t include the amount of salt individuals and businesses use on walkways on private property. road salt and ice melting products used for de - icing roads and sidewalks are an irritant and are increasingly recognized as a serious environmental toxin. they are described as a toxic substance as defined by the canadian environmental protection act of 1999 and pose a risk to plants, animals, and the aquatic environment. most road salt is composed of chloride combined with sodium, calcium, magnesium or potassium, they may also contain ferrocyanide salts. unlike table salt, they may contain other contaminants, including heavy metals depending on where they are sourced. while data on toxicity in people and pets is limited, the precautionary principle suggests that we should do our best to limit or eliminate our pets ' exposure. many dogs suffer from painful burning and cracked and dried out pads from walking on salt - treated roads and sidewalks. if not washed off, your pet can also ingest the salt through licking. this can cause serious irritation and inflammation in the mouth and digestive system, and possibly electrolyte imbalance if a significant quantity is taken in. chronic ingestion adds to your pet ' s total toxic load, which could contribute to a variety of degenerative diseases. where possible, avoid roads, sidewalks, and walkways that have been salted. as soon as you get in from a walk, wash your pet ' s feet with warm ( not hot ) water and dry them thoroughly. also wipe or wash off other areas that have been exposed such as the underside, especially in small or heavy coated dogs. if your dog tolerates them, boots are also a good solution, but an alternative is to use a natural cream or wax - based paw protection that is applied before going out. an added advantage is that these can soothe and moisturize dry, cracked pads. one caution : be sure the ingredients are all - natural and food grade. not only can different compounds", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4448524337725351, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.648428"} {"text": "near field communication versus bluetooth nfc technology consumes little power when compared to standard bluetooth technology. only when nfc has to power a passive, unpowered source such as an nfc tag does it require more power than a bluetooth transmission. the close proximity that devices connected using nfc must be to each other actually proves useful in crowded locations to prevent interference caused when other devices are present and trying to communicate. bluetooth may have trouble dealing with interference when trying to send signals between two devices, especially when several other devices are in close proximity. another benefit of nfc technology comes in its ease of use. bluetooth requires users to manually set up connections between smartphones and takes several seconds. nfc connects automatically in a fraction of a second, so fast it seems instantaneous. though the users must be close to one another to use nfc technology, it is faster and easier to set up than a bluetooth connection. bluetooth does still offer a longer signal range for connecting during data communication and transfers. nfc technology has taken advantage of this and can connect two devices quickly, then turn the signal over to bluetooth so the owners can move further away without severing the connection. the latest development in bluetooth technology, bluetooth low energy ( ble ), is targeted at low power consumption and uses even less power than nfc. as the technology increases, bluetooth and nfc technology may continue to work together, relying on each other to help users meet their data transmission needs. - near field communication technology standards - nfc signaling technologies - history of mobile & contactless payment systems - security concerns with nfc technology - development of nfc compatible smartphones - felica technology - nfc sd and sim cards - qr codes versus nfc tags - near field versus far field - near field communication versus bluetooth", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5191033529437461, "token_count": 357, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.656061"} {"text": "narayeenam is a condensed version of bhagavata. the original bhagavata, which received its present textual shape between the 6th and the 8th century a. d. is considered one of the eighteen mahapuranas, and is today the most widely accepted religious literature of its kind. a mahapurana deals with the following ten topics. 1. sarga or primary creation. 2. visarga or secondary creation. 3. vritti or means of sustenance. 4. raksha or protection. 5. manvantara or epoch of manus. 6. vamsa or genealogy 7. vamsanucharitra or dynastic history. 8. samstha or dissolution. 9. hetu or purpose and finally 10. apasraya or ultimate support. narayaneeyam follows the same format. narayeenayam is a condensed version of bhagavata and this book presents the original sanskrit sloka or poem followed by english translation. the english translation is ably rendered by swami tapasyananda of sri ramakrishna order. originally published in 1976 it has run into many editins. mepatthur narayana bhattatiri, was a nambudri brahmin of kerala. he was a prodigy. the book narayaneeyam was completed in hundred days. though the author is today famous for narayaneeyam, a devotional work his achievements in the field of scholarship and his fame among contemporaries had a much broader basis.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.47900946575425907, "token_count": 307, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.657797"} {"text": "runners often look for the magic bullet to help them run faster, get leaner, and feel better. this makes diet books and supplements appealing. but do they work? let ' s take a look at the evidence for a few popular diets. the paleolithic diet the paleolithic diet is often shortened as the paleo diet. it is the diet plan that best resembles how early cavemen ate thousands of years ago, eating plants and wild animals. meat, fish, shellfish, eggs, tree nuts, vegetables, roots, fruits, and berries are allowed, while grains and dairy are prohibited. a major advantage of this diet is that processed foods are eliminated and foods high in protein, vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, and antioxidants are consumed. the creators of the paleo diet adapted it for athletes, recognizing that athletes do need more carbohydrates before, during, and after exercising. the paleo diet for athletes allows for inclusion of grains and higher glycemic carbohydrates, especially for recovery after exercise. if following a paleo diet, one needs to consume enough variety to obtain all of the nutrients needed for optimal health. following this diet by picking and choosing only certain foods can lead to deficiencies. since it is toughest to consume enough calcium and vitamin d with this diet, it may be wise to take a calcium and vitamin d supplement. at this writing there is no conclusive evidence that this particular diet is superior to others in optimizing health and performance. the raw food diet raw foodism is a belief that plant foods in their most natural state are the most wholesome for the body. the raw food diet is 75 percent fruits and vegetables. food choices include seaweed, sprouts, whole grains, beans, and nuts. food preparation involves a food dehydrator that heats to a temperature no higher than 118 degrees fahrenheit so that vitamins, minerals, and food enzymes are not destroyed. although many benefits can be achieved through a high fruit and vegetable diet, some fruits and vegetables are more available to the body when cooked. for example, the lycopene in tomatoes is more beneficial for the body when the tomatoes are cooked. foods prepared at temperatures at or below 118 degrees may not destroy all harmful, food - borne bacteria and can be dangerous. people following this diet may have difficulty obtaining sufficient vitamin b12, calcium, iron, and omega - 3 fatty acids, thus requiring supplementation.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4521889006483863, "token_count": 509, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.661894"} {"text": "a weekly updated section with stories and links about being a coach. what can playing football do for me? teaches physical education according to the cdc ( center for disease control ) more than a third of children and adolescents are overweight or obese. the main cause of childhood obesity is the food selection. eating fast food for dinner is a lot more convenient that cooking at home. overeating is another major problem since portion size and portion control are not monitored properly. increased use of technology, such as video games, internet, and tv, complicates the matter further because it leads to physical inactivity. playing youth football helps keep the children physically active so that they are better able to maintain a healthy body weight, and it will give your children something else to do besides video games and surfing the web. deters juvenile delinquency when playing youth football, children are in a safe and controlled environment with other children and away from otherwise bad influences. according to the ojjdp ( office of juvenile justice and delinquency prevention ) most gang members join their gangs when they are between the ages of 12 and 15. children involved in youth football will have positive role models and mentors who will in turn help keep kids away from the wrong crowd of people. according to childrensdefense. org, juveniles were responsible for 26 % of all arrest for property crimes. youth football provides a positive activity for children to participate in during those crucial after school hours, so they are less likely to get into trouble. football requires a lot of practice time. it also requires a commitment to physical fitness, skill development, learning plays and game planning. youth football will also help a child develop positive work ethic. developing a strong work ethic will better enable children to achieve their goals later in life. there is no sport that requires more resilience than football. during football games there are ups and downs. things can go from very good to very bad all too fast. being able to bounce back from adversity and setbacks shows a child \u2019 s resilience. playing football well requires fighting through adversity and staying positive. life is full of adversity and challenges. here \u2019 s a great way to help children develop some \u201c fight \u201d and help to prepare them for their teen years and adulthood. provides positive role model a good youth football coach will be a positive influence on your child. a good coach will develop confidence in his players and keep the kids interested in playing the sport. do not underestimate", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4156166818137585, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.672636"} {"text": "them for their teen years and adulthood. provides positive role model a good youth football coach will be a positive influence on your child. a good coach will develop confidence in his players and keep the kids interested in playing the sport. do not underestimate the positive influence a youth football coach can have. having a good coach will be a positive role model for all players including those who might be considered \u201c high risk \u201d and will help keep them out of trouble. encourages family time and community involvement game day is great family time. athletes arrive in cars loaded with family and friends to root them on. the whole family can participate by supporting the individual and team, while enjoying being outdoors! parents will talk to other parents and family members ; and friendships are born. it is a true social event. parents, other family members and friends are encouraged to come to games and support the team. builds self confidence playing youth football will develop a great deal of self confidence in your child. as the skill level of the youth football player increases, so does the child \u2019 s self - confidence. being a part of a team helps children create friends - which will help deter bullying in schools. youth football promotes physical fitness, bullies will think twice about picking on a well conditioned football athlete. football is a competitive sport. playing youth football will encourage competitiveness in other areas of life. players will have to compete in practice for playing time. players will compete against other teams on game day. to be successful in life you need to be competitive. being non - competitive often leads to underachievement, therefore football is good training for later in life. coaches should encourage competitiveness and hard work. when a player works hard and competes they will be rewarded with playing time, regardless of their skill level. when you work hard and are competitive, good things happen. football requires eleven players on the field at the same time, all doing their specific job in order to be successful. this requires a lot of teamwork. the plays will not work if one person doesn \u2019 t do their job. youth football requires the players to work together in order to be successful. as the season progresses the team start to jell and the players support each other during practices and games. teamwork only happens with good communication. teamwork is all about clear and decisive communication. youth football players will learn to communicate with one another in order to accomplish a team goal. good communication leads to good teamwork. communication and teamwork are vital traits that will serve children well when they are teens and into", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4604414966812774, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.673899"} {"text": "about clear and decisive communication. youth football players will learn to communicate with one another in order to accomplish a team goal. good communication leads to good teamwork. communication and teamwork are vital traits that will serve children well when they are teens and into adult hood, and football can be instrumental in developing these traits football has many rules and requirements. with that said, youth football will help develop discipline in children. it will require children to work hard, be on time to practices and games, and play within the rules. it teaches the children follow directions and execute instructions given by authority figures. football develops physical strength and agility, and a learning activity. youth football players will be required to remember plays during practices and games, they will have to absorb the instruction and then need to execute these instructions. remembering the plays and game plans are a challenging task. playing youth football is not only a physical activity ; it also requires a lot of learning. provides stress relief physical activity is a healthy and natural way to relieve stress. it is the perfect activity for children if there is stress at home. we want our children \u2019 s lives to have as little stress as possible and to give them healthy and safe opportunities to relieve what stress they have. consistent stress can only be bad. youth football is a positive, safe, and controlled environment where children can vent and have fun. it is a positive way for a child to burn their energy which will allow them to be calmer and more in control when they are at home. a child who has an avenue to release stress, and burn excess energy, will be calmer, happier and more content at home. deters smoking and illegal drug use according to dr. mehmet oz, \u201d in the 12 - 17 age group, the average age of smokers first use is 15 years \u201d. once these kids start, they get hooked. smoking while involved with grueling football practices and games is nearly impossible. it \u2019 s the number one reason why kids love to play youth football. it \u2019 s simply a lot of fun!", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4652740899694778, "token_count": 416, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.674928"} {"text": "by neal singer the first step in deploying lasers on space satellites will take place sept. 9, when nasa sends a lidar system into orbit on the space shuttle discovery, says the ui researcher who helped design the major experiments for the mission. the lidar system, dubbed nasa lite, is expected to be aboard the shuttle when it is launched at 4 : 30 p. m. edt from cape canaveral, fla., to monitor earth ' s atmosphere. the shuttle is scheduled to return sept. 18. lidar, an acronym derived from light detection and ranging, emits laser beams rather than radio waves to obtain information. lite derives from lidar in space technology experiment. \" through use of a pulsed laser beam as an active sensor, we can measure light back - scattered from air molecules, clouds and aerosols, or reflections from earth ' s surface, and infer information about characteristics of the atmosphere, \" says ui electrical and computer engineer chester s. gardner. the system will be firing 10 times a second in the green, ultraviolet and infrared ranges. the returning light, captured by a telescope adjacent to the laser on the satellite, should yield the best information on concentrations of aerosols, movements of storm systems and heights of clouds. later lidar systems will study atmospheric ozone depletion, the accumulation of carbon dioxide and water vapor in the atmosphere, and the expansion or shrinkage of polar ice caps. the information is expected to be much more detailed than that obtained by current methods. satellites now use a horizon - scanning technique that measures the thinning of sunlight as it passes through the edge of earth ' s atmosphere. the technique can identify chemical constituents of the atmosphere, but its resolution is relatively poor, he said. a major challenge for lite will be to measure water reflectivity at different amounts of surface turbulence. in an attempt to accomplish this, the shuttle will pitch forward 30 degrees as it passes over specific sites and will rotate at a speed that allows it to keep the laser beam focused on specific sites. the process is expected to help calibrate water reflections of different size waves for future generations of orbiting lidar systems. calibration stations around the globe will beam lidars upward to compare their readings with the shuttle ' s lidar as it passes above them. the largest such check station in terms of telescope size - 3. 5 meters - will be at the starfire optical range in albuquerque, n. m., and will be staffed by ui electrical and computer engineer george papen", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_metrology", "similarity_score": 0.5317260922812785, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.677838"} {"text": "| | | | ask marilyn : when you ' re twice as old as your child kelly buch of darien, connecticut, writes : marilyn : i read the question regarding being twice as old as your child. ( november 4, 2012 ) the question was, \" there is only one time in your life when you ' re twice as old as your child. when is that? \" your response was, \" when the child reaches the age you were when he or she was born. \" actually, there are two different times in your life when you ' re are twice as old as your child, if you round to the year. here ' s an illustration : i was born the day before my mother ' s birthday. she was 28 then and turned 29 the next day. in four years, i will turn 28. on my birthday, my mom will be 56 \u2014 twice as old as me. the next day, she will turn 57. when i turn 29 the following year, she will still be 57, turning 58 the next day \u2014 again twice my age. this will stay true until my next birthday. so there are two time periods during which my mom will be twice as old as i am. thank you, kelly. readers, it ' s correct that there ' s only one time when you ' re actually twice as old as your child \u2014 when the child reaches the exact age you were when he or she was born. but when you round to the year, it happens twice, as kelly demonstrates. the two periods will always add up to about one year. ( i say \" about \" to forestall getting letters about leap years! )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4504171181615013, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.679456"} {"text": "what ' s in a name? a bit of deception when it comes to the american clean energy and security act. a more accurate title might be : the american clean energy and less security act. to get to the bottom of what ' s wrong with the 1, 400 - page energy bill passed by the house of representatives, you have to dig deeper than canada ' s tar sands. and what you find there is just as sludgy - and taxing to process. crudely refined : the greener we are, the less secure we ' re likely to be. meaning, we either can be green or we can be less dependent on oil from terrorist - sponsoring states. but under the current energy bill, we can ' t be both. put another way : the more we cap our carbon, the happier the saudis are. that ' s because most middle eastern crude is more easily accessible and requires less processing than what we and our friendlier neighbors can produce. if you don ' t know this, it ' s because beer summits are more fun than math. herewith, a short course for word people. basically, the energy bill focuses primarily on stationary sources of co2 emissions ( power and manufacturing plants ) and would do little to address mobile sources of emissions, i. e. transportation. since virtually all u. s. stationary sources use domestic energy - coal, natural gas, nuclear, wind, solar, biomass, etc. - the energy bill would do almost nothing about reducing oil or gasoline imports. foreign sources provide about 70 percent of the oil used in refining gasoline and diesel. in fact, new restrictions and associated costs would likely mean that we ' d be going to foreign suppliers for oil more often rather than less. the only way to be less dependent, obviously, is to produce as much domestic oil as possible. but even if drilling were allowed in the arctic national wildlife refuge, for example, the cost of retrieving and processing the oil could be prohibitive under new cap - and - trade restrictions. the waxman - markey bill, as the legislation is more commonly known, would require the u. s. to reduce carbon emissions to 17 percent below 2005 levels by 2020 and 83 percent below by 2050. as a prius - driving, pro - seal, recycling, organic vegetarian, i ' m heavily tilted toward saving the planet. but we probably ought not to pretend that this bill would make us more secure by reducing dependence on foreign sources. even canada ' s crude creates problems under the new proposed restrictions", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5317723481132721, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.685616"} {"text": ", recycling, organic vegetarian, i ' m heavily tilted toward saving the planet. but we probably ought not to pretend that this bill would make us more secure by reducing dependence on foreign sources. even canada ' s crude creates problems under the new proposed restrictions while seeming to solve others. as matt schlapp, a veteran of energy policy debates and former white house political director, describes it, canada ' s oil is a sludge that borders on solid, which makes it difficult to refine : \" let ' s just say, the days of jed clampett are gone. you don ' t just stumble across oil anymore. the easy stuff is gone. \" to refine canadian muck to a usable form that would meet new emissions standards would require extensive processing that carries its own co2 freight. because saudi crude is easier to get to, it ' s more attractive in a world where carbon is expensive. \" we ' re giving the saudis an advantage, in other words, \" says schlapp. \" why would we want to do that? \" meanwhile, the transportation issues remain largely unaddressed. the extent to which oil and gasoline imports do decline in coming years wouldn ' t be a function of the waxman - markey bill, but will be thanks to initiatives begun by george w. bush and implemented by barack obama, according to c. boyden gray, former ambassador to the european union and pro - ethanol \" green \" republican, who served under bush 41 as special envoy for eurasian energy. one, the so - called cafe ( corporate average fuel economy ) legislation, raised auto mileage standards by about 30 percent. bush 43 also pushed through energy legislation in 2005 and 2007 that requires the blending of 36 billion gallons of biofuels in the transport sector - or about 20 percent of total liquid fuel consumption. \" these measures should significantly reduce oil imports, \" says gray. \" but both cafe and the biofuel legislation predate waxman - markey and would achieve much of the import - reduction security goals publicly associated with waxman - markey. \" although the bill would put refined gasoline consumption under the cap along with coal, natural gas, etc., the baseline for counting reductions is 2003. the reductions in oil consumption already required by the cafe and biofuels bills may exceed for many years the requirements of waxman - markey. in other words, it ' s not clear what more the oil industry would have to do under waxman - markey than is already happening. waxman - markey", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4595560487508081, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.686679"} {"text": "the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity : ecological and economic foundations human well - being relies critically on ecosystem services provided by nature. examples include water and air quality regulation, nutrient cycling and decomposition, plant pollination and flood control, all of which are dependent on biodiversity. they are predominantly public goods with limited or no markets and do not command any price in the conventional economic system, so their loss is often not detected and continues unaddressed and unabated. this in turn not only impacts human well - being, but also seriously undermines the sustainability of the economic system. it is against this background that teeb : the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity project was set up in 2007 and led by the united nations environment programme to provide a comprehensive global assessment of economic aspects of these issues. the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity, written by a team of international experts, represents the scientific state of the art, providing a comprehensive assessment of the fundamental ecological and economic principles of measuring and valuing ecosystem services and biodiversity, and showing how these can be mainstreamed into public policies. the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity and subsequent teeb outputs will provide the authoritative knowledge and guidance to drive forward the biodiversity conservation agenda for the next decade. 1. integrating the ecological and economic dimensions in biodiversity and ecosystem service valuation 2. biodiversity, ecosystems and ecosystem services 3. measuring biophysical quantities and the use of indicators 4. the socio - cultural context of ecosystem and biodiversity valuation 5. the economics of valuing ecosystem services and biodiversity 6. discounting, ethics, and options for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem integrity 7. lessons learned and linkages with national policies appendix 1 : how the teeb framework can be applied : the amazon case appendix 2 : matrix tables for wetland and forest ecosystems appendix 3 : estimates of monetary values of ecosystem services \" a landmark study on one of the most pressing problems facing society, balancing economic growth and ecological protection to achieve a sustainable future. \" - simon levin, moffett professor of biology, department of ecology and evolution behaviour, princeton university, usa \" teeb brings a rigorous economic focus to bear on the problems of ecosystem degradation and biodiversity loss, and on their impacts on human welfare. teeb is a very timely and useful study not only of the economic and social dimensions of the problem, but also of a set of practical solutions which deserve the attention of policy - makers around the world. \" - nicholas stern, i. g. patel professor of economics and government at the london school of economics and chairman of the grantham research institute on climate change and the environment \"", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4806664457015844, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.690813"} {"text": "practical solutions which deserve the attention of policy - makers around the world. \" - nicholas stern, i. g. patel professor of economics and government at the london school of economics and chairman of the grantham research institute on climate change and the environment \" the [ teeb ] project should show us all how expensive the global destruction of the natural world has become and \u2013 it is hoped \u2013 persuade us to slow down. ' the guardian ' biodiversity is the living fabric of this planet \u2013 the quantum and the variability of all its ecosystems, species, and genes. and yet, modern economies remain largely blind to the huge value of the abundance and diversity of this web of life, and the crucial and valuable roles it plays in human health, nutrition, habitation and indeed in the health and functioning of our economies. humanity has instead fabricated the illusion that somehow we can get by without biodiversity, or that it is somehow peripheral to our contemporary world. the truth is we need it more than ever on a planet of six billion heading to over nine billion people by 2050. this volume of ' teeb ' explores the challenges involved in addressing the economic invisibility of biodiversity, and organises the science and economics in a way decision makers would find it hard to ignore. \" - achim steiner, executive director, united nations environment programme this volume is an output of teeb : the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity study and has been edited by pushpam kumar, reader in environmental economics, university of liverpool, uk. teeb is hosted by the united nations environment programme ( uenp ) and supported by the european commission, the german federal ministry for the environment ( bmu ) and the uk department for environment, food and rural affairs ( defra ), recently joined by norway ' s ministry for foreign affairs, the netherlands ' ministry of housing ( vrom ), the uk department for international development ( dfid ) and also the swedish international development cooperation agency ( sida ). the study leader is pavan sukhdev, who is also special adviser \u2013 green economy initiative, unep. view other products from the same publisher", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5157433314198826, "token_count": 427, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.691935"} {"text": "the photographs shown here reveal a remarkably detailed picture of titanic and her sister ships, olympic and britannic. they vividly portray edwardian belfast, capturing the industrial might of the city in which they were built, and the optimism of the pre - first world war era. if you would like to purchase any of these photographs please contact the national museums picture library on : during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, belfast was one of the most important industrial centres in the world. its shipbuilding, engineering, linen and ropemaking industries supplied many countries throughout the world. these photographs not only give us a unique view of titanic, but they allow us to step back in time to the glimpse the economic, social and political elements that made up that ere. these images, taken by the photographer william a. green between 1910 and 1925, vividly capture the bustle of street scenes in and around belfast city centre. these photographs, featuring some of belfast \u2019 s most prominent public buildings, were taken by william a. green during the years 1910 to 1925. these images show titanic \u2019 s sister ship, britannic. launched in 1914, just as the first world war broke out, she was used as a hospital ship, but was sunk by a mine in 1916 and never entered commercial service. these images show britannic being fitted out at the harland & wolff shipyard. they capture the huge scale of the three olympic - class liners, olympic, titanic and britannic. olympic ( 1911 ) was the first of an intended trio of superlative liners for the white star line \u2019 s north atlantic service. this collection contains a rare aerial shot of the ship at sea. these images capture the refined elegance of first class accommodation on board olympic. these stunning images show the huge arrol gantry at queen \u2019 s island in the harland & wolff shipyard. it was inside this steel web that olympic, titanic and britannic were built. the gantry remained in use until the 1960s. the process of fitting out olympic involved not just the installation of engines, boilers and electrical hardware, but also all the services and furnishings necessary to provide for the comfort and needs of passengers. it took enormously large and powerful engines and machinery to power a ship weighing over 45, 000 tons, as these photographs reveal.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41664971684357754, "token_count": 465, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.694571"} {"text": "new viruses are popping up all over these days \u2013 heartland virus in missouri last month, a new virus in the same family as sars in saudi arabia this month. and now, a never - before - seen hemorrhagic fever virus in central africa. it ' s called bas - congo virus after the province where it was found just west of kinshasa, the teeming capital of the democratic republic of congo. the discovery was announced today in the journal plos pathogens. so far only three people in the remote village of mangala are known to have contracted bas - congo hemorrhagic fever, two of whom died. one was a health care worker who cared for the other two villagers, which means it can apparently be transmitted from person to person, although no one knows how easily. but the small number of known cases is actually one of the important things about this finding. it signifies that scientists may have found an emerging disease very soon after it made its jump from whatever species it came from into humans. we ' ll come back to its most likely origins a little later. the reason for thinking bas - congo only recently began infecting humans is that researchers have run blood tests on people throughout the drc and found no evidence of antibodies that would indicate any of them has been exposed to the new virus. \" it doesn ' t appear to be widespread throughout the congo, \" study co - author charles chiu of the university of california san francisco told shots. he says the team is planning to do more blood tests on people in the drc and neighboring countries, such as congo - brazzaville right next to bas - congo province. \" i would say we caught it fairly quickly, \" said another study author, joseph fair, in a telephone interview from the other side of the drc, where he ' s helping to track down the origin of an ongoing outbreak of ebola hemorrhagic fever that has so far afflicted 51 people and killed 20. \" this wasn ' t hiv, where we ' re 15 years into a pandemic before we actually find that we have a pandemic, \" says fair, who ' s with a group called metabiota that contracts with governments and health agencies to track disease outbreaks. the three known cases of bas - congo fever actually occurred three years ago. but tissue samples from the victims languished in a laboratory freezer in kinshasa until an astute doctor called the cases to fair ' s attention. that time lag", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4352314877198293, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.698727"} {"text": "three known cases of bas - congo fever actually occurred three years ago. but tissue samples from the victims languished in a laboratory freezer in kinshasa until an astute doctor called the cases to fair ' s attention. that time lag, along with the inability to keep some tissue samples from thawing out, has hampered the researchers ' ability to track the virus through other possible cases in mangala village. there are some other striking things about the new virus. it doesn ' t belong to any of the four families of previously known hemorrhagic viruses \u2013 arenaviridae, bunyaviridae, filoviridae and flaviviridae. these families harbor such notorious bugs as ebola, marburg, lassa fever, crimean - congo hemorrhagic fever, dengue fever and rift valley fever. instead, bas - congo belongs to the rhabdovirus family, which has never been known to include human hemorrhagic fever viruses, although it does contain one that affects fish. \" that in itself is astonishing, \" chiu says, \" but even within the rhabdovirus family, it ' s very divergent. \" that is, it doesn ' t resemble any other rhabdovirus. and where did it come from? that ' s still a mystery, but one clue is that its closest relatives are insect viruses. so researchers are trapping mosquitoes, sandflies, ticks and other insects to see if they can find where bas - congo virus hangs out when it ' s not threatening humans. the discovery of bas - congo is only the latest instance of a powerful new - ish technology that is proving crucial in the identification and characterization of new infectious organisms. it ' s called deep sequencing, and it allows scientists to spell out the millions of nucleotide sequences in any new microbe without reference to those of known pathogens. deep sequencing was also used recently to characterize the new coronavirus that has infected two men in saudi arabia ( and possibly others ). once scientists have their hands on the complete genome of these new organisms, they can place it on the right family tree relative to known microbes, providing crucial clues on where it may have come from and what species it likes to infect. they can also, as in the case of the saudi virus and bas - congo, make diagnostic tests to see who else has been infected. \" by knowing the genetic identity, now we will add this to our battery of tests for hemorrhagic fever", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45549288907970054, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.700139"} {"text": "as early as the mid - 17th century, the boundaries of the sheridan - kalorama historic district as it is known today were being formed by property lines of the early land grants. during the 40 - year period between 1663 and 1703, 18 landowners acquired by grant or sale all of the land which eventually became the district of columbia. among the earliest purchases was the land which includes the present sheridan - kalorama neighborhood. the lindens, 2401 kalorama rd. photo courtesy of dc shpo known in the 19th century for its idyllic landscape, the area underwent rapid development in the early 20th century as the city of washington ' s growing population moved away from the established urban center in its quest for the suburban ideal. today, sheridan - kalorama is comprised of a network of cohesive town and suburb - like streetscapes. the streets are lined with a variety of housing forms, each of which contributes to a sophisticated residential image that is unique within dc. this distinctive area, a verdant residential enclave nestled in the midst of the city, contains buildings erected between 1890 and 1988. individually, the neighborhood ' s buildings are among the most distinguished residential examples of late 19th and early 20th century revival style architecture in the united states. major streets and minor roads alike hold naturally significant buildings by some of the country ' s most celebrated architects juxtaposed with the urbane work of accomplished urban designers. the earliest urban architecture in this area dates to the victorian period. the queen anne and romanesque revival once dominated the neighborhood. also, examples of the english arts and crafts can be found as can the english gothic revival. in the 20th century, more disciplined interpretations derived from historic precedents dominated the architecture. the colonial revival style was a major movement in this period as was beaux arts classicism and italian and french classicism. some of the most distinguished buildings are listed below : codman - davis house ( the louise home ) nr 2145 decatur place 1906 - 7 ogden codman the house designed in an english georgian stylistic manner is u - shaped and set back from the street. just west of the house connecting s and 22nd sts. is a neighborhood landmark, the spanish steps. the steps and their lion - head fountain were designed and constructed by the municipal office of public works in 1911. woodrow wilson house nhl 2340 s street 1915 waddy wood operated by the national trust for historic preservation it is open to the public tuesday through sunday from 10 : 00 am to 4 : 00 pm. it is closed thanksgiving, christmas and new", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41402682959912995, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.707425"} {"text": "1911. woodrow wilson house nhl 2340 s street 1915 waddy wood operated by the national trust for historic preservation it is open to the public tuesday through sunday from 10 : 00 am to 4 : 00 pm. it is closed thanksgiving, christmas and new years this house was occupied by president and mrs. wilson subsequent to his presidency. it is a georgian revival house with adamesque interiors. the textile museum ( tucker and myers house ) nr tucker house 2320 s street, 1908 wood, donn and deming myers house 2310 s street, 1912 john russell pope the textile museum is open to the public monday through saturday from 10 : 00 am to 5 : 00 pm, and sundays from 1 : 00 pm to 5 : 00 pm. an eclectic mixture of georgian revival to beaux arts styles. the lindens ( king hooper house ) nr 2401 kalorama road the lindens was erected in danvers, massachusetts in 1754 by an unknown architect. it was moved to kalorama in 1935 and rebuilt under the guidance of walter macomber. friend ' s meeting house nr 2111 florida avenue 1930 walter price fieldstone buildings similar to those in pennsylvania characterize this church. st. margaret ' s church 1820 connecticut avenue 1895 ; 1900 james g. hill ; 1913 arthur b. heaton tiffany windows and exposed roof trusses on the interior contribute to the charm of this church. charles evans hughes house ( chancery of burma ) nhl 2223 r street 1907 george oakley totten home of charles evans hughes, 10th justice of the u. s. supreme court windsor lodge ( william e. borah apartment ) nhl 2139 - 41 wyoming avenue apartment 21e was the residence of idaho senator william e. borah, leading republican progressive and a powerful force in promoting isolationist foreign policy during the 1920s. 2126 connecticut avenue 1909 albert beers dumbarton bridge ( buffalo bridge ) nr q street over rock creek park 1914 glenn brown, architect ; alexander proctor, sculptor roughly bounded by connecticut ave., nw and florida ave., nw on the east ; p st., nw on the south ; and rock creek park on the west and north. all the buildings listed above are private and not open to the public unless noted. metro stop : dupont circle.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42341292663917085, "token_count": 455, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.708739"} {"text": "scaevola taccada is a dense, spreading shrub that generally grows up to 3 meter in height. the light green leaves are somewhat succulent with a waxy covering and are alternately arranged along the stem. the blades are elongated and rounded at the tips, 5 to 20 cm long and 5 to 7 cm wide and the edges are often curled downward. the flowers are white or cream colored, often with purple streaks, 8 - 12 mm long, and have a pleasant fragrance. they have an irregular shape with all five petals on one side of the flower making it appear to have been torn in half. the flowers grow in small clusters from the leaf axils near the ends of the stems. the fruits of scaevola taccada are fleshy berries. they are white, oblong, and about 1 cm long. the seeds are beige, corky and ridged. the inside of the fruit is spongy or corky and the fruits are buoyant. they can float for months in the ocean and still germinate after having been in salt water for up to a year. one study showed that the seeds germinated best after 250 days in salt water. ( national tropical botanical garden ( ntbg ). 1994. naupaka. in native hawaiian plant information sheets. lawai, kauai : hawaii plant conservation center. national tropical botanical garden. unpublished internal papers. ) ( rauch, fred d., heidi l. bornhorst, and david l. hensley. 1997. beach naupaka, ornamentals and flowers. ) ( wagner, warren l., darrel r. herbst, and s. h. sohmer. 1990. manual of the flowering plants of hawai ' i. ) ( bornhorst, heidi l. 1996. growing native hawaiian plants : a how - to guide for the gardener. )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4015938307749497, "token_count": 386, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.713595"} {"text": "stopping carbon pollution whether you live in a city, on a farm, or anywhere in between, climate change is affecting your weather and damaging the natural world around you. in order to work towards a clean energy future, america needs carbon pollution controls on the largest industrial sources. the u. s. environmental protection agency is taking long overdue steps to limit greenhouse gas emissions from oil refineries and coal - fired power plants, but right now, these highly polluting sources are allowed to release carbon into the atmosphere without any limits. the national wildlife federation \u2019 s top priority is to stop the primary cause of climate change \u2013 carbon pollution \u2013 before it \u2019 s too late. nwf is currently fighting major campaigns to : electricity generation is the single largest source of global warming pollution in the united states, representing 41 percent of all carbon dioxide emissions. epa \u2019 s newly announced plan to set standards for this sector could require the clean - up of our oldest, dirtiest, least efficient coal power plants. nwf is engaged in a major effort to finalize these rules and dramatically ratchet down our carbon pollution, and we are also supporting epa ' s work to address emissions from oil refineries - - the second largest \" stationary source \" ( as opposed to mobile sources like cars and trucks ) of global warming pollution in the united states. strong controls over these big sources will begin holding polluters accountable for their contribution to the climate crisis. reducing emissions in the us and worldwide recognizing that this is a global problem that demands national and international leadership, nwf \u2019 s long - term goal is to adopt a national plan that rapidly cuts carbon pollution from all major sources in the us, and safeguards communities and wildlife from the mounting impacts of climate change. the last effort at national legislation \u2013 the american clean energy and security act \u2013 passed the house of representatives in 2009 but stalled in the senate. since that time, the impacts of climate change have rapidly escalated. nwf is working hard to get congress to step up and take action to solve our nation \u2019 s most urgent environmental issue. avoiding the worst consequences of this disaster also requires a global solution. nwf is partnering with organizations around the world to promote an international agreement that clamps down on carbon pollution, while ensuring that all countries can protect their citizens and wildlife from the impacts of climate change.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.47923595353396364, "token_count": 469, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.720678"} {"text": "graphene membranes may lead to enhanced natural gas production, less co2 pollution, says cu study engineering faculty and students at the university of colorado boulder have produced the first experimental results showing that atomically thin graphene membranes with tiny pores can effectively and efficiently separate gas molecules through size - selective sieving. the findings are a significant step toward the realization of more energy - efficient membranes for natural gas production and for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from power plant exhaust pipes. mechanical engineering professors scott bunch and john pellegrino co - authored a paper in nature nanotechnology with graduate students steven koenig and luda wang detailing the experiments. the paper was published oct. 7 in the journal \u2019 s online edition. the research team introduced nanoscale pores into graphene sheets through ultraviolet light - induced oxidative \u201c etching, \u201d and then measured the permeability of various gases across the porous graphene membranes. experiments were done with a range of gases including hydrogen, carbon dioxide, argon, nitrogen, methane and sulphur hexaflouride - - which range in size from 0. 29 to 0. 49 nanometers - - to demonstrate the potential for separation based on molecular size. one nanometer is one billionth of a meter. \u201c these atomically thin, porous graphene membranes represent a new class of ideal molecular sieves, where gas transport occurs through pores which have a thickness and diameter on the atomic scale, \u201d said bunch. graphene, a single layer of graphite, represents the first truly two - dimensional atomic crystal. it consists of a single layer of carbon atoms chemically bonded in a hexagonal \u201c chicken wire \u201d lattice - - a unique atomic structure that gives it remarkable electrical, mechanical and thermal properties. \u201c the mechanical properties of this wonder material fascinate our group the most, \u201d bunch said. \u201c it is the thinnest and strongest material in the world, as well as being impermeable to all standard gases. \u201d those characteristics make graphene an ideal material for creating a separation membrane because it is durable and yet doesn \u2019 t require a lot of energy to push molecules through it, he said. other technical challenges will need to be overcome before the technology can be fully realized. for example, creating large enough sheets of graphene to perform separations on an industrial scale, and developing a process for producing precisely defined nanopores of the required sizes are areas that need further development. the cu - boulder experiments were done on a relatively small scale", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.5743289682548087, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.728151"} {"text": "professor morse as a christian ( originally published 1902 ) professor samuel morse was as faithful and efficient as a christian as he was conspicuous as an inventor. his success in life under great difficulties was another illustration of the fact that the children of ministers usually turn out well. being thoroughly indoctrinated in a christian home, he early entered upon the earnest discharge of religious duties. he took a special interest in the spiritual tuition of the young, becoming superintendent of one of the first sunday schools in america. while he taught fine art in the recitation room, he taught, by precept and example, the highest art of noble living. he was a conspicuous and potential member of the madison square presbyterian church, of new york city, being constant in his attendance at the church services, and taking as deep interest in the temporal and spiritual success of the charge as the pastor himself. his personal knowledge of god was very distinct, and his consciousness of an indwelling christ was exceedingly precious to him. at about the time the world was showering its honors upon him, he nestled up to the heart of his pastor to say to him, that the favor of christ was so much better than the praise of kings. at the close of the solemn communion service, one sabbath morning, he took the hand of the pastor, and with voice trembling with deep emotion that filled his soul, said : \" o, this is something better and greater than standing before princes. \" he felt that he had had audience with the king of kings, and that seated at the table with his lord, he had been fed upon the bread of life. the love of god, in the death of christ, gave him the sweetest enjoyment and divinest inspiration a mortal can have in this world. he was always of a generous disposition ; even when he was struggling with poverty, he divided his scanty income with the church of christ and with the general causes of charity. the first money he ever earned by his new invention was forty - seven dollars, which was his share of the right to use his instrument in the communication between the post office and the national observatory in washington, every penny of which he sent to the rev. dr. sproll, as a thank - offering to god, to be used for church purposes. this was the first sheaf of ripe wheat which was waved before the lord, as a pledge that the harvest belonged to him. and as his financial ability increased, his benevolences were multiplied in every direction. while he was in paris he", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.43279203248026565, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.741884"} {"text": "was the first sheaf of ripe wheat which was waved before the lord, as a pledge that the harvest belonged to him. and as his financial ability increased, his benevolences were multiplied in every direction. while he was in paris he took quite an interest in the american chapel there, and subscribed the first thousand dollars to lift the debt upon it. as might have been expected, his old age was sweet in contentment, beautiful in the advancement of christian graces, glorious in the hope of immortality. he read his bible constantly, prayed unceasingly, and revelled in the consciousness of christ ' s presence, and in the prospect of heaven. he said : \" i love to be studying the guide - book of the country to which i am going ; i wish to know more and more about it. \" a little while before he died, his pastor reminded him of god ' s special goodness to him through his eventful life, and he responded : \" yes ; so good, so good, and the best part of all is yet to come. \" it is a beautiful thing to see a character so symmetrically developed as that of professor morse. there are some men of genius, who are so engaged with the material forms and forces that they do not reach the spiritual personality behind them. their intellects grow to be large, but their religious natures remain very small. they become great scholars, artists, scientists, discoverers, but are very small christians. there are others, whose study of nature brings them closer to the author of nature, and as they become great scholars, artists, scientists, inventors, they grow to be correspondingly great in their christian character and experience. it is impossible to calculate the religious influence of men thus splendidly equipped in their intellectual powers ; who advance in divine favor as they grow in earthly honor, who pay a due regard to the realities of the next life, while they busy themselves with the practical concerns of this one. the great inventor, while he handled the subtle current, and made it do his bidding, saw to it that his own spirit was constantly charged with the electric current of love divine ; and while he spoke in a flash of lightning, to cities, and to distant continents and islands of the sea, he whispered perpetually in the ear of the absolute and received continual messages in return from him.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49269808083718775, "token_count": 481, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.745841"} {"text": "five # greenreads to enjoy by candle or ipad glow during earth hour. carl zimmer in national geographic on second chances : extinction is forever. isn ' t it? scientists are working to bring long - gone species back to life ( think jurassic park but without the dinosaurs ). it ' s been nicknamed \" de - extinction, \" and it has already happened. geneticists cloned a wild european goat known as a bucardo that went extinct a few years ago. the resulting newborn, which suffered from birth defects, lived for a few minutes, and then went extinct ( again ). so the science still has a way to go, but the question remains : should we? are we playing god, or do we owe it to the species that we helped send into oblivion in the first place? philosophical questions aside : where do we put ' em? and will they upset the survival of earth ' s current roster of plants and animals? the only question that ' s easy to answer : wouldn ' t it be cool to see a real, live woolly mammoth? yes, yes it would be. jeremy miller in orion on finding your center : imagine you are trying to balance a flat, rigid map of the united states on your finger. now place the 300 - plus million americans on the exact spots where they live. the point where this imaginary, teetering map would stabilize ( assuming everyone weighed the same ) is called the centroid, and it \u2019 s calculated every decade during the national census. in 1790, the centroid was near baltimore, but since then has headed more than 800 miles to the southwest. \u201c to trace the path of the centroid \" writes miller, \" is to skim a great narrative spanning 220 years. \u201d much of u. s. history can be seen in how we ' ve pushed and pulled our centroid : dogged westward expansion, the influx of european immigrants to the northeast, a southerly tug after the invention air - conditioning. as he joins census workers in the search today \u2019 s centroid ( somewhere in missouri ), miller wonders where our center will shift once climate change begins to tip the scale. kenneth chang for the new york times on a sunny storm : in 1859, the sun exploded. the eruption wasn ' t a universe - annihilating catastrophe, but more of a solar hiccup directed straight at earth. \" the sun hurled billions of tons of electrons and protons whizzing toward earth, and when those particles slammed into the planet \u2019 s magnetic field", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4740486048301292, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.758359"} {"text": "annihilating catastrophe, but more of a solar hiccup directed straight at earth. \" the sun hurled billions of tons of electrons and protons whizzing toward earth, and when those particles slammed into the planet \u2019 s magnetic field they created spectacular auroras of red, green and purple, \" describes chang. back then, the damages from this geomagnetic barrage were slight, with some telegraph operators getting shocked and papers going aflame after electric wires shot out sparks. but a similar storm in today ' s high - tech world would disable satellites, scramble gpss, and leave entire continents in the dark - - maybe even for months. small solar flares hit earth all the time - - 20 in the past year - - but a big one is bound to strike sometime in the future. and until then, says one electrical engineer, \" we \u2019 re playing russian roulette with the sun. \" ted genoways at onearth on a long goodbye : scientist and poetess eva saulitis has studied, listened to, and bonded with alaska ' s killer whales since 1986. sadly, in the years since the exxon valdez spilled its oily payload into prince william sound, she \u2019 s watched the surviving members of the at1 orca pod vanish one by one. the population ' s demise is especially regrettable because the whales seem to be genetically distinct from the rest of the orcas in the eastern pacific - - and even have their own special dialect of whale song. \u201c what haunts her, saulitis said, was no longer the prospect of a world without the at1s but rather the day when there is only one - - that last whale, calling out in its lost language to an ocean that will never yield a reply. \u201d mariya karimjee at the globalpost on a recycling wreck : gaddani beach, pakistan isn \u2019 t a sunbather \u2019 s paradise. metal saws rent the air, \u201c and the whole place smells of a four - car pileup. which is essentially what it is, \u201d explains karimjee. gaddani is a ship - breaking site, where cargo ships and oil tankers that once ferried goods across the oceans are dismantled into scrap. \u201c hidden among their viscera \" she writes, \" are some of the most hazardous substances known to commerce : complex petrochemicals, asbestos, heavy metals and random poisons. \u201d navigating through the sprawling wrecks are gaddani ' s poor - - desperate, un", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46288720482678436, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.759499"} {"text": "ieps are created by a multidisciplinary team of education professionals, along with the child \u2019 s parents, and are tailored to the needs of the individual student. the iep is a blueprint for everything that will happen to a child in school for the next year. special and general education teachers, speech and language therapists, occupational therapists, school psychologists, and families form the iep team and meet intermittently to discuss student progress on iep goals. before the iep team meets, an assessment team gathers information together about the student to make an evaluation and recommendation. the school psychologist, social worker, classroom teacher, and / or speech pathologist are examples of educational professionals who conduct educational assessments. a neurologist may conduct a medical evaluation, and an audiologist may complete hearing tests. the classroom teacher also gives input about the academic progress and classroom behavior of the student. parents give input to each specialist throughout the process. then, one person on the evaluation team coordinates all the information, and the team meets to make recommendations to the iep team. the iep team, which consists of the school personnel who work with the student and families, then meets to write the iep based on the evaluation and team member suggestions. ieps always include annual goals, short - term objectives, and special education services required by the student, as well as a yearly evaluation to see if the goals were met. annual goals must explain measurable behaviors so that it is clear what progress should have been made by the end of the year. the short - term objectives should contain incremental and sequential steps toward meeting each annual goal. annual goals and short - term objectives can be about developing social and communication skills, or reducing problem behavior. please note : while iep officially stands for \u201c individualized education program \u201d, the word \u201c plan \u201d is often used interchangeably with \u201c program \u201d. appendix e ( page 61 ) of oar \u2019 s guide for transition to adulthood provides more information on iep and transition planning, including writing objectives and developing measurable iep goals for learners with autism and asperger syndrome. pop - up iep : this web site can help parents find the right words to communicate with the school during challenging spots in the iep process. wrightslaw special education and advocacy : includes recommended reading, information about laws and regulations, strategies for negotiating with your child \u2019 s school, and answers to frequently asked questions about ieps.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.46848269746589827, "token_count": 497, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.762760"} {"text": "peck \u2019 s milkvetch is a prostrate perennial with a deep taproot. the reddish stems reach 1 - 3 dm long, and leaves are pinnately compound with 8 - 14 leaflets per leaf. leaf petioles persist from year to year, giving plants a skeletal look during winter dormancy. ( interestingly, peck \u2019 s milkvetch is the only north american milkvetch to have persistent petioles. ) mature plants produce small, cream or pale yellow flowers in numerous axillary racemes of 5 - 9 flowers. as is typical of plants in this family, flowers are papilionaceous ( shaped like butterflies ), and fruits resemble very small pea pods. fruits are 5 - 8 mm in length at maturity, and typically contain one or a few seeds, although many fruits produce no seeds at all. plants begin to produce new leaves in march, and flowers begin to open in late may or early june and can continue blooming through july. astragalus purshii ( woollypod milkvetch ) frequently co - occurs with a. peckii. as the name of this more common associate implies, plants of a. purshii produce densely hairy or woolly pods ( and dark purple flowers ), making distinguishing between the two species relatively easy. astragalus lemmonii is similar in appearance to a. peckii and occurs within the same general area. however, lemmon \u2019 s milkvetch typically prefers moister soils in wet meadows and the riparian areas around streams and lakes, and is not known to inhabit any of the dry, barren pumice sites that support its rarer cousin. astragalus lemmonii is characterized by a terminal leaflet that is generally much broader than the rachis, while the terminal leaflet of peck \u2019 s milkvetch is not noticeably different than the rachis and appears to be a continuation of it. when to survey peck \u2019 s milkvetch is recognizable throughout the growing season ( march - september ). however, because fruit and flowers are required to identify species of astragalus using a technical key, surveys for a. peckii should take place when plants are in flower and fruit ( june - july ). peck \u2019 s milkvetch grows in natural openings of sagebrush - juniper woodlands, lodgepole pine forests, and ponderosa pine forests. soils in preferred sites are sandy with little organic matter and varying amounts of pumice deposition from the eruption of mt.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.41471310123199884, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.772092"} {"text": "s milkvetch grows in natural openings of sagebrush - juniper woodlands, lodgepole pine forests, and ponderosa pine forests. soils in preferred sites are sandy with little organic matter and varying amounts of pumice deposition from the eruption of mt. mazama. vegetation is characteristically sparse and associated species include artemisia tridentata, purshia tridentata, festuca idahoensis, stipa occidentalis, eriogonum umbellatum, and eriophyllum lanatum. peck \u2019 s milkvetch occurs east of the cascades from cline buttes south to a few miles south of chiloquin. populations can be broadly grouped into three population centers, with the largest concentration occurring along highway 97 between sisters and bend. a second grouping inhabits the barren pumice flats near chemult, and a southern group occurs in openings in ponderosa pine stands east of chiloquin. deschutes and klamath species of concern urbanization and agricultural development near the towns of bend and sisters have historically threatened populations of a. peckii. currently, disturbance due to off - road vehicle use is probably the greatest threat to persistence of this species, although weed infestations and rapid urban development continue to concern conservation planners. did you know? astragalus peckii is one of eight oregon taxa named to honor morton e. peck. dr. peck, professor of biology at willamette university from 1908 \u2013 1941, contributed 21, 515 collections to the willamette herbarium ( now part of oregon state university herbarium ), and authored the popular manual of the higher plants of oregon, which is still widely used today. current / recent oda projects astragalus peckii disturbance ecology study demography, reproductive ecology, and community analysis of peck ' s milkvetch amsberry, k. and r. j. meinke. 2003. life history and conservation status of astragalus peckii piper ( fabaceae ). report for u. s. forest service, fremont - winema national forest, and bureau of land management, prineville district. native plant conservation program, oregon department of agriculture, salem, oregon. barneby, r. c. 1964. atlas of north american astragalus. memoirs of the new york botanical garden 13 : 468 - 469. carr, m., k. amsberry, and r. meinke. 2007. astragalus peckii disturbance ecology study. report for", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40800041943301363, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.774242"} {"text": "spinach is one of the most satisfying cool - weather crops to grow, producing large yields of vitamin - rich, dark green leaves that are excellent for salads and for cooking. since both hot weather and long days trigger spinach to bolt ( send up a seed stalk ) quickly, the secret to success with this crop is to start sowing seeds as soon as possible in spring, to make small, frequent plantings during late spring and summer, and to concentrate on fall as the season for the main crop. planting : spinach does best when growing in moist, nitrogen - rich soil. spinach plants form a deep taproot ; for best growth, loosen the soil at least 1 foot deep before planting. sow spinach seed as early as 6 weeks before the last frost or as soon as you can work the soil. prepare the soil the previous autumn, and you can drop the seeds in barely thawed ground. in areas with a long, cool spring, make successive plantings every 10 days until mid - may. in warm climates, plant spinach in the shade of tall crops such as corn or beans. the young plants will be spared the hottest sun and be ready for harvest in fall or winter. using cold frames or heavyweight row covers, you can grow spinach all winter in many parts of the country. in colder regions, try planting in fall ( october ) and protecting the young plants through winter for a spring harvest. in regions where the soil doesn \u2019 t freeze, try planting spinach in february for a march harvest. spinach seed doesn \u2019 t store well, so buy fresh seeds every year. sow them \u00bd inch deep and 2 inches apart in beds or rows. if the weather isn \u2019 t extremely cold, seeds will germinate in 5 to 9 days. spinach produces beautifully in cool fall conditions, but it \u2019 s tricky to persuade the seed to germinate in the hot conditions of late summer. sow seed heavily, because the germination rate drops to about 50 percent in warm weather, and water the seed beds frequently \u2014 even twice a day \u2014 because watering helps to cool the soil. growing guidelines : overcrowding stunts growth and encourages plants to go to seed. to avoid crowding, thin seedlings to 4 to 6 inches apart once they have at least two true leaves. fertilize with compost tea or fish emulsion when the plants have four true leaves. since cultivating or hand pulling weeds can harm spinach roots, it \u2019 s best to spread a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4178834365770534, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.787515"} {"text": "apart once they have at least two true leaves. fertilize with compost tea or fish emulsion when the plants have four true leaves. since cultivating or hand pulling weeds can harm spinach roots, it \u2019 s best to spread a light mulch of hay, straw, or grass clippings along the rows to suppress weeds instead. water stress will encourage plants to bolt, so provide enough water to keep the soil moist but not soggy. cover the crop with shade cloth if the temperature goes above 80\u00b0f. problems : since most spinach grows in very cool weather, pests are usually not a problem. leafminer larvae can burrow inside leaves and produce tan patches. prevent leafminer problems by keeping your crop covered with floating row cover. for unprotected plants, remove and destroy affected leaves to prevent adult flies from multiplying and further affecting the crop. slugs also feed on spinach. spinach blight, a virus spread by aphids, causes yellow leaves and stunted plants. downy mildew, which appears as yellow spots on leaf surfaces and mold on the undersides, occurs during very wet weather. reduce the spread of disease spores by not working around wet plants. avoid both of these diseases by planting resistant cultivars. harvesting : in 6 to 8 weeks you can start harvesting from any plant that has at least six leaves 3 to 4 inches long. carefully cutting the outside leaves will extend the plants \u2019 productivity, particularly with fall crops. harvest the entire crop at the first sign of bolting by using a sharp knife to cut through the main stem just below the soil surface.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.4164892953323137, "token_count": 334, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.793128"} {"text": "p2pnet. net news : - does the idea of using your body as a data transmission path appeal to you? then a new nippon telegraph and telephone corporation project will grab your attention. it \u2019 s called redtacton, described by ntt as han ( human area networking ) technology that, \u201c safely turns the surface of the human body into a data transmission path at speeds up to 10 mbps between any two points on the body. \u201d the japanese company has already made a small pcmcia card - sized prototype transceiver it says allows the first practical han between \u201c body - centered \u201d electronic devices and pcs, or other network devices, \u201c embedded in the environment via a new generation of user interface based on totally natural human actions such as touching, holding, sitting, walking, or stepping on a particular spot \u201d. redtacton can be used to run computer - based systems, for temporary one - to - one private networks based on touch, device personalization, security and other applications based on new behavior patterns, says ntt, continuing, \u201c human society is entering an era of ubiquitous computing, when networks are seamlessly interconnected and information is always accessible at our fingertips \u201d. it believes practical implementation calls for : - wide area networks ( wan ), typically via the internet, to remotely connect all types of severs and terminals ; - local area networks ( lan ), typically via ethernet or wifi connectivity among all the information and communication appliances in offices and homes - human area networks ( han ) for connectivity to personal information, media and communication appliances within the much smaller sphere of ordinary daily activities \u2013 the last one meter. \u201c ntt \u2019 s redtacton is a break - through technology that, for the first time, enables reliable high - speed han, \u201d it states. \u201c in the past, bluetooth, infrared communications ( irda ), radio frequency id systems ( rfid ), and other technologies have been proposed to solve the \u2018 last meter \u2019 connectivity problem. \u201c however, they each have various fundamental technical limitations that constrain their usage, such as the precipitous fall - off in transmission speed in multi - user environments producing network congestion. \u201d redtacton \u2019 s approach is different, says ntt. instead of relying on electromagnetic or light waves to carry data, redtacton uses weak electric fields on body surfaces as a transmission medium. this means a coms path can be created by simply touching something, \u201c automatically initiating the flow of data between a body - centric electronic device", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_entanglement", "similarity_score": 0.5392098331741313, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.822363"} {"text": "light waves to carry data, redtacton uses weak electric fields on body surfaces as a transmission medium. this means a coms path can be created by simply touching something, \u201c automatically initiating the flow of data between a body - centric electronic device and a pc embedded in the environment, \u201d it continues. \u201c using a redtacton electro - optic sensor, two - way communication is supported between any two points on the body at a throughput of up to 10 mbps. \u201d it can also travel through users \u2019 clothing to a redtacton device in a pocket, or through shoes to communicate with a redtacton device embedded in the floor. \u201c unlike wireless technologies, the transmission speed does not deteriorate even in the presence of large crowds of people all communicating at the same time in meeting rooms, auditoriums or stores, \u201d promises ntt. \u201c because the body surface is the transmission path, increasing the number of connected users directly increases the available number of individual communication channels. \u201d redtacton can tap a wide range of materials for transmission including water and other liquids, various metals, certain plastics, glass, etc, says ntt. using yourself as a pc peripheral / interface has obvious advantages, but could there perhaps be, well, disadvantages as well? \u201c redtacton transceiver electrodes are covered with an insulating film, so there is no way that current from redtacton can flow into the user \u2019 s body, \u201d says ntt, adding : \u201c note however that, just like the weak electromagnetic waves produced by most common electrical appliances, a faint modulating displacement current does pass through the body when using redtacton. \u201c the level of displacement current involved is considered harmless and is in full compliance with the ministry of internal affairs and communications ( mic ) safety guidelines ( rcr std - 38 ). \u201d something you think we should know? tips [ at ] p2pnet. net < - - - - - my software never has bugs - just undocumented features - - - - > redtacton \u2013 an innovative human area networking technology that uses the surface of the human body as a transmission path, february 18, 2005", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5527678332562511, "token_count": 441, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.823419"} {"text": "diverticulitis develops when feces become trapped in pouches ( reference diverticula opens new window reference opens new window ) that have formed along the wall of the large intestine. this allows bacteria to grow and cause an infection or inflammation and pressure that may lead to a small perforation or tear in the wall of the intestine. reference peritonitis opens new window, an infection of the lining of the abdominal wall, may develop if infection spills into the abdominal ( peritoneal ) cavity. the reason diverticula form in the wall of the large intestine ( colon ) is not completely understood. doctors think diverticula form when high pressure inside the colon pushes against weak spots in the colon wall. uncoordinated movements of the colon can also contribute to the development of diverticula. normally, a diet with adequate fiber ( also called roughage ) produces stool that is bulky and can move easily through the colon. if a diet is low in fiber, the colon must exert more pressure than usual to move small, hard stool. a low - fiber diet also can increase the time stool remains in the bowel. this adds to the high pressure. pouches may form when the high pressure pushes against weak spots in the colon where blood vessels pass through the muscle layer of the bowel wall to supply blood to the inner wall. it is not known why some people who have these diverticula ( a condition called reference diverticulosis opens new window ) develop diverticulitis and others do not. | by : | | reference healthwise staff | | last revised : reference october 25, 2012 | | medical review : | | reference adam husney, md - family medicine reference jerome b. simon, md, frcpc, facp - gastroenterology", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44675772045910145, "token_count": 372, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.827464"} {"text": "no doubt about it : the federal government wants the northern goshawk to survive. so every national forest in the west wrote into its forest plan detailed rules to protect critical habitat the bird - and rodent - hunting raptors need to survive. forest service administrators apply those prescriptions to every thinning project, timber sale, off - road vehicle analysis and pipeline construction plan that comes along. but what if goshawks don \u2019 t actually need the closed forest canopy, tree thickets and nearby underbrush full of scuttling rodents that biologists had assumed? turns out, the guidelines the u. s. forest service has applied to millions of acres in the west to protect the goshawk don \u2019 t help the beleaguered bird at all, according to a study by researchers from northern arizona university and published in the journal of applied ecology. in fact, a decade - long study of 13 goshawk nesting areas in the apache sitgreaves national forest yielded the startling conclusion that the more closely the area resembled forest service guidelines for goshawk heaven, the fewer chicks the feathered pairs actually produced. the researchers confessed themselves confounded by \u201c these surprising results. \u201d authors of the paper included paul beier, erik rogan, michael ingraldi and steven rosenstock, all with the nau school of forestry or the arizona department of game and fish. \u201c contrary to expectation, \u201d the researchers concluded, \u201c goshawk breeding areas that resembled most closely the forest structure prescribed by the goshawk guidelines tended to have lower goshawk productivity. \u201d the research demonstrated the limits of common sense when it comes to predicting something as complicated as the relationship between an adaptable predator like the forest - dependent goshawk and either its habitat or its prey base. the goshawk guidelines now in effect on millions of acres start with the reasonable assumption that goshawks need clusters of big trees in which to build their nests close to the kinds of underbrush that harbor the rabbits, mice, squirrels and other creatures on which they prey. many biologists have assumed that goshawks have moved into forests in the southwest as those forests have grown thicker in the past century, shifting from big trees separated by grassy swales to fire - prone tree thickets. therefore, the forest service has struggled to shift back toward an open, fire - adapted forest without exterminating species that prefer a closed canopy with interlocking tree branches \u2014 like the goshawks and the mexican spotted owl. the nau research now throws into question many", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4179740260480163, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.861491"} {"text": "has struggled to shift back toward an open, fire - adapted forest without exterminating species that prefer a closed canopy with interlocking tree branches \u2014 like the goshawks and the mexican spotted owl. the nau research now throws into question many key assumptions built in ponderous legal strictures of existing forest plans. \u201c the results raise questions about the decision to implement the goshawk guidelines on most forest service lands in arizona and new mexico, \u201d the researchers concluded. however, the forest service remains legally bound to the detailed guidelines now cast in the legal concrete of adopted forest plans. that applies even to vital efforts like the 4 - forests restoration initiative, an ambitious plan intended to dramatically thin millions of acres of forest across central arizona. the u. s. forest service recently picked pioneer forest products to thin an initial 300, 000 acres over the next decade. the project relies on completing a single environmental assessment on nearly a million acres as a way to streamline the thinning process. the forest service would then train the pioneer subcontractors to create with their chain saws a more healthy, diverse, fire - adapted forest. the prescription attempts to also protect critical habitat for a host of species, including goshawks. that means implementing the current goshawk guidelines, which will leave many dense patches of forest as nesting areas for goshawks and mexican spotted owls. 4fri forest service team leader henry provencio expressed surprise at the nau findings, which cast doubt on the goshawk guidelines embedded in the current approach. but he said that once the guidelines get written into the forest plans, the forest service remains legally required to abide by them. \u201c our forest plans require it, \u201d he said. \u201c but that would be a pain \u201d if the existing guidelines don \u2019 t actually help the goshawks successfully rear more chicks. \u201c we do have different prescriptions for the goshawk areas. in those breeding areas we know they typically have a higher ( tree ) density. so we have prescriptions for that. we \u2019 re trying to manage the future forest. one of the big concerns is whether we \u2019 re going to have adequate canopy cover \u2014 so we \u2019 re really managing groups of trees and also providing for those interspaces and managing for their prey. \u201d but the nau study raises questions about whether biologists yet know enough to micro - manage the forest for the benefit of any individual species. the goshawk and the mexican spotted owl for years have fluttered about at the center of the legal and political", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.40020846599928717, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.864870"} {"text": "but the nau study raises questions about whether biologists yet know enough to micro - manage the forest for the benefit of any individual species. the goshawk and the mexican spotted owl for years have fluttered about at the center of the legal and political fight about the future of the forest. the agile, crazy - orange - eyed goshawk is nearly as large as a red tailed hawk, but can maneuver deftly through the thick forest. in open areas, they tend to lose out to the red tails \u2014 which circle overhead looking for prey rather than perching on tree branches for a quick swoop to the ground. the now nearly defunct timber industry in arizona made most of its money on cutting the big, old growth trees associated with those species and others like the kaibab squirrel and the allen \u2019 s lappet - browed bat. with most of those trees reduced to two - by - fours, the timber industry had a hard time making money on the smaller trees that remained in dangerous profusion. the centers for biological diversity has repeatedly sued to prevent timber sales that included a large number of old growth pines greater than 16 inches in diameter at about chest height. for instance, earlier this year the centers for biological diversity successfully blocked a timber sale on the north rim of the grand canyon on the grounds that the 25, 000 - acre sale would include about 8, 000 old - growth trees \u2014 even though such trees account for only about 3 percent of the trees. the nau study demonstrated that biologists still don \u2019 t really understand what species like goshawks need. none of the sites studied very closely matched the guidelines, which call for clusters of giant, old - growth trees and nearby areas with underbrush likely to result in high populations of 14 different prey species. although little true old - growth ponderosa pine forest remains in arizona, the researchers expected to find that the more closely the conditions around the nest area resembled that prescription \u2014 the more chicks the goshawks would produce. in fact, the more closely the forest matched the prescription the fewer chicks the hawks reared. that doesn \u2019 t mean the goshawks don \u2019 t prefer nesting in big, old growth trees. but it does mean that they \u2019 re not as sensitive to the prey populations in the area or the nearby forest conditions as biologists had expected. the study did find that goshawks produce more chicks in years when conditions produce a bumper crop of rodents, but that accounted for year - to - year variations \u2014 not a consistent difference between nesting areas. the results \u201c", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.38958569109518726, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.866772"} {"text": "as biologists had expected. the study did find that goshawks produce more chicks in years when conditions produce a bumper crop of rodents, but that accounted for year - to - year variations \u2014 not a consistent difference between nesting areas. the results \u201c were remarkably consistent in documenting that goshawks use forest structures characterized by relatively dense canopy and many large trees, but do not use sites with higher prey abundance, \u201d the researchers concluded. the moral of the story would seem to support an approach that produces a diverse, healthy forest \u2014 without trying to micromanage the details. moreover, the researchers concluded that many seemingly common - sense assumptions must be challenged \u2014 and the impact of changes in management monitored. that conclusion might also raise red flags when it comes to the current approach to the 4fri effort, which many consider the last best hope to both avert catastrophic wildfires and restore forest health. as it happens, the forest service rejected the bid of the 4fri contractor that pledged to spend about $ 5 million monitoring the ecological effects of the massive thinning effort in favor of a contractor that included no money for monitoring in the bid. however, the nau researchers concluded, \u201c our study suggests that goshawks did not respond as expected and the monitoring and adaptive management approach recommended in 1993 ( when the goshawk guidelines were first adopted ) is equally important today. \u201d", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4198421735255211, "token_count": 277, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.869648"} {"text": "you can say many things about william shakespeare, but it is quite apparent that he never let the truth get in the way of a good story. he was a genius who wrote plays that entertained and if that meant that historical veracity had to give way, on occasion, to dramatic impact or poetic notions then so be it. it has a certain sense of inevitability then, to the fact that so many people are so eager for a good story that they will deny he wrote anything at all. there are many theories extant today about who may have been the actual author of the works we attribute to shakespeare. if you \u2019 re new to this field of conspiracy you may be suprised to find out that such people as sigmund freud, mark twain and helen keller believed that it could not have been shakespeare. there are several theories on the authorship question but they \u2019 re united by one thing : a refusal to believe that such a literary genius could have been a humble playwright from stratford - upon - avon. the core of any shakespearean authorship conspiracy is that, because of his origins and education, he could not have had the knowledge or ability, to write as he did. you can almost hear the naysayers mumbling \u201c can there any good thing come out of stratford? \u201d the theory that first rose to prominence was that the emminent elizabeathean philosopher francis bacon wrote the plays under a pseudonym to allow him freedom to write without jepordising his standing at court. the theory was brought to the fore by delia bacon and furthered by whitman, emerson, twain, hawthorne and helen keller. the fact that a lady born in a log - cabin in the middle of ohio decided that she was in a position to question a great english playwright \u2019 s authorship due to his background amuses me greatly ; someone call miss morisette, we finally found something that \u2019 s ironic for her song. the other theory that is presently favoured by anti - stratfordian scholars is that the plays were written by edward de vere, earl of oxford. the main evidence for this is that people think oxford was kind of cool but he didn \u2019 t real do that much worth writing home about so they have to give him credit for something \u2013 clearly that pleb from stratford couldn \u2019 t have written well so it must be his work. oh, did i over simplify it? sorry. but the oxfordian view is undone by many facts, not least that oxford died in 1604, while new shakespeare plays were continuing to appear until", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.450582382265694, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.879182"} {"text": "t have written well so it must be his work. oh, did i over simplify it? sorry. but the oxfordian view is undone by many facts, not least that oxford died in 1604, while new shakespeare plays were continuing to appear until 1613. it \u2019 s not the place of this blog to detail in depth the evidence in favour of shakespeare as the genuine author. all contemporary evidence available points to him and all of the presented alternate authorship theories rest heavily on conjecture. james shapiro has written an excellent book on the subject entitled \u2018 contested will \u2019. the subject has only been pushed to the front of my mind at present by the forthcoming film \u2018 anonymous \u2019 that is set to give mass publicity to the oxfordian cause. the main problem i have with this, beyond the fact that it \u2019 s just another conspiracy theory, is the fact that here is possibly the greatest literary figure of the last millennia being attacked and assailed, post mortem, by people who simply refuse to accept that someone so seemingly pedestrian as the bard could have reached such hieghts of achievment. the film itself looks highly entertaining, i may well go and watch it, but please, please, please, don \u2019 t suggest that it is anything more than a fiction. we have a large body of evidence to say that shakespeare of stratford was the author of the works attributed to him, just because our vision of him doesn \u2019 t meet the vision of an author in our celebrity obsessed time doesn \u2019 t make him any less the author. if, over the course of human history, we have learned anything about genius it should surely be that it crops up often in the least expected people and the least expected places. it is not dependant on education or on high birth or anything else ; the truth is that you can \u2019 t predict when and where genius will appear or how it will show itself, which makes it all the more important that every soul gets given the opportunity to fulfil their potential.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46082827058685905, "token_count": 402, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.882075"} {"text": "breeding timing in cats breeding timing to maximize fertility in cats breeding timing refers to a technique that may be utilized to ensure conception in cats by the purposeful timing of insemination during the estrus ( heat ) period. a fertile female cat is referred to as a queen. symptoms and types in order to maximize the odds of conception with properly timed breeding, it is best to pin - point, as close as possible, the day of ovulation for the queen. symptoms of estrus in the queen are evident by her rubbing against objects, being vocal ( much more than usual ), and an interest shown by the male cat. however, timing of breeding is less critical with cats and ultimately depends on the amount of luteinizing hormone ( lh ) released, which is triggered via stimulation of the queen \u2019 s vagina and cervix. breeding timing and related fertility - maximizing techniques may be utilized for a number of reasons. this may be deemed necessary if there is an apparent failure to achieve conception in the queen. for cats, the most reliable method of determining the ovulation cycle is by progesterone testing. a hormone that is created at the time of pregnancy the process of the maturation and release of eggs the period that an animal is pregnant in which the fetus develops from conception to birth the time period in which a female is receptive to male attention ovarian tumors in cats there are three kinds cat ovarian tumors : epithelial tumors ( skin / tissue ), germ cell... reproductive genetic abnormalities in cats sexual development disorders in cats can occur due to errors in the genetic coding,...", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4737562177739134, "token_count": 335, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.898131"} {"text": "the solubility of an api plays a crucial role in drug disposition because the main pathway for drug absorption is a function of permeability and solubility. poor aqueous solubility is caused by two main factors : high hydrophobicity and highly crystalline structures. the aqueous solubility of a compound plays a role in its success or failure as a drug candidate. better solubility results in better absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, reduced dosage - level requirements, and better bioavailability. in the development phase, poor solubility can lead to inadequate exposure in efficacy and toxicity studies. higher dosages required to compensate for poor solubility can lead to side effects, food effects, and intersubject variability. it may drive up overall costs for drug development and production and lead to poor patient compliance because of the higher doses required to achieve a therapeutic effect ( 1 ). as pharmaceutical companies attempt to resolve these issues, contract - service providers and excipient suppliers are seeking to meet these challenges through targeted offerings. strategies for improving solubility both physical and chemical methods can be used to improve drug solubility, chemical methods to improve solubility include developing more soluble prodrugs or improving solubility through salt formation. physical methods include micronization or nanosizing, producing a polymorph, changing the crystal habit, complexation, solubilization through self - microemulsifying drug - delivery systems, and solid dispersions ( 1 ). the terms solid solution and solid dispersion define related compositions in which at least one active ingredient is dispersed in an inert matrix. in solid dispersions, separate regions of drug and polymer exist throughout the matrix, and the drug may be crystalline or be rendered in its amorphous state. a special subset of solid dispersions, solid solutions, refers to the case in which drug \u2013 polymer miscibility is attained at the molecular level, and the drug exists in its amorphous form. pharmaceutical polymers are used to create this matrix. polymer selection is based on many factors, including physicochemical ( e. g., drug \u2013 polymer miscibility and stability ) and pharmacokinetic ( e. g., rate of absorption ) constraints ( 1, 2 ). solid dispersions may be made through mechanical activation ( i. e., cogrinding ), coprecipitation, freeze drying, spray drying, melt extrusion", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5137690879452791, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.909535"} {"text": "posted by esc on april 21, 2003 the word of the day for april 20, 2003, is : kith \\ kith \\ noun : familiar friends, neighbors, or relatives friends and family are important to jared, so he makes a point of keeping in touch with kith and kin even when his schedule gets hectic. did you know? \" kith \" has had many meanings over the years. in its earliest uses it referred to knowledge of something, but that meaning died out in the 1400s. another sense, \" one ' s native land, \" had come and gone by the early 1500s. the sense \" friends, fellow countrymen, or neighbors \" developed by the 1300s, a time when the word was also used as a synonym of \" kinsfolk. \" that last sense got \" kith \" into hot water after people began using the word in the alliterative phrase \" kith and kin. \" over the years, usage commentators have complained that \" kith \" means the same thing as \" kin, \" so \" kith and kin \" is redundant. clearly, they have overlooked some other historical definitions, but if you want to avoid redundancy charges, be sure to include friends as well as relatives among your \" kith and kin. \" to subscribe to the html version of merriam - webster ' s word of the day, featuring audio pronunciations, interactive surveys, and more :", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5213274027644133, "token_count": 293, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.913914"} {"text": "this research undertaken by barbara n tapela of the african centre for water research ( and now at plaas ) highlights issues of ' social water scarcity ' in south africa, which refers to the construct of resource management determined by political, economic and social power dynamics. since secure access to water is an integral part of people ' s multi - faceted livelihoods, social water scarcity becomes most obvious at micro - levels, especially at community and household level, where people perceive scarcity in terms of their inability to access the quantity and quality of water they need to meet their multiple - use requirements. people who are water scarce are usually aware of the power dynamics surrounding water access and see social water scarcity as an end - product of dominance by more powerful political, economic and social forces. where such relations ( and the related institutions ) are seen as sub - optimal they mobilise their individual and collective livelihood assets to cope with water insecurity and / or engage institutions around the need for change. although, in post - apartheid south africa, the government has broadened access to water, many rural and informal urban dwellers still lack adequate, safe drinking water, often due to institutional ineptitude or the lack of access to formal housing. besides the amplified strategy of social protest, people with poor access to water continue to develop coping and adaptive strategies. you are here water research commission research report : social water scarcity and water use by barbara n tapela in 2012", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5232609634092765, "token_count": 295, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.919235"} {"text": "the general council of the judiciary was set out in the 1978 constitution ( article 122 ), following the model of other neighbouring countries such as france, portugal, and italy, in particular. its creation was then a true innovation of the spanish constituent, since it is impossible to find any direct precedent in our history of an autonomous government organ of the judiciary which guarantees the independence thereof. in the history of spain, there are some remote precedents of institutions and attempts to create an organ which would guarantee the auto - government of the judiciary, at least partially, however, none of these attempts had the same nature and aim as the general council of the judiciary. especially because an organ of such type only finds its true raison d ' etre within a democratic system, based on the separation of powers and the effective protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of the persons. among these remote precedents there are the central or supreme board ( 1849 ), the organising board of the judiciary ( 1923 ) or the judicial council, created pursuant to the royal decree dated 18 may 1917, although it never started to work as it was revoked in july of the same year. it was re - established in june 1926, to be revoked in may 1931. none of these examples was a precedent stricto sensu. neither was the judicial council created pursuant to the act dated 20 december 1952, which worked until the implementation of the democratic constitutional system. the spanish constituent was influenced by the french constitution of 1946, which regulates the high council of judicature in accordance with the provisions of title ix. it constituted the precedent for the remaining organs with similar aims, set out later in the italian constitution of 1947 ( pursuant to articles 104 and 105 ), and in the portuguese constitution of 1976 ( article 220 ). the italian model has been imported by the first parliament in its fundamental aspects, with exception of its components, which, in the spanish case, was set out in the constitution. the statutory development of the constitutional provisions has taken place through the organic act on the judiciary mentioned in the carta magna. however, first the organic act 1 / 1980, dated 10 january, on the general council of the judiciary, due to the need to make the constitutional court operational, since two of its members should be appointed on a proposal by the general council of the judiciary, in accordance with the constitution ( article 159. 1 ). subsequently, the organic act 6 / 1985 on the judiciary, dated 1 july, was enacted, whereby the council was definitely regulated, thus repealing the organic act", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45629816806206536, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.922845"} {"text": "by jim chu, chief constable, vancouver police department, vancouver, british columbia, canada n february 2010, the winter olympic and paralympic games were successfully staged in the city of vancouver, british columbia, canada ; the resort community of whistler ; and adjoining municipalities. vancouver became the largest metropolitan area to host the winter games, and an unprecedented number of athletes, officials, spectators, and celebrants participated in the event, which also was watched by record television audiences. when the olympics concluded, many compliments were extended to the games \u2019 organizers, the volunteers, and, notably, the law enforcement agencies that kept the games safe. this article will highlight the key policing challenges and offer lessons learned on public order \u2013 policing practices that apply to any large - scale public event. security is always a paramount consideration during the olympics, and the lead responsibility for the security of the vancouver 2010 games was given to canada \u2019 s national police service, the royal canadian mounted police ( rcmp ). early in the process, the rcmp realized that an operation of this scale and magnitude required strong partnerships with local police agencies of jurisdiction and, hence, created the vancouver 2010 integrated security unit ( isu ), which primarily comprised police and military security planners. the overall security budget for the isu was approximately $ 555 million. | officers work at the vancouver police department ' s | emergency operations center. the policing story of the 2010 winter olympics can be broken down into three components : - the protection of olympic games participants ( athletes, officials, and spectators ) - the right to freely assemble and protest - the management of large celebratory crowds the isu took responsibility for the security of the official competition venues and several noncompetition venues, including the athletes \u2019 villages, the main media center, and the vancouver international airport. in addition, the isu was responsible for athlete transportation security and the protection of internationally protected persons. it is well known that past olympic games have attracted terrorists ( for example, the 1972 hostage taking and killing of israeli athletes in munich, west germany ) and lone - wolf criminals ( for example, the 1996 atlanta park bombing ). numerous heads of state and other internationally protected persons attend. more than 6, 000 police officers ; 4, 500 private security personnel ; and 4, 000 canadian military resources were utilized to ensure these official olympic sites were secure. to fortify venues such as the hockey stadium and ski hills, the isu created airport - style screening checkpoints for staff and spectators and constructed fence lines with perimeter detection systems and closed -", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4913408422748765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.972875"} {"text": "resources were utilized to ensure these official olympic sites were secure. to fortify venues such as the hockey stadium and ski hills, the isu created airport - style screening checkpoints for staff and spectators and constructed fence lines with perimeter detection systems and closed - circuit television cameras. outside the fence lines, security fell to the local police of jurisdiction with isu resources for support and for national security incidents. the hosting jurisdictions received funding through the isu to help cover the associated costs of policing the games. this high level of readiness and security delivered by the isu resulted in a great outcome of no terrorist or serious criminal acts occurring in any official olympic site. overall, venues were safe and secure, and the policing story of the 2010 winter olympics shifted from security of the official sites to policing protests and the large celebratory crowds. within the city of vancouver, both of these challenges were the responsibility of the vancouver police department ( vpd ). the city of vancouver is considered one of the world \u2019 s most liberal cities. it has a large concentration of illicit drug users ( including users of crack cocaine and heroin ) and is home to the first supervised drug - injection site in north america. during the lead - up to the games, activist groups in vancouver made public accusations that vancouver police would cleanse the city and suppress dissent by - sweeping the streets clean of the mentally ill and poor people, - kidnapping homeless people and shipping them out of town, - kicking in doors of homes and businesses to take away signs that criticized the olympics, and - beating and arresting protesters. the local branch of the canadian civil liberties association initiated a legal observer program for volunteers to receive special training in law ; first aid ( to help people beaten by the police ) ; and use of video recorders to capture what the association claimed would be inevitable instances of excessive force by police. to counter these allegations, senior police officers from the vpd and the isu went on public record and met with these groups to reiterate that the right to protest, which is guaranteed under canadian law, would be upheld by the police and that no special measures to sweep the streets would occur. the activist groups remained relentless with their condemnations of the police, and the news media reported on these criticisms. the canadian constitution guarantees rights such as freedom of assembly, thought, religion, and expression. approximately three times a week and throughout the year, protests are held in vancouver with causes ranging from local issues ( for example, the environment and homelessness ) to international issues ( for example, oppression in iran", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5136961815215481, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.974436"} {"text": "assembly, thought, religion, and expression. approximately three times a week and throughout the year, protests are held in vancouver with causes ranging from local issues ( for example, the environment and homelessness ) to international issues ( for example, oppression in iran and antiglobalization ). one of the larger critical mass rides for freedom to ride bicycles occurs in the city \u2019 s downtown core. all of these events take place without serious incident, and, overall, the vpd has a strong track record of facilitating lawful protests. | police face protesters at the 2010 winter olympics | the first test of the vpd approach to protests occurred two days before the 2010 winter olympics opening ceremony. prime minister stephen harper was in vancouver and wanted to attend a chinese new year celebration in a chinatown community center. protesters who were in disagreement over his administration \u2019 s opposition to the supervised injection site quickly marshalled 200 agitated protesters and blocked the entrance to the community center. they used chains and tape to lock the doors. the vpd police commander at the scene decided to allow the protest to continue, and after the protesters made their point with the news cameras, they withdrew and vpd officers removed the tape and chains from around the doors. the next day had protest groups looking for key places along the olympic torch relay to disrupt the procession. they laid down barbed wire and blockaded intersections. the torch was rerouted around these blockades and instead of the image of armed and helmeted police arresting protesters, the media reported on school children and war veterans who missed the once - in - a - lifetime opportunity to see the torch because of the \u201c selfish \u201d protesters. 1 the next day, just prior to the opening ceremony, 1, 500 chanting protesters wound their way through vancouver streets and were shadowed by vpd bicycle patrol officers. while traffic disruptions were tolerated, a preplanned decision was made that the opening ceremony would not be interrupted. the proverbial \u201c line in the sand \u201d was drawn on the street outside a stadium that was filled with 60, 000 spectators and athletes. the protesters were stopped by 350 officers from the vpd and the isu / rcmp. the vpd officers were specially trained officers from the crowd control unit ( ccu ), who locked arms and would not let the crowd move closer to the stadium. they were backed by officers on horseback and arrest teams. the ccu commander deployed his officers in soft hats without face shields. as the night went on, the composition of the protest groups became clearer. some were idealistic people who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4858255411788298, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.975643"} {"text": "to the stadium. they were backed by officers on horseback and arrest teams. the ccu commander deployed his officers in soft hats without face shields. as the night went on, the composition of the protest groups became clearer. some were idealistic people who wanted to peacefully express their personal beliefs. this included native indian elders, seniors against poverty, and environmentalists. the same crowd also contained approximately 100 anarchists and criminals who practiced a technique called black bloc. this tactic is used by anarchists who cover their faces and heads with black, ninja - style masks to make it difficult to identify them when they commit criminal acts. as dusk descended, this large crowd surged several times, but the police line held steady. the criminal protesters became frustrated. they wanted police officers to wade into their ranks and start fights with them. they wanted the image of a police officer hitting a protester with a baton. they wanted to get tear gassed. they wanted the news media to record images of the police battling protesters, like what happened at the 1999 seattle world trade organization ( wto ) riots, the 1997 vancouver asia pacific economic conference ( apec ) confrontations, and the 2001 quebec city summit of the americas riots. the anarchists spat into the faces of the frontline officers. they threw barricades and tried to incite the legitimate protesters to violence by shouting \u201c the police are beating the elders! \u201d and other lies. one woman on the front line was 53 - year - old shena meadowcroft, who was personally against the government spending on the olympics. her account in an e - mail to the vancouver police chief provides the best description of the restraint shown by the integrated public - order officers. i myself spent the better part of an hour or more face to face with several police officers. i will never forget how extraordinarily well i was treated by them. i wish that i could personally thank each and every one of the police officers who showed the utmost concern to my well - being that night. i was continually offered an opportunity to leave, and when i expressed my need to remain where i was, my needs were respected. even while there was intense pushing and shoving on both sides, several of the officers kept asking me if i was ok. your officers were continuously insulted and spat upon, screamed at. at no time did i see any of them respond with anything but civility and politeness. what i can say is that no one deserves the continual berating and harassment, obscenities and personal attacks that these officers were", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4619313281579173, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.976665"} {"text": ", screamed at. at no time did i see any of them respond with anything but civility and politeness. what i can say is that no one deserves the continual berating and harassment, obscenities and personal attacks that these officers were subject to that night. the opening ceremony protest was volatile and could have erupted into violence and mass arrests that would have overshadowed the event. fortunately, the night ended peacefully. there was only one arrest ; no protesters were injured, although two police officers had minor injuries. the news media reported on the exceptional restraint shown by the police, and the civil liberties \u201c legal observers \u201d had nothing to record. | officers approach protesters in the heart attack march | in vancouver ' s downtown. the disciplined police response during the preceding week reduced the number of protesters that turned out the following morning for the so - called heart attack protest march designed to \u201c clog \u201d downtown streets. the attendance from legitimate protesters was low because during the last few days, the vpd had upheld the rights to free assembly and the expression of personal beliefs. instead of the anger towards the police growing like it did in the seattle wto, vancouver apec, and quebec city conflicts, the enmity towards the police and state institutions waned significantly. on the contrary, the public resentment towards the protesters was increasing. the heart attack march began with several anarchists openly encouraging criminal acts to provoke the police. instead of being backed by 1, 400 legitimate protesters like the night before, the approximately100 criminal anarchists had only about 100 legitimate protesters to hide behind. the criminals again used the black bloc technique and as they marched along vancouver streets, they started to damage cars and buildings. they arrived in the downtown core and began to smash the windows of a retailer that sold olympic clothing. it was at this point that the vpd ccu officers, backed up by isu / rcmp tactical troop officers, were deployed onto the streets to make arrests. ccu members heard citizens on the street applaud them as they exited their vans. the people on the streets shouted \u201c go, vpd, go get them \u201d as the officers made arrests and dispersed the protesters. after about 90 minutes of physical confrontations, the criminal protesters were under police control and seven arrests were made at the scene. the news media covered these arrests extensively and the public sentiment was overwhelmingly supportive of the police actions. afterward, the police media statements were careful to distinguish that the police arrested the \u201c criminal protesters \u201d and still respected the rights of the \u201c peaceful protesters \u201d to express", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4263813634035372, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.977800"} {"text": "news media covered these arrests extensively and the public sentiment was overwhelmingly supportive of the police actions. afterward, the police media statements were careful to distinguish that the police arrested the \u201c criminal protesters \u201d and still respected the rights of the \u201c peaceful protesters \u201d to express their views. the death of a georgian luge athlete in a training run, the warm weather and lack of snow, and the disruptions by the criminal protesters had prompted a british reporter to label that particular olympics as the \u201c worst games ever. \u201d 2 however, by the end of the second day, the wind in the sails of the anti - olympic protest movement had dissipated. in subsequent days, the protest movement broke further apart with the anarchists being shunned by those who respected canadian laws. at one meeting, the head of the local branch of the civil liberties association received an actual pie in the face because he had criticized the law breakers. | people protest homelessness during the 2010 winter | olympics closing ceremony. there were still two or three protests each day of the olympics, but each was poorly attended with only a dozen or so participants and drew minimal media attention. by the last few days, the police had to protect protesters from exuberant canadian hockey fans who were shouting \u201c get a job. \u201d the tide definitely turned against protesters on the second day of the olympics, thanks to police restraint, shifting the media \u2019 s and the public \u2019 s attention to the athletes and the actual sporting events. the celebratory crowds there were several free pavilions and live sites where the public could soak up the olympic atmosphere. tickets were not necessary and as the week went on, the number of people converging in the downtown core approached several hundred thousand. it was impossible to walk around without seeing wall - to - wall people with red mittens and olympic and canadian clothing. local residents showed unprecedented patriotism and support for the games, and visitors also enjoyed the streets of vancouver. the weather was the warmest winter on record for vancouver, and people basked in the sunshine. vancouver bore the legacy of the 1994 stanley cup riots. after the local hockey team lost the final playoff game, thousands of rampaging youths broke windows, looted stores, overturned police cars, and damaged property. furthermore, concerns over potential riotous behavior caused vancouver police spokesperson constable anne drennan to tell the public not to come downtown for new year \u2019 s celebrations for the year 2000. 3 this gave rise to the label \u201c no fun city \u201d and for many years ; the vpd was criticized for starting", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.43215354417937857, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.978876"} {"text": "police spokesperson constable anne drennan to tell the public not to come downtown for new year \u2019 s celebrations for the year 2000. 3 this gave rise to the label \u201c no fun city \u201d and for many years ; the vpd was criticized for starting the \u201c no fun \u201d reputation. during the games, the large day and evening crowds were concentrated in the blocks comprising the downtown granville street entertainment district ( ged ), which is populated by numerous restaurants and bars. the crowds in the ged got larger each night as people flocked to celebrate medal and hockey team wins. up to three hockey games per day would bring 18, 000 spectators into the ged. the vpd media spokespersons encouraged people to come downtown and celebrate and talked about the fun and family - oriented atmosphere. the ged came into existence around 10 years ago when 1, 700 liquor seats were added to the area, along with extended hours. at first, the ged became known as the street of shame because of the large number of fights, drunken hooliganism, and rowdy behavior. the beat officers working the ged called the weekends \u201c fight nights. \u201d police commanders ordered officers to practice zero tolerance and to enforce all laws to crack down on the aggressive behavior. four years ago, the vpd adopted new strategies in the ged. instead of zero tolerance, the vpd adopted a meet - and - greet strategy with officers in visible vests making eye contact with people and encouraging people to have fun in a responsible manner. street closures created more walking room and people started to come to the ged to experience the nightlife and street ambience. the meet - and - greet strategy was ideal for the massive olympic crowds, and the experienced ccu members formed the bulk of the ged policing contingent. even though hundreds of thousands of people were staying downtown in the evening hours, there was only one problematic night. midway during the games, a disk jockey named deadmau5 ( pronounced \u201c deadmouse \u201d ) played at a city - run outdoor concert site. thousands of people arrived in the early afternoon to line up to get into the venue. thousands more were turned away and decided to party in the street. deadmau5 turned up the volume so that people outside the venue would hear his performance. the vpd then had to police large and potentially unruly crowds both inside and outside the venue. a significant amount of illicit drug and liquor consumption took place that night. people refuelled their exuberance by swarming nearby", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.45740693818959466, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.979867"} {"text": "his performance. the vpd then had to police large and potentially unruly crowds both inside and outside the venue. a significant amount of illicit drug and liquor consumption took place that night. people refuelled their exuberance by swarming nearby liquor stores. when the concert ended, 15, 000 youth headed to the ged, which was already full of intoxicated people. the canadian men \u2019 s hockey team had lost to the united states in a game earlier that evening, and flag carrying americans were harassed. there was a tenor of violence in the air. many fights occurred. fortunately, as the night went on, the situation stabilized and no major problems were experienced, thanks to proactive police intervention. the next day, the vpd approached the provincial liquor board and obtained an emergency order for liquor stores to close early, at 7 p. m., for the remainder of the olympics. this was a strategy identified in the 1994 stanley cup riot review report. vpd ccu officers on the ged were backed up with additional isu / rcmp resources. in addition, a perimeter policing strategy was put into place using 100 additional police officers to monitor the laneways, the transit stations, and the pedestrian corridors. people who appeared to be consuming alcohol were stopped. liquor was poured out and those who were uncooperative received $ 230 fines for consuming liquor in public. this strategy, coupled with the inability of celebrants to refuel on alcohol, created greater calm on the remaining nights. an important component of the vpd policing strategy was the media messaging. vpd media spokespeople encouraged people of all ages to come downtown and enjoy the street party. attempts by the news media to paint the ged as unsafe were rebuffed. the vpd reasoned that if the general public was told to worry about drunken hooligans, they would be deterred from coming downtown, which would mean that crowds would be dominated by drunken hooligans, and vancouver would be the \u201c no fun city \u201d again. instead, the vpd encouraged people of all ages and backgrounds to come downtown, have fun, and enjoy the street ambience. vpd ccu officers facilitated crowd movements, shook hands, and posed for many pictures. | fans of team canada celebrate a gold medal win in hockey. | the last day of the olympics saw canada win the men \u2019 s hockey gold medal in overtime. two hundred thousand people poured into the downtown core, and revellers engaged in impromptu renditions of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.48569341514596487, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.980925"} {"text": "team canada celebrate a gold medal win in hockey. | the last day of the olympics saw canada win the men \u2019 s hockey gold medal in overtime. two hundred thousand people poured into the downtown core, and revellers engaged in impromptu renditions of the canadian anthem and other cheers. the relationship between the police and the celebrants was extremely positive. the police were viewed as cocelebrants and were constantly high - fived and thanked for keeping everyone safe. the smiles of the officers, their discretionary approach to public liquor consumption ticketing, and the message to come downtown because the police would ensure the public \u2019 s safety created many fans of policing. celebrants would chant \u201c can - a - da, \u201d and when they saw vancouver police officers, they would chant \u201c v - p - d. \u201d | a vpd officer poses with a | member of the public in the downtown granville street the major lessons that were learned or reinforced during the games include the following : - ensure there is a clear division of responsibility. an event as large as the olympics has many overlapping issues and resources. the isu, of which the vpd was an integral part, established a clear chain of responsibility and accountability. the isu engaged in detailed planning, kept the athletes and venues safe, and offered significant support to the local police. - don \u2019 t give a reason to protesters to hate the police. many changes in unjust laws and policies have come about because of legitimate protests. the police should facilitate freedom of expression and make arrests only when the actions are clearly criminal. - create balanced crowd dynamics. the more you can encourage people of all ages and backgrounds to participate in an event, the more likely hooliganism will look out of place and be considered inappropriate. the crowd can help police itself with the condemnation of bad behavior. drunken people behave better when there are children and seniors in proximity, and the police can help create this healthy balance of celebrants with positive media messages. - training is critical. the vpd created a highly trained crowd control unit, and senior personnel were trained with overseas agencies. the vpd has a public order commander certification program. new commanders are mentored and are certified for command only after adequate performance in real situations. the patience and discipline shown by frontline ccu members on the opening night was a significant turning point in the policing of the games. - discourage festival seating. for performers who attract a crowd that is more prone to irresponsible behavior, do not permit organizers", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.441409543146678, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.981889"} {"text": "discipline shown by frontline ccu members on the opening night was a significant turning point in the policing of the games. - discourage festival seating. for performers who attract a crowd that is more prone to irresponsible behavior, do not permit organizers to offer festival seating. this will give rise to lengthy lineups and large numbers of frustrated concertgoers who cannot gain admission into the venue. this doubles the problem as the police have to secure both inside and outside a venue. if tickets for general admission are used instead, lineups and problems can be minimized. - meet and greet people. vpd officers were well versed in making eye contact with visitors to the ged. they wore visible reflective vests and worked in pods to disperse unruly gatherings. they used a relaxed approach, and their goal was to calm situations. as the games went on, the officers felt like part of the celebration and smiled and posed for many pictures. - prepare for the unexpected. the vpd and the isu were able to address shifting needs for resources. in spite of the best forecasting and planning, the games had more people congregating downtown than was expected. because of the ability of the police agencies to work together and adjust to changing dynamics, the public was kept safe and no major incidents occurred. - set reasonable boundaries on behavior. many celebrants wanted to consume liquor in public places, which is permitted in some jurisdictions. striking the right balance between enforcement ( it is against local laws in the provincial liquor control and licensing act to consume liquor in public ) and warnings can keep the crowd in check, while also creating goodwill. - lead your staff. over the 17 days of the olympics, the vpd chief and his command staff walked the front lines meeting officers, members of the public, and the news media. while reports up the chain of command are helpful, it is also important to see and experience the situations firsthand and talk directly to officers on the front lines to better understand and interpret what is going on. for extended deployments, encouraging tired officers and bolstering their spirits are critical. fatigue and associated impatience was a significant concern, and the frequent sightings of command officers helped staff morale. | a vpd officer is pictured with members of the public | during the 2010 winter olympics. the victory lap the story of the 2010 vancouver winter olympics was not about security, crime, or stifling of legitimate dissent. it was rightly about the athletes and public celebration. during and after the olympics, kudos", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.44595636212769385, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.983263"} {"text": "the 2010 winter olympics. the victory lap the story of the 2010 vancouver winter olympics was not about security, crime, or stifling of legitimate dissent. it was rightly about the athletes and public celebration. during and after the olympics, kudos and compliments flowed into the vpd in the form of letters, e - mails, and phone calls. vpd officers had strangers offer to pay their dinner tabs. people openly praised the police and the local newspaper printed \u201c police deserve a medal for their performance. \u201d 4 even the civil liberties association complimented the police and noted that not one instance of wrongdoing was observed by their legal observers. the combined efforts of the vpd - and the rcmp - led isu created a high benchmark for policing. new orleans saints owner tom benson, in a letter to a vancouver newspaper, wrote, \u201c as a native and lifelong citizen of the great city of new orleans, which knows how to put on a world - class event, i would like to so express how impressed i was with your city when i visited for the 2010 winter olympics. \u201d 5 nbc nightly news anchor brian williams expressed his thanks for \u201c securing this massive event without choking security and without publicly displaying a single automatic weapon. \u201d 6 people from everywhere had the time of their lives because of the gold medal performance of the vancouver police and the policing partners in the isu. \u25a0 law enforcement agencies can obtain a detailed report on policing the 2010 winter olympics in vancouver by contacting the author at firstname. lastname @ example. org. | vancouver police department members ( from left ) | deputy chief doug lepard ; chief constable jim chu ; and deputy chief bob rolls walk through the downtown granville street entertainment district. 1quoting british columbia premier gordon campbell ; canwest olympic team, \u201c anti - olympic protesters clash with police in vancouver, \u201d vancouver sun, february 22, 2010, http : / / www. vancouversun. com / sports / anti + olympic + protesters + clash + with + police + vancouver / 2561450 / story. html ( accessed august 17, 2010 ). 2lawrence donegan, \u201c vancouver games continue downhill slide from disaster to calamity, \u201d the guardian, february 15, 2010, http : / / www. guardian. co. uk / sport / 2010 / feb / 15 / vancouver - winter - olympics - 2010 ( accessed august 17, 2010 ). 3craig jones, \u201c the mayor, the police, and the \u2018 culture of arrogance, \u2019 \u201d british", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.43107221633246784, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.984779"} {"text": "co. uk / sport / 2010 / feb / 15 / vancouver - winter - olympics - 2010 ( accessed august 17, 2010 ). 3craig jones, \u201c the mayor, the police, and the \u2018 culture of arrogance, \u2019 \u201d british columbia civil liberties association ( from the vancouver sun, january 14, 2000 ), http : / / www. bccla. org / othercontent / 00craignewyears. html ( accessed august 17, 2010 ). 4 \u201c police deserve a medal for their performance, \u201d vancouver sun, march 4, 2010, http : / / www. vancouversun. com / sports / police + deserve + medal + their + performance / 2639788 / story. html ( accessed august 13, 2010 ). 5tom benson, \u201c saints owner impressed, \u201d vancouver sun, march 23, 2010, http : / / www. vancouversun. com / entertainment / saints + owner + impressed / 2715023 / story. html ( accessed august 13, 2010 ). 6brian williams, \u201c leaving behind a thank you note, \u201d the daily nightly on msnbc. com, february 26, 2010, http : / / dailynightly. msnbc. msn. com / _ news / 2010 / 02 / 26 / 4372324 - leaving - behind - a - thank - you - note ( accessed august 13, 2010 ). please cite as : jim chu, \" an olympic medal for policing : lessons and experiences from the vancouver 2010 winter olympics, \" the police chief 77 ( september 2010 ) : 20 \u2013 28, http : / / www. nxtbook. com / nxtbooks / naylor / cpim0910 / index. php # / 20 ( insert access date ).", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4463545757539704, "token_count": 362, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.985471"} {"text": "a sweet problem : princeton researchers find that high - fructose corn syrup prompts considerably more weight gain posted march 22, 2010 ; 10 : 00 a. m. a princeton university research team has demonstrated that all sweeteners are not equal when it comes to weight gain : rats with access to high - fructose corn syrup gained significantly more weight than those with access to table sugar, even when their overall caloric intake was the same. in addition to causing significant weight gain in lab animals, long - term consumption of high - fructose corn syrup also led to abnormal increases in body fat, especially in the abdomen, and a rise in circulating blood fats called triglycerides. the researchers say the work sheds light on the factors contributing to obesity trends in the united states. \" some people have claimed that high - fructose corn syrup is no different than other sweeteners when it comes to weight gain and obesity, but our results make it clear that this just isn ' t true, at least under the conditions of our tests, \" said psychology professor bart hoebel, who specializes in the neuroscience of appetite, weight and sugar addiction. \" when rats are drinking high - fructose corn syrup at levels well below those in soda pop, they ' re becoming obese - - every single one, across the board. even when rats are fed a high - fat diet, you don ' t see this ; they don ' t all gain extra weight. \" a princeton university research team, including ( from left ) undergraduate elyse powell, psychology professor bart hoebel, visiting research associate nicole avena and graduate student miriam bocarsly, has demonstrated that rats with access to high - fructose corn syrup - - a sweetener found in many popular sodas - - gain significantly more weight than those with access to water sweetened with table sugar, even when they consume the same number of calories. the work may have important implications for understanding obesity trends in the united states. ( photo : denise applewhite ) photos for news media in results published online feb. 26 by the journal pharmacology, biochemistry and behavior, the researchers from the department of psychology and the princeton neuroscience institute reported on two experiments investigating the link between the consumption of high - fructose corn syrup and obesity. the first study showed that male rats given water sweetened with high - fructose corn syrup in addition to a standard diet of rat chow gained much more weight than male rats that received water sweetened with", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.44616712690836746, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.994258"} {"text": "- fructose corn syrup and obesity. the first study showed that male rats given water sweetened with high - fructose corn syrup in addition to a standard diet of rat chow gained much more weight than male rats that received water sweetened with table sugar, or sucrose, in conjunction with the standard diet. the concentration of sugar in the sucrose solution was the same as is found in some commercial soft drinks, while the high - fructose corn syrup solution was half as concentrated as most sodas. the second experiment - - the first long - term study of the effects of high - fructose corn syrup consumption on obesity in lab animals - - monitored weight gain, body fat and triglyceride levels in rats with access to high - fructose corn syrup over a period of six months. compared to animals eating only rat chow, rats on a diet rich in high - fructose corn syrup showed characteristic signs of a dangerous condition known in humans as the metabolic syndrome, including abnormal weight gain, significant increases in circulating triglycerides and augmented fat deposition, especially visceral fat around the belly. male rats in particular ballooned in size : animals with access to high - fructose corn syrup gained 48 percent more weight than those eating a normal diet. \" these rats aren ' t just getting fat ; they ' re demonstrating characteristics of obesity, including substantial increases in abdominal fat and circulating triglycerides, \" said princeton graduate student miriam bocarsly. \" in humans, these same characteristics are known risk factors for high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, cancer and diabetes. \" in addition to hoebel and bocarsly, the research team included princeton undergraduate elyse powell and visiting research associate nicole avena, who was affiliated with rockefeller university during the study and is now on the faculty at the university of florida. the princeton researchers note that they do not know yet why high - fructose corn syrup fed to rats in their study generated more triglycerides, and more body fat that resulted in obesity. when male rats were given water sweetened with high - fructose corn syrup in addition to a standard diet of rat chow, the animals gained much more weight than male rats that received water sweetened with table sugar, or sucrose, along with the standard diet. the concentration of sugar in the sucrose solution was the same as is found in some commercial soft drinks, while the high - fructose corn syrup solution was half as concentrated as most soda", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.449924540310494, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.995248"} {"text": "or sucrose, along with the standard diet. the concentration of sugar in the sucrose solution was the same as is found in some commercial soft drinks, while the high - fructose corn syrup solution was half as concentrated as most sodas, including the orange soft drink shown here. ( photo : denise applewhite ) high - fructose corn syrup and sucrose are both compounds that contain the simple sugars fructose and glucose, but there at least two clear differences between them. first, sucrose is composed of equal amounts of the two simple sugars - - it is 50 percent fructose and 50 percent glucose - - but the typical high - fructose corn syrup used in this study features a slightly imbalanced ratio, containing 55 percent fructose and 42 percent glucose. larger sugar molecules called higher saccharides make up the remaining 3 percent of the sweetener. second, as a result of the manufacturing process for high - fructose corn syrup, the fructose molecules in the sweetener are free and unbound, ready for absorption and utilization. in contrast, every fructose molecule in sucrose that comes from cane sugar or beet sugar is bound to a corresponding glucose molecule and must go through an extra metabolic step before it can be utilized. this creates a fascinating puzzle. the rats in the princeton study became obese by drinking high - fructose corn syrup, but not by drinking sucrose. the critical differences in appetite, metabolism and gene expression that underlie this phenomenon are yet to be discovered, but may relate to the fact that excess fructose is being metabolized to produce fat, while glucose is largely being processed for energy or stored as a carbohydrate, called glycogen, in the liver and muscles. in the 40 years since the introduction of high - fructose corn syrup as a cost - effective sweetener in the american diet, rates of obesity in the u. s. have skyrocketed, according to the centers for disease control and prevention. in 1970, around 15 percent of the u. s. population met the definition for obesity ; today, roughly one - third of the american adults are considered obese, the cdc reported. high - fructose corn syrup is found in a wide range of foods and beverages, including fruit juice, soda, cereal, bread, yogurt, ketchup and mayonnaise. on average, americans consume 60 pounds of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4818463859178587, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.996356"} {"text": "born into poverty on a farm in missouri, he was the author of how to win friends and influence people ( 1936 ), a massive bestseller that remains popular today. he also wrote how to stop worrying and start living ( 1948 ), lincoln the unknown ( 1932 ), and several other books. after saving $ 500, dale carnegie quit sales in 1911 in order to pursue a lifelong dream of becoming a chautauqua lecturer. he ended up instead attending the american academy of dramatic arts in new york, but found little success as an actor, though it is written that he played the role of dr. hartley in a road show of polly of the circus. when the production ended, he returned to new york, unemployed, nearly broke, and living at the ymca on 125th street. it was there that he got the idea to teach public speaking, and he persuaded the \" y \" manager to allow him to instruct a class in return for 80 % of the net proceeds. in his first session, he had run out of material ; improvising, he suggested that students speak about \" something that made them angry \", and discovered that the technique made speakers unafraid to address a public audience. from this 1912 debut, the dale carnegie course evolved. carnegie had tapped into the average american ' s desire to have more self - confidence, and by 1914, he was earning $ 500 \u2013 the equivalent of nearly $ 10, 000 now \u2013 every week. one of the core ideas in his books is that it is possible to change other people ' s behavior by changing one ' s reaction to them. download a free copy of his principles and learn why! these are the same key principles we use in our training and consulting services for professionals and companies of all sizes in all business segments around the world. you will learn how to : communicate with diplomacy and tact become a more persuasive communicator be an effective leader go to : http : / / www. dalecarnegie. com /", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.43760743257991097, "token_count": 406, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:54.998769"} {"text": "jamaal ud - deen az - zarabozo from ' the prerequisites of the declaration of faith, al - basheer magazine ' ( vol. 7, no. 5 january - february, 1994 ) every muslim knows that the key to paradise is the statement, \" there is none worthy of worship except allaah. \" yet too many muslims simply rely upon this statement and believe that as long as they have made this statement, nothing will harm them. they think they will be granted paradise because of this mere verbal statement of the shahadah. there is no question that the mere saying of, \" i bear witness that there is none worthy of worship except allaah and i bear witness that muhammad is his servant and messenger, \" is not sufficient for salvation. in fact, the hypocrites used to make this statement quite often yet allaah describes them as liars and says that they shall abide in the lowest abyss of the hell - fire. as many scholars state, though, this statement or testimony is the key to paradise. the famous follower wahb ibn munabbih was once asked, \" isn ' t the statement of la ilaaha illa allaah the key to paradise? \" he answered, \" yes, but every key has ridges. if you come with the key that has the right ridges, the door will open for you. yet if you do not have the right ridges the door will not open for you. \" that is, the statement must meet certain conditions. these conditions are what will differentiate the person who will benefit from his making of that statement from the one who will not benefit from that statement, no matter how many times a day he may have made that statement. before discussing the conditions of the shahadah, there is one more point that i feel compelled to make. that is, some people have a tendency to take one hadith or one verse and then based on that one text, they will make some conclusion that, for example, whoever simply says, \" there is no god except allaah, \" will enter paradise. but, actually, we should all realise that all of the qur ' aan and hadith complement each other and explain one another. to find the correct position on any one question, one must bring together all of the related verses and hadith and see what the true islaamic position is of that question. the same is true for the conditions of the shahadah. if we study the verses of the qur ' aan", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.511321702534835, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.024753"} {"text": "one must bring together all of the related verses and hadith and see what the true islaamic position is of that question. the same is true for the conditions of the shahadah. if we study the verses of the qur ' aan and the hadith of the prophet sallallaahu ' alayhi wa sallam, we will find that the conditions of the shahadah are seven, eight or nine in number depending on how we look at them. it is important that all of us make sure that we are meeting these conditions in our own lives and in our own testimony of faith. we must do our best to satisfy these conditions before it is too late and our testimony will be of no avail whatsoever. it is not simply for the sake of teaching these conditions, indeed there is no benefit to that. but it is, instead, for all of us to look to ourselves and to make sure that we are actually meeting these conditions so that, by allaah ' s mercy, the doors to paradise will be open for us by our key of la ilaaha illa allaah. the first of these conditions is knowledge : that is, one must have the basic and general knowledge of what is meant by the shahadah. one must understand what the shahadah is affirming and what the shahadah is denying. allaah says in the qur ' aan : similarly, the prophet sallallaahu ' alayhi wa sallam said, \" whoever dies knowing that there is no one worthy of worship except allaah shall enter paradise. \" ( recorded by muslim ). in fact, the shahadah itself is a testimony. when one testifies to something, one must know what it is that he is testifying concerns. obviously, a testimony about something that one does not have any knowledge about is absolutely unacceptable. allaah says in the qur ' aan, now this condition probably sounds obvious ; if someone said to you, \" there is no god except allaah, \" and then said that what he meant by allaah was jesus, you would immediately tell him that this shahadah is nonsense. yet can you imagine that there is a muslim country in the world that until recently used to have a yearly week - long celebration to \" the gods of the sea \"! all along they call themselves muslims and they make the shahadah numerous times a day. this clearly shows that they have no idea what the meaning of their shahadah is. do you think that this kind", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.4725381694464031, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.026808"} {"text": "\" the gods of the sea \"! all along they call themselves muslims and they make the shahadah numerous times a day. this clearly shows that they have no idea what the meaning of their shahadah is. do you think that this kind of shahadah will open the doors to paradise for them? today, there are many muslims who wonder why we should not accept secularism. they think that there is nothing wrong with secularism! many of these muslims pray five times a day and utter the shahadah repeatedly. yet they see nothing wrong with accepting a lawgiver other than allaah? what kind of shahadah are these people making? all of us do our best to learn at least the basics of islaamic beliefs, the basics of what shahadah means. in this way, allaah willing, we will be making the correct shahadah. we will be witnessing to the truth as we are supposed to be witnesses to it. the second condition of the shahadah is certainty ( or al - yaqeen ) : this is the opposite of doubt and uncertainty. in islaam, in fact, any kind of doubt is equivalent to kufr or disbelief. we must, in our hearts, be absolutely certain of the truth of the shahadah. our hearts must not be wavering in any way when we testify to the truth of, \" there is none worthy of worship except allaah. \" allaah describes the believers in the qur ' aan as those who have belief in allaah and then their hearts waver not. allaah says, similarly, the messenger of allaah sallallaahu ' alayhi wa sallam said, \" no one meets allaah with the testimony that there is none worthy of worship but allaah and i am the messenger of allaah, and he has no doubt about hat statement, except that he will enter paradise. \" ( recorded by muslim. ) indeed, allaah describes the hypocrites as those people whose hearts are wavering. for example, allaah says : many scholars have stated that the diseases of the heart, or the doubt and suspicions that one allows into one ' s heart, are more dangerous for a person ' s faith than lusts and desires. this is because lusts and desires may be satisfied at some time yet the person still knows them to be wrong and he may control himself and repent and give up that evil deed. on the other hand, the doubts and suspicions may linger in the heart,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5104990263051391, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.028527"} {"text": "because lusts and desires may be satisfied at some time yet the person still knows them to be wrong and he may control himself and repent and give up that evil deed. on the other hand, the doubts and suspicions may linger in the heart, with no cure, until the person finally leaves islaam entirely or continues to practice islaam while, in fact, in his heart he does not have the true faith. the greatest cure for these doubts is seeking knowledge. it is through sound knowledge of the qur ' aan and the sunnah that most of these doubts will be removed. by study and understanding, one will attain certainty. and as one studies and learns more, his certainty will be made firmer and firmer. i will give you just one example on this point ; this is related to all of the doubts, suspicions and misconceptions that are circulating about the authenticity of the hadith literature. for example, some muslims even claim that hadith were not recorded until at least 200 years after the death of the prophet sallallaahu ' alayhi wa sallam. indeed, there are muslims who seem to have a great deal of doubt about hadith and very quick to reject hadith on that basis. but, in fact, if one actually takes the time to study the history and preservation of hadith, one will immediately recognise that all those claims and charges against the hadith are not based on anything scientific whatsoever. they are nothing but false claims that come from satan and which muslims with poor understanding and knowledge have allowed to creep into their hearts. let me make one last point about this condition of certainty. as i alluded to earlier, doubts and misconceptions are very dangerous for a person ' s faith. doubt and wavering are tantamount to apostasy in islaam, as i mentioned earlier. hence, every muslim should do best to safeguard himself from such doubts and remain away from the sources of doubts - especially if they are not well grounded in the islaamic sciences and do not have the knowledge to refute such doubts and misconceptions. hence if a person has an associate or friend, even if he be a muslim friend, who is always making him doubt allaah or the religion, then he should remain away from that person in order to safeguard his own religion. many muslims nowadays study courses on islaam taught by orientalists and because of their weak backgrounds in islaamic studies, they are influenced by the nonsense that some of these orientalists are teaching in the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47216874703526546, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.030195"} {"text": "that person in order to safeguard his own religion. many muslims nowadays study courses on islaam taught by orientalists and because of their weak backgrounds in islaamic studies, they are influenced by the nonsense that some of these orientalists are teaching in the name of \" science \". similarly, many brothers and sisters nowadays are spending hours at a time with the computer news groups and bulletin boards. a lot of nonsense and falsehood are posted on those news groups and bulletin boards. again, the one who is not very knowledgeable of his religion may easily be influenced and affected by the misconceptions and false arguments that he reads in those bulletin boards. he should remain away from those things and get a deeper knowledge of islaam through the authentic sources of the religion. again, the greatest counterforce that can defeat doubts and misconceptions, after the bounty and guidance of allaah, is sound knowledge and understanding of the religion. when a person has that, he will not be affected by the weak arguments put out by the enemies of islaam and he will be, allaah willing, from among those described in the qur ' aan, the third condition of the shahadah is acceptance ( or al - qabool ) : if a person has knowledge of and certainty in the shahadah, this must followed by acceptance, with the tongue and heart, of whatever that shahadah implies. whoever refuses to accept the shahadah and its implications, even if he knows that it is true and certain about its truth, than he is a disbeliever. this refusal to accept is sometimes due to pride, envy or other reasons. in any case, the shahadah is not a true shahadah without its unconditional acceptance. the scholars all talk about this condition as a general condition in the way that i have just stated. however, there is also a more detailed aspect that we must all be aware of. the believer accepts whatever the implications of the shahadah are. this also means that he believes in whatever is stated in the qur ' aan or stated by the prophet sallallaahu ' alayhi wa sallam, without any right to choose what he wants to believe and what he wants to reject. allaah says in the qur ' aan, this is one aspect that the muslims must be aware of. although it is not the same as the complete refusal to accept the truth, by rejecting part of the truth that has come from allaah, one also negates his", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.524838775376194, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.031349"} {"text": "' aan, this is one aspect that the muslims must be aware of. although it is not the same as the complete refusal to accept the truth, by rejecting part of the truth that has come from allaah, one also negates his testimony of faith. unfortunately, many muslims are doing this nowadays in various ways. although not all of these forms may necessarily be considered apostasy, they are still very dangerous. for example, if they do not like what is stated in a verse in the qur ' aan, they simply reinterpret the verse according to their liking. if they do not like what is stated in a hadith, they simply state that the hadith must not be authentic although they are not scholars in that area. this kind of behaviour is the antithesis of the behaviour of the true muslims. whatever comes from allaah and his messenger sallallaahu ' alayhi wa sallam, the true muslim believes in as the truth. this goes hand in hand with their testimony of faith. the fourth condition of the shahadah is submission and compliance ( or al - inqiyad ) : this implies the actual physical enactment with our deeds of our shahadah. in fact, this is one of the main meanings of the word islaam itself, \" the submission to the will and commands of allaah. \" this is what allaah commands in the qur ' aan, \" turn unto him repentant, and surrender unto him \" ( al - zumar : 54 ). allaah has praised those who submit to his command by their actions. allaah says, actually, allaah has clearly made it a condition of faith that one submits to the command of allaah and his messenger. allaah says, unfortunately, there are many who claim that there is no relationship between faith and deeds. you can even hear one muslim saying about another, \" that is the best muslim i have ever met, \" yet the other person performs scarcely any of the deeds of islaam whatsoever. this incorrect understanding of faith has spread throughout the muslim world. indeed, our shahadah or testimony of faith must be implemented or realised in our hearts, tongues and actions. in our hearts, we must have love for allaah, fear allaah and hope in him. with our tongues we must testify to the shahadah. and with our actions, we must implement what the testimony of faith requires from us. anyone who claims to be a muslim and yet does no deeds, either does not", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47064043988535187, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 5, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.035605"} {"text": "and hope in him. with our tongues we must testify to the shahadah. and with our actions, we must implement what the testimony of faith requires from us. anyone who claims to be a muslim and yet does no deeds, either does not understand islaam whatsoever or is bearing testimony against himself that his testimony of faith is not a true and correct testimony of faith. this does not mean that the true believer never commits a sin. indeed, true believers do commit sins, but as long as they recognise that what they did is not correct and it is inconsistent with their obligation of submitting to allaah, then they have not violated the soundness of their testimony or shahadah. but do not forget, they are still sinners. and what is the minimum of submission that is required from a person beyond which there can be no claim to faith? for those scholars who say that the abandonment of prayers is infidelity, it is the five daily prayers. whoever does not perform, at least, the five daily prayers has gone beyond the limit that is acceptable for lack of deeds. allaah knows best. the fifth condition is truthfulness ( or as - sidq ), as opposed to hypocrisy and dishonesty : this means that when we say the shahadah, we are saying it honestly. we actually mean it. we are not lying when it comes to our testimony of faith. the prophet ( peace be upon his ) said, \" no one bears testimony to there being no one worth of worship save allaah, sincerely from his heart, except that allaah makes the hell - fire forbidden for him. \" ( recorded by al - bukharee and muslim. ) we are all familiar with those who say the testimony of faith yet they are not saying it honestly. they do not believe in it but they are simply saying it in order to protect themselves or to get some gain from doing so ; these are the hypocrites. allaah has described them in the opening of the qur ' aan with the following words : \" and of mankind are some who say, ' we believe in allaah and the last day, ' when they believe not. they think to beguile allaah and those who believe, and they beguile none save themselves, but they perceive not. in their hearts is a disease, and allaah increases their disease. a painful doom is theirs because they lie. \" al - quran 2 : 8 - 10 obviously, the shahadah of those who", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.45615342163377437, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 6, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.038560"} {"text": "none save themselves, but they perceive not. in their hearts is a disease, and allaah increases their disease. a painful doom is theirs because they lie. \" al - quran 2 : 8 - 10 obviously, the shahadah of those who become muslims simply to benefit from being muslim and not because they believe in islaam will be rejected by allaah in the hereafter. they will face a painful punishment due to their lying. the sixth condition is sincerity ( or al - ikhlaas ) : that is, when we make the shahadah, we must do so solely for the sake of allaah. we must not do it for any other reason. and we must not do it for anyone else ' s sake. in this manner, the meaning of sincerity is opposite of shirk or ascribing partners with allaah. we became and remain muslims solely for allaah ' s sake. allaah says in the qur ' aan : \" worship allaah, making religion pure for him. \" [ al quran 39 : 2 ] and allaah also says : \" and they are ordained not else than to serve allaah, keeping religion pure for him, as men by nature upright and to establish worship and to pay the poor - due. that is true religion. \" [ al - quran 98 : 5 ] and the prophet sallallaahu ' alayhi wa sallam added : \" allaah has forbidden for the hell - fire anyone who says, ' there is no one worthy of worship except allaah, ' and say so desiring the face [ and pleasure ] of allaah. \" ( recorded by muslim ). this is something that we should all think about, especially those of us who grew up in muslim families and were born muslim. we should make it very clear to ourselves that we are muslims only for the sake of allaah. we are not muslims for the sake of our parents, friends, family or community. it must be clear in our minds that we are muslims for the sake of allaah first, last and only. one of the signs that we are muslims for the sake of allaah is that we do whatever allaah asks of us, regardless of what anybody else desires or wants from us. that is, in the same way that we are muslims solely for the sake of allaah, all of our actions are done for the sake of allaah. however, sometimes one begins to wonder whether this condition is met by some people. some people from the muslim world practice", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5078239693732503, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 7, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.041495"} {"text": "same way that we are muslims solely for the sake of allaah, all of our actions are done for the sake of allaah. however, sometimes one begins to wonder whether this condition is met by some people. some people from the muslim world practice islaam to the extent that it is pleasing to their families. if there is anything in islaam that their families do not like - although their families are muslim and therefore they actually should like all of islaam - then they do not practice that aspect of islaam. one common example of that nature is mixing between men and women. sometimes a brother, here in the u. s., will not mix with women and his wife will remain separate from the men. yet, when they return to their homes, because this is not pleasing to their families who want to mix between men and women, they easily, simply and happily compromise their religion for the sake of their parents. these people must sincerely ask themselves why they are muslims. are they muslims for the sake of their parents and therefore whatever their parents like they will do and whatever their parents do not like they won ' t do? or are they muslims for the sake of allaah and therefore whatever allaah dislikes they will not do and whatever allaah is pleased with what they do? the seventh condition is love ( or al - mahabbah ) : that is, the believer loves this shahadah, he loves in accordance with the shahadah, he loves the implications and requirements of the shahadah and he loves those who act and strive for the sake of this shahadah. this is a necessary condition of the shahadah. if a person makes the shahadah but does not love the shahadah and what it stands for, then, in fact, his faith is not complete. it is not the faith of a true believer. and if he loves something more that this shahadah or if he loves something more than allaah, then he has negated his shahadah. the true believer, the one meeting the conditions of the shahadah puts no one whatsoever as an equal to allaah in his love. allaah says in the qur ' aan : and elsewhere allaah says : the prophet sallallaahu ' alayhi wa sallam said, \" whoever has three characteristics has tasted the sweetness of faith. [ the first of these ] is that he loves allaah and his messenger more than he loves anyone else... \" ( recorded by al - bukharee", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.49408702793394843, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 8, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.044411"} {"text": "wa sallam said, \" whoever has three characteristics has tasted the sweetness of faith. [ the first of these ] is that he loves allaah and his messenger more than he loves anyone else... \" ( recorded by al - bukharee and muslim. ). this is one of the most important aspects of islaam yet, for some reason, it is missing from the lives of many muslims. they act in islaam as if islaam were a chore instead of doing things out of the love of allaah. when allaah orders us to do something, like bear witness to the faith, we should realise that that thing is pleasing to allaah and, therefore, out of our love for allaah, we should be very pleased to do the acts that are pleasing to allaah. but, as i said, this feeling is missing from many, many muslims today. the eight condition of the shahadah is that the person who makes the shahadah must deny every other object of worship : although that is clear in the words of the testimony of faith, it does not seem clear to everyone who makes that testimony. therefore, i am mentioning it explicitly here. in surah al - baqara, allaah clearly reminds us of this important aspect of the shahadah, the shahadah is not merely an affirmation but it is both and affirmation and a negation. allaah states, perhaps the prophet sallallaahu ' alayhi wa sallam made this point even clearer when he said, \" whoever says there is no one worthy of worship except allaah and denies whatever is worshipped besides allaah, then his wealth and blood are protected and his accounting will be with allaah. \" ( recorded by muslim ) although this condition should be obvious to everyone who says the words of shahadah, you can still find muslims who say the shahadah and then make acts of worship for beings or things other than allaah. you will find them going to the graveyards and worshipping those in the graves. they will perform acts of worship, not for the sake of allaah, but for the sake of the dead \" saints \" in the grave. what kind of shahadah have these people made? do you really think that their shahadah will mean anything on the day of judgement as long as they believe that acts of worship may be done for other than allaah? the ninth condition of the shahadah is that the muslim adheres to the shahadah", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.47809519676489765, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 9, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.045789"} {"text": "that their shahadah will mean anything on the day of judgement as long as they believe that acts of worship may be done for other than allaah? the ninth condition of the shahadah is that the muslim adheres to the shahadah until he dies : this is must if the shahadah is to mean anything for you in the hereafter. you cannot rest on your laurels of what you may have done in the past. no, indeed, the shahadah must be your banner until your death. the prophet sallallaahu ' alayhi wa sallam said, \" a man spends a long time doing the deeds of the people of paradise and then he ends his deeds with the deeds of the people of the hell - fire. and a man spends a long time doing the deeds of the people of the hell - fire and then he ends his deeds with the deeds of the people of paradise. \" ( recorded by muslim ) in another hadith, the prophet sallallaahu ' alayhi wa sallam said, \" by the one whom there is no other god, one of you does the actions of paradise until there is just a handspan between him and paradise and then the book [ preordainment ] overtakes him and he does the actions of the people of hell and he enters into it. \" ( recorded by al - bukharee and muslim ) and allaah says in the qur ' aan, \" o believers, observe your duty to allaah with right observance, and die not save as muslims [ surrendering yourselves to allaah ]. \" [ al quran 3 : 102 ] dear brothers and sisters, these are the conditions of the shahadah. these are the aspects of the shahadah that each and every one of us should look to in ourselves and ask ourselves, \" is my shahadah meeting those requirements? am i saying it sincerely, honestly and out of love for allaah? am i saying it based on what it really means? am i denying all other false objects of worship?... \" these questions we should ask ourselves now before we meet allaah. allaah willing, we shall ask ourselves these questions now and we shall find that we have all the right answers for them. or, if we find we have some deficiency, we shall work to remove that deficiency. such that, by allaah ' s mercy, in the hereafter, our shahadah will be the key to paradise for us and the", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.456607369834015, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 10, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.047645"} {"text": "them. or, if we find we have some deficiency, we shall work to remove that deficiency. such that, by allaah ' s mercy, in the hereafter, our shahadah will be the key to paradise for us and the gates of paradise will swing wide open for us and we will be able to live forever in the bounties of paradise, with allaah being pleased with us. again, it is not simply a matter of knowing these conditions. indeed, one can meet many muslims who have these conditions memorised, yet when one looks to their deeds and behaviour, one can see that these conditions have no effect on them. this means, in fact, no matter how well he knows and can rattle off these conditions, he, in fact, is not fulfilling them. in the hereafter, his knowledge of these conditions will be of no avail to him. indeed, his knowledge will be a proof against him as he clearly knows what the conditions are that he must satisfy yet he has shown that he is not willing to satisfy them in his life. some people have a wrong notion that entering into th islamic fold requires an announcement from the concerned person in the presence of high ranking scholars or shaikhs or reporting this act to courts of justice or other authorities. it is also thought that the act accepting islam, should, as a condition, have a certificate issued by the authorities, as evidence to that effect. we wish to clarify that whole matter is very easy and that none of these conditions or obligations are required. for allah, almighty, is above all comprehension and knows well the secrets of all hearts. nevertheless, those who are going to adopt islam as their religion are advised to register themselves as muslims with the concerned governmental agency, as this procedure may facilitate for them many matters including the possibility of performing hajj ( pilgrimage ) and umrah. if anyone has a real desire to be a muslim and has full conviction and strong belief that islam is the true religion ordained by allah for all human - being, then, one should pronounce the \u201c shahada \u201d, the testimony of faith, without further delay. the holy qur \u2019 an is explicit on this regard as allah states : \u201c the religion in the sight of allah is islam \u201d ( quran 3 : 19 ) in another verse of the holy qur \u2019 an, allah states : \u201c if anyone desires a religion other than islam ( submission to allah ), never will it be accepted of him ; and in the hereafter he will be in the ranks", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4898737166434806, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 11, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.052497"} {"text": "19 ) in another verse of the holy qur \u2019 an, allah states : \u201c if anyone desires a religion other than islam ( submission to allah ), never will it be accepted of him ; and in the hereafter he will be in the ranks of those who have lost ( their selves in the hell fire ). \u201d ( qur \u2019 an 3 : 85 ) in addition, islam is the only religion prevailing over all other religions. allah states in the holy qur \u2019 an : \u201c to thee we sent the scripture in the truth, confirming the scripture that came before it, and guarding it in safety : \u2026. ( qur \u2019 an 5 : 48 ) mohammad, the prophet of allah ( peace and blessing of allah be upon him ), said : \u201c the superstructure of islam is raised on five ( pillars ) : testifying that there is no god ( none truly to be worshipped ) but allah, and that mohammad is the messenger of allah, performing the prayer, paying the zakah ( poor - due ), fasting the month of ramadan, and performing hajj. \u201d the english translation is : however, it would not be sufficient for anyone to only utter this testimony oraly either in private or in public ; but rather, he should believe in it by heart with a firm conviction and unshakeable faith. if one is truly sincere and complies with the teachings of islam in all his life, he will find himself a new born person. this will move him to strive more and more to improve his character and draw nearer to perfection. the light of the living faith will fill his heart until he becomes the embodiment of that faith. what would be next after declaring oneself a muslim? one should then know the real concept underlying this testimony which means the oneness of allah and meet its requiremants. one must behave accordingly, applying this true faith to every thing one speaks or does. what do the words of the \u201c shahada \u201d signify? the significant point which every muslim must know very well is the truth that there is no god ( deity ) to be worshipped other than allah. he - glory be to him \u2013 is the only true god, who alone deserves to be worshipped, since he is the giver of life and sustainer and nourisher of mankind and all creation with his unlimited bounties. man must worship allah, who alone is worthy of worship. the second part of the shahada \u201c i. e., wa ash - hadu anna mohammadan abduhu", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4645336788504034, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 12, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.056715"} {"text": "should disown all forms of polytheism and false beliefs. he should reject evil and be rigtheous. such rejection of evil and being righteous is one of the requisites of the motto of islam \u2013 that is, laa ilaha illallah. allah states in the holy qur \u2019 an : ( qur ' an 2 : 256 ) we have to consider that when declare from our heart that \u201c there is no god ( deity ) worthy to be worshipped but allah \u201d, it implies on our part love, devotion, faith and obedience to the rules of islamic legislations which are legally binding on all muslims. it is a requiremant of \u201c there is no god worthy to be worshipped but allah \u201d to love for the sake of allah and to reject for the sake of allah. this is the firmest anchor of belief which materialise the meaning of \u201c al wala \u201d and \u201c al bara \u201d. it means that a muslim should love and be loyal to his muslim brothers. he should, as a practise, dissociate himself completely from the unbelievers and refuse to be influenced by them, both in wordly and religious matters. we conclude with a humble prayer to allah that may he cleanse the hearts and souls of those who are genuine seekers of truth and may he bless the community of believers. by : sheikh muhammed salih al - munajjid", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5138674027891715, "token_count": 288, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 14, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.058965"} {"text": "november 14, 2012 | [ ap / wide world photos ] | the aftermath of hurricane sandy has shown that the nation needs to be more prepared for emergencies, particularly when it comes to communications, darren hayes, a professor at pace university in new york, writes for thehill. com. in areas that lost power, some utility companies lacked alert systems, and cellphone communications were often scant. radio reports were devoid of specifics about local communities, hayes says. communications problems could have been mitigated with a more effective use of technology, he argues. the long island power authority reportedly was using a 25 - year - old mainframe computer system that couldn \u2019 t track power outages, and its engineers were working with paper maps and highlighters. the company \u2019 s mobile - user website was inoperable for days. for problems like finding gasoline, official communications were often unhelpful, so new yorkers turned to social media like twitter and websites like gasbuddy. com. hayes argues for the introduction of county, state and possibly federal legislation that would spell out the reporting and communications requirements that utilities must follow during disasters. power outages are inevitable, hayes writes, \u201c but poor planning and ineffective communication is inexcusable. \u201d \u2014 greg beaubien", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.4673104061696981, "token_count": 257, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.061093"} {"text": "pittsburgh supercomputing center october 3, 2000 nsf awards $ 2. 9 million for web100 project pittsburgh - - the national science foundation has awarded $ 2. 9 million to the web100 project, a research effort aimed at bringing data transmission rates of 100 megabits per second to the desktops of researchers. the three - year grant, effective september 15, provides funding to develop software that can automatically \" tune \" computer operating systems to fully exploit available network bandwidth. \" progress in network access and electronic interaction utilizing the internet requires more than increased bandwidth, \" said aubrey bush, director for the nsf ' s division of advanced networking infrastructure and research. \" a real challenge now is providing end - to - end performance. this project will address some key network issues that limit internet performance and work toward effectively removing barriers. the goal is to better take advantage of available resources. \" most researchers today have access to networks that can transmit data at rates of 100 megabits per second ( mbs ) or higher. the networks, however, rarely attain performance above three mbs. connections across networks are managed by the transmission control protocol ( tcp ), and research has shown that operating systems are often configured in ways that inhibit tcp performance across long - distance networks. through the web100 project, researchers at the pittsburgh supercomputing center, the national center for atmospheric research ( ncar ) and the national center for supercomputing applications are collaborating to address this problem. the objective is to develop software that interacts with the operating system and user applications to automatically tune performance of tcp. \" the web100 project seeks to provide solutions to the bandwidth - delay - product problem, \" said basil irwin, senior network engineer at ncar, \" by automatically and transparently optimizing tcp ' s transmit and receive buffer sizes using congestion feedback information extracted from actual network conditions as they are reflected in the host ' s tcp code execution. \" more information on the web100 project can be found at : http : / / www. web100. org / the pittsburgh supercomputing center is a joint effort of carnegie mellon university and the university of pittsburgh together with the westinghouse electric company. it was established in 1986 and is supported by several federal agencies, the commonwealth of pennsylvania and private industry. the national center for atmospheric research, ncar, was established in 1960 to serve as a focus for research on atmospheric and related science problems. the national center for supercomputing applications ( ncsa ) began operations in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5067839224968911, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.081971"} {"text": "shots - health blog wed january 25, 2012 with age, men may lose thinking ability faster than women men are more apt than women to lose thinking ability as they age, according to new research. and that mild cognitive impairment often leads to dementia. but people can reduce their risk of mild cognitive impairment by staying healthy and educated, according to rosebud roberts, a professor of epidemiology at the mayo clinic who led the study. \" there is a lot that people can do, \" she told shots. lower levels of education is one risk factor for mild cognitive impairment. obesity, diabetes and hypertension are others. other studies have found that older people who challenge themselves mentally tend to do better. the studied followed 1, 450 people between the ages of 70 and 89 in olmsted county, minn., who were free of dementia in 2004. they went through testing every 15 months. after three years, 296 people had developed mild cognitive impairment. the study was published in the journal neurology. men were more likely to be diagnosed, with 72 per 1, 000 people developing a mild cognitive impairment ; in women, the rate of diagnosis was 57 per 1, 000. overall, 6 percent were diagnosed with memory loss. it may be that men are coming down with mild cognitive impairment earlier than women, roberts says, because in the oldest age group, 85 to 89, the incidence was the same in men and women. those earlier cases in men may be caused by the fact that they also tend to develop cardiovascular disease earlier than women, she speculates. but clearly, whatever protection women have evaporates by the time they are in their 80s. some people saw their symptoms improve from one checkup to the next, but roberts says we shouldn ' t take hope from that. \" there might be variability in symptoms and how they present, \" she says. \" mci is a very subtle condition. most people won ' t know someone has mci from talking to them. it ' s only people who live with them or are close to them who will notice something a little bit different. \" however, a diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment doesn ' t mean you are fated to get alzheimer ' s disease. scientists have yet to come up with a reliable test of who ' s likely to go down that road.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_mechanics", "similarity_score": 0.47683387476785044, "token_count": 468, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.092448"} {"text": "purdue remembers neil armstrong neil armstrong, the first human to set foot on the moon, and a purdue university aeronautical engineering alumnus, died saturday august 25, 2012. in 1947, armstrong enrolled at purdue university on a navy scholarship to pursue a degree in aeronautical engineering. in 1949 the navy called him to active duty in the korean war. as a navy pilot, he flew 78 combat missions. he received three medals for his military service. in 1952 he returned to his studies and completed his bs at purdue and an ms in aerospace engineering at the university of southern california. as a research pilot at nasa ' s flight research center, edwards, calif., he was a project pilot on many pioneering high - speed aircraft, including the well known, 4000 - mph x - 15. he flew over 200 different models of aircraft, including jets, rockets, helicopters and gliders. armstrong transferred to astronaut status in 1962 and was assigned as command pilot for the gemini 8 mission. here he presents purdue president frederick hovde a flag that he carried with him on his mission. the gemini mission was the first successful docking of two crafts and was integral to the success of later missions. armstrong received honorary doctorates from 17 countries, and was the recipient of many other honors, including the presidential medal of freedom, congressional space medal of honor, explorers club medal, nasa distinguished service medal, harmon international aviation trophy, royal geographic society ' s gold medal, federation aeronautique internationale ' s gold space medal, and the american astronautical society flight achievement award. armstrong was a regular visitor to campus his entire life. he was part of the purdue marching band and the phi delta theta fraternity. armstrong enjoyed purdue football immensely. students have remarked how surprised they were at armstrong \u2019 s genuine interest in their academic pursuits. armstrong retired from nasa in 1971 after the apollo 11 flight. although frequently in the company of politicians, armstrong remained largely undefined politically, unlike many other astronauts. rather, he devoted himself to teaching, serving as professor of aerospace engineering at the university of cincinnati, 1971 - 1979. he served on many boards and was a tireless champion for engineering and aeronautic education. 23 purdue graduates have been selected as nasa astronauts. in 1985 purdue hosted an astronaut reunion. armstrong \u2019 s footprint on the lunar surface may endure for millennia. his impact on purdue endures as well. armstrong hall is the flagship building for purdue \u2019 s world - renowned engineering program. designed to inspire the spirit of discovery of the space program, it is the manifestation of a true friendship between a world", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4447844550439568, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.125752"} {"text": "low - cholesterol dos and don ' ts you ' re working hard to eat right so you can lower your cholesterol levels. you ' re reading nutrition labels, buying fewer pre - packaged foods, and testing yourself often. but you ' re still struggling to keep your cholesterol down. what are you doing wrong? the answer may surprise you. according to the american heart association ( aha ), many foods that claim to be low cholesterol are high in saturated fat and / or trans fat. since both saturated fat and trans fat contribute to high blood cholesterol, these foods may not be as healthy as their labels suggest. be a savvy shopper the aha has several tips that can turn anyone looking for low - cholesterol foods into a savvy shopper : - check the amount of saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, and calories in one serving of the product. a serving could be smaller than your normal portion, so it ' s important to take that into account. - look at the ingredient list. the first ingredient listed is the one used most in the product. fats and oils appear lower on the list in healthier products. - watch out for trans fats. the food and drug administration requires the amount of trans fat to be labeled on each product. it ' s ideal for trans fat to account for less than 1 percent of your total daily calories. in addition, beware of ingredients in baked goods, casseroles, and other dinner and lunch entrees. almost all baked goods contain eggs, a major source of cholesterol that counts toward your daily intake. eating out makes it hard to guesstimate exactly how much cholesterol is in a food, so the aha recommends that you : - look for entrees that are steamed, broiled, baked, grilled, or roasted. these foods often have less fat and calories than foods that are fried, crispy, or sauteed. - have dressings and sauces placed on the side, so you can choose how much to use or skip them altogether. - limit the amount of salt in your food by asking that it be prepared without added salt or msg. - see if the restaurant can substitute fat - free milk for whole milk and vegetable or olive oil for butter when preparing your food. the same guidelines apply when you ' re cooking at home, and the aha recommends choosing lean cuts of meat and trimming off the visible fat before", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.41598868545462886, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.161411"} {"text": "substitute fat - free milk for whole milk and vegetable or olive oil for butter when preparing your food. the same guidelines apply when you ' re cooking at home, and the aha recommends choosing lean cuts of meat and trimming off the visible fat before cooking. an added benefit of staying home : you ' ll be better able to control portion sizes since you ' re the chef. sign up for free newsletters ask your doctor the right questions! the most from your doctor visit. emailed right to you! the ask your doctor email series may contain sponsored content. 18 +, us residents only please. explore original articles about... get the most from qualityhealth - top searches - 1. arthritis management : nature heals - 2. 5 digestive to - dos - 3. men : should you shave it or leave it? - 4. today ' s top fitness trends - 5. sugar and osteoarthritis : the link - 6. can ' t afford your hospital bills? - 7. stay energized all day long - 8. phobias : who has them and why? - 9. what if your epipen fails? - 10. 5 costly medical billing mistakes - 1. ice falls can cause serious injuries - 2. can inactivity act like a disease? - 3. kale snack recipe for diabetics - 4. how running affects arthritis - 5. sugar and your immunity system - 6. do weight loss supplements work? - 7. 5 super foods for spring - 8. the hazards of reusable bags - 9. how to avoid ingrown hairs - 10. health tip : constantly change shoes - 1. 4 common treatments for epilepsy - 2. what does a urogynecologist do? - 3. gerd without heartburn? it ' s possible - 4. graston technique : can it work on you? - 5. music therapy can help autism - 6. 8 ways to fight ms - related fatigue - 7. can you still bleed after menopause? - 8. be your own health care advocate - 9. why is syphillis on the rise? - 10. ideal weight vs. happy weight the material on the qualityhealth web site is for informational purposes only, and is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment provided by a physician or other qualified health provider. see additional information.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics", "similarity_score": 0.4401689825490515, "token_count": 493, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.163356"} {"text": "ramsar and wetland values included in japanese school curricula [ resolution vii. 9 of cop7 adopted \" the convention ' s outreach programme 1999 - 2002 \", an extremely important part of which is found in paragraph 44 of the programme itself, in which parties are urged to ensure that ramsar and wetland values are included in the curricula of primary, secondary, and tertiary educational institutions. ( see also recommendation 4. 5, resolution vi. 19, and strategic plan 1997 - 2002 ' s action 3. 2. 5 in this regard. ) ] sixth grade students in the elementary school \" wakasa shougakkou \" in the city of tokorozawa, japan, studying an article on the ramsar site kushiro - shitsugen. ( photo : ms setsuko suzuki ) article from a japanese textbook used for the 6th grade under the subject of environmental protection and humans [ translation from the japanese ] title : kushiro - shitsugen ( marshland ) and tanchou ( red - crowned crane ) author : reiko nakamura, secretary general, ramsar center japan tanchou lives only in the eastern part of hokkaido and is a national endangered species. until the mid - 19th century, tanchou could be seen throughout broader areas of hokkaido, but it has rapidly decreased its numbers in the late 19th century due to development. traditionally, japan has transformed marshland into paddy field, forming its unique culture based on rice cultivation. people from the mainland developed hokkaido and successfully raised rice and vegetables despite the cold temperatures. as a result of the humans prosperity, however, tanchou was deprived of habitat, and it was believed that it had become extinct. in 1924, some ten to twenty tanchous were found at kushiro - shitsugen, in eastern hokkaido. people from neighbouring villages tried to feed the tanchous in an effort to increase the endangered waterfowl, but the cautious birds did not accept the food given by the humans. in february 1952, a blizzard attacked the kushiro region, and tanchous almost starved to death. farmers and schoolchildren gave them corn, and tanchous finally accepted to eat the food from the humans. since then, there has been a recognition of the need to save tanchous. people fed them out of their scarce food. the cost of the feed has since been appropriated from the national budget. now, the number of tanchous is counted at more than 600. the places where more than 100 tanchous", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.46020722712426476, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.171873"} {"text": "##chous. people fed them out of their scarce food. the cost of the feed has since been appropriated from the national budget. now, the number of tanchous is counted at more than 600. the places where more than 100 tanchous come to be fed have become protected areas. kushiro - shitsugen was designated as an internationally important site of the ramsar convention in 1980, and the 28th national park in 1987. on the other hand, however, kushiro - shitsugen has reduced its size by 2 / 3. trees are cut down, and water is contaminated. its ecosystems are not capable to host 600 tanchous any longer. under such an environment, tanchous are able to survive because the humans continue to feed them. if the humans stop feeding them, how many tanchous will be able to survive? as the humans are deeply involved in tanchous ' survival, feeding cannot be stopped. by feeding, the humans protect tanchou in the wild. nevertheless, the humans have deprived tanchou of the environment they rely upon. it is like a \" zoo without fences. \" our responsibilities as the humans are to protect the environment where tanchou can survive without human support and to keep working to retrieve the lost marshland area. the textbook ' s article is accompanied by illustrations not shown here, and by an additional page showing the ramsar sites in japan, with photos and a map and explanatory text about the convention. in addition, the students in wakasa shougakkou school spent time with the superb bilingual environment agency of japan 36 - page brochure entitled \" & # @ > ( ^ $ * & # $ % \" in japanese and \" people and wetlands in japan \" in english, which thoroughly surveys japan ' s wetland situation and the legislative and institutional mechanisms for implementing the convention, and describes all of japan ' s ramsar sites in considerable detail. the brochure also describes japan ' s assistance to other countries on a number of ramsar - related issues. students of the wakasa shougakkou school examine page 16 of the people and wetlands in japan brochure ( below ). ( photo : ms setsuuko suzuki )", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4838173785469357, "token_count": 457, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.172844"} {"text": "shaggy dog stories play upon the audience ' s preconceptions of the art of joke telling. the audience listens to the story with certain expectations, which are either simply not met or met in some entirely unexpected manner. one such story is \" the encounter with the horrible monster, \" a shaggy dog story that is told as if it were a horror story. the story is a tale of a horrible monster ( or an escaped lunatic, or an escaped prisoner, or a gorilla ), that pursues a character implacably. after a lengthy exposition describing the pursuit, during which the audience ' s expectations of a horrendous climax are built up, the monster eventually corners his victim, at which point he touches him saying \" tag! you ' re it! shaggy dog story has come to also mean a joke where a pun is finally achieved after a long ( and ideally tedious ) exposition. this is also called a feghoot. the humor in the punch line may be due to the sudden, unexpected recognition of a familiar saying, since the story has nothing to do with the usual context in which the phrase is normally found, yet the listener is surprised to discover it makes sense in both situations. therefore, if the audience is not already familiar with the phrase used in the punch line, or is not aware of the multiple meanings of the words in the phrase, the surprise ending of the joke cannot be recovered by explaining the joke to the audience. an example of this type is the rarie, in which a cute pet grows so large ( described in many stages ) that its owner cannot keep it. he loads the rarie onto a lorry and drives to a cliff, and is about to tip the animal over the brink when it looks out and says \" hey, that ' s a long way to tip a rarie \"... another example is the ' war story ' joke, in which the narrator presents his audience with insurmountable odds, and as the antagonistic forces close in, ends the story. when the audience clamors to know what happened next, the narrator simply responds, \" i died. \" a shaggy dog story may not have a pun at all ; the humor ( if any ) is then derived from the fact that the joke - teller held the attention of the listeners for a long time ( such jokes can take five minutes or more to tell ) for no reason at all ( an anticlimax ). one joke of this type is \" the purple flower. \" in this", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5179734188861991, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.198335"} {"text": "teller held the attention of the listeners for a long time ( such jokes can take five minutes or more to tell ) for no reason at all ( an anticlimax ). one joke of this type is \" the purple flower. \" in this joke, with much detail and narration, a young boy is expelled from his elementary school and abandoned by his parents because he called a girl a \" purple flower. \" he eventually hears of an old woman who can tell him why the term is so offensive ; as he goes to find her, he sees her across the street and runs towards her, getting hit by the bus and dying as he crosses the street. the audience is then told that the moral of the story is that you should look both ways before you cross the street. a more ribald or scatological version is the aristocrats. isaac asimov, whose specialties included both science fiction and humor and who was a self - described \" punster \", wrote a short story called \" shah guido g., \" referring to the story ' s atlantean ruler. the story ends on an anticlimax, and when a reader protested that it was \" nothing but a shaggy dog story, \" asimov pointed out that the title \" shah guido g. \" could also be read as \" shahgui [ i. e. shaggy ] dog, \" indicating this had been his intention. a boy owned a dog that was uncommonly shaggy. many people remarked upon its considerable shagginess. when the boy learned that there are contests for shaggy dogs, he entered his dog. the dog won first prize for shagginess in both the local and the regional competitions. the boy entered the dog in ever - larger contests, until finally he entered it in the world championship for shaggy dogs. when the judges had inspected all of the competing dogs, they remarked about the boy ' s dog : \" he ' s not so shaggy. \" however, authorities disagree as to whether this particular story is the archetype after which the category is named. eric partridge, for example, provides a very different story, as do william and mary morris in the morris dictionary of word and phrase origins. according to partridge and the morrises, the archetypical shaggy dog story involves an advertisement placed in the times announcing a search for a shaggy dog. in the partridge story, an aristocratic family living in park lane is searching for a lost dog, and an american answers the advertisement with a shaggy dog that he has found and personally brought across", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.5352933806601143, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.200494"} {"text": "a report, according to un revealed that the world ' s only global system of carbon trading, which specifically helps developing countries to achieve sustainable development and assists them in complying with their emission reduction targets, is collapsing and needs to be rescued. an expert panel appointed by un warned that the prices of the climate credits is dropping as countries failed to accomplish their future emission reduction commitments, and it would collapse if countries don ' t make any efforts to boost the climate credits market. it will put future flows of finance at risk, until the system adapts to new political and market conditions. the clean development mechanism ( cdm ) was one of the key components in the kyoto protocol ( ipcc, 2007 ), a protocol of united nations framework convention on climate change ( unfccc ). the un - established kyoto protocol follows the basic principle of unfccc, ' common but differentiated responsibility ' and helps 37 industrialized countries to achieve emissions reduction targets. to help developing countries achieve those targets, the protocol introduced three flexible mechanisms - the clean development mechanism ( cdm ), joint implementation ( ji ) and international emissions trading ( iet ). the cdm is one of the most flexible mechanisms defined under the kyoto protocol, which aims to invest in sustainable development projects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in poor or developing countries. it allows countries with emission - reduction commitment to fund projects in developing or poor countries. more than 1, 000 cdm projects have qualified for the carbon credits so far, and billions of dollars have been raised through the system for the projects like solar panels and windfarms. but lack of government guarantees to continue with the kyoto protocol ' s mechanism and spiraling prices of cdm credits has created some serious issues about whether the system will survive. concerns have also been raised related to the weak carbon market and governments are not taking this critical situation seriously, said joan mcnaughton, a former uk civil servant in a statement. cdm has helped countries to cut around one billion tons of greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in huge funds to developing countries over the past decade and if the cdm collapses, it would be much difficult in future to raise funds for the developing and poor countries to cut greenhouse gas emissions, said the panel.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.46918633627195666, "token_count": 449, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.208103"} {"text": "the children ' s hospital of philadelphia follows the largest and most diverse population of children with neurologic, psychiatric and developmental disabilities in the country. in recent years, breathtaking discoveries have improved our understanding of the nervous system, providing an unprecedented opportunity to study the causes of these disorders and to develop new therapies. outstanding clinical and basic scientists partner with the hospital ' s clinical care programs to harness new knowledge for practical applications in children ' s health. the neuroscience affinity group fosters these collaborations to rapidly translate basic research into clinical treatment. the group focuses on four themes : autism / complex neurobehavioral disorders, epilepsy, neuroprotection and stress biology. a troubling number of children have diseases of the nervous system, including epilepsy, stroke, head trauma, autism and attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ). up to 5 percent of children will experience a seizure between 3 months and 5 years of age. although stroke is often associated with the elderly, recent studies show that neonates are also at increased risk of stroke. autism has been estimated to afflict as many as one in 150 children. many genetic disorders, including those that result in altered metabolism, are often accompanied by brain dysfunction. there is evidence to suggest that the incidence of some of these nervous system diseases is increasing, further highlighting the critical need for neuroscience research. neuroscience investigators at children ' s hospital are currently conducting a pediatric stroke program and a multisite study on stroke in children and adolescents. researchers are also examining the changes in neurons that lead to epilepsy and studying novel therapeutic approaches. one goal is to understand how a ketogenic diet - high in fat, low in carbohydrates and protein - reduces seizures. autism research at children ' s hospital is supported by the regional autism center ( rac ), which provides assessment and management for research in children and adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders. neuroscience affinity group members are actively involved with the institutional mental retardation and developmental disabilities research center ( iddrc ), which has been coordinating mental retardation research at children ' s hospital and the university of pennsylvania for over 15 years. the iddrc provides services to more than 90 nih - funded projects, which have an aggregate value of more than $ 22 million. affinity group researchers also collaborate with the center for dynamic imaging and the attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder center. the neuroscience affinity group aims to provide a fertile training ground for the next generation of clinician - scientists", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.5162424344281202, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.214970"} {"text": "our collection of old civil war photos and posters are filled with historic value. photos of old battle scenes, generals, president lincoln, and other civil war related items are brought back to life. you will find illustrated posters recreating the battle scenes of such epic civil war battles like : antietam, bull run, williamsburg, fort wagner, and many more. these old civil war photos have been digitally restored as much as possible. some of these photographs were in bad shape due to being so old and taken from the battlefields. this civil war era photo shows a view of soldiers in front of a slave pen in alexandria, va. building says price birch and co. - dealers in slaves. this old civil war photo dates to between 1861 and 1869. learn more photograph from the main eastern theater of the war, burnside and hooker, november 1862 - april 1863. left to right : capt. w. g. jones, maj. laurence kip, a. d. c., lt. col. joseph h. taylor, a. a. c., gen. sumner, capt. j. m. garland, chief of ambulances, capt. s. s. sumner, a. d. c., unknown, lt. col. w. w. teall. learn more photo shows president abraham lincoln talking with general george b. mcclellan and his officers. photograph from the main eastern theater of the war, battle of antietam, september - october 1862. 1. col. delos b. sacket, i. g. 2. capt. george monteith. 3. lt. col. nelson b. sweitzer. 4. gen. george w. morell. 5. col. alexander s. webb, chief of staff, 5th corps. 6. gen. george b. mcclellan. 7. scout adams. 8. dr. jonathan letterman, army medical director. 9. unknown. 10. president lincoln. 11. gen. henry j. hunt. 12. gen. fitz - john porter. 13. unknown. 14. col. frederick t. locke, a. a. g. 15. gen. andrew a. humphreys. 16. col. george a. batchelder, ordnance officer, 1st div., 5th corps learn more retro snapshots offers thousands of old photos, posters and panoramics. our vintage photos have been digitally restored by professional artists, who painstakingly remove scratches, tears and improve contrast and coloration of all of our", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.39687461793857115, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.231009"} {"text": "( thousands of trucks ) | light trucks ( < 6, 001 lb ) | | 50, 545. 7 | | 62, 798. 4 | | medium trucks ( 6, 001 to 19, 500 lb ) | | 5, 906. 5 | | 6, 737. 1 | | light - heavy trucks ( 19, 501 to 26, 000 lb ) | | 732. 0 | | 729. 3 | | heavy trucks ( > 26, 000 lb ) | | 3, 074. 5 | | 3, 986. 9 | key : lb = pound notes : weight is the empty weight of the vehicle plus the average vehicle load. excludes vehicles owned by federal, state, or local governments ; ambulances ; buses ; motor homes ; farm tractors ; unpowered trailer units ; and trucks reported as sold, junked, or wrecked prior to july 1 of the year preceding the survey. source : u. s. department of transportation, bureau of transportation statistics, national transportation statistics 2002 ( washington, dc : 2002 ), table 1 - 21, also available at http : / / www. bts. gov /, as of april 2003. the original source of these data is the u. s. census brureau ' s vehicle inventory and use survey ( vius ). the truck categories in national transportation statistics and this report differ from those in vius, which has the following categories : light trucks - 10, 000 lbs or less ; medium trucks - 10, 001 lbs - 19, 500 lbs ; light - heavy trucks - 19, 501 lbs - 26, 000 lbs ; and heavy - heavy trucks - 26, 001 lbs or more.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42790169574160714, "token_count": 342, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.235685"} {"text": "it can be safely assumed that databases with a high volume of data or a complicated relational setup ( like, perhaps, a lexical database for a living language ) must be accessible to many users and operators at the same time. ideally, it should be possible to use existing different hardware and software platforms that can be combined into the actual system. in order to reduce the implementation cost, only one system, the database server, needs to be powerful ; the user stations typically just display data and accept user commands, but the processing is done on one machine only which led to the name client - server database. in addition, the user interface should be easy to maintain and should require as little as possible on the client side. a system which meets these criteria can be built around the following items of protocols, concepts and software : supplies the operating system. it is a stable unix implementation providing true multi - user multi - tasking services with full network ( tcp / ip e. a. ) support. except from the actual media and transmission cost, it is available free of charge and comes in form of so - called distributions which usually include everything needed from the basic os to text processing, scripting, software development, interface builders, etc. is the hypertext markup language used to build interfaces to network systems like intranets and the www, the world wide web. html is very simple and can be produced with any ascii - capable text editor. are text - based ( e. g. lynx ) or graphical ( e. g. mosaic, netscape, arena etc. ) applications accepting, evaluating and displaying html documents. they are the only piece of software which is directly operated by the database user. using browsers, it is possible to display various types of data ( text, possibly images ) and communicate with http servers ( see next ) on about every popular computer model for which a browser has been made available. provide access to the area of a host computer where data intended for public use in a network are stored. they understand the http protocol and procure the information the user requests. structured query language is a language for manipulating data in relational databases. it has a very simple grammar and is a standard with wide industry support. sql - based databases have become the core of the classical client / server database concept. there are many famous sql systems available, like oracle, informix etc., and then there is also msql which comes with a very low or even zero price tag if it is used in academical and educational environments.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_cryptography", "similarity_score": 0.5016310659972005, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.460423"} {"text": "the routledge international companion to gifted education edited by tom balchin, barry hymer, dona j. matthews published september 25th 2008 by routledge \u2013 400 pages the routledge international companion to gifted education is a ground - breaking collection of fully - referenced chapters written by many of the most highly - respected authorities on the subject from around the world. these fifty contributors include distinguished scholars who have produced many of the most significant advances to the field over the past few decades, like joseph renzulli and robert sternberg, alongside authorities who ask questions about the very concepts and terminology embodied in the field \u2013 scholars such as carol dweck and guy claxton. this multi - faceted volume : the international aspect of the companion, and its juxtaposition of points of view \u2013 whereby chapters are deliberately positioned and accompanied by editorial commentary to highlight the contrasts with each other \u2013 ensures that different views are addressed, allowing the reader to absorb and reflect upon the many perspectives on each issue. the companion is a guide to the new ideas and controversies that are informing gifted education discussion and policy - making around the world. it is a first class resource to students and researchers alike. foreword by james h. borland authors \u2019 biographies introduction : reflections on the road ahead part i. models, definitions & conceptual challenges 1. brightening up : how children learn to be gifted, guy claxton & sara meadows 2. neural interconnectivity and intellectual creativity : giftedness, savants, and learning styles, john geake 3. making connections : cognition, emotion, and a shifting paradigm, dona j. matthews & christy folsom 4. giftedness : the gift that keeps on giving, dean simonton 5. talent development : dmgt, francoys gagne 6. the nature of creative giftedness and talent, todd lubart, asta georgsdottir & maud besancon 7. the future of the english definition of giftedness, thomas balchin part ii. international perspectives 8. gifted education from the german perspective, kurt heller 9. education practices for gifted learners in france : an overview, pierre vrignaud, denis bonora, & annie dreux 10. high ability education in sweden : the swedish model, ake edfeldt & inger wistedt 11. a proposal for gifted education in reluctant schools : the case of the greek school system, elias matsagouras & evangelia dougali 12. we can still do this, or can we? the russian system of educating and promoting talent in", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5487952922834076, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.477227"} {"text": ". a proposal for gifted education in reluctant schools : the case of the greek school system, elias matsagouras & evangelia dougali 12. we can still do this, or can we? the russian system of educating and promoting talent in mathematics and science, ida jeltova, konstantin lukin & elena l. grigorenko 13. russian strategies for talent development : stimulating comfort and discomfort, victoria s. yurkevich & boris m. davidovich 14. gifted but underachieving : australian indigenous children, graham m. chaffey 15. lay conceptions of giftedness among the chinese people, david w. chan part iii. psychosocial development 16. the ethics of gifted education - what can we learn from medical ethics? annie haight 17. ethical sensitivity and giftedness, kirsi tirri 18. morality and giftedness, joan freeman 19. emotional intelligence : re - examining some preconceptions, maria dolores prieto & mercedes ferrando 20. too long neglected : giftedness in younger children, valsa koshy 21. teaching the able child \u2026 or teaching the child to be able? jan hughes 22. global success and giftedness, carmen cretu 23. a reconsideration of the widely held conviction that gifted students prefer to work alone, lisa r. french & bruce m. shore part iv. theory into practice : differentiation strategies, tools, and approaches 24. a computerized strength assessment and internet - based enrichment program for developing giftedness and talents, joseph renzulli and sally reis 25. acceleration : meeting the academic and social needs of students, nicholas colangelo & susan assouline 26. recognising and fostering creative production, thomas balchin 27. programming for talent development : expanding horizons for gifted education, donald treffinger, carole a. nassab & edwin c. selby 28. special educational needs and dual exceptionality, diane montgomery 29. visual thinking : a gifted boy with asperger syndrome, wieslawa limont 30. challenge and creativity : making the links, helen wilson 31. educating for enquiry : personalising learning through dialogic teaching, robert fisher part v. expanding horizons : supporting gifted development more broadly 32. wisdom, intelligence, creativity, synthesised : a model of giftedness, robert sternberg 33. fostering giftedness in urban and diverse communities : context - sensitive solutions, ian warwick & dona matthews 34. the role of gifted education in promoting cultural diversity,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5488576197262542, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.480657"} {"text": "intelligence, creativity, synthesised : a model of giftedness, robert sternberg 33. fostering giftedness in urban and diverse communities : context - sensitive solutions, ian warwick & dona matthews 34. the role of gifted education in promoting cultural diversity, joyce vantassel - baska 35. developing pupils ' problem - solving and thinking skills, belle wallace 36. creating inclusive and inclusional understandings of gifts and talents through living educational theory research, marie huxtable 37. beyond compare? thoughts towards an inclusional, fluid, and non - normative understanding of giftedness, barry j. hymer 38. self - theories and lessons for giftedness : a reflective conversation, carol s. dweck 39. turning points and future directions in gifted education and talent development, sally m. reis tom balchin is a research fellow and lecturer in gifted education, based in the brunel able children \u2019 s education centre at brunel university, uk. he is also a visiting lecturer at the institute of education, reading university, uk. barry hymer is a visiting fellow at newcastle university ' s centre for teaching and learning in the uk. he is a freelance educator, chartered psychologist, trainer and writer, specialising in the fields of thinking skills, creativity and gifted education. dona matthews is a visiting professor at the ontario institute for studies in education of the university of toronto and, until recently, the director of the center for gifted studies and education at the hunter college, city university of new york, working with the new york city department of education on gifted education policies and practices.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.5401242933363388, "token_count": 322, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.482427"} {"text": "issue number : 93 shiva in his incarnation as ' tripuravajaya ' ( victor of the three cities ), c. 950 - 60. shiva in his incarnation as ' tripuravajaya ' ( victor of the three cities ), c. 950 - 60. shiva in his incarnation as ' tripuravajaya ' ( victor of the three cities ), c. 950 - 60. take the cholan express to tanjore along the kaveri river and you \u2019 ll see why marco polo thought south india the \u2018 most splendid country in the world \u2019. temple towers rear above the forest at every stop like exotic, petrified vegetation as the train rumbles over swirling monsoon - swelled rivers \u2013 some of the 40 streams that spread out in a filigree of water and chocolate - dark alluvium to form the rich rice fields of the delta. this was the foundation of the wealth of the chola empire that dominated the region from the tenth to the thirteenth centuries, and sent armies to sri lanka and the ganges plain, despatching trade missions and planting colonies across the indian ocean to java, bali and the malacca straits, some of which are still there today. famed for their brilliant artistic and cultural achievements, the chola are often compared to the ancient athenians. like the greeks, their culture went back into the deep past \u2013 the earliest surviving tamil nadu literature is pre - christian - \u2013 and in music, dance, poetry and sculpture, they were as inventive and expressive as any civilisation on the planet. and as idiosyncratic : this was an age that created love poetry of almost postmodern awareness, as in this stanza from a hymn to shiva : \u2018 \u2026 on that day when you looked at me, you enslaved me in grace entered me and out of love melted my mind. \u2019 \u2014 manikkavachakar, tiruvachakam, hymn 38 yet the chola also produced bloodthirsty battle eulogies in which gruesome punishments are meted out to defeated foes. a time of blood and flowers, then, evoking strange parallels : feudal japan perhaps, or even the aztecs. bronze casting was one of the arts that the chola raised to unsurpassed levels. the bronzes were made for use as portable images for festival processions, but also as icons for worship in temples. for the devotees, they came to be a channel for bhakti, or as tamils say, anbu \u2013 a word", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.441405982964309, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.500272"} {"text": "the bronzes were made for use as portable images for festival processions, but also as icons for worship in temples. for the devotees, they came to be a channel for bhakti, or as tamils say, anbu \u2013 a word that translates as love or personal devotion to god. this great devotional movement began in early medieval south india, and its poetry is still performed by travelling singers, the oduvars. so we should not see these bronzes just as works of art, but as images for worship and mnemonics of culture. viewing them in a gallery as museum exhibits, it is hard to imagine them in context, amid the sights, sounds and smells of south india. but few experiences are more delightful than to be in a tamil temple by the kaveri river at sunset puja ( ceremony of worship ), with the sound of nadeswaram ( wind instruments ) and drums in the air, the scent of incense, jasmine and ghee, and the glow of bronze in the light of the flame \u2013 a dancing shiva, or a voluptuous bare - breasted bhoga shakti ( shiva \u2019 s consort ) \u2013 the goddess as all - powerful woman. south indian worship is nothing if not sensuous. best of the chola bronzes perhaps are the stunning pieces from the days of rajaraja the great, the builder of the chola empire, who reigned from around 985 to 1018. of the 66 bronzes dedicated to his own great temple in tanjore, only one has survived and is still under worship : a wonderful dancing shiva. but sembiyan mahadevi, rajaraja \u2019 s aunt and one of the greatest chola patrons of the arts, left dozens of masterpieces in many places, including gorgeous works in konerirajapuram, vriddachalam and tiruvalangadu. ( what may be her portrait, incidentally, is to be seen today in the freer gallery of art in washington. ) the finest, many would argue, come from the temple of tiruvengadu deep in the delta, where over 30 ancient bronzes have survived the vagaries of time. some are still in living worship ; others recovered from hoards buried in time of war are now in the magnificent collection in the old thanjavur palace museum in tanjore. they are all swaying lines and lovely curves ; wasp - waisted goddesses, androgynous male divinities with a hint", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4600823513977267, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 1, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.502581"} {"text": "time of war are now in the magnificent collection in the old thanjavur palace museum in tanjore. they are all swaying lines and lovely curves ; wasp - waisted goddesses, androgynous male divinities with a hint of puppy fat above their jewelled waistbands. the bronzes depict ancient themes : god as the dancer, the yogi or beggar and the goddess as virgin, benign wife, or dark mother ; themes still endlessly reinvented today in indian cinema and television. my own favourite is a four - feet - high masterpiece cast in 1011 that shows the god shiva in his archaic role as lord of the animals. but, here, the wild boy of prehistory is a sinuous cowherd with a turban of snakes, legs nonchalantly crossed, left arm provocatively hanging by his hip ; naked but for the skimpiest wrap around his thighs, which serves only to draw attention to his heavenly attributes. there had been nothing like it since the ancient greeks, and \u2013 saving donatello perhaps \u2013 there has been nothing like it since. who were the artists, the sthapathis, who produced these great sculptures? scholars suspect they often worked in families, like the tiruvengadu casters whose work is found over at least five decades. several other distinctive groups have been identified in the kaveri river delta ; maybe others travelled widely to serve wealthy patrons. their successors can still be found today. in the leafy jungle of the kaveri less than 40 miles from tanjore in the village of swamimalai, several families of sthapathis live, hereditary bronze casters who still make temple idols. one of the oldest families, s. devasenapathy and sons, has a workshop near the murugan temple behind an unprepossessing modern shopfront. three brothers now run the business, and they have made images for temples in the us and the uk, as well as all over south asia. one of the brothers brings out a crumbling unbound volume from the 1961 census of india, where a fold - out genealogy traces his ancestry back through seven generations of named craftsmen here in the village. family tradition takes them much further back. the story handed down from their ancestors recounts that they originally came from gingee, one hundred miles to the north, and that they moved to tanjore a thousand years ago when rajaraja gathered craftsmen for his great temple. later, they migrated to darasuram,", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.457580587938457, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 2, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.503642"} {"text": "their ancestors recounts that they originally came from gingee, one hundred miles to the north, and that they moved to tanjore a thousand years ago when rajaraja gathered craftsmen for his great temple. later, they migrated to darasuram, where a sumptuously ornamented royal temple was built in the twelfth century. finally, in the middle ages, they settled in swamimalai, an old centre of bronze - making and bell - casting known for its fine - grained river clay. one of the devasenapathy brothers tells me of the process of making the bronzes. \u2018 we do things exactly as the chola did a thousand years ago, \u2019 he says. \u2018 this means we still use the lost - wax process \u2019. behind the office and the finishing shop is a big, thatched workshop that opens on to gardens at the back. cows wander around nonchalantly as the fire roars ready for the heating of the bronze. here, under a rattan roof are the earth pits where they bury the hot moulds. as we talk, four barefoot workmen gingerly carry in a glowing fired clay mould on a wooden stretcher. he tries to lift a massive, shapeless charred lump of clay out of which, rather like michelangelo \u2019 s giants emerging from their prisons of stone, one can make out the legs and front arm of a dancing shiva, the quintessential tamil image of the divine. it is this conception that rodin thought the most perfect representation of rhythmic movement in all the world \u2019 s art ( ra magazine, autumn 2006 ). as the french sculptor put it, \u2018 above all, there are things that other people do not see : unknown depths, the wellsprings of life. there is grace in elegance ; above grace, there is modelling \u2019. back in the office, mr devasenapathy shows me some finished images, gleaming disconcertingly like chrome on a new car : quite unlike the soft browns, blue - greens and lead greys shading to a kind of gunmetal black, all of which are found in the patinas of old works. nearly twenty years earlier, i had met his father here and asked him who was the best of the chola masters. \u2018 the standard was very high, \u2019 he replied. \u2018 when you think, even today, there must be thousands of ancient bronzes surviving. but the best, i think, were the tiruvengadu sthapathis. they were great artists who had a", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4367653924061883, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 3, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.504751"} {"text": "high, \u2019 he replied. \u2018 when you think, even today, there must be thousands of ancient bronzes surviving. but the best, i think, were the tiruvengadu sthapathis. they were great artists who had a vision that added something to religion. they made the greatest masterpieces. \u2019 what distinguishes bronzes made in the chola period from later versions, and those made today, is their exquisite detail. the chola sthapathis were able to cast the most delicate nuances, such as rings on toes, strands of hair and tightly clasped fingers from the original wax model, giving their bronzes a seamless, organic beauty. today, despite following the same methods of lost - wax bronze casting perfected by the chola, craftsmen are no longer able to cast such fine details, so they are carved into the bronzes at the finishing stage. \u2018 the best sculpture, \u2019 he continues, \u2018 is the half - man, half - woman, ardhanarisvara, now in the chennai government museum. it is a unique image : impossible to copy. we have tried. but even if we could make an exact copy in every detail, it would be inferior. the point is not so much a technical one. though their technical ability was top quality, it went beyond a matter of technique. they attained the spiritual essence of art. \u2019 a great modern tamil scholar described this as the last classical civilisation. it is certainly true that if you want to know what it is like to belong to a traditional civilisation, tamil nadu is the place to come, and the divine chola bronzes, in their making and their meaning, in their living role in festival, poetry and worship, are a crystallisation of the tamil view of the world and their place in it. chola : sacred bronzes of southern india, the sackler wing, royal academy of arts ( 020 7300 8000 ), until 25 feb ; michael wood \u2019 s talk south india : the last classical civilisation, reynolds room, royal academy of arts, 9 feb, 6. 30 \u2013 7. 30pm.", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_gravity", "similarity_score": 0.4159423373335086, "token_count": 434, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 4, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.505612"} {"text": "english civil wars muskets click on each thumbnail image to enlarge. the musket was used by infantry and dragoons. it usually had a barrel four feet long with a diameter that was 12 bore or big enough to tale a lead ball weighing one twelfth of a pound. most muskets used by the infantry were matchlocks. the muskets used by dragoons were usually more expensive flintlocks because of the dangers of riding a horse with burning slowmatch. at the beginning of the 17th century muskets were very heavy and were fired using a rest to support the weight of the barrel. by the english civil wars muskets had become lighter and the rest was rarely used. to load a matchlock musket the burning slowmatch was held in the left hand, which also held the musket at the point of balance. then a small quantity of powder was put in the priming pan and the pan - cover closed. the main charge was then poured down the barrel, followed by a musket ball and some paper wadding. this was then firmly rammed down to the bottom of the barrel with the rammer, or scouring stick as it was sometimes called. to fire the musket one end of the burning match was placed in the jaws of the serpent, the pan was opened and the trigger pulled. this would lower the match into the pan, ignite the priming powder and then the main charge. gunpowder produces large clouds of white smoke and when a lot of guns were firing it was often difficult to see. musketeers made up about two thirds of the infantry and, unlike the pikemen, they wore no armour. the muskets, which cost about 10 / - each, weighed about 7kg and were muzzle loading, which means that the gunpowder and the lead musket ball had to be loaded down the barrel from the muzzle end. the gunpowder was carried in small wooden cylindrical boxes that hung from a bandoleer or crossbelt. one box held enough powder for one shot and there were usually twelve on a bandoleer. during the early years of the seventeenth century many musketeers carried a forked rest to rest the musket on to fire it. by the time of the civil wars had got lighter and the rest was soon abandoned. the musket was fired by using a length of burning slow match. this made it very difficult to use in the rain and night the glow of the match and the rattle of", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_field_theory", "similarity_score": 0.42814749358327375, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.508546"} {"text": "a career in pharmacy are you interested in chemistry and its uses in the treatment of illness and disease? you should consider a career as a pharmacist. pharmacists are responsible for dispensing, preparing and providing advice on the proper use of prescription drugs or over the counter medications. pharmacists advise people including health professionals about medicines ( both prescription and over the counter medicines ), including appropriate selection, dosage and drug interactions, potential side effects and therapeutic effects. what does a pharmacist do? there are six major areas of employment for pharmacists : community pharmacists are involved in dispensing prescriptions, providing advice on drug selection and usage to doctors and other health professionals, and providing education and support to customers on the proper use of medicines. hospital pharmacists operate as part of a health - care team, monitoring medication usage, counselling patients, providing drug information, conducting clinical trials and preparing products for patients use. most hospital pharmacists will visit wards to work with the medical team and help patients manage their medicines, especially when they go home from hospital. industrial pharmacists are involved in clinical trials, research and the development, manufacture, testing, analysis and marketing of pharmaceutical and medical products. they often have to liaise with government bodies to gain approval of their drugs. they also provide clinical information to health professionals and consumers during the marketing phase of the drug. government pharmacists work in the area of regulation and control of pharmaceutical and medical products, at either the state or commonwealth level. academic pharmacists are involved in teaching pharmacy to students and qualified pharmacists. they will also undertake research into drug discovery, drug effects and patient \u2019 s use of medicines. these pharmacists may also provide education to other health professionals on medication such as general practitioners and nurses. accredited pharmacists work with patients in their homes or aged care residences and hostels. they work closely with patients gp ' s, review patients medicines and may recommend changes. where can pharmacists work? pharmacists are employed in private practices, private and public hospitals, research companies, government departments, the defence force and academic institutions. there are management opportunities also available. how much do pharmacists get paid? approximately $ 45, 000 - $ 95, 000 per annum plus depending on the number of hours worked, experience and where they work. can pharmacists specialise? the areas of specialisation for ph", "subdomain_id": "subdomain_quantum_optics", "similarity_score": 0.4063060516687055, "token_count": 512, "source_dataset": "HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu", "source_id": "", "chunk_index": 0, "filtering_threshold": 0.35, "created_at": "2025-12-18T01:38:55.511502"}