ninety - seven percent of all exporters are small business owners, comprising 29 percent of total exports. xlii the most powerful statistic, however, is that 60 to 80 percent of all new jobs come from small businesses. this number fluctuates when some small businesses grow enough to become classified as large businesses, and when new small businesses are created. from 1999 to 2000, small businesses accounted for 75 percent of all new jobs created. by 2010, small businesses account for three quarters of net new jobs in the united states. xliii small businesses have a long history of being this nation ’ s primary job creator, but as outlined above in the history of this nation ’ s economic policy formation, small businesses were not at the forefront in this nation ’ s policy manpower formation. the congressional policy “ … that the government should aid, counsel, assist … the interest of small business concerns in order to preserve competitive enterprise …. ”, in the 1953 small business act carried very little potency as it can be seen in the creation of the labor surplus area program. xliv c. labor surplus areas according to at least one source, the concept of channeling federal procurement contracts into high unemployment areas can be traced back to the early 1950 ’ s. xlv during the korean conflict, there was concern among government officials that high unemployment rates and low utilization of plants and equipment in some areas would lead to erosion of the mobilization base and adversely affect the nation ’ s production capability. xlvi the office of defense mobilization studied this problem and in february 1952 and issued defense manpower policy number 4 ( dmp - 4 ), implementing the idea of directing federal procurement contracts to employers in labor surplus areas. xlvii what are labor surplus areas? labor surplus areas are designated by the united states department of labor as having high unemployment. employers located in these areas can be given preferences in bidding on federal procurement contracts. xlviii the purpose in providing such preferences is to help direct the government ’ s procurement dollars into areas where people are in the most severe economic need. xlix “ success of the national defense program depends upon efficient use of all resources, including the labor force and production facilities, which are preserved through utilizing the skills of both management and labor. a primary aim of federal manpower policy is to encourage full utilization of existing production facilities and workers in preference to creating new plants or moving workers, thus assisting in the maintenance of economic balance and employment stability. when large numbers of new workers move to labor surplus areas, heavy burdens are placed on community facilities,


utilization of existing production facilities and workers in preference to creating new plants or moving workers, thus assisting in the maintenance of economic balance and employment stability. when large numbers of new workers move to labor surplus areas, heavy burdens are placed on community facilities, such as schools, hospitals, housing, transportation, and utilities. on the other hand, when unemployment develops in certain areas, unemployment costs increase the total cost to the government, and plants, tools, and workers ’ skills remain idle and unable to contribute to our national defense program. consequently, the purpose of defense manpower policy no. 4b is to direct attention to the potential of labor surplus areas when awarding appropriate procurement contracts and when locating new plants or facilities. ” l in the early 1950s senator john f. kennedy, in a speech about the high unemployment in his state said, “ the defense manpower policy program for channeling defense contracts into labor surplus areas must be made into a reality, providing employment opportunities for thousands of workers whose skills and productivity will otherwise be wasted and dispersed. ” li a program was designed to provide job opportunities to the unemployed and to provide job training for the under or sub employed. in other words, the federal government was to use the significant size of its economic strength to address some of the nation ’ s most perplexing problems of labor shortages and unemployment. the house small business committee and other house and senate committees of congress held numerous hearings from 1950s through the 1970s on the lsa program ; and while agencies had different horror stories as to why they fell short of the program goals, the end result was that the people the program was designed to serve never received the intended benefits of the program. lii the department of defense ( dod ) with the largest acquisition budget of any federal agency never met its lsa goals because of senator maybank ’ s amendment. this amendment prohibited dod from using federal taxpayer funds to help unemployed americans. liii perhaps however, another shortcoming of the lsa program was its early lack of focus on the utilization of small businesses, and its inherent conceptual flaw which involved attempting to bring the businesses to the urban areas and not the people to the businesses. the flight to suburbia and the fight to integrate was at the door of america and this may have exacerbated the existing flaw ( s ). thus, america lost a tremendous amount of manpower and economic strength because the economic value of the small business community was not acknowledged and the value of a well trained diversified population was not recognized. it was not until the late 1970s that congress began to recognize fully


thus, america lost a tremendous amount of manpower and economic strength because the economic value of the small business community was not acknowledged and the value of a well trained diversified population was not recognized. it was not until the late 1970s that congress began to recognize fully the value of the small business community in job creation and economic development. the lsa program was redesigned to recognize this largest group of business owners in the united states. the small business act was amended by public law 95 - 89 to provide for labor surplus area set - asides for all businesses. after the passage of this law president carter issued a labor surplus executive order, executive order 12073 in 1978. liv the u. s. house small business committee in house report 96 - 125lv called for passage of the small business economic policy act of 1979 that would require congress to establish a national policy to implement and coordinate the polices, programs, and activities of all federal departments, agencies, and instrumentalities in order to provide an economic climate conducive to the development, growth, and expansion of small and medium - sized business. with the enactment of the small business economic policy act of 1979, it remained unfortunate that congress could still not undue the strangle hold of the maybank amendment nor was it inclined to recognize the full value of the small business community to job creation and economic development. today, while the department of labor continues to designate areas as labor surplus, the elements of the early lsa program are now embodied in the new hubzone program of the sba. d. public works and employment act of 1977 this act, like the labor surplus program, was designed to address the nation ’ s high level of unemployment. the public works and employment act of 1977 was based on the premise that efforts by the federal government to stimulate the economic recovery could be substantially enhanced by a program of emergency federal government assistance to state and local governments to help prevent those governments from taking budget - related actions which undermine the federal government efforts to stimulate economic recovery. the significance of this 1977 law was that while the policy focus was on using construction projects to “ prime the economic pump, ” this pump did not include a segment of this nation ’ s population that was experiencing the higher levels of unemployment and more specifically, the efforts of the public works programs failed to incorporate minority small businesses. thus, through the legislative process, congressman parren mitchell was victorious in getting an amendment to the 1977 law that required the use of minority businesses. lvi the u. s. supreme court in fullilove v.


to incorporate minority small businesses. thus, through the legislative process, congressman parren mitchell was victorious in getting an amendment to the 1977 law that required the use of minority businesses. lvi the u. s. supreme court in fullilove v. klutznick, 448 u. s. 448 ( 1980 ) upheld the ability of congress to use its spending authority under the constitution to provide for economic development activities that were specifically designed for small minority businesses. e. hubzone program it is unclear why the hubzone program emerged in the early 1990s as the small business preference acquisition program of choice. unlike the other small business acquisition programs, this one did not focus on race or gender, but more on the location of the company. lvii the purpose of the program, as stated in cfr 13. 126. 100 is to “ … provide federal contract assistance to qualified sbcs ( small business concerns ) located in historically underutilized business zones in an effort to increase employment opportunities, investment, and economic development in such areas. ” lviii if the company was a small business and located in labor areas designated by the department of labor and hud and economically depressed, then the company was eligible to be certified as a hubzone company. once the company completed a formal submission of documents to sba to verify that it was a small business, that its primary office was in the designated area, and that it met the 35 percent employee test, then it would be issued a formal certification number by sba. this certification placed the company in a select group of small businesses that were eligible to bid on federal contracts that were specifically earmarked for hubzone contractors. since its congressional creation in 1997, lix the hubzone program has had at best a warm reception by the acquisition community. lx the law was never adequately tied to the economically depressed communities that it was to serve nor to the source of its funding in the federal acquisition structure. the law required agencies to have a hubzone procurement goal of 5 percent, but by imposing a requirement that the contracts be awarded to companies that may not have any relationship to the place of work of the contract, created unusual alignments that the acquisition community had to readjust too. for example, if the purpose of the hubzone program is to provide economic improvements to impoverished communities, it is a little difficult to believe that a company that is certified in the district of columbia will move its workforce to macon, georgia if the contract is awarded for work in georgia. f. stafford act the declaration


to provide economic improvements to impoverished communities, it is a little difficult to believe that a company that is certified in the district of columbia will move its workforce to macon, georgia if the contract is awarded for work in georgia. f. stafford act the declaration in the 1953 small business act still has its doubters. as late as 2005, the u. s. federal policy makers did not understand the pivotal role small businesses play in the local and regional economy. it was unfortunate that it took a national disaster like hurricane katrina for this nation to understand why small businesses must participate as full economic partners at all levels of government. this lesson was not learned easily. hurricane katrina occurred in 2005 and it took an act of congress, lxi one year later, for the federal policy decision makers to require federal contracts to utilize local small businesses. this action by congress came after a persistent outcry from local small businesses that they were being excluded from helping to rebuild their communities. unfortunately, it took the general services administration yet another year to implement the legislative change. lxii the legislative fix reads : “ in the expenditure of federal funds for debris clearance, distribution of supplies, reconstruction, and other major disaster or emergency assistance activities which may be carried out by contract or agreement with private organizations, firms, or individuals, preference shall be given, to the extent feasible and practicable, to those organizations, firms, and individuals residing or doing business primarily in the area affected by such major disaster or emergency. prior contracts - nothing in this section shall be construed to require any federal agency to breach or renegotiate any contract in effect before the occurrence of a major disaster or emergency. ” sec. 307. use of local firms and individuals ( 42 u. s. c. 5150 ). this prior contracts provision is the germ that prevented some contracts from being awarded to local firms. in general, there is a recognition that it is too late to start the acquisition process for goods and services after a disaster occurs. thus, the general services administration had in place emergency stand - by contractors ready to deliver products and services. these individuals had prior contracts but most if not all of these individuals were not from the local community. many more examples than the ones above exist to enhance the position that while small businesses are the economic backbone of this nation, these stakeholders and their advocates must be ever so vigilant in the pursuit of a level economic playing field. where are we today? g. american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009 in the last two years


the economic backbone of this nation, these stakeholders and their advocates must be ever so vigilant in the pursuit of a level economic playing field. where are we today? g. american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009 in the last two years this nation has been on the brink of a financial disaster unlike any time since the great depression. the thrust has been on getting wall street healthy before main street can prosper again. in this regard, one of the first acts by president obama after he took office was to push for the passage of legislation that would start this nation ’ s economic recovery. on feb. 13, 2009, congress passed the american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009 at the urging of president obama, who signed it into law four days later. lxiii a direct response to the economic crisis, the recovery act has three immediate goals : 1 ) create new jobs and save existing ones ; 2 ) spur economic activity and invest in long - term growth ; and 3 ) foster unprecedented levels of accountability and transparency in government spending. the recovery act intends to achieve those goals by : 1 ) providing $ 288 billion in tax cuts and benefits for millions of working families and businesses ; 2 ) increasing federal funds for education and health care as well as entitlement programs ( such as extending unemployment benefits ) by $ 244 billion ; and 3 ) making $ 275 billion available for federal contracts, grants and loans. the legislation makes it clear that small and disadvantaged businesses are not to be discriminated against in the use of federal funds for the recovery. lxiv moreover, the law refers back to the small business act for utilization and compliance purposes. in fact, the small business administration has been given a challenge to make sure that small businesses are the recipient of government guaranteed loans necessary to keep their businesses running until wall street and main street can regain their financial health. unlike previous national recovery plans, small businesses are required to be a key player in the use of federal funds to “ prime the pump ” through the acquisition of goods and services. since the 1990s, the federal government has had a procurement goal of awarding 23 percent of its contract to small businesses. the federal contracts associated with the american recovery and reinvestment act should be in addition to the annual 23 percent goal, but it is unclear whether this would be the case at this time. it is however clear that, according to some sources, the dollars awarded to small business under the american recovery and reinvestment act exceeds the 23 percent goal. lxv these achievements are not to


whether this would be the case at this time. it is however clear that, according to some sources, the dollars awarded to small business under the american recovery and reinvestment act exceeds the 23 percent goal. lxv these achievements are not to be taken lightly for this may be the first time that small businesses have taken an integral part in a full fledged peace - time economic development action in this nation. this accomplishment also carries with it recognition about the small business community. that is, as this nation sets forth new plans and visions for new frontiers of economic growth and prosperity, the 1953 small businesses act view of a small business may need to be modified to reflect a changing world. for example, the american recovery and reinvestment act, among other developments bring the concept of broadband to america ’ s small business policy agenda. moreover, unlike previous economic eras under presidents roosevelt, truman and eisenhower or kennedy, small businesses are a part of the legislative fabric, as well as the socio - economic one. small and socially economically disadvantaged business status, as defined by section 8 ( a ) of the small business act, determines who participates and receives special consideration. the national telecommunication and industry agency, in making broadband grants, are restricted to this definition in the sba act. the current legal definition of small business does not allow small businesses to compete effectively against giants in the telecom industry. in short, for a small business to participate in this industry it may need to be three times the size of the traditional definition of a small business. the american recovery and reinvestment process is preparing this nation to compete in the new global market and perhaps it is time to recognize that one size does not fit all small businesses. this recognition may require some federal policy makers to overcome their antiquated notion that this nation ’ s small businesses are only mom and pop stores. what are the recommendations for going forward? in summary, these programs, a few among many, have energized to some degree the u. s. economy, and various areas of interest. judging from the growth of the small business sector, it is natural to argue that we have seen progress, economic progress. yet much remains to be done, judging by the various studies that have been done to document disparities, and areas of consistent economic draught. economic growth, though hampered a bit as of late, has been exemplary in the u. s., fueled by impressive productivity and technology. the programs discussed in this paper try to reduce the distance between the two parallel roads followed by the economy


draught. economic growth, though hampered a bit as of late, has been exemplary in the u. s., fueled by impressive productivity and technology. the programs discussed in this paper try to reduce the distance between the two parallel roads followed by the economy and the country ’ s depressed sectors. the latest evidence points out that it has increased. 4. recommendations and conclusion 1. the achievements under the american recovery and reinvestment act did not come about because of a natural evolution recognizing the importance of small businesses. they came about after nearly 60 years since the enactment of the 1953 small business act, small business stakeholders and policy makers have gained a voice in the economic decision making process. there are more than 29 million small business owners in the united states who want their fair share of the economic pie. policymakers must now begin to tailor small business programs and definitions to the specific characteristics of the industries. the above example of the telecommunication industry and the expanding use of broadband technology is an excellent example of what needs to be fixed. 2. while not discussed in this paper, financial tools for federal small business contractors must be redesigned by the government and private sector to reflect the need of the stakeholder. for example, some of the complaints of federal small business contractors regarding their inability to get contracts under the american recovery and reinvestment act center on the fact that while sba was promoting 7 ( a ) loans, many banks were not equipped to make asset - based loans, which would be more beneficial to many federal contractors, especially disadvantaged businesses. lxvi as the new economic frontier moves forward, new and more appropriate financial tools must also move with this progress. 3. the government ’ s use of federal acquisition dollars to promote economic development should not be limited by restrictions of underdevelopment, instead, a full regional economic plan should include assistance to the unemployed areas of the particular region. nor should there be restrictions on the movement of people in or out of the affected area. clearly as seen under the cluster economic development approach, people and contractors will follow a natural alignment. these federal procurement vehicles represent some of the structures used by federal policymakers to “ prime this nation ’ s economic pump. ” some of these vehicles were modified later to include small businesses ; and some other vehicles, while focusing on small businesses, did not provide a systematic and coherent approach for the assimilation of small in this nation ’ s economic recovery and development. if the united states is to continue to grow and expand, and if innovation is at the heart of this new horizon, then small businesses


did not provide a systematic and coherent approach for the assimilation of small in this nation ’ s economic recovery and development. if the united states is to continue to grow and expand, and if innovation is at the heart of this new horizon, then small businesses that are more innovative, in a head to head competition with large businesses, must be given the mantle to lead our nation to its next level of prosperity. the alternative will only be an additional data point to the shakespearian insight, that the past is prologue. * both authors works for the office of advocacy of the u. s. small business administration. major l. clark, iii, j. d., is the assistant chief counsel specializing in acquisition policy and radwan n. saade, ph. d., is a regulatory economist. the statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations found in this study are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the office of advocacy, the u. s. small business administration, or the u. s. government. it is our intent to discuss post korean war to present legislative and economic development actions ; it is however prudent to start before the end of the korean war to set up the framework for appropriate analysis. i www. valleycountyeconomicdevelopment. com, page 1, also see ahmad amirazodi, american economic development council - economic development in today ’ s economic toolbox publication from aedc, 1998. ii id., page 6. iii drabenstott, 2005, page 71. iv glasmeier amy and farrigan, l. tracy, economic development administration legislative history, poverty in america, pennstate university, 2006, http : / / www. povertyinamerica. psu. edu / products / publications / eda _ legislativ.... v kremen, r. gladys, manpower development and training act of 1962, www. dol. gov / oasam / programs / history / mono - mdtatext. htm, page 2. vii see note 4, page 1 xii a history and accomplishments of the permanent select committee on small business, 1941 - 1972, page xii. xiii id., page xiii. xv id. page xiv. xvii see note 13. xviii see note 4, page 8. xix see note 4, page 2 xx bruno, 1980, page2. xxi see note 4, page 8. xxii u. s. congress


page xiv. xvii see note 13. xviii see note 4, page 8. xix see note 4, page 2 xx bruno, 1980, page2. xxi see note 4, page 8. xxii u. s. congress, senate, congressional record, 79th congress, 1st session, september 24, 1945, 91, part 7 : 8917. see also note 4. xxiii see note 4, page 3. xxiv s. 1385, a bill to provide for aid in industrialization of underdeveloped areas, 79th congress, 1st session. u. s. congress, senate, subcommittee on domestic commerce, hearings on s. 1385, may 3, 6, 7, 1946, p. 14. see also note 4. xxv see note 4, page 3. xxvi the economic report of the president, january 14, 1948, p. 58. see also note 4. xxvii see note 5. xxviii u. s. congress, senate, special committee on postwar economic policy and planning, post - war economic policy and planning : report pursuant to s. res. 102, 78th congress, 2nd session, s. report 539, part 4, 1944, pp. 7 - 8. see also note 4, page 4. xxix see note 4, page 4. xxx the economic report of the president, january 20, 1955, pp. 59 - 61. xxxi see note 4, page 4. xxxii u. s. congress, senate, subcommittee to investigate unemployment, causes of unemployment in the coal and other specified industries, july 14, 1955, senate report 2042, p. 2. see also note 4. xxxiii see note 4, page 13. xxxiv rosenfeld ross and rosenfeld seth, small business act ( 1953 ) : major acts of congress. http : / / www. enotes. com / major - acts - congress / small - business - act. see also note 4, page 15 for a discussion of president johnson ’ s decision to merge dol and the department of commerce. xxxv carson, dean, ed., the vital majority : small business in the american economy, 1971, page 13. xxxvi history and accomplishments of the permanent select committee on small business, u. s. house of representative, 1941 - 1972, page 40 - 42. xxxvii see note 34. xxxix office of advocacy, small business administration, frequently asked


history and accomplishments of the permanent select committee on small business, u. s. house of representative, 1941 - 1972, page 40 - 42. xxxvii see note 34. xxxix office of advocacy, small business administration, frequently asked questions, http : / / web. sba. gov / faqs / faqindex. cfm? areaid = 24. xl id. data located at www. sba. gov \ advo \ research \ data. html. xli see note 29. xlii id., also, ” [ small businesses ] made up 97. 3 percent of all identified exporters and produced 30. 2 percent of the known export value in fy 2007. ” xliv see note 34. xlv labor surplus areas, http : / / lmi. ides. state. il. us / surplus. htm. xlvi u. s. department of labor, area trends in employment and unemployment, eligible labor surplus areas for bidding on federal contracts, may 1991. l title 44 : emergency management and assistance, http : / / ecfr. gpoaccess. gov. li remarks of senator john f. kennedy before massachusetts state federation of labor convention, august 4, 1954. http : / / www. jfklibrary. org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / s... lii selected readings in employment and manpower, united states senate committee on labor and public welfare, 1964. labor surplus area procurement and subcontracting to small business, select committee on small business, 1978. also from personal interview with thomas trimboli, former legal counsel for the house small business committee, and currently gc for the college of charleston sc. liii the labor surplus area award program, however, became the subject of controversy in congress, resulting in the enactment of the maybank amendment in the 1954 defense appropriation act, public law 179, section 644, aug. 1, 1953, 67 stat. 336, and in succeeding dod appropriation acts. the maybank amendment provides that " no funds herein appropriated shall be used for the payment of a price differential on contracts hereafter made for the purpose of relieving economic dislocations. liv executive order 12073, www. archives. gov / federal - register / codification / executive - order / 12073. html. lv see legislative history for public law 96 - 302, july 2, 1980. lvi public works employment


order 12073, www. archives. gov / federal - register / codification / executive - order / 12073. html. lv see legislative history for public law 96 - 302, july 2, 1980. lvi public works employment act of 1977, pub. l. no. 95 - 28, 91 stat. 116. lvii opinions gathered from calls received from stakeholders of the office of advocacy ( federal contractors ), and from public participation in the 2009 mbda capital formation conference. lviii code of federal regulations cfr 13. 126. 100, www. gpoaccess. gov / cfr /. lix small business reauthorization act of 1997, http : / / frwebgate. access. gpo. gov / cgi - bin / getdoc. cgi? dbname = 105 _ cong _ publi.... lx for a thorough review of the hubzone program, see beale henry, the hubzone program report, research funded by the office of advocacy, sba, sbahq - 06 - m - 0486, may 2008, http : / / www. sba. gov / advo / research / rs325tot. pdf lxi h. r. 4979 : local community recovery act of 2006, h. r. 4979 [ 109th ] : local community recovery act of 2006 ( govtrack. us ). lxii department of defense, general services administration, national aeronautics and space administration, 48 cfr parts 5, 6, 12, 18, 26, and 52, http : / / edocket. access. gpo. gov / 2008 / e8 - 21387. htm lxiii the american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009, http : / / frwebgate. access. gpo. gov / cgi - bin / getdoc. cgi? dbname = 111 _ cong _ bills.... lxiv updated implementing guidance for the american recovery act of 2009, page 54, www. whitehouse. gov / omb / memoranda _ default /. lxv see u. s. small business administration, recovery report card ( feb 2010 ), http : / / www. sba. gov / idc / groups / public / documents / sba _ homepage / recov _ perfor... also for the administrators testimony, http : / / www. sba


), http : / / www. sba. gov / idc / groups / public / documents / sba _ homepage / recov _ perfor... also for the administrators testimony, http : / / www. sba. gov / idc / groups / public / documents / sba _ homepage / mills _ recove... and an article by matthew weigelt ( oct 6, 2009 ), government breaks small - business goals with stimulus funds, http : / / fcw. com / articles / 2009 / 10 / 06 / small - business - contract - awards - recove.... “ the american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009. ” ( 2009 ). [ online ]. available at http : / / frwebgate. access. gpo. gov / cgi - bin / getdoc. cgi? dbname = 111 _ cong _ bills... beale, h. ( 2008, may ). “ the hubzone program report. ” research funded by the office of advocacy, sba, sbahq - 06 - m - 0486, may 2008, available at http : / / www. sba. gov / advo / research / rs325tot. pdf bruno, a. lee ( 1980 ), l. m. wright, jr. rural job creation. carson, dean, ed. ( 1971 ), the vital majority : small business in the american economy. chase, g. anthony ( 1973 ), “ federal support of the vital majority : the development of the u. s. small business administration. ” code of federal regulations cfr 13. 126. 100, available at www. gpoaccess. gov / cfr /. congressional quarterly weekly report ( cq, inc., washington dc ), no. 19, week ending may 6, 1960 and no. 20, week ending may 13, 1960. congressional quarterly weekly reports ( cq inc., washington dc ) no. 7, week ending feb 12, 1965 and no. 10, week ending march 5, 1965. department of defense, general services administration, national aeronautics and space administration, 48 cfr parts 5, 6, 12, 18, 26, and 52, available at http : / / edocket. access. gpo. gov / 2008 / e8 - 21387. htm dillon, h. conley ( 1964 ), “ the area redevelopment administration : new patterns in developmental administration


, available at http : / / edocket. access. gpo. gov / 2008 / e8 - 21387. htm dillon, h. conley ( 1964 ), “ the area redevelopment administration : new patterns in developmental administration. ” university of maryland, md : bureau of governmental research, college of business and public administration. drabenstott, mark ( 2006 ), “ rethinking federal policy for regional development, ” center for the study of rural america, federal reserve bank of kansas city, available at http : / / www. kc. frb. org / publicat / econrev / pdf / 1q06drab. pdf. drabenstott, mark ( 2005 ), “ a review of the federal role in regional economic development, ” center for the study of rural america, federal reserve bank of kansas city. far part 19. 103, available at www. acquisition. gov \ far. executive order 12073, available at www. archives. gov / federal - register / codification / executive - order / 12073. html glasmeier amy and farrigan, l. tracy ( 2006 ), “ economic development administration legislative history, ” poverty in america, penn state university, available at http : / / www. povertyinamerica. psu. edu / products / publications / eda _ legislativ.... history and accomplishments of the permanent select committee on small business, u. s. house of representative, 1941 - 1972. h. r. 4979 : local community recovery act of 2006, h. r. 4979 [ 109th ] : local community recovery act of 2006 ( govtrack. us ) labor surplus areas, available at http : / / lmi. ides. state. il. us / surplus. htm. kremen, r. gladys, manpower development and training act of 1962, available at www. dol. gov / oasam / programs / history / mono - mdtatext. htm. levitan, a. sar ( 1964 ), federal aid to depressed areas : an evaluation of the area redevelopment administration. baltimore, md : johns hopkins. martin, h. curtis and leone, a. robert ( 1977 ), local economic development. lexington, ma : lexington books. mills, g. karen, reynolds b. elisabeth, and reamer andrew ( 2008 ), clusters and competitiveness : a new federal role for stimulating


, a. robert ( 1977 ), local economic development. lexington, ma : lexington books. mills, g. karen, reynolds b. elisabeth, and reamer andrew ( 2008 ), clusters and competitiveness : a new federal role for stimulating regional economies, 2008, available at http : / / www. brookings. edu / reports / 2008 / 04 _ competitiveness _ mills. aspx maybank amendment in the 1954 defense appropriation act, public law 179, aug. 1, 1953, 67 stat. 336, and in succeeding dod appropriation acts. the maybank amendment provides that " no funds herein appropriated shall be used for the payment of a price differential on contracts hereafter made for the purpose of relieving economic dislocations. " available at http : / / www. marines. mil / news / publications / documents / dcg % 20vol % 2057 % 20oct %.... office of advocacy, small business administration, frequently asked questions, available at http : / / web. sba. gov / faqs / faqindex. cfm? areaid = 24. public works employment act of 1977, pub. l. no. 95 - 28, 91 stat. remarks of senator john f. kennedy before massachusetts state federation of labor convention, august 4, 1954. available at http : / / www. jfklibrary. org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / s... rosenfeld ross and rosenfeld seth, small business act ( 1953 ) : major acts of congress, 2004. enotes. com. 2006. 1 mar, 2010, page 1, available at http : / / www. enotes. com / major - acts - congress / small - business - act. s. 1385, a bill to provide for aid in industrialization of underdeveloped areas, 79th congress, 1st session. u. s. congress, senate, subcommittee on domestic commerce, hearings on s. 1385, may 3, 6, 7, 1946. selected readings in employment and manpower, united states senate committee on labor and public welfare, 1964. labor surplus area procurement and subcontracting to small business, select committee on small business, 1978. also from personal interview with thomas trimboli, former legal counsel for the house small business committee, and currently gc for the college of charleston sc. small business reauthorization act of 1997, available at http


on small business, 1978. also from personal interview with thomas trimboli, former legal counsel for the house small business committee, and currently gc for the college of charleston sc. small business reauthorization act of 1997, available at http : / / frwebgate. access. gpo. gov / cgi - bin / getdoc. cgi? dbname = 105 _ cong _ publi.... the economic report of the president, january 14, 1948 ( u. s. government printing office, washington dc ). the economic report of the president, january 20, 1955 ( u. s. government printing office, washington dc ). title 44 : emergency management and assistance, available at hhtp : / / ecfr. gpoaccess. gov. updated implementing guidance for the american recovery act of 2009. u. s. congress, congressional record, 74th congress, 1st session, january 24, 1935, 79, part 1 : 866. and executive order no. 6777, june 20, 1934. u. s. congress, senate, congressional record, 79th congress, 1st session, september 24, 1945, 91, part 7 : 8917. u. s. congress, senate, special committee on postwar economic policy and planning, post - war economic policy and planning : report pursuant to s. res. 102, 78th congress, 2nd session, s. report 539, part 4, 1944. u. s. department of labor, area trends in employment and unemployment, eligible labor surplus areas for bidding on federal contracts, may 1991. u. s. department of labor, mdta : the origins of the manpower development and training act of 1962 http : / / www. dol. gov / oasam / programs / history / mono - mdtatext. htm. u. s. congress, senate, special committee on postwar economic policy and planning, post - war economic policy and planning : report pursuant to s. res. 102, 78th congress, 2nd session, s. report 539, part 4, 1944. u. s. congress, senate, subcommittee to investigate unemployment, causes of unemployment in the coal and other specified industries, july 14, 1955, senate report 2042. u. s. congress, joint economic committee, joint economic report, 1955. u. s. congress, senate, subcommittee on labor of committee and public welfare, hearings, area assistance act of 1956, 84th congress, 2nd session


2042. u. s. congress, joint economic committee, joint economic report, 1955. u. s. congress, senate, subcommittee on labor of committee and public welfare, hearings, area assistance act of 1956, 84th congress, 2nd session, 1956. u. s. congress, house, committee on banking and currency, hearings, area assistance act of 1956, 84th congress, 2nd session, 1956. u. s. congress, senate, subcommittee on banking and currency, hearings, area redevelopment act, 85th congress, 1st session, 1957. u. s. department of labor, area trends in employment and unemployment, eligible labor surplus areas for bidding on federal contracts, may 1991. u. s. small business administration, recovery report card ( feb 2010 ), available at http : / / www. sba. gov / idc / groups / public / documents / sba _ homepage / recov _ perfor... valley county economic development, what is economic development? available at www. valleycountyeconomicdevelopment. com / pages / what _ is _ econ. htm see also ahmad amizarodi, american economic development council. wallace, a. henry ( 1945 ), sixty million jobs. new york : simon & schuster. weigelt, matthew ( oct 6, 2009 ), government breaks small - business goals with stimulus funds, available at http : / / fcw. com / articles / 2009 / 10 / 06 / small - business - contract - awards - recove...


hugs and kisses — picture books for valentine ' s day - grades : prek – k, 1 – 2 valentine ’ s day, the perfect antidote to a dark and dreary winter. there ’ s nothing like seeing bright red valentine mailboxes lining the classroom. what a super, authentic activity for children to participate in. armed with their valentines and a list of their classmates ’ names, children practice their writing, anticipating the payoff of delivering their cards. what better way to spread the love than with some quality picture books? valentine ' s day read - alouds written and illustrated by patrick mcdonnell i ’ m always amazed at how patrick mcdonnell can impart so much emotion with a quick line from his pen. hug time follows the travels of jules the kitten as he sets out into the world to spread hugs. it ’ s a simple and sweet tale. the word embrace appears toward the book ’ s end ; combined with words like wallaby, gnu, and docked, this book introduces some great new vocabulary. try out my hug time vocabulary skill sheet to help students solidify their learning. written by trudi strain trueit written by trudi strain trueit, this title is from the informative rookie reader series put out by scholastic. the thing i like about this series is that they ’ re filled with colorful visuals and informative text that adults enjoy as much as children. here ’ s an interesting fact : valentine ’ s day can be traced to a priest in rome, italy, almost two millennia ago. ( you may want to skip the page on saint valentine being put to death, but it ’ s definitely a book worth having on your teacher bookshelf. ) written and illustrated by rosemary wells who can resist a book by ruby and max creator rosemary wells? in her latest book, a little bunny sees his mom and dad off to work, and is surrounded by love as his parents describe how they think of him throughout their day. my students were charmed by the foil stamping used to create the love waves. peter rabbit : friends forever written by beatrix potter combine peter rabbit with a simple, repetitive text and you have a crowd pleaser for the early childhood set. the “ friends are for... ” repetition lends itself to some interactive reading. children will enjoy following up with a rewrite of the story, based on their concept of friendship. the end features a die cut card that lends itself to a discussion of the meaning of “ xoxo. ” adapted by cedella marley


children will enjoy following up with a rewrite of the story, based on their concept of friendship. the end features a die cut card that lends itself to a discussion of the meaning of “ xoxo. ” adapted by cedella marley illustrated by vanessa brantley - newton “ one love, one heart, let ’ s get together and feel all right! ” it ’ s hard to resist a book that brings a tune to mind. based on bob marley ’ s song, one love is filled with fresh drawings of a community working together to clean up and create a park. i ’ ll be tempted to pull this back out again for earth day. try out my love writing prompt for some extra writing and illustrating practice. what every kindergarten teacher needs to know about setting up and running a classroom written by margaret berry wilson northeast foundation for children when i first began teaching, i can remember surrounding myself with “ how to ” books, as well as curriculum guides and units. it was not easy to find good ones. now the northeast foundation for children ’ s margaret berry wilson has come to the table with a “ responsive classroom ” take on how to set up and run a kindergarten classroom. she includes sections on interactive modeling of greetings, teach lunchtime behaviors, set expectations for parents, read - aloud routines, and keys to successful interactive modeling. she ’ s done a super job of laying the book out in an easy - to - read format and packing it with useful information that you can immediately employ in the classroom. you don ’ t have to be a new teacher to learn from this book. great job, margaret berry wilson! valentine ' s day activity valentine ’ s day is such an opportunity for children to have fun experiences writing. whether they ’ re receiving a card from a loved one or writing valentines for classmates, the joy of reading and writing is ever - present. an activity i like to introduce to my students is sending valentines to those in need. whether that be a veterans group, local shut - ins, the hospital, or a nursing home, students gain a lot by learning how a little act of kindness can make a big difference. this year my students created heart mobiles. the small 3 - d hearts at the top are made with our leftover eric carle paper. we took three hearts and glued them back to back with the yarn in the center. the large heart simply has the word love written on both sides. after years of having my kids struggle with writing out “ happy valentine ’ s day, ”


earth sciences and ecology question # 1437 christobell bison, a 19 year old male from sudbury asks on may 11, 2003, q : can ozone be created? and if so, is it possible to patch up the earth ' s protective layer of ozone with it? viewed 13451 times yes it can be created, pretty easily. it is commonly created around photocopiers because inside photocopiers there is a stage that gives out a bit of ozone. anyway, the amounts required to patch the ozone layer are so great that it would be impossible for mere humans to create the amount needed. this would be like asking, " can we fill the oceans with water. " not really. it ' s too big a job. better to simply stop destroying the ozone layer, and let nature create new ozone naturally. yes, ozone can be created. there are two principal methods : 1. low - pressure mercury uv lamps with an ultrapure quartz sleeve emit uv at 185 nm, which is absorbed by oxygen ( o2 ) in the air, causing it to dissociate into oxygen atoms. an oxygen atom then adds to an o2 molecule to make ozone ( o3 ). 2. electric discharge in very dry air or pure oxygen generates ozone. this is why the air smells so " fresh " after a thunderstorm. the electric discharge in lightning dissociates o2 and generates some ozone. unfortunately, neither of these methods is practical to generate the very large amounts of ozone that would be required to make up for the losses that have occurred in the ozone layer in the stratosphere. making a small donation to science. ca.


july 8, 2007 researchers at unsw believe that blood may hold vital insights into what is happening in the brain of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome ( cfs ). in a study unparalleled in its scope, a team led by unsw professor andrew lloyd of the centre for infection and inflammation research, has studied the differences in gene expression patterns in the blood of people who either recover promptly after acute glandular fever or develop the prolonged illness called post - infective syndrome. the researchers examined six million pieces of gene expression information for analysis in the project, known as the dubbo infection outcomes study. the study is named after the nsw town in which the work was conducted. the team studied the expression of 30, 000 genes in the blood, testing each of the 15 individuals between four and five times over a 12 - month period. the team was able to narrow its findings to the expression of just 35 genes whose pattern of expression correlated closely with the key symptoms of the illness when examined from onset through to recovery. gene expression is significant because it is the process by which a gene ’ s dna sequence is converted into the proteins which ultimately determine the manifestations of disease. since 1999, the team has been tracking the long - term health of individuals infected with ross river virus ( rrv ), q fever infection and epstein - barr virus, which causes glandular fever. “ these genes might point to the nature of the disease process that underlies cfs, which is currently unknown, ” said professor lloyd, who is based in the school of medical sciences at unsw. “ none of them are ones that i would have predicted, except for those relating to neurotransmitters, ” he concedes. “ some of them relate to transport of zinc and other metal ions within the cell, which may suggest a fundamental disturbance in cellular function. ” the researchers now hope to narrow the focus of research onto the expression of these 35 genes in the blood of a much larger group of subjects from the dubbo infection outcomes study, with varied patterns of illness and recovery. “ there are very few complex diseases which have been comprehensively analysed, with large scale and longitudinal studies, like this, ” said professor lloyd. “ it sets a standard for highly sophisticated, comprehensive gene expression studies in the blood of all sorts of human diseases from rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis through to schizophrenia. ” the research paper has been published in the journal of infectious diseases. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note :


sep. 11, 2009 fears about the cancer causing effects of the second most prescribed group of drugs in the western world have been put to rest, following the largest ever study into their use. ' proton pump inhibitors ' ( ppi ) are the most commonly used treatment for chronic acid reflux, or ' heartburn ', a painful burning sensation in the chest, neck and throat which is experienced by almost a third of people in developed countries. regular and prolonged heartburn is known to cause ' benign oesophagitis ', a reversible inflammation of the gullet. however if left untreated a condition called barrett ' s oesophagus ( be ) occurs in around 10 per cent of sufferers, which can in turn develop into a potentially fatal cancer called oesophageal adenocarcinoma. be is twice as common in the uk as it is in the usa, and oesophageal cancer rates in the uk are the highest in the world ; up to four times more common than in other european countries. despite their excellent safety record, it was unclear if long - term use of ppis to reduce the discomfort of heartburn could increase the risk of developing either be or the spread of the associated cancer. new research carried out at queen mary, university of london and leicester royal infirmary, has given the most conclusive evidence yet that this is not the case. the work is published in the peer reviewed journal gut. professor janusz jankowski, who co - authored the study, said : " this is one of the most detailed studies investigating both the laboratory and clinical side of proton pump inhibitor drugs. as a consequence we are now better able to inform patients of the good benefit / risk ratio of this commonly prescribed therapy. " tests carried out during the two - year study looked at tissue sampled from the oesophagus lining of ninety volunteers, each of whom were given ppi drugs at either a high or low dosage. researchers found there was no difference in the rate at which be developed, neither was there a change in the number of precancerous cells in either group. while there had also been fears about how the treatments might affect people already suffering from be, the study also showed that there was no evidence that this led to any worsening of the condition or any extra incidences of cancer. be is marked by changes in the cells of the oesophagus lining ( squamous epithelium ) that makes them more like the


evidence that this led to any worsening of the condition or any extra incidences of cancer. be is marked by changes in the cells of the oesophagus lining ( squamous epithelium ) that makes them more like the cells of the intestines ( columnar epithelium ). as well as increasing the risk of oesophageal cancer, the condition narrows the oesophagus and patients can experience pain whilst swallowing. the chance of cancer developing is proportional to the length of be. ppis work by blocking the action of gastrin, a hormone that controls acid levels in the stomach, and is known to increase the normal movement of cells in the gastro - intestinal tract. since ppi therapy increases the levels of gastrin in the body, it had been thought this could cause expansion of be affected tissue, but this was not found to be the case : the scientists observed neither expansion or contraction of the abnormal tissue. this is concordant with current uk practice, where ppi therapy is currently only licensed to treat heartburn and ' oesophagitis ' but not be. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.


june 10, 2011 when nasa ' s mars exploration rover opportunity reaches the rim of a large crater it is approaching, its arrival will come with an inspiring reminder. this crater, endeavour, became the rover ' s long - term destination nearly three years ago. opportunity has driven about 11 miles ( 18 kilometers ) since climbing out of victoria crater in august 2008, with endeavour crater beckoning to the southeast. the rover has about 2 miles ( about 3 kilometers ) to go before reaching the rim of endeavour. rover team members last week selected " spirit point " as the informal name for the site on the rim where opportunity will arrive at endeavour crater. the choice commemorates opportunity ' s rover twin, spirit, which has ended communication and finished its mission. " spirit achieved far more than we ever could have hoped when we designed her, " said steve squyres of cornell university, ithaca, n. y., principal investigator for the rovers. " this name will be a reminder that we need to keep pushing as hard as we can to make new discoveries with opportunity. the exploration of spirit point is the next major goal for us to strive for. " endeavour offers the setting for plenty of productive work by opportunity. the crater is 14 miles ( 22 kilometers ) in diameter - - more than 20 times wider than victoria crater, which opportunity examined for two years. orbital observations indicate that the ridges along its western rim expose rock outcrops older than any opportunity has seen so far. spirit point is at the southern tip of one of those ridges, " cape york, " on the western side of endeavour. opportunity and spirit completed their three - month prime missions on mars in april 2004. both rovers continued for years of bonus, extended missions. both have made important discoveries about wet environments on ancient mars that may have been favorable for supporting microbial life. nasa ' s jet propulsion laboratory, a division of the california institute of technology in pasadena, manages the mars exploration rover project for the nasa science mission directorate, washington. more information about the rovers is online at : http : / / www. nasa. gov / rovers. other social bookmarking and sharing tools : note : materials may be edited for content and length. for further information, please contact the source cited above. note : if no author is given, the source is cited instead.


glenn waller ' s 100 acres of soybeans in washington county, georgia, are the highest yielding in the state. but the " mr. efficiency " award winner is worried about rust. soybean farmers in the southeast survived a bout with the crop - destroying fungus in 2005 by using pesticides to halt its spread. but waller remains worried about a rust resurgence. " i ' m afraid we ' re going to kind of put it on the back burner and it ' s going to jump back up and get us, ” he said. waller, who has farmed for 51 years, increasingly has turned to fungicides to ward off pests and increase his crop yields. farmers around the country are doing the same, causing an unprecedented surge in fungicide use. but as widespread contamination of waterways near these farms emerges, experts warn that there is inadequate environmental monitoring and information on the chemicals ' safety. " it ' s concerning, " said jason belden, an environmental toxicologist at oklahoma state university. " we have limited toxicological data for a lot of these compounds. " fungicides are contaminating the majority of water bodies tested in states where there is heavy use, such as in maine, idaho and wisconsin. some are known to be highly toxic to aquatic creatures, but little is known about whether they are actually harming frogs or other animals in the environment. the potential threats to people are unknown, with new research on lab mice linking them to obesity. farmers have historically sprayed fungicides to stop disease. but over the past decade, in an effort to squeeze extra bushels from their crops, they have been spraying more kinds of fungicides on more acres. wheat, corn, soybeans, citrus and cotton are among the crops that often are sprayed. the fungicide explosion prompted kathryn kuivila, an environmental organic chemist with the u. s. geological survey, to see if fungicides were escaping farms and winding up in nearby streams. in a 2012 study of 33 fungicides used on potatoes, kuivila ' s lab found that 75 percent of surface waters tested and 58 percent of ground water samples were contaminated with traces of at least one fungicide. a fungicide called boscalid – used on a variety of crops from food to turf grass – was the most common, found in 72 percent of water samples. the team tested 24 bodies of ground water and shallow water in maine, idaho and wisconsin ; the scientists noted that the results may vary nationwide. the fungicides were found


turf grass – was the most common, found in 72 percent of water samples. the team tested 24 bodies of ground water and shallow water in maine, idaho and wisconsin ; the scientists noted that the results may vary nationwide. the fungicides were found below levels that would kill creatures at the bottom of the food web, such as zooplankton and amphipods, the authors said. but belden said that doesn ' t mean there ' s no threat. fungicides degrade rapidly so monthly testing in water might not " see all the pulses " of fungicides application, he said. more work is needed to get a better idea of how much aquatic creatures are exposed. " is it a red alert that these things should be banned? i don ' t think so, " belden said. " is it an alert that we need to do a lot more research relatively quickly to figure out what ' s going on? i do think that. " there is little information from manufacturers on how much is applied to crops. but all signs suggest that fungicides are now in vogue. spraying of soybean crops quadrupled between 2002 and 2006 in an effort to fight asian soybean rust, according to the latest data available from the u. s. department of agriculture. rust is a windblown disease that attacks soybean leaves, causing lesions and eventually killing the plant.


grow your own collection of feared and famous meat - eating plants! this deluxe carnivorous creations kit has seeds from over 10 varieties of carnivorous plants, including the cobra plant, venus fly trap, pitcher plant, trumpet plant and more. you ' ll make your own authentic bog with the included peat planting mix, blue swamp rocks, three bog buddies and colorful decals! this rare and unusual collection of plants will flourish for years in the specially designed terrarium with proper care and stratification. like all plants, carnivorous plants use the sun to produce energy through photosynthesis. however, these plants grow in peat bogs where there are no additional minerals or nutrients in the soil. because of this, over time, carnivorous plants began to catch insects for food to get the much needed minerals and nutrients the peat around them lacked. after having acquired the skill of hunting, these carnivorous plants began to thrive. the plants attract insects to their traps by producing a sweet odor. when small insects land on the plant, they touch tiny hairs that set off triggers and cause the trap to close making escape impossible. each type of carnivorous plant traps their prey in a different way. the famous venus fly trap has jaw - like leaves that snap shut. the hooded pitcher plant has downward facing spikes that prevent the insect from flying out. some plants produce chemicals that dissolve the insect while other plants depend on bacteria and other microorganisms to help them digest. once digested and absorbed, the insect becomes liquified nutrients that help the plant work and live. each complete kit includes : - growing dome - planting mixture - carnivorous seed pack - 3 photo decals - 3 bog buddies - swamp rocks - instructions and information manual


comic annual, 2nd ser. 1 ( 1842 ), 1 – 107. miss kilmansegg and her precious leg. a golden legend exploration, disability, instruments, scientific practitioners, wonder, palaeontology, chemistry, phrenology miss kilmansegg is born into a family possessing vast wealth in gold. at her christening ' the book of pray ' r was so overrun / with gilt devices, it shone in the sun / like a copy — a presentation one — / of humboldt ' s " el dorado " ( 17 ). as a young woman her horse runs away with her, and she is dazzled by ' a kaleidoscope jumble of shapes and tints ' ( 33 ). badly injured, she has a leg amputated and replaced by one in solid gold. it was considered ' the great event, / through every circle in life it went, / like the leg in a pair of compasses ' ( 40 ). ' [ w ] ith men of scientific rank, / it made as much stir as the fossil shank / of a lizard coeval with adam! ' ( 41 ). of all evil spirits, there is none so much as that of ' party ' which requires a ' cooling, antiphlogistic speech ' ( 44 ). miss kilmansegg has a dream in which men of all spheres, including ' the man of science ', worship her ( 62 ) ; she becomes transmuted into a golden idol — ' gold, all gold, from her gold little toe / to her organ of veneration! ' ( 63 ). at her wedding, the page ' look ' d, so splendidly clad, / like a page of the " wealth of nations " ' ( 72 ). © science in the nineteenth - century periodical project, universities of leeds and sheffield, 2005 - 07 printed from science in the nineteenth - century periodical : an electronic index, v. 3. 0, hrionline publications < http : / / www. sciper. org > [ accessed ]


the basic concepts of sewer construction there ' s little doubt that has radically improved living conditions inthe modern world. these networks of subsurface pipes gave us the comfort of indoor plumbing and eliminated the need for outhouses. most people don ' t think about sewer construction until they experience a problem with a broken pipe or clogged sewer line. even then, they don ' t consider the inner workings. instead, they ' re on the phone calling a sewer contractor. sewer construction involves the use of multiple methods to install and maintain theendless network of sewer pipes. installation methods and construction materials have to be in compliance with environmental protection agency guidelines. construction projects can fall into one of five categories. these include : industrial, institutional, municipal, commercial, and residential. each category requires differentsizes of pipes and installation processes. for example, installing sewer lines in aresidential community utilizes different methods than installing pipes for industrialfacilities. a complete sewer system is referred to as sewerage. there are three types of seweragewhich include sanitary, storm, and combined. since these pipes transport raw sewage thatis polluted with human waste, harmful bacteria and organisms, sewer pipes are separatefrom water pipeline. septic tanks are a type of sewerage that is generally used in remote areas and ruralcommunities. these are individual sewer systems that require the installation of septictanks connected directly to the house via pipes. when rural areas are developed into residential communities, landowners are usuallyrequired to convert septic systems to public sewer lines. this can be costly becausehomeowners have to hire sewer contractors to connect to city lines, then drain and plugthe septic tank. water * sewer * fire line * storm drain * subsurface utility engineering1639 e. miraloma avenue * placentia, ca 92870 * p ( 714 ) 986 - 1400 * f * 714 ) 986 - 1416www. kanapipeline. comlic 461487a


the scale and complexity of systems is increasing dramatically. ultra - large - scale ( uls ) systems are systems of unprecedented scale in some of these dimensions : - lines of code - amount of data stored, accessed, manipulated, and refined - number of connections and interdependencies - number of hardware elements - number of computational elements - number of system purposes and user perception of these purposes - number of routine processes, interactions, and “ emergent behaviors ” - number of ( overlapping ) policy domains and enforceable mechanisms - number of people involved in some way how are uls systems different? the sheer scale of uls systems changes everything. uls systems will necessarily be decentralized in a variety of ways, developed and used by a wide variety of stakeholders with conflicting needs, evolving continuously, and constructed from heterogeneous parts. people will not just be users of a uls system ; they will be elements of the system. software and hardware failures will be the norm rather than the exception. the acquisition of a uls system will be simultaneous with its operation and will require new methods for control. these characteristics may appear in today ’ s systems and systems of systems, but in uls systems, they will dominate. consequently, uls systems will place unprecedented demands on software acquisition, production, deployment, management, documentation, usage, and evolution practices. the uls systems notion has inspired us to ask new questions about software - reliant systems : - what new quality attributes arise due to scale? - what types of analyses are required to understand and design ( at all levels ) systems at scale? - are new architecture design principles needed? - what new strategies are needed to control, predict, and bound the behavior of systems at scale? the sei strives to answer these questions and to develop principles and technology to understand, control, and bound the behavior of systems that exhibit characteristics of uls systems. specifically, we focus on socio - adaptive systems and cyber - physical systems. the book ultra - large - scale systems : the software challenge of the future is the product of a 12 - month study of uls systems software led by the sei in 2005 - 2006. the study brought together experts in software and other fields to examine the consequences of rapidly increasing scale in software - reliant systems. the report detailed a broad, multidisciplinary research agenda for developing the uls systems of the future.


use these 170 reflective journal writing prompts to learn more about yourself and the world around you. increasing your self knowledge will raise your self esteem. " one of the marks of an intelligent person is to be able to distinguish what is worth doing and what isn ' t and to be able to set priorities. " anne wilson schaef these reflective journal writing prompts will give your life clarity and focus. with them, setting priorities will be easier. with more effective decision making skills, your life will be more balanced and stress free. most of these reflective journal writing prompts begin with, " what? " " how? " “ why? ” and “ if? ” other prompts ask about your wishes and dreams. finally there are some general reflective journal writing prompts. the prompts will stimulate your imagination, increase awareness of your beliefs and boost your critical thinking skills. answer these reflective journal writing prompts with as much thought as you can. the richer your answer, the richer the rewards! for more journal writing prompts ideas have a look at reflective journal writing prompts beginning with “ what? 1. what does " holds water ” mean to you? 2. what does " copy cat, ” mean to you? 3. would be your ideal birthday present, and why? 4. what would it be like to be in a tornado? 5. what do you think the world will be like in 10 years? twenty? fifty? 6. what do you think people say to each other when you ' re not around? 7. what is your opinion about ghosts? 8. what is your opinion of someone who has bad manners? 9. what do you think about when you can ' t fall asleep? 10. what do you think courage means? 11. what things do you think are beautiful? 12. what is your opinion of 3d movies? 13. what is the best way to treat busybodies? 14. what is your idea of perfect happiness? 15. which living person do you most despise? 16. what is the quality you like most in a woman? what is the quality you like most in a man? 17. what things are better than going to school? why? 18. what makes a good neighbor? 19. what rituals do you have or hold? 20. what do you think is the greatest invention? why? 1. what is your idea of a boring evening? 2. what is something you are optimistic about? 3. what is something you are pessimistic about?


or hold? 20. what do you think is the greatest invention? why? 1. what is your idea of a boring evening? 2. what is something you are optimistic about? 3. what is something you are pessimistic about? 4. what is your favorite song and why? 5. what would happen if there were no television? why would this be good? bad? 6. what would you do if you saw a friend cheating — report it, confront the friend, nothing — and why? 7. what is your interpretation of one of your recent dreams? 8. what seemed unusual on your morning commute today? 9. what ' s your favorite charitable cause and why? 10. what if trash became more valuable than money? 11. what do you think should be done to keep people who are under the influence of alcohol off the road? 12. what do you like most about yourself? 13. what do you like to do in your free time? 14. what kind of animal would you like to be and why? 15. what kind of trophy would you like to win? 16. what tv or movie star would you like to invite to your birthday party? 17. what does " clothes make the person " mean to you? 18. what does " have your cake and eat it too " mean to you? 19. what does " the early bird gets the worm " mean to you? 20. what do we mean when we say, " the grass is always greener on the other side of the fence "? there ’ s no need to respond to all these questions. the large number of these reflective journal writing prompts gives you many options for your journal. by choosing the prompts you really like, you will feel more engaged with your answers. 1. what is your most invaluable possession and why? 2. what is your greatest fear? 3. what historical figure do you most identify with? 4. what living person do you most admire? 5. what trait do you most deplore in yourself? 6. what is your greatest extravagance? 7. what is your favorite journey? 8. what do you consider your most overrated virtue? 9. what do you dislike most about your appearance? 10. what words do you most overuse? 11. what or who is the greatest love of your life? 12. what is your current state of mind? 13. what do you consider your greatest achievement? 14. what ’ s the finest education?


what words do you most overuse? 11. what or who is the greatest love of your life? 12. what is your current state of mind? 13. what do you consider your greatest achievement? 14. what ’ s the finest education? 15. what ’ s your motto? how would you like to be remembered? 16. what is the most courageous thing you have ever done? 17. what is one of your life goals? 18. what is your most invaluable possession and why? 19. what is something about yourself that you dislike? 20. what was your new years resolution this year? 1. what does " you can ' t take it with you " mean? 2. what do we mean when we say, " you can catch more flies with honey than with vinegar "? 3. what do we mean when we say, " hitch your wagon to a star "? 4. what does " still waters run deep " mean to you? 5. what does " there are two sides to every coin " mean to you? 6. what are you afraid of? why? 7. what are junk foods? 8. what are some nutritious foods that you like? 9. what are some rules you have to follow at home? 10. what are some examples of prejudice? 11. what is more important to you, appearance or personality? 12. what is something that makes you melancholy? 13. what makes you feel safe? 14. what makes you laugh? 15. what would you invent to make life better? 16. what kind of tv commercial would you like to make? describe it. 17. what kind of pet would you most like to have — monkey, snake, goat — why? 18. what kind of program do you enjoy most on tv — detective shows, comedies, game shows — and why? 19. what advice would you give a new student? 20. what advice would you give to someone who stole something but now feels guilty? 21. what would you put in a time capsule to be opened by the next generation? 22. what is the proudest moment of your life? 23. what do you feel is your greatest success? 24. what is the best decision you have ever made in your life? 25. what kind of art is your favorite? why? 26. what is an experience that you would consider a miracle? reflective journal writing prompts beginning with “ if? ” these 20 reflective journal writing prompts beginning with " if " will help develop


. what kind of art is your favorite? why? 26. what is an experience that you would consider a miracle? reflective journal writing prompts beginning with “ if? ” these 20 reflective journal writing prompts beginning with " if " will help develop your right brain creative thinking skills as well as deepen your ability to reflect. the more you practice thinking, the more active your brain muscle will become and the more confident you will feel. 1. if all my wishes came true, i would …. 2. if somebody makes a mess, who cleans it up? 3. if someone gains, someone else loses. how much does this expression reflect life? how much does it come up short? how might your attitudes have been different during events in your past if this expression were true? 4. if you could take home any animal from the zoo, which would it be, and what would you do with it? 5. if you could have been someone in history, who would you have been? 6. if you could only take 3 people with you on a trip around the world, who would you take and why? 7. if you could give any gift in the world, what would you give and to whom? 8. if you could live anywhere in the world, where would it be? 9. if you received any sum of money as a gift, what would you do with it? 10. if you had to describe yourself as a color, which would you choose? more reflective journal writing prompts beginning with “ if? ” 1. if you could do whatever you wanted to right now, what would you do? 2. if you were principal of your school, what changes would you make? 3. if you were a mouse in your house in the evening, what would you see your family doing? 4. if you were lost in the woods and it got dark, what would you do? 5. if it were your job to decide what shows to show or not show on tv., what shows would you choose? which ones would you eliminate and why? 6. if there were no rules, what would happen in your city? the world? 7. what do you think people say to each other when you ' re not around? 8. if you owned a store, what would you do to discourage people from stealing from you? 9. if you could participate in an olympic event, which one would you choose and why? 10. if you could break the guinness book of records it would be for?


a store, what would you do to discourage people from stealing from you? 9. if you could participate in an olympic event, which one would you choose and why? 10. if you could break the guinness book of records it would be for? reflective journal writing prompts beginning with “ why? ” 1. why would we say that someone is " bananas "? 2. why do you think ability to focus is an important quality? 3. why does the ocean have a tide? 4. why is important to have good manners? 5. why do you think some people smoke / drink? 6. why is exercise important to someone your age? 7. why have men and women usually only done certain types of work? 8. why should or shouldn ' t a man stay home to care for the house and children while his wife goes to work? 9. why do you think some people take advantage of others? 10. why would we say that someone is " passing the buck "? 11. why do some people choose to dress differently? 12. why do people drive on parkways and park on driveways? reflective journal writing prompts on things you wish for 1. i wish i had a million. then i would …. 2. i wish i had one …. because …. 3. i wish i could be like …. this person is special because … 4. i wish to be a …. when i grow up. then i will …. 5. i wish there were a law that said …. this would be a good law because …. 6. i wish i could forget the time i …. because …. 7. i wish trees could …. because …. 8. i wish i could see …. because …. 9. i wish i could learn …. because …. 10. i wish i didn ' t have to eat because …. 11. i wish everyone would learn to …. then everyone would …. 12. i wish i never …. 13. wish i had one more chance to …. then i would …. 14. i wish there was an electric …. 15. i wish i had enough money to …. 16. i wish everyone loved …. 17. i wish all children would …. 18. i wish everyone had …. 19. i wish i could touch …. 20. i wish animals could … … if they could, then …. 21. i wish i looked like …. because …. 22. i wish there were no more …


wish everyone had …. 19. i wish i could touch …. 20. i wish animals could … … if they could, then …. 21. i wish i looked like …. because …. 22. i wish there were no more …. 23. i wish i didn ' t have to …. 24. i wish i could go to …. 25. i wish i could hear …. 26. i wish i could give …. general reflective journal writing prompts 1. when you look at an elderly person ' s hands what do you see? 2. which disease known to humankind do you hate the most? explain why. 3. explain why we say, " dead as a door nail ". 4. how did you meet your first boyfriend or girlfriend? 5. describe your typical day, from wake to sleep. 6. conversely, which superhero do you find to be the most overrated and why? 7. you have one hour to come up with the most interesting television show you can and describe / pitch it. 8. where would you want to live if earth was uninhabitable? 9. describe the ocean to a person who is blind. 10. complete this sentence : love is …. more general reflective journal writing prompts 1. could writing a children ' s book really affect a child for the rest of their life? 2. just a spoonful of what makes the medicine go down? 3. in your imagination, what will the world be like in 50 years? 4. how do you think eating junk food affects you? 5. describe a time when you felt vengeful. 6. explain why we say, " dead as a door nail ". 7. do you think there is too much fighting on tv. why or why not? 8. do you think it is necessary to have alcohol at a party in order to have a good time? 9. is there something that you memorized long ago and still remember? 10. which way does the toilet paper roll go? over or under? v more general reflective journal writing prompts 1. who are your favorite writers? 2. who is your favorite fictional hero? 3. describe one of your oldest photographs. 4. talk about a characteristic you admire in others. 5. write your life mission statement. 6. has religion played a role in your life? how? 7. describe a time you helped someone. 8. describe something you do well. 9. describe your home. which is your favorite room? why


by : frank counselman, m. d. carbon monoxide is widely known as ‘ the silent killer ’ and with good reason. back in may, two men died in a portsmouth home and a woman was hospitalized in critical condition after they ran a portable generator indoors. after the recent ‘ november northeaster ’ a woman was treated in the hyperbaric oxygen chambers at sentara leigh hospital after running a generator inside a home during a power outage. in january, 12 children and two adults at a day care center in portsmouth were evaluated at hospitals for vomiting and confusion when a faulty boiler created dangerous levels of carbon monoxide. there are too many such stories. known chemically as co, this colorless, odorless gas kills an average of 170 people in homes and businesses in the u. s. each year from combustion sources other than motor vehicles. these include furnaces, kerosene heaters, portable generators, gas appliances, grills and fireplaces or wood stoves. with the onset of cooler weather, people will soon be turning up the heat in their homes and, with it, the potential for co exposure. one of the most common sources of co poisoning is portable generators. some people set them up in their attached garages to keep them out of the rain, which is a big mistake, because exhaust fumes have direct access to the living space. others place generators so close to their homes that fumes waft through open doors and windows and poison the people inside. carbon monoxide kills you by forcing oxygen out of your red blood cells and starving your body of oxygen. symptoms of co poisoning mimic other types of illnesses and people might not realize they are in danger. early symptoms include headache, nausea, fatigue, dizziness or shortness of breath. as exposure worsens, symptoms progress to mental confusion, vomiting, loss of coordination and unconsciousness leading to death unless those exposed are removed from the poisoned environment into fresh air. suspect co poisoning when everyone in the home or workplace comes down with symptoms all at once, including pets. this scenario is different from, say, the flu where there is usually some lag time between onsets. if paramedics can get you to the emergency room alive with co poisoning, the primary medical treatment is high flow oxygen. in severe cases, hyperbaric oxygen is used. this is the same high - pressure oxygen therapy given scuba divers who develop the bends, those painful nitrogen bubbles in the blood from too - rapid ascents. hyperbaric oxygen purges co from the


severe cases, hyperbaric oxygen is used. this is the same high - pressure oxygen therapy given scuba divers who develop the bends, those painful nitrogen bubbles in the blood from too - rapid ascents. hyperbaric oxygen purges co from the blood, restores proper oxygen levels in the body and hopefully prevents permanent damage to the brain and internal organs. however, it does not always work. some victims die or live on with debilitating after effects. the best way to avoid carbon monoxide poisoning is to play it safe with all combustion appliances. have your furnace checked annually for proper combustion and venting. never, ever run a portable generator inside your house, not ever. place portable generators far enough from the house to avoid fumes. if you use a kerosene heater, make sure the room has good ventilation. place carbon monoxide detectors in recommended living areas. if you suspect carbon monoxide is affecting people in your home or workplace, evacuate everyone to the outdoors. ventilate the area by opening doors and windows. call 911. the fire department can measure co in the atmosphere and investigate the cause. make sure anyone exposed, especially anyone showing symptoms, is evaluated medically. frank counselman, m. d. is past president of the medical staff for sentara hospitals norfolk and is chair of the department of emergency medicine at eastern virginia medical school. dr. counselman is a fellow of the american college of emergency physicians.


the theatre was the first london playhouse, built in 1576 by the english actor and entrepreneur james burbage, father of the great actor and friend of shakespeare, richard burbage. it was located in a northern suburb of london ( north of london wall which bounded the city proper ) ; on the edge of finsbury fields, just past bishopsgate street, where shakespeare called home up to 1597. there are no images of the theatre, but written accounts of the building describe a vast, polygonal, three - story timber structure, open to the sun and rain. its exterior was coated with lime and plaster. it had features similar to those of the future globe playhouse and other playhouses of the day, such as galleries, upper rooms, a tiring house, and trap doors in the stage floor. like the globe, the theatre had two external staircases, standing on either side of the building, and leading up to the galleries. those people who watched from the main " yard " surrounded by the comfortable covered galleries, were forced to stand during the entire performance. the theatre was home to many acting companies, but was used primarily by shakespeare ' s acting troupe, the chamberlain ' s men, after 1594. unfortunately, the theatre fell victim to government censorship, due to the production of thomas nashe ' s " seditious " play isle of dogs that prompted all of the london theatres to be closed for the summer of 1597. the theatre did not reopen, and was dismantled by the carpenter peter street in 1598, forcing the chamberlain ' s men to find another home. bentley, gerald eades. shakespeare : a biographical handbook. yale university press : new haven, 1968. berry, herbert, ed. the first public playhouse. queen ' s university press : montreal, 1979. boyce, charles. shakespeare a to z. facts on file : new york, 1990. lee, sir sidney. a life of william shakespeare. new york : dover publications, 1968. rutter, carol chillington. documents of the rose playhouse. manchester university press : manchester, 1984. how to cite this article : mabillard, amanda. the great theatre. shakespeare online. 21 nov. 2000. ( date when you accessed the information ) < http : / / www. shakespeare - online. com / theatre / burbagetheatre. html >.


discover how your kid ’ s brain really works for every time you hear, “ it ’ s a boy thing, ” or “ she ’ s all girl, ” and you think, “ yeah, but why? ” — we ’ re here to tell you it ’ s a brain thing. scientists can literally see the differences between boys ’ and girls ’ brains. “ it ’ s important to understand the distinctions but different doesn ’ t mean good or bad, better or worse ; it just means different, ” says david walsh, ph. d., psychologist and parenting expert who has been studying children and brain science for decades. “ you can ’ t generalize to describe every boy or girl — there are millions of exceptions. ” dr. walsh, author of smart parenting, smarter kids : the one brain book you need to help your child grow brighter, healthier, and happier, talks brain science with sheknows below. in your book, smart parenting, smarter kids, you cover the differences between boys ' and girls ' brains ; what differences do you think parents need to be especially aware of? dr. david walsh : language is one of the clearest brain differences between the sexes. girls arrive with a brain built for language. during infancy the left hemisphere — the brain ’ s language center for most people — develops before the right for little girls whereas the order is reversed for boys. even more convincing, females have at least twenty percent more neurons than males in the brain ’ s broca area where we produce language, and they have as much as eighteen percent more volume in the wernicke ’ s area where we interpret language. that ’ s why besides talking earlier than boys, girls have larger preschool vocabularies and use more complex sentence structures. once in school, girls are one to one - and - a - half years ahead of boys in reading and writing. boys are twice as likely to have a language or reading problem. girls do better on tests of verbal memory, spelling, and verbal fluency. there ’ s no difference in intelligence between boys and girls. there are some gender differences that show up in several cognitive domains. just as there ’ s evidence that girls ’ brains give them a verbal advantage, likewise there ’ s data showing that boys ’ brains favor spatial skills that make it easier for them to visualize three - dimensional objects from different angles. the differences between girls ’ and boys ’ brain chemistry — hormones and neurotransmitters — help us understand the differences in their emotional brains. girls


spatial skills that make it easier for them to visualize three - dimensional objects from different angles. the differences between girls ’ and boys ’ brain chemistry — hormones and neurotransmitters — help us understand the differences in their emotional brains. girls ’ brains make them more socially aware while boys ’ brains make them more action - oriented. what stages are the differences most significant between boys ' and girls ' brains? dr. walsh : the differences become more significant when children enter school and again at puberty. girls mature faster than boys. they talk earlier, potty train a half year sooner and reach puberty two years ahead of their brothers. the same pattern holds true for their brains. girls leave boys in the dust in the race to brain developmental milestones. this puts a lot of boys at a disadvantage in school. i think it ’ s important to recalibrate some of our expectations and rethink some of our teaching methods based on brain differences between boys and girls. " puberty brings major changes for both genders... " puberty brings major changes for both genders, but there are male - female differences driven by their respective growth hormones. testosterone laden boys become surly while their sisters have to deal with the dramatic mood swings triggered by the ebb and flow of estrogen and progesterone. don ’ t limit your kids should brain differences affect how we parent? dr. walsh : it ’ s good for parents to be aware of the differences so they can support their children ’ s natural strengths while helping them avoid some gender specific weaknesses. for example, while parents should foster all children ’ s language skills, it makes sense to pay special attention to their sons. it will also be helpful to encourage their sons to name emotions and help them interpret social cues. similarly parents should encourage their daughters to find solutions when they are sad. parents should be aware of the differences without letting brain - based expectations limit how they see each child. it ’ s important, for example, not to communicate brain - based biases with statements like, “ girls just aren ’ t that good at science. ” parents should encourage their sons and daughters to get involved in a wide range of activities. do you parent differently based on gender? share your thoughts and stories in comments below. read more on kids ’ brains


reference : x. tu and d. terzopoulos, " artificial fishes : physics, locomotion, perception, behavior ", computer graphics, siggraph 94 conference proceedings, pp. 43 - 50, july, 1994 consider a realistic virtual world of fish. there would be underwater currents, moving plants, unmoving rocks and coral reef that the fish must swim around. there would be food ( prey ) and predators. some fish would only be prey, others only predators, some both, and perhaps some none. when a predator appears, the fish might initially group together for protection, but when the predator gets close, they might scatter. the predator might then choose a victim and chase it. at mating time, the fish might have courtship rituals. this complex behavior is difficult to realistically animate with keyframing techniques. this paper tries to create realistic fish, fish that not only look realistic, but also move in a realistic fashion, and even behave realistically. this requires the animators to model the form and appearance of the fish, the physics of their movement, their perception of the external world, and their response to these perceptions. results of this effort are shown in the computer animation " go fish ", part of the siggraph 93 electronic theater. here is a description of the following images from the paper : " the color plates show stills from our 1994 animation " the undersea world of jack cousto. " the detailed motions of the artificial fishes emulate the complexity and unpredictability of movement of their natural counterparts, and this enhances the visual beauty of the animations. " " plate1a shows a variety of animated artificial fishes. the reddish fish are engaged in a mating ritual, the greenish fish is a predator hunting for small prey, the remaining fishes are feeding on plankton ( white dots ). dynamic seaweeds grow from the ocean bed and sway in the current. " " in plate 1b, the large male in the foreground is courtship dancing with the female ( top ). the prey fish in the background are engaging in schooling behavior, a common subterfuge for avoiding predators. " " plate 1c shows a shark stalking the school. " here is an animation that was shown at the siggraph 97 course on artificial life. ( quicktime - 14 mbytes ) this work is an example of physically based modeling that has been extended. the fish model is an extension of the snake and worm dynamics model created by [ miller88 ]. the fish


on artificial life. ( quicktime - 14 mbytes ) this work is an example of physically based modeling that has been extended. the fish model is an extension of the snake and worm dynamics model created by [ miller88 ]. the fish model is a spring - mass system with internal contractile muscles. this system uses a more sophisticated implicit euler simulation. this is needed because the dynamic range of forces created in the simulated aquatic environment is larger than for the snake and worm models. the aquatic plants are also modeled as spring - mass systems. the authors have created a motor - control system to simulate the complex motion of swimming fish. this is also an example of behavioral simulation, an extension of the work on flocking by [ reynolds87 ]. the authors achieve the complex behavior in stages : first the primitive reflexive behaviors such as obstacle avoidance, and then more complex ones. the behavior is closely linked to perception. in previous work, authors had simulated a virtual roach that retreated when it perceived a virtual hand. the fish have simulated visual perception and other perceptions, e. g., water temperature. the combination of perception, behavior, and motor systems create fish that are autonomous and do not need to be keyframed. this is analogous to some work in robotics. as the level of sophistication of the simulation increases, unprogrammed emergent behaviors may be created. figure 1 shows an overview of the virtual fish. the models used are compromises between realism and computational efficiency. note that as machines become faster, the models can be moved closer to reality. the motor controllers ( mcs ) are parameterized procedures with each one assigned to a specific task, e. g., " swim forward ", " turn left ", etc. 2 physics - based fish model and locomotion most fish use the caudal fin, powered by the posterior ( rear ) muscles, to move forward and anterior ( front ) muscles to turn. to simulate fish motion the authors created a model with 23 point masses and 91 springs. this system allows the fish to flex while it also maintains its structural stability. twelve of the springs are used as muscles ( figure 3 ). for node i : mass = mi, position = xi ( t ) = [ xi ( t ), yi ( t ), zi ( t ) ], velocity = vi ( t ) = dxi ( t ) / dt acceleration = ai ( t ) = dvi ( t ) / dt spring sij connects node i to node j


, yi ( t ), zi ( t ) ], velocity = vi ( t ) = dxi ( t ) / dt acceleration = ai ( t ) = dvi ( t ) / dt spring sij connects node i to node j. it has a spring force constant cij and equilibrium length lij. the spring deformation is given by eij ( t ) = | xj ( t ) - xi ( t ) | - lij. then the force sij exerts on node i is fij. 2. 2 swimming using muscles and hydrodynamics the virtual fish swims by contracting its muscles, i. e., by decreasing the rest length lij. the authors assign a minimum length to a muscle spring and express the contraction factor as a number between 0. 0 and 1. 0. by contracting the muscles on one side and letting those on the other side relax, the fish tail will swing back and forth, thus propelling the fish forward ( figure 4 ). | figure 4 : hydrodynamic locomotion. with tail swinging towards positive x axis, reaction force fiw at point ni acts along the inward normal. component fixw resists the lateral movement, while fiyw is forward thrust. aggregate thrust propels fish towards positive y axis. to control locomotion. | 2. 3 motor controllers the fish has three motor controllers : swim - mc ( straight ahead ), left - turn - mc, and right turn mc. the mc ' s prescribe muscle contractions to the appropriate springs. according to fish research, the swimming speed of a fish is proportional to the amplitude and frequency of the tail oscillations. the authors tests agree with these observations ; both swimming speed and turn angles are proportional to the contraction amplitudes and frequencies of the muscle springs. the swim - mc converts a swim speed parameter into contraction amplitude and frequency values for the swimming springs. by testing, the set of parameters which produce maximum speed has been determined. so speed settings are given as a fraction ( between 0. 0 and 1. 0 ) of these values. a turn is accomplished by quickly contracting the springs on one side of the fish and relaxing those on the other side. then the contracted springs are slowly restored to their resting state. experimentation found four sets of parameters that produce turns of 30, 45, 60, and 90 degrees. interpolation of these parameters can produce any turn up to 90 degrees, greater angle turns are produced by adding turns together. 2. 4 pitching


. experimentation found four sets of parameters that produce turns of 30, 45, 60, and 90 degrees. interpolation of these parameters can produce any turn up to 90 degrees, greater angle turns are produced by adding turns together. 2. 4 pitching ( up and down motion ) and yawing ( side to side motion ) the pectoral fins are used to control pitching and yawing. they can be held close to the body, reducing drag, for rapid swimming or extended, increasing drag, to slow down the fish. reef fish may use these for very delicate motions, even backwards swimming. the pectoral fins are not modeled in great physical detail but act by applying vector forces to the nodes in the fish midsection ( 1 < = i < = 12 ). these fins are similar to airplane wings and control comes from changing their orientations relative to the body. | figure 5 : pectoral fins | the fin force is ff = - a ( n * v ) n, where a is the fin area, v is the fish velocity, and n is the normal to the fin surface. by varying the angles the fins apply different forces to the nodes. if the leading edges are raised then a lifting or upwards force is generated. if then fins are depressed then a downwards force is generated. if the fin angles are different then the fish yaws and rolls. the fins can also be used for braking, which is useful in maintaining a schooling pattern. 3 sensory perception there are two sensors, a temperature sensor at the center of the body and a visual sensor. the visual sensor has access to the geometries, materials, and illumination, that is in the graphics pipeline for rendering. the vision can also interrogate the object database to identify nearby objects, and can interrogate the physical simulation to obtain information such as the velocity of objects. the fish vision covers a 300 degree spherical angle that extends out to a radius defined by the waters translucence. an object is " seen " if any part of it is in this view volume and not occluded by another object. | figure 10 : artificial fish vision sensor. ( a ) visual perception is limited to 300 degree solid angle. | | figure 10 : artificial fish vision sensor. ( b ) occlusion and distance limits the perception of objects ( only the fish towards the left is visible ). | a more realistic simulation would be to use computer vision algorithms to extract information from the scene rendered from the viewpoint of the fish. 4. behavioral modeling and simulation at each