august 18, 2011 in 1818, when frankenstein, or the modern prometheus was published for the first time, mary shelley could not have imagined the monster she was unleashing on the world. the creature in shelley ' s novel is remarkably sympathetic and an eloquent speaker, capable of measured, intelligent, and articulate argument. but based on boris karloff ’ s 1931 film performance and confirmed by countless other films, comics, and illustrations, the general perception today is that frankenstein ’ s creature is a “ monster ” who grunts or speaks — if he talks at all — in disjointed monosyllables. why has popular culture largely denied the creature his reasonable voice? this symposium brings together four scholars and the curator and bibliographer of the new york public library ’ s carl h. pforzheimer collection to reflect on graphic and film representations of the “ monster ” from the past two centuries. the first half of the day will feature presentations on key visual adaptations of the creature, while the latter half will engage questions about what these appearances mean for understanding him as a political and historical subject. morning session – ten o ’ clock opening remarks : jay barksdale and stephanie degooyer the face of the creature, 1818 - today elizabeth campbell denlinger - curator of the carl h. pforzheimer collection of shelley and his circle the maker of the monster : an illustrated biography of mary shelley charles cuykendall carter - bibliographer of the carl h. pforzheimer collection of shelley and his circle the creature in the ( cinematic ) machine paul flaig - comparative literature, cornell university afternoon session – two o ’ clock what makes a ‘ monster? ' susan wolfson - professor of english, princeton university a monster ’ s right to have rights stephanie degooyer - english, cornell university and scholar in residence in the library ’ s wertheim study autism and articulation in mary shelley ’ s novel and beyond julia miele rodas - assistant professor of english, bronx community college of the city university of new york ( cuny )


positive outcomes for families one goal of parents anonymoussm is to prevent or end juvenile delinquency and child abuse problems in families. to reach this goal, parents learn that it is a sign of strength to ask for help. they learn to use appropriate community resources and to build supportive, positive peer relationships for themselves and their children. they learn to establish reciprocal relationships, which helps them maintain positive peer associations and avoid overburdening the friends and family members who make up their personal support system. parents gain a sense of their own power and use it to improve their ability to care for their children, avoid violent reactions to their children, protect them from violence inflicted by other adults, and use parenting practices that promote healthy outcomes for their children. demonstrated effectiveness of parents anonymoussm research suggests that parents anonymoussm is a promising approach to strengthening families and preventing child abuse and neglect, although only a small number of studies have been conducted. behavior associates ( 1976 ) administered a one - time survey to 613 program participants and asked them a range of questions about their self - esteem, feelings about parenthood and children, satisfaction derived from parenthood, knowledge of child development, social contacts and use of community resources, frequency and severity of abuse, perceived benefits of membership in the program, and background characteristics. participants reported improved parenting behavior, an immediate reduction in physical abuse, a positive change in physical and verbal interactions with their children, improved self - esteem, increased social contacts, more help seeking behavior, and greater use of community facilities for childcare. also, it was found that participants ' expectations of children ' s behavior became more developmentally appropriate. the findings suggest that these positive results are more pronounced as time spent in the program increases. a second study found that parents anonymoussm is a key element in service delivery plans for parents ( cohn, 1979 ). this study used data collected from case managers who were asked a variety of questions about their clients when they began and terminated services. case managers were asked to rate their clients on a variety of parental attitudes, situations, and behaviors thought to be causally related to child abuse and neglect ( e. g., parental stress, having a sense of the child as a person, appropriate behavior toward the child, and knowledge of child development ). at service termination, case manager reports indicated that parents who participated in parents anonymoussm were more likely to improve on these measures than those who did not participate. the researchers did caution that parents may self - select into this self - help service ( the study was not able to


case manager reports indicated that parents who participated in parents anonymoussm were more likely to improve on these measures than those who did not participate. the researchers did caution that parents may self - select into this self - help service ( the study was not able to study the effects of motivation ), but also suggest that the nature of the service helps parents resolve important problems. ojjdp and parents anonymous, inc., have recognized the need to conduct an updated, rigorous evaluation of the program. in 1999, ojjdp will sponsor a national evaluation of parents anonymoussm and build on the findings of past research. important advances in evaluating parents anonymoussm will include collecting information from multiple sources, conducting postprogram followups on participants, and using a comparison group. additional relevant research research on mutual assistance - shared leadership groups such as parents anonymoussm has revealed that such groups are a more effective intervention strategy than pure self - help or traditional therapy. for example, yoak and chesler ( 1985 ) found that mutual assistance groups with shared leadership enjoyed greater longevity than groups led by a single individual, either a professional or a parent member. borkman ( 1990 ), one of the major theorists and researchers in the area of mutual assistance groups, stated that increased access to and availability of self - help groups are important to promote for the public, especially for ethnic / racial minority groups and the economically disadvantaged.


the history of u. s. railroads provides an interesting case study on federal regulation. they were the first sector of the economy to come under heavy regulatory control and nearly went extinct because of it. following enactment of the interstate commerce act in 1887 — which created the interstate commerce commission — progressive movement technocrats, populist farmers, and shipping interests demanded more and more regulation, often with the support of large segments of the railroad industry. several decades took their toll, and by world war i, excessive regulation of railroads caused massive inefficiencies and soon led president woodrow wilson to nationalize the entire industry for the remainder of the war. but industry conditions following de - nationalization were not much better. time and time again, the only perceived solution to problems caused by failed regulation was more, not less, regulatory intervention. it is this dynamic i examine in my new study on railroad regulation, “ slow train coming? misguided economic regulation of u. s. railroads, then and now. ” eventually, conditions got so bad in the railroad industry that it looked like it could not be saved. following the 1970 bankruptcy of the penn central railroad, the largest corporate bankruptcy in u. s. history until it was eclipsed by enron in 2001, fears of outright and permanent nationalization of the railroads began to grow. it was only then that policy makers began to seriously advocate for deregulatory policies. this culminated in the staggers rail act of 1980, which largely deregulated the industry. today, more than 30 years later, the railroads are booming. shippers and consumers have enjoyed a 45 - percent decline in average inflation - adjusted freight rates while the railroads have seen a more than 400 - percent increase in rail employee productivity. this renewed prosperity has allowed railroads to invest heavily back into their own networks, to the tune of $ 500 billion since 1980. but these obvious gains have not satisfied a small but vocal group of rent - seeking coal, agricultural, and petrochemical shippers. since the staggers act, they have routinely decried federal regulators as being too conservative while demanding more political control over rates. their powerful political allies, most notably senate commerce committee chairman jay rockefeller ( d - w. v. ), happily do their bidding. but the disgruntled rent - seeking shippers make their mischief not only on capitol hill, where they have so far failed to enact the re - regulatory policies introduced by sen. rockefeller and others, but in the far more opaque regulatory state. currently, their


##runtled rent - seeking shippers make their mischief not only on capitol hill, where they have so far failed to enact the re - regulatory policies introduced by sen. rockefeller and others, but in the far more opaque regulatory state. currently, their regulator, the surface transportation board, is considering a shipper request to enact dramatic forced access policies. but if you examine the recent comment filings, you might notice something strange coming from the obama administration. one of the coal shipper filings argues that the proposed reciprocal switching mandates don ’ t go far enough. this is absurd on its face because the proposal in question actually would result in a huge shift in stb mission and practice, but not particularly surprising. what is surprising is another filer essentially agreeing : the department of agriculture. in usda ’ s case, it is doing the bidding of rent - seeking oilseed shippers from the midwest rather than wyoming coal companies and western utilities, but the goals and policies both groups seek are nearly identical. the irony is that this administration is simultaneously waging a war on coal - fired electricity through utility mact, etc., while going to bat for the worst and most naked rent - seeking segments of american big business against the most environmentally friendly, least subsidized domestic transportation mode. in case you ’ re wondering, the stb has found no evidence of market power abuse on the part of the class i railroads. this is pure crony capitalism. the regulatory proceeding is currently open. if the surface transportation board decides to side with these shippers — a major departure from precedent — it is likely time for congress to abolish the agency. u. s. railroads are now booming, mostly due to the fact that they are now able to behave as owner - operators – market agents – rather than bureaucrats ’ pawns. the question is whether we will learn from past policy mistakes or begin making them all over again. read the study here.


eventually, we ' ll build a solar cell where the photoanode is made from the material that we ' re synthesizing today. by templating the assembly of the nanotubes - tio2 nanocrystal with the m13 phage, the electronic properties of the photoanode are improved. " improved " here means a few things. engineers trying to optimize photovoltaic devices want lots of high mobility electrons inside their devices since these can more efficiently convert the photo - energy input to electrical power output. single - walled nanotubes made from carbon are one kind of material that ranks pretty high for this property. engineers would also like to optimize the " sink " for these mobile electrons since the very best photovoltaic devices will also efficiently collect them where they ' re needed. in our experiment, we are relying on m13 to facilitate electron paths by arranging the swnts into a higher - order architecture, thereby improving their properties. not only can m13 bundle the swnts so they don ' t clump together ( see how the p8 proteins allow the swnts to associate in parallel to the phage in the photo ), but the viruses also position parts of the swnts to the surrounding solution, allowing for a more complete coating with tio2. the tio2 nanocrystal shell ( like its more expensive silicon cousin ) is needed to pass the electrons from the photo - excited dye... which we ' ll be adding later. phage : swnts : tio2 nanocomposite, image from mit news 04. 52. 11 note, however, that swnts aren ' t the perfect material, even when arranged by m13. the swnts aren ' t homogeneous and the metallic contaminants can short circuit the electron ' s paths. for this reason, you are testing different ratios of swnts to phage and building solar cells from these variants. you will identify the most useful ratio at the end of the module when you measure the photon - to - current conversion efficiency ( ipce ) for the 1 : 1, 2. 5 : 1 and 5 : 1 ratio ( swnts : phage ), and we compare across groups. today in lab you will react your swnt : phage with titanium isopropoxide, harvest a small aliquot to visualize with tem next time, then wash the remainder of the nanowires several times, first with ethanol, then with water. you will have


swnt : phage with titanium isopropoxide, harvest a small aliquot to visualize with tem next time, then wash the remainder of the nanowires several times, first with ethanol, then with water. you will have time during these steps to work on the research proposal idea you ' ve got started with your lab partner. part 1 : react swnts : phage with ti ( i - pro ) 4 today ' s lab has some safety hazards and you must work extremely carefully. lab coats, gloves and goggles are a must when you ' re at the chemical hood. the reaction of the complexed phage with the titanium will take place in the hood at supercooled temperatures ( a bath at ~ - 40°c ). once the titanium has been deposited on the surface of the phage, the solution is less hazardous, though you should still treat the materials with care since no reactions run to completion distillation jar, chillin ' for swnt phage only : - retrieve your dialyzed samples. - carefully transfer the contents of the dialysis bag to a 15 ml falcon tube. this is best done by carefully holding the dialysis bag vertically while you remove one of the alligator clips, cover the open end of the tubing with the falcon tube, then invert the tubing and the falcon tube so the complexed phage solution can be collected. - if there are any nanowires remaining in the dialysis tube after you have emptied the contents, rinse the nanowires out using 1 ml of the nacl dialysis buffer and add the volume to the 15 ml falcon tube. - use the markings on the tube to estimate the volume of the nanowires. - vortex the nanowires if they look clumpy. for all groups : 1. chill your complexed phage on ice on your bench until you are ready to react it with the titanium. 2. calculate the amount of material necessary for making tio2 nano composites. assuming that the volume of phage is 100 % water, calculate the amount of pure ethanol to add to the phage which will result in a 95 % ethanol solution. additionally, calculate how much ti ( i - pro ) 4 you must add to your phage in order to achieve a 15 : 1 ti ( i - pro ) 4 : phage ratio *. 3. prepare a bath a. mix ethylene glycol and ethanol in a 1 : 1 volume ratio. b. place a


shiny edge side up. if you are uncertain as to which side has the shiny edge, try looking under the dissecting microscope ( 12x magnification ) to find the numeral " 1 " on the correct side. hint 2 : treat the grid with care and use the tweezers only on the edge to minimize damaging the delicate mesh. tem grid balanced in tweezers - allow the nanowires to settle onto the grid undisturbed for 5 '. the etoh will evaporate during this time. you can wick away any residual etoh by touching the very edge of the grid with a kimwipe. - wash the grid by adding 5 ul of 100 % etoh onto the grid. after 30 seconds you can wick away the etoh. - wash the grid by adding 5 ul of sterile h2o onto the grid. after 30 seconds you can wick away the water and transfer the grid to a holder to visualize next time. part 3 : wash your phage : swnts : tio2 nanocomposites - spin the remaining volume of nanocomposites in the clinical centrifuge at room temperature, 3000 rpm 10 minutes. at the end of this spin you should see dark material collected at the bottom of the tube. this is the material that will serve as the photoanode in our photovolatic device! - decant the supernatant into a chemical waste bottle in the chemical hood. resuspend the nanocomposite material in 20 ml dh2o. spin as before. - decant the supernatant into the sink. - hand the pellet of phage : swnts : tio2 to the teaching faculty who will begin to prepare the paste needed to build them into the solar cell. part 3 : research pre - proposal pre - proposals will be due in lecture on m3d4 ( 11. 29. 12 ) at 11am. that ' s coming up soon! use your time today to look carefully at the requirements for this pre - proposal assignment. the requirements are posted here. today you and your lab partner should work through the research topics you identified as interesting and decide on one ( or at most two ) that are worth researching more. before m2d4 in lecture, every team must document a research pre - proposal by making and printing out a wiki page using the template found here. your pre - proposal will be evaluated based on its : - creativity and innovation with its context -


by suvendrini kakuchi tokyo, jun 10, 2012 ( ips ) – leading japanese ecologists are pushing for the concept of environmental “ ethics ” to influence the upcoming earth summit in rio de janeiro, an approach they contend will foster accountability towards sustainable development. “ ( environmental ) ethics is based on the concept of making people accountable for the preservation of natural resources and biodiversity. by highlighting this aspect, we aim to combat the priority on economic growth that has hijacked previous earth summits, ” said ryoichi yamamoto, development expert and professor emeritus at tokyo university. celebrating the 20th anniversary of the first united nations summit on sustainable development, this year ’ s conference, dubbed rio + 20, will negotiate on a transition to a green economy in an effort to preserve the planet ’ s air, land, water and biodiversity. but activists worry this crucial debate on the planet ’ s future will once again – as has been the case since sustainable development was launched as a global issue in 1992 – focus too heavily on anti - pollution technologies and the exploitation of natural resources in service of economic growth. such an approach, green activists say, has not adequately provided for protection of the planet ’ s scarce natural resources and delicate ecosystems. for example, over 100 countries agreed on an ambitious target to contain global warming to less than two degrees celsius, setting an emissions limit of 100 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide until 2050. but the target is becoming impossible to reach — numerous studies indicate the world has already emitted one - third of its allowed quota in the last nine years, especially since rising economies like india and china have become major polluters. in addition, despite economic growth rates of more than eight percent in countries such as china and india, the poverty gap is also widening – the united nations human development index reports that life expectancy, illiteracy and child mortality are almost seven times greater in china ’ s smaller towns than in its big cities. to combat this alarming trend, yamamoto is leading a campaign to create an inter - governmental ethics panel for ecological civilisation ( http : / / www. japanfs. org / en / mailmagazine / newsletter / pages / 031788. html ) as a special agency in the united nations. the proposal aims to strengthen institutional frameworks for sustainable development through the collaboration of science, culture and religion. he told ips that excellent scientific research, evaluating ecosystems ’ vulnerability to economic growth, has provided ample knowledge to influence policy decisions. “ but what is missing is sustainable development based


frameworks for sustainable development through the collaboration of science, culture and religion. he told ips that excellent scientific research, evaluating ecosystems ’ vulnerability to economic growth, has provided ample knowledge to influence policy decisions. “ but what is missing is sustainable development based on the perspective of an ecological civilisation, a civilisation that could exist in harmony with natural systems, ” he said. the call for an ethical approach to finding solutions in rio has gained momentum in japan after the massive natural disaster that hit the northeastern coasts of the country in march 2011. activists point out the earthquake and tsunami, which wiped out whole communities and caused a meltdown at the fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant that destroyed entire farming villages with toxic pollution, has led to deep soul searching in japan. “ the disaster has caused a review of japan ’ s economic success. despite high postwar growth the disaster was a bitter lesson on the vulnerability of material riches and it convinced the public that protecting the environment cannot take second place, ” yamamoto said. indeed, public support for nuclear power has dipped drastically – almost 70 percent of the population does not support restarting the nuclear reactors, which, up until the 2011 disaster, had been viewed as the lynchpin of national development in resource - poor japan. opinion polls indicate even the threat of power shortages in the summertime has done little to dent public aversion to nuclear power. five years ago, teruyuki matsushita started the donguri ( acorn ) club, a small grassroots organisation that works to raise awareness about the role of forests in western japan ’ s mihama prefecture, which is also home to three nuclear reactors. “ my anti - nuclear work had reached a major challenge – to gain public support i had to show ( people ) that our forests could also provide jobs that foster sustainable development. this is the reason why i started the donguri club – we educate people and also make a living from logging and selling forest products such as flowers, ” matsushita explained to ips. the donguri club operates with just five full time staff, with volunteers working closely to support the organisation. matsushita says his work is pioneering new strategies for activists and ushering in support for sustainable development. at a time when more than half the world ’ s population works in agriculture, takumo yamada, from oxfam tokyo, stressed that rio + 20 is a crucial platform to discuss alternatives to a system in which multinational corporations set agendas that affect millions of farmers in developing countries. “ the discourse in rio must not


- visitors & friends - about the university maize gene could lead to bumper harvest 13 jan 12 the discovery of a new ‘ provisioning ’ gene in maize plants that regulates the transfer of nutrients from the plant to the seed could lead to increased crop yields and improve food security. scientists from oxford university and the university of warwick, in collaboration with agricultural biotech research company biogemma - limagrain, have identified the gene, called meg 1. they report their find, which they believe could help to increase global food production, in this week ’ s current biology. unlike the majority of genes, which are expressed from both maternal and paternal chromosomes, meg1 is expressed only from the maternal chromosomes. this unusual form of uniparental gene expression, termed ‘ imprinting ’, also occurs with some genes in humans, which regulate the development of the placenta to control the supply of maternal nutrients during foetal growth. the team, led by dr jose gutierrez - marcos of the university of warwick, and dr liliana costa and professor hugh dickinson of oxford university ’ s department of plant sciences, has now highlighted that plants have also adopted a similar system to regulate nutrient provisioning during seed development. the researchers demonstrated that meg1 is responsible for the formation of specialised conduit cells that confer placenta - like properties to the embryo surrounding tissues of plant seeds to regulate the transfer of nutrients from mother to offspring. dr gutierrez - marcos of the university of warwick said : ‘ these findings have significant implications for global agriculture and food security, as scientists now have the molecular know - how to manipulate this gene by traditional plant breeding or through other methods in order to improve seed traits, such as increased seed biomass yield. ‘ this understanding of how maize seeds and other cereal grains develop ( e. g. in rice and wheat ) is vital, as the global population relies on these staple products for sustenance. therefore to meet the demands of the world ’ s growing population in years to come, scientists and breeders must work together to safeguard and increase agricultural production. ’ professor hugh dickinson of oxford university ’ s department of plant sciences, said : ‘ the identification of meg1 is a highly - important discovery and represents a vital first step in this process ; the next will be to identify other genes involved in regulating provisioning and nutritional content of seeds. ’ the research was supported by the european union and the uk ’ s biotechnology and biological sciences research council. a report of the research, entitled ‘ maternal control of nutrient allocation in plant seeds by genomic imprinting ’,


let ' s talk about plastic bags. it ' s something that everybody uses but it ' s time that we stop using them now. estimated that the world uses 500 billion to 1 trillion plastic bags a year. in alone, they estimate that it takes 12, 000, 000 million barrels of oil are required to produce the 100 billion plastic bags used each year. ( source : reusablebags. com ) when i used to work at a major outdoor store in toronto, i was constantly amazed the large numbers of people who requested bags to carry home their freshly purchased knapsack. what ' s with that? they looked at me like i had two heads when i suggested that they just put it on their back... important that we start to educate our students about making sure they don ' t allow plastic bags to get into our waterways. two articles showed up in the press today about animals ingesting plastic bags and dying slow horrible deaths. here is one on a giant turtle in australia and another one about 2 pounds of plastic bags found in a minke whale found dead in who missed it a couple of months ago, we posted a piece about the so - called, great pacific garbage patch. it ' s an area twice the size of texas that is completely filled with around 3 million tons of floating pieces of plastic. more info and teaching resources : plastics in our oceans and waterways


autosomal dominant : marfan syndromeautosomico dominante : sindrome de marfan autosomal dominant : marfan syndrome genes are inherited from our biological parents in specific ways. one of the basic patterns of inheritance of our genes is called autosomal dominant inheritance. what is autosomal dominant inheritance? autosomal dominant inheritance means that the gene is located on one of the autosomes ( chromosome pairs 1 through 22 ). this means that males and females are equally affected, and " dominant " means that only one gene is necessary to have the trait. when a parent has a dominant trait, there is a 50 percent chance that any child they have will also inherit the trait : click image to enlarge there are four possible combinations in the children. two of the four, or 50 percent, have inherited the trait. the other 50 percent have not inherited the trait. these four combinations are possible every time a pregnancy occurs between these two individuals. the gender of the children ( whether they are sons or daughters ) does not matter. the chance is 50 / 50 for each pregnancy. what is marfan syndrome? marfan syndrome occurs in one in 5, 000 live births and is a connective tissue disorder associated with autosomal dominant inheritance. connective tissue is abundant in the body and is important as a supporting structure, principally for the musculoskeletal system but for other body systems as well, including the eyes and heart. the gene for marfan syndrome, called fibrillin - 1, is localized to chromosome # 15 on the long arm ( q ) at 15q21. 1. common findings include those related to abnormalities in connective tissues, such as abnormal enlargement of the aortic root of the heart, dislocated lenses of the eyes, and a tall, lanky body with increased joint mobility, scoliosis, long flat feet, and long fingers. findings may vary among individuals diagnosed with this condition, even within a family. if an individual carries an abnormal gene for marfan syndrome, that individual has a 50 percent risk for occurrence of marfan syndrome with each future pregnancy. if a person does not carry the gene abnormality, then the risk for occurrence of the disorder in future offspring would be the same as the population risk.


the function and strategy of problem solving by chris bach and the third way – the next generation in reinforcement training last month, we moved into a very important area of dog training, problem solving. chris shared her theory on the “ function and strategy " for teaching dogs. we are continuing our discussion on problem solving. this month chris explains her theory on the “ function and strategy of problem solving ”. the function of problem solving is different than teaching and much more complex. problem solving involves the entire teaching process but only as one of its components. it also entails totally changing and therefore totally controlling the consequences of a response. in addition, the trainer must also eliminate the emotional fluctuation brought on by the presence of specific stimuli as well as “ stimulation ” itself. changing a dog ’ s response to stimuli, both operantly and classically is infinitely more difficult than teaching new consequences, or keeping emotional fluctuations to a minimum in the first place. because the function of problem solving is changing rather than just teaching, strategies are also different and much more complex. the strategy for problem solving has four keys : - the dog is never to blame. - the problem response must never occur again. - a new incompatible response must be taught and proofed in a separate venue. - when this new response is reliable, it is cued before the problematic response can occur. i always accept the blame if my dog fails to conform to my expectations or requirements. my expectations are wrong, not my dog. my dog is perfect. i have failed to either adequately teach him what i want, or to recognize some limitation that prevents him from meeting my goals. it is up to me to teach him properly and / or modify my expectations. the problem solving process begins with people taking full responsibility for their dog ’ s actions. next, people must recognize that there is a problem only because the dog is failing to meet some human - imposed expectation. dogs are and always will be perfect at being dogs and at being their individual self. they are imperfect only in the minds of people. once people accept responsibility for there being a problem, they must precisely identify the problem and then explore their options for dealing with it. the purpose of this is to assist dog owners and caretakers in identifying the real problem and exploring the options available. then once an option is chosen, a viable and realistic program that the dog owner or caretaker can accept and / or implement can be developed. the third way ’ s problem solving functions and strategies problem solving function : modify the contingencies for a response and


samuel huntington was born on july 5th, 1731 and died on january 5th, 1796. he was born at scotland parish ; windham, connecticut. his father, nathaniel huntington, was a farmer and helped to settle a preacher in the area around windham connecticut. his brother, nathaniel, was sent to yale to obtain an education and later took an pastoral position congregational minister in ellington. samuel began studying in his spare time with the encouragement of the reverend ebenezer devotion. samuel apparently devoted a lot of time to studying in the reverend ’ s substantial library. of course it also helped that the reverend had a daughter whom samuel had taken an interest in. eventually, samuel had settled himself and married martha devotion, the reverend ’ s daughter. on december 2, 1754, he was admitted to the bar in windham after expanding his studies from theology to the law. in 1760 he moved to the much larger town of norwich and started his practice. a year later martha and samuel married. here is a small part of a biography of martha huntington : martha devotion, oldest daughter of rev. ebenezer devotion and martha lathrop, was married, in 1761, to samuel huntington of connecticut, who became signer of the declaration of independence, governor of connecticut, and in 1779, president of the continental congress. she was twenty - two years old at the time of her marriage, and her husband thirty, and but recently established in the practice of law. they lived in norwich where mr. huntington built up an extended practice and began at an early day to take an active part in political affairs of the province. politics was no novelty to his wife, for the rev. ebenezer devotion, her father, was ardently interested in the politics of connecticut and represented windham in the general assembly, from 1760 until 1771, the year of his death. the rest of this sketch on the life of samuel huntington is taken from this article. with oliver wolcott, huntington made a difficult journey of about two weeks in january 1776 to begin service in the continental congress. they arrived in philadelphia on january 15, but huntington soon was struggling with smallpox and was not able to carry on with his duties until late february. in constant correspondence with individuals and government back home, connecticut ’ s delegates huntington, wolcott, and sherman received word of the general assembly ’ s june vote authorizing them to join other colonies in declaring independence. thus, diplomatic samuel huntington, who had never been prominent among the radical element agitating for breaking away from the britain, voted for


, and sherman received word of the general assembly ’ s june vote authorizing them to join other colonies in declaring independence. thus, diplomatic samuel huntington, who had never been prominent among the radical element agitating for breaking away from the britain, voted for and signed the declaration of independence. aside from brief visits home in april and june, huntington was in philadelphia ten long months of 1776. long days in congress, a heavy load of committee assignments, dislike of the city, slow and inadequate reimbursement for his living expenses, and worry about family and business at home left him anxious to be done. arriving in norwich in november, he immediately was caught up in the war effort at home as the council of safety and general assembly grappled with the problems of provisions, prices, raising militia, and protecting the coast. although again elected a delegate for 1777, there was work to be done in connecticut, and huntington stayed close to home. in july 1777, huntington and other representatives of new england states and new york met in springfield to discuss economic problems brought on by the war, such as high prices, inflation, and unstable paper money. february 1778 found samuel huntington heading back to pennsylvania with an appreciation of the effects of the war on the state level and in communities like norwich. in his absence, congress had written articles of confederation, but they were far from perfect, and states were slow to ratify. huntington saw the need for some form of unified government and supported passage. after signing this new constitution, the articles of confederation, for connecticut, samuel headed for home in july on a leave of absence. again elected congressman in the fall of 1778, he reported to philadelphia the next may. this session involved even more committee appointments and more visibility, especially on three major committees – the marine committee, a committee assigned to prepare instructions for negotiating a peace with great britain, and another to plan for one or more supreme courts of appeal. he was greatly concerned with military pay issues and problems with currency. on september 9, 1779, huntington requested leave to again return to connecticut, but before he could leave, he was elected president of the continental congress to replace john jay, who had been appointed minister to spain. by this time, huntington had considerable experience and seniority and was known to not let regional biases control his stand on national issues, making him an acceptable choice for competing regions. the presidency did not involve a great deal of prestige or direct power, but the quality of leadership could help determine whether factions could agree and business could be accomplished. huntington


##es control his stand on national issues, making him an acceptable choice for competing regions. the presidency did not involve a great deal of prestige or direct power, but the quality of leadership could help determine whether factions could agree and business could be accomplished. huntington had already impressed fellow delegate benjamin rush as “ a sensible, candid and worthy man, and wholly free from state prejudices. ” when it became apparent that he would need to stay in philadelphia for a year of the presidency, after already having been away since may, samuel sent for martha, who arrived late in december. like samuel, she endured a bout of smallpox almost immediately upon arrival. congress provided an expensive home, food and household supplies, and a staff. in spite of living more frugally than his predecessors, huntington found the position a financial hardship. the presidency carried no additional salary, but he was expected to entertain other members of congress and foreign dignitaries, while his own business interests in connecticut were languishing. the connecticut treasury forwarded him funds to help, but not enough to cover his expenses. huntington ’ s diplomatic skills were put to the test presiding over a sometimes contentious congress. he spent long hours in correspondence with military and governmental officials in states and abroad, and in composing official documents. although no longer expected to do committee work, he was still an active delegate from connecticut, necessitating further correspondence with governor jonathan trumbull and others back in connecticut. he dealt with absenteeism, irregular mail service, and constant worries about progress of the war and the economy. pressing the states to provide their quota of much - needed men and supplies was difficult without a means of enforcement or a stable currency. huntington kept up correspondence with benjamin franklin, john adams, john jay, and others as they worked on diplomatic missions in europe, and personally made friends with the french minister. although huntington expected his term to expire in september 1780, congress voted to keep him for another term. with the ratification vote of maryland, the last hold - out state, the articles of confederation became the official constitution on march 1, 1781. the united states became a nation, and samuel huntington became the first president of “ the united states in congress assembled. ” in july 1781, samuel resigned the presidency and returned to connecticut, hoping to stay.


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yet in the 1960s, the caldron of social issues and political unrest throughout the country, coupled in 1967 - 68 with an offering of hopeful candidates – especially on the democratic side — brought both older and newer hollywood celebrities into the political process like never before. “ in no other election, ” observed time magazine in late may 1968, “ have so many actors, singers, writers, poets, artists, professional athletes and assorted other celebrities signed up, given out and turned on for the candidates. ” a war was then raging in vietnam and a military draft was taking the nation ’ s young to fight it. president lyndon johnson had raised u. s. troop strength in vietnam to 486, 000 by the end of 1967. protests had erupted at a number of colleges and universities. in late october 1967, tens of thousands of demonstrators came to the pentagon calling for an end to the war. in addition, a growing civil rights movement had pointed up injustice and racism throughout america. three summers of urban unrest had occurred. riots in 1967 alone had taken more than 80 lives. in the larger society, a counter culture in music, fashion and values – brought on by the young – was also pushing hard on convention. and all of this, from vietnam battle scenes to federal troops patrolling u. s. cities, was seen on television as never before. society seemed to be losing its moorings. and more was yet to come, as further events – some traumatic and others unexpected – would fire the nation to the boiling point. there was little standing on the sidelines ; people from all walks of life were taking sides. hollywood and the arts community had a long history of political involvement and activism on behalf of presidential candidates, dating at least to the 1920s. even in the dark days of the 1950s there had been a sizeable swath of hollywood backing democrat adlai stevenson for his presidential bids of 1952 and 1956. and in the 1960 election of jack kennedy, there was notable support from frank sinatra and friends, as well as kennedy family connections to hollywood. others, like singer pete seeger, had never stopped their activism, even in the face of political pressure. by the early 1960s, with the civil rights movement in particular, a new wave actors and singers such as joan baez, harry belefonte, marlon brando, bob dylan, charlton heston, sidney poitier, paul newman and others were becoming involved in one way or another. some lent their name or provided financial support ; others joined marches and demonstrations. by the mid - 1960s


, marlon brando, bob dylan, charlton heston, sidney poitier, paul newman and others were becoming involved in one way or another. some lent their name or provided financial support ; others joined marches and demonstrations. by the mid - 1960s, however, the vietnam war became a goading factor for many in hollywood. and among the first to speak out and oppose the war was an actor named robert vaughn. the man from uncle robert vaughn was the star of a popular primetime tv spy series called the man from u. n. c. l. e., which ran from september 1964 to mid - january 1968. vaughn was among the first to criticized president lyndon b. johnson on the vietnam war – and he did so very publicly in a january 1966 speech. in indianapolis, at a dinner given to support johnson ’ s re - election, vaughn spoke out against the war and lbj ’ s policy there. “ everyone at the front table had hands over their eyes, ” vaughn later explained when asked about the reaction. vaughn became worried about the vietnam war after immersing himself in all the documents, books and articles he could find on the subject. “ i can talk for six hours about the mistakes we have made, ” he told one reporter in 1966. “ we have absolutely no reason to be in viet nam - legal, political or moral. ” in late march 1966, vaughn went to washington to meet with politicians. he lunched with senator frank church ( d - id ) and also had a lengthy meeting with senator wayne morse ( d - or ) to discuss the war. he told the press then “ the hollywood community is very much against ” the vietnam war. “ [ t ] he hollywood com - munity is very much against ” the vietnam war. – robert vaughn, march 1966. but wasn ’ t it risky for a star to be so outspoken, he was asked? “ i ’ ve had nothing but encouragement from my friends in the industry, from the studio, even the network, ” he said. on his visit to washington that weekend vaughn was a house guest of bobby kennedy ’ s at hickory hill in nearby virginia. he continued to be visible in the vietnam debate, appearing as a guest on william f. buckley ’ s tv talk show, firing line. he also engaged in impromptu debate with vice president hubert humphrey on a live minneapolis talk show. at the peak of vaughn ’ s popularity, he was asked by the california democratic party to oppose fellow actor, republican ronald reagan, then running for california governor in


he also engaged in impromptu debate with vice president hubert humphrey on a live minneapolis talk show. at the peak of vaughn ’ s popularity, he was asked by the california democratic party to oppose fellow actor, republican ronald reagan, then running for california governor in the 1966 election. vaughn, however, supported democrat edmund g. brown, who lost in a landslide to reagan. vaughn would continue to oppose the war, leading a group called dissenting democrats. by early 1968, vaughn supported the emerging anti - war presidential candidate senator eugene mccarthy ( d - mn ), then running for his party ’ s nomination. ( vaughn had later planned to switch to robert kennedy, a close friend, if kennedy won the june 1968 california primary ). gene mccarthy had announced his candidacy for the white house on november 30, 1967. opposing the war was the main issue for mccarthy, who had been prodded to run by anti - war activists. on the republican side, former vice president richard nixon announced his candidacy in january 1968. and on february 8th, alabama ’ s democratic governor george wallace – the segregationist who in june 1963 had stood at the doors of the university of alabama to block integration – entered the presidential race as an independent. mccarthy attracted some of the more liberal democrats in hollywood, including those who had been for adlai stevenson in the 1950s. “ … [ h ] e ’ s the man who expresses discontent with dignity, ” actor eli wallach would say of mccarthy in 1968. wallach had won a tony award in 1951 for his role in the tennessee williams play the rose tattoo and also became famous for his role as tuco the “ ugly ” in the 1966 film the good, the bad and the ugly. wallach liked the fact that mccarthy had taken “ a firm position on the war in vietnam. ” wallach and his wife anne jackson, a stage actress, were among those who held fundraisers and poetry readings for mccarthy. actress myrna loy was another mccarthy supporter. she had played opposite william powell, clark gable, melvyn douglas, and tryone power in films of the 1930s and 1940s. loy was a lifelong activist who had supported adlai stevenson in 1952 and 1956. in 1968, she became a stalwart for mccarthy, making personal campaign appearances for him and hosting fundraisers. but perhaps the most important hollywood star to come out for mccarthy was paul newman. the paul newman factorpaul newman was then among hollywood ’ s most popular actors, and among its top five box office draws. by 1968, he had appeared in


. but perhaps the most important hollywood star to come out for mccarthy was paul newman. the paul newman factorpaul newman was then among hollywood ’ s most popular actors, and among its top five box office draws. by 1968, he had appeared in more than a dozen major films and had a following of both older and younger americans. among his films, for example, were : somebody up there likes me ( 1956 ), as boxer rocky graziano ; cat on a hot tin roof ( 1958 ), opposite elizabeth taylor ; and the young philadelphians ( 1959 ). he also appeared with his wife joanne woodward in several films including : the long, hot summer ( 1958 ), rally ‘ round the flag, boys!, ( 1958 ), from the terrace ( 1960 ), paris blues ( 1961 ), and a new kind of love ( 1963 ). other signature films of newman ’ s in the 1960s were : exodus ( 1960 ), the hustler ( 1961 ), hud ( 1963 ), harper ( 1966 ), hombre ( 1967 ), and cool hand luke ( 1967 ). along with joanne woodward, newman took time away from his profession during 1968 to work months at a time for mccarthy. he made numerous campaign appearances for mccarthy throughout the country during the democratic primaries and also became a mccarthy delegate to the democratic convention. newman ’ s support for mccarthy – like many others – was largely because of the vietnam war. mccarthy, however, was not well known outside of the u. s. senate in washington d. c. and his home state of minnesota. in addition to actively campaigning for mccarthy, newman was also filmed in political ads for the candidate, and emceed a telethon to raise money for mccarthy that had been quite successful. but it was newman ’ s early help in the new hampshire primary that was particularly important for mccarthy – especially given the results and the political fallout that followed. in fact, some credit newman with raising mccarthy ’ s visibility enough to enable him to make the strong showing he did in new hampshire – a showing which later affected decisions by both lyndon johnson and bobby kennedy. newman made campaign appearances in new hampshire during february and march 1968, some with wife joanne woodward. tony randall and rod serling also made appearances for mccarthy in new hampshire. but it was newman who drew the crowds and notice by the press. in march 1968, newman went to claremont, new hampshire to campaign for mccarthy. tony podesta, then a young mit student, was newman ’ s campaign contact. podest


but it was newman who drew the crowds and notice by the press. in march 1968, newman went to claremont, new hampshire to campaign for mccarthy. tony podesta, then a young mit student, was newman ’ s campaign contact. podesta worried that day that only a few people might show up to hear newman. some credit paul newman with raising mccarthy ’ s visibility in new hamp - shire, enabling his strong showing there. instead, more than 2, 000 people came out to mob newman. “ i didn ’ t come here to help gene mccarthy, ” newman would say to his listeners that day. “ i need mccarthy ’ s help. ” “ until that point, ” said podesta, “ mccarthy was some sort of a quack not too many people knew about, but as soon as paul newman came to speak for him, he immediately became a national figure. ” in new hampshire, the manchester union leader newspaper published a political cartoon showing newman being followed by mccarthy with the caption : “ who ’ s the guy with paul newman? ” author darcy richardson would later write in a nation divided : the presidential election of 1968, that newman ’ s visit to the state “ caused a great stir and drew considerable attention to mccarthy ’ s candidacy. ” new republic columnist richard stout, attributing honesty and conviction to newman ’ s new hampshire campaigning, wrote that the actor “ had the star power mccarthy lacked, and imperceptibly was transferring it to the candidate. ” barbara handman, who ran the arts & letters committee for mccarthy, would later put it more plainly : “ paul turned the tide for mccarthy... paul put him on the map — he [ mccarthy ] started getting national coverage by the press. he started being taken seriously. ” new hampshire earthquake on march 12, 1964, mccarthy won 42 percent of the vote in new hampshire to lyndon johnson ’ s 49 percent, a very strong showing for mccarthy and an embarrassment for johnson. mccarthy ’ s campaign now had a new legitimacy and momentum that would have a cascading effect on decisions that both lyndon johnson and bobby kennedy would make. paul newman, meanwhile, continued to campaign for mccarthy beyond new hampshire and throughout the election year. mccarthy soon had a long list of luminaries supporting his run for the white house, including : alan arkin, betty comden, melvyn douglas, adolf green, woody allen, carl reiner, barbra streisand, jill st. john, darren mcgavin, eva marie saint


run for the white house, including : alan arkin, betty comden, melvyn douglas, adolf green, woody allen, carl reiner, barbra streisand, jill st. john, darren mcgavin, eva marie saint, burt lancaster, sonny fox, alan jay lerner, dick van dyke, and leonard nemoy. bette davis was also a mccarthy supporter and served as hostess for some of his functions. playwright arthur miller, and author william styron were also active for mccarthy as were folk singers peter, paul & mary. some of the famous names would also participate in what were then called “ eugene cabarets ” – fundraising, entertain - ment, and other gatherings held in new york, san francisco, and other cities using an admission price to raise money for mccarthy. these events ranged from nightclub shows to poetry readings. one featured elaine may doing comedy, another had social critic and cartoonist jules feiffer as the guest. in los angeles, a “ eugene cabaret ” featured novelist william styron, actor ossie davis, and writer james baldwin in a debate on styron ’ s novel, the confessions of nat turner. in later months, the “ eugene cabarets ” would be contributing $ 11, 500 a week to mccarthy ’ s campaign. and there would be larger events too. in mid - may 1968, some 19, 000 eugene mccarthy supporters attended a star - studded event at new york city ’ s madison square garden. playwright neil simon along with comedians tony randall and larry blyden performed a satirical skit spoofing johnson and humphrey, along with other events. the entertainers that night raised $ 300, 000 for mccarthy. but it was the new hampshire primary that had sent mccarthy on his way. also important for mccarthy in new hampshire had been the college kids who came “ clean for gene ” and gave endless hours to his campaign. however, in the wake of mccarthy ’ s surprise showing in new hampshire, came bobby kennedy. kennedy in, lbj out on march 16th, four days after the new hampshire primary showed lyndon johnson to be vulnerable and mccarthy viable, bobby kennedy jumped into the race, angering many mccarthy supporters. kennedy had agonized over whether to enter the race for months, and in fact, mccarthy and supporters had gone to kennedy in 1967 to urge him to run. mccarthy then decided to enter the race after it appeared kennedy was not going to run. but once kennedy entered the race, he and mccarthy engaged in an increasingly heated and sometimes bitter


mccarthy and supporters had gone to kennedy in 1967 to urge him to run. mccarthy then decided to enter the race after it appeared kennedy was not going to run. but once kennedy entered the race, he and mccarthy engaged in an increasingly heated and sometimes bitter contest for the nomination. in 1968, however, party leaders still had a great deal of influence in the nominating process and the selection of delegates. primaries then were less important and fewer in number than they are today. still, a strong showing in certain primaries could create a bandwagon effect and show the party establishment that a particular candidate was viable. in 1960, john kennedy helped get the party ’ s attention when he defeated hubert humphrey in the west virginia primary. now in 1968, gene mccarthy had the party ’ s attention. robert kennedy would have to defeat mccarthy and president johnson in every primary that he could then still enter. among the primaries then available were : indiana and washington, d. c. on may 7th ; nebraska on may 14th ; oregon on may 28th ; california and south dakota on june 4th ; and new york on june 18th. but then unexpectedly, following kennedy ’ s announcement less than two weeks later, came another jolt for the party. lyndon johnson, a sitting president and the presumed nominee of his party, stunned the nation by announcing on national television that he would not accept nor seek the democratic presidential nomination. johnson, among other things, had seen polling data from the then - pending wisconsin primary showing mccarthy in the lead, which on april 2nd mccarthy would win with 56 percent of the vote to lbj ’ s 35 percent. on april 4th, 1968, several days after lbj ’ s bombshell, the nation was ripped apart by news that civil rights leader martin luther king had been assassinated in memphis, tennessee. in the next few days, dozens of american cities erupted in violence. robert kennedy, who had then begun his campaign, had arrived in indiana on april 4th to begin some campaigning there for the upcoming primary. on a flight from muncie to indianapolis, he learned that civil rights leader dr. martin luther king, jr., had been shot, and before landing heard that king had died. despite warnings from indianapolis police that they could not guarantee his safety, kennedy decided to proceed with plans to address an outdoor rally to be held in the heart of the city ’ s african american community. on that cold and windy evening, kennedy broke the news of king ’ s death in an impassioned, extemporaneous speech on the need for compassion in the face


to be held in the heart of the city ’ s african american community. on that cold and windy evening, kennedy broke the news of king ’ s death in an impassioned, extemporaneous speech on the need for compassion in the face of violence. it has proven to be one of the great speeches in american political history. although a number of cities erupted with riots following king ’ s death, indianapolis did not. political campaigns, meanwhile, were suspended for about a week as the nation mourned king ’ s death. by the end of april, the nation was boiling on other fronts, too. student protesters at columbia university in new york city took over the administration building on april 23rd and shut down the campus. on the campaign trail, mccarthy won the april 23rd pennsylvania primary, and a few days later, on april 27th, lyndon johnson ’ s vice president, former minnesota senator hubert humphrey, formally announced he would seek the democratic presidential nomination. humphrey, however, was taking a distinctly different route to the nomination than mccarthy and kennedy. humphrey, for the most part, did not go the primary route, although he did have surrogates in a few states. instead, humphrey planned to use the “ party machine ” to gather his delegates and was the favored establishment candidate. lyndon johnson would also help humphrey, but mostly from behind the scenes since johnson was regarded a liability for any candidate given his vietnam record. meanwhile, on the campaign trail, a showdown of sorts was brewing between kennedy and mccarthy as the may 7th indiana primary approached. celebs for mccarthy in april and early may of 1968, there was a lot of campaigning in indiana, and star power was again at work with celebrities helping mccarthy. in april, paul newman was drawing large crowds in the state for mccarthy, where he made 15 appearances. at one of those stops, newman explained from a tailgate of station wagon : “ i am not a public speaker. i am not a politician. i ’ m not here because i ’ m an actor. i ’ m here because i ’ ve got six kids. i don ’ t want it written on my gravestone, ‘ he was not part of his times. ’ also making appearances for mccarthy in indiana were simon & garfunkel, dustin hoffman, myrna loy, and gary moore. the times are too critical to be dissenting in your own bathroom. ” newman continued campaigning for mccarthy through may 7 and was then still drawing crowds, with his own motorcade sometimes followed by cars of adoring


loy, and gary moore. the times are too critical to be dissenting in your own bathroom. ” newman continued campaigning for mccarthy through may 7 and was then still drawing crowds, with his own motorcade sometimes followed by cars of adoring fans. also making appearances for mccarthy in indiana were actor dustin hoffman, singing duo simon & garfunkel, myrna loy, and tv host gary moore. simon & garfunkel sang at a mccarthy fundraiser at the indiana state fairgrounds coliseum in may 1968, where dustin hoffman introduced them. hoffman ’ s popular film at the time, the graduate – filled with a simon & garfunkel soundtrack – was then still in theaters. this celebrity support for mccarthy, as newman had shown in new hampshire, was important for mccarthy. “ when you have a candidate who is not as well known, and there ’ s no money so that you can ’ t by television time, ” explained barbara handman, head of the arts and letters committee for mccarthy, “ these people [ celebs ] become more and more effective for us. they ’ re well - known drawing cards … ” handman had previously headed up similar committees for jack kennedy in 1960, and lyndon johnson in 1964. her husband, wynn handman, was co - founder of the american palace theater. both were well connected in hollywood. celebs for kennedyrobert kennedy, a celebrity in his own right, would draw crowds like a rock star once his campaign got going – especially later in california. but even kennedy had famous names on his side. after he announced his candidacy in march 1968, his campaign was deluged with offers of help from hollywood – some 100 actors, directors and producers called offering their support. and in a blow to mccarthy, some of his early hollywood supporters, such as lauren bacall, kirk douglas, sammy davis jr., candice bergen, rosemary clooney, andy williams, and the rock ‘ n roll group, jefferson airplane, now broke for kennedy. among other hollywood and celebrity supporters working for kennedy were : warren beatty, bill cosby, tony curtis, bobby darin, henry fonda, jack lemon, shirley maclaine, malina mercouri, jack parr, david suskind, nancy wilson, gene kelly, jack lemon, gregory peck, and rod steiger. sammy davis, jr., who was performing in chicago in the spring of 1968 in golden boy, would campaign for bobby on his days off at small colleges in the


nancy wilson, gene kelly, jack lemon, gregory peck, and rod steiger. sammy davis, jr., who was performing in chicago in the spring of 1968 in golden boy, would campaign for bobby on his days off at small colleges in the nearby states of nebraska and indiana. filmmaker john frankenheimer directed and produced ads for robert kennedy, and kennedy also hired documentary filmmaker charles guggenheim to produce campaign films. kennedy also had a number of professional athletes in his corner, including nfl football stars lamar lundy, rosey grier, and deacon jones and former prizefighter tony zale. rafer johnson, a 1960 olympic gold medalist, headed an “ athlete ’ s for kennedy ” committee and often accompanied kennedy on his tours through black communities. lesley gore, a pop singer who by then had several top 40 hits – including “ it ’ s my party ” ( 1963 ), “ you don ’ t own me ” ( 1964 ), “ sunshine, lollipops & rainbows ” ( 1965 ), and “ california nights ” ( 1967 ) — also became a kennedy supporter. at 21 years old, and about to graduate from sarah lawrence college in yonkers, new york, gore became head of kennedy ’ s effort to get young voters, called “ first voters for kennedy. ” she volunteered after she heard that kennedy needed someone to attract young voters. “ i understand there are 13 million first - time voters this year, ” she told a new york times reporter in early april 1968. “ after my graduation next month i intend to give more of my time to visiting colleges and universities around the country. ” in this effort, gore would be traveling with actresses candice bergen and patty duke, and also the rock group, jefferson airplane. andy williams, a friend and skiing companion to kennedy, was also a key supporter. “ i ’ m doing it because i think it important, ” williams told a new york times reporter. “ i am worried about the image of america. people don ’ t think nixon is swell, and they don ’ t think humphrey is swell. bobby has star quality. ” williams would refurbish his guest house for use by the kennedy family when bobby campaigned in california. sinatra for humphreyone entertainer noticeably absent from the kennedy list was frank sinatra. sinatra had backed jfk in 1960 but had a falling out with jack kennedy after that election. and as attorney general, bobby had initiated some actions against the las vegas gambling scene where sinatra had friends and interests. sinatra supported vice president hubert humphrey for the nomination


had backed jfk in 1960 but had a falling out with jack kennedy after that election. and as attorney general, bobby had initiated some actions against the las vegas gambling scene where sinatra had friends and interests. sinatra supported vice president hubert humphrey for the nomination, and had met with humphrey in washington in early may, pledging to make campaign appearances for humphrey in california and elsewhere. sinatra headlined an oakland, california gala for humphrey and a delegate slate that opposed rfk in may. at the oakland fundraiser, held on may 22, 1968, sinatra gave an extensive live performance, which in recent years has been found on the web in various bootleg editions. sinatra also performed for humphrey at other events, including an early august 1968 gala at cobo hall in detroit, and he also did a tv ad for humphrey that fall. during his campaign, humphrey would gather additional hollywood and celebrity supporters beyond sinatra. among these were some of the older and more established hollywood names, sports stars, and other leading names, including actress tallulah bankhead, opera star roberta peters, jazz singer sarah vaughan, former heavyweight boxing champ jack dempsey, writer and naturalist joseph wood krutch, and fashion designer mollie parnis. indiana & beyondback on the campaign trail, kennedy won the indiana primary on may 7th, and then defeated mccarthy in the nebraska primary on may 14th. but mccarthy upset kennedy in the oregon primary on may 28th — the first time a kennedy had ever lost a public election. after kennedy ’ s defeat in oregon, the california june 5th primary became the crucial showdown for kennedy and mccarthy. both candidates campaigned vigorously throughout california, a winner - take - all contest with a large pot of delegates. mccarthy stumped the state ’ s colleges and universities, where he was recognized for being the first candidate to oppose the war. kennedy campaigned in the ghettos and barrios of the state ’ s larger cities, where he was mobbed by enthusiastic supporters. a few days before the election, kennedy and mccarthy also engaged in a televised debate – considered a draw. on the east coast, meanwhile, and in new york city in particular, there was a star - studded celebrity fundraising rally for mccarthy in new york ’ s madison square garden on may 19, 1968. one canadian blogger, who as a teenager happened to be in new york city that weekend with a friend, recently wrote the following “ forty - years - ago ” remembrance of the event :... rob and i did many crazy things that weekend.... we learned that mccarthy was having a


be in new york city that weekend with a friend, recently wrote the following “ forty - years - ago ” remembrance of the event :... rob and i did many crazy things that weekend.... we learned that mccarthy was having a rally at madison square garden on the sunday night so along we went figuring we ’ d meet some more chicks. that event was awe inspiring. all sorts of famous people spoke or performed that night. paul newman, phil ochs, mary tyler moore to name a few. a new, young actor said a few words to the crowd on behalf of the candidate. we recognized him as the star of the ‘ adult ’ movie we had seen the night before. the movie was the graduate and he was a very young dustin hoffman. celebrities walked thru the arena imploring people to donate to the campaign. tony randall came up our aisle and we gave him a couple of bucks. stewart mott ( general motors rich kid ) stood up and donated $ 125, 000 right there on the spot. the crowd was delirious. sen. mccarthy spoke to the crowd and promised to take his fight against sen. kennedy all the way to the chicago convention in august. it was pretty heady stuff for a 17 year - old from toronto …. on may 21, 1968, the kennedy campaign in california unveiled its “ hollywood for kennedy ” committee. according to joseph palermo ’ s book, in his own right, this committee was chaired by singer andy williams, and included, among others : lauren bacall, otto preminger, mahalia jackson, sidney portier, janet leigh, shelley winters, marlene dietrich, rita hayworth, kim novak, trini lopez, milton berle, henry mancini, elizabeth montgomery, and marlo thomas. according to palermo : “ kennedy could count on well - known actors and entertainers who shared his views on the war and on race relations. “ … kennedy ’ s enlistment of the hollywood elite built on his family ties to the entertainment industry dating back to the 1920s … ” - joseph palermo... a unique tactical alliance developed between california ’ s exorbitantly wealthy celebrity class, and some of the poorest, most dispossessed people of the state. kennedy ’ s enlistment of the hollywood elite built on his family ties to the entertainment industry dating back to the 1920s, and helped craft the image that he might restore to the white house some of the glamour of camelot. ” michael harrington, author of the other america, also campaigned for


elite built on his family ties to the entertainment industry dating back to the 1920s, and helped craft the image that he might restore to the white house some of the glamour of camelot. ” michael harrington, author of the other america, also campaigned for kennedy in california, as did john fell stevenson, the son of adlai stevenson. the kennedy campaign also organized two star - studded “ kennedy for president ” galas, one at the los angeles sports arena on may 24, the other at the san francisco civic auditorium on june 1st. these were nationally - televised events that gave kennedy added exposure. on june 4, the day of the california primary, after a grueling campaign of some 85 days to that point, kennedy rested with his wife ethel and six of their children at the malibu, california home of movie director and friend, john frankenheimer. late in the day, frankenheimer brought kennedy to the campaign ’ s election night headquarters at the ambassador hotel. in a suite there, kennedy awaited the results in the company of friends and supporters, among them, andy williams, shirley maclaine, rafer johnson, and milton berle. four hours after the polls closed in california, kennedy claimed victory as he addressed his campaign supporters just past midnight in the ambassador hotel. on his way through the kitchen to exit the hotel, he was mortally wounded by assassin sirhan sirhan. his death became yet another of 1968 ′ s convulsing events. seen as an emerging beacon of hope in a dismal time, many had pinned their hopes on kennedy and took his loss very personally. the democratic party went into a tailspin as a stunned nation grieved. thousands lined the tracks as kennedy ’ s funeral train moved from new york city to washington d. c. millions watched his funeral on television. at the request of bobby ’ s wife, ethel, andy williams sang the “ battle hymn of the republic ” at kennedy ’ s funeral. kennedy had defeated mccarthy in california, 46 percent to 42 percent. kennedy ’ s team believed that by winning california, he would knock mccarthy out of the race and set up a one - on - one contest against hubert humphrey at the national convention that august. kennedy had also planned to woo humphrey delegates before the convention. still, kennedy was in second place overall after the california primary, with 393 delegates compared to humphrey ’ s 561. mccarthy then held 258 delegates. mccarthy was aiming for the new york primary, where he had support from antiwar activists in new york city.


was in second place overall after the california primary, with 393 delegates compared to humphrey ’ s 561. mccarthy then held 258 delegates. mccarthy was aiming for the new york primary, where he had support from antiwar activists in new york city. historians and journalists have disagreed about kennedy ’ s chances for the nomination had he not been assassinated. michael beschloss believes it unlikely that kennedy could have secured the nomination since most of the delegates were then uncommitted and yet to be chosen at the democratic convention. arthur m. schlesinger, jr. and author jules witcover have argued that kennedy ’ s broad appeal and charisma would have given him the nomination at the convention. and still others add that kennedy ’ s experience in his brother ’ s presidential campaign, plus a potential alliance with chicago mayor richard daley at the democratic convention, might have helped him secure the nomination. leading up to democratic convention in chicago, former kennedy supporters tried to sort out what had happened and whether and how they would line up with other candidates. george plimpton, a well known new yorker and journalist who authored the 1963 book paper lion, had been a kennedy supporter. he was with kennedy the night he was assassinated in the ambassador hotel kitchen, walking in front of him. in new york, on august 14, 1968, plimpton sponsored a party at the cheetah nightclub on behalf of mccarthy supporters, along with co - sponsor william styron, author of the the confessions of nat turner. henry fonda was scheduled to host a mccarthy rally in houston. “ i started out with senator kennedy, ” explained fonda to a new york times reporter, “ now i think mccarthy is the best choice on the horizon. ” mccarthy supporters had other rallies and fundraisers scheduled in 24 other cities for mid - august ahead of the chicago convention, including one at new york ’ s madison square garden that included conductor leonard bernstein and singer harry belafonte. hubert humphrey ’ s campaign also had fundraisers, including one in early august at detroit ’ s cobo hall with performances by frank sinatra, trini lopez, and comedian pat henry. trini lopez, a popular singer in the 1960s who had more than a dozen pop and adult contemporary hit songs, including 1963 ′ s “ if i had a hammer, ” worked vigorously for humphrey in august1968. lopez postponed an opening at harrah ’ s nightclub in las vegas to travel with humphrey and help him with younger voters. humphrey also made pre - convention campaign


“ if i had a hammer, ” worked vigorously for humphrey in august1968. lopez postponed an opening at harrah ’ s nightclub in las vegas to travel with humphrey and help him with younger voters. humphrey also made pre - convention campaign appearances with other music celebrities, including one with singer james brown in the watts section of los angeles, where humphrey targeted “ black business ownership ” as the subject of his pitch, but also, after brown ’ s prompting, did a little “ soft shoe ” boogaloo with the singer. on the california television show it ’ s happening, humphrey chatted with the leader of the rock group, paul revere and the raiders, attempting to reach younger voters. by mid - august 1968, “ entertainers for humphrey ” included hollywood names such as bill dana, victor borge, alan king, and george jessel. there were also more than 80 other luminaries in a somewhat less well - known “ arts & letters ” group including : classical pianist eugene istomin, author and scholar ralph ellison, violin virtuoso isaac stern, manager / impresario sol hurok, playwright sidney kingsley, opera singer robert merrill, authors john steinbeck, james t. farrel, and herman wouk, and dancer carmen de lavallade. humphrey had also picked up some former supporters of republican nelson rockefeller, including architect philip johnson and dancer maria tallchief. but humphrey ’ s biggest challenges were directly ahead at the democratic national convention. turmoil in chicago as the 1968 democratic national convention opened in chicago on august 26, 1968, there was a fractured party and little agreement on the main platform issue, the vietnam war. in addition to the formal business of the presidential nomination inside the convention hall, there was a huge focus on the convention location as a protest venue for the vietnam war, as thousands of young activists had come to chicago. but chicago ’ s democratic mayor richard j. daley – also the political boss running the convention – had prepared for anything, and had the chicago police and the national guard ready for action. tensions soon came to a head. the convention became a national spectacle – both inside the hall and outside in the streets – and one of the most violent political scenes in american history. and much of it was played out on prime - time television. americans were shocked to see chicago police brutally beating anti - war protesters in the streets. tear gas used to disperse the protesters wafted into hotel suites of delegates and even that of candidate humphrey. at the convention itself, chicago mayor


prime - time television. americans were shocked to see chicago police brutally beating anti - war protesters in the streets. tear gas used to disperse the protesters wafted into hotel suites of delegates and even that of candidate humphrey. at the convention itself, chicago mayor richard daley was blamed for the police clubbings in the streets. daley at one point was seen on television angrily cursing senator abraham ribicoff of connecticut, who had made a speech denouncing the excesses of the chicago police. inside the hall, cbs news reporter dan rather was attacked on the floor of the convention while covering the proceedings. haynes johnson, a reporter who then covered the convention for the washington post, has recently written : “ the 1968 chicago convention became a lacerating event, a distillation of a year of heartbreak, assassinations, riots and a breakdown in law and order that made it seem as if the country were coming apart. in its psychic impact, and its long - term political consequences, it eclipsed any other such convention in american history, destroying faith in politicians, in the political system, in the country and in its institutions. no one who was there, or who watched it on television, could escape the memory of what took place before their eyes. ” a number of hollywood activists and celebrities who had campaigned for various candidates attended the convention – some as formal delegates. paul newman and playwright arthur miller, for example, came as mccarthy delegates from connecticut. television coverage of the convention not only captured the action of the formal proceedings and some of the violence in the streets, but also did interviews with various pundits and some of the attending celebrities. abc news of august 28, 1968, for example, included short interviews with paul newman, tony randall, gore vidal, and shirley maclaine. sonny bono – of the famed “ sonny & cher ” rock star duo – had come to chicago to propose a plank in the democratic platform for a commission to look into the generation gap, or as he saw it, the potential problem of “ duel society. ” bono, then 28, would become a republican congressman in the 1990s. dinah shore made a brief convention appearance for mccarthy, singing her famous “ see the usa in your chevrolet ” anthem, adapting it as, “ save the usa, the mccarthy way, america is the greatest land of all, ” throwing her trademarked big kiss at the end. the nominationduring the convention process, there had been some attempt to prevent hubert humphrey from getting the nomination. robert kennedy ’ s death had sent the


, america is the greatest land of all, ” throwing her trademarked big kiss at the end. the nominationduring the convention process, there had been some attempt to prevent hubert humphrey from getting the nomination. robert kennedy ’ s death had sent the already frayed democratic party into some disarray. kennedy ’ s delegates had not united behind any single candidate : some went to mccarthy, some went to a late candidacy of senator george mcgovern of south dakota, and others simply did not vote. the splintering of bobby kennedy ’ s supporters appeared to help humphrey. and the vietnam plank being considered was not supported by many liberals. at the convention, mccarthy would say that “ if senator kennedy had not died, we would have this party under control on vietnam. ” and although mccarthy did not personally like robert kennedy and fought him bitterly in the primaries, he offered to support a make - shift plan to nominate his younger brother, senator ted kennedy, on the first ballot. mccarthy was approached on the proposal by stephen smith, kennedy ’ s brother - in - law, and mccarthy offered to throw all his weight to ted kennedy. mccarthy ’ s gesture was unexpected, but the ted kennedy effort faltered in any case. in the end, humphrey beat mccarthy and mcgovern on the first ballot. the convention then chose senator ed muskie of maine to be humphrey ’ s running mate. but time magazine would later report in its september 6th issue, showing the humphrey - muskie pairing on its cover, but with mayor daley in the background, “ what was to have been remembered as the democratic convention that nominated hubert humphrey may go down in history instead as an event of rancor and rioting. ” post - chicago, a number of active democrats, including various hollywood supporters, were not happy with the choices before them. walter matthau called the humphrey - nixon face - off “ a choice between strychnine and arsenic. ” paul newman told a time reporter he might need ” a month of serious drinking ” before deciding on whether to support humphrey actively. newman did say, however, that he would cast his ballot for humphrey. steve allen, also among mccarthy ’ s hollywood supporters, lent his name to the humphrey campaign as well. humphrey, for his part, attempted to reach out to hollywood celebrities, as california would be a crucial state in the general election. humphrey met with a number of celebrities during and after the convention, one of whom was warren beatty. beatty in 1967 had directed and starred in the movie bonnie & clyde, a


hollywood celebrities, as california would be a crucial state in the general election. humphrey met with a number of celebrities during and after the convention, one of whom was warren beatty. beatty in 1967 had directed and starred in the movie bonnie & clyde, a huge box office hit. beatty had appeared in a number of earlier films as well, from splendor in the grass ( 1961 ) to kaleidoscope ( 1966 ). beatty reportedly offered to make a campaign film for humphrey if he would agree to denounce the war in vietnam, which humphrey would not do. during september and october 1968, a number of hollywood ’ s stars and celebrities came around to support humphrey, with gala events and / or rallies such as one at the lincoln center for performing arts in new york in late september, and another at the shrine auditorium in los angeles in late october. there were also celebrities who helped humphrey in television advertising, such as e. g. marshall, a two - time emmy award - winning actor. marshall played a lawyer named lawrence preston on a popular 1960s tv show, the defenders and also co - starred in a famous 1957 movie 12 angry men. marshall narrated a four - minute tv ad for humphrey that contrasted humphrey ’ s record versus that of opponents, richard nixon and george wallace. in the ad, the authoritative and well - spoken marshall stood by large, life - size photographs of each wallace and nixon, ticking off the problems of each candidate as he stood by their likeness. at the end, alongside of humphrey ’ s photograph, after extolling his best qualities, marshall concludes : “ there is only one man of the three who trusts me, and who trusts you …. now he is asking us to trust him … this is a time when a good man can become a great man. i believe in hubert humphrey, and i trust him. and god willing, he will be our next president. ” on november 5th in one of the closest elections in u. s. history, nixon beat humphrey by a slim margin. although nixon took 302 electoral votes to humphrey ’ s 191, the popular vote was extremely close : nixon at 31, 375, 000 to 31, 125, 000 for humphrey, or 43. 4 percent to 43. 1 percent. third party candidate george wallace was a key factor in the race, taking more votes from humphrey than nixon, especially in the south and among union and working class voters in the north. nearly 10 million votes were cast for wallace, some 13. 5 percent of the popular vote. he won


key factor in the race, taking more votes from humphrey than nixon, especially in the south and among union and working class voters in the north. nearly 10 million votes were cast for wallace, some 13. 5 percent of the popular vote. he won five southern states and took 45 electoral votes. democrats did retain control of the house and senate, but the country was now headed in a more conservative direction. in the wake of their loss, the democrats also reformed their presidential nominating process. as kennedy and mccarthy supporters gained more power within the party, changes were adopted for the 1972 convention making the nominating process more democratic and raising the role of primary elections. hubert humphrey would become the last nominee of either major party to win the nomination without having to compete directly in primary elections. many of the celebrities who worked for democratic candidates in 1968 did not throw in the towel after that election. they came back in subsequent presidential election cycles to work for and support other democrats ranging from george mcgovern and jimmy carter to hillary clinton and barack obama. and some of 1968 ′ s activists, and their successors, also continued that long history of hollywood film - making that has focused on american politics as film subject. among some of the post - 1968 films that explored that realm, for example, were : the candidate ( 1972, with robert redford, screenplay by jeremy larner, a gene mccarthy speechwriter ) ; all the president ’ s men ( 1976, with dustin hoffman and robert redford ) ; wag the dog, ( 1997, with dustin hoffman and robert de niro ), bullworth ( 1998, produced & directed by warren beatty who also plays the central character ), and others. and certainly by 1968, if not before, it had become clear that hollywood and politics were intersecting in an increasing number of ways, especially in the packaging of candidates. hollywood techniques were fast becoming political techniques. hollywood personalities like ronald reagan and george murphy were winning political office by then as well – murphy taking a u. s. senate seat as a california republican in 1964, and reagan elected in 1966 as california ’ s republican governor. certainly by 1968, if not before, it had become clear that hollywood and politics were intersecting in an increasing number of ways. reagan, of course, would become president in 1980, and others from hollywood, such as warren beatty, would also consider running for the white house in the year 2000. today, celebrities and hollywood stars remain sought - after participants in elections and political causes of all kinds. their money and endorsements are key factors


others from hollywood, such as warren beatty, would also consider running for the white house in the year 2000. today, celebrities and hollywood stars remain sought - after participants in elections and political causes of all kinds. their money and endorsements are key factors as well. yet polling experts and political pundits continue to debate the impact of celebrities on election outcomes, and many doubt their ability to sway voters. still, in 1968, celebrity involvement was a factor and did affect the course of events, as every political candidate at that time sought the help of hollywood stars and other famous names to advance their respective campaigns. ( note : see also companion piece at this website, republicans in 1968 ). date posted : 14 august 2008 last update : 1 february 2012 comments to : firstname. lastname @ example. org jack doyle, “ 1968 presidential race, democrats, ” pophistorydig. com, august 14, 2008. return to home page sources, links & additional information “ the d. o. v. e. from u. n. c. l. e., ” time, friday, april 1, 1966. peter bart, “ vaughn : the vietnik from u. n. c. l. e., ” new york times, may 29, 1966, p. d - 9. satan ’ s little helper ipod warren weaver, “ m ’ carthy gets about 40 %, johnson and nixon on top in new hampshire voting ; rockefeller lags, ” the new york times, wednesday, march 13, 1968, p. 1. “ unforeseen eugene, ” time, friday, march. 22, 1968. ‘ the hustler ’ is on cue for mccarthy, ” washington post - times herald, march 23, 1968, p. a - 2. e. w. kenworthy, “ paul newman drawing crowds in mccarthy indiana campaign, ” new york times, monday, april 22, 1968, p. 19 louis calta, “ entertainers join cast of political hopefuls ; they get into act to back 3 candidates for the presidency, ” new york times, saturday, april 6, 1968, p. 42. associated press, “ celebrities endorse candidates, ” daily collegian ( state college, pa ), may 5, 1968. lawrence e. davies, “ sinatra supports slate competing with kennedy ’ s, ” new york times, sunday, may 5, 1968, p. 42 “ the stars leap into politics, ” life, may 10, 1968. leroy f


, 1968. lawrence e. davies, “ sinatra supports slate competing with kennedy ’ s, ” new york times, sunday, may 5, 1968, p. 42 “ the stars leap into politics, ” life, may 10, 1968. leroy f. aarons, “ poetry ’ s popular at club eugene, ” the washington post, times herald, may 16, 1968, p. a - 20. “ the pulchritude - intellect input, ” time, friday, may 31, 1968. “ newman and miller named delegates to convention, ” new york times, wednesday july 10, 1968, p. 43. “ hhh office unit opens, with sinatra, ” washington post, times herald, august 2, 1968, p. a - 2. richard f. shepard, “ stage and literary names enlist for candidates ; plimpton giving a party in night club to further mccarthy ’ s cause, ” new york times, wednesday, august 14, 1968, p. 40. florabel muir, “ trini goes all out for hhh, ” the washington post, times herald, august 15, 1968, p. d - 21. dave smith, “ singer to tell democrats of youth ’ s views, ” los angeles times, aug 23, 1968, p. 27. victor s. navasky, “ report on the candidate named humphrey, ” new york times magazine, sunday august 25, 1968, p. 22. “ guests flock to week - long party given by playboy … ” new york times, august 29, 1968. jack gould, ” tv : a chilling spectacle in chicago ; delegates see tapes of clashes in the streets, ” new york times, thursday august 29, 1968, p. 71. tom wicker, “ humphrey nominated on the first ballot after his plank on vietnam is approved ; police battle demonstrators in streets, ” new york times, august 30, 1968. david s. broder, “ hangover in chicago – democrats awake to a party in ruins, ” the washington post, times herald, august 30, 1968 p. a - 1. “ dementia in the second city, ” time, friday, september 6, 1968. “ the man who would recapture youth, ” friday, time, september 6, 1968. “ dissidents ’ dilemma, ” time, friday, september 20, 1968. richard l. coe, “ candidates by starlight, ” the washington post, times herald, november 3, 1968, p. k - 1. e. g. marshall, 1968


’ dilemma, ” time, friday, september 20, 1968. richard l. coe, “ candidates by starlight, ” the washington post, times herald, november 3, 1968, p. k - 1. e. g. marshall, 1968 t. v. ad for humphrey campaign, “ nixon vs. humphrey vs. wallace, ” @ the living room candidate. org. joe mcginniss, the selling of the president, new york : trident press, 1969. pope brock, “ myrna loy : so perfect in her way, it almost seems we imagined her, ” people, april 4, 1988, p. 47. charles kaiser, 1968 in america : music, politics, chaos, counterculture, new york : grove press, 1997, 336pp. ted johnson ( managing editor, variety magazine ), “ paul newman : bush is america ’ s ‘ biggest internal threat ’, ” wilshire & washington. com, june 26, 2007. ted johnson, “ flashback to 1968, ” wilshire & washington. com, april 25, 2008 ( also ran in variety magazine ; ted johnson is managing editor ). darcy g. richardson, a nation divided : the 1968 presidential campaign, iuniverse, inc., 2002, 532pp. tom brokaw, boom! voice of the 1960s : personal reflections on the ‘ 60s and today, new york : random house, 2007, 662 pp. “ robert vaughn, ” wikipedia. org. ron brownstein, the power and the glitter, new york : knopf publishing group, december 1990 448 pp. joseph a. palermo, “ here ’ s what rfk did in california in 1968, ” huffington post. com, january 10, 2008. joseph a. palermo, in his own right : the political odyssey of senator robert f. kennedy, new york : columbia, 2001. associated press, ap photos @ www. daylife. com. ray e. boomhower, “ when indiana mattered – book examines robert kennedy ’ s historic 1968 primary victory, ” the journal - gazette, march 30, 2008. “ forty years ago this weekend – may, 1968 …., ” blogchrisgillett. ca, sunday, may 18, 2008. haynes johnson, “ 1968 democratic convention : the bosses strike back, ” smithsonian magazine and smithsonian. com, august 2008. “ democratic national convention, ” wikipedia. org. “ united states presidential election, 1968, ” wikipedia. org. see also, “ the 1968 exhibit, ”