| little hangleton graveyard | the little hangleton graveyard was the final resting place of the riddle family of little hangleton. the three riddles, thomas, mary, and their son tom, were all laid to rest in this graveyard shortly after being murdered by their teenage son, tom marvolo riddle ( who would grow up to become the infamous dark wizard lord voldemort ). the graveyard was located in the valley county side outside the village of little hangleton. like the village, both the graveyard and its church, were clearly visible from the hillside above the valley. the graveyard was bordered by a stone wall and sat next to the grounds of the vast riddle estate and the riddle house was clearly visible from the graveyard. frank bryce, the riddle ’ s groundskeeper, lived in a cottage on the grounds which was located right next to the graveyard and was separated from it by the stone wall. one set of the cottage ’ s kitchen windows faced the graveyard. the grave yard was placed in an uneven area which resulted in it having high and low burial ranges nged from wide open to narrow and cramped. there was also a small wooden area filled with yew and other bare trees. in previous years, the little hangleton graveyard was a fine resting place for the citizens of the little hangleton. however by 1994 the graveyard had become overgrown. many of the graves had become covered by ivy and moss. many of the names written on them had become faded. several grave stones had become tilted and sunken into the ground. a number of stone steps had also recessed into the ground and partly hidden. the riddle house can be seen in the distance. gravesas well as having normal graves, the graveyard also had above ground mausoleums and a series of below ground vaults and catacombs. while most of those buried had simple head stones to mark their graves, there were several other monuments that were grander. several were marked by stone obelisks and angels. near the mausoleum and vaults were a number of stone sarcophaguses. several of these were placed on top of each other. the most opulent of the graves belonged to the riddle family. the riddle grave was marked by a large marble headstone that bore the names of thomas riddle, mary riddle and tom riddle sr.. the most striking feature of the grave was the large stone statue of the angel of death. the angel bore a raised scythe in its right hand and featured a skull face and skeletal hands. the riddle murders in 1943, tom marvolo riddle


. the most striking feature of the grave was the large stone statue of the angel of death. the angel bore a raised scythe in its right hand and featured a skull face and skeletal hands. the riddle murders in 1943, tom marvolo riddle ( the future lord voldemort ) came to little hangleton to seek out his family and travelled to the gaunt shack, the former home of his mother merope gaunt. there, he found his half - crazed uncle, morfin gaunt, living in deplorable conditions. gaunt ( who had no idea that this boy was his nephew ) immediately mistook riddle for " that muggle that married my ( morfin ' s ) sister, ". morfin went on to tell his sister merope ' s tragic tale, and how she was abandoned by her husband many years ago. riddle was enraged by what he considered the tale of his father causing his mother ' s death and condemning him to a miserable life in a muggle orphanage. after morfin finished his story, riddle temporarily incapacitated his uncle, and took his wand. he then proceeded to the " big house over the way " morfin had told him about, the riddle house. once there, riddle used the killing curse upon his father and his muggle grandparents, thomas riddle and mary riddle. riddle returned to the gaunt shack and replaced morfin ' s wand on his person and altered his memory so that he would confess to killing the riddles and there would be no further investigation into the matter. the riddle ' s gardener, frank bryce, was accused of the murders on the muggle end of the investigation. though, the baffled great hangleton police were forced to release bryce for lack of evidence, as the cause of death could not be determined, bryce ' s life was mired in rumour and speculation. morfin, meanwhile, proudly confessed to killing the riddles to the ministry of magic ( which recognised it as a wizard ' s murder instantly ), and was taken away to azkaban prison to serve a life sentence for the murder of the riddle family. thus, two men paid for the crimes of the future lord voldemort while riddle escaped with marvolo gaunt ' s ring, stolen from his uncle morfin. the three riddles were laid to rest in a prepared family grave in the little hangleton graveyard, where their remains would remain undisturbed for over fifty years. plot against harry potter many years later, the adult lord voldemort hatched a plot to


form, briefly duelled harry, who was forced to hide and dodge behind tombstones to avoid voldemort ' s curses. finally, harry fired a disarming charm at voldemort at the same moment voldemort attempted a killing curse on harry. the spells collided and formed a golden thread that connected the two wands. this rare effect, the priori incantatem, occurred due to the wands ' " twin cores : " feathers from the same phoenix. harry ' s courage overpowered voldemort ' s destructive will, and his wand forced the dark lord ' s wand to regurgitate " echoes " of the spells it had previously cast, in reverse order. first came an " echo " of cedric diggory, followed by frank bryce, bertha jorkins, harry ' s mother, lily, and finally harry ' s father, james potter. they instructed harry to break the connection when he was ready and to grab the triwizard cup to return to hogwarts, as they would be able to momentarily hold voldemort at bay. cedric diggory requested that harry take his body back to hogwarts, to his family, which harry agreed to do in honour of his fallen classmate and fellow champion. harry broke the connection, and while the apparitions held voldemort off, he was able to grab cedric ' s body, summon the triwizard cup to him and escape from the little hangleton graveyard. known buried people - tom riddle sr. ( killed by lord voldemort ) - thomas riddle ( killed by lord voldemort ) - mary riddle ( killed by lord voldemort ) - becca ramsea ( unknown death ) - eddi stoddy ( unknown death ) - charles epanel ( unknown death ) - charles pikal ( unknown death ) - gulray ( unknown death ) - rebecca r. ( unknown death ) behind the scenes - according to production designer stuart craig, the inspriation for the graveyard was highgate cemetry in north london which had been reclaimed by nature. - in the film adaptation of harry potter and the goblet of fire ( film ), wormtail trapped harry in the arms of the angel of death statue while in the novel, wormtail ties harry to the riddle headstone with conjured cords. - harry potter and the goblet of fire ( first appearance ) - harry potter and the goblet of fire ( film ) - harry potter and the go


the origin of man there is no scientific evidence for the claim that man evolved. what is put forward as " proof " is nothing but one - sided comment on a few fossils. darwin put forward his claim that human beings and apes descended from a common ancestor in his book the descent of man, published in 1871. from that time until now, the followers of darwin ' s path have tried to support this claim. but despite all the research that has been carried out, the claim of " human evolution " has not been backed up by any concrete scientific discovery, particularly in the fossil field. the man in the street is for the most part unaware of this fact, and thinks that the claim of human evolution is supported by a great deal of firm evidence. the reason for this incorrect opinion is that the subject is frequently discussed in the media and presented as a proven fact. but real experts on the subject are aware that there is no scientific foundation for the claim of human evolution. david pilbeam, a harvard university paleoanthropologist, says : and william fix, the author of an important book on the subject of paleoanthropology, makes this comment : this claim of evolution, which " lacks any evidence, " starts the human family tree with a group of apes that have been claimed to constitute a distinct genus, australopithecus. according to the claim, australopithecus gradually began to walk upright, his brain grew, and he passed through a series of stages until he arrived at man ' s present state ( homo sapiens ). but the fossil record does not support this scenario. despite the claim that all kinds of intermediate forms exist, there is an impassable barrier between the fossil remains of man and those of apes. furthermore, it has been revealed that the species which are portrayed as each other ' s ancestors are actually contemporary species that lived in the same period. ernst mayr, one of the most important proponents of the theory of evolution in the twentieth century, contends in his book one long argument that " particularly historical [ puzzles ] such as the origin of life or of homo sapiens, are extremely difficult and may even resist a final, satisfying explanation. " 184 but what is the so - called basis for the human evolution thesis? it is the existence of plenty of fossils on which evolutionists are able to build imaginary interpretations. throughout history, more than 6, 000 species of ape have lived, and most of them have become extinct. today, only 120 species live


evolution thesis? it is the existence of plenty of fossils on which evolutionists are able to build imaginary interpretations. throughout history, more than 6, 000 species of ape have lived, and most of them have become extinct. today, only 120 species live on the earth. these 6, 000 or so species of ape, most of which are extinct, constitute a rich resource for the evolutionists. on the other hand, there are considerable differences in the anatomic makeup of the various human races. furthermore, the differences were even greater between prehistoric races, because as time has passed the human races have to some extent mixed with each other and become assimilated. despite this, important differences are still seen between different population groups living in the world today, such as, for example, scandinavians, african pygmies, inuits, native australians, and many others. there is no evidence to show that the fossils called hominid by evolutionary paleontologists do not actually belong to different species of ape or to vanished races of humans. to put it another way, no example of a transitional form between mankind and apes has been found. after these general explanations, let us now examine how the human evolution scenario contradicts the scientific findings. the imaginary family tree of man the darwinist claim holds that modern man evolved from some kind of ape - like creature. during this alleged evolutionary process, which is supposed to have started from 5 to 6 million years ago, it is claimed that there existed some transitional forms between modern man and his ancestors. according to this completely imaginary scenario, the following four basic categories are listed : evolutionists call the genus to which the alleged ape - like ancestors of man belonged australopithecus, which means " southern ape. " australopithecus, which is nothing but an old type of ape that has become extinct, is found in various different forms. some of them are larger and strongly built ( " robust " ), while others are smaller and delicate ( " gracile " ). evolutionists classify the next stage of human evolution as the genus homo, that is " man. " according to the evolutionist claim, the living things in the homo series are more developed than australopithecus, and not very different from modern man. the modern man of our day, that is, the species homo sapiens, is said to have formed at the latest stage of the evolution of this genus homo. fossils like " java man, " " peking man, " and "


modern man. the modern man of our day, that is, the species homo sapiens, is said to have formed at the latest stage of the evolution of this genus homo. fossils like " java man, " " peking man, " and " lucy, " which appear in the media from time to time and are to be found in evolutionist publications and textbooks, are included in one of the four groups listed above. each of these groupings is also assumed to branch into species and sub - species, as the case may be. some suggested transitional forms of the past, such as ramapithecus, had to be excluded from the imaginary human family tree after it was realised that they were ordinary apes. 185 by outlining the links in the chain as " australopithecines > homo habilis > homo erectus > homo sapiens, " the evolutionists imply that each of these types is the ancestor of the next. however, recent findings by paleoanthropologists have revealed that australopithecines, homo habilis and homo erectus existed in different parts of the world at the same time. moreover, some of those humans classified as homo erectus probably lived up until very recent times. in an article titled " latest homo erectus of java : potential contemporaneity with homo sapiens in southeast asia, " it was reported in the journal that homo erectus fossils found in java had " mean ages of 27 ± 2 to 53. 3 ± 4 thousand years ago " and this " raise [ s ] the possibility that h. erectus overlapped in time with anatomically modern humans ( h. sapiens ) in southeast asia. " 186 furthermore, homo sapiens neanderthalensis ( neanderthal man ) and homo sapiens sapiens ( modern man ) also clearly co - existed. this situation apparently indicates the invalidity of the claim that one is the ancestor of the other. intrinsically, all the findings and scientific research have revealed that the fossil record does not suggest an evolutionary process as evolutionists propose. the fossils, which evolutionists claim to be the ancestors of humans, in fact belong either to different human races, or else to species of ape. then which fossils are human and which ones are apes? why is it impossible for any one of them to be considered a transitional form? in order to find the answers, let us have a closer look at each category. scientific discoveries have left evolutionist assumptions regarding " lucy, " once considered the most important example of


it impossible for any one of them to be considered a transitional form? in order to find the answers, let us have a closer look at each category. scientific discoveries have left evolutionist assumptions regarding " lucy, " once considered the most important example of the australopithecus genus, completely unfounded. the famous french scientific magazine, science et vie, accepted this truth under the headline " goodbye, lucy, " in its february 1999 issue, and confirmed that australopithecus cannot be considered an ancestor of man. the first category, the genus australopithecus, means " southern ape, " as we have said. it is assumed that these creatures first appeared in africa about 4 million years ago, and lived until 1 million years ago. there are a number of different species among the australopithecines. evolutionists assume that the oldest australopithecus species is a. afarensis. after that comes a. africanus, and then a. robustus, which has relatively bigger bones. as for a. boisei, some researchers accept it as a different species, and others as a sub - species of a. robustus. all of the australopithecus species are extinct apes that resemble the apes of today. their cranial capacities are the same or smaller than the chimpanzees of our day. there are projecting parts in their hands and feet which they used to climb trees, just like today ' s chimpanzees, and their feet are built for grasping to hold onto branches. many other characteristics — such as the details in their skulls, the closeness of their eyes, their sharp molar teeth, their mandibular structure, their long arms, and their short legs — constitute evidence that these creatures were no different from today ' s ape. however, evolutionists claim that, although australopithecines have the anatomy of apes, unlike apes, they walked upright like humans. this claim that australopithecines walked upright is a view that has been held by paleoanthropologists such as richard leakey and donald c. johanson for decades. yet many scientists who have carried out a great deal of research on the skeletal structures of australopithecines have proved the invalidity of that argument. extensive research done on various australopithecus specimens by two world - renowned anatomists from england and the usa, lord solly zuckerman and prof. charles oxnard,


, with no human characteristics. the great similarity between the skeletal and cranial structures of australopithecines and chimpanzees, and the refutation of the claim that these creatures walked upright, have caused great difficulty for evolutionary paleoanthropologists. the reason is that, according to the imaginary evolution scheme, homo erectus comes after australopithecus. as the genus name homo ( meaning " man " ) implies, homo erectus is a human species, and its skeleton is straight. its cranial capacity is twice as large as that of australopithecus. a direct transition from australopithecus, which is a chimpanzee - like ape, to homo erectus, which has a skeleton no different from modern man ' s, is out of the question, even according to evolutionist theory. therefore, " links " — that is, transitional forms — are needed. the concept of homo habilis arose from this necessity. the classification of homo habilis was put forward in the 1960s by the leakeys, a family of " fossil hunters. " according to the leakeys, this new species, which they classified as homo habilis, had a relatively large cranial capacity, the ability to walk upright and to use stone and wooden tools. therefore, it could have been the ancestor of man. new fossils of the same species unearthed in the late 1980s were to completely change this view. some researchers, such as bernard wood and c. loring brace, who relied on those newly - found fossils, stated that homo habilis ( which means " skillful man, " that is, man capable of using tools ), should be classified as australopithecus habilis, or " skillful southern ape, " because homo habilis had a lot of characteristics in common with the austalopithecine apes. it had long arms, short legs and an ape - like skeletal structure just like australopithecus. its fingers and toes were suitable for climbing. their jaw was very similar to that of today ' s apes. their 600 cc average cranial capacity is also an indication of the fact that they were apes. in short, homo habilis, which was presented as a different species by some evolutionists, was in reality an ape species just like all the other australopithecines. femur knm - er 1472. this femur is no different from that of modern man. the finding of


a different species by some evolutionists, was in reality an ape species just like all the other australopithecines. femur knm - er 1472. this femur is no different from that of modern man. the finding of this fossil in the same layer as homo habilis fossils, although a few kilometers away, gave rise to incorrect opinions, such as that homo habilis was bipedal. fossil oh 62, found in 1987, showed that homo habilis was not bipedal, as had been believed. many scientists today accept that homo habilis was a species of ape very similar to australopithecus. research carried out in the years since wood and brace ' s work has demonstrated that homo habilis was indeed no different from australopithecus. the skull and skeletal fossil oh62 found by tim white showed that this species had a small cranial capacity, as well as long arms and short legs, which enabled them to climb trees just like modern apes do. the detailed analyses conducted by american anthropologist holly smith in 1994 indicated that homo habilis was not homo, in other words, human, at all, but rather unequivocally an ape. speaking of the analyses she made on the teeth of australopithecus, homo habilis, homo erectus and homo neanderthalensis, smith stated the following ; within the same year, fred spoor, bernard wood and frans zonneveld, all specialists on anatomy, reached a similar conclusion through a totally different method. this method was based on the comparative analysis of the semicircular canals in the inner ear of humans and apes, which allow them to maintain their balance. spoor, wood and zonneveld concluded that : this finding yielded two important results : the misconception about homo rudolfensis richard leakey misled both himself and the world of paleontology about homo rudolfensis. the term homo rudolfensis is the name given to a few fossil fragments unearthed in 1972. the species supposedly represented by this fossil was designated homo rudolfensis because these fossil fragments were found in the vicinity of lake rudolf in kenya. most paleoanthropologists accept that these fossils do not belong to a distinct species, but that the creature called homo rudolfensis is in fact indistinguishable from homo habilis. richard leakey, who unearthed the fossils, presented the skull designated knm - er 1470, which he said was 2. 8 million years old, as


called homo rudolfensis is in fact indistinguishable from homo habilis. richard leakey, who unearthed the fossils, presented the skull designated knm - er 1470, which he said was 2. 8 million years old, as the greatest discovery in the history of anthropology. according to leakey, this creature, which had a small cranial capacity like that of australopithecus together with a face similar to that of present - day humans, was the missing link between australopithecus and humans. yet, after a short while, it was realized that the human - like face of the knm - er 1470 skull, which frequently appeared on the covers of scientific journals and popular science magazines, was the result of the incorrect assembly of the skull fragments, which may have been deliberate. professor tim bromage, who conducts studies on human facial anatomy, brought this to light by the help of computer simulations in 1992 : when it [ knm - er 1470 ] was first reconstructed, the face was fitted to the cranium in an almost vertical position, much like the flat faces of modern humans. but recent studies of anatomical relationships show that in life the face must have jutted out considerably, creating an ape - like aspect, rather like the faces of australopithecus. 193 the evolutionary paleoanthropologist j. e. cronin states the following on the matter : in summary, classifications like homo habilis or homo rudolfensis, which are presented as transitional links between the australopithecines and homo erectus, are entirely imaginary. it has been confirmed by many researchers today that these creatures are members of the australopithecus series. all of their anatomical features reveal that they are species of apes. this fact has been further established by two evolutionist anthropologists, bernard wood and mark collard, whose research was published in 1999 in science. wood and collard explained that the homo habilis and homo rudolfensis ( skull 1470 ) taxa are imaginary, and that the fossils assigned to these categories should be attributed to the genus australopithecus : the conclusion of wood and collard corroborates the conclusion that we have maintained here : " primitive human ancestors " do not exist in history. creatures that are alleged to be so are actually apes that ought to be assigned to the genus australopithecus. the fossil record shows that there is no evolutionary link between these extinct apes and homo, i.


do not exist in history. creatures that are alleged to be so are actually apes that ought to be assigned to the genus australopithecus. the fossil record shows that there is no evolutionary link between these extinct apes and homo, i. e., human species that suddenly appears in the fossil record. according to the fanciful scheme suggested by evolutionists, the internal evolution of the homo genus is as follows : first homo erectus, then so - called " archaic " homo sapiens and neanderthal man ( homo sapiens neanderthalensis ), and finally, cro - magnon man ( homo sapiens sapiens ). however all these classifications are really only variations and unique races in the human family. the difference between them is no greater than the difference between an inuit and an african, or a pygmy and a european. let us first examine homo erectus, which is referred to as the most primitive human species. as the name implies, homo erectus means " man who walks upright. " evolutionists have had to separate these fossils from earlier ones by adding the qualification of " erectness, " because all the available homo erectus fossils are straight to an extent not observed in any of the australopithecines or so - called homo habilis specimens. there is no difference between the postcranial skeleton of modern man and that of homo erectus. the large eyebrow protrusions on homo erectus skulls, and features such as the backward - sloping forehead, can be seen in a number of races in our own day, as in the native shown here. the primary reason for evolutionists ' defining homo erectus as " primitive " is the cranial capacity of its skull ( 900 - 1, 100 cc ), which is smaller than the average modern man, and its thick eyebrow projections. however, there are many people living today in the world who have the same cranial capacity as homo erectus ( pygmies, for instance ) and other races have protruding eyebrows ( native australians, for instance ). it is a commonly agreed - upon fact that differences in cranial capacity do not necessarily denote differences in intelligence or abilities. intelligence depends on the internal organization of the brain, rather than on its volume. 198 the fossils that have made homo erectus known to the entire world are those of peking man and java man in asia. however, in time it was realized that these two fossils are not reliable. peking man consists of some elements made of plaster whose originals have been


that have made homo erectus known to the entire world are those of peking man and java man in asia. however, in time it was realized that these two fossils are not reliable. peking man consists of some elements made of plaster whose originals have been lost, and java man is composed of a skull fragment plus a pelvic bone that was found yards away from it with no indication that these belonged to the same creature. this is why the homo erectus fossils found in africa have gained such increasing importance. ( it should also be noted that some of the fossils said to be homo erectus were included under a second species named homo ergaster by some evolutionists. there is disagreement among the experts on this issue. we will treat all these fossils under the classification of homo erectus. ) the 10, 000 - year - old homo erectus these two skulls, discovered on october 10, 1967, in the kow swamp in victoria, australia, were named kow swamp i and kow swamp v. alan thorne and phillip macumber, who discovered the skulls, interpreted them both as homo sapiens skulls, whereas they actually contained many features reminiscent of homo erectus. the only reason they were treated as homo sapiens was the fact that they were calculated to be 10, 000 years old. evolutionists did not wish to accept the fact that homo erectus, which they considered a " primitive " species and which lived 500, 000 years before modern man, was a human race which had lived 10, 000 years ago. the most famous of the homo erectus specimens found in africa is the fossil of " narikotome homo erectus, " or the " turkana boy, " which was found near lake turkana in kenya. it is confirmed that the fossil was that of a 12 - year - old boy, who would have been 1. 83 meters tall in adolescence. the upright skeletal structure of the fossil is no different from that of modern man. the american paleoanthropologist alan walker said that he doubted that " the average pathologist could tell the difference between the fossil skeleton and that of a modern human. " concerning the skull, walker wrote that he laughed when he saw it because " it looked so much like a neanderthal. " 199 as we will see in the next chapter, neanderthals are a human race. therefore, homo erectus is also a human race. even the evolutionist richard leakey states that the differences between homo erectus and present - day man are no more


will see in the next chapter, neanderthals are a human race. therefore, homo erectus is also a human race. even the evolutionist richard leakey states that the differences between homo erectus and present - day man are no more than racial variance : homo erectus and the aborigines the turkana boy skeleton shown at the side is the best preserved example of homo erectus that has so far been discovered. the interesting thing is that there is no major difference between this 1. 6 million - year - old - fossil and people of our day. the australian aboriginal skeleton above particularly resembles turkana boy. this situation reveals once again that homo erectus was a genuine human race, with no " primitive " features. professor william laughlin from the university of connecticut made extensive anatomical examinations of inuits and the people living on the aleut islands, and noticed that these people were extraordinarily similar to homo erectus. the conclusion laughlin arrived at was that all these distinct races were in fact different races of homo sapiens ( modern man ) : when we consider the vast differences that exist between remote groups such as eskimos and bushmen, who are known to belong to the single species of homo sapiens, it seems justifiable to conclude that sinanthropus [ an erectus specimen ] belongs within this same diverse species. 201 it is now a more pronounced fact in the scientific community that homo erectus is a superfluous taxon, and that fossils assigned to the homo erectus class are actually not so different from homo sapiens as to be considered a different species. in american scientist, the discussions over this issue and the result of a conference held on the subject in 2000 were summarized in this way : most of the participants at the senckenberg conference got drawn into a flaming debate over the taxonomic status of homo erectus started by milford wolpoff of the university of michigan, alan thorne of the university of canberra and their colleagues. they argued forcefully that homo erectus had no validity as a species and should be eliminated altogether. all members of the genus homo, from about 2 million years ago to the present, were one highly variable, widely spread species, homo sapiens, with no natural breaks or subdivisions. the subject of the conference, homo erectus, didn ' t exist. 202 homo erectus ' s sailing culture " ancient mariners : early humans were much smarter than we suspected " according to this article in the march 14, 1998, issue of new scientist, the people that evolution


homo erectus, didn ' t exist. 202 homo erectus ' s sailing culture " ancient mariners : early humans were much smarter than we suspected " according to this article in the march 14, 1998, issue of new scientist, the people that evolutionists call homo erectus were sailing 700, 000 years ago. it is impossible, of course, to think of people who possessed the knowledge, technology and culture to go sailing as primitive. the conclusion reached by the scientists defending the abovementioned thesis can be summarized as " homo erectus is not a different species from homo sapiens, but rather a race within homo sapiens. " on the other hand, there is a huge gap between homo erectus, a human race, and the apes that preceded homo erectus in the " human evolution " scenario ( australopithecus, homo habilis, and homo rudolfensis ). this means that the first men appeared in the fossil record suddenly and without any prior evolutionary history. neanderthals : their anatomy and culture although fossil discoveries show that neanderthals had no " primitive " features as compared to us and were a human race, the evolutionist prejudices regarding them continue unabated. neanderthal man is still sometimes described as an " ape man " in some evolutionist museums, as shown in the picture to the side. this is an indication how darwinism rests on prejudice and propaganda, not on scientific discoveries. neanderthals ( homo neanderthalensis ) were human beings who suddenly appeared 100, 000 years ago in europe, and who disappeared, or were assimilated by mixing with other races, quietly but quickly 35, 000 years ago. their only difference from modern man is that their skeletons are more robust and their cranial capacity slightly bigger. neanderthals were a human race, a fact which is admitted by almost everybody today. evolutionists have tried very hard to present them as a " primitive species, " yet all the findings indicate that they were no different from a " robust " man walking on the street today. a prominent authority on the subject, erik trinkaus, a paleoanthropologist from new mexico university, writes : detailed comparisons of neanderthal skeletal remains with those of modern humans have shown that there is nothing in neanderthal anatomy that conclusively indicates locomotor, manipulative, intellectual, or linguistic abilities inferior to those of modern humans. 203 many contemporary researchers define neanderthal man as a subspecies of modern man, and call


is nothing in neanderthal anatomy that conclusively indicates locomotor, manipulative, intellectual, or linguistic abilities inferior to those of modern humans. 203 many contemporary researchers define neanderthal man as a subspecies of modern man, and call him homo sapiens neanderthalensis. on the other hand, the fossil record shows that neanderthals possessed an advanced culture. one of the most interesting examples of this is a fossilized flute made by neanderthal people. this flute, made from the thighbone of a bear, was found by the archaeologist ivan turk in a cave in northern yugoslavia in july 1995. musicologist bob fink then analyzed it. fink proved that this flute, thought by radio - carbon testing to be between 43, 000 and 67, 000 years old, produced four notes, and that it had half and full tones. this discovery shows that neanderthals used the seven - note scale, the basic formula of western music. fink, who examined the flute, states that " the distance between the second and third holes on the old flute is double that between the third and fourth. " this means that the first distance represents a full note, and the distance next to it a half note. fink says, " these three notes … are inescapably diatonic and will sound like a near - perfect fit within any kind of standard diatonic scale, modern or antique, " thus revealing that neanderthals were people with an ear for and knowledge of music. 204 some other fossil discoveries show that neanderthals buried their dead, looked after their sick, and used necklaces and similar adornments. 205 a 26, 000 - year - old sewing needle, proved to have been used by neanderthal people, was also found during fossil excavations. this needle, which is made of bone, is exceedingly straight and has a hole for the thread to be passed through. 206 people who wear clothing and feel the need for a sewing needle cannot be considered " primitive. " the best research into the neanderthals ' tool - making abilities is that of steven l. kuhn and mary c. stiner, professors of anthropology and archaeology, respectively, at the university of new mexico. although these two scientists are proponents of the theory of evolution, the results of their archaeological research and analyses show that the neanderthals who lived in caves on the coast of southwest italy for thousands of years carried out activities that required as complex a capacity for thought as modern -


proponents of the theory of evolution, the results of their archaeological research and analyses show that the neanderthals who lived in caves on the coast of southwest italy for thousands of years carried out activities that required as complex a capacity for thought as modern - day human beings. 207 kuhn and stiner found a number of tools in these caves. the discoveries were of sharp, pointed cutting implements, including spearheads, made by carefully chipping away layers at the edges of the flint. making sharp edges of this kind by chipping away layers is without a doubt a process calling for intelligence and skill. research has shown that one of the most important problems encountered in that process is breakages that occur as a result of pressure at the edge of the stones. for this reason, the individual carrying out the process has to make fine judgments of the amount of force to use in order to keep the edges straight, and of the precise angle to strike at, if he is making an angled tool. neanderthals : a human race to the side is shown the homo sapiens neanderthalensis amud i skull, found in israel. the owner is estimated to have been 1. 80 meters tall. its brain capacity is as big as that found today : 1, 740 cc. beneath, are shown a fossil skeleton from the neanderthal race, and a stone tool believed to have been used by its owner. this and similar discoveries show that neanderthals were a genuine human race who vanished over time. margaret conkey from the university of california explains that tools made in periods before the neanderthals were also made by communities of intelligent people who were fully aware of what they were doing : in short, scientific discoveries show that neanderthals were a human race no different from us on the levels of intelligence and dexterity. this race either disappeared from history by assimilating and mixing with other races, or became extinct in some unknown manner. but they were definitely not " primitive " or " half - ape. " neanderthal sewing needle 26, 000 - year - old needle : this interesting find shows that neanderthals had the knowledge to make clothing tens of thousands of years ago ( d. johanson, b. edgar, from lucy to language, page 99 ). a neanderthal flute made from bone. calculations made from this artifact have shown that the holes were made to produce correct notes, in other words that this was an expertly designed instrument. archaic homo sapiens, homo heidelbergensis and cro


. a neanderthal flute made from bone. calculations made from this artifact have shown that the holes were made to produce correct notes, in other words that this was an expertly designed instrument. archaic homo sapiens, homo heidelbergensis and cro - magnon man a typical cro - magnon skull. archaic homo sapiens is the last step before contemporary man in the imaginary evolutionary scheme. in fact, evolutionists do not have much to say about these fossils, as there are only very minor differences between them and modern human beings. some researchers even state that representatives of this race are still living today, and point to native australians as an example. like homo sapiens ( archaic ), native australians also have thick protruding eyebrows, an inward - inclined mandibular structure, and a slightly smaller cranial capacity. the group characterized as homo heidelbergensis in evolutionist literature is in fact the same as archaic homo sapiens. the reason why two different terms are used to define the same human racial type is the disagreements among evolutionists. all the fossils included under the homo heidelbergensis classification suggest that people who were anatomically very similar to modern europeans lived 500, 000 and even 740, 000 years ago, in england and in spain. it is estimated that cro - magnon man lived 30, 000 years ago. he has a dome - shaped cranium and a broad forehead. his cranium of 1, 600 cc is above the average for contemporary man. his skull has thick eyebrow projections and a bony protrusion at the back that is characteristic of both neanderthal man and homo erectus. although the cro - magnon is considered to be a european race, the structure and volume of cro - magnon ' s cranium look very much like those of some races living in africa and the tropics today. relying on this similarity, it is estimated that cro - magnon was an archaic african race. some other paleoanthropological finds have shown that the cro - magnon and the neanderthal races intermixed and laid the foundations for the races of our day. as a result, none of these human beings were " primitive species. " they were different human beings who lived in earlier times and either assimilated and mixed with other races, or became extinct and disappeared from history. the collapse of the evolutionary tree what we have investigated so far forms a clear picture : the scenario of " human evolution " is a complete fiction. in order for such a family tree


and mixed with other races, or became extinct and disappeared from history. the collapse of the evolutionary tree what we have investigated so far forms a clear picture : the scenario of " human evolution " is a complete fiction. in order for such a family tree to represent the truth, a gradual evolution from a common ancestor of apes and human beings to man must have taken place and a fossil record of this process should be able to be found. in fact, however, there is a huge gap between apes and humans. skeletal structures, cranial capacities, and such criteria as walking upright or bent sharply forward distinguish humans from apes. ( we already mentioned that on the basis of research done in 1994 on the inner ear, australopithecus and homo habilis were reclassified as apes, while homo erectus was reclassified as a fully modern human. ) another significant finding proving that there can be no family - tree relationship among these different species is that species that are presented as ancestors of others in fact lived concurrently. if, as evolutionists claim, australopithecus changed into homo habilis, which, in turn, turned into homo erectus, the periods they lived in should necessarily have followed each other. however, there is no such chronological order to be seen in the fossil record. according to evolutionist estimates, australopithecus lived from 4 million up until 1 million years ago. the creatures classified as homo habilis, on the other hand, are thought to have lived until 1. 7 to 1. 9 million years ago. homo rudolfensis, which is said to have been more " advanced " than homo habilis, is known to be as old as from 2. 5 to 2. 8 million years! that is to say, homo rudolfensis is nearly 1 million years older than homo habilis, of which it is alleged to have been the " ancestor. " on the other hand, the age of homo erectus goes as far back as 1. 6 - 1. 8 million years ago, which means that homo erectus appeared on the earth in the same time frame as its so - called ancestor, homo habilis. alan walker confirms this fact by stating that " there is evidence from east africa for late - surviving small australopithecus individuals that were contemporaneous first with h. habilis, then with h. erectus. " 209 louis leakey has found fossils of australopithecus, homo habilis and homo erectus almost next to each other


the very basis of the imaginary family tree of evolutionary theory is the unexpectedly ancient history of modern man. paleoanthropological findings reveal that homo sapiens people who looked exactly like us were living as long as 1 million years ago. it was louis leakey, the famous evolutionary paleoanthropologist, who discovered the first findings on this subject. in 1932, in the kanjera region around lake victoria in kenya, leakey found several fossils that belonged to the middle pleistocene and that were no different from modern man. however, the middle pleistocene was a million years ago. 218 since these discoveries turned the evolutionary family tree upside down, they were dismissed by some evolutionary paleoanthropologists. yet leakey always contended that his estimates were correct. just when this controversy was about to be forgotten, a fossil unearthed in spain in 1995 revealed in a very remarkable way that the history of homo sapiens was much older than had been assumed. the fossil in question was uncovered in a cave called gran dolina in the atapuerca region of spain by three spanish paleoanthropologists from the university of madrid. the fossil revealed the face of an 11 - year - old boy who looked entirely like modern man. yet, it had been 800, 000 years since the child died. discover magazine covered the story in great detail in its december 1997 issue. the skull reconstructed from the atapuerca fossil ( left ) bears a close resemblance to that of man living today ( right ). this fossil even shook the convictions of juan luis arsuaga ferreras, who lead the gran dolina excavation. ferreras said : the fossil highlighted the fact that the history of homo sapiens had to be extended back to 800, 000 years ago. after recovering from the initial shock, the evolutionists who discovered the fossil decided that it belonged to a different species, because according to the evolutionary family tree, homo sapiens did not live 800, 000 years ago. therefore, they made up an imaginary species called homo antecessor and included the atapuerca skull under this classification. huts and footprints there have been many findings demonstrating that homo sapiens dates back even earlier than 800, 000 years. one of them is a discovery by louis leakey in the early 1970s in olduvai gorge. here, in the bed ii layer, leakey discovered that australopithecus, homo habilis and homo erectus species had co - existed at the same time. what is even more interesting was


1970s in olduvai gorge. here, in the bed ii layer, leakey discovered that australopithecus, homo habilis and homo erectus species had co - existed at the same time. what is even more interesting was a structure leakey found in the same layer ( bed ii ). here, he found the remains of a stone hut. the unusual aspect of the event was that this construction, which is still used in some parts of africa, could only have been built by homo sapiens! so, according to leakey ' s findings, australopithecus, homo habilis, homo erectus and modern man must have co - existed approximately 1. 7 million years ago. 220 this discovery must surely invalidate the evolutionary theory that claims that modern man evolved from ape - like species such as australopithecus. indeed, some other discoveries trace the origins of modern man back to 1. 7 million years ago. one of these important finds is the footprints found in laetoli, tanzania, by mary leakey in 1977. these footprints were found in a layer that was calculated to be 3. 6 million years old, and more importantly, they were no different from the footprints that a contemporary man would leave. the footprints found by mary leakey were later examined by a number of famous paleoanthropologists, such as donald johanson and tim white. the results were the same. white wrote : 3. 6 - million - year - old human footprints in laetoli, in tanzania. after examining the footprints, louis robbins from the university of north california made the following comments : examinations of the morphological form of the footprints showed time and again that they had to be accepted as the prints of a human, and moreover, a modern human ( homo sapiens ). russell tuttle, who also examined the footprints, wrote : al 666 - 1 : a 2. 3 - million - year - old human jaw fossil al 666 - 1 was found in hadar in ethiopia, together with a. afarensis fossils. this 2. 3 - million - year - old jaw bone had features identical to those of homo sapiens. al 666 - 1 resembled neither the a. afarensis jawbones that were found with it, nor a 1. 75 - million - year - old homo habilis jaw. the jaws of these two species, with their narrow and rectangular shapes, resembled those of present - day apes. although there is no doubt that al 666


with it, nor a 1. 75 - million - year - old homo habilis jaw. the jaws of these two species, with their narrow and rectangular shapes, resembled those of present - day apes. although there is no doubt that al 666 - 1 belonged to a " homo " ( human ) species, evolutionary paleontologists do not accept this fact. they refrain from making any comment on this, because the jaw is calculated to be 2. 3 million years old — in other words, much older than the age they allow for the homo, or human, race. impartial examinations of the footprints revealed their real owners. in reality, these footprints consisted of 20 fossilized footprints of a 10 - year - old modern human and 27 footprints of an even younger one. they were certainly modern people like us. this situation put the laetoli footprints at the center of discussions for years. evolutionary paleoanthropologists desperately tried to come up with an explanation, as it was hard for them to accept the fact that a modern man had been walking on the earth 3. 6 million years ago. during the 1990s, the following " explanation " started to take shape : the evolutionists decided that these footprints must have been left by an australopithecus, because according to their theory, it was impossible for a homo species to have existed 3. 6 years ago. however, russell h. tuttle wrote the following in an article in 1990 : skeletal variation among modern human races evolutionary paleontologists portray different homo erectus, homo sapiens neanderthalensis, and archaic homo sapiens human fossils as indicating different species or subspecies on the evolutionary path. they base this on the differences between these fossil skulls. however, these differences actually consist of variations among different human races that have existed, some of which have become extinct or have been assimilated. these differences have grown less pronounced as human races have intermixed over time. despite this, quite striking differences can still be observed between human races living today. the skulls in these pages, all belonging to modern human beings ( homo sapiens sapiens ), are all examples of these differences. to show similar structural differences between races that lived in the past as evidence for evolution is quite simply bias. to put it briefly, these footprints that were supposed to be 3. 6 million years old could not have belonged to australopithecus. the only reason why the footprints were thought to have been left by members of australopithecus was the 3


, these footprints that were supposed to be 3. 6 million years old could not have belonged to australopithecus. the only reason why the footprints were thought to have been left by members of australopithecus was the 3. 6 - million - year - old volcanic layer in which the footprints were found. the prints were ascribed to australopithecus purely on the assumption that humans could not have lived so long ago. these interpretations of the laetoli footprints demonstrate one important fact. evolutionists support their theory not based on scientific findings, but in spite of them. here we have a theory that is blindly defended no matter what, with all new findings that cast the theory into doubt being either ignored or distorted to support the theory. briefly, the theory of evolution is not a scientific theory, but a dogma kept alive despite science. the bipedalism problem apart from the fossil record that we have dealt with so far, unbridgeable anatomical gaps between men and apes also invalidate the fiction of human evolution. one of these has to do with the manner of walking. the human skeleton is created to walk upright. ape skeletons, however, with their forward - leaning stance, short legs, and long arms, are suited to walking on four legs. it is not possible for there to be an " intermediate form " between them, because this would be extremely unproductive. human beings walk upright on two feet. this is a very special form of locomotion not seen in any other mammalian species. some other animals do have a limited ability to move when they stand on their two hind feet. animals like bears and monkeys can move in this way only rarely, such as when they want to reach a source of food, and even then only for a short time. normally, their skeletons lean forward and they walk on all fours. apes ' hands and feet are curled in a manner suited to living in trees. well, then, has bipedalism evolved from the quadrupedal gait of apes, as evolutionists claim? of course not. research has shown that the evolution of bipedalism never occurred, nor is it possible for it to have done so. first of all, bipedalism is not an evolutionary advantage. the way in which apes move is much easier, faster, and more efficient than man ' s bipedal stride. man can neither move by jumping from tree to tree without descending to the ground, like a chimpanzee, nor run


. the way in which apes move is much easier, faster, and more efficient than man ' s bipedal stride. man can neither move by jumping from tree to tree without descending to the ground, like a chimpanzee, nor run at a speed of 125 km per hour, like a cheetah. on the contrary, since man walks on two feet, he moves much more slowly on the ground. for the same reason, he is one of the most unprotected of all species in nature in terms of movement and defence. according to the logic of evolution, apes should not have evolved to adopt a bipedal stride ; humans should instead have evolved to become quadrupedal. another impasse of the evolutionary claim is that bipedalism does not serve the " gradual development " model of darwinism. this model, which constitutes the basis of evolution, requires that there should be a " compound " stride between bipedalism and quadrupedalism. however, with the computerized research he conducted in 1996, robin crompton, senior lecturer in anatomy at liverpool university, showed that such a " compound " stride was not possible. crompton reached the following conclusion : a living being can either walk upright, or on all fours. 225 a type of stride between the two is impossible because it would involve excessive energy consumption. this is why a half - bipedal being cannot exist. the immense gap between man and ape is not limited solely to bipedalism. many other issues still remain unexplained, such as brain capacity, the ability to talk, and so on. elaine morgan, an evolutionary paleoanthropologist, makes the following confession in relation to this matter : four of the most outstanding mysteries about humans are : 1 ) why do they walk on two legs? 2 ) why have they lost their fur? 3 ) why have they developed such large brains? 4 ) why did they learn to speak? the orthodox answers to these questions are : 1 ) ' we do not yet know ; ' 2 ) ' we do not yet know ; ' 3 ) ' we do not yet know ; ' 4 ) ' we do not yet know. ' the list of questions could be considerably lengthened without affecting the monotony of the answers. 226 evolution : an unscientific faith lord solly zuckerman is one of the most famous scientists in the united kingdom. for years, he studied the fossil record and conducted many investigations, for which he


monotony of the answers. 226 evolution : an unscientific faith lord solly zuckerman is one of the most famous scientists in the united kingdom. for years, he studied the fossil record and conducted many investigations, for which he was elevated to the peerage. zuckerman is an evolutionist. therefore, his comments on evolution cannot be regarded as ignorant or prejudiced. after years of research on the fossils included in the human evolution scenario however, he reached the conclusion that there is no truth to the family tree that is put forward. zuckerman also advanced an interesting concept of the " spectrum of the sciences, " ranging from those he considered scientific to those he considered unscientific. according to zuckerman ' s spectrum, the most " scientific " — that is, dependent on concrete data — fields are chemistry and physics. after them come the biological sciences and then the social sciences. at the far end of the spectrum, which is the part considered to be most " unscientific, " are extra - sensory perception — concepts such as telepathy and the " sixth sense " — and finally human evolution. zuckerman explains his reasoning as follows : robert locke, the editor of discovering archeology, an important publication on the origins of man, writes in that journal, " the search for human ancestors gives more heat than light, " quoting the confession of the famous evolutionary paleoantropologist tim white : locke ' s article reviews the impasse of the theory of evolution on the origins of man and the groundlessness of the propaganda spread about this subject : the same fact was also recently accepted by henry gee, the editor of the well - known journal nature. in his book in search of deep time, published in 1999, gee points out that all the evidence for human evolution " between about 10 and 5 million years ago – several thousand generations of living creatures – can be fitted into a small box. " he concludes that conventional theories of the origin and development of human beings are " a completely human invention created after the fact, shaped to accord with human prejudices, " and adds : as we have seen, there is no scientific discovery supporting or propping up the theory of evolution, just some scientists who blindly believe in it. these scientists both believe in the myth of evolution themselves, although it has no scientific foundation, and also make other people believe it by using the media, which cooperate with them. in the pages that follow, we shall examine a few examples of this deceptive propaganda carried


believe in the myth of evolution themselves, although it has no scientific foundation, and also make other people believe it by using the media, which cooperate with them. in the pages that follow, we shall examine a few examples of this deceptive propaganda carried out in the name of evolution. even if evolutionists are unsuccessful in finding scientific evidence to support their theories, they are very successful at one thing : propaganda. the most important element of this propaganda is the practice of creating false designs known as " reconstructions. " reconstruction can be explained as drawing a picture or constructing a model of a living thing based on a single bone — sometimes only a fragment — that has been unearthed. the " ape - men " we see in newspapers, magazines, and films are all reconstructions. reconstruction drawings reflect only evolutionists ' imaginations, since fossils are usually fragmented and incomplete, any conjecture based on them is likely to be completely speculative. as a matter of fact, the reconstructions ( drawings or models ) made by evolutionists based on fossil remains are prepared speculatively precisely to validate the evolutionary thesis. david r. pilbeam, an eminent anthropologist from harvard, stresses this fact when he says : " at least in paleoanthropology, data are still so sparse that theory heavily influences interpretations. theories have, in the past, clearly reflected our current ideologies instead of the actual data. " 231 since people are highly affected by visual information, these reconstructions best serve the purpose of evolutionists, which is to convince people that these reconstructed creatures really existed in the past. at this point, we have to highlight one particular point : reconstructions based on bone remains can only reveal the most general characteristics of the creature, since the really distinctive morphological features of any animal are soft tissues which quickly vanish after death. therefore, due to the speculative nature of the interpretation of the soft tissues, the reconstructed drawings or models become totally dependent on the imagination of the person producing them. earnst a. hooten from harvard university explains the situation like this : as a matter of fact, evolutionists invent such preposterous stories that they even ascribe different faces to the same skull. for example, the three different reconstructed drawings made for the fossil named australopithecus robustus ( zinjanthropus ) are a famous example of such forgery. the biased interpretation of fossils and outright fabrication of many imaginary reconstructions are an indication of how frequently evolutionists have recourse to tricks. yet these seem


robustus ( zinjanthropus ) are a famous example of such forgery. the biased interpretation of fossils and outright fabrication of many imaginary reconstructions are an indication of how frequently evolutionists have recourse to tricks. yet these seem innocent when compared to the deliberate forgeries that have been perpetrated in the history of evolution. there is no concrete fossil evidence to support the " ape - man " image, which is unceasingly promulgated by the media and evolutionist academic circles. with brushes in their hands, evolutionists produce imaginary creatures ; nevertheless, the fact that these drawings correspond to no matching fossils constitutes a serious problem for them. one of the interesting methods they employ to overcome this problem is to " produce " the fossils they cannot find. piltdown man, which may be the biggest scandal in the history of science, is a typical example of this method. the piltdown man scandal for 40 years, piltdown man fossil was accepted as the greatest evidence for human evolution. evolutionist fossil experts claimed to have found a lot of transitional features in the skull. it only emerged later that the fossil was a fake. in 1912, a well - known doctor and amateur paleoanthropologist named charles dawson came out with the assertion that he had found a jawbone and a cranial fragment in a pit in piltdown, england. even though the jawbone was more ape - like, the teeth and the skull were like a man ' s. these specimens were labelled the " piltdown man. " alleged to be 500, 000 years old, they were displayed as an absolute proof of human evolution in several museums. for more than 40 years, many scientific articles were written on " piltdown man, " many interpretations and drawings were made, and the fossil was presented as important evidence for human evolution. no fewer than 500 doctoral theses were written on the subject. 233 while visiting the british museum in 1921, leading american paleontologist henry fairfield osborn said " we have to be reminded over and over again that nature is full of paradoxes " and proclaimed piltdown " a discovery of transcendent importance to the prehistory of man. " 234 in 1949, kenneth oakley, from the british museum ' s paleontology department, attempted to use " fluorine testing, " a new test used for determining the date of fossils. a trial was made on the fossil of piltdown man. the result was astonishing. during the test, it was realized


. nebraska man was also immediately given a " scientific name, " hesperopithecus haroldcooki. many authorities gave osborn their support. based on this single tooth, reconstructions of nebraska man ' s head and body were drawn. moreover, nebraska man was even pictured along with his wife and children, as a whole family in a natural setting. all of these scenarios were developed from just one tooth. evolutionist circles placed such faith in this " imaginary man " that when a researcher named william bryan opposed these biased conclusions relying on a single tooth, he was harshly criticized. in 1927, other parts of the skeleton were also found. according to these newly discovered pieces, the tooth belonged neither to a man nor to an ape. it was realized that it belonged to an extinct species of wild american pig called prosthennops. william gregory entitled the article published in science in which he announced the truth, " hesperopithecus apparently not an ape nor a man. " 236 then all the drawings of hesperopithecus haroldcooki and his " family " were hurriedly removed from evolutionary literature. nebraska man, and henry fairfield osborn, who named it. all the scientific deceptions and prejudiced evaluations made to support the theory of evolution show that the theory is a kind of ideology, and not at all a scientific account. like all ideologies, this one too has its fanatical supporters, who are desperate to prove evolution, at no matter what cost. or else they are so dogmatically bound to the theory that every new discovery is perceived as a great proof of the theory, even if it has nothing to do with evolution. this is really a very distressing picture for science, because it shows that science is being misdirected in the name of a dogma. in his book darwinism : the refutation of a myth, the swedish scientist soren lovtrup has this to say on the subject : further proof that darwinism is the greatest deception in the history of science is provided by molecular biology. 182 richard e. leakey, the making of mankind, sphere books limited, barcelona, 1982, p. 43. 183 william r. fix, the bone peddlers, macmillan publishing company, new york, 1984, pp. 150 - 153. 184 " could science be brought to an end by scientists ' belief that they have final answers or by society ' s reluctance to pay the bills? " scientific american, december 1992, p. 20. 185 david


1984, pp. 150 - 153. 184 " could science be brought to an end by scientists ' belief that they have final answers or by society ' s reluctance to pay the bills? " scientific american, december 1992, p. 20. 185 david pilbeam, " rearranging our family tree, " human nature, june 1978, p. 40. 186 c. c. swisher iii, w. j. rink, s. c. anton, h. p. schwarcz, g. h. curtis, a. suprijo, widiasmoro, " latest homo erectus of java : potential contemporaneity with homo sapiens in southeast asia, " science, volume 274, number 5294, issue of 13 dec 1996, pp. 1870 - 1874 ; also see, jeffrey kluger, " not so extinct after all : the primitive homo erectus may have survived long enough to coexist with modern humans, time, december 23, 1996 187 solly zuckerman, beyond the ivory tower, toplinger publications, new york, 1970, pp. 75 - 94. 188 charles e. oxnard, " the place of australopithecines in human evolution : grounds for doubt, " nature, vol. 258, 4 december 1975, p. 389. 189 isabelle bourdial, " adieu lucy, " science et vie, may 1999, no. 980, pp. 52 - 62. ( emphasis added ) 190 holly smith, american journal of physical antropology, vol. 94, 1994, pp. 307 - 325. ( emphasis added ) 191 fred spoor, bernard wood & frans zonneveld, " implications of early hominid labyrinthine morphology for evolution of human bipedal locomotion, " nature, vol 369, 23 june 1994, p. 645 192 fred spoor, bernard wood & frans zonneveld, " implications of early hominid labyrinthine morphology for evolution of human bipedal locomotion, " nature, vol 369, 23 june 1994, p. 648 193 tim bromage, " faces from the past, " new scientist, vol. 133, issue 1803, 11 january 1992, p. 41. ( emphasis added ) 194 j. e. cronin, n. t. boaz, c. b. stringer, y. rak, " tempo and mode in hominid evolution, " nature


1992, p. 41. ( emphasis added ) 194 j. e. cronin, n. t. boaz, c. b. stringer, y. rak, " tempo and mode in hominid evolution, " nature, vol. 292, 1981, pp. 117. 195 c. l. brace, h. nelson, n. korn, m. l. brace, atlas of human evolution, 2. b., rinehart and wilson, new york, 1979. 196 alan walker and richard e. f. leakey, " the hominids of east turkana ", scientific american, vol. 239 ( 2 ), august 1978, p. 54. 197 bernard wood, mark collard, " the human genus, " science, vol. 284, no 5411, 2 april 1999, pp. 65 - 71. 198 marvin lubenow, bones of contention : a creationist assessment of the human fossils, baker books, 1992, p. 83. 199 boyce rensberger, washington post, 19 october 1984, p. a11. 200 richard leakey, the making of mankind, sphere books, london, 1981, p. 116. 201 marvin lubenow, bones of contention : a creationist assessment of the human fossils, baker books, 1992. p. 136. 202 pat shipman, " doubting dmanisi, " american scientist, november - december 2000, p. 491 203 erik trinkaus, " hard times among the neanderthals, " natural history, vol. 87, december 1978, p. 10 ; r. l. holloway, " the neanderthal brain : what was primitive, " american journal of physical anthropology supplement, vol. 12, 1991, p. 94. ( emphasis added ) 204 " neandertals lived harmoniously, " the aaas science news service, april 3, 1997. 205 ralph solecki, shanidar, the first flower people, knopf, new york, 1971, p. 196 ; paul g. bahn and jean vertut, images in the ice, windward, leichester, 1988, p. 72. 206 d. johanson, b. edgar, from lucy to language, p. 99. 207 s. l. kuhn, " subsistence, technology, and adaptive variation in middle paleolithic italy, " american anthropologist, vol. 94, no. 2, march 1992, pp. 309 - 310. 208 roger lew


. 99. 207 s. l. kuhn, " subsistence, technology, and adaptive variation in middle paleolithic italy, " american anthropologist, vol. 94, no. 2, march 1992, pp. 309 - 310. 208 roger lewin, the origin of modern humans, scientific american library, new york, 1993, p. 131. 209 r. e. f. leakey, a. walker, " on the status of australopithecus afarensis ", science, vol. 207, issue 4435, 7 march 1980, p. 1103. 210 a. j. kelso, physical antropology, 1st ed., j. b. lipincott co., new york, 1970, p. 221 ; m. d. leakey, olduvai gorge, vol. 3, cambridge university press, cambridge, 1971, p. 272. 211 s. j. gould, natural history, vol. 85, 1976, p. 30. ( emphasis added ) 212 jeffrey kluger, " not so extinct after all : the primitive homo erectus may have survived long enough to coexist with modern humans, " time, 23 december 1996. 213 john noble wilford, " 3 human species coexisted eons ago, new data suggest, " the new york times, 13 december 1996. 214 john whitfield, " oldest member of human family found, " nature, 11 july 2002. 215 d. l. parsell, " skull fossil from chad forces rethinking of human origins, " national geographic news, july 10, 2002. 216 john whitfield, " oldest member of human family found, " nature, 11 july 2002. 217 the guardian, 11 july 2002 218 l. s. b. leakey, the origin of homo sapiens, ed. f. borde, unesco, paris, 1972, pp. 25 - 29 ; l. s. b. leakey, by the evidence, harcourt brace jovanovich, new york, 1974. 219 robert kunzig, " the face of an ancestral child ", discover, december 1997, pp. 97, 100. ( emphasis added ) 220 a. j. kelso, physical anthropology, 1. b., 1970, ss. 221 ; m. d. leakey, olduvai gorge, volume 3, cambridge : cambridge university press, 1971, s. 272 221 donald c. johanson & m. a. edey


. b., 1970, ss. 221 ; m. d. leakey, olduvai gorge, volume 3, cambridge : cambridge university press, 1971, s. 272 221 donald c. johanson & m. a. edey, lucy, the beginnings of humankind, simon & schuster, new york, 1981, p. 250. ( emphasis added ) 222 " the leakey footprints : an uncertain path, " science news, vol. 115, 1979, p. 196. 223 ian anderson, " who made the laetoli footprints? " new scientist, vol. 98, 12 may 1983, p. 373. ( emphasis added ) 224 russell h. tuttle, " the pitted pattern of laetoli feet, " natural history, vol. 99, march 1990, p. 64. ( emphasis added ) 225 ruth henke, " aufrecht aus den baumen, " focus, vol. 39, 1996, p. 178. 226 elaine morgan, the scars of evolution, oxford university press, new york, 1994, p. 5. 227 solly zuckerman, beyond the ivory tower, toplinger publications, new york, 1970, p. 19. ( emphasis added ) 228 robert locke, " family fights, " discovering archaeology, july / august 1999, p. 36 - 39. 229 robert locke, " family fights, " discovering archaeology, july / august 1999, p. 36 - 39. 230 henry gee, in search of time : beyond the fossil record to a new history of life, new york, the free press, 1999, p. 126 - 127. 231 david r. pilbeam, " rearranging our family tree, " human nature, june 1978, p. 45. ( emphasis added ) 232 earnest a. hooton, up from the ape, mcmillan, new york, 1931, p. 332. ( emphasis added ) 233 malcolm muggeridge, the end of christendom, grand rapids, eerdmans, 1980, p. 59. 234 stephen jay gould, " smith woodward ' s folly, " new scientist, 5 april 1979, p. 44. 235 stephen jay gould, " smith woodward ' s folly, " new scientist, 5 april 1979, p. 43. ( emphasis added ) 236 william k. gregory, " hesperopithecus apparently not an ape nor a man, " science, vol. 66, issue 1720, 16 december 1927, p. 579. 237 søren lø


friday, feb. 1 ( healthday news ) - - teaching people how to recognize and respond to prescription painkiller overdoses could significantly reduce the number of overdose deaths, a new study suggests. overdoses of these powerful opioid drugs are a major cause of emergency hospital admissions and preventable deaths in many countries. opioids include hydrocodone ( brand name vicodin ), oxycodone ( oxycontin and percocet ), morphine and codeine. since 2005, massachusetts has had more opioid - related overdose deaths than motor vehicle deaths, so the state introduced several strategies to tackle the problem, including training drug users, their families and friends, and potential bystanders to prevent, recognize and respond to opioid overdoses. the participants in the overdose education and naloxone distribution ( oend ) programs received instruction in how to recognize signs of overdose, seek help, stay with victims and use naloxone, a drug that reverses the effects of opioid overdose. in the study, alexander walley, an assistant professor of medicine at boston university school of medicine, and colleagues looked at data from 19 massachusetts communities that had high levels of opioid overdose and various levels of implementation of oend programs. communities with oend programs had a larger reduction in opioid - related overdose deaths than those without the programs. the greater the enrollment in oend programs in communities, the greater the reduction in death rates, according to the study, which was published online jan. 31 in the journal bmj. the findings provide evidence that the programs are an effective way to reduce opioid - related overdose deaths, concluded the team of researchers from the boston medical center, the boston university schools of medicine and public health, and the massachusetts department of public health. from 1996 to 2010, more than 50, 000 people were trained by oend programs in the united states, resulting in more than 10, 000 opioid overdose rescues, according to background information included in a journal news release. the u. s. national institute on drug abuse has more about opioids. copyright © 2012 healthday. all rights reserved.


from the minute the doors opened at the rice regional dental clinic in willmar, minn., late in 2007, it was clear there was an overwhelming need for access to dental care, especially among low - income adults and children. the staff reported being inundated with phone calls for appointments. for anyone who has ever visited the dental clinic or is familiar with the services it provides, it surely must have been no surprise when the institute of medicine issued a report this week on the state of oral health care for america ’ s low - income and vulnerable citizens. the report ’ s main conclusion : millions of americans are not receiving necessary dental care because of “ persistent and systemic ” barriers. children, seniors, minorities and the poor are especially affected. perhaps the most compelling point of the report is this : although dental care is a basic need for people of all ages, it ’ s one of the areas in which disparities are the widest. the authors wrote, more than half of the population does not visit a dentist each year. poor and minority children are substantially less likely to have access to oral health care than are their nonpoor and nonminority peers. americans living in rural areas have poorer oral health status and more unmet dental needs than their urban counterparts. older adults, especially those living in long - term care facilities, have a high prevalence of oral health problems and difficulty accessing care by individuals trained in their special needs. disabled individuals uniformly confront access barriers, regardless of their financial resources. the consequences of these disparities in access to oral health care have a strong influence not only on oral health but on overall health as well. the report identifies multiple reasons for this troubling state of affairs. for one thing, the cost of dental care is an issue for many households. according to the iom report, an estimated 4. 6 million children did not receive needed dental care in 2008 because their family couldn ’ t afford it. among older adults on medicare, fewer than half have dental coverage. what your smile looks like is in fact a dead giveaway of socioeconomic status, an observation that has been confirmed by several studies. teeth that are discolored, crooked or missing are often a marker of poverty and / or inadequate dental care. the burden of oral diseases such as tooth decay also falls primarily on the poor. even having dental insurance doesn ’ t necessarily guarantee access to care, however. many dentists don ’ t accept clients on publicly funded programs such as medicaid or minnesotacare because the rei


diseases such as tooth decay also falls primarily on the poor. even having dental insurance doesn ’ t necessarily guarantee access to care, however. many dentists don ’ t accept clients on publicly funded programs such as medicaid or minnesotacare because the reimbursement is so low. and rural and inner - city regions of the united states have a shortage of dental professionals, period. i ’ ve seen projections indicating minnesota ’ s dental workforce is aging and that it may be increasingly difficult to replace these professionals when they retire. what can be done to change this? the iom report makes several recommendations. chief among them is increasing the reimbursement rate for medicaid and the children ’ s health insurance program so dentists have a greater incentive to see these patients. another recommendation is to give dentistry students more opportunities to gain skills in treating patients with special needs. the report also calls for enlisting other parts of the health care delivery system to provide some aspects of oral health care. for example, mid - level professionals could do screenings for oral disease and offer basic preventive care. a measure that creates licensing standards in minnesota for two new types of mid - level providers – dental therapists and advanced dental therapists - was passed by the legislature in 2009. this is a ground - breaking initiative that has the potential to make a difference. it ’ s too soon to know, however, whether it will truly help improve access to dental care, especially to those who are the most underserved. it should also be noted that many dentists have raised concerns about training and supervision of these mid - level professionals. in spite of the deep disparities that exist in access to oral health care, there are a handful of bright spots – projects and programs that are creative, innovative and that help shrink the gulf of unmet needs. the iom report doesn ’ t list them by name, but i ’ d like to single out one of them : the rice regional dental clinic in willmar, a partnership between rice memorial hospital and the university of minnesota. here, students in the university ’ s dentistry and dental hygiene programs gain hands - on experience with a wide variety of patients in a rural setting. in exchange, low - income and uninsured individuals in the region can receive much - needed dental care. according to statistics collected by the dental clinic, the majority of patients are children and young adults. for many of these youngsters, it ’ s the first time they ’ ve ever been seen by a dentist. i ’ ve spoken to


monday, june 11 ( healthday news ) - - most people with thyroid cancer live as long as people who don ' t have the disease, a new study finds. patients with advanced thyroid cancer are the exception. german researchers analyzed data from 1, 502 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer ( which includes two types of thyroid cancer, follicular and papillary ) had been treated with radioiodine therapy. only patients with advanced disease ( stage 4 - c ) had a lower chance of long - term survival than the general population. survival did not vary based on age or sex, or even if a patient ' s cancer had reached the beginning of stage 4. the study was scheduled for monday presentation at the society of nuclear medicine annual meeting in miami beach, fla. " with these survival rates, patients with differentiated thyroid cancer in stages 1 to 4 - a could even be considered healthy patients, " lead investigator dr. alexis vrachimis, at the department of nuclear medicine, university hospital muenster, said in a society news release. the researchers said the findings highlight the excellent diagnostic and treatment methods available to patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, which is the most common form of the disease. more than 56, 000 americans will be diagnosed with thyroid cancer and nearly 1, 800 will die of the disease in 2012, according to the u. s. national cancer institute. because this study was presented at a medical meeting, the data and conclusions should be viewed as preliminary until published in a peer - reviewed journal. the american cancer society has more about thyroid cancer. source : society of nuclear medicine, news release, june 7, 2012 copyright © 2013 healthday. all rights reserved. healthdaynews articles are derived from various sources and do not reflect federal policy. healthfinder. gov does not endorse opinions, products, or services that may appear in news stories. for more information on health topics in the news, visit health news on healthfinder. gov.


exposure to radiation short term and infrequently does not do significant harm. chronic long term exposure to even lower levels can cause significant cellular damage leading to mutations and cancer. there are certain nutrients which protect the cells from the compounds making up radiation such as : cesium - 137 and radioactive iodine. potassium iodide ( ki ) is most well - known to protect the thyroid from radioactive iodine. given that most americans are iodine deficient, supplementing with 200 mcg a day of potassium iodide may do the general population some good in general - even without radioactive fallout concerns. over half of pregnant women in the usa are iodine deficient which sets up the newborn to mental retardation. however, potassium iodide is by far not the only nutrient needed to protect the body from radioactive fallout. complete trace minerals are needed. when the body is deficient in minerals, the more apt it is to absorb heavy metals and radiation. sulfur compounds such as n - acetyl - l - cysteine and msm are also useful in protecting the liver, lungs and kidneys. taking hot epsom salt baths to help sweat and pull out heavy metals is good. adding moor mud to enhance sweating and detoxification is even better. make sure to replace electrolytes and additional minerals after profuse sweating. probiotics are known to protect the intestines from radiation - induced diarrhea and likey also help prevent absorption of heavy metals found in radioactive fallout. supplementing with l - glutamine to prevent damage and / or heal the small intestine may be necessary. sodium butyrate or cal / mag butyrate may be needed to help heal the large intestine from radiation - induced intestinal and colon damage. greens such as spirulina, wheat grass, chlorella along with miso, tempeh, kombu and other seaweeds are excellent detoxifiers and supporters of healthy iodine levels. questions about radiation exposure? please post at the radiation exposure forum and your questions will be answered. the radiation exposure forum has some excellent documents available for download to help you prepare further. do visit this forum and download. again, questions, do ask.


cardio and weight training are two important components of well - balanced fitness plans. knowing which types of exercises fall into which category can help you construct your workouts more effectively, and can give you more options so you don ’ t get bored with your workouts. when designing your fitness plan, consider adding some stretching and flexibility training. simply add a few minutes of stretching at the end of your cardio and weight training workouts. cardio, or aerobic, exercises require you to move the large muscle groups in your hips, legs and arms. the movement must be continuous and rhythmic, and you must move for a sustained period. the centers for disease control and prevention recommends that adults get at least 2 1 / 2 hours of moderate - intensity cardio exercise each week. alternately, you can perform an hour and 15 minutes of vigorous cardio exercise. by regularly performing cardio exercise, you can improve your cardiovascular health, manage your weight more easily and enjoy a sense of well - being. examples of cardio exercises examples of cardio exercise include basketball, biking, brisk walking, dancing, jogging, jumping rope, rowing, running, swimming, tennis and water aerobics. even some household chores - - such as mowing the lawn - - can count as cardio. the intensity with which you perform these activities determines whether they are moderate or vigorous. moderate - intensity cardio exercises will raise your heart rate and make you breathe faster, while still allowing you to talk. when performing vigorous cardio exercises, you will find it difficult to say more than just a few words before pausing to breathe. weight training exercises in weight - training exercises, you generally focus on one muscular group at a time, doing enough repetitions of the exercise to tire the muscles. the centers for disease control and prevention recommends that adults do weight - training exercises at least twice a week. ideally, target all your major muscle groups : chest, shoulders, arms, abdomen, back, hips and legs. by performing weight - training exercises, you can build strength in your muscles, increase the amount of lean muscle in your body, manage your weight more easily and lower your risk of injury. examples of weight - training exercises you can perform weight - training exercises with free weights - - dumbbells and barbells. examples of these exercises include biceps curls and squats. weight machines offer other options for weight training. you can perform leg presses, standing calf raises, chest flyes and pull - down exercises on these machines. other types of weight - training exercises require


more people die of heart attacks in the united states than any other disease. it is but obvious that heart health issues have become more prominent now than ever before, not just in america, but all over the world as heart disease is on the rise. statistics from harvard health publications state that in america alone, 65 million people have high blood pressure 70 million have had heart attacks 11 million more have some type of cardiovascular disease while we may be alarmed by these growing statistics, we can take courage in the fact that there are factors within our control which can help support heart and circulatory health. heart disease is the no. 1 killer of men and women despite the advances in medicine. in fact some might argue that our advances in medicine have overshadowed common sense and may even be contributing to the mortality rate. heart health supplements and some important lifestyle changes offer promise for people in the prevention of heart disease and heart attack, and for the support of the heart and cardiovascular system if you have heart disease or have had a heart attack. so if we know that our hearts are important we should begin taking strides to take care of our heart health. it doesn ' t have to be overwhelming. we can begin the process with some very simple steps. 1. begin choosing to eat less saturated fat. one very simple why to begin working on our heart health is to just cut back on our consumption of saturated fat. saturated fat is the fat that comes from animal products. it has been shown to be a direct cause of coronary heart disease. the main sources of saturated fat are beef, most pork, and the dark meat from chicken. eating these foods puts 40 % saturated fat into your body. by comparison, the white meat of chicken has 20 % saturated fat. 2. choose to move more. it seems like such a simple concept. we need to move to keep our hearts healthy, but you ' d be amazed at the number of people who do almost no physical activity. if you ' re someone who hasn ' t been doing much, don ' t overdo it in the beginning. 3. spent 15 minutes a day on your emotional heart health. its been well documented that our emotions influence our heart health. negative emotions : fear, anger, sadness, frustration, depression, anxiety, and just plain old stress - can have a harmful effect on our bodies. they can create heart disease. the best supplements for heart health should address as many of the major controllable risk factors for developing heart disease as possible. there are numerous health heart supplements, but only


- can have a harmful effect on our bodies. they can create heart disease. the best supplements for heart health should address as many of the major controllable risk factors for developing heart disease as possible. there are numerous health heart supplements, but only a few may actually be beneficial. there are also risk factors that one cannot avoid such as heredity, gender and age that raise the risk of heart attack. though you are not in a position to prevent this, the chances are you may not get heart disease at all, as these are probable factors only. what are the tests that determine your heart health and how does one diagnose it? one of the simple techniques such as your heart beat will give the first inclination to your physician whether you have a healthy heart. by checking your pulse, the doctor will be able to come to a conclusion of your heart health from the rhythm, rate and regularity of the heart. another test that will help diagnose your heart health is your blood pressure. blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury, and this will indicate the blood pressure in the arteries. there are two types of pressure readings when the reading is done and they are systolic and diastolic. an electrocardiogram ( ecg ) is a test where the physicians are able to find whether a person has suffered a silent heart attack. this is test that is considered and regular monitoring is done through ecg to find out when heart ailment is suspected.


i look for and find small to large areas on and under the ground : lands and rocks that have something we want, something that we will mine if we can make enough money. first, we drive or fly into an area of great promise, so we can put small and large rocks into bags. these rocks in bags are sent away so we can find out what they are made of, so we can see what the numbers will tell us. if we like what the numbers say, then we walk around the area of interest making notes and drawing lines in our field books and on large pieces of paper, and searching, always searching for the right signs. after that, if the signs are good and the numbers from the rocks are even better, we push long, round, empty spaces into the ground and pull out rocks to place in bags or boxes, all so we can continue to find out what the rocks are made of. after looking at several areas, we eventually find exactly what we are trying to find - - rocks that can make us some money ( the numbers, some computers, and men and women that study numbers and work with computers tell us how it all came out ; they * never * let us just go with our best guess ). then we put in a mine by using picks and other, larger and louder things, to go as deep under the ground as needed. after that, we take the money we made - - while finding the good rocks or while working at the mine - - to a bar, where we drink out of large glasses or bottles filled with something we like ( fill in the _ _ _ _ ). : - ) then we go back out into new areas to look for more rocks that can make us some money ( or rocks that we at least like, because we all like rocks, except maybe for the men and women who really like numbers and computers ). permalink for this description of what i do as a mineral exploration geologist at the up - goer five text editor. meme directive from ann and chris at highly allochthonous : go to the up goer 5 text editor and explain your research or discipline in the 10 hundred most common words. ten hundred words of science : a compilation of many of these descriptions. twitter : # upgoerfive # upgoer5


- invasion of iwo jima and okinawa, 1 april 1945 - invasion of iwo jima and okinawa, map of 9 april - 30 june 1945 map of the invasion of iwo jima and okinawa, 1945 - operations map of iwo jima, prepared 23 oct 1944 iwo jima maps, ww ii part of the images are used with the kind permission from the history department at the united states military academy see also : general maps about the far east and the pacific during the ww ii the battle of iwo jima ( february 19, 1945 – march 26, 1945 ) was the united states capture of the island of iwo jima from japan, producing some of the fiercest fighting in the pacific campaign of world war ii. the japanese positions on the island were heavily fortified, with vast bunkers, hidden artillery, and 18 kilometers ( 11 mi ) of tunnels. the battle was the first american attack on the japanese home islands and the imperial soldiers defended their positions tenaciously. of the 21, 000 japanese soldiers present at the beginning of the battle, over 20, 000 were killed and only 216 taken prisoner. the u. s. invasion, known as operation detachment, was charged with the mission of capturing the airfields on iwo jima. the battle was immortalized by joe rosenthal ’ s photograph of the raising of the u. s. flag atop the 166 meter ( 546 ft ) mount suribachi by five marines and one navy corpsman. the photograph records the second flag - raising on the mountain, which took place on the fifth day of the 35 - day battle. the picture became the iconic image of the battle and has been heavily reproduced. – raising the flag on iwo jima, a photo by joe rosenthal


chapter xv. the commune. the story of the commune is piteous, disheartening, shameful, and terrible. it seems as if during three months of 1871 " human nature, " as carlyle says of it in his " french revolution, " " had thrown off all formulas, and come out human! " it is the story of those whom the french call " the people, " - we " the mob, " or " the populace, " - let loose upon society, and society in its turn mercilessly avenging itself for its wrongs. by march 12, 1871, the prussian soldiers had quitted the environs of paris, and were in full march for their homes. two of the detached forts, however, remained eighteen months longer in their hands. on march 20 the national assembly was to begin its session at versailles. the provinces were very mistrustful of paris, and the assembling of the deputies at versailles was of itself a proof of the want of national confidence in the parisians. when it was made known that the german army was to enter paris, the national guard of belleville and montmartre stole cannon from the fortifications, and placed them in position in their own quarter on the heights, so that they could fire into the city. on march 18 general vinoy, who had succeeded trochu as military commander of paris, demanded that these cannon should be given back to the city. many of them had been purchased by subscription during the siege, but they were not the property of the men of belleville and montmartre, but of the whole national guard. a regiment of the line was ordered to take possession of them, and they did so. but immediately after, the soldiers fraternized with the national guard of belleville, and surrendered their prize. an officer of chasseurs had been killed, and general lecomte twice ordered his men to fire on the insurgents. they refused to obey him. " general lecomte is right, " said a gentleman who was standing in a crowd of angry men at a street - corner near the scene of action. he was seized at once, and was soon recognized as general clement thomas, formerly commander of the national guard of paris. he had done gallant service during the siege ; but that consideration had no weight with the insurgents. general lecomte had been already arrested. " we will put you with him, " cried the mob, - " you, who dare to speak in defence of such a sc


during the siege ; but that consideration had no weight with the insurgents. general lecomte had been already arrested. " we will put you with him, " cried the mob, - " you, who dare to speak in defence of such a scoundrel. " both the unfortunate generals were immediately imprisoned. [ footnote 1 : leighton, paris under the commune. ] at four p. m. they were brought forth by about one hundred insurgent national guards ; lecomte ' s hands were tied, those of general thomas were free. they were marched to an empty house, where a mock trial took place. no rescue was attempted, though soldiers of the line stood by. the two prisoners were then conducted to a walled enclosure at the end of the street. as soon as the party halted, an officer of the national guard seized general thomas by the collar and shook him violently, holding a revolver to his head, and crying out, " confess that you have betrayed the republic! " the general shrugged his shoulders. the officer retired. the report of twenty muskets rent the air, and general thomas fell, face downward. they ordered lecomte to step over his body, and to take his place against the wall. another report succeeded, and the butchery was over. by evening the national guard had taken possession of the hotel - de - ville, and the outer boulevards were crowded by men shouting that they had made a revolution. on this day the insurgents assumed the name of " federes, " or federals, denoting their project of converting the communistic cities of france into a federal republic. in vain the government put forth proclamations calling on all good citizens, and on the old national guard, to put down insurrection and maintain order and the republic. the old battalions of the national guard, about twenty thousand strong, had been composed chiefly of tradesmen and gentlemen ; these, as soon as the siege was over, had for the most part left the city. bismarck ' s proposition to jules favre had been to leave the old national guard its arms, that it might preserve order, but to take advantage of the occasion to disarm the new battalions. as we have seen, all were permitted to retain their arms ; but the chancellor told jules favre he would live to repent having obtained the concession. the friends of order, in spite of the government ' s proclamations, could with difficulty be roused to action. there were two parties in paris, - the passives, and the active