pizza protips : additions to your dough while pizza purists among us might say that adding anything except the basic ingredients to pizza dough is wrong, sometimes the urge to experiment gets in the way of tradition. next thing you know, there ' s a reuben pizza with a rye crust or a sweet - crusted deep - dish dessert pizza on the table. not that i ' m encouraging that sort of aberrant behavior, but if you ' re going to start flinging things into your pizza dough, you might as well do it armed with a little bit of knowledge about what might happen. this is also a handy list to have on hand if your dough has somehow gone awry and you want to try to salvage or repurpose it. while many possible additions, such as seeds, are mostly benign when it comes to the behavior or structure of dough, others can have a dramatic impact on the yeast or gluten in your dough and thus, your finished product. this is by no means a complete list of the things you might throw into a dough in a moment of whimsy, but here, in alphabetical order, are some fairly common items you can add, and how they affect your dough. ascorbic acid : strengthens the gluten. dough can be baked at a higher proof level when ascorbic acid is added. typically recipes that call for ascorbic acid use about a teaspoon per average loaf. baking powder : some breads include this as a secondary leavening agent. a teaspoon per cup of flour is about the maximum you ' ll find in most recipes. beer : creates a supple dough. depending on the recipe, beer can be substituted for just some — or all — of the liquid in a bread recipe. butter, oil : lubricates the gluten and increases loaf volume. bread will have a softer crumb and crust, and a longer shelf life. you get a better gluten development if the fat is added after the dough has been kneaded. if fat ( particularly solid fat ) is added to the dough too early, it can coat the flour and keep the gluten from forming. too much fat will result in a compact loaf because the fat over - tenderizes the dough and retards yeast. buttermilk : strengthens the dough. like beer, this can be used as some or all of the liquid in a recipe. cinnamon : increases yeast activity in small amounts ; retards yeast in


adding honey instead of sugar results in a more golden crust, keeps bread moist. honey has antibacterial properties and retards mold. some honeys can kill yeast, so it ' s wise to proof the yeast with any new jars of honey. a tablespoon per loaf, replacing the sugar, is enough to detect the honey in the bread. lecithin : extends shelf life, preserves flavor. more lecithin softens the crumb ; and produces a finer texture and more tender crust. lecithin is in egg yolks and can be purchased as a powder or granules. as an add - in to bread, it ' s typically used in small amounts — just a teaspoon or so per loaf. mashed potatoes : left over mashed potatoes or instant mashed potatoes are one of my secret ingredients in bread. they make the bread soft and fluffy. i keep the instant on hand at all times, and when i buy, i look for the ones with the fewest ingredients. i ' ve been lucky enough to find some that are nothing more than dried potatoes. one - quarter cup per loaf of bread is enough to make the dough fluffy. milk ( liquid ) : strengthens gluten, helps crust brown, softens the crumb. an enzyme in milk slows the growth of the yeast and it can break down the protein in the flour and weaken the dough. scalding the milk destroys this enzyme. like beer or buttermilk, it can be used to replace some or all of the liquid in a bread recipe. milk ( dry, powdered ) : improves crust browning, adds moisture. helps the dough relax. about 1 / 4 cup per loaf of bread is typical. non - diastatic malt ( barley malt syrup ) : flavor and sweetness only. does not affect the yeast. used to replace sugar in a recipe, about 1 tablespoon per loaf is typical. nutmeg : increases yeast activity. another strong - flavored spice, use depends on the flavor desired, starting at about 1 / 4 teaspoon per loaf. pectin : adds moisture and can replace fat in bread. 1 teaspoon per loaf is enough. potato water : keeps bread moist. this can be used as a substitute for some or all of the liquid in a recipe. salt : regulates yeast, strengthens and tightens gluten. too much kills yeast ; tight gluten can make dough harder to knead, so some people add the


as a substitute for some or all of the liquid in a recipe. salt : regulates yeast, strengthens and tightens gluten. too much kills yeast ; tight gluten can make dough harder to knead, so some people add the salt after the dough has been kneaded for a while ; others think that it ' s too hard to distribute the salt if it is added too late. on average, one teaspoon per loaf of bread. sour cream : strengthens the gluten, and tenderizes crumb. can be used to replace some of the liquid in a recipe. about 1 / 4 cup per loaf is typical. soft cheeses : adds moisture and flavor. up to 1 / 2 cup per loaf is typical. sugar : feeds yeast, holds in moisture, keeps crumb softer, keeps bread fresher. too much can retard the yeast. about 1 tablespoon of sugar is typical. it ' s not necessary to use any sugar, and more can be used for sweeter breads. thyme : increases yeast activity. like other spices, the amount used depends on the amount of flavor desired. herbed breads might have as much as a tablespoon of herbs in a loaf. vinegar : strengthens gluten and helps dough to rise higher. may enhance yeast activity in small amounts, or is at least unharmful. retards yeast in large quantities. from a teaspoon to a tablespoon per loaf is typical, depending on the flavor desired and the vinegar being used. vital wheat gluten : can be added to non - wheat flours. one tablespoon per cup of flour is enough. you don ' t want to add too much gluten or it will adversely affect the texture of the dough. it ' s generally not needed in breads that are made primarily of wheat flours. for any of these additions, the amount used depends on what you ' re trying to achieve and also on what other ingredients are involved. if you ' re experimenting, it ' s best to start with smaller amounts and work your way up. about the author : donna currie has been cooking for fun and writing for pay since the days when typewritten articles traveled by snail mail. when she combined those talents in a food column for a newspaper in her area, she realized that writing about food is almost as much fun as eating. she launched the blog cookistry and has now joined the serious eats team with a weekly column about


internet standards and operating systems - why integration makes sense in the relatively brief history of personal computers, computer users — both individuals and organizations — have benefited from a staggering rate of growth in new capabilities, and improvements in old capabilities. we ' ve seen pcs evolve from slow, silent, unattractive, standalone machines that couldn ' t even store a single 10 - page document into easy - to - use machines that can play movies, communicate around the world, and manage reams of data at speeds that exceed those of mainframe computers [ twenty ] years ago. this evolution in capabilities has arisen out of many individual innovations and the standardization of such innovations, which sets the stage for the next round of innovation to occur. on this page a beneficial cycle : innovations become standard capabilities internet standards – the next great enabling technology internet technologies in windows - making it easier for software vendors platform services - doesn ' t integration harm other peoples ' businesses? a beneficial cycle : innovations become standard capabilities one of the primary roles of an operating system — perhaps its most important — is to provide a common platform of services for 3rd parties to create new applications, hardware devices, etc. operating systems have always done this, and over time each operating system has made its platform of services broader and more capable. windows is no exception. in the beginning, windows had a fairly limited set of services ; windows - based applications couldn ' t ask windows to do very much for them — they couldn ' t ask the operating system to get files from any kind of network, they couldn ' t ask it to draw very many interesting things on the screen, they couldn ' t even ask it to play a sound. but, by continually adding new capabilities to windows, microsoft has made it easy for application vendors to create more capable applications with features that make them more appealing to consumers. often, new capabilities added to windows started out as innovations created by other parties — and sometimes they have been developed within microsoft. with a thriving and competitive software industry, anyone can create a new and useful element using the platform of services that comprises windows, and including some of these in the operating system makes them available for everyone to share. the beneficial cycle, over time, moves the most generally useful capabilities into the operating system, enhancing the user experience and paving the way for further innovations that will make the whole experience of using pcs better. let ' s look at a couple of examplesu. six years ago a " toolbar " was an uncommon thing in an application window. the first application to ever create a toolbar —


innovations that will make the whole experience of using pcs better. let ' s look at a couple of examplesu. six years ago a " toolbar " was an uncommon thing in an application window. the first application to ever create a toolbar — the row of buttons that make it easy to perform common operations like " open " and " save " — was microsoft excel. when microsoft excel created the first toolbar, the developers wrote all the computer - code for the toolbar on their own. this was a lot of work, but it turned out that users liked toolbars very much, so the effort was worth it for the excel team. if any other application wanted to include a toolbar as well, they ' d have to do all of that same work on their own. over time, lots of people at lots of companies spent a great deal of time writing toolbars. across the industry, this was an inefficiency. effort was duplicated from team to team, and even worse, when two different applications with two different toolbars were running on a given pc, two separate sets of computer code were executing simultaneously on the machine to generate those toolbars, making the pc run more slowly. eventually, toolbars became so common that it made sense for windows itself to provide a single facility for generating toolbars that everyone could use. when windows 95 shipped, that was one of many new services the operating system offered to any application developer. the result — more applications than ever now have toolbars, and all the toolbars work well and in a consistent manner across applications. because all of those toolbars are generated by the same set of computer code, pcs run faster. and perhaps the greatest benefit is that hundreds of software development teams around the world are now able to spend their time on new innovations instead of implementing the computer - code for yet another toolbar. can you remember when you bought a pc and it had no sound capabilities? well, that wasn ' t really very long ago. basic pcs often didn ' t come with sound cards, and no standard software existed that application developers could rely on to produce sounds. any application that wanted to use sounds had to create a team of people to go write all the computer code associated with understanding whether the pc had a sound card, figuring out what kind it was, and playing sounds on it. this was a major task. different sound cards had different capabilities, and it took a lot of work to get right all the computer code needed


understanding whether the pc had a sound card, figuring out what kind it was, and playing sounds on it. this was a major task. different sound cards had different capabilities, and it took a lot of work to get right all the computer code needed to handle each and every possible configuration of a user ' s pc. developers of individual applications were even forced to make sure to provide things like volume controls, since nothing like that was standard in the pc environment. over time, sound cards gained popularity, and application vendors were repeatedly required to duplicate the work necessary to incorporate sound into their applications. at that point, it made sense to integrate sound support into the operating system ( including both these application services and end - user features like a sound - player and cd - player ). today, many windows - based applications use sound, relying on windows to handle the housekeeping chores inherent in providing sound for them. it ' s become quite routine, really. think about all the games you use, the cd - rom titles you play, even the web - browsing software you run has sound capabilities built - in. this has happened because application developers now longer have no write lots of computer code themselves in order to incorporate sound into their products. instead, all they need to do is say " windows — can you play this sound for me? " and the rest is taken care of. once again, the knowledge that the platform of services that comprises windows includes such capabilities frees software developers to spend their time improving unique aspects of their products. internet standards – the next great enabling technology you ' re undoubtedly reading this because you ' re interested in the debate surrounding microsoft ' s integration of internet technologies into windows. is this the right thing for microsoft to do? does it benefit or harm the pc industry? and what will the effect be on consumers who actually use pcs? emergence of internet standards for quite a few years a group of people known as the " ietf " ( internet engineering task force ) has been developing a set of standard methods for people and computer applications to communicate with each other across the internet and other similar networks. these folks aren ' t from any one company, they represent lots of different interests, and their goal has been to specify technologies and protocols that anyone can use. numerous products now take advantage of these internet standards. of course, that includes the web - browsing software, but there are lots of others products as well — email packages, things like the pointcast screensaver and even custom applications that businesses use to communicate or conduct commerce. you


these internet standards. of course, that includes the web - browsing software, but there are lots of others products as well — email packages, things like the pointcast screensaver and even custom applications that businesses use to communicate or conduct commerce. you might be surprised to learn that even microsoft office 97 relies on internet standards to allow you to save office documents to a certain type of internet server. in fact, the set of standards created and managed by the ietf and the worldwide web consortium ( w3c ) is quite broad and covers more than just network - related stuff. it ' s worth understanding what some of these standards are about. html – a universal file format. html ( " hypertext markup language " ) is an english - like language that people can use to describe the way text, images, videos and sounds should be displayed on a computer screen. when you visit a web page, the screen you ' re seeing was written in html. once this standard file format was created, it ' s become possible to create documents or screen displays that can be viewed in any application or on any computer that supports the standard. html is a very powerful screen - description language, and it ' s becoming more widespread even in applications that have no necessary connection to the internet. http / ftp ( etc. ) – universal ways of moving data or files across a network. http ( " hypertext transfer protocol " ), ftp ( " file transfer protocol " ) and similar network protocols describe standard ways that anybody can get a file from this computer to that one across a network. these protocols are used on the internet, but they are also used on corporate intranets and other types of networks. url – a universal address for files on the internet. anytime you see text in the format www. microsoft. com, you ' re looking at a url ( " uniform resource locator " ). this is simply a way to uniquely describe the location of a file that lives on the internet, which is comprised of information stored on a large number of computers around the world. without such unique addresses, it would be impossible to locate particular files on the internet. the goal of the ietf / w3c in creating these standards has been to enable and encourage universal exchange of information. any application is allowed ( even encouraged ) to read and display html files. and as more applications do this, life becomes easier for both users and application developers — it becomes easier for people to exchange information. ( if you ' re developing an application that


any application is allowed ( even encouraged ) to read and display html files. and as more applications do this, life becomes easier for both users and application developers — it becomes easier for people to exchange information. ( if you ' re developing an application that creates html files, you know that lots of people will be able to read them, for example. ) an important thing to understand about the internet standards committees, however, is that their job is to decide on the standards but not actually to write the computer code that implements the standards in software products. when the w3c creates the next version of the html standard, for example, they do it by writing a lengthy specification document, not by writing any actual computer code that draws html on the screen or that edits html documents. the task of writing the computer code is left to teams of software developers in individual companies or universities, etc. the situation is a lot like the one that prevailed after the microsoft excel team designed the first toolbar — the w3c designs a great way for applications to universally exchange information, but each application vendor still needs to write the computer code to permit such information exchange to work in their application. back between 1993 and 1996, lots and lots of companies were separately writing the same computer code to support all the standards created by the ietf / w3c — code to read and display html, code to get files from computers on the internet, code to locate files using their urls. this involved ( and still does ) a major duplication of effort, and a lot of work for individual application vendors. internet technologies in windows - making it easier for software vendors from the very outset, microsoft intended windows 95 to support the broadest possible range of networks, including the internet. that is why the development of windows 95, code - named " chicago ", included work on a variety of internet - related technologies, code - named " o ' hare " — a point of departure to distant places from chicago. these technologies were later referred to by the name " internet explorer ", and internet explorer 1. 0 was an integrated element of the first version of windows 95 provided to computer manufacturers, 2 ½ years ago. in 1996, microsoft created " internet explorer 3. 0, " a greatly improved set of internet - related technologies which are built - in to every version of windows. you may regard " internet explorer " as just a web browser application, but that would be quite an inaccurate way to think of it. in fact, " internet explorer " describes two things :


technologies which are built - in to every version of windows. you may regard " internet explorer " as just a web browser application, but that would be quite an inaccurate way to think of it. in fact, " internet explorer " describes two things : a set of platform technologies that any software vendor can use to make their application support internet standards. a user - interface that any consumer can use to view web - sites on the internet or any other internet - standards - based network. the first of these two things — the platform technologies — work just like the support for toolbars that microsoft made a native part of windows that anyone could use. instead of requiring every separate software developer to assign a team of people the task of implementing computer code for handling internet standards, microsoft has written the code once and made it possible for anyone to use it. it ' s worth pointing out the significance of this statement. when microsoft developers wrote the computer code that provides internet explorer functionality, they set out to design and build a set of operating system services. this is very unlike netscape navigator, which is a free - standing application that does not provide a broad set of operating system services to 3rd party software developers. in fact, every single pixel you see on the screen when you use the internet explorer browsing window was put there by operating system services that any vendor creating windows - based applications can use. that is a huge efficiency and enables software developers to focus their energies on adding attractive new features to their products rather than focusing on the low - level plumbing required to handle internet standards. there are lots of examples already of applications using these platform services – even windows itself relies on some of them to provide services to computer users. let ' s look at three examples : html help. today, the majority of applications written for windows include " help " files along with their application. most users expect this, so it ' s work that application developers need to do before they can market their products. up until now, application vendors created their " help " files using a service of windows known as " winhelp ". the winhelp system included a set of tools for software developers to author " help " files keyed to their particular application. after those specialized " help " files were created using those tools, they were compiled into a special winhelp format, and the process was complete. unfortunately, because winhelp was created before there was a rich document format like html in broad use, the winhelp files that software developers created were not universally viewable.


into a special winhelp format, and the process was complete. unfortunately, because winhelp was created before there was a rich document format like html in broad use, the winhelp files that software developers created were not universally viewable. you couldn ' t easily create a document with images, animations and hyperlinks and make it available to everyone ( they had to have winhelp ). you couldn ' t put the document on a network and enable people to view it from their machines, etc. furthermore, there weren ' t a wide variety of tools available for authoring these " help " files. today, microsoft has revamped the help system in windows to base it on html, the universal document format. ( screen shot at left. ) this means that when an application vendor authors help files, the document created is universally viewable, and a much broader range of tools can be used to create it. furthermore, the html standard is much richer than winhelp was, so the content of help files can be made much better u even the background image at left wasn ' t possible with the old winhelp system. in windows 98, help for windows itself has been rewritten to the html format. this was easier for the windows help team to produce, and it results in a better experience for the end user. in creating windows 98 help, the team also added some enhancements to html — offering features like compression — and thus converting an old proprietary system to align it with today ' s open internet standards. all this wouldn ' t be possible if support for html display wasn ' t built - in to the operating system. in order for any 3rd party software developer to decide to include html - based files as part of their application, they need to be assured that those files can be displayed on any machine — they need to know that users will not have to buy or download an additional viewer. in the same way application vendors can rely on the fact that support for toolbars is built into windows, they can also rely on html support in the operating system. application user interfaces. over the years, application vendors have employed various services in the operating system to draw parts of their user - interface on the screen. when you look at an application like lotus notes, microsoft publisher or corel wordperfect — and in particular when you open a dialog box in one of these applications — the gray user - interface elements you see were probably created by the application asking windows to draw them. these user interfaces have


, microsoft publisher or corel wordperfect — and in particular when you open a dialog box in one of these applications — the gray user - interface elements you see were probably created by the application asking windows to draw them. these user interfaces have worked well enough for the last 5 years, but now something better has come along. the html standard, as a universal document format, is a great way to describe how user interface elements should be displayed on the screen. ( those elements need no relationship to a " web page " or to the internet at all. ) in fact, the basic screens of today ' s applications are terrific candidates for being authored in html. html offers very rich and attractive visual options, and furthermore — because it ' s an open standard — the tools that exist for creating html are very good and getting better quickly. this means that it ' s possible for software developers to create better user - interfaces more easily by writing them in html. and today — now that microsoft has included support for html in windows itself — application vendors are beginning to take advantage of html ' s benefits without having to do all the work of writing the computer code necessary to display html themselves. one additional benefit of calling upon operating system services in windows to display html is that if an application wants to include a page of content that does come from the internet, it takes no additional work to display that as well. this makes for richer applications and less work for 3rd party software developers. there are a lot of examples already of applications taking advantage of the html - rendering support built into windowsuprobably more than you ' d think. here ' s a partial list : procomm95, procomm plus32 ( quarterdeck ) ipublish ( design intelligence ) norton system genie ( symantec ) money98 ( microsoft. html user interface shown at right ) outlook, outlook express ( microsoft ) windows desktop ( control panel, folders, explorer, etc. ) saving and opening files from the internet. you ' ve undoubtedly taken it for granted that any new application you buy will enable you to save and open files on the hard disk inside your computer. you ' ve probably also taken it for granted that the same application can save and open files from your local area network if you have one. of course, both these facts weren ' t always the case — before those capabilities were built into the operating system. today, it ' s becoming very important for applications to be able to save and open files from the internet. you may not


one. of course, both these facts weren ' t always the case — before those capabilities were built into the operating system. today, it ' s becoming very important for applications to be able to save and open files from the internet. you may not realize how important this is yet, but over time the internet will become a more routine place for you to save and open files than even your local hard disk. think of the potential benefits — you could get to your files from work, home, or any random airport ; perhaps someone will back them up automatically for you. ( in fact, today one company — @ backup — is building a business doing just this. ) already, lots of important scenarios, like creating your own web page, sharing documents with people outside your company, etc., require applications to be able to open and save files from the internet. this is another example of a platform service that ' s built into windows in the portion of the operating system referred to as internet explorer. again, you probably aren ' t even aware that some applications you ' re using now are able to save and open files from the internet by taking advantage of this platform service provided by windows. here ' s one exampleuthe dialog box below is part of microsoft word 97, and the image shows how it ' s possible to open microsoft word documents from the internet, on any ftp server. the word development team created this new feature by utilizing windows ' built - in ability to open or save files from the internet. platform services - doesn ' t integration harm other peoples ' businesses? a common question relating to integration of new platform services into the windows operating system is whether this practice is good for consumers and potentially harmful to microsoft ' s competitors. we thought the best way to respond to this was to ask software developers themselves, so we commissioned a 3rd party to survey a sample of software vendors that included both microsoft competitors and partners. we asked specifically about how the integration of internet technologies in windows would affect their business. here ' s what they said : 85 % said this integration will have a positive impact on their company 83 % said there will be positive impacts for end users 80 % said there will be positive impacts for the software industry as a whole 79 % said it will be easier to create new applications and bring new capabilities to their customers as a result of the integration furthermore, you may wonder whether software developers as a whole think that integration of new innovations into existing software products contributes to the success of the software industry. in fact, the survey showed that the


bring new capabilities to their customers as a result of the integration furthermore, you may wonder whether software developers as a whole think that integration of new innovations into existing software products contributes to the success of the software industry. in fact, the survey showed that the industry is growing as this phenomenon has been occurring — 86 % of software developers surveyed said their sales are increasing ; while only 2 % said their sales are declining. often, people claim that features built into the operating system by microsoft make 3rd party solutions unnecessary, and that this harms the businesses of other companies. if you look at some actual case studies, however, it becomes clear that integration is not the primary determinant of the continued success of such companies. msn & exchange email – when windows 95 shipped, the client software for the msn online information service and a microsoft exchange email client were built into the operating system. the email client in particular is a great analogy to internet explorer. a significant part of the email client includes 3rd party services that any application can use ( these are known as " mapi " or mail api ), very much like the operating system services provided by the internet explorer component of windows. in both these cases, the solutions built into windows did not have any significant adverse effect on companies producing competing products — in fact, other online information services like aol and many other email clients are doing very well compared to microsoft ' s product offerings. this simply proves the point that consumers use what they like, regardless of whether something is included in windows. thus, if a competing product provides a more compelling user experience than a feature of microsoft ' s operating system, consumers will opt for that competing product. internet explorer versions 1 & 2. these initial versions of internet explorer were built into every single version of windows 95 preinstalled on new pcs — if you bought a new pc, it included internet explorer as an integrated part of the operating system. during those years, netscape navigator rocketed to extremely high usage rates, which occurred despite the fact that a variety of internet technologies, including web - browsing functionality, were built into windows. ( note : netscape navigator can also be preinstalled on brand - new pcs — microsoft allows computer manufacturers to add whatever software icons they like to the windows desktop. ) in product reviews, early versions of navigator consistently were picked as better than internet explorer. it wasn ' t until microsoft created internet explorer 3. 0 ( and now 4. 0 ) that reviewers chose internet explorer as superior to netscape navigator. and it


in product reviews, early versions of navigator consistently were picked as better than internet explorer. it wasn ' t until microsoft created internet explorer 3. 0 ( and now 4. 0 ) that reviewers chose internet explorer as superior to netscape navigator. and it has been during this more recent era that internet explorer ' s popularity has begun to increase compared to netscape navigator, proving once again that consumers can be depended upon to use the products they like. file management utilities. when windows 3. 1 was very popular ( before windows 95 had shipped ), a number of companies made very good businesses out of selling file management and other similar utilities for windows. the norton desktop and norton utilities were a great example. as windows 95 was being finished, many people believed that its built - in utilities ( better file manager, built - in customizable desktop, graphical disk tools ) would greatly diminish the popularity of the norton products. however, what actually happened was that the developers of those products saw that windows 95 presented them with an opportunity. they upgraded and revised their utilities, building on new platform services provided by windows to provide new value to consumers above and beyond that being built into the operating system. as a result, symantec ' s norton utilities for windows 95 became a best - selling software package. finally, people sometimes wonder why microsoft requires computer manufacturers and others who distribute windows to include the complete platform of services, and not to pick - and - choose just the ones they want. the answer is simple — unless software developers can know in advance that the services they want to use ( toolbars, sound, internet standards ) will be present on a user ' s computer, then they must include that support in their own products. when that happens, it makes application installation more difficult, time - consuming and error - prone. ( you may have seen those cryptic messages when installing a new application : " the file foobar. dll being copied is older than the one on your system. do you want to keep the present one? " huh? ) by clearly defining the operating system services that are provided by windows, we contribute to making application installation simple and reliable. overall, we firmly believe that integration of new platform services into windows — and in particular support for internet standards — provides great benefits to the community of application developers and therefore creates an improving environment for end - users. and we aren ' t the only operating system vendor who thinks this — sun microsystems has built internet technologies into solaris 2. 6, and ibm has done the same


the community of application developers and therefore creates an improving environment for end - users. and we aren ' t the only operating system vendor who thinks this — sun microsystems has built internet technologies into solaris 2. 6, and ibm has done the same with os / 2 warp 4. integrating the user interface to benefit end - users we ' ve explained the principle behind integration and the assistance that integration provides to software developers in keeping up with the ever - changing demands of consumers by freeing them to focus on improving the unique aspects of their products. we haven ' t yet discussed how integration is also beneficial to end - users. in the general case, when new computer technologies are created, they tend to be added to microsoft ' s user - interfaces as " new components ". often, the new component — perhaps a whole new application — has its own quirky characteristics compared to the old ones, and it takes quite a bit of learning for consumers to know how to use them both together. a good example of this would be the separate programs in windows 3. 1 for managing files, printers, programs and other system settings. back in those days, it was easier for us to just add another new program — even though it was different from the others — rather than to rewrite everything so that a single - user interface made it possible for a user to obtain easy access to all such information. in windows 95, one of the more significant steps forward was a single user interface paradigm — the " folder " — for access to everything from the files on your hard disk or lan, to the printers in your office or printer room, to the settings for your modem. the nice thing about this is that once you ' ve learned how to get to files on your hard disk, you already know how to get to everything else. the same paradigm holds for integration of user - interfaces used to browse information kept in different kinds of storage devices. in fact, the evolution of the internet has offered a lot of new user interface paradigms that microsoft is using to make the windows user interface better. innovations like hyperlinks, back / next buttons, and type - in addresses make the whole pc easier to use. let ' s take just one example. in older versions of windows, as you browse through your hard disk, you get multiple overlapping windows with no way to move between them when you go from place to place. when you use the browsing paradigms developed for navigating the internet, you get a single window with back / next buttons,


hard disk, you get multiple overlapping windows with no way to move between them when you go from place to place. when you use the browsing paradigms developed for navigating the internet, you get a single window with back / next buttons, and it ' s easier to move from one file to another quickly, even if one is in buffalo and the other in san diego. making the windows user interface work the same as web browsing software — and even better, making it so you can access locally and remotely stored information from just one window — means the whole concept of browsing any kind of content is just plain easier. what ' s more, integration of web - standards in the windows user interface makes it possible to provide compelling and useful new features like the file preview shown at left possible. summary – integration makes greater innovation possible as the creators of the windows operating system, we at microsoft believe that perhaps the most significant part of our job is to make windows a continually better platform, and in particular, to : deliver to application vendors the most important and useful platform services, so they can use those services as a foundation upon which to build their own innovative solutions to customers ' needs. continue to make windows an easy, comprehensive environment for end - users, so that the common tasks they want to do with their pcs are as simple and straightforward as possible. we believe that the development of internet standards has created a massive opportunity for the pc industry and for people who use pcs. we believe that it is our responsibility to provide enabling technology to bring those internet standards to as many applications and as many people as possible.


you can do something the hubble telescope can ' t : observe mercury. and february is the best time this year to do it. the first planet will make its best appearance of 2013 about 30 minutes after sunset between feb. 12 and 20 as it positions itself at least 10 degrees - extend your arm and make a fist - above the horizon in the west - southwest. it may be tough to view since we don ' t live on a prairie and trees obstruct most of the horizons in our backyards. mercury and venus are the only two planets between earth and the sun. because of this vantage point, mercury appears to have phases like the moon - first quarter, last quarter and half - illuminated. since its orbit hugs the sun so tightly, mercury is only visible from earth during morning or evening twilight, always rising and setting with the sun. hubble as a rule won ' t observe it because of its proximity to the sun. training its powerful telescope on mercury ( or venus, for that matter ) would likely damage hubble ' s instruments. mercury will be in retrograde from feb. 8 into april, meaning it will appear to move backward in the sky, but this is an optical illusion caused by the difference in orbital speeds of the two planets. mercury periodically reaches a stage in its orbit around the sun where, from our perspective on earth, it appears to slow down to the point where it stands still, and then appears to move backward. mercury will be less than 1 degree from mars on feb. 8. the sky won ' t be dark enough to spot the pair until they ' re just setting in the west. since the new moon is on feb. 10, just after sunset on feb. 11, a very thin crescent moon will be setting right behind the sun and floating above mercury and mars. after the weekend of feb. 16 and 17, mercury begins to slide back toward the horizon and gets lost in the sun ' s glare, ending our earthly observing opportunities for now.


origami effect by andrew mayne item number : da5977 instantly turn a slip of paper into the origami shape of the animal a person is visualizing in their mind. turn a borrowed bill into a butterfly. tear up a newspaper and produce an animated origami rabbit. andrew mayne presents the origami effect ; powerful, visual magic that lets you give form to thoughts. the origami effect : a spectator thinks of an animal from a list of over 40 different origami shapes and you change the post - it - note into the animal instantly before their eyes. the recycled rabbit : tear a sheet of newspaper to pieces and then restore it into an origami rabbit that can ' t sit still. great for kids and grown - ups alike. takes only minutes to prepare. psychic origami : borrow a dollar from a spectator and change it into the animal they ' re visualizing in their mind. includes multiple presentations. wineglass origami : a devious way to change a borrowed bill into an origami shape right under your spectator ' s noses. the origami effect is a one - on - one teach in style dvd. you ' ll learn different handling techniques as well as andrew ' s extremely practical and deceptive method for forcing words and images. running time approximately : 65mins


green tree ant a green tree ant worker adopts an aggressive stance as it defends the nest. a green tree ant nest in the foliage of a tree. an adult moth butterfly, liphyra brassolis. the caterpillars of this butterfly live only inside green tree ant nests where they feed on ant larvae and pupae. green tree ants, sometimes called weaver ants, build balloon - shaped nests among the foliage of trees and shrubs. groups of workers pull leaves close to each other and ' weave ' them together with silk produced by the larvae. a green tree ant colony may consist of many nests spread over several trees but there is only a single queen. green tree ants occur across northern australia from the kimberly region in western australia to about gladstone in queensland. they are found in all forest types but do not occur in the highlands. green tree ant workers are aggressive and defend their nests by swarming onto the attacker. they cannot sting but bite with their jaws and squirt a burning fluid from the tip of the abdomen onto the wound. green tree ants are predators and also collect honeydew from sap - sucking insects. the caterpillars of many species of butterflies are tended by green tree ants. the flattened, armoured caterpillars of the moth butterfly live only inside green tree ant nests where they feed on ant eggs, larvae and pupae. adult moth butterflies emerge inside the nest and are attacked by the ants. they are covered with loose scales that fall out when they are grabbed by the ants. in this way the butterflies can escape the nest without being damaged. workers are about 5 - 10 mm long and yellowish - green. workers from the same nest vary in size but all have similar body proportions. the waist has a single, relatively long segment. queensland museum ' s find out about... is proudly supported by the thyne reid foundation and the tim fairfax family foundation.


in contemporary philosophy, “ the euthyphro problem ” is a question about why things are good and about the difficulties in ( a caricature of ) divine command theory, but this is a very different question from the question raised in the plato ’ s dialogue euthyphro, which treats of various dilemmas that arise in trying to define what piety is. euthyphro continually fails to define piety by continually failing to describe a being that would be worthy of piety, which is to say that he never comes up with an adequate notion of the sort of being that deserves to be worshiped as divine. this is hardly a hidden teaching of the dialogue, since the first definition of piety that euthyphro gives is : piety is what i am doing, charging my father with murder …. for do not men regard zeus as the best and most righteous of the gods? - and yet they admit that he bound his father ( cronos ) because he wickedly devoured his sons, and that he too had punished his own father ( uranus ) for a similar reason, in a nameless manner. to which socrates responds : this is the reason, euthyphro, why i am a defendent in this case – that i cannot accept these stories about the gods. in other words, socrates rejects the whole basis of euthyphro ’ s piety, and he suspects that this is the reason why the athenians are putting him on trial. the dialogue is therefore a call to reform a false notion of what is divine in order to articulate the nature of a being to whom piety would be due. both socrates and euthyphro are working from the supposition that one and the same thing or action cannot not be both pious and impious. following this, the problems that arise in finding an object of piety arise mainly from the problems of understanding the act of the divine will, that is, divine love. if a pious action is an object of divine love, then we require complete singularity and unanimity of the divine will ; for without complete and unchanging unanimity, one and the same action can be both pious and impious. euthyphro could have avoided this problem by stipulating that one and the same action could be pious or not, depending on which god one related it to ( and so, famously, killing trojans would be pious to athena and impious to hera ), but euthyphro,


##ipulating that one and the same action could be pious or not, depending on which god one related it to ( and so, famously, killing trojans would be pious to athena and impious to hera ), but euthyphro, much to his credit, is not willing to accept such relativism. there might be some actions that are loved by one god and hated by another, but such actions cannot exhaust all pious actions, and certainly not the loftiest such actions. however misguided euthyphro might be about the piety of his own action, he nevertheless is right to never abandon the idea that some actions are just pious, now and forever. euthyphro isn ’ t willing to accept the logical consequences of this opinion, however. it makes no sense to think that the pious is not somehow an object of divine love ; but if something is absolutely and changelessly pious, what then? euthyphro would probably make an even stronger claim : there are things which admit no possibility of being impious. but it is very hard to harmonize such an idea with a multiplicity of divine wills, and therefore with a multitude of divinities ; and it even becomes difficult to harmonize with a single divinity that could change his will from one thing to another. this, of course, opens a new difficulty and problem, which socrates develops with a second series of arguments.


( ap ) some of the stream and river gauges used around the country to help forecasters predict flood and drought could be discontinued as a result of automatic federal budget cuts that went into effect this month, officials said friday. the u. s. geological survey said 11 of the roughly 100 gauges it operates in minnesota could potentially be shut down due to budget cuts. nationally, 375 of the 8, 000 usgs - operated gauges are at risk. usgs spokesman dave ozman said the agency doesn ' t know the full impact of the cuts yet, or when the gauges might be affected. the gauges provide key information for the national weather service as it collects data to forecast potential flooding. " they are the eyes in the field for us, " weather service hydrologist diane cooper. " without that river gauge, we can ' t provide forecasts. " the usgs ' s river gauges measure water elevation every 15 minutes, and about every six weeks the river flow is measured. but during flooding, river flow measurements are taken much more frequently. the usgs compares that river flow and elevation data, which it uses to create important forecasts at each gauge ' s location, cooper said. the information is transmitted to a satellite and comes into the weather service almost continuously which is important because, she said, " river conditions can change quickly. " ozman said some river gauges are co - funded through federal, state or local dollars. eleven usgs river gauges in minnesota are completely funded by federal dollars, so those are the ones that could face a shutdown. they include gauges at : the pigeon river near grand portage, the kawishiwi river near ely, the prairie river near taconite, the crow river at rockford, the whetstone river near big stone city, the yellow medicine river near granite falls, the minnesota river at morton, the mississippi river at st. paul, the mississippi river at prescott, the root river near pilot mound, and the cedar river near austin. " those are the ones we ' re looking at. our hope is that we wouldn ' t have to cut all of those, " ozman said. " these gauges are all important to the folks who are served by them. " the usgs is evaluating the effects of budget cuts on all of its programs, including seismic monitoring and volcano and land slide monitoring. in addition, ozman said, the usgs plans to issue a notice to all employees that a furlough is also being considered,


battle of the hornburg this article or section needs more / new / more - detailed sources to conform to a higher standard and to provide proof for claims made. | battle of the hornburg | | conflict : war of the ring | | date : 3 - 4 march 3 - 4 t. a. 3019 | | place : helm ' s deep ( especially the hornburg ) | | outcome : victory for the rohirrim | about 3000 rohirrim, a " forest " of huorns 10, 000 at the least heavy, but precise numbers are unknown the entire force of uruk - hai ; many dunlendings slain, the rest surrendered | war of the ring | | osgiliath ( 1 ) · fords of isen · isengard · hornburg · osgiliath ( 2 ) · dale · siege of gondor · pelennor fields · black gate · dol guldur · bywater | the battle of the hornburg is also referred to as the battle of helm ' s deep. the battle pitted the forces of saruman against the warriors of rohan under king theoden, who had taken refuge in the mountain fortress of helm ' s deep. the armies the army of rohan consisted of 1000 cavalry forces from edoras led by king theoden. this force included aragorn, gimli, legolas, and theoden ' s nephew eomer. this army joined with rohan ' s garrison of around 1000 at the hornburg. the army was reinforced by 1000 scattered rohirrim troops from the westfold rallied by gandalf and led by erkenbrand. a forest of huorns entered the valley independently, seeking revenge on saruman ' s orcs. the army of saruman consisted of his specially bred uruk - hai orcs supported by dunlendings. the total size of the isengard force isn ' t specified, but it was much larger than the rohirrim army holding the fortress. on march 3 seeking to take the fight away from his people, theoden brought around a thousand horsemen to the fords of isen along with any others in edoras. on their way they found ceorl who reported a defeat to the fords ; theoden then redirected his troops to helm ' s deep, which was commanded by gamling in his lord erkenbrand ' s absence. the battle the forces of saruman arrived at the valley of helm ' s deep in the middle of the night and quickly


were given amnesty by king theoden and allowed to return to home. the rohirrim required that all hostilities cease, and that the dunlendings retreat behind the isen river again. the slain dunlendings were buried in a mound of their own apart from the orc carcasses. the next night those carcasses disappeared and the death down was left by the departing huorns. portrayal in adaptations - the battle of the hornburg is a key part of this film. the amount of time spent around the battle in the movie was much more than in the original book. in the context of the film, it is referred to as the battle of helm ' s deep, a title which was never used by tolkien but which is often used by fans, probably because it occupies a chapter entitled " helm ' s deep ". - one difference in the film is the leading up to the battle : in the book the army of the rohirrim is going to the fords of isen when they decide to redirect to the deep and anticipate the forces of saruman which is consisted of dunlendings. in the film, the whole people of edoras is relocated to the deep for protection against saruman ' s orcs who eventually find them. the battle is given a dramatic weight as women and children are hiding in the glittering caves and the very existence of the rohirrim is decided by the outcome. - one major difference is that elrond, at the prompting of galadriel, sends a contingent of elven archers to reinforce the defence of the keep. a similar event takes place in the novel, in which elrond and galadriel send a company of aragorn ' s fellow rangers, accompanied by elrond ' s sons, elladan and elrohir, bringing the gift of a banner and the advice to take the paths of the dead. in the book, however, this takes place after the battle of the hornburg. - in the book, it is never made explicitly clear by what method the uruk - hai cause the explosion that blasts a hole in the deeping wall, with aragorn just vaguely calling it " some devilry of orthanc ". it ' s not clear whether this was some magical attack caused by saruman from orthanc ( similar to the avalanche on caradhras in the first movie ), or some sort of invention of saruman ' s. the movie explicitly shows that saruman, fitting with his


this was some magical attack caused by saruman from orthanc ( similar to the avalanche on caradhras in the first movie ), or some sort of invention of saruman ' s. the movie explicitly shows that saruman, fitting with his theme of misusing his knowledge to empower his armies with a sort of proto - industrial revolution, makes his own gunpowder and uses it to make blasting charges that the uruk - hai then ignite. - in the movie, the thousands of troops of saruman laid siege to the fortress which was defended by around 300 men ( many of whom were too young or too old to fight ) which the rohirrim could muster and the aforementioned elven archers. when legolas says there are " 300 " rohirrim there he may have meant at that time as more were fleeing to the fortress, because visually there are more than 300 rohirrim appearing on screen in the battle. this reference to " 300 against 10, 000 " was probably meant as a reference to the ancient battle of thermopylae. these forces suffered heavy losses, but held out till dawn when gandalf arrived with thousands of riders who finally turned the tide of the battle and sent saruman ' s forces into retreat. these riders were led by eomer in the film, whereas they were led by erkenbrand in the book.


a new study has been taken out to see the effect of cocaine on cannabinoid receptor 1, which is responsible for delaying the communication between different nerve cells. the study is said to be one of its kind, as it is first time that effect of the molecule is being studied. the study, which has been taken out by a group of us researchers, was of the view that they have been able to find out the reason as to what makes cocaine addicts suffer from withdrawal symptoms. in order to know the same, the study researchers assessed genetically engineered mice. they decided to focus on a single molecule known as cannabinoid receptor 1, which is also known as cb1. while studying the molecule, the study researchers came across nucleus accumbens, a part of the brain, which regulates two prime factors emotion and motivation. lead author bradley winters said that emotion and motivation level speeds up when a person is high on cocaine. moreover, cannabinoid receptor 1 is also produced in excess when person has taken high amount of cocaine. " it is kind of like going down a steep hill so you have to start riding that brake really hard ", affirmed bradley. us business news new zealand news - after suspected botulism, cfia warns people - health care education necessary for the future of province : analysts - b. c. government grants $ 700, 000 for managing facial deformities - michelle shocked delivers hate speech about homosexuality at her gig - guess who justin bieber got burned by?!! his ex - girlfriend selena gomez


the disease appears first in one or two spurs and spreads in the following seasons to adjacent spurs, eventually killing the arm or cordon. shoots developing from below the affected arm are healthy the first year but may show symptoms in subsequent seasons. unless a major portion of the vine ' s structural framework is involved, the affected shoots eventually may be covered by normal overgrowth from the vine ' s healthy portion. it is common to find one side of the vine dead, while the other side appears healthy. when the whole vine has been killed or is severely affected by eutypa dieback, strong suckers often develop from the still healthy root system. complete collapse and death of vines or arms in summer is uncommon ; once shoots have emerged, they usually grow through summer and die the next winter. an important diagnostic symptom of eutypa dieback is the formation of pruning wound cankers. these dead areas surrounding large, old pruning wounds often can only be found by removing the rough outer bark. they are frequently located adjacent to the affected spurs. in advanced cases, the wood around an unhealed wound assumes a ridged and flattened appearance so that the trunk or cordon may be twisted and malformed. older cankers show a marginal zonation, indicating successive annual attempts of the vine to overgrow the necrotic area. because e. lata is a wound parasite, infection invariably occurs through pruning wounds. the fungus has a long incubation period in the vine. several growing seasons may elapse before visible cankers develop around an infected wound or before stunted shoot symptoms appear. because the spores are dispersed by rain, the chance for infection can be reduced by pruning the grapevines late in the spring when rains are not as likely to occur. late pruning is also important in reducing the susceptibility of the wounds. research has shown that vines pruned early in the winter, when they are dormant, do not heal as quickly and the pruning wounds are susceptible to infection for 4 to 5 weeks. when vines are pruned in late winter - early spring they are beginning to come out of dormancy and the period of wound susceptibility is reduced to 10 to 14 days because they heal faster. in the long term, wound protection offers much better control prospects than eradication once the disease has become established. pay special attention to wound protection if drastic retraining or changeover of the variety is contemplated or if the vineyard is located


heal faster. in the long term, wound protection offers much better control prospects than eradication once the disease has become established. pay special attention to wound protection if drastic retraining or changeover of the variety is contemplated or if the vineyard is located in an area known to have e. lata. see also grapevine trunk diseases the international council of grapevine trunk diseases ( icgtd ) is a non - profit organization dedicated to promoting personal contacts, collaboration, and exchange of information among the scientists involved in research on grapevine trunk diseases. the icgtd maintains a website with information about workshops, membership, references, and scientific information about the trunk disease agents. gubler, w., rolshausen, p., trouillas, f., urbez - torres, j., voege, t., leavitt, g. and weber, e. 2005. grapevine trunk diseases in california ( pdf ). practical winery and vineyard jan / feb 2005 : 6 - 25. gubler, w., and leavitt, g. 1992. eutypa dieback of grapevines. pages 71 - 75 in : grape pest management, 2nd edition. university of california division of agriculture and natural resources publication 3343, oakland, ca. pearson, r. and goheen, a. 1988. compendium of grape diseases. aps press, st. paul, mn. 93 pages. rolshausen, p., trouillas, f., and gubler w. 2004. identification of eutypa lata by pcr - rflp. plant disease 88 : 925 - 929.


today, a contemporary look at power technology, 170 years ago. the university of houston ' s college of engineering presents this series about the machines that make our civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity created them. the rev. dionysius lardner wrote technical handbooks in the early 1800s. his popular lectures on the steam engine came out in 1828 - - about 40 years after james watt had developed his new steam engine. lardner ' s book rapidly went through a series of english and american editions. by 1836 he was dealing with everything from the availability of coal to rules for railway investors. so what do you suppose lardner had to say about the impact of the new engines? he showed some real vision, but he combined it with the same optimistic short - sightedness we see all around us today. he began by dramatizing the new engines. he said : in a [ recent ] report it was announced that a steam engine... erected... in cornwall, had raised 125 millions of pounds, 1 foot high, with a bushel of coals.... the great pyramid of egypt [ weighs 13 billion ] lbs. to construct it cost the labour of 100, 000 men for 20 years. [ today it could ] be raised... by the combustion of 479 tons that ' s very impressive, but what about rising coal consumption? he tries to calm people ' s worries : the enormous consumption of coals in the arts and manufactures, and in steam navigation, has excited the fears of... exhaustion of our mines. these apprehensions, however, may be allayed by the assurance [ of ] the highest mining and geological authorities, that the coal fields of northumberland and durham alone are sufficient to supply [ the present demand ] for 1700 years, and... the great coal basin of south wales will... supply the same demand for 2000 years longer. those reserves do little today to satisfy england ' s energy needs - - never mind the rest of the energy - hungry world. but lardner ' s failure to recognize our constant craving for more is all too familiar. so is his sure faith that progress will keep us out of trouble. his final assurance is one you ' ve heard in discussions of population, energy, pollution, and every other problem that rises out of modern consumption :... in speculations like these, the... progress of improvement and discovery ought not to be overlooked.... philosophy already directs her finger at sources of


energy, pollution, and every other problem that rises out of modern consumption :... in speculations like these, the... progress of improvement and discovery ought not to be overlooked.... philosophy already directs her finger at sources of inexhaustible power.... we are on the eve of mechanical discoveries still greater than any which have yet appeared. if lardner underestimated our appetites, he correctly saw that human ingenuity will keep finding ways to meet those appetites longer than we may think. the problem, of course, is that ingenuity will keep bailing us out, right up to that one last time - - when it fails to bail us out. and if we wait ' til then, we ' ll be in for worse trouble than we ever dreamt. i ' m john lienhard, at the university of houston, where we ' re interested in the way inventive minds lardner, the rev. d., popular lectures on the steam engine, in which its construction and operation are familiarly explained ; with an historical sketch of its invention and progressive improvement. new york : elam bliss, 1828. lardner, the rev. d., the steam engine familiarly explained and illustrated... etc. philadelphia : e. l. carey & a. this is a new version of an earlier program, engines episode 13. the engines of our ingenuity is copyright © 1988 - 1997 by john h. episode | search episodes |


ordered linear spaces i i saw a really great talk today by howard barnum of the los alamos national laboratory. it dovetails wonderfully with what i ’ ve been talking about here, and i think i can help him by bringing my categorical inclination to bear on his subjects. i ’ ll omit the motivation he was using because i can ’ t really explain the background, but it makes for a great example of a category. we define the category of “ ordered linear spaces ” by starting with a totally ordered field. if you know what the real numbers are ( i still haven ’ t defined them here ) use them, but otherwise you can get away for now with rational numbers. we consider the category of finite - dimensional vector spaces over and - linear maps between them. now an ordered linear space is a finite - dimensional vector space equipped with a certain partial order, compatibly with the linear structure. we can do this by specifying a “ cone ” of vectors to consider as being bigger than. then exactly when. we require that if then so is each with in the field. from this we can tell that if with,, and, then by the transitive property of partial orders. that is, the cone contains the line segment between any two of its points. in this situation we say it is a “ convex set ”. finally, we require that we can find a positive basis of our vector space — one consisting of positive vectors. this is an ordered linear space, which is an object of. because the order is specified by its cone, we often call such a space a “ cone ”. a morphism in our category is just a linear function from one ordered linear space to another that preserves the partial order. that is, we call a linear function “ positive ” if whenever in then in. in other words, it sends the one cone into the other. an isomorphism is an isomorphism of vector spaces which identifies the two cones — the must be the “ same shape ”, up to a linear transformation. a subcone — the image of a monomorphism — works out to be exactly what it seems like it should be : a convex cone that fits inside another cone. there ’ s a functor from the category of finite sets to. we start with a finite set and construct the free vector space on it. we define the cone to be all those vectors with all components positive. for reasons related to our motivation, we call these cones — and any cone equivalent to one of them — “


delegates celebrate the adoption of the protocol in 1997 the kyoto protocol was adopted in kyoto, japan, on 11 december 1997. due to a complex ratification process, it entered into force on 16 february 2005. in short, the kyoto protocol is what “ operationalizes ” the convention. it commits industrialized countries to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions based on the principles of the convention. the convention itself only encourages countries to do so. kp, as it is referred to in short, sets binding emission reduction targets for 37 industrialized countries and the european community in its first commitment period. overall, these targets add up to an average five per cent emissions reduction compared to 1990 levels over the five - year period 2008 to 2012 ( the first kp was structured on the principles of the convention. it only binds developed countries because it recognizes that they are largely responsible for the current high levels of ghg emissions in the atmosphere, which are the result of more than 150 years of industrial activity. kp places a heavier burden on developed nations under its central principle : that of “ common but differentiated responsibility ”. in doha, qatar, on 8 december 2012, the doha amendment to the kyoto protocol was adopted. this launched a second commitment period, starting on 1 january 2013 until 2020. the kyoto protocol is made up of essential architecture that has been built and shaped over almost two decades of experience, hard work and political will. the beating heart of kp is made up of : reporting and verification procedures ; flexible market - based mechanisms, which in turn have their own governance procedures ; and a compliance system. so, two things make kp tick. the first was binding emissions reduction commitments for developed country parties. this meant the space to pollute was limited, and what is scarce and essential commands a price. greenhouse gas emissions — most prevalently carbon dioxide — became a new commodity. kp now began to internalise what was now recognised as an unpriced externality. this leads us to the second, the flexible market mechanisms of the kp, based on the trade of emissions permits. kp countries bound to targets have to meet them largely through domestic action — that is, to reduce their emissions onshore. but they can meet part of their targets through three " market - based mechanisms " that ideally encourage ghg abatement to start where it is most cost - effective - - for example, in the developing world. quite simply, it does not matter where emissions are reduced, as long as they are removed from the planet ' s atmosphere. this has the


abatement to start where it is most cost - effective - - for example, in the developing world. quite simply, it does not matter where emissions are reduced, as long as they are removed from the planet ' s atmosphere. this has the parallel benefits of stimulating green investment in developing countries and of including the private sector in this endeavour to cut and hold steady ghg emissions at a safe level. it also makes " leap - frogging " more economical - - that is, the possibility to skip older, dirtier technology for newer, cleaner infrastructure and systems, with obvious longer - term benefits. kp has prompted governments to put in place legislation and policies to meet their commitments, businesses to make climate - friendly investment decisions, and the formation of a carbon market. the kyoto protocol compliance mechanism is designed to strengthen the protocol ' s environmental integrity, support the carbon market ' s credibility and ensure transparency of accounting by parties. its objective is to facilitate, promote and enforce compliance with the commitments under the protocol. it is among the most comprehensive and rigorous systems of compliance for a multilateral environmental agreement. a strong and effective compliance mechanism is key to the success of the implementation of the protocol. for more details on the kyoto protocol, its architecture and how it operates, click here. for an overview of the relationship between the political, advisory and subsidiary bodies of the unfccc, please click here.


colours, shapes, taste, and smells are some of the joys of growing an organic garden. the certified organic seeds grown by stellar seeds are selected to offer the best of all these qualities. stellar seeds are open - pollinated, grown in british columbia, and farmed using holistic practices that maximize soil health and promote biodiversity. nantes coreless carrots are excellent for home or market growing. the orange roots are 5cm at shoulder, taper to a blunt tip and grow 20cm long. strong tops make for easy picking and good bunching. this is a sweet and flavorful carrot that stores well. prior to planting carrot seeds, work the soil deeply and remove any rocks / debris that may impede the downward formation of the roots. sow seeds very thinly, about 1 / 4 inch deep. cover them with a fine garden soil. or sprinkle them on top of the soil, and lightly water them into the soil. space rows 1 - 1. 5 feet apart. thin the seedlings before crowding impairs their growth. after seeds have germinated, thin to two inches apart. keep carrots well weeded early in the season. they are easily overcrowded, with any competing weeds usually winning out. carrots need a good supply of water, in soil that drains well. mark rows well, as carrots take a long time to germinate. carrot roots generally take 65 to 75 days to reach maturity, depending on variety. seed saving tips the carrot family cross - pollinates very easily, including with queen anne ’ s lace and wild carrot. carrots can exhibit severe inbreeding depression, so save and mix seed from at least forty different carrot plants of the same variety. do not save seed from any plant with white roots or where the root looks deformed. carrots must overwinter in the ground before setting seed ( vernalization ), so mulch in late fall and remove mulch in spring. finger - sized carrots survive better than large carrots. alternatively, you can bring carrots in and store them overwinter and then plant again in the spring. save seed from the first and second flower heads ( umbels ), which will have the largest and heartiest seed. cut umbels when they begin to dry, turning brown. they can be further dried inside. small amounts of seed can be collected by rubbing dried umbels between hands or picking off seeds. carrot seed is naturally hairy or “ bearded ”. pick


have you ever been tempted to assume that families with the same surname were related because they lived near each other? well, you might want to think again before making assumptions about family relationships based on proximity. the 1850 federal census for independence county, arkansas illustrates this pitfall very well. there were no less than 64 individuals with the surname reeves, reaves, or reves, living in 11 households in the predominately rural county in 1850. four households consisted of descendants of jordan reeves jr ( born about 1773 in north carolina ), four of descendants of william reeves ( born 1766 in grayson county virginia ), and three of descendants of miles reeves ( born about 1760 - 70, birth state unknown ). for years, the descendants of miles reeves assumed that he was a son of jordan reeves sr ( born 1747 in north carolina ), based on very little evidence other than the migration of his sons between 1837 and 1846 to independence county where jordan reeves jr had moved in 1825. because of this assumption, investigation of the origins of miles reeves languished. dna analysis ultimately proved that the sons of miles reeves were not related to jordan reeves. likewise, the william reeves descendants are not related to either miles reeves ’ or jordan reeves ’ lines. descendants of jordan reeves have tested in dna group 8 in the reeves dna project while descendants of william reeves ' brothers jesse and john have tested in group 6. a miles reeves descendant who had his dna tested did not match anyone in the dna project. documentary evidence supports the dna findings. no connections among the three families have been found other than the fact that they all lived in the same county for several years. similar situations abound in reeves genealogy. though today the surname “ reeves ” is the 358th most common surname in the us, it seems sometimes that reeves were everywhere in colonial america. if you are researching a reeves line, consider finding male descendants to do the y - dna testing. it could help narrow your research to specific families. and you will find cousins you never knew you had.


sarah dazley - murder the development of forensic science in the 19th century a case study for key stage 3, britain 1750 - 1900 and gcse history this case study outlines the case of sarah dazley, a young widow, who at the age of 28, was tried and found guilty of the murder of her 2nd husband, william dazley. the case is interesting in many ways : - forensic evidence was used to make the case against sarah - this was an early use of forensic science to determine the cause of death. - heresay gossip from villagers counted against her. - sarah dazley was the last woman to be publicly hanged at bedford gaol. in this section you will find background information and activites relating to the case of sarah dazley, the detection of crime and the treatment of those accused of murder in the 19th century. the ks 3 & 4 activities are aimed at students but provide a wealth of additional information and insight to the life of a young woman during the 19th century. a case study for key stage 3, britain 1750 - 1900 and gcse history. the materials can also be used for general interest. this section has reports and documents relating to the life of sarah dazely that can be used for research or for completing the activities provided with this case study.


| canto 3 : the status quo | | chapter 26 : fundamental principles of material nature | bhaktivedanta vedabase : srimad bhagavatam 3. 26. 13 indriyani dasa srotram tvag drig rasana - nasikah vak karau caranau medhram payur dasama ucyate indriyani - - the senses ; dasa - - ten ; srotram - - the sense of hearing ; tvak - - the sense of touch ; drik - - the sense of sight ; rasana - - the sense of taste ; nasikah - - the sense of smell ; vak - - the organ of speech ; karau - - two hands ; caranau - - the organs for traveling ( legs ) ; medhram - - the generative organ ; payuh - - the evacuating organ ; dasamah - - the tenth ; ucyate - - is called. the senses for acquiring knowledge and the organs for action number ten, namely the auditory sense, the sense of taste, the tactile sense, the sense of sight, the sense of smell, the active organ for speaking, the active organs for working, and those for traveling, generating and evacuating. copyright ( c ) the bhaktivedanta book trust international, inc. his divine grace a. c. bhaktivedanta swami prabhupada, founder acarya of the international society for krishna consciousness


laminated glass is a type of safety glass that holds together when shattered. in the event of breaking, it is held in place by an interlayer, typically of polyvinyl butyral ( pvb ), between its two or more layers of glass. the interlayer keeps the layers of glass bonded even when broken, and its high strength prevents the glass from breaking up into large sharp pieces. this produces a characteristic " spider web " cracking pattern when the impact is not enough to completely pierce the glass. laminated glass is normally used when there is a possibility of human impact or where the glass could fall if shattered. skylight glazing and automobile windshields typically use laminated glass. in geographical areas requiring hurricane - resistant construction, laminated glass is often used in exterior storefronts, curtain walls and windows. the pvb interlayer also gives the glass a much higher sound insulation rating, due to the damping effect, and also blocks 99 % of incoming uv light. 1. safety : ordinary window glass is brittle, breaking into long sharp pieces which can cause serious injuries. the principal feature of laminated safety glass is that the interlayer absorbs the energy impact and hence resists penetration. although the glass may break, the glass fragments remain firmly bonded to the interlayer, minimizing the risk of injuries. 2. security : burglars often try to break windows to get inside the house or a building and here the laminated glass plays an important role in resisting their intrusion. even if the glass breaks the interlayer continues to safeguard the building until the glass is replaced. 3. sound reduction : noise gains easiest entry to homes and buildings through windows and doors. laminated glass proves an excellent barrier to noise, it has better sound transmission loss as compared to glass of similar thickness in the frequency of 125 hz to 4000 hz. also it eliminates the coincidence dip that is associated with the monolithic glass because of the viscoelastic property of the interlayer material. 4. solar energy control : while natural light is important for us too much sunlight can also mean too much heat gain inside the building. laminated glass when used in combination with reflective glass, tinted glass or low e glass provides excellent reduction in the solar gains as well as reduction of sound transmission through the window. 5. uv control : the major cause of deterioration and fading of furnishings and pictures is the chemical reaction caused by short - wavelength uv radiation. uv absorbing additives in the interlayer in laminated glass can screen out almost all these damaging


the window. 5. uv control : the major cause of deterioration and fading of furnishings and pictures is the chemical reaction caused by short - wavelength uv radiation. uv absorbing additives in the interlayer in laminated glass can screen out almost all these damaging rays. 6. protection from weather and natural disasters : if broken, laminated glass remains in its frame, preventing interior damage while reducing flying glass protects people both indoors and outdoors. areas subjected to heavy winds and rain such as hurricanes or cyclones, buildings often need extra protection. flying debris carried by these winds can shatter the glass and injure people. laminated glass can be designed to remain intact and in its frame. buildings that are situated in areas subjected to heavy winds and rains such as hurrican and cyclones, often need extra protection. step 1 : first the glass is cut to size from the available stock in accordance to the order given by the client. step 2 : then the glass is safely transported from the glass storage rack to the laminated glass line using the feeding device. the glass is then positioned onto the table and conveyed via roller table to the washing machine. wider gaps between individual panes are automatically reduced to a small safety distance before the glass reaches the washing machine. step 3 : glass panes of a thickness between 2 and 19 mm are cleaned and dried by varying speeds. automatic scanning of glass thickness and coated glass sensors allow accurate positioning of the cleaning brushes. different bristle diameters are used for the process which ensure a proper cleaning of the glass using deionzised water. step 4 : once the glass is cleaned by washing and subsequently dried, it is then transported to the clean room where the pvb is stored. in the clean room a perfectly coordinated air conditioning system regulates both temperature and relative humidity of the pvb film rolls. also the environment is kept dust free so as to ensure that no dirt particles stick to pvb or glass which may result in delamination. properties of laminated glass. float glass in different thickness is basically used in the form of clear, tinted, reflective, tempered and heat strengthened glass. the pvb exhibits an extraordinary resistance in terms of uv transmission but does not reduce the visible light in the light spectrum. • pvb thickness - - 0. 38mm, 0. 76mm, 1. 14mm, 1. 52mm • pvb colors - - clear, white, gray, purple, blue, green, yellow, orange, red • refractive index - - 1. 48 • visible light transmittance, clear -


by julie steenhuysen an influential u. s. panel has called for routine hiv screening for all americans aged 15 to 65, a change that could help reduce some of the stigma about getting tested for the sexually transmitted infection that causes aids. the draft recommendations, released on monday by the u. s. preventive services task force, a government - backed group of doctors and scientists, also called for routine hiv testing for all pregnant women. " the prior recommendations were for screening high - risk adults and adolescents, " said task force member dr douglas owens who is a medical professor at stanford university. " the current recommendation is for screening everyone, regardless of their risk, " said owens, who is also affiliated with the veterans affairs palo alto health care system in california. nearly 1. 2 million people in the united states are infected with hiv, yet 20 to 25 percent of them do not know it. " this marks a monumental shift in how hiv in the united states can be prevented, diagnosed and treated, " said carl schmid, deputy executive director of the aids institute, an aids advocacy group. the new guidelines by the task force are expected to affect the reimbursement of hiv testing, removing one of the barriers to the tests, schmid ' s group said in a statement. under the affordable care act, insurers are required to cover preventive services that are recommended by the task force. the change brings the group more in line with the u. s. centers for disease control and prevention, which in 2006 recommended hiv testing for everyone between 13 and 64. the recommendations, which had been expected, are based on the latest evidence showing the benefits of early hiv testing and treatment. recent studies have shown that hiv treatment can reduce transmission of the virus to an uninfected partner by as much as 96 percent. " treatment has two benefits. one is to the person who has hiv, and also treatment helps prevent transmission and protects a person ' s partner, " owens said. dr. jeffrey lennox, a professor of medicine at emory university school of medicine and chief of infectious disease at grady memorial hospital, an inner - city hospital in atlanta, said under the current recommendations, many doctors simply fail to offer the tests. " in our practice, we see patients every week who are newly diagnosed with hiv - people who have seen many physicians in the past 10 years and none of them had ever offered testing, " lennox said. many of these patients have far advanced disease, that could have been caught earlier and successfully treated


when president john f. kennedy gave his inaugural speech over 50 years ago, he asked americans to do something they had never been asked to do before. “ ask not what your country can do for you ; ask what you can do for your country. ” when the country did ask that question, kennedy replied with the formation of the peace corps. by may of 1961, kennedy was sending letters of appreciation to the thousands of enthusiastic volunteers who responded. now 50 years old, the peace corps remains one of the few programs out of the new frontier days of kennedy that still draws thousands of volunteers to communities around the world to make life at least a little bit better for the people they serve. the secondary benefit of serving in the peace corps, according to most volunteers, is that it made life richer for the people who served. “ in those days, in the 1960s, young people were more idealistic that the generation before them, ” said nick schmader of warwick, who found himself in liberia in 1968. “ one of the first things you learn is that there are other cultures where people have less regard for the individual and more of a sense of community than we were used to. in america, individualism is highly valued. in west africa, the people have a stronger sense of community. ” schmader was a design engineer and teacher for much of his career before he retired last year. he went to liberia to train seventh and eighth graders in math and science. “ it was pretty obvious that they were poor compared to american standards but they did not regard themselves as poor or ignorant, ” said schmader. “ as i became more knowledgeable of them, i realized that they welcomed us and they want to learn what we knew but they would pick and choose what they liked about our culture and retain their own culture and traditions. but they really appreciated the efforts we made for them. ” for schmader and other peace corps veterans, the program represents a legacy of service that has become a significant part of america ’ s history and positive image abroad. “ and that is still a good thing because it brings people together, ” said schmader. “ regardless of what people think of american foreign policy, people from different parts of the world do not judge americans on the basis of our government. they do not regard the american people as enemies. ” one of the things that schmader has wondered about was the way the peace corps has remained above politics in this country and abroad. “ back in the 1960s, young people were very much


. they do not regard the american people as enemies. ” one of the things that schmader has wondered about was the way the peace corps has remained above politics in this country and abroad. “ back in the 1960s, young people were very much against the war in vietnam and were very vocal about it, including the kids in the peace corps, ” said schmader. “ they organized protests against the war, and i ’ m sure that didn ’ t please nixon and other people who were for the war but he never did anything to hurt the peace corps. i think that had something to do with the fact that almost all of the people in washington had a son or daughter or a nephew in the peace corps but probably because they realized the value of it. ” the value of the program continues, but theses days you are as likely to meet an idealist who is significantly older than the original volunteers. the program was 22 years old and susan connelly was 66 when she volunteered to go to liberia. after a career in nursing, much of it spent at kent hospital, connelly trained nurses in africa, just before the deadly plague of aids spread across the continent. “ back then, when i pricked my fingertip, i worried about hepatitis, ” she said. “ there were no high - tech machines or medicine there. i had to remember back to the 1930s in america to use in liberia. all of their medical equipment was outdated. being able to remember all those things we knew was very helpful. ” that ’ s why connelly continues to encourage older americans to look into volunteering. if you are physically fit and motivated, there is a good chance the peace corps can find something for you to do. “ at first i thought i might be too old, but i learned that many older people are encouraged to volunteer and have skills and experience that is very valuable in poorer countries, ” said connelly. even before susan connelly arrived in liberia, a coup led by samuel doe, a sergeant in the army, had taken over the country and, in spite of his acceptance by washington policymakers, his governance eventually laid the grounds for a protracted cycle of rebellion that culminated in civil war. for the first time, susan connelly worried. “ i was afraid i wouldn ’ t get out of the country, ” she said. after a long and bloody struggle, democracy and peace have returned to the country and, for the first time in a long time, connelly became optimistic about the future of the friends she left


’ t get out of the country, ” she said. after a long and bloody struggle, democracy and peace have returned to the country and, for the first time in a long time, connelly became optimistic about the future of the friends she left behind in 1985. genuinely, democratic elections have been held and a liberian woman, who had spent much time in america, was elected president. ellen johnson - sirleaf is widely believed to be the beginning of a new age of peace and progress there. “ she seems to be doing a great job, ” said connelly. since 1961, more than 200, 000 americans have served in the peace corps, working in 139 countries. while there have been times that the peace corps has been removed from countries, many countries who are otherwise not fans of american politics still invite the peace corps into their countries. in fact, the program only goes where they are invited. when the peace corps was invited to botswana, francine connelly ( susan ’ s daughter ) volunteered to go there to assist their efforts in combating aids. “ the peace corps left botswana in 1990, but it has been asked to come back since, ” said francine. “ for the most part, we are very welcome there, and i met a lot of older people who are about being taught by the peace corps. the chief of a village we worked in was trained by the volunteers. ” francine and her husband, andy delong, went to botswana together. both are trained social workers and their assignment was to help the people cope with the fallout of the aids epidemic. francine said one out of four people in the country are infected with the hiv virus. “ our job was to educate the people about prevention and to develop their life skills and capacity to deal with life, ” she said. “ so many kids have lost their parents to aids, and those orphans need all the help they can get. ” francine and andy also helped the women of the villages to become more self - sufficient and taught them ways to support themselves by making pottery and jewelry as a source of income. the idea of making botswana technically savvy is still further down the road. in spite of massive improvements in the infrastructure of botswana in the wake of discovering a rich lode of diamonds in that country, parts of the country are still without basic amenities. “ we had electricity for about three or four hours a day, ” said francine. “ we had no running water. we had radio and we got our news from the bbc.


that country, parts of the country are still without basic amenities. “ we had electricity for about three or four hours a day, ” said francine. “ we had no running water. we had radio and we got our news from the bbc. ” francine said it is essential for america to continue to support the peace corps. “ it is so important to americans on the ground in other countries, without guns, having that one - on - one contact with other people, ” she said. “ i feel we were very effective and i think we left a good legacy, and if one or two people in botswana don ’ t get aids because of what we did, it would be worth it. ” sadly, not all peace corps tours of duty end well. according to peace corps sources, more than 239 people have died in the service since 1961, and part of the ceremonies held in washington, d. c. last week was a memorial procession to honor those who died. most of them were killed in accidents, but some died by more violent means. in 1999, they calculated that 3. 1 per 10, 000 died, or 1. 9 per 100, had been victims of violent assault. even then, few of the attacks have been politically motivated and the program said alcohol, crime and other universal social problems were the root causes. but you will rarely meet anyone who volunteered who will say that the time in the peace corps was wasted. providence school teacher and cranston resident george mcfadden was in south korea from 1971 to 1974. when he applied for the corps, he knew he didn ’ t want to be a farmer and signed up to teach english as a second language in korea. “ the korean people were very good at reading and translating english then but they had very little experience speaking it, ” said mcfadden. “ they wanted to improve their speech in english. ” mcfadden said he was surprised at how primitive the country still was in 1971. “ even people in the city had no hot water and had outhouses, ” he said. “ there was very little and very slow railroad service and roads and almost no one had a car or a television. it was still a basically agricultural economy. ” when he headed for the rural area of korea where he would be teaching, things were even more primitive. “ the village i went to had one road and it was dirt, ” he said. “ for water, they had a communal pump in the center of the village that they all used. ” mcfa


be teaching, things were even more primitive. “ the village i went to had one road and it was dirt, ” he said. “ for water, they had a communal pump in the center of the village that they all used. ” mcfadden left the program convinced that it was one of the greatest exports america has produced. “ back then, korea had no real freedom of the press or speech, ” he said. “ they didn ’ t have much of anything, but they never complained and they appreciated everything they learned from us … when i finally went back to visit, i couldn ’ t find the old school i taught in. the village was all built up and the streets were paved. they used to be farmers, but now they produce electronics, heavy industry, cars and ships and they have a real democracy. ” mcfadden doesn ’ t take the credit for progress in korea, but he does deserve some credit for helping them learn the language that helped them move into a global economy. “ back then, when any westerner walked down the street, people would say, ‘ american! american! ’ now, when they see a westerner they say, in excellent english, to germans or russians or anyone else, ‘ where are you from? ’ ” and, said mcfadden, they really don ’ t mind when you say “ america. ” for more information about the peace corps, write to them at 1111 @ 0th street, nw, washington, dc, 20526, call 1 - 800 - 424 - 8580, or visit www. peacecorps. gov.