other design manuals in most cases, important references are noted as part of the discussion in a given chapter. design equations, charts and tables included in this manual have been drawn from numerous sources and reflect ocm ’ s understanding of the state of the art of coastal engineering as it applies to structures along lake erie. the “ reference of references ” for coastal engineering is the u. s. army corps of engineers ’ ( usace ) “ coastal engineering manual ” or cem ( em 1110 - 2 - 1100, published august 2008 ) and is linked in the table below. the cem is a valuable synthesis and repository of the understanding of coastal processes, the design and performance of structures and forms the basis of design for usace ’ s coastal projects. - phase i revised report on great lakes open coast flood levels usace, detroit, april 1988. - design water level determination on the great lakes, usace, detroit district september 1993. - odnr division of geological survey coastal erosion area maps and tabulated datasheets for recession rates. - usace “ wis report 22, hindcast wave information for the great lakes : lake erie, ” october 1991. - usace, em 1110 - 2 - 1614 “ design of coastal revetments, seawalls and bulkheads ” june 1995. - pennsylvania coastal zone management program, “ vegetative best management practices – a manual for pennsylvania / lake erie bluff landowners ” 2007. ( see " coastal processees " ) - coastal engineering design & analysis system, aces ( automated coastal engineering system ) module. this is a computer - based calculation tool that includes many of the most commonly used equations for performing coastal engineering calculations. developed by usace and now marketed through a private vendor. - on - line maps and aerial photography. resources such as google earth, bing map and the gis products available from most county auditors are useful tools for visualizing existing conditions along the shore and evaluating potential effects of projects. there are two preceding engineering design manuals that deserve note and are inspirations for this document. - “ coastal processes manual, ” university of wisconsin sea grant institute, wis - sg - 87 - 430, second edition, 1998. - “ help yourself ” a general information pamphlet by the usace ( 1978 ), now out of print. for definitions of terminology used in the surveying profession, see the american congress of surveying and mapping ’ s ( acsm ) “ definitions of surveying and associated terms. ” the limited design discussions presented in this manual should


the only question remaining is, how this property became actually invested : or that it is that gave a man an exclusive right to retain in a permanent manner that specific land, which before belonged generally to everybody, but particularly to nobody. and, as we before observed that occupancy gave the right to the temporary use of the soil, so it is agreed upon all hands, that occupancy gave also the original right to the permanent property in the substance of the earth itself ; which excludes every one else but the owner from the use of it. the only question remaining is, how this property became actually invested : or that it is that gave a man an exclusive right to retain in a permanent manner that specific land, which before belonged generally to everybody, but particularly to nobody. and, as we before observed that occupancy gave the right to the temporary use of the soil, so it is agreed upon all hands, that occupancy gave also the original right to the permanent property in the substance of the earth itself ; which excludes every one else but the owner from the use of it. there is indeed some difference among the writers on natural law concerning the reason why occupancy should convey this right, and invest one with this absolute property : grotius and puffendorf insisting that this right of occupancy is founded on a tacit and implied assent of all mankind that the first occupant should become the owner ; and barbeyrac, titius, mr. locke, and others, holding that there is no such implied assent, neither is it necessary that there should be ; for that the very act of occupancy alone, being a degree of bodily labour, is, from a principle of natural justice, without any consent or compact, sufficient of itself to gain a title ; — a dispute that savours too much of nice and scholastic refinement. however, both sides agree in this, that occupancy is the thing by which the title was in fact originally gained ; every man seizing to his own continued use such spots of ground as he found most agreeable to his own convenience, provided he found them unoccupied by any one else. property, both in lands and movables, being thus originally acquired by the first taker, which taking amounts to a declaration that he intends to appropriate the thing to his own use, it remains in him, by the principles of universal law, till such time as he does some other act which


being thus originally acquired by the first taker, which taking amounts to a declaration that he intends to appropriate the thing to his own use, it remains in him, by the principles of universal law, till such time as he does some other act which shows an intention to abandon it ; for then it becomes, naturally speaking, publici juris once more, and is liable to be again appropriated by the next occupant. so if one is possessed of a jewel, and casts it into the sea or a public highway, this is such an express dereliction, that a property will be vested in the first fortunate finder that will seize it to his own use. but if he hides it privately in the earth, or other secret place, and it is discovered, the finder acquires no property therein ; for the owner hath not by this act declared any intention to abandon it, but rather the contrary : and if he loses or drops it by accident, it cannot be collected from thence that he designed to quit the possession ; and therefore in such a case the property still remains in the loser, who may claim it again of the finder. and this, we may remember, is the doctrine of the law of england with relation to treasure trove. but this method of one man ’ s abandoning his property, and another seizing the vacant possession, however well founded in theory, could not long subsist in fact. it was calculated merely for the rudiments of civil society, and necessarily ceased among the complicated interests and artificial refinements of polite and established governments. in these it was found, that what became inconvenient or useless to one man, was highly convenient and useful to another, who was ready to give in exchange for it some equivalent that was equally desirable to the former proprietor. thus mutual convenience introduced commercial traffic, and the reciprocal transfer of property by sale, grant, or conveyance ; which may be considered either as a continuance of the original possession which the first occupant had, or as an abandoning of the thing by the present owner, and an immediate successive occupancy of the same by the new proprietor. the voluntary dereliction of the owner, and delivering the possession to another individual, amount to a transfer of the property : the proprietor declaring his intention no longer to occupy the thing himself, but that his own right of occupancy shall be vested in the new acquirer. or, taken in the other light, if i agree to part with an


search health information digitalis is a medication prescribed to certain heart patients. digitalis toxicity is a complication of digitalis therapy, or it may be occur when someone takes more than a large amount of the drug at one time. ( this is called an acute ingestion. ) the most common prescription form of this medication is called digoxin. digitoxin is another form of digitalis. causes, incidence, and risk factors : digitalis toxicity can be caused by high levels of digitalis in the body, or a decreased tolerance to the drug. patients with decreased tolerance may have " normal " digitalis levels in their blood. digitalis toxicity can occur from a single exposure or chronic overmedication, or it may occur in patients with normal blood levels of digitalis if other risks are present. people with heart failure who take digoxin are commonly given medications called diuretics, which remove excess fluid from the body. many diuretics can cause potassium loss. low levels of potassium in the body increase the risk of digitalis toxicity. digitalis toxicity may also result in persons who take the drug and who have low levels of magnesium in the body. risks include taking digitalis medications such as digoxin or digitoxin along with medications that interact with digitalis such as quinidine, verapamil, amiodarone, and others. reduced kidney function will cause digitalis to build up in the body rather than be removed normally through urine. therefore, any disorders that disrupt kidney functioning ( including dehydration ) make digitalis toxicity more likely. additional symptoms that may be associated with digitalis toxicity include : signs and tests : the heart rate may be rapid or slow and may be irregular. an ecg is done to check for irregular heart beats. blood tests will be done to check : bun and creatinine ( which help reveal kidney function ) - digoxin and digitoxin levels - potassium level - magnesium level in an emergency, assist breathing as needed ( see cpr ) and get professional medical help. arrhythmias are treated according to which arrhythmia develops. if toxicity is due to a recent, acute single exposure, treatment may involve : - activated charcoal - tube through the mouth into the stomach to wash out the stomach ( gastric lavage ) digitoxin blood levels may be lowered with repeated doses of charcoal, given after gastric lavage. methods to cause vomiting are usually not performed because vomiting can worsen slow heart rhythms. in severe cases


out the stomach ( gastric lavage ) digitoxin blood levels may be lowered with repeated doses of charcoal, given after gastric lavage. methods to cause vomiting are usually not performed because vomiting can worsen slow heart rhythms. in severe cases, medications called digoxin - specific antibodies may be prescribed. hemodialysis may be required to reduce the levels of digitalis in the body. the outcome varies depending on the extent of toxicity and arrhythmias that develop. calling your health care provider : call your health care provider if you are taking a digitalis medication and symptoms of digitalis toxicity develop. digitalis blood levels should be monitored regularly if you are taking digitalis medications. blood chemistries should also be monitored to detect conditions that make digitalis toxicity more common. potassium supplements may be prescribed if you take diuretics and digitalis together, or a potassium - sparing diuretic may be prescribed. | review date : 1 / 23 / 2009 | reviewed by : david c. dugdale, iii, md, professor of medicine, division of general medicine, department of medicine, university of washington school of medicine. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc. the information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. a licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. call 911 for all medical emergencies. links to other sites are provided for information only - - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997 - a. d. a. m., inc. any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.


the current methodology for determining assumptions of future migration was introduced for the 1991 - based national population projections. 1 with some later modifications, 2 this approach, which standardises the methods and procedures by which the assumptions are formulated, has been the basis of subsequent projections. this chapter summarises the assumptions adopted for the 2010 - based population projections. it is important to emphasise that the migration assumptions are based on past demographic trends. they do not attempt to predict the impact that new or future government policies, changing economic circumstances or other factors ( whether in the uk or overseas ) might have on migration patterns. the new long - term assumption for net migration to the uk is + 200, 000 each year compared with + 180, 000 a year in the 2008 - based projections. figure 5. 1 compares the future net migration assumptions with historical international migration estimates back to 19913 and also includes the assumptions made for the previous 2008 - based projections. it is based on mid - year to mid - year, rather than calendar year figures, so the latest ‘ actual ’ data point shown is the estimated total net inflow to the uk of 227, 000 between mid - 2009 and mid - 2010. ons uses the united nations recommendation for defining an international long - term migrant. that is, someone who changes their country of usual residence for a period of at least a year, so that the country of destination effectively becomes the country of usual residence. migration figures are derived from several sources. 4 the principal source is the international passenger survey ( ips ) which became operational in 1964. the ips provides estimates based on respondents ’ intended length of stay in the uk or abroad. therefore, some statistical adjustments are made for people who change their intentions – ‘ visitor switchers ’ and ‘ migrant switchers ’. visitor switchers are people who enter or leave the uk for a short visit ( that is, less than 12 months ) but end up migrating for more than a year. these people are visitors who subsequently become migrants and therefore need to be added to the migration estimates. migrant switchers are people who state in the ips that their intention is to remain in their destination country for more than a year ( and are therefore classed as migrants ) but who actually leave, or return to, the uk within one year, so are actually visitors. they need to be removed from ips migrant flows. this is effectively the converse situation to visitor switchers. the ips excludes most, but not all, persons seeking asylum and some dependants of such asylum seekers. therefore


are actually visitors. they need to be removed from ips migrant flows. this is effectively the converse situation to visitor switchers. the ips excludes most, but not all, persons seeking asylum and some dependants of such asylum seekers. therefore, an adjustment for those not covered by the ips is necessary. data on asylum seekers and their dependants ( based on the number of people applying for asylum ) obtained from the home office, are used to estimate the number of migrants arriving or leaving the uk. since the last projections round, the migration statistics unit ( msu ) at ons has made two adjustments in the methodology to produce long - term international migration estimates. 5 they relate to northern ireland and the republic of ireland : from 2008, the ons migration estimates no longer use ips data for northern ireland and instead use data from the northern ireland statistics and research agency ( nisra ). therefore, in making the long - term assumptions, ips international uk gross flows are allocated to all the constituent countries but the allocations to northern ireland are not used. any difference between the allocations to northern ireland and the nisra derived assumptions are added to england in the form of a consistency adjustment so as to maintain the original uk ips totals. in addition - since nisra incorporates visitor and migrant switchers, asylum seekers and republic of ireland flows in their data - the adjustments / assumptions for these components are at great britain ( gb ) level for the 2010 - based projections. republic of ireland estimates of flows between the uk and the republic of ireland are based on the irish quarterly national household survey and the national health service central register ( nhscr ) and are agreed between the irish central statistics office ( cso ) and ons. the ips figures ( for data from 2008 ) now incorporate the roi, but there is a discontinuity between 2008 and earlier years as revisions to back series have not been run. therefore, it was decided to exclude roi flows from the ips data and continue to base long - term assumptions of migration between the roi and gb on cso data until there is a longer time series. migration covered by the international passenger survey ( ips ) the ips time - series was projected forward using a form of exponential smoothing but with the various trends gradually ' levelled off ' to give constant level projections after ten years. however, to avoid giving the impression that small year to year future changes can be accurately predicted, the average net flow projected for the next ten years is taken as the basis


trends gradually ' levelled off ' to give constant level projections after ten years. however, to avoid giving the impression that small year to year future changes can be accurately predicted, the average net flow projected for the next ten years is taken as the basis for the long - term assumption as shown by the blue horizontal lines in figure 5. 2. the model projection is based on final data up to 2009. final data for 2010 did not become available until after the national populations projections were published, but provisional 2010 data was used in formulating the short - term assumptions. the assumed long - term annual ips net inflow given by the model is 175, 000 ( an inflow of 530, 000 and outflow of 355, 000 ). the corresponding figure from the 2008 - based projections ( based on final data up to 2007 and provisional data for 2008 ) was 155, 000 ( an inflow of 515, 000 and an outflow of 360, 000 ). the effect of adding ( final ) ips data for 2008 and 2009 has therefore been to increase net inflows by 20, 000. the same projection method has also been applied to flows between the uk and four different groups of countries : ( a ) the old commonwealth6 & usa ; ( b ) the new commonwealth ; ( c ) the european union ( excluding the a8 and a2 accession countries ) 7 and ( d ) the rest of the world. all the flows are considered separately for british and non - british citizens. these projections are shown in figures 5. 3 to 5. 10. the country breakdown is complicated by the enlargement of the eu in may 2004 and january 2007. 8 to avoid the possibility that migration from the a8 and a2 accession countries might distort underlying trends, a8 and a2 migration flows were excluded from the ips modelling. instead, a separate allowance has been made for additional net migration from the a8 and a2 accession countries up to and including 2015 – 16, with net flows assumed to be zero in the long - term ( from 2016 – 17 ). the projection method used is additive that is, the same results are produced by applying the method to each of the eight categories and summing the results as are obtained by applying the method directly to the total migration flows. the advantage of applying the method to these separate, relatively homogeneous categories is that it may shed light on the key factors underlying the overall trends. however, when disaggregated in this way, ips sample numbers can become quite small. therefore,


advantage of applying the method to these separate, relatively homogeneous categories is that it may shed light on the key factors underlying the overall trends. however, when disaggregated in this way, ips sample numbers can become quite small. therefore, although the projections of the eight categories ( shown in figures 5. 3 to 5. 10 ) can be considered separately, they are not as robust as those for the total migration flows ( in figure 5. 2 ) and thus the breakdown of the overall ips assumptions shown in table 5. 1 should be regarded as purely illustrative. nevertheless, it is clear that the overall projected ips net inflow is a result of large inflows from all the categories of non - british citizens, partially offset by outflows of british citizens to the old commonwealth & usa and to the european union ( excluding a8 and a2 countries ) in particular. | illustrative breakdown of ips component | | old commonwealth & usa | | 25 | | 80 | | - 55 | | european union ( excluding a8 & a2 ) | | 25 | | 60 | | - 40 | | rest of the world | | 15 | | 30 | | - 15 | | old commonwealth & usa | | 80 | | 60 | | 20 | | european union ( excluding a8 & a2 ) | | 75 | | 50 | | 25 | | rest of the world | | 135 | | 40 | | 95 | | total ips migration | | 530 | | 355 | | 175 | ips data excludes estimates of migration flows to / from the a8 and a2 accession countries and also to / from the republic of ireland ( applicable from 2008 ). a separate allowance is made for migration to / from these countries. visitor switchers and migrant switchers the adjustments made for projections are consistent with those made by ons in recent international migration estimates. however, as with the ips modelling above, estimates of a8 and a2 visitor switcher flows have been removed from the series as accession flows are considered separately. due to a change of methodology that was implemented in 2007 for estimating visitor switchers from 2004 onwards, and the fact that nisra data already incorporates visitor switchers to / from northern ireland ; an average of gb data from 2004 to 2009 was taken, resulting in an annual net visitor switcher adjustment of + 15, 000, ( an inflow of 30, 000 and an outflow of 15, 000 ). this compares with an annual uk net visitor switcher adjustment of


to 2009 was taken, resulting in an annual net visitor switcher adjustment of + 15, 000, ( an inflow of 30, 000 and an outflow of 15, 000 ). this compares with an annual uk net visitor switcher adjustment of + 20, 000 ( an inflow of 35, 000 and an outflow of 15, 000 ) from the 2008 - based projections. a corresponding allowance to that made for visitor switchers needs to be made for migrant switchers. similarly to visitor switchers, a change of methodology was implemented in 2007 for estimating migrant switchers from 2004 onwards. again, an average of gb data ( excluding a8 and a2 countries ) from 2004 to 2009 was taken resulting in an annual net migrant switcher adjustment of - 5, 000 ( an inflow of - 20, 000 and an outflow of - 15, 000 ). this compares with an annual uk net migrant switcher adjustment of zero ( an inflow of - 15, 000 and an outflow of - 15, 000 ) from the 2008 - based projections. republic of ireland over the last decade, gb has consistently lost population to the roi but this pattern has reversed in recent years. taking a five - year average of gb data ( 2006 – 2010 ) and following consultation with the irish central statistics office ( cso ), an assumption of an annual zero net flow from roi to gb was made ( an inflow of 10, 000 and an outflow of 10, 000 ). this compares with an annual uk net outflow to the roi of 5, 000 ( an inflow of 10, 000 and an outflow of 15, 000 ) from the 2008 - based projections. the asylum seeker adjustment has been formulated by ons in consultation with the home office. the latest data show fairly constant level inflows from 2004 and a gradual reduction in outflows over the same period. therefore, an average of gb data from 2004 to 2009 was taken resulting in an annual net asylum seeker adjustment of + 15, 000 ( an inflow of 25, 000 and an outflow of 10, 000 ). this compares with an annual uk net asylum seeker adjustment of + 10, 000 ( an inflow of 25, 000 and an outflow of 15, 000 ) from the 2008 - based projections. therefore, - summing together the ips and roi long - term assumptions along with visitor switcher, migrant switcher and asylum seeker adjustments - annual net migration to the uk is assumed to be 200, 000 in the long - term


based projections. therefore, - summing together the ips and roi long - term assumptions along with visitor switcher, migrant switcher and asylum seeker adjustments - annual net migration to the uk is assumed to be 200, 000 in the long - term, as illustrated by table 5. 2. | visitor switcher adjustment | | 15, 000 | | 20, 000 | | - 5, 000 | | migrant switcher adjustment | | - 5, 000 | | 0 | | - 5, 000 | | asylum seeker adjustment | | 15, 000 | | 10, 000 | | 5, 000 | gross migration flows gross migration flows ( that is, inflows and outflows ) are not required in order to produce the projections. the methodology used, therefore, focuses on net flows. table 5. 3 does show nominal gross flows for the various components ( ips, asylum seekers etc ) although these exclude migration flows to / from the accession countries which are considered separately. however, these gross flows should be treated with caution. for example, for the ips component, the average net flow over the next ten years ( obtained from the projection model ) is used as the basis for the ( constant ) long - term assumption. while it may be defensible to assume constant net flows ( and this is common practice amongst national projection makers worldwide ), it is less realistic to assume that gross flows will remain constant. | total ips migration | | 530 | | 355 | | 175 | | adjustment to ips data | | total civilian migration | | 575 | | 375 | | 200 | allocation of international migration to the constituent countries of the uk international migration estimates for the constituent countries of the uk were revised in 2007 following the introduction of a new methodology9 that adjusts the ips data to the geographical distribution of international inflows provided by the labour force survey. the reasons for this change in methodology ( known as “ calibration ” ) was that migrants identified by the ips are thought to be more likely to state london as a destination in preference to other lesser known places, and also some in - migrants may quickly move from an initial destination point in london to another region of the country. this improved methodology was implemented back to 1999. the allocations of ips international uk inflows / outflows to england, wales, scotland and northern ireland are based on a ten - year average of ips estimates for the years 2000 to 2009 under the calibration methodology. as stated previously, data for northern


international uk inflows / outflows to england, wales, scotland and northern ireland are based on a ten - year average of ips estimates for the years 2000 to 2009 under the calibration methodology. as stated previously, data for northern ireland are provided by nisra, so any difference between the allocation of ips data to northern ireland ( which are not used ) and the nisra derived assumptions, are added to england in the form of a consistency adjustment so as to maintain the original uk ips totals. the long - term assumption for northern ireland was derived by taking a five - year average ( 2006 – 2010 ) of the total gross flows estimated by nisra. the result is an assumption of zero annual net migration ( an inflow of 7, 500 and an outflow of 7, 500 ). as with the long - term assumptions for the rest of the uk, recent a8 flows were deducted from the northern ireland data and an allowance for additional short - term net - migration from a8 countries was added separately. since nisra already incorporates the other component categories - visitor and migrant switchers, asylum seekers and roi flows - in their data ; the allocation of inflows and outflows to england, wales and scotland are based on gb level data for these components. as a result, the assumed annual long - term net inflows through international migration are 188, 000 to england, 3, 000 to wales, 9, 000 to scotland and zero to northern ireland. table 5. 4 shows that the assumption for northern ireland is lower compared to the 2008 - based projections ; the assumptions for england and scotland are higher and the assumption for wales remains unchanged. regular estimates of the movements of population between the countries of the uk are made by ons, nrs and nisra. these estimates are based on changes of residence recorded by the national health service central register ( nhscr ). at the time of setting the assumptions for the 2010 - based projections, two additional years of nhscr data ( for 2008 – 09 and 2009 – 10 ) have become available since the 2008 - based projections were prepared. the long - term assumptions for migration between england and the other constituent countries are : • between england and wales. wales has experienced a net gain in population from england throughout the last ten years. the net flows have fallen from a peak of over + 14, 000 in 2002 – 03 to less that + 2, 000 in each of the last two years. in consultation with the welsh government,


in population from england throughout the last ten years. the net flows have fallen from a peak of over + 14, 000 in 2002 – 03 to less that + 2, 000 in each of the last two years. in consultation with the welsh government, it was agreed to assume a long - term annual net flow from england to wales of 7, 000 persons per year, ( based on the average net gain over the last ten years ). this compares with an assumption of 7, 500 in the previous projections round. • between england and scotland. net flows from england to scotland remained at high levels between 2003 – 04 and 2007 – 08 but have fallen in the last two years. in consultation with nrs, it was agreed to assume a long - term annual net flow from england to scotland of 8, 500 a year ( based on the average net gain over the last ten years ). this compares with an assumption of 6, 500 in the previous projections round, although that incorporated positive net flows from scotland to england for the years 1998 – 99 and 1999 – 2000. • between england and northern ireland. flows between england and northern ireland have fluctuated around a net balance of moves. in consultation with nisra it was agreed to retain the 2008 - based assumption of zero net migration between the two countries. for the flows between the three smaller countries, the ten year averages remained around net zero for both wales to scotland and wales to northern ireland, unchanged from the 2008 - based assumptions. it was also agreed ( between ons, nrs and nisra ) to keep the assumption of zero net flows between scotland and northern ireland. the assumed annual long - term cross border net inflows are therefore, - 15, 500 to england, + 7, 000 to wales, + 8, 500 to scotland and zero to northern ireland. these assumptions are compared with those from the 2008 - based projections in table 5. 4. numerically, the dominant flows within the uk are between the smaller countries and england. figures 5. 11 - 5. 13 show the trend in these flows between 1998 – 99 and 2009 – 10. moves from england are plotted against the vertical axes and moves to england are plotted on the horizontal axes. therefore, points above the dashed diagonal line indicate a net outflow from england, while points below the line indicate a net inflow into england ; the greater the distance the points are from the dashed line, the greater is the net migration flow. note that the scales differ in the three charts. in particular, flows to and


, while points below the line indicate a net inflow into england ; the greater the distance the points are from the dashed line, the greater is the net migration flow. note that the scales differ in the three charts. in particular, flows to and from northern ireland are much smaller than those to and from wales and scotland. combining the assumptions of international net migration ( where long - term net flows from accession countries are assumed to be zero ) and cross border flows, gives total net migration of 172, 500 to england, 10, 000 to wales, 17, 500 to scotland and zero to northern ireland. table 5. 4 shows that the assumptions for wales and northern ireland are lower compared to the 2008 - based projections and the assumptions for england and scotland are higher. | international net migration | | cross - border net migration | | total net migration | the projections assume constant levels of annual net migration beyond 2016 – 17. in reality, of course, migration will inevitably continue to fluctuate from year to year, but such long - term fluctuations are impossible to predict. the assumptions should therefore be regarded as representing average annual levels of net migration for the future. special assumptions have been applied for the first few years of the projections ( 2010 – 11 to 2015 – 16 ) and are summarised in table 5. 5. these short - term assumptions were decided after the long - term assumptions, in order to take account of the most up to date data available. they differ from the long - term assumptions for the following four reasons : ( a ) the assumptions for 2010 – 11 take account of provisional estimates of long term international migration ( ltim ) for 2010 ( calendar year ) and additional provisional cross border migration data, from the nhscr, for the second half of 2010. data from nisra are largely based on changes in health card registration between july 2010 and june 2011. ( b ) net migration from the countries which joined the eu in may 2004 is estimated to have fallen to 21, 000 in 2008 – 09 but, according to the latest ( provisional ) estimates, has risen to 46, 000 in 2010 – 11 ( see figure 2. 2 of the migration statistics quarterly report february 2012 ). 10 an allowance has been made for additional net migration which totals + 120, 000 over the five years from 2011 – 12 to 2015 – 16 from the accession countries which joined the european union in may 2004 and january 2007. the assumption is that net migration will decline from + 40, 000 in 2011 – 12 to net zero in the long term. note


from 2011 – 12 to 2015 – 16 from the accession countries which joined the european union in may 2004 and january 2007. the assumption is that net migration will decline from + 40, 000 in 2011 – 12 to net zero in the long term. note : the accession country component was not separately identified for the first year of the projection ( 2010 – 11 ). ( c ) for cross border migration, the figures for the first three years of the projection ( 2010 – 11 to 2012 – 13 ) assume a gradual transition from current migration levels to the assumed long - term levels. for international migration ( non - accession ) and at constituent country level only, the figures for the years 2011 – 12 to 2013 – 14 also assume a gradual transition to assumed long - term levels. ( d ) an allowance has been made for the return of 2, 000 armed forces ( including dependants ) from germany to the uk during the period 2012 – 13 to 2015 – 16. they have all been assumed to return to england. | united kingdom | | england | | wales | | scotland | | northern ireland | | total net migration | | 2016 - 17 onwards - long - term assumption | | 200. 0 | | 172. 5 | | 10. 0 | | 17. 5 | | 0. 0 | | international migration assumption for 2010 - 111 | | international migration assumption ( non - accession ) | | 2016 - 17 onwards - long - term assumption | | 200. 0 | | 188. 0 | | 3. 0 | | 9. 0 | | 0. 0 | | allowance for additional net migration from accession countries2 | | returning armed forces from germany ( including dependants ) | | 2012 - 13 to 2015 - 16 ( annual ) | | 0. 5 | | 0. 5 | | 0. 0 | | 0. 0 | | 0. 0 | long - term impact of enlargement of the european union no allowance has been made for additional net migration from these countries beyond 2015 – 16. however, clearly there is great uncertainty about this. with other eu countries gradually opening their labour markets to accession country citizens - due to the end of the transitional arrangements for the a8 countries from may 2011 and the a2 countries from january 2014 - and the likelihood of the economies of the new countries gradually ‘ catching up ’, most experts believe that net migration from these countries will reduce. in line with ons estimates of total international migration, no explicit or separate allowance has been made in the projections for illegal migrants entering the uk. points - based


gradually ‘ catching up ’, most experts believe that net migration from these countries will reduce. in line with ons estimates of total international migration, no explicit or separate allowance has been made in the projections for illegal migrants entering the uk. points - based system for immigration and student fees in february 2008, a new points - based system 11 for controlling non - eu immigration to the uk was introduced. the long - term assumptions for the 2010 - based projections were based on past trends and, as noted in the introduction to this chapter, no attempt was made to predict the future impact of this or other new government policies, on migration behaviour. similarly, variations in policy on student fees between the countries of the uk is not considered when setting the trend based cross - border migration assumptions. age and sex distribution for england, wales and scotland, the assumed age and sex distribution of international migrants has been based on ons estimates of the age / sex distributions of the various component categories – ips, visitor switchers, migrant switchers, asylum seekers and roi. the assumed distributions are based on averages of the last five years ’ data ( 2005 - 2009 ). for northern ireland, where the long - term total migration assumption was not broken down into component categories, age and sex distributions were applied based on ips data for the uk. for migration to / from accession countries, age and sex distributions were also based on ips data for the uk. for cross - border migration, separate age and sex distributions, based on nhscr data, were calculated for each constituent country. in each case the age and sex distributions were considered separately for immigrants and emigrants. the long - term net migration distribution for the uk is summarised in table 5. 6. the table shows that the projections assume slightly more male migrants than female migrants. equivalent tables for the constituent countries and further tables containing in - and out - migration by age and sex are available on the ons website. 12 | 0 - 4 | | 4. 3 | | 2. 1 | | 2. 2 | | 5 - 9 | | 2. 2 | | 0. 9 | | 1. 4 | | 10 - 14 | | 3. 5 | | 1. 4 | | 2. 1 | | 15 - 19 | | 39. 9 | | 19. 4 | | 20. 4 | | 20 - 24 | | 89. 0 | | 44. 6 | | 44. 4 | | 25 - 29 | | 45. 9 | | 28. 0 | | 17.


9 | | 19. 4 | | 20. 4 | | 20 - 24 | | 89. 0 | | 44. 6 | | 44. 4 | | 25 - 29 | | 45. 9 | | 28. 0 | | 17. 9 | | 30 - 34 | | 15. 0 | | 7. 9 | | 7. 1 | | 35 - 39 | | 7. 7 | | 4. 2 | | 3. 5 | | 40 - 44 | | 0. 0 | | - 1. 5 | | 1. 5 | | 45 - 49 | | 1. 9 | | - 0. 1 | | 2. 0 | | 50 - 54 | | 0. 9 | | 1. 1 | | - 0. 3 | | 55 - 59 | | - 2. 8 | | - 2. 3 | | - 0. 5 | | 60 - 64 | | - 4. 6 | | - 2. 5 | | - 2. 1 | | 65 - 69 | | - 2. 9 | | - 0. 9 | | - 2. 0 | | 70 - 74 | | - 0. 4 | | - 0. 5 | | 0. 1 | | 75 & over | | 0. 5 | | 0. 1 | | 0. 4 | the assumed age distributions for international migration to and from the uk, and the nhscr derived distributions for cross - border migration for england, are shown in figures 5. 14 - 5. 17. all these distributions are highly peaked at the young working ages, which was also the case for the distributions assumed for cross - border migration for wales, scotland and northern ireland. consideration of how migration assumptions are prepared in other countries and by other agencies13, 14 suggests that, as in the uk, migration assumptions tend to be based largely or solely on past demographic trends. while many projection makers say that their assumptions are also informed by expert opinion, few use immigration assumptions “ that are justified by any explicit reference to a theory of how or why immigration happens ”. 13 it is therefore perhaps helpful to summarise some of the current arguments put forward by experts regarding future levels of net migration in the uk. the npp expert advisory panel ( ten academic demographic experts convened by the british society for population studies ) met in march 2011. 15 in an accompanying questionnaire, 16 the experts were asked for their opinions on the likely levels of international migration to and from the uk in 2014 and 2034 ( that is, five years and twenty - five


population studies ) met in march 2011. 15 in an accompanying questionnaire, 16 the experts were asked for their opinions on the likely levels of international migration to and from the uk in 2014 and 2034 ( that is, five years and twenty - five years into the future from – at the time - the latest ( 2009 ) estimates ). note : the experts were not asked to exclude a8 and a2 accession countries. the npp expert advisory panel – views on migration in the long - term the average annual net migration derived from the experts ’ responses for 2034 was a net inflow of + 162, 000 per year ( with an average 67 per cent confidence interval of 108, 000 to 227, 000 ). this is much lower than the proposed 2010 - based long - term assumption for net migration to the uk of + 200, 000 per year. the experts were also asked to consider five overall forces with the potential to affect levels of net migration to the uk in the long - term and assess the importance and likely impact of each force upon future migration. on average, three forces were considered to be equally important in determining future migration, namely, “ trends in the main motives for migration ”, “ trends in migration pressure resulting from changes in the countries of origin ” and “ trends in the attractiveness of the uk as a country of destination ”. the majority of experts considered the first two forces to have at least a small upwards influence on total net migration, but there was little consensus on the third force. whereas the majority of experts thought the force “ effectiveness of controls on migration flows ” would have a small downwards influence on total net migration, although this force was rated second least important of the five forces. the force “ costs of migration ( in the broader sense ) ” was rated the least important. eight of the experts thought the current global economic climate would not have a significant impact on migration flows to and from the uk beyond 2014. however, seven of these thought any impact it did have would last beyond two years. the npp expert advisory panel – views on migration in the short - term the annual net migration derived from the experts ’ responses for 2014 was a net inflow of + 171, 000 per year ( with an average 67 per cent confidence interval of 134, 000 to 215, 000 ). this is somewhat higher than the corresponding experts ’ average for 2034 ( + 162, 000 per year ) but much lower than the proposed 2010 - based long - term assumption of + 200, 000. it should be noted, however,


000 ). this is somewhat higher than the corresponding experts ’ average for 2034 ( + 162, 000 per year ) but much lower than the proposed 2010 - based long - term assumption of + 200, 000. it should be noted, however, that trends in underlying ‘ push ’ and ‘ pull ’ factors in western countries do not automatically follow through to corresponding trends in net migration. for example, increases in the numbers of people wishing to enter a country may lead governments to consider more targeted or restrictive immigration policies. the different responses of eu governments to the opening of their labour markets to people from the new accession countries is a reminder that migrant numbers are not just dependent on the demographic characteristics of the sending and receiving countries, but will also be affected by any intervening obstacles or incentives placed on their movement. and the uk government has itself recently introduced a new points based system for controlling non - eu immigration to the uk. 11 the experts were asked if they thought the points - based system would have an impact on the level of in - migration to the uk from non - eu / european economic area ( eea ) countries in 2014. the majority ( six ) thought it would have an impact with five experts suggesting there would be a small downward influence. there is evidence that levels of international migration are correlated with economic factors such as unemployment rates, although the strength of the relationship may vary from country to country. 17 nevertheless, few agencies explicitly use explanatory variables ( whether economic or other ), in projection making, other than perhaps in the very short - term. this is often because the explanatory variables are considered to be as, or more, difficult to predict than the demographic variables. if a prolonged change in the relative strength of the uk economy occurs, the uk may face increasing competition for migrants both from other eu countries and also from economically emerging nations outside the eu. latest eurostat and un projections in their latest ‘ europop2010 ’ projections published in may 2011, 18 eurostat assumed a convergence scenario whereby net migration to all eu countries would converge to zero at a point in the future beyond the scope of the projections. eurostat therefore assumed a gradual decline in net in - migration to the uk from 198, 000 per year in 2010 to 178, 000 per year in 2030 and 134, 000 per year in 2060. these assumptions are all higher than in the previous ‘ europop2008 ’ projections where they assumed a gradual decline in net in - migration to the uk from 188, 000 per year in 2008 to 151,


134, 000 per year in 2060. these assumptions are all higher than in the previous ‘ europop2008 ’ projections where they assumed a gradual decline in net in - migration to the uk from 188, 000 per year in 2008 to 151, 000 per year in 2030 and 114, 000 per year in 2060. the latest official united nations population projections ( 2010 revision ) published in may 201119 assume a level of net migration to the uk of 209, 000 a year from 2010 to 2015. they assume varying levels of migration for each five years which averages at 195, 000 from 2015 to 2030 and then declining migration to 22, 000 by 2055 – 2060. 1. national population projections : a new methodology for determining migration assumptions. occasional paper 42. opcs ( 1993 ) 2. national population projections : 1996 - based, ons series pp2 no 21. the stationery office ( 1999 ). footnote to p34. 3. for further information see long term international migration 2 series ( ltim ) 2010 available at : www. ons. gov. uk / ons / publications / re - reference - tables. html? edition = tcm % 3a77 - 235198 4. for further information see long - term international migration estimates methodology available at : www. ons. gov. uk / ons / guide - method / method - quality / specific / population - and - migration / international - migration - methodology / index. html 5. for further information see long - term international migration - irish methodological changes available at : www. ons. gov. uk / ons / rel / migration1 / long - term - international - migration / 2008 / irish - methodological - changes. pdf 6. the old commonwealth is defined as australia, canada, new zealand and south africa. the new commonwealth is defined as other african commonwealth countries, indian subcontinent and other commonwealth countries in the asian, caribbean and oceania regions. for further information see background notes and guidelines for long - term international migration estimates available at : www. ons. gov. uk / ons / guide - method / method - quality / specific / population - and - migration / international - migration - methodology / background - notes - and - guidelines - for - long - term - international - migration - estimates. pdf 7. the european union was taken to be the 15 member states of the eu as constituted before 1 may 2004 ( excluding the irish republic which is considered separately ), plus cyprus and malta. 8.


- term - international - migration - estimates. pdf 7. the european union was taken to be the 15 member states of the eu as constituted before 1 may 2004 ( excluding the irish republic which is considered separately ), plus cyprus and malta. 8. ten countries joined the eu in may 2004 : the a8 accession countries from eastern europe ( the czech republic, estonia, hungary, latvia, lithuania, poland, slovenia and slovakia ) plus cyprus and malta. and the a2 accession countries, bulgaria and romania, joined in january 2007. 9. for further information see the use of calibration in estimating international in - migration available at : www. ons. gov. uk / ons / guide - method / method - quality / imps / archive - material / archive - background - information / improved - methods - for - population - statistics - revisions - - archive - material - / the - use - of - calibration - in - estimating - international. pdf 10. for further information see migration statistics quarterly report february 2012 available at : www. ons. gov. uk / ons / rel / migration1 / migration - statistics - quarterly - report / february - 2012 / msqr. html # tab - 2 - - who - is - migrating - to - and - from - the - uk - - migration - by - citizenship 11. for further information see points - based system available at : www. ukba. homeoffice. gov. uk / policyandlaw / immigrationlaw / immigrationrules / part6a / 12. tables can be downloaded from 5. migration assumptions : 2010 - based national population projections, available at : www. ons. gov. uk / ons / rel / npp / national - population - projections / 2010 - based - projections / rep - 2010 - based - npp - migration - assumptions. html # tab - age - and - sex - distribution 13. howe n and jackson r. projecting immigration : a survey of the current state of practice and theory. centre for strategic & international studies, washington dc ( 2005 ). available at : csis. org / files / media / csis / pubs / 0504 _ howe _ jacksonprojimmigration. pdf 14. questionnaire on population projections : report on the latest national practices. paper for eurostat working group on population projections. eurostat ( 2006 ). 15. npp expert advisory panel minutes of meeting held on march 2011 available at : www. ons. gov.


population projections : report on the latest national practices. paper for eurostat working group on population projections. eurostat ( 2006 ). 15. npp expert advisory panel minutes of meeting held on march 2011 available at : www. ons. gov. uk / ons / rel / npp / national - population - projections / 2010 - based - projections / rep - 2010 - based - npp. html # tab - appendix - a - - note - of - the - meeting - of - the - national - population - projections - expert - advisory - group 16. npp expert advisory panel questionnaire results available at : www. ons. gov. uk / ons / rel / npp / national - population - projections / 2010 - based - extra - variants / rep - 2010 - based - npp - extra - variants. html # tab - appendix - c - - charts - - - national - population - projections - expert - advisory - panel - 17. analysis and forecasting of international migration by major groups. eurostat working paper 3 / 2002 / e / no. 17. eurostat, 2003 available at : epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu / portal / page / portal / product _ details / publication? p _ product _ code = ks - ap - 01 - 032 18. europop2010 projections available at : epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu / statistics _ explained / index. php / population _ projections 19. un population projections ( 2010 revision ) available at : esa. un. org / unpd / wpp / details of the policy governing the release of new data are available by visiting www. statisticsauthority. gov. uk / assessment / code - of - practice / index. html or from the media relations office email : firstname. lastname @ example. org these national statistics are produced to high professional standards and released according to the arrangements approved by the uk statistics authority.


the purpose of screening is early diagnosis and treatment. screening tests are usually administered to people without current symptoms, but who may be at high risk for certain diseases or conditions. in order to detect prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, the american diabetes association ( ada ) recommends the following guidelines : screen adults of any age who are overweight or with one or more of these risk factors : - first - degree relative with diabetes - low hdl ( good ) cholesterol level and high triglycerides levels - high blood pressure - history of diabetes during pregnancy ( gestational diabetes ) or having a baby weighing over nine pounds ( 4. 1 kg ) - having polycystic ovary syndrome or other conditions associated with insulin resistance - being inactive - history of cardiovascular disease - belonging to an at - risk ethnic group ( african american, hispanic, native american, hispanic american, asian american, or pacific islander ) - previous blood test results that show hemoglobin a1c ( hba1c ) levels at 5. 7 % or higher, impaired glucose tolerance, and impaired fasting glucose - screen adults aged 45 and older with or without risk factors screen overweight children aged 10 years and older who have two or more of the following risk factors : - family history of diabetes - mother with diabetes or gestational diabetes - signs of insulin resistance or having a condition associated with insulin resistance - at - risk ethnic background if the results are normal for both adults and children, the ada recommends screening again in three years. the hba1c test is a good indicator of your average blood glucose levels over the past 2 - 4 months. this test usually does not require any dietary restrictions. with this blood test, you need to fast ( not eat anything ) for at least eight hours before the test. after fasting overnight, the doctor tests your glucose level. you are then asked to drink 75 grams of glucose dissolved in water. two hours later, the doctor tests your glucose level again. - reviewer : kim carmichael, md - review date : 11 / 2012 - - update date : 11 / 26 / 2012 -


- bodenkunde ( 1 ) ( remove ) - soil moisture fluctuations recorded in saharan dust deposits on lanzarote ( canaryislands ) over the last 180 ka ( 2010 ) - aeolian sediments trapped in volcanically dammed valleys on lanzarote, canary islands, were investigated in order to reveal environmental changes over the last 180 ka. clay content and frequency dependent magnetic susceptibility were used as proxies for pedogenesis and palaeo - soil moisture. during the last 180 ka, these proxies showed a general pattern of enhanced soil moisture during glacials and stadials and more arid conditions during interglacials and interstadials. comparisons of these results with proxies from regional palaeoclimate studies identified a positive correlation with proxies of trade wind strength off northwest africa and inverse correlations with both sea surface temperatures in the northeast atlantic and the extent of mediterranean vegetation. possible causes for the observed pattern include a glacial enhancement of precipitation from westerly cyclones, a change in relative humidity due to fluctuating air temperatures and an occasional influence of the african summer monsoon. although it is not yet possible to clearly differentiate among these factors, it is clear that the first two factors must have been primarily dominant. these results represent the first quasi - continuous terrestrial data testifying to environmental changes in the northwest african coastal area for the last 180 ka and complement the abundant data derived from marine cores of the region. high latitude dynamics had a major influence in this area and were intermediated by north atlantic sea surface temperatures. a possible negative correlation can also be observed with the orbital obliquity cycle with a 10 ka time lag, which is similar to the lag recorded from north atlantic sea surface temperatures.


scan is a collective algorithm that performs partial reductions on data provided by each process in the communicator. scan combines the arrays stored by each process into partial results delivered to each process. the arrays are combined in a user - defined way, specified via a delegate that will be applied elementwise to the values in each arrays. if array ( 0 ), array ( 1 ),..., array ( n - 1 ) are the arrays provided by the n processes in the communicator, the resulting array for the process with rank p will be array ( 0 ) op array ( 1 ) op... op array ( p ). the processor with rank n - 1 will receive the same result as if one had performed a reduce < ( of < ( t > ) > ) ( array < t > ( ), reductionoperation < ( of < ( t > ) > ), int32, array < t > ( ) % ) operation with root n - 1. scan is sometimes called an " inclusive " scan, because the result returned to each process includes the contribution of that process. for an " exclusive " scan ( that does not include the contribution of the calling process in its result ), use exclusivescan < ( of < ( t > ) > ) ( array < t > ( ), reductionoperation < ( of < ( t > ) > ), array < t > ( ) % ). namespace : mpi assembly : mpi ( in mpi. dll ) version : 188. 8. 131. 52 ( 184. 108. 40. 206 ) public void scan < t > ( t invalues, reductionoperation < t > op, ref t outvalues ) | visual basic ( declaration ) | public sub scan ( of t ) ( _ invalues as t ( ), _ op as reductionoperation ( of t ), _ byref outvalues as t ( ) _ ) public : generic < typename t > void scan ( array < t > ^ invalues, reductionoperation < t > ^ op, array < t > ^ % outvalues ) - type : array < the array contributed by the calling process. the arrays provided by each process must have the same length. - type : mpi.. : :. reductionoperation < ( of < ( > ) > ) operation used to combine two values from different processes. the array array ( 0 ) op array ( 1 ) op... op


| title | | horses in 1830s new england towns | | type | | papers and articles : osv research paper | horses in 1830s new england towns by tom kelleher, dec. 1999 horses in the 19th century were primarily used for the transportation of people and goods. farmers moved their products and purchases ( and when need be, families ) with horse - drawn wagons. doctors, ministers, and businessmen traveled daily by light, horse - drawn chaises, while merchants and factory agents shipped goods to and from their establishments in heavy freight wagons drawn by teams of horses. * stage coaches and peddlers ' wagons were common sights on the roads. horses were widely used off the road as well. while new england farmers did indeed rely upon oxen for most draft work, horses were often also used on farms. horses were ideal for lighter jobs such as plowing for planting and cultivating corn because they were smaller and faster than oxen. horses were used to power cider, tan - bark, and some other types of mills. horses had other impacts throughout everyday 1830s society. oats and hay for horses were major crops on 1830s new england farms. by 1837 sturbridge had two men employed making harness, while four men ( including shop owner henry hanes ) made wagons and two made sleighs. shoeing was often a major part of many blacksmiths ' businesses. there were 194 horses in sturbridge in 1840. what does this statistic mean? for one thing, horses were nowhere near as common then as automobiles are now. with 1, 886 people living in sturbridge in 1840, there was a little more than one horse for every ten people. in america today there is almost a petroleum - powered vehicle for every man, woman, and child! ( the different uses horses were put to and the need to use teams for heavy hauling make exact comparisons between 19th century horses and late 20th century cars, trucks, buses, and other vehicles impossible, but it is a place to start. ) america was a poorer country in 1840 than it is now, and the average person just plain did not own as much " stuff " as his modern counterpart. the united states in the village period may be thought of as a " developing ( formerly ' third world ' ) nation ". most people lived on the land, while revolutions in industrialization and transportation were transforming people ' s lives and raising their standards of living. ownership of horses was not evenly distributed among the population, however. most farmers in worcester county who held over


". most people lived on the land, while revolutions in industrialization and transportation were transforming people ' s lives and raising their standards of living. ownership of horses was not evenly distributed among the population, however. most farmers in worcester county who held over 50 acres ( including pliny freeman ) had one horse. a very few had two or even three ( as did david wight ). most merchants and professional men owned a horse and vehicle. teamsters and stage coach agents sometimes owned as many as a dozen or more horses, ( as did canal boat companies along the blackstone and other canals ). approximately half of all families did not own any horses, however. most laborers, artisans, factory workers, and other non - farmers, and those who farmed small plots, usually could not afford a horse, or at least did not feel the need for one. ( sturbridge horses in 1840 were valued at between $ 20 and $ 100 apiece, with most in the $ 40 to $ 60 range. pasturage, hay, oats, harness, tack, a vehicle, and the need for shoeing every other month made keeping a horse a somewhat expensive proposition. ) nevertheless, when one needed to make a trip, it was commonplace to rent a horse and wagon from a neighbor. most of these 1830s horses were small by modern standards, not the large draft horses that pull the village carry - all today. some have estimated early new england ' s " horse of all work " averaged 14 hands in height and weighed about 1, 000 pounds. for more information, see andy baker ' s excellent essay on horses in the livestock section of the agriculture training notebooks, and " the whole population is in motion " in jack larkin ' s the reshaping of everyday life. in sum, horses were common sights on the roads of 1830s new england, but not as universally owned as automobiles are today. hope this helps!!


and now, you ' re wondering what i ' m talking about. the claim : paranthropus robustus was driven to extinction because its specialized " vegan " diet prevented it from adapting to changing climate. or so i was recently informed by manowar40 in a youtube comments section. his contention is that homo was able to adapt to drying climate because of our omnivorous diets, while p. robustus was so dependent on a " vegan " diet that it died out. it would be easy for me to dismiss this as just another misinformed omnivore on his high horse, but that ' s only because i ' m a geek who reads paleontology journals. in other words, he doesn ' t follow all the latest research, and just relies on informed third parties to fill him in. and there ' s nothing wrong with that ; it doesn ' t make him a dumbo at all. it ' s just that his sources, whoever they are, are a bit behind the times. true, it used to be the consensus that p. robustus died off because of a specialized diet. the reason for this assessment is that the paranthropines had big, flat, thick - enameled molar teeth and huge jaws, usually a sign of specialization to hard, brittle foods like nuts and seeds ( hence, the nickname " nutcracker man, " given to p. boisei, a close relative of robustus ). genus homo has more generalized masticatory adaptations, reflecting a wider variety of food strategies. or so the reasoning used to go. that was before we started doing laser ablation stable isotope analysis, a method that allows us to analyze extremely small areas of carbonates and phosphates ( on the order of 10 micrometers ) in situ ; that is, without having to crush and reprecipitate them. the method allows for finer spot analysis than had been possible previously with traditional methods that required the homogenization of large amounts of material. the major advantages of this technique are that it is essentially nondestructive and requires little sample preparation. with the laser ablation method, we ' re able to not only tell what isotopes a fossil organism was absorbing from its food, but also get a pretty good idea what sorts of food it was eating over its life, because we can look at the actual wear patterns on its tooth enamel and correlate them with the isotope evidence over time and geography. doing this with the teeth of a p. robust


good idea what sorts of food it was eating over its life, because we can look at the actual wear patterns on its tooth enamel and correlate them with the isotope evidence over time and geography. doing this with the teeth of a p. robustus sample from swartkrans, south africa, sponheimer et. al. reached a surprising conclusion ( emphasis mine ) : laser ablation stable isotope analysis reveals that the d13c values of paranthropus robustus individuals often changed seasonally and interannually. these data suggest that paranthropus was not a dietary specialist and that by about 1. 8 million years ago, savanna - based foods such as grasses or sedges or animals eating these foods made up an important but highly variable part of its diet. they elaborated on the then - common idea that this species ' extinction had been due to its presumed specialized diet ( emphasis mine ) : a dental microwear study of the earlier ( 3. 0 to 3. 7 ma ) hominin australopithecus afarensis found no evidence that its diet changed over time or in different habitats ( 20 ). in contrast, stable carbon isotope ( 3, 4 ) and dental microwear texture analyses ( 1 ) of the slightly younger ( ~ 3. 0 to ~ 2. 4 ma ) hominin a. africanus demonstrated that its diet was far more variable. this suggests the possibility that a major increase in hominin dietary breadth was broadly coincident with the onset of increasing african continental aridity and seasonality after 3 ma ( 21, 22 ) and only shortly antedated the first probable members of the genera homo and paranthropus ( 23 – 25 ) and the earliest stone tools ( 26 ). the undoubted toolmaker homo is thought to have been a dietary generalist that consumed novel foods such as large ungulate meat and tubers that are abundant in savanna environments ( 27 – 30 ). paranthropus, in contrast, with its extremely large and flat cheek teeth, thick enamel, robust mandible, and heavily buttressed facial architecture, is often portrayed as a dietary specialist ( 27 – 29 ). further, it has been argued that this specialization contributed to its extinction when confronted with increasingly dry and seasonal environments later in the pleistocene, whereas homo ’ s generalist adaptation was crucial for its success ( 28, 29 ). our results suggest that paranthropus had an extremely flexible diet, which may indicate that its derived masticatory morphology signals an increase


later in the pleistocene, whereas homo ’ s generalist adaptation was crucial for its success ( 28, 29 ). our results suggest that paranthropus had an extremely flexible diet, which may indicate that its derived masticatory morphology signals an increase, rather than a decrease, in its potential foods. thus, other biological, social, or cultural differences may be needed to explain the different fates of homo and paranthropus ( 31 ). in other words, their evidence suggested that both paranthropus and homo had inherited an omnivorous habit from their shared australopithecine ancestor. and further, that p. robustus ' " specialized " teeth and jaws reflected not a restriction of its eating abilities, but an expansion of it. this paper strengthened and confirmed a conclusion reached two years earlier by wood & strait : we suggest that although the masticatory features of paranthropus are most likely adaptations for consuming hard or gritty foods, they had the effect of broadening, not narrowing, the range of food items consumed. it is possible that these adaptations allowed paranthropus to become a “ seasonal specialist ” by exploiting previously unavailable fallback food items during periods of dietary stress ( conklin - brittain et al., 1988 ). one of us ( e. g., wood and ellis, 1986 ), and many others, have wrongly interpreted the derived morphology of the masticatory system of paranthropus as evidence for stenophagy. instead, the vast majority of the evidence suggests that the masticatory system of paranthropus is more consistent with euryphagy. thus, the extinction of paranthropus species should not be considered a straightforward consequence of having an overspecialized diet. both papers have been cited fairly robustly ( if you ' ll pardon the pun ), and when i ask around among my anthro friends, it seems that this interpretation is shaping up to be the standard view of paranthropus robustus. what happened here is simple : whoever manowar40 ' s been getting his paleo information from is behind the learning curve. that ' s not mano ' s fault, and it doesn ' t quite add up to an idiotic omnivore claim because it ' s not exactly a claim that ' s detached from reality. it just shows that scientists need to do a better job of communicating their work to the general public.


the united nations general assembly voted overwhelmingly to upgrade palestine to a non - member observer state. the vote in the un was 138 to 9, with 41 countries abstaining in favor of awarding the status of a non - member state. though the vote was reportedly symbolic, it created discomfort in israel and the u. s. the question is why, it ' s only symbolic. the palestinians and many of their supporters say it ' s a step of progress in the right direction, closer to total statehood for the palestinians. in the meantime, the u. s. and israel who led the effort to defeat the measure declared that a state will require further steps, a prospect the us and israel have sworn to oppose. even though the vote in the u. n. was overwhelmingly to recognize the palestinian state, it appears that it ' s the only place that the u. s. does not recognize the " majority - rule " vote. it was long sought by the palestinians and an embarrassing diplomatic defeat for the united states and israel. u. s. secretary of state hillary clinton rebuked the united nations general assembly ' s vote calling it an ' unfortunate and counterproductive ' move that further obstructs the path to a peaceful agreement between palestine and israel. she also stated, " we have been clear that only through direct negotiations between the parties can the palestinians and israelis achieve the peace they both deserve : two states for two people with a sovereign, viable independent palestine living side by side in peace and security with a jewish and democratic israel. however, the palestinians see it differently. its president mahmoud abbas said, " we now have a state ; the world has said loudly, ' yes to the state of palestine '. " for a recognized palestinian state will indeed give israel a responsible partner with international backing – one that will represent the entire palestinian people. the status change by the un does have deep significance for all concerned. israel has decided to retaliate and at present it has the power to do so. it has withheld much needed funds from the palestinians and has declared that it would begin to expand settlement building after it had ceased to do so sometime ago to give peace a chance. even the u. s. and its pro - european allies – including england and france – have opposed the plan to rebuild settlements. dr. martin luther king said, " power cedes nothing without demand. " if the palestinians do not demand equality ( statehood ), they will get nothing regardless of negotiations with power ( israel ) ; they will forever be second -


the microbial geneticist salvador edward luria would have celebrated his centenary birthday this month, and it is to him that we turn our attentions today. luria was born in turin, italy, on august 13, 1912, the second son of david and esther luria. as a boy, his attitude toward school was lukewarm – he received his best grades in math and literature courses, but never fully developing a passion for learning. he eventually decided to study medicine due to the influence of his parents, graduating from the university of turin medical school in 1935. it was during medical school, however, that he became interested in the ways in which modern physics could be used to solve problems in biology and genetics. upon graduating, luria decided to combine his love for biology and physics by studying radiology. he finished physics and radiology courses at the university of rome, where he learned about recent theories regarding genes as a molecule and also about bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect bacteria. in 1938 luria moved to paris, where he became a research fellow at the institute of radium. in order to escape nazi persecution, luria immigrated to new york in 1940 ( later becoming a u. s. citizen in 1947 ), where he received a rockefeller foundation fellowship and worked as a research assistant in surgical bacteriology at the college of physicians and surgeons at columbia university. during the annual meeting of the american physical society in december 1940, luria met max delbruck, who introduced him to the bacteriophage experiments that they would work on together later that summer, including an investigation into the mechanisms by which phage multiply within bacteria. the duo discovered that different phage strains interfere with each other when attacking bacteria. in 1943 luria moved yet again to indiana university where he thrived, forming close friendships and training numerous graduate students. it was at indiana that conducted one of his most important studies, showing that bacteria mutated spontaneously into phage - resistant forms. later, again in collaboration with delbruck, luria developed the “ fluctuation test ” for calculating bacterial mutation rates. this work provided statistical evidence for the existence of genes in bacteria, which established microbes as suitable subjects for genetics research. the work was also a source of great recognition for luria within the biological community. throughout his career, luria was not only a scientist, but also an outspoken policy advocate, and as a result he quickly gained the attention of linus pauling. on may 15, 1957, pauling


for luria within the biological community. throughout his career, luria was not only a scientist, but also an outspoken policy advocate, and as a result he quickly gained the attention of linus pauling. on may 15, 1957, pauling wrote to luria for the first time, asking if he would be willing to sign his name on the “ appeal by american scientists ” – the beginnings of what would become pauling ’ s famous united nations bomb test petition. pauling sent a cover letter to luria along with a copy of the appeal, which urged scientists to support an international agreement to stop the testing of nuclear bombs in the atmosphere. pauling wrote in the document, each added amount of radiation causes damage to the health of human beings all over the world and causes damage to the pool of human germ plasm such as to lead to an increase in the number of seriously defective children that will be born in future generations. luria supported pauling in this effort, and so began a series of exchanges over many years in which the two scientists requested one another ’ s support for various political, social and environmental causes. one such letter was penned on march 25, 1965, when luria wrote to pauling regarding a vietnam war protest that a group in boston had recently sponsored. in it, he noted his exasperation with the contemporary political climate – one which reminded him all too much of his early life in europe. we now feel that the time for polite questioning is past and that something more drastic and dramatic is needed. also, most of us feel the need to bear witness publicly of our personal refusal to acquiesce in a policy that is immoral and criminal. the situation in my mind has the same nightmare quality i felt in germany in the ‘ thirties and in france during the algerian war. in both situations not enough intellectuals were able or willing to stand up and be counted. luria thought that the public ’ s conscience could possibly be stirred if a group of national academy of science members resigned from the organization while issuing a public announcement stating that the action was being taken in protest of the war in southeast asia. he asked pauling if this would be wise and pauling responded by stating that he would agree to resign from the nas if nine other members also agreed. over time, luria continued down his career path, first by moving to the university of illinois and then to the massachusetts institute of technology, where he served as an adviser for both the reorganization of its biology department and for the development of its micro


. over time, luria continued down his career path, first by moving to the university of illinois and then to the massachusetts institute of technology, where he served as an adviser for both the reorganization of its biology department and for the development of its microbiology department. his collaborations with delbruck likewise continued over the course of what would become a long and successful career. in 1969 the duo received, alongside alfred hershey, the 1969 nobel prize in physiology or medicine for “ discoveries concerning virus replication and genetics and the importance of contributions to the biological and medical sciences. ” true to his convictions, luria donated part of his prize money to the peace movement, helping to organize the vietnam war moratorium in boston. meanwhile, the three scientists, luria, delbruck and hershey, became known as the “ phage group, ” an informal assembly who worked with seven strains of bacteriophage, comparing their findings and results. luria continued to be engaged in the humanities as an activist well into the 1970s, during which time he participated in debates over genetic engineering, among other issues. in 1972, he also set up and directed a new center for cancer research at mit, expanding the molecular and cellular biology programs there. all the while he wrote prolifically, a body of work which included a popular science book, life : the unfinished experiment. the book was a huge success and he continued to publish essays and opinion articles on scientific and political issues until his death from a heart attack in lexington, massachusetts, on february 6, 1991.


why february for black history? - did you know? / / scholastic news - - edition 4 ; 02 / 05 / 01, vol. 63 issue 15, p2 provides a brief comment on black history month. why it is celebrated in february. - show what you know. / / weekly reader - edition 2 ; feb2012, vol. 81, special section p4 a quiz about black history month is presented. - history lessons. / / principal leadership ; feb2011, vol. 11 issue 6, p7 the article reveals that the history channel is celebrating black history month in february 2011 with videos, audio clips, and photo galleries. - in pursuit of reference skills. gordon, anitra / / school library journal ; mar87, vol. 33 issue 7, p119 describes an activity designed for the celebration of black history month in the united states. list of encyclopedias and almanacs for headings such as black and minorities ; difficulty of the geography category. - ebony escapes! to the city of lights. allman - baldwin, lysa / / new york amsterdam news ; 2 / 28 / 2008, vol. 99 issue 10, p28 the article profiles the entertainment features of paris, france. it highlights how the african - americans considered the city of lights as the spectacular place for entertainment and for their black history month celebration and mentions the brief features of the french city including its... - celebrating black history month. / / diverse : issues in higher education ; 2 / 9 / 2006, vol. 22 issue 26, p33 the article presents information on events related to the celebration of the black history month in the u. s. in february 2006. an exhibit entitled the african legacy in modern art will be featured at the arkansas state university. a lecture concerning african american personality nikki giovanni... - black history month prompts celebrations. / / back stage ; 02 / 05 / 99, vol. 40 issue 6, p3 lists events for the 1999 black history month in new york. performances offered by women of color productions and the henry street settlement ; film to be shown by the ellington room at manhattan plaza ; programs to be shown by the museum of television and radio. - libraries celebrate black history. decandido, graceanne a. ; rogers, michael / / library journal ; 5 / 1 / 1990, vol. 115 issue 8, p18 reports that public and academic libraries in the u. s. have been commemorating black history month with traditional and innovative programs. speech which


allmusic ‘ s scott yanow wrote, “ dizzy gillespie ’ s contributions to jazz were huge. one of the greatest jazz trumpeters of all time ( some would say the best ), gillespie was such a complex player that his contemporaries ended up copying miles davis and fats navarro instead, and it was not until jon faddis ’ s emergence in the 1970s that dizzy ’ s style was successfully recreated... arguably gillespie is remembered, by both critics and fans alike, as one of the greatest jazz trumpeters of all time. ” gillespie was a trumpet virtuoso and improviser, building on the virtuoso style of roy eldridge but adding layers of harmonic complexity previously unknown in jazz. his beret and horn - rimmed spectacles, his scat singing, his bent horn, pouched cheeks and his light - hearted personality were essential in popularizing bebop. in the 1940s gillespie, together with charlie parker, became a major figure in the development of bebop and modern jazz. he taught and influenced many other musicians, including trumpeters miles davis, fats navarro, clifford brown, arturo sandoval, lee morgan, jon faddis and chuck mangione. early life and career gillespie was born in cheraw, south carolina, the youngest of nine children of james and lottie gillespie. james was a local bandleader, so instruments were made available to dizzy. he started to play the piano at the age of four. dizzy ’ s father died when the boy was only ten years old. dizzy taught himself how to play the trombone as well as the trumpet by the age of twelve. from the night he heard his idol, roy eldridge, play on the radio, he dreamed of becoming a jazz musician. he received a music scholarship to the laurinburg institute in laurinburg, north carolina he attended for two years before accompanying his family when they moved to philadelphia. dizzy ’ s first professional job was with the frank fairfax orchestra in 1935, after which he joined the respective orchestras of edgar hayes and teddy hill, essentially replacing roy eldridge as first trumpet in 1937. teddy hill ’ s band was where dizzy gillespie made his first recording, king porter stomp. at this time, dizzy met a young woman named lorraine from the apollo theatre, whom he married in 1940. they remained married until his death in 1993. dizzy stayed with teddy hill ’ s band for a year, then left and free - lanced with numerous other bands. in 1939, dizzy joined cab callowa


apollo theatre, whom he married in 1940. they remained married until his death in 1993. dizzy stayed with teddy hill ’ s band for a year, then left and free - lanced with numerous other bands. in 1939, dizzy joined cab calloway ‘ s orchestra, with which he recorded one of his earliest compositions, the instrumental pickin ’ the cabbage, in 1940. ( originally released on paradiddle, a 78rpm backed with a co - composition with cozy cole, calloway ’ s drummer at the time, on the vocalion label, # 5467 ). dizzy was fired by calloway in late 1941, after a notorious altercation between the two. the incident is recounted by dizzy, along with fellow calloway band members milt hinton and jonah jones, in jean bach ’ s 1997 film, the spitball story. calloway did not approve of dizzy ’ s mischievous humor, nor of his adventuresome approach to soloing ; according to jones, calloway referred to it as “ chinese music. ” during one performance, calloway saw a spitball land on the stage, and accused dizzy of having thrown it. dizzy denied it, and the ensuing argument led to calloway striking dizzy, who then pulled out a switchblade knife and charged calloway. the two were separated by other band members, during which scuffle calloway was cut on the hand. during his time in calloway ’ s band, dizzy gillespie started writing big band music for bandleaders like woody herman and jimmy dorsey. he then freelanced with a few bands – most notably ella fitzgerald ‘ s orchestra, composed of members of the late chick webb ‘ s band, in 1942. … in 1943 i heard the great earl hines band which had bird in it and all those other great musicians. they were playing all the flatted fifth chords and all the modern harmonies and substitutions and dizzy gillespie runs in the trumpet section work. two years later i read that that was ‘ bop ’ and the beginning of modern jazz … but the band never made recordings. gillespie said of the hines band, “ people talk about the hines band being ‘ the incubator of bop ’ and the leading exponents of that music ended up in the hines band. but people also have the erroneous impression that the music was new. it was not. the music evolved from what went before. it was the same basic music. the difference was in how you got from here to here


in the hines band. but people also have the erroneous impression that the music was new. it was not. the music evolved from what went before. it was the same basic music. the difference was in how you got from here to here to here … naturally each age has got its own shit ”. next, gillespie joined billy eckstine ‘ s ( earl hines ‘ long - time collaborator ) big band and it was as a member of eckstine ’ s band that he was reunited with charlie parker, a fellow member of hines ’ s band. in 1945, dizzy left eckstine ’ s band because he wanted to play with a small combo. a “ small combo ” typically comprised no more than five musicians, playing the trumpet, saxophone, piano, bass and drums. the rise of bebop bebop was known as the first modern jazz style. however, it was unpopular in the beginning and was not viewed as positively as swing music was. bebop was seen as an outgrowth of swing, not a revolution. swing introduced a diversity of new musicians in the bebop era like charlie parker, thelonious monk, bud powell, kenny clarke, oscar pettiford, and gillespie. through these musicians, a new vocabulary of musical phrases was created. with charlie parker, gillespie jammed at famous jazz clubs like minton ’ s playhouse and monroe ’ s uptown house. charlie parker ’ s system also held methods of adding chords to existing chord progressions and implying additional chords within the improvised lines. gillespie compositions like “ groovin ’ high “, “ woody n ’ you ” and “ salt peanuts ” sounded radically different, harmonically and rhythmically, from the swing music popular at the time. “ a night in tunisia “, written in 1942, while gillespie was playing with earl hines ’ band, is noted for having a feature that is common in today ’ s music, a non - walking bass line. the song also displays afro - cuban rhythms. one of their first ( and greatest ) small - group performances together was only issued in 2005 : a concert in new york ’ s town hall on june 22, 1945. gillespie taught many of the young musicians on 52nd street, including miles davis and max roach, about the new style of jazz. after a lengthy gig at billy berg ’ s club in los angeles, which left most of the audience ambivalent or hostile towards the new music, the band broke up. unlike parker, who was content to play in small groups and be an occasional


after a lengthy gig at billy berg ’ s club in los angeles, which left most of the audience ambivalent or hostile towards the new music, the band broke up. unlike parker, who was content to play in small groups and be an occasional featured soloist in big bands, gillespie aimed to lead a big band himself ; his first, unsuccessful, attempt to do this was in 1945. after his work with parker, gillespie led other small combos ( including ones with milt jackson, john coltrane, lalo schifrin, ray brown, kenny clarke, james moody, j. j. johnson, and yusef lateef ) and finally put together his first successful big band. dizzy gillespie and his band tried to popularize bop and make dizzy gillespie a symbol of the new music. he also appeared frequently as a soloist with norman granz ‘ s jazz at the philharmonic. he also headlined the 1946 independently - produced musical revue film jivin ’ in be - bop. in 1948 dizzy was involved in a traffic accident when the bicycle he was riding was bumped by an automobile. he was slightly injured, and found that he could no longer hit the b - flat above high c. he won the case, but the jury awarded him only $ 1000, in view of his high earnings up to that point. in 1956 he organized a band to go on a state department tour of the middle east which was extremely well received internationally and earned him the nickname “ the ambassador of jazz ”. during this time, he also continued to lead a big band that performed throughout the united states and featured musicians including pee wee moore and others. this band recorded a live album at the 1957 newport jazz festival that featured mary lou williams as a guest artist on piano. afro - cuban music in the late 1940s, gillespie was also involved in the movement called afro - cuban music, bringing afro - latin american music and elements to greater prominence in jazz and even pop music, particularly salsa. afro - cuban jazz is based on traditional afro - cuban rhythms. dizzy gillespie was introduced to chano pozo in 1947 by mario bauza, a latin jazz trumpet player. chano pozo became gillespie ’ s conga drummer for his band. dizzy gilespie also worked with mario bauza in new york jazz clubs on 52nd street and several famous dance clubs such as palladium and the apollo theater in harlem. they played together in the chick webb band and cab calloway ’ s band, where gillespie and bauza became life - long friends. dizzy helped


52nd street and several famous dance clubs such as palladium and the apollo theater in harlem. they played together in the chick webb band and cab calloway ’ s band, where gillespie and bauza became life - long friends. dizzy helped develop and mature the afro - cuban jazz style. afro - cuban jazz was considered bebop - oriented, and some musicians classified it as a modern style. afro - cuban jazz was successful because it never decreased in popularity and it always attracted people to dance to its unique rhythms. gillespie ’ s most famous contributions to afro - cuban music are the compositions “ manteca ” and “ tin tin deo ” ( both co - written with chano pozo ) ; he was responsible for commissioning george russell ’ s “ cubano be, cubano bop ”, which featured the great but ill - fated cuban conga player, chano pozo. in 1977, gillespie discovered arturo sandoval while researching music during a tour of cuba. his biographer alyn shipton quotes don waterhouse approvingly that dizzy in the fifties “ had begun to mellow into an amalgam of his entire jazz experience to form the basis of new classicism ”. another opinion is that, unlike his contemporary miles davis, gillespie essentially remained true to the bebop style for the rest of his career. during the 1964 united states presidential campaign the artist, with tongue in cheek, put himself forward as an independent write - in candidate. he promised that if he were elected, the white house would be renamed “ the blues house, ” and a cabinet composed of duke ellington ( secretary of state ), miles davis ( director of the cia ), max roach ( secretary of defense ), charles mingus ( secretary of peace ), ray charles ( librarian of congress ), louis armstrong ( secretary of agriculture ), mary lou williams ( ambassador to the vatican ), thelonious monk ( travelling ambassador ) and malcolm x ( attorney general ). he said his running mate would be phyllis diller. campaign buttons had been manufactured years ago by gillespie ’ s booking agency “ for publicity, as a gag ”, but now proceeds from them went to benefit the congress of racial equality, southern christian leadership conference and martin luther king, jr. ; in later years they became a collector ’ s item. in 1971 gillespie announced he would run again but withdrew before the election for reasons connected to the baha ’ i faith. gillespie published his autobiography, to be or not to bop, in 1979. in the 1980s, dizzy gillespie


a collector ’ s item. in 1971 gillespie announced he would run again but withdrew before the election for reasons connected to the baha ’ i faith. gillespie published his autobiography, to be or not to bop, in 1979. in the 1980s, dizzy gillespie led the united nation orchestra. for three years flora purim toured with the orchestra and she credits gillespie with evolving her understanding of jazz after being in the field for over two decades. david sanchez also toured with the group and was also greatly influenced by gillespie. both artists later were nominated for grammy awards. gillespie also had a guest appearance on the cosby show as well as sesame street and the muppet show. in 1982, dizzy gillespie had a cameo appearance on stevie wonder ‘ s hit “ do i do “. gillespie ’ s tone gradually faded in the last years in life, and his performances often focused more on his proteges such as arturo sandoval and jon faddis ; his good - humoured comedic routines became more and more a part of his live act. in 1988, gillespie had worked with canadian flautist and saxophonist moe koffman on their prestigious album oo pop a da. he did fast scat vocals on the title track and a couple of the other tracks were played only on trumpet. in 1989 gillespie gave 300 performances in 27 countries, appeared in 100 u. s. cities in 31 states and the district of columbia, headlined three television specials, performed with two symphonies, and recorded four albums. he was also crowned a traditional chief in nigeria, received the ordre des arts et des lettres ; france ’ s most prestigious cultural award. he was named regent professor by the university of california, and received his fourteenth honorary doctoral degree, this one from the berklee college of music. in addition, he was awarded the grammy lifetime achievement award the same year. the next year, at the kennedy center for the performing arts ceremonies celebrating the centennial of american jazz, gillespie received the kennedy center honors award and the american society of composers, authors, and publishers duke ellington award for 50 years of achievement as a composer, performer, and bandleader. in 1993 he received the polar music prize in sweden. november 26, 1992 at carnegie hall in new york, following the second baha ’ i world congress was dizzy ’ s 75th birthday concert and his offering to the celebration of the centenary of the passing of baha ’ u ' llah. gillespie was to appear at carnegie hall for the 33rd time. the line - up included : jon faddis, marvin “ doc ”


75th birthday concert and his offering to the celebration of the centenary of the passing of baha ’ u ' llah. gillespie was to appear at carnegie hall for the 33rd time. the line - up included : jon faddis, marvin “ doc ” holladay, james moody, paquito d ’ rivera, and the mike longo trio with ben brown on bass and mickey roker on drums. but gillespie didn ’ t make it because he was in bed suffering from cancer of the pancreas. “ but the musicians played their real hearts out for him, no doubt suspecting that he would not play again. each musician gave tribute to their friend, this great soul and innovator in the world of jazz. ” gillespie also starred in a film called the winter in lisbon released in 2004. he has a star on the hollywood walk of fame at 7057 hollywood boulevard in the hollywood section of the city of los angeles. he is honored by the december 31, 2006 – a jazz new year ’ s eve : freddy cole & the dizzy gillespie all - star big band at the john f. kennedy center for the performing arts. death and legacy a longtime resident of englewood, new jersey, he died of pancreatic cancer january 6, 1993, aged 75, and was buried in the flushing cemetery, queens, new york. mike longo delivered a eulogy at his funeral. he was also with gillespie on the night he died, along with jon faddis and a select few others. at the time of his death, dizzy gillespie was survived by his widow, lorraine willis gillespie ; a daughter, jazz singer jeanie bryson ; and a grandson, radji birks bryson - barrett. gillespie had two funerals. one was a baha ’ i funeral at his request, at which his closest friends and colleagues attended. the second was at the cathedral of st. john the divine in new york open to the public. dizzy gillespie, a baha ’ i since 1970, was one of the most famous adherents of the baha ’ i faith which helped him make sense of his position in a succession of trumpeters as well as turning his life from knife - carrying roughneck to global citizen, and from alcohol to soul force, in the words of author nat hentoff, who knew gillespie for forty years. he spoke about the baha ’ i faith frequently on his trips abroad. he is often called the baha ’ i jazz ambassador. he is honored with weekly jazz sessions at the new york baha ’ i center in the memorial