this module provides mechanisms to use signal handlers in python. some general rules for working with signals and their handlers : - a handler for a particular signal, once set, remains installed until it is explicitly reset ( python emulates the bsd style interface regardless of the underlying implementation ), with the exception of the handler for sigchld, which follows the underlying - there is no way to ` ` block ' ' signals temporarily from critical sections ( since this is not supported by all unix flavors ). - although python signal handlers are called asynchronously as far as the python user is concerned, they can only occur between the ` ` atomic ' ' instructions of the python interpreter. this means that signals arriving during long calculations implemented purely in c ( such as regular expression matches on large bodies of text ) may be delayed for an arbitrary amount of time. - when a signal arrives during an i / o operation, it is possible that the i / o operation raises an exception after the signal handler returns. this is dependent on the underlying unix system ' s semantics regarding interrupted system calls. - because the c signal handler always returns, it makes little sense to catch synchronous errors like sigfpe or sigsegv. - python installs a small number of signal handlers by default : sigpipe is ignored ( so write errors on pipes and sockets can be reported as ordinary python exceptions ) and sigint is translated into a keyboardinterrupt exception. all of these can be - some care must be taken if both signals and threads are used in the same program. the fundamental thing to remember in using signals and threads simultaneously is : always perform signal ( ) operations in the main thread of execution. any thread can perform an alarm ( ), getsignal ( ), or pause ( ) ; only the main thread can set a new signal handler, and the main thread will be the only one to receive signals ( this is enforced by the python signal module, even if the underlying thread implementation supports sending signals to individual threads ). this means that signals can ' t be used as a means of inter - thread communication. use locks instead. the variables defined in the signal module are : this is one of two standard signal handling options ; it will simply perform the default function for the signal. for example, on most systems the default action for sigquit is to dump core and exit, while the default action for sigcld is to simply ignore it. this is another standard signal handler, which


the default function for the signal. for example, on most systems the default action for sigquit is to dump core and exit, while the default action for sigcld is to simply ignore it. this is another standard signal handler, which will simply ignore the given signal. all the signal numbers are defined symbolically. for example, the hangup signal is defined as signal. sighup ; the variable names are identical to the names used in c programs, as found in the unix man page for ` signal ( ) ' lists the existing signals ( on some systems this is signal ( 2 ), on others the list is in signal ( 7 ) ). note that not all systems define the same set of signal names ; only those names defined by the system are defined by this module. one more than the number of the highest signal number. the signal module defines the following functions : if time is non - zero, this function requests that a sigalrm signal be sent to the process in time seconds. any previously scheduled alarm is canceled ( only one alarm can be scheduled at any time ). the returned value is then the number of seconds before any previously set alarm was to have been delivered. if time is zero, no alarm id scheduled, and any scheduled alarm is canceled. the return value is the number of seconds remaining before a previously scheduled alarm. if the return value is zero, no alarm is currently scheduled. ( see the unix man page return the current signal handler for the signal signalnum. the returned value may be a callable python object, or one of the special values signal. sig _ ign, signal. sig _ dfl or none. here, signal. sig _ ign means that the signal was previously ignored, signal. sig _ dfl means that the default way of handling the signal was previously in use, and none means that the previous signal handler was not installed cause the process to sleep until a signal is received ; the appropriate handler will then be called. returns nothing. not on windows. ( see the unix man page signal ( 2 ). ) set the handler for signal signalnum to the function handler. handler can be a callable python object taking two arguments ( see below ), or one of the special values signal. sig _ ign or signal. sig _ dfl. the previous signal handler will be returned ( see the description of getsignal ( ) above ). ( see the unix man page signal ( 2 ). ) when threads are enabled, this function


julie masura is heading out into tacoma ’ s commencement bay in search of plastic. she ’ s a researcher with the center for urban waters, where members of various academic and government organizations come together to study water pollution and human - environment interactions in puget sound. getting down to the particulars though : masura is looking for microplastics, which are defined as plastic particles smaller than 5 millimeters. the boat slows down to about 4 miles per hour and masura drops over the side a device that looks like the lovechild of a manta ray and a model airplane. it ’ s got a wingspan of about four and a half feet and a gaping mouth that hovers right at the surface. water rushes through the mouth as the boat moves along and gets sifted through a long net floating behind it. after 15 minutes, masura pulls the net back into the boat to collect the sample. in the bottom of the net tiny bits of brightly colored plastic pepper the usual organic debris you ’ ll find floating in the water column. masura and her team have been conducting these microplastic sampling trips every month for a year and a half now and today ’ s results, she says, are consistent. “ unfortunately we ’ ve found plastic in all of our samples that we ’ ve taken from all over the puget sound and the west coast of vancouver island, ” she says. microplastics have turned up in samples taken from every ocean on the planet and species from the bottom to the top of the marine food chain have been found to ingest these tiny particles – from sharks, seabirds and turtles to filter - feeders and krill. mark browne studies microplastics at the university college in dublin, ireland and has found that with plastic anyway, it could be the little things that kill. “ what the research that we ’ ve done shows is that over 65 percent of the plastic on beaches, in terms of abundance, is actually microscopic plastic debris, ” he says. so in theory, if you went out and blindly collected 100 pieces of plastic, of all sizes, 65 of those pieces would be too small for us to see - but for krill or filter feeders - it looks like food. ok. so marine animals are ingesting plastic. so what? shouldn ’ t those tiny pieces just go in one end and out the other? not exactly, says browne. some research on mussels showed that these filter feeders not only accumulate plastic in their gut, but those particles make their way


what? shouldn ’ t those tiny pieces just go in one end and out the other? not exactly, says browne. some research on mussels showed that these filter feeders not only accumulate plastic in their gut, but those particles make their way into the circulatory system where they ’ re stored in cells for periods of up to 50 days. and that, brown says, could be a problem. “ if we ’ re consuming these organisms as part of our diet or other organisms that also consume them … what are the ramifications of transferring plastics that are likely to have chemicals absorbed onto them, therefore transferring from the environment into the animal and then being stored there? ” he says. ask the parents of any two year old and they ’ ll tell you eating plastic probably isn ’ t a great idea. research on lab animals has shown many plastic products contain chemicals that can be carcinogenic, neurotoxic or disruptive to the body ’ s hormonal messaging system. but when it comes to figuring out what exposure to microplastics might mean for sea life and human health, there are some gaps in our knowledge, says joel baker, science director at the center for urban waters in tacoma. “ we really need to understand more details about the effects of the microplastics on marine organisms but also more clearly understand what the future holds in terms of likely impacts, ” he says. baker says microplastics may not measure up to climate change, overfishing or ocean acidification in terms of threats to the world ’ s oceans. but, he warns, “ if we continue to build up the levels of plastics in any of these systems it ’ s conceivable that eventually we ’ ll get to the point where it ’ s causing problems. ” the impacts of microplastics in marine ecosystems may not be entirely clear yet, but baker says now is the time to do the research that will lay the groundwork for dealing with this pervasive form of pollution in the future. share your experiences as part of earthfix ' s public insight network. join our public insight network!


lower slate lake, ak. ( photo : irene alexakos. ) the supreme court ' s decision in the kensington mine case will have impacts well beyond alaska ' s remote lower slate lake. any industrial facilities with significant components of solids in their wastewater — and there are many — will now be able to potentially dump their waste into nearby lakes, rivers or streams. the decision has its most obvious effect on ore processing mills like the one at the kensington mine at issue in coeur alaska. since 1975, epa ' s effluent limits have prohibited mills of this type from discharging their process wastewater directly into water bodies. under the court ' s decision, those limits are no longer effective. all mines will be able to dump their wastewater — or " tailings " — directly into lakes, rivers, streams, or wetlands. an example of immediate concern is the massive proposed pebble mine in southwest alaska, which has proposed to dump its waste into headwater lakes and streams of bristol bay, waters that support one of the largest salmon fisheries in the world. but the same risk now exists for the many industries that, like the ore processing mill at the kensington mine, have significant solids in their untreated wastewater. coal - fired power plants, aluminum smelters, cement manufacturing plants, and large beef cattle feedlots are just a few examples of the many industrial sources whose wastewater may, in the future, be discharged as " fill material " directly into water bodies, exempt from the strict effluent limitations that have long governed them. the obama administration can and should act immediately to avoid these threats by repealing the bush administration ' s misguided 2002 " fill " rule and making clear that fill material permits may not be used for industrial wastes. there is also a bill pending in congress — h. r. 1310, the clean water protection act — that would repeal the bush " fill material " definition.


smarter schools | by michael spencer with ( or without ) an impending android tablet boom — blended learning should address these key education issue areas. many of our students simply don ’ t get the individually focused, flexible learning they truly need in what we call traditional classrooms. parents, educators and school leaders who choose a blended learning environment understand the importance of an individualized education. in parallel, with the android tablet market heating up and prices coming down — true individualized and personalized learning is increasingly possible as we begin to see 1 - to - 1 mobile computing solutions being used in more schools and across more campuses. following are five areas of study that are well - suited for a blended learning environment and can help a student succeed in life. 1. supplemental education. schools are struggling to keep up with quality, cost - effective course options for their students. advanced placement or honors - type courses, courses students are interested in to explore a future career, or courses that simply don ’ t fit into a student ’ s schedule are all reasons why more high schools are choosing to virtualize their offerings. 2. reading programs. these will always be a fundamental part of any type of education. properly done, reading instruction can rapidly open the doors to all of education — math, science, history, and so on. for beginners, phonics - based programs are essential. some get it faster than others and can move on, but it ’ s a basic starting point for any student. 3. summer school. while there are conflicting claims as to why we even have summer vacation, we do know that year - round schools and other schedule variations are now more frequent. education continues long after an arbitrary schedule and students can take advantage of learning offered during nontraditional times. 4. languages. besides english - language natives, many people also speak english as their second language. properly taught, and taught early enough, kids love learning other languages, and in the process they learn english better and they naturally impress the people they deal with in cultural and eventually business contexts. technology tools make it very easy to hear, translate, pronounce and generally learn any language, and instantly connect with the people who speak it. 5. credit recovery. this is a key area when it comes to blended ( in - class and online ) learning. scheduling conflicts and standard life issues that inevitably arise can actually prevent graduating on time, which adds stress to an already stressful time. in other cases, a student needs to make up a course they did poorly in, no matter whether graduation


) learning. scheduling conflicts and standard life issues that inevitably arise can actually prevent graduating on time, which adds stress to an already stressful time. in other cases, a student needs to make up a course they did poorly in, no matter whether graduation hinges upon it. the flexibility provided by the accessibility and credit a student can recover in a school - approved online course can help both students and parents breathe a lot easier. there are certainly more areas that could be on this list. i am curious to know what areas you might have on the top of your mind that were not include here. consider blended learning environments, new mobile 1 : 1 computing technologies and the emerging android tablet market — and let me know what you think. engaging, individualized learning that meets a student ’ s needs — learning that ’ s personalized and brings real meaning to a student ’ s life — is what education solutions are trending toward. and these days, it ’ s getting a lot easier to provide that. looking forward to hearing from you! michael spencer is senior vice president of american education corporation. an education and technology industry veteran, he is the former president and founder of one2onemate and several other silicon valley startups all of which have received multiple awards for innovation and product development. his expertise spans from advocating for one - to - one, mobile and blended learning environments where tailored tools providing individualized education are key to student performance and achievement — to the international front, where michael is fluent in spanish and has worked with european and latin american governments and school systems to bring about 21st - century educational reforms. he has traveled extensively and enjoys the entrepreneurial side of business. he is a regular columnist for edtech digest, where he writes a column on creating smarter schools.


temporal range : 420 – 0ma silurian to recent | " arachnida " from ernst haeckel ' s kunstformen der natur, 1904 | arachnids are a class ( arachnida ) of joint - legged invertebrate animals in the subphylum chelicerata. all arachnids have eight legs, although the front pair of legs in some species has converted to a sensory function, while in other species, different appendages can grow large enough to take on the appearance of extra pairs of legs. the term is derived from the greek word αραχνη ( arachne ), meaning " spider ". almost all extant arachnids are terrestrial. however, some inhabit freshwater environments and, with the exception of the pelagic zone, marine environments as well. they comprise over 100, 000 named species, including spiders, scorpions, harvestmen, ticks, mites and solifugae. almost all adult arachnids have eight legs, and arachnids may be easily distinguished from insects by this fact, since insects have six legs. however, arachnids also have two further pairs of appendages that have become adapted for feeding, defense, and sensory perception. the first pair, the chelicerae, serve in feeding and defense. the next pair of appendages, the pedipalps have been adapted for feeding, locomotion, and / or reproductive functions. in solifugae, the palps are quite leg - like, so that these animals appear to have ten legs. the larvae of mites and ricinulei have only six legs ; the fourth pair appears when they moult into nymphs. however, there are also adult mites with six, or even four legs. arachnids are further distinguished from insects by the fact they do not have antennae or wings. their body is organized into two tagmata called the prosoma, or cephalothorax, and the opisthosoma, or abdomen. the cephalothorax is derived from the fusion of the cephalon ( head ) and the thorax, and is usually covered by a single, unsegmented carapace. the abdomen is segmented in the more primitive forms, but varying degrees of fusion between the segments occur in many groups. it is typically divided into a preabdomen and postabdomen, although this is only clearly visible in


carapace. the abdomen is segmented in the more primitive forms, but varying degrees of fusion between the segments occur in many groups. it is typically divided into a preabdomen and postabdomen, although this is only clearly visible in scorpions, and in some orders, such as the acari, the abdominal sections are completely fused. like all arthropods, arachnids have an exoskeleton, and they also have an internal structure of cartilage - like tissue called the endosternite, to which certain muscle groups are attached. the endosternite is even calcified in some opiliones. most arachnids lack extensor muscles in the distal joints of their appendages. spiders and whipscorpions extend their limbs hydraulically using the pressure of their hemolymph. solifuges and some harvestmen extend their knees by the use of highly elastic thickenings in the joint cuticle. scorpions, pseudoscorpions and some harvestmen have evolved muscles that extend two leg joints ( the femur - patella and patella - tibia joints ) at once. the equivalent joints of the pedipalps of scorpions though, are extended by elastic recoil. there are some characteristics that are particularly important for the terrestrial lifestyle of arachnids, such as internal respiratory surfaces in the form of tracheae, or modification of the book gill into a book lung, an internal series of vascular lamellae used for gas exchange with the air. while the tracheae are often individual systems of tubes, similar to those in insects, ricnuleids, pseudoscorpions, and some spiders possess sieve tracheae, in which several tubes arise in a bundle from a small chamber connected to the spiracle. this type of tracheal system has almost certainly evolved from the book lungs, and indicates that the tracheae of arachnids are not homologous with those of insects. further adaptations to terrestrial life are appendages modified for more efficient locomotion on land, internal fertilisation, special sensory organs, and water conservation enhanced by efficient excretory structures as well as a waxy layer covering the cuticle. the excretory glands of arachnids include up to four pairs of coxal glands along the side of the prosoma, and one or two pairs of malpighian tubules, emptying into the gut. many ara


. the excretory glands of arachnids include up to four pairs of coxal glands along the side of the prosoma, and one or two pairs of malpighian tubules, emptying into the gut. many arachnids have only one or the other type of excretory gland, although several do have both. the primary nitrogenous waste product in arachnids is guanine. the blood of arachnids is variable in composition, depending on the mode of respiration. arachnids with an efficient tracheal system do not need to transport oxygen in the blood, and may have a reduced circulatory system. in scorpions and some spiders, however, the blood contains haemocyanin, a copper - based pigment with a similar function to haemoglobin in vertebrates. the heart is located in the forward part of the abdomen, and may or may not be segmented. some mites have no heart at all. diet and digestive system arachnids are mostly carnivorous, feeding on the pre - digested bodies of insects and other small animals. only in the harvestmen and among mites, such as the house dust mite, is there ingestion of solid food particles, and thus exposure to internal parasites, although it is not unusual for spiders to eat their own silk. several groups secrete venom from specialized glands to kill prey or enemies. several mites are parasites, some of which are carriers of disease. arachnids pour digestive juices produced in their stomachs over their prey after killing it with their pedipalps and chelicerae. the digestive juices rapidly turn the prey into a broth of nutrients which the arachnid sucks into a pre - buccal cavity located immediately in front of the mouth. behind the mouth is a muscular, sclerotised pharynx, which acts as a pump, sucking the food through the mouth and on into the oesophagus and stomach. in some arachnids, the oesophagus also acts as an additional pump. the stomach is tubular in shape, with multiple diverticula extending throughout the body. the stomach and its diverticula both produce digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients from the food. it extends through most of the body, and connects to a short sclerotised intestine and anus in the hind part of the abdomen. arachnids


diverticula both produce digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients from the food. it extends through most of the body, and connects to a short sclerotised intestine and anus in the hind part of the abdomen. arachnids have two kinds of eyes, the lateral and median ocelli. the lateral ocelli evolved from compound eyes and may have a tapetum, which enhances the ability to collect light. the median ocelli develop from a transverse fold of the ectoderm. the ancestors of modern arachnids probably had both types, but modern ones often lack one type or the other. the cornea of the eye also acts as a lens, and is continuous with the cuticle of the body. beneath this is a transparent vitreous body, and then the retina and, if present, the tapetum. in most arachnids, the retina probably does not have enough light sensitive cells to allow the eyes to form a proper image. in addition to the eyes, almost all arachnids have two other types of sensory organs. the most important to most arachnids are the fine sensory hairs that cover the body and give the animal its sense of touch. these can be relatively simple, but many arachnids also possess more complex structures, called trichobothria. finally, slit sense organs are slit - like pits covered with a thin membrane. inside the pit, a small hair touches the underside of the membrane, and detects its motion. slit sense organs are believed to be involved in proprioception, and possibly also hearing. arachnids may have one or two gonads, which are located in the abdomen. the genital opening is usually located on the underside of the second abdominal segment. in most species, the male transfers sperm to the female in a package, or spermatophore. complex courtship rituals have evolved in many arachnids to ensure the safe delivery of the sperm to the female. - † trigonotarbida — extinct - amblypygi — " blunt rump " tailless whip scorpions with front legs modified into whip - like sensory structures as long as 25 cm or more ( 140 species ) | phylogeny of the chelicerata ( after giribet et al. 2002 ) | - araneae — true spiders ( 40, 000 species ) - † phalangiotarbida — extinct - opiliones — phalangids,


of the chelicerata ( after giribet et al. 2002 ) | - araneae — true spiders ( 40, 000 species ) - † phalangiotarbida — extinct - opiliones — phalangids, harvestmen or daddy - long - legs ( 6, 300 species ) - palpigradi — microwhip scorpions ( 80 species ) - pseudoscorpionida — pseudoscorpions ( 3, 000 species ) - ricinulei — ricinuleids, hooded tickspiders ( 60 species ) - schizomida — " split middle " whip scorpions with divided exoskeletons ( 220 species ) - scorpiones — scorpions ( 2, 000 species ) - solifugae — solpugids, windscorpions, sun spiders or camel spiders ( 900 species ) - † haptopoda — extinct - thelyphonida — vinegarroons or whip scorpions ( formerly uropygida ) forelegs modified into sensory appendages and a long tail on abdomen tip ( 100 species ) - acari — mites and ticks ( 30, 000 species ) it is estimated that a total of 98, 000 arachnid species have been described, and that there may be up to 600, 000 in total, including undescribed species. acari or acarina is a taxon of arachnids that contains mites and ticks. its fossil history goes back to the devonian period, although there is also a questionable ordovician record. the devonian period was the time frame in which certain species of animals developed legs. in most modern treatments, the acari is considered a subclass of arachnida and is composed of 2 – 3 orders or superorders : acariformes, parasitiformes, and opilioacariformes. most acarines are minute to small ( e. g. 0. 080 – 1. 00 mm ), but the giants of the acari ( some ticks and red velvet mites ) may reach lengths of 10 – 20 mm. it is estimated that over 50, 000 species have been described ( as of 1999 ) and that a million or more species are currently living. the study of mites and ticks is called acarology. only the faintest traces of primary segmentation remain in mites, the prosoma and opisthosoma being insensibly fused,


or more species are currently living. the study of mites and ticks is called acarology. only the faintest traces of primary segmentation remain in mites, the prosoma and opisthosoma being insensibly fused, and a region of flexible cuticle ( the cirumcapitular furrow ) separates the chelicerae and pedipalps from the rest of the body. this anterior body region is called the gnathosoma ( or capitulum ) and is also found in the ricinulei. the remainder of the body is called the idiosoma and is unique to mites. most adult mites have four pairs of legs, like other arachnids, but some have fewer. for example, gall mites like phyllocoptes variabilis ( superfamily eriophyioidea ) have a wormlike body with only two pairs of legs ; some parasitic mites have only one or three pairs of legs in the adult stage. larval and prelarval stages have a maximum of three pairs of legs ; adult mites with only three pairs of legs may be called ' larviform '. acarine ontogeny consists of an egg, a prelarval stage ( often absent ), a larval stage ( hexapod except in eriophyoidea, which have only 2 pairs of legs ), and a series of nymphal stages. larvae ( and prelarvae ) have a maximum of 3 pairs of legs ( legs are often reduced to stubs or absent in prelarvae ) ; legs iv are added at the first nymphal stage. acarines live in practically every habitat, and include aquatic ( freshwater and sea water ) and terrestrial species. they outnumber other arthropods in the soil organic matter and detritus. many are parasitic, and they affect both vertebrates and invertebrates. most parasitic forms are external parasites, while the free living forms are generally predaceous and may even be used to control undesirable arthropods. others are detritivores that help to break down forest litter and dead organic matter such as skin cells. others still are plant feeders and may damage crops. damage to crops is perhaps the most costly economic effect of mites, especially by the spider mites and their relatives ( tetranychoidea ), earth mites ( penthaleidae ), thread - footed mites ( tarson


damage to crops is perhaps the most costly economic effect of mites, especially by the spider mites and their relatives ( tetranychoidea ), earth mites ( penthaleidae ), thread - footed mites ( tarsonemidae ) and the gall and rust mites ( eriophyoidea ). some parasitic forms affect humans and other mammals, causing damage by their feeding, and can even be vectors of diseases such as scrub typhus and rickettsial pox. a well - known effect of mites on humans is their role as an allergen and the stimulation of asthma in people affected by the respiratory disease. the use of predatory mites ( e. g. phytoseiidae ) in pest control and herbivorous mites that attack weeds is also important. an unquantified, but major positive contribution of the acari is their normal functioning in ecosystems, especially their roles in the decomposer subsystem. amblypygids are also known as tailless whip scorpions or cave spiders. approximately 5 families, 17 genera and 136 species have been described. they are found in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. some species are subterranean ; many are nocturnal. during the day, they may hide under logs, bark, stones, or leaves. they prefer a humid environment. amblypygids may range from 5 to 40 mm. their bodies are broad and highly flattened and the first pair of legs ( the first walking legs in most arachnid orders ) are modified to act as sensory organs. ( compare solifugids, uropygids, and schizomids. ) these very thin modified legs can extend several times the length of body. they have no silk glands or venomous fangs, but can have prominent pincer - like pedipalps. amblypygids often move about sideways on their six walking legs, with one " whip " pointed in the direction of travel while the other probes on either side of them. prey are located with these " whips ", captured with pedipalps, then torn to pieces with chelicerae. fossilised amblypygids have been found dating back to the carboniferous period. amblypygids, particularly the species phrynus marginemaculatus and damon diadema, are thought to be one of the few species of arachnids that show signs of social behavior. research conducted at cornell university by entomologists


" ) are arachnids that are harmless to people and are known for their exceptionally long walking legs, compared to their body size. as of december 2011 [ update ], over 6, 500 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide. the order opiliones is divided into four suborders : cyphophthalmi, eupnoi, dyspnoi and laniatores. well - preserved fossils have been found in the 410 - million year old rhynie cherts of scotland ; they look surprisingly modern, suggesting that the basic structure of the harvestmen has not changed much since then. the difference between harvestmen and spiders is that in harvestmen the two main body sections ( the abdomen or opisthosoma with ten segments and the cephalothorax or prosoma ) are nearly joined, so that they appear to be one oval structure. in more advanced species, the first five abdominal segments are often fused into a dorsal shield called the scutum, which is normally fused with the carapace. sometimes this shield is only present in males. the two hindmost abdominal segments may be reduced or separated in the middle on the surface to form two plates lying next to each other. the second pair of legs is longer than the others and works as antennae. they have a single pair of eyes in the middle of their heads, oriented sideways. they have a pair of prosomatic scent glands that secrete a peculiar smelling fluid when disturbed. harvestmen do not have spinnerets and do not possess poison glands, posing absolutely no danger to humans. they breathe through tracheae. between the base of the fourth pair of legs and the abdomen is a pair of spiracles, one opening on each side. in more active species, spiracles are also found upon the tibia of the legs. they have a gonopore on the ventral cephalothorax, and copulation is direct, as the male has a penis ( while the female has an ovipositor ). typical body length does not exceed 7 millimetres ( 0. 28 in ) even in the largest species. however, leg span is much larger and can exceed 160 mm ( 6. 3 in ). most species live for a year. many species are omnivorous, eating primarily small insects and all kinds of plant material and fungi ; some are scavengers of the decays of any dead animal, bird dung and other fecal material. they are mostly nocturnal and coloured in hues


species are omnivorous, eating primarily small insects and all kinds of plant material and fungi ; some are scavengers of the decays of any dead animal, bird dung and other fecal material. they are mostly nocturnal and coloured in hues of brown, although there are a number of diurnal species that have vivid patterns in yellow, green and black with varied reddish and blackish mottling and reticulation. palpigradi, commonly known as " microwhip scorpions ", are tiny cousins of the uropygid, or whip scorpion, no more than 3 mm in length. they have a thin, pale, segmented carapace that terminates in a whip - like flagellum, made up of 15 segments. the carapace is divided into two plates between the third and fourth leg set. they have no eyes. some species have three pairs of book lungs, while others have no respiratory organs at all. approximately 80 species of palpigradi have been described worldwide, in the families eukoeneniidae and prokoeneniidae, with a total of seven genera. they are believed to be predators like their larger relatives, feeding on minuscule insects in their habitat. their mating habits are unknown, except that they lay only a few relatively large eggs at a time. microwhip scorpions need a damp environment to survive, and they always hide from light, so they are commonly found in the moist earth under buried stones and rocks. they can be found on every continent, except in arctic and antarctic regions. phalangiotarbi is an extinct arachnid order known exclusively from the palaeozoic ( devonian to permian ) of europe and north america. the affinities of phalangiotarbids are obscure, with most authors favouring affinities with opiliones ( harvestmen ) and / or acari ( mites and ticks ). phalangiotarbida has been recently proposed to be sister group to ( palpigradi + tetrapulmonata ) : the taxon megoperculata sensu shultz ( 1990 ). pseudoscorpions are small arthropods with a flat, pear - shaped body and pincers that resemble those of scorpions. they range from 2 to 8 mm ( 0. 079 to 0. 31 in ) long. the opisthosoma is made up of twelve segments, each guarded by plate - like tergites above and


that resemble those of scorpions. they range from 2 to 8 mm ( 0. 079 to 0. 31 in ) long. the opisthosoma is made up of twelve segments, each guarded by plate - like tergites above and sternites below. the abdomen is short and rounded at the rear, rather than extending into a segmented tail and stinger like true scorpions. the colour of the body can be yellowish - tan to dark - brown, with the paired claws often a contrasting colour. they may have two, four or no eyes. they have two very long pedipalps with palpal chelae ( pincers ) that strongly resemble the pincers found on a scorpion. the pedipalps generally consist of an immobile " hand " and " finger ", with a separate movable finger controlled by an adductor muscle. a venom gland and duct are usually located in the mobile finger ; the poison is used to capture and immobilise the pseudoscorpion ' s prey. during digestion, pseudoscorpions pour a mildly corrosive fluid over the prey, then ingest the liquefied remains. pseudoscorpions spin silk from a gland in their jaws to make disk - shaped cocoons for mating, molting, or waiting out cold weather. another trait they share with their closest relatives, the spiders, is breathing through spiracles. most spiders have one pair of spiracles, and one of book lungs, but pseudoscorpions do not have book lungs. there are more than 2, 000 species of pseudoscorpions recorded. they range worldwide, even in temperate to cold regions, but have their most dense and diverse populations in the tropics and subtropics. the fossil record of pseudoscorpions dates back over 380 million years, to the devonian period, near the time when the first land - animal fossils appear. during the elaborate mating dance, the male of some pseudoscorpion species pulls a female over a spermatophore previously laid upon a surface. in other species, the male also pushes the sperm into the female genitals using the forelegs. the female carries the fertilised eggs in a brood pouch attached to her abdomen, and the young ride on the mother for a short time after they hatch. up to two dozen young are hatched in a single brood ; there may be more than one brood per year. the young go through three molts over


to her abdomen, and the young ride on the mother for a short time after they hatch. up to two dozen young are hatched in a single brood ; there may be more than one brood per year. the young go through three molts over the course of several years before reaching adulthood. adult pseudoscorpions live 2 to 3 years. they are active in the warm months of the year, overwintering in silken cocoons when the weather grows cold. pseudoscorpions are generally beneficial to humans since they prey on clothes moth larvae, carpet beetle larvae, booklice, ants, mites, and small flies. they are small and inoffensive, and are rarely seen due to their size. they usually enter the home by " riding along " with larger insects ( known as phoresy ), or are brought in with firewood. they are often observed in bathrooms or laundry rooms, since they seek humidity. they may sometimes be found feeding on mites under the wing covers of certain beetles. ricinulei ( hooded tickspiders ) are 5 – 10 mm long. their most notable feature is a " hood " that can be raised and lowered over the head ; when lowered, it covers the mouth and the chelicerae. ricinulei have no eyes. the pedipalps end in pincers that are small relative to their bodies, when compared to those of the related orders of scorpions and pseudoscorpions. the heavy - bodied abdomen forms a narrow pedicel, or waist, where it attaches to the prosoma. in males, the third pair of legs are modified to form copulatory organs. malpighian tubules and a pair of coxal glands make up the excretory system. they have no lungs, as gas exchange takes place through the trachea. ricinulei are predators, feeding on other small arthropods. little is known about their mating habits ; the males have been observed using their modified third leg to transfer a spermatophore to the female. the eggs are carried under the mother ' s hood, until the young hatch into six - legged " larva ", which later molt into their adult forms. ricinulei require moisture to survive. approximately 57 species of ricinuleids have been described worldwide, all in a single family that contains 3 genera. schizomida is an order of arachnids that tend to live in the top layer of soils


moisture to survive. approximately 57 species of ricinuleids have been described worldwide, all in a single family that contains 3 genera. schizomida is an order of arachnids that tend to live in the top layer of soils. schizomids present the prosoma covered by a large protopeltidium and smaller, paired, mesopeltidia and metapeltidia. there are no eyes. the opisthosoma is a smooth oval of 12 recognisable somites. the first is reduced and forms the pedicel. the last three are much constricted, forming the pygidium. the last somite bears the flagellum, which in this order is short and consists of not more than four segments. the name means " split or cleaved middle ", referring to the way the cephalothorax is divided into two separate plates. like the related orders uropygi, amblypygi, and solpugida, the schizomids use only six legs for walking, having modified their first two legs to serve as sensory organs. they also have large well - developed pedipalps ( pincers ) just behind the sensory legs. scorpions are characterised by a metasoma ( tail ) comprising six segments, the last containing the scorpion ' s anus and bearing the telson ( the sting ). the telson, in turn, consists of the vesicle, which holds a pair of venom glands and the hypodermic aculeus, the venom - injecting barb. the abdomen ' s front half, the mesosoma, is made up of six segments. the first segment contains the sexual organs as well as a pair of vestigial and modified appendages forming a structure called the genital operculum. the second segment bears a pair of featherlike sensory organs known as the pectines ; the final four segments each contain a pair of book lungs. the mesosoma is armored with chitinous plates, known as tergites on the upper surface and sternites on the lower surface. the cuticle of scorpions is covered with hairs in some places that act like balance organs. an outer layer that makes them fluorescent green under ultraviolet light is called the hyaline layer. newly molted scorpions do not glow until after their cuticle has hardened. the fluorescent hyaline layer can be intact in fossil rocks that are hundreds


outer layer that makes them fluorescent green under ultraviolet light is called the hyaline layer. newly molted scorpions do not glow until after their cuticle has hardened. the fluorescent hyaline layer can be intact in fossil rocks that are hundreds of millions of years old. scorpions are opportunistic predators of small arthropods and insects. they use their chela ( pincers ) to catch the prey initially. depending on the toxicity of their venom and size of their claws, they will then either crush the prey or inject it with neurotoxic venom. the neurotoxins consist of a variety of small proteins as well as sodium and potassium cations, which serve to interfere with neurotransmission in the victim. scorpions use their venom to kill or paralyze their prey so that it can be eaten ; in general it is fast acting, allowing for effective prey capture. scorpion venoms are optimised for action upon other arthropods and therefore most scorpions are relatively harmless to humans ; stings produce only local effects ( such as pain, numbness or swelling ). a few scorpion species, however, mostly in the family buthidae, can be dangerous to humans. the scorpion that is responsible for the most human deaths is the androctonus australis, or fat - tailed scorpion of north africa. the toxicity of a. australis ' s venom is roughly half that of the deathstalker ( leiurus quinquestriatus ), but since a. australis injects quite a bit more venom into its prey, it is the most deadly to humans. human deaths normally occur in the young, elderly, or infirm ; scorpions are generally unable to deliver enough venom to kill healthy adults. some people, however may be allergic to the venom of some species, in which case the scorpion ' s sting can more likely kill. a primary symptom of a scorpion sting is numbing at the injection site, sometimes lasting for several days. it has been found that scorpions have two types of venom : a translucent, weaker venom designed to stun only, and an opaque, more potent venom designed to kill heavier threats. unlike the majority of arachnida species, scorpions are viviparous. the young are born one by one, and the brood is carried about on its mother ' s back until the young have undergone at least one moult. the young generally resemble their parents, requiring


most species feeding on termites, darkling beetles, and other small arthropods ; however, solifugae have been videotaped consuming larger prey such as lizards. prey is located with the pedipalps and killed and cut into pieces by the chelicerae. the prey is then liquefied and the liquid ingested through the pharynx. reproduction can involve direct or indirect sperm transfer ; when indirect, the male emits a spermatophore on the ground and then inserts it with his chelicerae in the female ' s genital pore. the order trigonotarbida is an extinct group of arachnids whose fossil record extends from the silurian to the lower permian. they are known from several localities in northern asia, north america and argentina. they superficially resemble spiders, to which they were clearly related. these early arachnids seem to have been adapted to stalking prey on the ground. they have been found within the very structure of ground - dwelling plants, possibly where they hid to await their prey. trigonotarbids are currently among the oldest known land arthropods. they lack silk glands on the opisthosoma and cheliceral poison glands, and most likely represented independent offshoots of the arachnida. the thelyphonida ( formerly uropygida ), commonly known as vinegarroons or whip scorpions, range from 25 to 85 mm in length ; the largest species, of the genus mastigoproctus, reaches 85 mm ( 3. 3 in ). like the related orders schizomida, amblypygi, and solifugae, the vinegarroons use only six legs for walking, having modified their first two legs to serve as antennae - like sensory organs. many species also have very large scorpion - like pedipalps ( pincers ). they have one pair of eyes at the front of the cephalothorax and three on each side of the head. whip scorpions have no poison glands, but they do have glands near the rear of their abdomen that can spray a combination of acetic acid and octanoic acid when they are bothered. other species spray formic acid or chlorine. as of 2006, over 100 species have been described worldwide. whip scorpions are carnivorous, nocturnal hunters feeding mostly on insects but sometimes on worms and slugs. the prey is crushed between special teeth on the inside of the troch


kury ( 2011 ). order opiliones sundevall, 1833 ( pdf ). in z. - q. zhang. " animal biodiversity : an outline of higher - level classification and survey of taxonomic richness ". zootaxa 4138 : 112 – 114. - glauco machado, ricardo pinto - da - rocha & gonzalo giribet ( 2007 ). " what are harvestmen? ". in ricardo pinto - da - rocha, glauco machado & gonzalo giribet. harvestmen : the biology of opiliones. harvard university press. pp. 1 – 13. isbn 0 - 674 - 02343 - 9. - herbert w. levi ( 1967 ). " adaptations of respiratory systems of spiders ". evolution 21 ( 3 ) : 571 – 583. doi : 10. 2307 / 2406617. jstor 2406617. - jessica r. pollitt, simon j. braddy & jason a. dunlop ( 2004 ). " the phylogenetic position of the extinct arachnid order phalangiotarbida haase, 1890, with reference to the fauna from the writhlington geological nature reserve ( somerset, uk ) ". transactions of the royal society of edinburgh : earth sciences 94 ( 3 ) : 243 – 259. doi : 10. 1017 / s0263593300000651. - steve jacobs. " entomological notes : pseudoscorpion fact sheet ". pennsylvania state university, department of entomology. - peter weygoldt ( 1966 ). " spermatophore web formation in a pseudoscorpion ". science 153 ( 3744 ) : 1647 – 1649. doi : 10. 1126 / science. 153. 3744. 1647. pmid 17802636. - proctor, heather c. ( 1993 ). " mating biology resolves trichotomy for cheliferoid pseudoscorpions ( pseudoscorpionida, cheliferoidea ) ". journal of arachnology ( american arachnological society ) 21 ( 2 ) : 156 – 158. - david cheng ( june 23, 2005 ). " scorpion sting ". emedicine. - jan ove rein ( 1993 ). " sting use in two species of parabuthus scorpions ( buthidae ) ". journal of arachnology 21 : 60 – 63. - w. r. lourenco (


##ne. - jan ove rein ( 1993 ). " sting use in two species of parabuthus scorpions ( buthidae ) ". journal of arachnology 21 : 60 – 63. - w. r. lourenco ( 2000 ). " reproduction in scorpions, with special reference to parthenogenesis " ( pdf ). in scharff, n. ; toft, søren ; henriksen, per g. european arachnology 2000 : 19th european colloquium of arachnology, aarhus, denmark, 17 - 22 july 2000. aarhus : aarhus university press. pp. 71 – 85. isbn 87 - 7934 - 001 - 6. - neil f. hadley ( 1970 ). " water relations of the desert scorpion hadrurus arizonensis " ( pdf ). journal of experimental biology 53 ( 3 ) : 547 – 558. pmid 5487163. - k. hoshino, a. t. v. moura & h. m. g. de paula ( 2006 ). " selection of environmental temperature by the yellow scorpion tityus serrulatus lutz & mello, 1922 ( scorpiones, buthidae ) ". journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases 12 ( 1 ) : 59 – 66. doi : 10. 1590 / s1678 - 91992006000100005. | wikispecies has information related to : arachnida | | wikimedia commons has media related to : arachnida | - a guide to arachnids with care sheets.


the ex - gay movement is a controversial movement that consists of people and organizations that seek to encourage people to refrain from entering or pursuing same - sex relationships, to eliminate homosexual desires, to develop heterosexual desires, or to enter into a heterosexual relationship. the " ex - gay " movement relies on the involvement of individuals who formerly identified themselves to be gay, lesbian, or bisexual but no longer do ; these individuals may either claim that they have eliminated their attraction to the same sex altogether or simply that they abstain from acting on such attraction. there have been various scandals related to this movement, including some self - claimed ex - gays having been found in same - sex relationships despite having denied this, as well as controversies over gay minors being forced to go to ex - gay camps against their will, and over admissions by organizations related to the movement that conversion therapy does not work. a large body of research and global scientific consensus indicates that being gay, lesbian, or bisexual is compatible with normal mental health and social adjustment. because of this, major mental health professional organizations discourage and caution individuals against attempting to change their sexual orientation to heterosexual, and warn that attempting to do so can be harmful. definition of change various ex - gay organizations have working definitions of change. exodus international describes change as, " attaining abstinence from homosexual behaviors, lessening of homosexual temptations, strengthening their sense of masculine or feminine identity, correcting distorted styles of relating with members of the same and opposite gender. " people can change defines change as, " any degree of change toward greater peace, satisfaction and fulfillment, and less shame, depression and darkness ", and emphasizes that for most people, heterosexuality is not the ultimate goal. when the term ex - gay was introduced to professional literature in 1980, e. mansell pattison defined it as describing a person who had " experienced a basic change in sexual orientation ". some ex - gays advocate entering ( or remaining ) in a heterosexual marriage as part of the process. some in mixed - orientation marriages acknowledge that their sexual attractions remain primarily homosexual, but seek to make their marriages work anyway. the president of exodus international said that he agrees that people cannot necessarily change their sexual orientation, but he said that they can, " live in accord with their beliefs and faith ". motivation of participants the american psychological association reported that some ex - gay groups may help counteract and buffer minority stress, marginalization, and isolation in ways similar to other support groups, such as offering social support, fellowship, role models, and new ways to


of participants the american psychological association reported that some ex - gay groups may help counteract and buffer minority stress, marginalization, and isolation in ways similar to other support groups, such as offering social support, fellowship, role models, and new ways to view a problem through unique philosophies or ideologies. additionally, the same researchers also found that people joined ex - gay groups due to : a lack of other sources of social support ; a desire for active coping, including both cognitive and emotional coping ; and access to methods of sexual orientation identity exploration and reconstruction. the same report found that some have described the ex - gay groups as, " a refuge for those who were excluded both from conservative churches and from their families, because of their same - sex sexual attractions, and from gay organizations and social networks, because of their conservative religious beliefs. " according to the apa report, " ex - gay groups appear to relieve the distress caused by conflicts between religious values and sexual orientation and help participants change their sexual orientation identity, but not their sexual orientation. " the apa goes on to report that some believed that by, " taking on ' ex - gay ' cultural norms and language and finding a community that enabled and reinforced their primary religious beliefs, values, and concerns ", that they could resolve identity conflicts by, " ( a ) adopting a new discourse or worldview, ( b ) engaging in a biographical reconstruction, ( c ) embracing a new explanatory model, and ( d ) forming strong interpersonal ties. " one of the apa ' s sources for the report found that, " ex - gay groups recast homosexuality as an ordinary sin, and thus salvation was still achievable. " another one of their sources is summarized as having observed that, " such groups built hope, recovery, and relapse into an ex - gay identity, thus expecting same - sex sexual behaviors and conceiving them as opportunities for repentance and forgiveness. " the apa report warns however that, " some [ ex - gay ] groups may reinforce prejudice and stigma by providing inaccurate or stereotyped information about homosexuality. " ex - gay organizations the first ex - gay ministry, love in action, was formed in 1973. three years later, with other ex - gay organizations, it formed exodus international, the largest ex - gay organization and the largest organization under the exodus global alliance. other ex - gay organizations cater to a specific religious groups, such as courage international for catholics, evergreen international for mormons ( lds


gay organizations, it formed exodus international, the largest ex - gay organization and the largest organization under the exodus global alliance. other ex - gay organizations cater to a specific religious groups, such as courage international for catholics, evergreen international for mormons ( lds ), and jonah for jews. some groups follow a specific technique, such as homosexuals anonymous, modeled after the alcoholics anonymous twelve - step program. other ex - gay organizations include parents and friends of ex - gays and gays. people associated with the ex - gay movement | | this section has multiple issues. please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. - joe dallas is the program director of genesis counseling. he has written six books on human sexuality. - donnie mcclurkin wrote about his experience with homosexuality in his book, eternal victim, eternal victor. he describes himself as going through a process by which he became " saved and sanctified. " mcclurkin has been criticized for stating homosexuality is a curse. he speaks openly about sexual issues since becoming the biological father of a child with a woman to whom he was not married. he uses these experiences in his concerts and speaking engagements. in 2004, he sang at the republican national convention. the appearance generated criticism for the event organizers and mcclurkin for his statements on homosexuality. - jeffrey satinover is an american psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, and physicist. he is a member of the scientific advisory committee of narth. - charles socarides was an american psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, physician, educator, and author. he helped found narth in 1992. people who no longer support the ex - gay movement - gunter baum originally founded an ex - gay ministry in germany. later he formed zwischenraum, which helps gay christians to accept their sexuality and to reconcile it with their beliefs. - john paulk, then leader of focus on the family ' s love won out conference and chairman of the board for exodus international north america, was spotted visiting a washington, d. c. gay bar in september 2000. he was photographed outside of the bar from behind by wayne besen, and later stepped down from the two organizations. in 2013, he formally apologized for his involvement in promoting the ex - gay concept and for the harm his work had done. - anthony venn - brown is a former australian evangelist in the assemblies of god and an author whose book describes his experience in australia ’ s first ex - gay program. venn - brown co - founded " freedom 2 b [


work had done. - anthony venn - brown is a former australian evangelist in the assemblies of god and an author whose book describes his experience in australia ’ s first ex - gay program. venn - brown co - founded " freedom 2 b [ e ] " which offers support to glbt people from church backgrounds and who have been displaced from the ex gay movement. in 2007 he co - ordinated the release of a statement from five australian ex - gay leaders who publicly apologized for their past actions. - john smid was the leader of love in action in memphis. he resigned that position in 2008, and in 2010 apologized for any harm that he ' d caused, noting that his teen program " further wounded teens that were already in a very delicate place in life. " he has announced that he is still homosexual and admitted never seeing a man successfully converting to heterosexuality in his group. - warren throckmorton is a past president of the american mental health counselors association. he wrote and produced the documentary i do exist about ex - gay people, but subsequently came to " believe that categorical change in sexual attractions, especially for men, is rare " and repudiated some of the claims he made in the film. - peterson toscano is an actor who was involved in the ex - gay movement for 17 years. he performs a related one - man satire titled doin ' time in the homo no mo halfway house, and with christine bakke co - runs beyond ex - gay, a support website for people coming out of ex - gay experiences. sexual orientation change efforts some ex - gay organizations, such as exodus international, recommend to their members that they undertake sexual orientation change efforts, such as conversion therapy. exodus warns against going to counselors that tells the patient that they " can definitely eliminate all attractions to your same gender, or that you can definitely acquire heteroerotic attractions. " evergreen international does not advocate any particular form of therapy, and warns that " therapy will likely not be a cure in the sense of erasing all homosexual feelings. " soce are controversial and the american psychological association reported that, " the available evidence, from both early and recent studies, suggests that although sexual orientation is unlikely to change, some individuals modified their sexual orientation identity ( i. e., individual or group membership and affiliation, self - labeling ) and other aspects of sexuality ( i. e. values and behavior ). " virtually all major mental health organizations have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public against


i. e., individual or group membership and affiliation, self - labeling ) and other aspects of sexuality ( i. e. values and behavior ). " virtually all major mental health organizations have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public against treatments that purport to change sexual orientation. the national association for research & therapy of homosexuality, an ex - gay organization, argues that mainstream health and mental health organizations have, in many cases, taken public positions on homosexuality and same - sex marriage that are based on their own social and political views rather than the available science. in 2012, the pan american health organization ( the north and south american branch of the world health organization ) released a statement cautioning against services that purport to " cure " people with non - heterosexual sexual orientations as they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well - being of affected people, and noted that the global scientific and professional consensus is that homosexuality is a normal and natural variation of human sexuality and cannot be regarded as a pathological condition. the pan american health organization further called on governments, academic institutions, professional associations and the media to expose these practices and to promote respect for diversity. the world health organization affiliate further noted that gay minors have sometimes been forced to attend these " therapies " involuntarily, being deprived of their liberty and sometimes kept in isolation for several months, and that these findings were reported by several united nations bodies. additionally, the pan american health organization recommended that such malpractices be denounced and subject to sanctions and penalties under national legislation, as they they constitute a violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are protected by international and regional agreements. controversy over teenagers a controversial aspect of the ex - gay movement has been the focus of some ex - gay organizations on gay teenagers, including occasions where teenagers have been forced to attend ex - gay camps against their will by their parents. a 2006 report by the national gay and lesbian taskforce outlined evidence that ex - gay and conversion therapy groups were at the time increasingly focusing on children. several legal researchers have responded to these events by arguing that parents who force their children into aggressive conversion therapy programs are committing child abuse under various state statutes. one case of emancipation involved lyn duff. duff was admitted to rivendell psychiatric center in west jordan, utah on december 19, 1991, at age fifteen, after being involuntarily transported there at her mother ’ s behest. duff was subjected to a regimen of


duff was admitted to rivendell psychiatric center in west jordan, utah on december 19, 1991, at age fifteen, after being involuntarily transported there at her mother ’ s behest. duff was subjected to a regimen of conversion therapy, including aversion therapy, hypnosis, psychotropic drugs, solitary confinement, therapeutic messages linking lesbian sex with " the pits of hell ", behavior modification techniques, unreasonable forms of punishment for small infractions, and " positive peer pressure " group sessions in which patients demeaned and belittled each other for both real and perceived inadequacies. on may 19, 1992, after 168 days of incarceration, duff escaped from rivendell and traveled to san francisco, where she lived on the streets and in safe houses. in 1992, duff initiated legal action against the facility and her mother. the ex - gay organization love in action was involved in a controversy surrounding a teenager. in july 2005, the new york times ran a feature story about 16 - year - old zachary stark, whose parents forced him to attend an ex - gay camp run by the group. in july 2005, stark was released from the camp. an investigation of the camp by the tennessee department of children ' s services did not uncover signs of child abuse. in september 2005, tennessee authorities discovered that unlicensed staff had been administering prescription drugs. a settlement was reached shortly thereafer. lia closed the camp in 2007. see also - environment and sexual orientation - mixed - orientation marriage - american family association v. city and county of san francisco - " just the facts about sexual orientation & youth ". american psychological association. retrieved 2011 - 04 - 02. - " bachmann silent on allegations her clinic offers gay conversion therapy ". abc news. retrieved june 13, 2011. - " what ' s your " success rate " in changing gays into straights? ". retrieved 2007 - 03 - 27. [ dead link ] - what do we mean by change [ dead link ] - throckmorton, warren ; pattison, m. l. ( june 2002 ). " initial empirical and clinical findings concerning the change process for ex - gays ". professional psychology : research and practice ( american psychological association ) 33 ( 3 ) : 242 – 248. doi : 10. 1037 / 0735 - 7028. 33. 3. 242. - " no easy victory ". christianitytoday. com. march 11, 2002. retrieved november 13, 2011


( 3 ) : 242 – 248. doi : 10. 1037 / 0735 - 7028. 33. 3. 242. - " no easy victory ". christianitytoday. com. march 11, 2002. retrieved november 13, 2011. - ex - gay or just exploited?, orange county register, june 17, 2007 - apa task force on appropriate therapeutic responses to sexual orientation. ( 2009 ). " report of the task force on appropriate therapeutic responses to sexual orientation. " washington, dc : american psychological association. accessed august 2, 2011 - levine, m., perkins, d. d., & perkins, d. v. ( 2004 ). principles of community psychology : perspectives and applications ( 3rd ed. ). new york : oxford university press. - folkman, s., & lazarus, r. s. ( 1980 ). an analysis of coping in a middle - aged community sample. journal of health and social behavior, 21, 219 – 239. - ponticelli, c. m. ( 1999 ). crafting stories of sexual identity reconstruction. social psychology quarterly, 62, 157 – 172. - wolkomir, m. ( 2001 ). emotion work, commitment, and the authentication of the self : the case of gay and ex - gay christian support groups. journal of contemporary ethnography, 30, 305 – 334. - erzen, t. ( 2006 ). straight to jesus : sexual and christian conversions in the ex - gay movement. los angeles : university of california press. - history. retrieved april 14, 2007. - " homosexuals anonymous fellowship services – home ". ha - fs. org. retrieved november 13, 2011. - kwon, lillian ( june 25, 2007 ). " exodus freedom speaker warns of ' the gay gospel ' ". christian post. - " joe dallas l genesis counseling l sexual addiction recovery ". joedallas. com. retrieved november 13, 2011. - dl foster ( ( isbn 1 - 56229 - 162 - 9 ) ). " eternal victim / eternal victor : making the case for victory ". - richard leiby ( august 29, 2004 ). " donnie mcclurkin, ready to sing out against gay ' curse ' ". the washington post. - lawton, kim ( may 6, 2005 ). " profile : donnie mcclurkin ( interview ) ". pbs religion & ethics newsweekly. - " the donnie mcclurkin story : from darkness to light ". donnie mcc


post. - lawton, kim ( may 6, 2005 ). " profile : donnie mcclurkin ( interview ) ". pbs religion & ethics newsweekly. - " the donnie mcclurkin story : from darkness to light ". donnie mcclurkin. november 23, 2004. - " news : : glbt ". edge boston. october 24, 2007. retrieved november 13, 2011. - " dr. jeffrey satinover testifies before massachusetts senate committee studying gay marriage ". april 28, 2003. retrieved august 21, 2011. - " a tribute to charles w. socarides ". retrieved august 21, 2011. - evangelical press with additional reporting by jody veenker ( october 1, 2000 ). " ex - gay leader disciplined for gay bar visit ". christianity today. retrieved 2007 - 08 - 29. - besen, wayne ( 2003 ). anything but straight : unmasking the scandals and lies behind the ex - gay myth. harrington park press. isbn 1 - 56023 - 445 - 8. - " anthony venn - brown : book ". - freedom 2 b [ e ] - " former " ex - gay " leaders in australia apologize, claim that ex - gay conversion does more harm than good ". soulforce. org. retrieved november 13, 2011. - branston, john. " fly on the wall | the fly - by ". memphis flyer. retrieved november 13, 2011. - jason says : ( march 30, 2010 ). " ex - gay leader apologises | star online ". starobserver. com. au. retrieved november 13, 2011. - " where is the repentance? ". grace rivers. october 7, 2011. retrieved november 13, 2011. - " i do exist faqs ". 2008. retrieved august 21, 2011. - " a new test of orthodoxy ". wthrockmorton. com. retrieved november 13, 2011. - exodus international policy statements, exodus international. retrieved july 4, 2007. - " how to find the right counselor for you – exodus international ". exodusinternational. org. january 11, 2010. retrieved november 13, 2011. - evergreen myths the bottom line : evergreen does not advocate any particular form of therapy. " - " therapy - evergreen international - helping latter - day saints overcome same - sex attraction ( homosexuality ) ". evergreeninternational. org. retrieved november 13, 2011. - " expert affidavit of gregory


form of therapy. " - " therapy - evergreen international - helping latter - day saints overcome same - sex attraction ( homosexuality ) ". evergreeninternational. org. retrieved november 13, 2011. - " expert affidavit of gregory m. herek, phd " ( pdf ). retrieved november 13, 2011. - royal college of psychiatrists : royal college of psychiatrists ’ position statement on sexual orientation - letter from the attorney general of the united states to the speaker of the u. s. house of representatives, re : doma, february 23, 2011, " second, while sexual orientation carries no visible badge, a growing scientific consensus accepts that sexual orientation is a characteristic that is immutable " - " " therapies " to change sexual orientation lack medical justification and threaten health ". pan american health organization. retrieved may 26, 2012. archived here. - cianciotto, j. ; cahill, s. ( 2006 ). " youth in the crosshairs : the third wave of ex - gay activism " ( pdf ). national gay and lesbian task force. retrieved 2007 - 08 - 29. - hicks, a ( 1999 ) reparative therapy : whether parental attempts to change a child ' s sexual orientation can legally constitute child abuse ; retrieved january 29, 2011 - talbot, t. reparative therapy for homosexual teens : the choice of the teen should be the only choice discussed, 27 j. juv. l. 33. 2006. - cohan, j. parental duties and the right of homosexual minors to refuse " reparative " therapy, 11 buff. women ' s l. j. 67, 2002. - mirken, bruce ( june 1994 ). " setting them straight ". san francisco : 10 percent. pp. 54 – 60. - press clipsvillage voice ( new york, ny ), october 06, 1998, 1595 words, by andy hsiao - chris holmlund & justin wyatt ( 2005 ) " contemporary american independent film : from the margins to the mainstream " page 190. psychology press. http : / / books. google. com / books? id = 9sydqh2facsc & pg = pa190 & dq = % 22lyn + duff % 22 & hl = en & ei = dip5tou4idk5hafmmvsscq & sa = x & oi = book _ result & ct = result & resnum = 8 & ved = 0cekq


22 & hl = en & ei = dip5tou4idk5hafmmvsscq & sa = x & oi = book _ result & ct = result & resnum = 8 & ved = 0cekq6aewbw # v = onepage & q = % 22lyn % 20duff % 22 & f = false - " gender identity problems ; gays angered about doctors forcing issue " the houston chronicle, august 2, 1995, wednesday, 2 star edition, houston ; pg. 3, 1310 words, carole rafferty ; knight - ridder tribune news - pela, robert l. ( november 11, 1997 ). " boys in the dollhouse, girls with toy trucks ". the advocate. pp. 55 – 59. -. the lambda update. fall 1993. p. 4. missing or empty - david b. cruz ( 1999 ) " controlling desires : sexual conversion and the limits of law " southern california law review 72 : 1297. http : / / www - bcf. usc. edu / ~ usclrev / pdf / 072502. pdf - churcher, sharon ( 1998 ) " going straight. " sunday mail ( queensland, australia ), september 6, 1998, sunday, news ; pg. 40, 1274 words - ladie terry. ( 1994 ) ' orphans ' speak out. san jose mercury news ( california ) tuesday morning final edition. december 13, 1994. editorial ; pg. 7b - family law, public policy and new federalism by steven k. wisensale. retrieved july 10, 2007. - williams, alex ( july 17, 2005 ). " gay teenager stirs a storm ". new york times. retrieved 2007 - 10 - 06. - palazzolo, rose ( june 28, 2005 ). " ex - gay camp investigation called off ". abc news. retrieved november 13, 2011. - ex - gaytruth. com, presents issues related to the ex - gay movement from a conservative christian perspective - christian perspectives on homosexuality and bisexuality at the open directory project - views opposing homosexuality and bisexuality at the open directory project - beyond ex - gay support website co - run by peterson toscano and christine bakke, for people coming out of ex - gay experiences - cure for love, a national film board of canada documentary


federal police ( germany ) | | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( january 2013 ) | | common name | | federal police | | logo of the bpol ( since 2009 ) | | formed | | july 1 2005 | | preceding agency | | bundesgrenzschutz ( bgs ) ( federal border guard ) | | legal personality | | governmental : government agency | the bundespolizei ( bpol ) is a ( primarily ) uniformed federal police force in germany. it is subordinate to the federal ministry of the interior ( bundesministerium des innern ( bmi ) ). ordinary police forces ( which are much more sizable in combined numbers ) fall under the administration of the individual german states ( bundeslander ) and are known as the landespolizei. the bundespolizei was previously known as the bundesgrenzschutz ( bgs ) ( " federal border guard " ) and had a more restricted role until july 1, 2005 when the law renaming the bgs as the bpol was enacted. prior to 1994 bpol members also had military combatant status due to their historical foundation and border guard role. the bpol has the following missions : - border security, ( grenzpolizei or grepo ) to include passport control and the provision of coast guard services along germany ' s 700 km coasts. - protection of federal buildings of constitutional organs like schloss bellevue, the residence of the german bundesprasident ; they also protect the two highest german courts, both in karlsruhe : - providing the federal government ' s mobile response force for internal security events, - providing transportation security at international airports and on the german railways - provides counter - terrorism forces ( gsg 9 ). - provides air ( or sky ) marshals. - supports international police missions for the united nations and eu in kosovo, sudan, liberia, afghanistan, gaza strip, moldova and georgia. - document adviser for airlines around the world - provides in - house security for german embassies in several countries - it is one of several civil organisations providing rescue helicopter service. the bundespolizei can also be used to reinforce state police if requested to do so by a state ( land ) government. the bpol maintains these reserve forces to deal with major demonstrations, disturbances or emergencies to supplement the capabilities of the state operational support units. several highly trained detachments are available for crisis situations requiring armored cars, water cannon or other special equipment. the bpol has investigators who conducts criminal


reserve forces to deal with major demonstrations, disturbances or emergencies to supplement the capabilities of the state operational support units. several highly trained detachments are available for crisis situations requiring armored cars, water cannon or other special equipment. the bpol has investigators who conducts criminal investigations only within its jurisdiction ; otherwise the cases are referred to the appropriate state police force or to the federal criminal investigative agency, the federal criminal police ( bundeskriminalamt, bka ). in addition, the bundespolizei cooperates closely with german state executive authorities such as the prosecutor ' s offices called staatsanwaltschaft in pursuing criminal investigations. the bundespolizei consists of around 40, 000 personnel, - 30, 000 are fully trained police officers. - 10, 000 salaried civilian ( unarmed ) support personnel, the bpol national headquarters ( bpol - prasidium ) is in potsdam performing all central control functions. eight regional headquarters ( bpol - direktion ) control the bpol stations conducting rail police and border protection missions. these areas of responsibility conform to the federal state boundaries which they did not do prior to 1 march 2008. the regional headquarters are as follows : - bad bramstedt covering schleswig - holstein and mecklenburg - vorpommern, - hanover covering bremen, hamburg and lower saxony, - sankt augustin covering northrhine - westfalia, - koblenz covering saarland, rhineland - palatinate and hesse, - stuttgart covering baden - wurttemberg, - munich covering bavaria, - pirna covering saxony, saxony - anhalt and thuringia, and - berlin covering berlin and brandenburg. these regional headquarters each have an investigation department and a mobile inspection and observation unit. moreover, they control the 67 bpol stations ( bpol - inspektion ) which in turn control the bundespolizeireviere or precincts located in places that require a 24 - hour presence by bpol officers. a special direktion is responsible for frankfurt international airport. the central school for advanced and vocational training is in lubeck and controls the five basic training schools in swisttal, neustrelitz, oerlenbach, walsrode and eschwege. it is also in charge of the federal police sport school in bad endorf and a competitive sport project in kienbaum near berlin. the sport school specialises in winter sport events and has trained many of germany ' s top skiers and skaters such as claudia pechstein. the zentrale direkti


bad endorf and a competitive sport project in kienbaum near berlin. the sport school specialises in winter sport events and has trained many of germany ' s top skiers and skaters such as claudia pechstein. the zentrale direktion bundesbereitschaftspolizei controls the mobile support and rapid reaction battalions located in bayreuth, deggendorf, blumberg ( near berlin ), hunfeld, uelzen, duderstadt, sankt augustin, bad bergzabern, bad duben and ratzeburg. the number of bereitschaftspolizei companies increased in march 2008 from 28 to 29 comprising approx. 25 percent of germany ’ s police support units. bpol special units the following special units also exist : - the bpol aviation group is directly subordinate to the bpol hq in potsdam. it controls the five aviation squadrons around the country that operate the force ' s helicopters. these are located in fuhlendorf ( north, with satellite airfield in gifhorn ), blumberg ( east ), fuldatal ( centre ), oberschleißheim ( south ) and sankt augustin ( west ). its duties include ; border surveillance, monitoring installations belonging to german rail, helping in serious accidents and disasters in germany and abroad, searching for missing persons, searching for criminals on the run, supporting the police forces of the federal states, providing transportation for persons whose security is endangered, providing transportation for guests of the federal government, supporting federal and state authorities, and providing air search and rescue services in coordination with the 12 air rescue centers throughout germany. - the bpol information and communications center is now a department of the bpol hq in potsdam. - the water police stations with 16 patrol craft and helicopters are part of the german federal coast guard and assigned to coastal bpol stations. the watercraft include six offshore patrol vessels, e. g. those of the bad bramstedt class, as well as a number of fast inshore vessels and one tugboat. in 1951 the german government established a federal border protection force ( bundesgrenzschutz or bgs ) composed of 10, 000 men under the federal interior ministry ’ s jurisdiction. the force replaced allied military organisations such as the u. s. constabulary then patrolling germany ’ s international borders. the bgs was described as a mobile, lightly armed police force for border and internal security despite fears that it would be the nucleus of a new west german army. when west


as the u. s. constabulary then patrolling germany ’ s international borders. the bgs was described as a mobile, lightly armed police force for border and internal security despite fears that it would be the nucleus of a new west german army. when west germany did raise an army, bgs personnel were given the choice of staying in the bgs or joining the army. most decided to join the army. in 1953, the bgs took control of the german passport control service. in 1976, the state police grades replaced the military rank structure and bgs training was modified to closely match that of the state police forces ( landespolizei ). the west german railway police ( bahnpolizei ), formerly an independent force, and the east german transportpolizei were restructured under the bgs in 1990. in july 2005, the bgs was renamed the bundespolizei or bpol ( federal police ) to reflect its transition to a multi - faceted federal police agency. the change also involved the shift to blue uniforms and livery for vehicles and helicopters. the german interior ministry reviewed the structure of the bpol in 2007 and in march 2008 made the structure leaner to get more officers out of offices and onto patrol. bundespolizei vehicles have number plates that are based on the bp xx - yyy system. bp stands for bundespolizei. older vehicles may still have the bgs " bg " plates. xx is a number from 10 to 55 indicating the type of vehicle : - 10 to 12 : motorcycle - 15 to 19 : car - 20 to 24 : four wheel drive car - 25 to 29 : car - 30 to 39 : medium four wheel drive vehicle - 40 to 49 : trucks and buses - 50 to 54 : armoured cars. - 55 : trailers yyy is a combination of up to three numbers. the bundespolizei have favoured, and in some cases still favour ( where the model is still in production ), the following types of car : - bmw 5 - series sedans and station wagons - volkswagen passat sedans and variant station wagons - volkswagen golf - volkswagen transporter vans aircraft inventory | eurocopter ec - 120 | | training helicopter | | ec 120 | | 6 | | replaced allouette ii in training role | | bell 212 | | rescue - / transport helicopter | | bell 212 | | 5 | | to be replaced by 5 ec - 155 in 2010 - 2012 | | eurocopter super puma | |


allouette ii in training role | | bell 212 | | rescue - / transport helicopter | | bell 212 | | 5 | | to be replaced by 5 ec - 155 in 2010 - 2012 | | eurocopter super puma | | transport helicopter | | as 332 l1 | | 20 | | last super puma to arrive in 2010 | | eurocopter ec 135 | | utility helicopter | | ec 135 | | 42 | | replaced allouette ii, bell uh - 1d in liaison and medevac role | | eurocopter ec 155 | | transport helicopter | | ec 155 b | | 15 | | 5 further ec - 155 ordered to replace remaining bell 212 | former aircraft | aerospatiale alouette ii | | training and utility helicopter | | sa 318c | | - | | last allouette left the fleet in 2007 | | aerospatiale puma | | transport helicopter | | sa 330 | | - | | last puma left the fleet in 2008, replaced by super pumas | | mbb bo 105 | | rescue helicopter | | bo 105cbs | | - | | replaced by eurocopter ec - 135t2i | canine support approximately 500 working dogs are used in the federal police at present. most of the dogs are german shepherds. other dog races are also used such as malinois, dutch shepherd, german wirehaired pointer, giant schnauzer and rottweiler. they accompany their handlers on daily missions in railway facilities, at airports, at the border or in physical security. most working dogs live with the families of their handlers. basic and advanced training is performed under the supervision of the federal police academy at the federal police canine schools in bleckede ( lower saxony ) and neuendettelsau ( bavaria ) where dogs and handlers go through patrol dog and explosive detection courses. see also - law enforcement in germany - landespolizei - german state police - volkspolizei - former east german police - osce entry on bpol http : / / polis. osce. org / countries / details. php? item _ id = 17 # country _ profile _ section _ 211 - official bpol news release on reorganisation ( in german ) - " einsatzschiffe sowie kontroll - und streifenboote " [ cruise and patrol vessels ] ( in german ). bundespolizei. retrieved 18 june


pope gregory xiii | papacy began | | 13 may 1572 | | papacy ended | | 10 april 1585 | | created cardinal | | 12 march 1565 | | birth name | | ugo boncompagni | | born | | 7 january 1502 bologna, papal states | died | | 10 april 1585 ( aged 83 ) rome, papal states gregory xiii ( latin : gregorius pp. xiii ; italian : gregorio xiii ; 7 january 1502 – 10 april 1585 ), born ugo boncompagni, was pope from 1572 to 1585. he is best known for commissioning and being the namesake for the gregorian calendar, which remains the internationally accepted civil calendar to this date. during his pontificate, gregory fostered cultural patronages associated with his papacy. he strengthened many ecclesiastical and diplomatic envoys to asia, namely the islands of japan and the philippines. he was also the first pope to bestow the immaculate conception as patroness to the philippine islands on 9 february 1579. early biography ugo boncompagni was born the son of cristoforo boncompagni ( 10 july 1470 – 1546 ) and of his wife angela marescalchi in bologna, where he studied law and graduated in 1530. he later taught jurisprudence for some years, and his students included notable figures such as cardinals alexander farnese, reginald pole and charles borromeo. he had an illegitimate son before he took holy orders. career before papacy at the age of thirty - six he was summoned to rome by pope paul iii ( 1534 – 1549 ), under whom he held successive appointments as first judge of the capital, abbreviator, and vice - chancellor of the campagna. pope paul iv ( 1555 – 1559 ) attached him as datarius to the suite of cardinal carlo carafa, pope pius iv ( 1559 – 1565 ) made him cardinal - priest of san sisto vecchio and sent him to the council of trent. he also served as a legate to philip ii of spain ( 1556 – 1598 ), being sent by the pope to investigate the cardinal of toledo. it was here that he formed a lasting and close relationship with the spanish king, which was to become very important in his foreign policy as pope. election as pope upon the death of pope pius v ( 1566 – 1572 ), the conclave chose cardinal boncompagni, who assumed the name of gregory xiii in homage to the great reforming pope,


in his foreign policy as pope. election as pope upon the death of pope pius v ( 1566 – 1572 ), the conclave chose cardinal boncompagni, who assumed the name of gregory xiii in homage to the great reforming pope, gregory i ( 590 – 604 ), surnamed the great. it was a very brief conclave, lasting less than 24 hours. many historians have attributed this to the influence and backing of the spanish king. gregory xiii ' s character seemed to be perfect for the needs of the church at the time. unlike some of his predecessors, he was to lead a faultless personal life, becoming a model for his simplicity of life. additionally, his legal brilliance and management abilities meant that he was able to respond and deal with major problems quickly and decisively, although not always successfully. | papal styles of pope gregory xiii | reference style | | his holiness | | spoken style | | your holiness | | religious style | | holy father | reform of the church once in the chair of saint peter, gregory xiii ' s rather worldly concerns became secondary and he dedicated himself to reform of the catholic church. he committed himself to putting into practice the recommendations of the council of trent. he allowed no exceptions for cardinals to the rule that bishops must take up residence in their sees, and designated a committee to update the index of forbidden books. he was the patron of a new and greatly improved edition of the corpus juris canonici. in a time of considerable centralisation of power, gregory xiii abolished the cardinals consistories, replacing them with colleges, and appointing specific tasks for these colleges to work on. he was renowned for having a fierce independence ; some confidants noted that he neither welcomed interventions nor sought advice. the power of the papacy increased under him, whereas the influence and power of the cardinals substantially decreased. formation of clergy and promotion of the arts and sciences a central part of the strategy of gregory xiii ' s reform was to apply the recommendations of trent. he was a liberal patron of the recently formed society of jesus throughout europe, for which he founded many new colleges. the roman college of the jesuits grew substantially under his patronage, and became the most important centre of learning in europe for a time, known as the university of the nations. it is now named the pontifical gregorian university. pope gregory xiii also founded numerous seminaries for training priests, beginning with the german college at rome, and put them in the charge of the jesuits. in 1575 he gave official status to the congregation of the or


now named the pontifical gregorian university. pope gregory xiii also founded numerous seminaries for training priests, beginning with the german college at rome, and put them in the charge of the jesuits. in 1575 he gave official status to the congregation of the oratory, a community of priests without vows, dedicated to prayer and preaching ( founded by saint filippo neri ). in 1580 he commissioned artists, including ignazio danti, to complete works to decorate the vatican and commissioned the gallery of maps. the gregorian calendar pope gregory xiii is best known for his reformation of the calendar, with the aid of jesuit priest / astronomer christopher clavius, who is credited as the calendar ' s chief architect. the reason for the reform was that the average length of the year in the julian calendar was too long – it treated each year as 365 days, 6 hours in length, whereas calculations showed that the actual mean length of a year is slightly less ( 365 days, 5 hours and 49 minutes ) as a result, the date of the actual vernal equinox had slowly ( over the course of 13 centuries ) slipped to 10 march, while the computus ( calculation ) of the date of easter still followed the traditional date of 21 march. this was verified by the observations of clavius, and the new calendar was instituted when gregory decreed, by the papal bull inter gravissimas of 24 february 1582, that the day after thursday, 4 october 1582 would be not friday, 5 october, but friday, 15 october 1582. the new calendar duly replaced the julian calendar, in use since 45 bc, and has since come into universal use. because of gregory ' s involvement, the reformed julian calendar came to be known as the gregorian calendar. the switchover was bitterly opposed by much of the populace, who feared it was an attempt by landlords to cheat them out of a week and a half ' s rent. however, the catholic countries of spain, portugal, poland, and italy complied. france, some states of the dutch republic and various catholic states in germany and switzerland ( both countries were religiously split ) followed suit within a year or two, and hungary followed in 1587. however, more than a century passed before protestant europe accepted the new calendar. denmark, the remaining states of the dutch republic, and the protestant states of the holy roman empire and switzerland adopted the gregorian reform in 1700 – 01. by this time, the calendar trailed the seasons by 11 days. great britain and its american colonies reformed in 1752


the remaining states of the dutch republic, and the protestant states of the holy roman empire and switzerland adopted the gregorian reform in 1700 – 01. by this time, the calendar trailed the seasons by 11 days. great britain and its american colonies reformed in 1752, where wednesday, 2 september 1752 was immediately followed by thursday, 14 september 1752 ; they were joined by the last protestant holdout, sweden, on 1 march 1753. the gregorian calendar was not accepted in eastern christendom for several hundred years, and then only as the civil calendar. the gregorian calendar was instituted in russia by the bolsheviks in 1917, romania accepted it in 1919 under king ferdinand of romania ( 1 november 1919 became 14 november 1919 ), turkey in 1923 under ataturk, and the last orthodox country to accept the calendar was greece also in 1923. while some eastern orthodox national churches have accepted the gregorian calendar dates for feast days that occur on the same date every year, the dates of all movable feasts ( such as easter ) are still calculated in the eastern orthodox churches by reference to the julian calendar. foreign policy though he expressed the conventional fears of the danger from the turks, gregory xiii ' s attentions were more consistently directed to the dangers from the protestants. he also encouraged the plans of philip ii to dethrone elizabeth i of england ( reigned from 1558 – 1603 ), thus helping to develop an atmosphere of subversion and imminent danger among english protestants, who looked on any roman catholic as a potential traitor. in 1578, to further the plans of exiled english and irish catholics such as nicholas sanders, william allen, and james fitzmaurice fitzgerald, gregory outfitted adventurer thomas stukeley with a ship and an army of 800 men to land in ireland to aid in the hope for overthrow of elizabeth ' s rule through the catholic leader and former leader of the first desmond rebellion, fitzmaurice. to his dismay, stukeley joined his forces with those of king sebastian of portugal against emperor abdul malik of morocco instead. another papal expedition sailed to ireland in 1579 with a mere 50 soldiers under the command of fitzmaurice, accompanied by sanders as papal legate. the resulting second desmond rebellion was equally unsuccessful. gregory ' s greatest success came in his patronage of colleges and seminaries which he founded on the continent for the irish and english, among others. in 1580 he was persuaded by english jesuits to moderate or suspend the bull regnans in excelsis ( 1570 ) which had excommunicated queen elizabeth i of england. catholics were


founded on the continent for the irish and english, among others. in 1580 he was persuaded by english jesuits to moderate or suspend the bull regnans in excelsis ( 1570 ) which had excommunicated queen elizabeth i of england. catholics were advised to obey the queen outwardly in all civil matters, until such time as a suitable opportunity presented itself for her overthrow. after the st. bartholomew ' s day massacres of huguenots in france in 1572, pope gregory celebrated a te deum mass. however, some hold that he was ignorant of the nature of the plot at the time, having been told the huguenots had tried to take over the government but failed. three frescoes in the sala regia palace of the vatican depicting the events were painted by giorgio vasari, and a commemorative medal was issued with gregory ' s portrait and on the obverse a chastising angel, sword in hand and the legend ugonottorum strages ( " massacre of the huguenots " ). cultural patronage he appointed his illegitimate son giacomo, born to his mistress at bologna before his papacy, castellan of sant ' angelo and gonfalonier of the church ; venice, anxious to please, enrolled him among its nobles. philip ii of spain appointed him general in his army. gregory also helped his son to become a powerful feudatary through the acquisition of the duchy of sora, on the border between the papal states and the kingdom of naples. in order to raise funds for these and similar objects, he confiscated a large proportion of the houses and properties throughout the states of the church. this measure enriched his treasury for a time, but alienated a great body of the nobility and gentry, revived old factions, and created new ones. gregory xiii died on 10 april 1585. see also notes and references - the cardinals of the holy roman church : ugo boncompagni - henry, jonathan. " chapter 3. " earth science. clearwater, fl : clearwater christian college, 2010. print. - p. j. corish, " the origins of catholic nationalism ", part 8, vol. iii, pp 15 – 18, in " the history of irish catholicism " ( dublin, 1967 ) - schaff, philip ( 1910 ). history of the christian church, volume vii. modern christianity. the german reformation. new york : charles scribner ' s sons. note 53. - ugo boncompagni had giacomo legitimated on 5 july 1548 by


| | this article needs additional citations for verification. ( july 2009 ) | | freikorps leader henlein, september 1938 | | reichsstatthalter and gauleiter of the reichsgau sudetenland | 1 may 1939 – 8 may 1945 6 may 1898 | | died | | 10 may 1945 plzen ( pilsen ), czechoslovakia | political party | | sdp ( until 1938 ) nsdap ( from 1939 ) converted to protestantism in 1926 konrad ernst eduard henlein ( 6 may 1898 – 10 may 1945 ) was a leading sudeten german politician in czechoslovakia. upon the german occupation he joined the nazi party as well as the ss and was appointed reichsstatthalter of the sudetenland in 1939. early life the son of an accounts clerk was born in maffersdorf ( present - day vratislavice nad nisou ), in what was then the bohemian crown land of austria - hungary. in light of his being a leader of the sudeten german movement, henlein ' s origin was not without problems. his mother, hedvika ( hedwig ) anna augusta dvoracek, was the daughter of a german - speaking mother but her father was of czech origin. as henlein after 1938 pursued a germanisation policy to non - german aryans, therefore he was forced to change his still - living mother ' s name from dvoracek to the more german spelling of dworatschek, which would be thus more comfortable for henlein ' s career as a high nazi official. he attended business school in gablonz ( jablonec nad nisou ). henlein entered military service as a kriegsfreiwilliger, assigned to k. u. k. tiroler kaiser - jager - regiment nr. 3. in may, 1916, he attended offiziersschule and then was assigned to k. u. k. infanterie - regiment nr. 27 ( base - graz ). he saw frontline service in the dolomites at monte forno, mont sief, and monte maletta from may, 1916 to 17 november 1917. henlein was severely wounded, then captured by italian troops, and spent the remainder of the war as a pow held in italian captivity at asinara island. there henlein spent his time studying the history of the german turner ( gymnastics ) movement of friedrich ludwig jahn. he returned home after the breakup of the