csd, preferring a separate review on forests in the same year. cuba concurred with a separate review, but suggested it take place in 2015. ” cuba supported a review in 2015 that is separate from the csd review. nigeria stressed that the goals ’ timeline is contingent on means of implementation. canada suggested achieving the goals “ no later than 2020 ” and making demonstrable progress by 2015. the us opposed “ achieving ” the goals, and supported demonstrable progress. the eu opposed specifying that unff should achieve the goals, stressing country responsibilities. brazil agreed, and noted the important role international financial institutions play in pursuing the goals. he clarified that demonstrating progress will depend on means of implementation. the eu called for measurable and time - bound targets that take into consideration language developed in other fora. the us opposed numerical “ component targets. ” australia, supported by new zealand, suggested that global goals be general, while specific national targets be developed at the discretion of countries. the us proposed the removal of any mention of targets, and stressed the importance of differentiating goals. syria and morocco noted that these are the same word in arabic. brazil favored “ objectives, ” either “ strategic ” or “ over - arching, ” with the us noting that over - arching differentiates them from other objectives. indonesia, supported by india, proposed the removal of target dates. switzerland, supported by mexico, reiterated the need to go beyond general goals, while the us reiterated that progress should be measured voluntarily at the national level. the us proposed language calling for an assessment of progress made by countries and the international community in 2015. switzerland requested goals on forest cover and quality, and on establishing the relevance of forests to sustainable development. canada requested specific mention of decreasing deforestation and increasing afforestation. the us proposed replacing a goal to “ reverse deforestation ” with “ decrease significantly forest degradation, and enhance forest health. ” switzerland, supported by argentina, insisted on quantification and stressed that the current rate of deforestation needs to be halved. syria and morocco proposed additional goals on lfccs and increased funding. on a goal to enhance forests ’ contribution to achieving international development goals, the us and india preferred “ goals contained in the millennium declaration on poverty eradication and environmental sustainability ” over “ mdgs. ” the us suggested deleting a target to reduce by half the number of forest - dependent people in extreme poverty by 2015. switzerland preferred “ improving the livelihood of forest - dependent people, measured as a reduction of the


” over “ mdgs. ” the us suggested deleting a target to reduce by half the number of forest - dependent people in extreme poverty by 2015. switzerland preferred “ improving the livelihood of forest - dependent people, measured as a reduction of the number living in extreme poverty, including through clarification of forest tenure, use, and access rights. ” on a goal to increase forests under sustainable management, the us, with argentina, preferred increasing “ significantly, ” with the exact increase defined by individual countries. the eu preferred increasing “ the area of ” forests. the us and australia, opposed by mexico and indonesia, proposed adding “ the production of forest products, including for export, from sustainably managed forests. ” the us also added “ legally - harvested forests. ” the eu, argentina and mexico favored adding “ by 2015. ” switzerland, supported by mexico, costa rica, new zealand, the eu and morocco, but opposed by brazil, india and indonesia, preferred quantifiable, measurable targets. new zealand stressed realistic targets, and the us favored national targets. mexico favored language on doubling the area of forests under sustainable management. the group debated a paragraph listing four goals, including significantly increasing new and additional financial resources, and “ significantly ” versus “ by 50 percent ” decreasing the rate of forest degradation ; eradicating poverty and increasing the area of protected and sustainably managed forests. mexico supported quantifiable targets on deforestation, protected forests, and sfm but, with switzerland, not on poverty eradication. the africa group questioned how to achieve quantified international targets. canada requested a link to the mdgs calling for reversing deforestation by 2015. co - chair gauer proposed removing all quantifiers from shared goals to be reviewed by 2015, but the eu and canada favored a call to “ achieve ” them by 2015 as per the mdgs. mexico noted a scheduled csd review in 2012 and, with switzerland, asked for clarification on national targets. indonesia noted that development needs do not end in 2015. brazil, the eu and canada urged a time - bound target of 2015 for reversal of oda decline. on a goal on protected areas and sustainably managed forests, the africa group, brazil, indonesia, argentina and peru opposed time - bound quantitative goals, proposed “ strategic global objectives, ” and supported “ significantly ” increasing protected areas. the eu, mexico, canada and switzerland insisted on quantitative and time - bound goals. the us supported quantitative targets at the national level and qu


time - bound quantitative goals, proposed “ strategic global objectives, ” and supported “ significantly ” increasing protected areas. the eu, mexico, canada and switzerland insisted on quantitative and time - bound goals. the us supported quantitative targets at the national level and qualitative “ strategic objectives ” at the global level. new zealand preferred quantitative “ 50 percent ” goals at the global level but not at the national level, and suggested “ aspiring to ” achieve goals. the eu and the africa group advocated achieving, instead of reviewing, goals by 2015, supported increasing protected but not sustainably managed forests, and increasing new and additional financial resources for “ forest related activities ” rather than “ sfm implementation. ” new zealand noted that the goal on protected and sustainably managed forests takes account of national sovereignty and diverse conditions. on a goal on poverty, cuba favored significantly “ reducing ” over “ eradicating ” it. the eu noted that global goals mandate shared action at the global and regional levels and, with switzerland, suggested referring to the mdgs rather than specifying timetables. iran opposed time - bound measurable targets, expressing pessimism on obtaining new and additional financial resources and proposed decreasing poverty “ in the context of the mdgs ” and waiting a few years before considering measurable targets. the us noted that it does not subscribe to the mdgs because they were not produced through an inter - governmental process. in the evening of the penultimate day, delegates agreed ad referendum to language on goals to significantly increase the area of protected forests and sustainably managed forests worldwide, and reverse the decline in oda for sfm. mexico, supported by switzerland, the eu, guatemala and canada, cautioned against including agreed - upon goals in a draft ministerial declaration before reaching agreement on important elements of the chair ’ s draft text. on the goal on loss of forest cover, nigeria, with the us, obtained consensus on “ reversing ” rather than “ significantly decreasing ” it. mexico called for language on rehabilitating degraded forest land. the us called for “ protection ” of forests. nigeria and indonesia called for text on “ plantation development, ” which was later modified to “ reforestation and afforestation ” by the us. the eu and canada stressed the need to refer to degraded forest lands. nigeria, with mexico, suggested listing activities related to sfm comprehensively, or not at all. delegates agreed ad referendum on the goal to “ reverse the loss of forest cover worldwide through sfm, including protection, restoration, afforestation,


nigeria, with mexico, suggested listing activities related to sfm comprehensively, or not at all. delegates agreed ad referendum on the goal to “ reverse the loss of forest cover worldwide through sfm, including protection, restoration, afforestation, and reforestation, and increased efforts to prevent forest degradation. ” the group then discussed the goal on enhancing forests ’ contribution to development goals. mexico stressed environmental sustainability as one of the mdgs. nigeria proposed significantly reducing poverty, with argentina adding “ in forest areas. ” the eu, opposed by brazil, advanced achieving “ significant reduction in the number living in extreme poverty by 2015. ” the us and brazil supported a broader goal to “ enhance forest - related economic, social and environmental benefits. ” the eu retracted its proposal for poverty reduction by 2015 but asked for reference to improving the livelihoods of forest - dependent people. the group agreed ad referendum on the goal to enhance forest contributions to the achievement of internationally agreed development goals, “ particularly with respect to poverty eradication and environmental sustainability, including improving the livelihoods of forest dependent people. ” on a paragraph on voluntary national measures, brazil stressed the importance of developing “ integrated ” policies and measures that take into account the seven thematic elements of sfm. nigeria noted that these are addressed in a separate paragraph. mexico, supported by the us, called for voluntary national measures, policies, actions “ and ” / or targets by 2007. brazil disagreed strongly with “ targets ” and supported language on “ development or indication of measures, policies and actions. ” south africa strongly objected. mexico stressed the need to report on national forestry activities and achievements since 1992, while brazil stressed reporting on future actions. brazil, supported by indonesia, canada, switzerland, mexico and the us, offered to replace “ targets ” with “ specific goals ” and delete reference to any year. delegates agreed with brazil that the goals and targets should be “ voluntary ” and “ national. ” canada and mexico favored keeping the 2007 reference. on reporting, the eu suggested a compromise consisting of deleting the 2007 reference and moving it to a new paragraph on reporting. brazil accepted this compromise but preferred 2010, noting that not all countries have the capacity to report by 2007. mexico saw no reason for the date change, noting that countries are already reporting to the fao. the eu also objected to changing the date, pointing out that all reporting would be voluntary. indonesia and nigeria opposed time - bound reporting. switzerland called for flexibility and noted that concessions in forsaking quantitative global goals were not being rec


the fao. the eu also objected to changing the date, pointing out that all reporting would be voluntary. indonesia and nigeria opposed time - bound reporting. switzerland called for flexibility and noted that concessions in forsaking quantitative global goals were not being reciprocated. he insisted on time - bound reporting, stressed the importance of establishing a mechanism for formulating and reporting on national goals, and said that without such a mechanism national financial resources would be allocated to other policy areas rather than to forests. ministerial declaration : on several occasions over the course of the second week delegates discussed the issue of the ministerial declaration in the contact group. each time the issue was raised, delegates argued that negotiating a ministerial declaration would consume valuable time that might otherwise be used to negotiate the chair ’ s draft decision. however, at 3 : 00 pm on thursday, 26 may, at the request of the bureau and the unff secretariat, a small group was convened specifically for the purpose of negotiating a ministerial declaration. the result was a four - paragraph statement recognizing that at least one billion people are wholly or partially dependent on forests for their livelihoods. it also expressed high - level commitment to ensuring that forest management contributes to the mdgs. this four - paragraph ministerial declaration was then presented to delegates in the high - level segment for their consideration and adoption. they decided, however, that the hastily negotiated draft ministerial declaration was too weak to be adopted. in lieu of a ministerial declaration, delegates agreed to append a chair ’ s summary of the high - level segment to the decision to be forwarded to ecosoc for adoption. at the outset of the closing plenary on friday 27 may, delegates were presented with two decisions, one to be adopted by the forum and one to be forwarded to ecosoc for adoption. after some discussion both decisions were approved. draft decision for adoption by ecosoc : the eu, supported by latvia, canada and mexico, proposed language to keep open the decision on whether or not to hold a seventh session, pending outcomes of the unff - 6. after brazil, supported by cuba and nigeria, opposed temporally limiting the mandate of the unff, the eu, supported by brazil and japan, proposed language that would accommodate this. the us noted the absence of a multi - stakeholder dialogue on the agenda for unff - 6 and, supported by the eu, brazil, and south africa, proposed its inclusion. cuba, supported by venezuela, objected, stating this may not allow sufficient time for negotiations. argentina argued that major groups


been made, but that much work remains to be done. noting that the international community is up against a forest crisis, rodriguez said that countries must lament that they have not responded to the challenge. luxembourg, on behalf of the eu, expressed disappointment about the lack of a final result, and said that forests have now been relegated to the fringes of international dialogue. australia expressed disappointment but noted its commitment to work regionally. ecuador, on behalf of bolivia, brazil, colombia, ecuador, guyana, peru, suriname and venezuela, noted its commitment to cooperation and said that this group of amazonian countries would bring a clear regional perspective to unff - 6. indonesia said that the last two weeks have moved the international community away from sfm and that this prevents poverty eradication. he said the indecision shown at unff - 5 reflects a lack of international commitment and hoped that this would not set a precedent. the us said that the challenge to strengthen the iaf is very complicated and not easily resolved. she likened unff to a family working through some difficult issues that maintains a high level of mutual respect, and said that this positive atmosphere is a recipe for future success. new zealand expressed disappointment at the outcome of unff - 5, and said that it would work regionally in the interim. mexico emphasized its interest in building consensus and working to strengthen multilateralism. the russian federation noted that it attaches great importance to consensus on the forest agenda and said that unff is a unique body. he also said that all must bear some responsibility for the lack of a result at unff - 5. nigeria, for the africa group, noted the chair was not to blame for the failure of the meeting but that the failure was concocted five years ago when the unff was formed and delegates decided on a review of its effectiveness in 2005. he opined that the delegates who took the most self - righteous positions were the ones with the most extreme and immovable positions and said that everyone must come halfway in order to reach agreement. he noted that the agenda would be difficult at unff - 6 but that miracles can happen. chair rodriguez suspended unff - 6 at 6 : 45 pm. negotiated outcome of unff - 5 in the end, delegates decided to continue discussing the bracketed “ draft chair ’ s text dated thursday, 26 may 2005, 8 : 00 pm ” at unff - 6. this bracketed draft chair ’ s text is appended as an annex to the decision. the following is a summary of the annex


“ draft chair ’ s text dated thursday, 26 may 2005, 8 : 00 pm ” at unff - 6. this bracketed draft chair ’ s text is appended as an annex to the decision. the following is a summary of the annex. principle functions : on the principle functions of the iaf, the draft text states that the iaf should : global goals : delegates agreed, ad referendum, to four global goals. the chapeau was not finalized, and currently reads : “ [ with a view to the achievement of [ the overall millennium development goals, ] / [ internationally agreed development goals, including those included in the millennium declaration ] ] [ further agrees [ that all possible efforts should be made ] [ [ no later than 2020 ] / [ by 2015 ] ] to achieve [ no later than 2020 ] / [ by 2015 ] the following shared global goals on forests / [. ] [ demonstrable progress for the achievement of these goals should be made by 2015. ] / [ no later than 2020 ] / [ by 2015 ] [ upon ] / [ on ] [ which ] [ and make ] demonstrable progress [ to that end ] [ should be made ] by / ]. ” the goals are : delegates also agreed, ad referendum, to contribute towards achieving these goals through voluntary national measures, taking into account national sovereignty, and to voluntarily submit periodic national reports to unff, beginning in 2007. means of implementation : the bracketed text urges countries to make concerted efforts to secure high level political commitment and support to improve the means of implementation, especially in relation to finance, in particular to support developing countries, by, inter alia : the text further calls for concerted efforts in capacity building and transfer of environmentally - sound technologies, by, inter alia : enhanced cooperation and coordination : the bracketed text calls for, inter alia : the text also calls for improving collaboration with relevant meas through the iaf. working modalities : this section still contains a lot of bracketed text. on regional meetings, the text states that meetings are to be organized every alternate year, either in conjunction or cooperation with the five un regional economic commissions, or with both the un commissions and the fao regional forestry commissions. with respect to the un economic regional commissions, the text currently states that, inter alia : sessions should be organized in cooperation with the “ un regional commissions as well as existing regional processes, including those within the cpf and others. ” with respect to both options, the text currently requests :


the text currently states that, inter alia : sessions should be organized in cooperation with the “ un regional commissions as well as existing regional processes, including those within the cpf and others. ” with respect to both options, the text currently requests : “ unff to organize, with the support of the five un regional commissions, ” “ regional meetings of the unff every two years and invites fao, through its regional forestry commissions, and relevant regional and subregional organizations and processes to actively participate in, support, and where feasible, co - host these meetings. ” the text says these meetings should, inter alia, report to global - level unff meetings and to ecosoc and be financed through the un regular budget by the reallocation of funds saved by reducing the frequency and duration of global meetings. the frequency of meetings is still undecided, with the text currently stating : “ decides that [ unff ], [ as a subsidiary body to ecosoc ], shall operate on the basis of a mypow to be adopted at its first meeting at the global level in 2007, ” “ with two year cycles for the period 2008 -, with the forum meeting [ annually / every two years at the global level ]. ” delegates also debated the year of the next review of the effectiveness of the iaf. the text currently states the next review will take place in 2015. the current draft text : legal framework : with regard to the legal framework, the draft decision recognizes that the lbi option could be considered during the 2015 iaf review. voluntary code / guidelines / understanding : the current text also calls for developing either a voluntary code, guidelines, or an international understanding on the management, conservation and sustainable development of all types of forests according to the terms of reference set out in an additional annex, summarized below. the suggested terms of reference for the voluntary code includes the purpose of the code, the process for developing the code and its possible thematic content. the current draft annex on the terms of reference says that the purpose of the code is to articulate international forest - related agreements on the management, conservation and sustainable development of all types of forests and to help achieve the goals decided upon at unff - 5. it also says that the development of the code will be folded into the mypow of the forum. themes to be included in the code include : purpose of the code ; reaffirmation of existing international agreements ; relationship with other international instruments ; cooperation ; implementation ; monitoring and reporting ; and review


be folded into the mypow of the forum. themes to be included in the code include : purpose of the code ; reaffirmation of existing international agreements ; relationship with other international instruments ; cooperation ; implementation ; monitoring and reporting ; and review. declaration and message : with regard to the ministerial declaration, the draft text states that ecosoc decides to submit a ministerial declaration to the un general assembly emphasizing the crucial contributions that forests can make to the realization of development goals, including those contained within the millennium declaration. finally, it decides that the present resolution is to supplement but not prejudice ecosoc resolution 2000 / 35. a brief analysis of unff - 5 the fifth session of the united nations forum on forests was perhaps the most anticipated regular unff session since the institution ’ s inception in 2000. in the end, however, it was also among the most disappointing. unff - 5 was expected to be a milestone event, one that was meant to open a new chapter in international forest policy. instead, unff - 5 ended up bogged down by intractable country positions and an ambitious negotiating agenda. a promising starting point of the session was a near - consensus that the status quo is unacceptable and that serious changes are needed. even the countries that had historically portrayed unff in a positive light now publicly conceded that unff is seriously lacking. this zone of agreement generated a shared commitment to strengthen the future iaf and improved the prospects of a substantive outcome that will provide a much needed overhaul. the following brief analysis of unff - 5 examines the dynamics of discussions on key proposals, assesses achievements and shortcomings, and evaluates the outcome of the session. european delegates arrived in new york ready for a showdown and negotiated forcefully, making it clear that they were ready to abandon the entire unff process if significant changes were not made to the iaf. they were determined to obtain a set of policy commitments and insisted on quantifiable and time - bound global goals and national targets. when brazil and the us mounted a “ goals non - proliferation ” campaign, talks quickly turned into a linguistic duel over the choice between “ strategic objectives ” and “ global goals. ” in the ensuing debate, europeans and canada dropped their demands for quantifiable targets, hoping to obtain firm time - bound policy commitments in return. when this major concession was not reciprocated on other key issues, open accusations of inflexibility grew loud and the meeting ground to a halt. there was a strong sense that the “ will of the


- bound policy commitments in return. when this major concession was not reciprocated on other key issues, open accusations of inflexibility grew loud and the meeting ground to a halt. there was a strong sense that the “ will of the few blocks the will of the many. ” when brazil was singled out as the main culprit and was accused of rigidity even by the us, it made symbolic gestures to show flexibility by accepting the phrase “ global goals, ” including to “ reverse ” forest loss – but remained adamant that such goals do not actually have to be “ achieved, ” only aspired to. the idea of a code was a key compromise proposal designed to bridge irreconcilable differences, help set aside the intractable lbi issue, and open space for a mutually satisfying compromise. it did little, however, to affect some country positions. early in the meeting, brazil rejected not only binding instruments but also a voluntary code. the us accepted the code only in the shape of a general political “ statement of commitment. ” on the other side of the fence, canada and the european union pushed for establishing a process to elaborate a meaningful detailed code of practice. ultimately, the two sides remained far apart and this became one of the breaking points in the session. financial resources remained center stage. many delegations insisted on new financial resources and made all key proposals for strengthening the iaf contingent on guarantees for means of implementation. none of the donor countries, however, accepted a proposal to create a global forest fund ; instead they sought to distribute some of the responsibility to international organizations and institutions and the private sector. many tried to reverse the terms of the debate, stressed that firm policy commitments are a precondition for financial assistance, and hid behind the frequently repeated motto “ no goals, no money ”. however, few developing countries seemed to take this as a credible promise for new money in exchange for policy commitments. process : the way we were some participants ascribed unff - 5 ’ s limited results to organizational and procedural limitations, raising a number of questions : why did results from ad hoc expert groups on key issues ( finance, review of the iaf, and parameters of a mandate for an lbi ) or from intersessional country - led initiatives, such as in guadalajara and costa rica, receive no mention in the draft texts produced for negotiation? this disjuncture between intersessionals and negotiating sessions has been a problem in other un fora, making some wonder whether they are worth the time


as in guadalajara and costa rica, receive no mention in the draft texts produced for negotiation? this disjuncture between intersessionals and negotiating sessions has been a problem in other un fora, making some wonder whether they are worth the time and money needed if they cannot effectively feed into outcomes. why were negotiations suddenly halted after delegates had reached ad referendum agreements on goals, which many had thought would be key sticking points? many delegates lamented that this meant that valuable negotiating time at the end went completely to waste. conversely, one delegate noted that the fact that the draft text was still a jungle of brackets in some key areas called for a sober assessment of the chances of completion and a timely halt to the process to allow for a fall - back conclusion to be negotiated. some delegates speculated that the timing of the ministerial high - level segment, intended as a “ deadline ” for negotiators, made it a distraction for delegates who would rather have been concentrating on the negotiations. these questions address a common complaint of inefficiency in the international policy - making process. inefficiency is exacerbated if some delegates cannot participate due to lack of interpretation, translation of documents and chairs at the table, not to mention noisy spaces and lack of microphones. yet such was the situation during the most intense negotiations. it would be interesting to see how long some countries would put up with some of these conditions if all the negotiations and draft texts were solely accessible in another un language, such as french or chinese. where does responsibility for inefficiency ultimately lie? some say stronger leadership might have pushed delegates into completing negotiations. others wonder whether the move to bring the negotiations to an early halt was really the result of time limitations or whether it simply reflects the recognition that the continuing wide gulf between the positions ( and interests ) of states participating in the formulation of global forest policy was impossible to overcome. the question of civil society engagement within unff has been contentious from the outset and may have also contributed to the inability of the unff to agree on an outcome. the mandate ascribed to unff was substantial enough to engage civil society beyond the ipf and iff processes, which they had been ready to abandon, and generated hopes that this would be an action - oriented body that would address priority issues such as monitoring and reporting, underlying causes of deforestation and forest degradation, and indigenous peoples ’ rights. civil society voices were channeled into nine major groups, as defined in agenda 21. while some groups won greater attention under this arrangement than


priority issues such as monitoring and reporting, underlying causes of deforestation and forest degradation, and indigenous peoples ’ rights. civil society voices were channeled into nine major groups, as defined in agenda 21. while some groups won greater attention under this arrangement than they would receive outside the process, ngos and indigenous peoples lost out, as their voice was diluted among other major groups such as “ business and industry ”. this was reflected in the varying degree of willingness among the major groups to take part in the multi - stakeholder dialogue. at unff - 5 their resentment appeared to turn into outright hostility, reflected in incendiary newsletters that were circulated and in statements expressing their readiness to walk away from the iaf. part of this dissatisfaction with the unff process has been linked to the greater access ngos and indigenous groups have been able to achieve through other intergovernmental fora, such as the convention on biological diversity ’ s working group on article 8 ( j ), where they are regarded as participants not observers. as unff is under the aegis of ecosoc, many countries have been reluctant to allow full participation of civil society groups, which may be seen as precedent - setting, and this played out through objections made to their participation during unff - 5 and beyond. however, many governments recognize the importance of these groups in keeping forests on the international agenda, and will continue to support their involvement. searching for a silver lining before the gloom settles, several positive developments might be discerned on the horizon. the fact that countries were able to reach a tentative compromise on goals, including “ reversing ” loss of forest cover, was a step forward on what many predicted would be a major sticking point. hopefully this compromise will hold when negotiations reconvene. there was other movement as well. new proposals on structure and means of implementation resulted from a thoughtful process by numerous delegates who are invested in the future of global forest policy. discussions on financial assistance were far less acrimonious than they have been in the past, as various donor countries alluded to different forms of increased funding, perhaps as a “ carrot ” intended to pull supporters toward their various positions. this appeared to be one reason why the g - 77 position did not remain solid. finally, a decision to keep talking rather than “ call the whole thing off ” is a signal that delegates are not yet ready to admit full defeat. unff, therefore, cannot be cast as a total failure. outcome and prospects for the future unff - 5 did not


keep talking rather than “ call the whole thing off ” is a signal that delegates are not yet ready to admit full defeat. unff, therefore, cannot be cast as a total failure. outcome and prospects for the future unff - 5 did not produce a new international arrangement on forests, nor did it strengthen the current one. one source of frustration with unff has been that previous sessions only produced a steady flow of political statements reiterating earlier statements. this session did not even produce a statement. this underscores the intractability of the global debate on forests, and raises the question of what makes agreements on forests more difficult than those on other environmental issues? many delegates had hoped to strengthen the international arrangement on forests through substantive policy mechanisms. at the very least, these countries wanted to send a message to the international community that forests are important. in the end, unff - 5 did produce a message, but not the one intended : it signaled to the world that international discussions on forests remain discussions, not particularly productive ones, and that the collective desire to turn dialogue into action remains just that – a desire. the sole achievement of unff - 5 was a tentative ad referendum agreement on national targets and global goals, including the goal of “ reversing ” the loss of forest cover. it is important to note, however, that this accomplishment was diminished by several serious limitations : conditionally agreed national commitments are voluntary and global goals are not quantified or mandatory, and none of them actually have to be “ achieved. ” even reporting requirements were weak, with a starting date instead of a deadline. these tentative agreements do not provide a basis for a strong international instrument. if they are eventually adopted, the resulting iaf may not be particularly consequential. since the current round of un discussions on forestry began in 1990, every round of talks has invariably resulted in an agreement to keep talking. unff - 5 upheld this tradition by merely pushing discussions into the future. it is questionable, however, whether outstanding issues can be resolved by simply postponing their discussion. furthermore, one might argue that now even the agreement to keep talking may be in question. disappointed with a process that delegates variously described as a “ quagmire ” and “ shambles, ” some publicly threatened to abandon unff. on their way out, some hinted that future efforts may be made outside of the unff institutional framework. if this happens, it might make unff ’ s troubles even more difficult to overcome. global forest and paper summit


threatened to abandon unff. on their way out, some hinted that future efforts may be made outside of the unff institutional framework. if this happens, it might make unff ’ s troubles even more difficult to overcome. global forest and paper summit 2005 : this meeting will take place from 1 - 3 june 2005, in vancouver, canada. this summit is intended to bring together senior executives from forest and paper companies with government policy makers to discuss key issues and challenges facing the sector globally over the next decade. as part of this event, the 18th annual pricewaterhousecoopers global forest and paper industry conference will take place on 1 june. it will be followed by “ vision 2015 : the global forest and paper industry ’ s coming decade ” on 2 - 3 june. for more information, contact : forest products association of canada ; tel : + 1 - 604 - 775 - 7300 ; fax : + 1 - 604 - 666 - 8123 ; e - mail : email @ example. com ; internet : http : / / www. globalforestpapersummit. com preparatory conference for the europe and north asia forest law enforcement and governance ministerial meeting : this meeting is scheduled for 6 - 8 june 2005, in moscow, russian federation, and will prepare for the initiation of a forest law enforcement and governance process for europe and north asia. for more information, contact : nalin kishor ; tel : + 1 - 202 - 473 - 8672 ; fax : + 1 - 202 - 522 - 1142 ; e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org ; internet : http : / / lnweb18. worldbank. org / essd / ardext. nsf / 14bydocname / forestgovernanceprogram ittc - 38 : the 38th session of the ittc and associated sessions of the committees will convene from 18 - 22 june 2005, in brazzaville, republic of congo. for more information, contact : manoel sobral filho, itto executive director ; tel : + 81 - 45 - 223 - 1110 ; fax : un conference for the negotiation of a successor agreement to itta, 1994, third part : delegates will continue negotiations on a successor agreement to the itta, 1994 from 27 june to 1 july 2005, in geneva. for more information, contact : unctad secretariat ; tel : + 41 - 22 - 917 - 5809 ; fax : + 41


on a successor agreement to the itta, 1994 from 27 june to 1 july 2005, in geneva. for more information, contact : unctad secretariat ; tel : + 41 - 22 - 917 - 5809 ; fax : + 41 - 22 - 917 - 0056 ; e - mail : email @ example. com ; internet : http : / / www. unctad. org / templates / meeting. asp? intitemid = 3323 & lang = 1 third meeting of the cbd ahteg on review of implementation of the programme of work on forest biological diversity : the convention on biological diversity ’ s ad hoc technical expert group on the review of implementation of the programme of work on forest biodiversity will take place from 25 - 29 july 2005, in bonn, germany. for more information, contact : cbd secretariat ; tel : + 1 - 514 - 288 - 2220 ; fax : + 1 - 514 - 288 - 6588 ; e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org ; internet : http : / / www. biodiv. org / doc / meeting. aspx? mtg = tegfor - 03 xxii iufro world congress : this congress of the international union of forest research organizations ( iufro ) will be take place from 8 - 13 august 2005, in brisbane, australia, and will focus on “ forests in the balance : linking tradition and technology. ” for more information, contact : international union of forest research organization ; tel : + 61 07 3854 1611 ; fax : + 61 07 3854 1507 ; e - mail : interactive forest & nature policy in practice – managing multi - stakeholder learning in sector - wide approaches and national forest programmes : this course will be held from 12 september - 1 october 2005, in wageningen, the netherlands. this course aims to provide participants with insights, knowledge and skills for designing and managing interactive policy development and implementation processes in forest and nature management. for more information, contact : international agricultural centre ( iac ) ; tel : + 31 - 317 - 495 - 495 ; fax : + 31 - 317 - 495 - 395 ; e - mail : training. iac @ wur. nl ; internet : http : / / www. iac. wur. nl / iac / courses / module. cfm? code = 34 / 00 / 2005 eighth world wilderness congress : this meeting will take place from 30 september to 6 october


; internet : http : / / www. iac. wur. nl / iac / courses / module. cfm? code = 34 / 00 / 2005 eighth world wilderness congress : this meeting will take place from 30 september to 6 october 2005, in anchorage, alaska, us. the theme of the 8th wwc is wilderness, wildlands and people – a partnership for the planet. for more information, contact : the wild foundation secretariat ; tel : + 1 - 805 - 640 - 0390 ; fax : + 1 - 805 - 640 - 0230 ; e - mail : email @ example. com ; internet : http : / / www. 8wwc. org / itto international conference on tropical plywood : this conference will take place from 26 - 28 september 2005, in beijing, china. as part of its ongoing work to “ study and promote policies and other measures to increase the competitiveness of the tropical timber industry, ” itto will convene an international conference on tropical plywood, pursuant to the recommendations from the 36th and 37th ittc sessions. for more information, contact : paul vantomme, itto secretariat ; tel : + 81 - 45 - 223 - 1110 ; fax : + 81 - 45 - 223 - 1111 ; e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org ; internet : http : / / www. itto. or. jp / live / pagedisplayhandler? pageid = 223 & id = 957 seventh conference of the parties to the ccd : the seventh conference of the parties to the convention to combat desertification will take place from 17 - 28 october 2005, in nairobi, kenya. for more information, contact : unccd secretariat ; tel : + 49 - 228 - 815 - 2802 ; fax : + 49 - 228 - 815 - 2898 ; e - mail : email @ example. com ; internet : http : / / www. unccd. int europe and north asia forest law enforcement and governance ministerial meeting : this meeting will take place in november or december 2005 in st. petersburg, russian federation. the exact dates and location of the meeting have yet to be determined. for more information, contact : nalin kishor ; tel : + 1 - 202 - 473 - 8672 ; fax : + 1 - 202 - 522 - 1142 ; e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org ; internet : http : / / l


; tel : + 1 - 202 - 473 - 8672 ; fax : + 1 - 202 - 522 - 1142 ; e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org ; internet : http : / / lnweb18. worldbank. org / essd / ardext. nsf / 14bydocname / forestgovernanceprogram 39th session of the international tropical timber council : ittc - 39 and associated sessions of the committees will convene in yokohama, japan, from 7 - 12 november 2005. for more information, contact : manoel sobral filho, executive director, itto ; tel : + 81 - 45 - 223 - 1110 ; fax : + 81 - 45 - 223 - 1111 ; e - mail : email @ example. com ; internet : http : / / www. itto. or. jp unff - 6 : the sixth session of the united nations forum on forests will be held from 13 - 24 february 2006, at un headquarters in new york. for more information, contact : elisabeth barsk - rundquist, unff secretariat ; tel : + 1 - 212 - 963 - 3262 ; fax : + 1 - 917 - 367 - 3186 ; e - mail : firstname. lastname @ example. org ; internet : http : / / www. un. org / esa / forests


“ every year in our country, the legal and social equality of all races continues to come closer to our ideal, ” said james m. cornelius, curator of the lincoln collection at the presidential library and museum. “ the great break with the past, the seminal event, the leap forward, began with lincoln ' s pen in september 1862. people at the time - black or white, american or european, north or south - knew this, and their experience tells us to celebrate this document and its anniversary. ” the emancipation proclamation is one of the officially printed commemorative copies that lincoln signed in full, along with secretary of state william seward and lincoln ’ s private secretary, john g. nicolay. the president signed the original emancipation proclamation in private with only a few witnesses at his side – no “ photo opportunity ” as we like to say today. it is fortunate that the commemorative printing was ordered, because lincoln ’ s original manuscript was lost in the chicago fire of 1871. the proclamation measures approximately 27 by 20 inches. it was most recently displayed during a five - day special viewing around his birthday in 2012, and during the 2009 lincoln bicentennial. next to it will be two artifacts never before displayed. one, created in the 1870s, is a bronze statue of lincoln breaking the shackles of a slave. the sculptor was probably a frenchman, leon falconnier. it was inspired by a giant washington, d. c., statue by thomas ball for which frederick douglass gave the dedication speech in 1876. in that speech douglass declared lincoln “ the white man ’ s president, ” though he had earlier deemed him “ the black man ' s president. ” falconnier may have wanted to capitalize on ball ' s work, which, though less popular today, was commissioned and paid for by freedmen and helped solidify the image of lincoln as the liberator of a race. lincoln in fact had urged freedmen to show their gratitude to god and not to him, since freedom is a human right. visitors will be asked to give their thoughts about the sculpture as part of an “ interactive experience ” about this trio of historic objects. the other item on view for the first time will be an 1864 notice of a slave sale in louisville, kentucky. this sale, held nearly two years after the emancipation proclamation was issued, shows that the proclamation did not apply to the border states during the civil war, thus keeping these slave - holding states in the union. the next year, congress voted to change the u. s. constitution with the 13th amendment,


note : this message is displayed if ( 1 ) your browser is not standards - compliant or ( 2 ) you have you disabled css. read our policies for more information. the document includes 11 plates which are also available for download. plates 2 - 9 are in shapefile,. jpg, and. pdf format. plate 1 is available in. jpg and. pdf format only. the shape can be assembled using arcexplorer which can be downloaded from esri ' s website. | plate number | | adobe acrobat pdf format | |. jpg image file | | shape compressed using pk zip | | plate 1 - bedrock geology | | 1. 5mb | | 796kb | | na | | plate 2 - quaternary geologic map of the west fork white river basin | | 2. 8mb | | 376kb | | 688kb | | plate 3a - bedrock surface topography of the west fork of the white river basin ( north map ) | | 1. 8mb | | 591kb | | 1020kb | | plate 3b - bedrock surface topography of the west fork of the white river basin ( central map ) | | 3mb | | 782kb | | 2. 8mb | | plate 3c - bedrock surface topography of the west fork of the white river basin ( south map ) | | 2. 3mb | | 565kb | | 2. 1mb | | plate 4 - generalized potentiometric surface map for selected counties | | 1. 1mb | | 550kb | | 815kb | | plate 5 - bedrock and unconsolidated aquifer systems | | 2. 2mb | | 468kb | | 1. 2mb | | plate 6 - thickness of unconsolidated deposits of portions of the west fork of the white river basin | | 1. 5mb | | 652kb | | 1. 2mb | | plate 7 - thickness of silurian and devonian carbonate aquifer system in the crop area | | 1mb | | 521kb | | 963kb | | plate 8 - regional estimates of transmissivity for bedrock and unconsolidated aquifer systems | | 1. 1mb | | 336kb | | 1. 3mb | | plate 9 - locations of ground - water chemistry analysis | | 550kb | | 260kb | |


history | society, culture, and politics in antebellum america a384 | 2830 | gamber above section open to undergraduates only this course examines major developments in the united states roughly from 1815 to 1860. its primary focus is the widespread economic, social, cultural, and political impact of the market revolution ( the rise of commercial agriculture, the growth of cities, the beginnings of industrialization, and the ascendance of “ market values ” ). specific topics include the expansion and persistence of slavery, the rise and decline of the " second party system " and the meaning of " jacksonian democracy, " the rise of evangelical christianity and the proliferation of antebellum reform movements, and the coming of the civil war. this course stresses the interconnections between economic, social, cultural, and political developments. students will be required to attend class regularly, to participate actively, and to complete assigned readings. in addition, they will have short quizzes on assigned readings, two short ( 4 - 6 - page ) papers, a midterm, and a final. all written assignments will be in essay format ; all will emphasize interpretation and analysis rather than memorization of facts and events. john f. marszalek, " the petticoat affair : manners, mutiny, and sex in andrew jackson ’ s white house " louis p. masur, 1831 : " year of eclipse " paul johnson and sean wilentz, " the kingdom of matthias " t. s. arthur, " ten nights in a bar - room " harriet beecher stowe, " uncle tom ’ s cabin "


- digital pills make their way to market ( nature, july 30, 2012 ) : digestible microchips embedded in drugs may soon tell doctors whether a patient is taking their medications as prescribed. these sensors are the first ingestible devices approved by the us food and drug administration ( fda ). to some, they signify the beginning of an era in digital medicine. “ about half of all people don ’ t take medications like they ’ re supposed to, ” says eric topol, director of the scripps translational science institute in la jolla, california. “ this device could be a solution to that problem, so that doctors can know when to rev up a patient ’ s medication adherence. ” topol is not affiliated with the company that manufactures the device, proteus digital health in redwood city, california, but he embraces the sensor ’ s futuristic appeal, saying, “ it ’ s like big brother watching you take your medicine. ” the sand - particle sized sensor consists of a minute silicon chip containing trace amounts of magnesium and copper. when swallowed, it generates a slight voltage in response to digestive juices, which conveys a signal to the surface of a person ’ s skin where a patch then relays the information to a mobile phone belonging to a healthcare - provider. currently, the fda, and the analogous regulatory agency in europe have only approved the device based on studies showing its safety and efficacy when implanted in placebo pills. but proteus hopes to have the device approved within other drugs in the near future. medicines that must be taken for years, such as those for drug resistant tuberculosis, diabetes, and for the elderly with chronic diseases, are top candidates, says george savage, co - founder and chief medical officer at the company. “ the point is not for doctors to castigate people, but to understand how people are responding to their treatments, ” savage says. “ this way doctors can prescribe a different dose or a different medicine if they learn that it ’ s not being taken appropriately. ” proponents of digital medical devices predict that they will provide alternatives to doctor visits, blood tests, mris and cat scans. other gadgets in the pipeline include implantable devices that wirelessly inject drugs at pre - specified times, and sensors that deliver a person ’ s electrocardiogram to their smartphone. in his book published in january, the creative destruction of medicine, topol says that the 2010s will be known as the era of digital medical devices. “ there are so many of


robert falcon scott scott, robert falcon, 1868 – 1912, british naval officer and antarctic explorer. he commanded two noted expeditions to antarctica. the first expedition ( 1901 – 4 ), in the discovery, organized jointly by the royal geographical society and the royal society and well equipped for scientific research, was concerned with exploration of the region around the ross sea. scott ' s achievements included sounding the sea, discovering king edward vii land ( now known as edward vii peninsula ), surveying the coast of victoria land, and making a long, important exploring trip on the antarctic continent itself ; he reached a new " farthest south " of 82°17−. on his return to england, scott was promoted to captain in the navy and wrote an account of his expedition, the voyage of the " discovery " ( 1905 ). in 1910 he again set forth for antarctica, this time in search of the south pole. his terra nova reached its base on the ross sea in 1911, and in november he started southward on foot toward the pole. scott and his four companions pulled their heavy sledges by hand across the high polar plateau, proceeding in subzero weather the entire way. when they reached the south pole on jan. 18, 1912, they found that roald amundsen, the norwegian explorer, had preceded them by about one month. on their retreat the heroic party was beset by illness, lack of food, frostbite, blizzards, and autumn temperatures 10 to 20 degrees lower than antarctica ' s bone - chilling average. all five members died, the last three overwhelmed by a blizzard when only a few miles from their depot. their bodies were later recovered, together with scott ' s diaries, the records, and the valuable scientific collections. scott ' s journey has been considered by many one of the epic events of british exploration, but many modern biographers and scholars have accused him of a fatal inexperience in polar travel and a general incompetence that doomed him and his men. scott ' s diaries and the scientific findings of the expedition are contained in scott ' s last expedition ( 2 vol., 1913 ). see a. cherry - garrard, the worst journey in the world ( 1994 ) ; d. preston, a first rate tragedy ( 1998 ) ; t. h. baughman, pilgrims on the ice ( 1999 ) ; r. huntford, the last place on earth ( 1999 ) ; s. solomon, the coldest march ( 2001 ) ; r. fiennes, race to the pole


farming and plant protection are segments of agriculture and forestry an independent area. agriculture involves all issues related to the production of food for humans and animals. farming is the segment of agriculture that cultivates and farms fields to produce renewable raw materials. in addition to the targeted cultivation of crops, farming also involves maintenance and plant protection. farming requires taking into account a wide variety of factors, such as managing fields with some degree of crop rotation. that means no field is cultivated with the same crop two years in a row. as a result, a variety of minerals are used, giving the soil time to regenerate. plant protection is necessary in the farming industry in order to keep crops from withering and to protect them from pests and vermin. shortly after the harvest, the soil is prepared for the next season. farming, including plant protection, is often mentioned in the same breath as forestry, although this is inaccurate since forestry is an independent field. the term " plant protection " was used within the farming industry as early as 1890. plant protection is described as all measures aimed at preventing the damage and diminishment of agricultural crop output. the german requirements relating to plant protection for the farming industry are outlined in the plant protection law. plant protection may be carried out only by those with the proper training and those who adhere to the basic principles of integrated plant protection and protection of the ground water. plant protection is one of the core elements of farming because it ensures a high - quality yield and healthy human nutrition. a special form of plant protection entails measures to combat birds that cause crop damage. species that pose a threat to farming include blackbirds and starlings. this type of plant protection utilizes optical or acoustic measures to drive the birds off. the farming industry receives assistance with plant protection issues through special information sources and also via financial help. without plant protection, the farming industry would be less productive. demarcation line between forestry and farming both forestry and farming involve the cultivation of renewable raw materials. the difference is that forestry is not focused on the financial aspect. instead, the primary aim is the preservation and protection of the forests. trees are thinned out when they are too close to other trees, when they die or if room for new plants must be made. although forestry certainly has one eye on profits, the well - being of the forest is always the main objective. the importance of forestry and wood products is universally underestimated. thanks to the forestry industry, we enjoy wood furniture, books and firewood. forestry is a vital part


on profits, the well - being of the forest is always the main objective. the importance of forestry and wood products is universally underestimated. thanks to the forestry industry, we enjoy wood furniture, books and firewood. forestry is a vital part of our lives, even if we don ' t actively participate. forestry involves methodical work to keep forests alive. in germany, there are three different forms of ownership : government, community and private. despite the different forms, they all have to be managed with the principles of forestry in mind. each german bundesland ( state ) has enacted a state forestry law. the chief foresters are responsible for monitoring the implementation of the law. with the most forest acreage in germany, bavaria boasts the country ' s largest forestry operations. the farming and plant protection industries contribute to a high quality of life and low product prices by maintaining the highest possible crop yield per field. while forestry places a high value on sustainability like farming and plant protection, the primary aim is still ensuring the health of the forests. this special field deals with the primary production of human and animal foodstuffs as well as renewable raw materials. also addressed are issues related to habitats for flora and fauna, recreation or landscape and common use. among other subjects, reports are available on topics such as crop and plant management, ecological farming, horticulture, viticulture, forest management and agriculture. texas a & m university - agricultural communications09. 02. 2004 | read more university of arizona02. 02. 2004 | read more american society of agronomy28. 01. 2004 | read more azti fundazioa26. 01. 2004 | read more nasa / goddard space flight center - - eos project science office21. 01. 2004 | read more virginia tech09. 01. 2004 | read more john wiley & sons09. 01. 2004 | read more university of illinois at urbana - champaign17. 12. 2003 | read more john wiley & sons, ltd15. 12. 2003 | read more a fried breakfast food popular in spain provided the inspiration for the development of doughnut - shaped droplets that may provide scientists with a new approach for studying fundamental issues in physics, mathematics and materials. the doughnut - shaped droplets, a shape known as toroidal, are formed from two dissimilar liquids using a simple rotating stage and an injection needle. about a millimeter in overall size, the droplets are produced individually, their shapes maintained by a surrounding springy material made of polymers.


as toroidal, are formed from two dissimilar liquids using a simple rotating stage and an injection needle. about a millimeter in overall size, the droplets are produced individually, their shapes maintained by a surrounding springy material made of polymers. droplets in this toroidal shape made... frauhofer fep will present a novel roll - to - roll manufacturing process for high - barriers and functional films for flexible displays at the sid displayweek 2013 in vancouver – the international showcase for the display industry. displays that are flexible and paper thin at the same time?! what might still seem like science fiction will be a major topic at the sid display week 2013 that currently takes place in vancouver in canada. high manufacturing cost and a short lifetime are still a major obstacle on... university of wurzburg physicists have succeeded in creating a new type of laser. its operation principle is completely different from conventional devices, which opens up the possibility of a significantly reduced energy input requirement. the researchers report their work in the current issue of nature. it also emits light the waves of which are in phase with one another : the polariton laser, developed... innsbruck physicists led by rainer blatt and peter zoller experimentally gained a deep insight into the nature of quantum mechanical phase transitions. they are the first scientists that simulated the competition between two rival dynamical processes at a novel type of transition between two quantum mechanical orders. they have published the results of their work in the journal nature physics. “ when water boils, its molecules are released as vapor. we call this... researchers have shown that, by using global positioning systems ( gps ) to measure ground deformation caused by a large underwater earthquake, they can provide accurate warning of the resulting tsunami in just a few minutes after the earthquake onset. for the devastating japan 2011 event, the team reveals that the analysis of the gps data and issue of a detailed tsunami alert would have taken no more than three minutes. the results are published on 17 may in natural hazards and earth system sciences, an open access journal of... 22. 05. 2013 | ecology, the environment and conservation 22. 05. 2013 | earth sciences 22. 05. 2013 | life sciences 17. 05. 2013 | event news 15. 05. 2013 | event news 08. 05. 2013 | event news


march 5, 2013 london ( ap ) - - despite six decades of free medical care and widespread health campaigns, britons are among the unhealthiest people in western europe, a new study says. international researchers analyzed the country ' s rates of sickness and death from 1990 to 2010 in comparison to those of 15 other western european countries in addition to australia, canada and the u. s. experts described the u. k. results as " startling " and said britain was failing to address underlying health risks in its population, including rising rates of high blood pressure, obesity and drug and alcohol abuse. " it ' s incredibly surprising, " said dr. christopher murray, who studies health metrics at the university of washington in seattle and is the lead author of the latest report. " we all think of the u. k. as having a great health system and as one of the most sophisticated medical research communities in the world, " he wrote in an email. " nobody would have really expected that the u. k. would be toward the bottom. " overall, the u. k. was 12th for healthy life expectancy, with most britons expected to live 68. 6 years in good health. the united states came in 17th out of 19 countries with 67. 9 years. spain topped the charts with a healthy life expectancy of 70. 9, while finland came last, with most finns likely to live 67. 3 years in good health. australia ranked third with 70. 1 years, while canada was fifth with 69. 6 years. in terms of years of life lost to health conditions, britain ranked just above last place for serious respiratory infections, preterm birth complications, and breast cancer. in comparison, italy had the lowest death rates from respiratory infections while norway was best at handling birth complications. sweden had the lowest death rates for breast cancer. murray and colleagues said there was virtually no change in the rate of premature deaths among british adults aged 20 to 54 but found a spike in deaths caused by drug and alcohol abuse for that age group. cirrhosis, or liver disease often linked to alcohol consumption, has jumped by more than 65 percent in britain in the last two decades, prompting a recent government proposal to crack down on cheap drinks by setting minimum prices. as in most western nations, heart disease, stroke and cancer were the leading killers and in the u. k. there were higher death rates from those compared to other developed countries studied. the research was paid for by the bill & melinda gates foundation and was published online tuesday


what is it? acne is a common skin condition. it is caused by inflammation of the hair follicles and oil - producing ( sebaceous ) glands of the skin. hair follicles are the tiny structures that grow hair in the scalp. sebaceous glands produce sebum. sebum moisturizes hair and skin. each hair pushes up through the skin surface along with sebum. acne often begins during puberty. it occurs when sebaceous glands in the skin are over - stimulated to produce sebum and skin cells are not shed normally. these sticky cells block the skin ' s hair follicles, trapping the sebum. the blocked, oil - filled follicle then causes the bacteria normally in the hair follicles to multiply. this leads to inflammation, redness and pimples ( pustules ). in adolescents, acne flare - ups probably are related to a natural increase in androgen hormones during the teen years. these androgens stimulate the sebaceous glands to produce excess sebum. hereditary factors also contribute to the problem. other factors that can lead to acne include : acne is not related to diet or poor hygiene. in fact, too much washing can cause an acne flare - up to get worse. acne can cause : in girls and women, acne often flares up at certain points in the menstrual cycle. your doctor usually can diagnose acne based on a simple physical examination. he or she will look for acne comedones, pustules, nodules and cysts on your face, chest, back, upper arms and shoulders. your doctor will ask questions about your medical history to try to identify contributing factors. you will be asked about your : acne flare - ups may occur at any time after puberty. they are more common during the teen years. acne cannot be prevented. acne develops in most people. it is a normal part of maturing. however, some people are more prone to developing acne. acne can be treated with : if these topical treatments fail, acne is treated next with oral antibiotics. however, these medications can have side effects. they are available only by prescription. some oral antibiotics can cause birth defects. women on these antibiotics who are sexually active must use contraception. they need to make absolutely sure they do not become pregnant either during treatment or for one month after treatment. when to call


eucratides, name of two greco - bactrian kings. 1. eucratides i ( r. 170 - 145 b. c. e. ), one of the last and most powerful of the greco - bactrian kings. after taking bactria ( q. v. ) from the euthydemid demetrius ii ( q. v. ), he subjugated the indo - greek kingdoms south of the hindu kush and seized northwest india as far as the jhelum from his rival, menander ( q. v. ). upon his return from one of his indian campaigns, eucratides was ignominiously assassinated by his own son ( heliocles i? ). after his death, the greco - bactrian empire began to collapse. already robbed of its western marches by mithridates i of parthia, bactria lost its northern territories and its eastern frontier to nomad invaders who eventually eliminated greek power from central asia and india. the grandeur of eucratides ’ reign and the power of his state is shown by the abundance of his coinage from a great number of mints, by its presence in an area stretching to the middle east and the black sea, by his minting of the largest gold coin of ancient times ( the 20 stater coin in the cabinet des medailles in paris ), and by his invention of new monetary types ( the triumphant dioskuoroi caracoling on horseback, their caps studded with stars ). he founded the city of eucratideia in bactria ( of uncertain location ) and probably ordered the last phase of embellishment at the palace of ay kanom ( q. v. ), on the banks of the amu darya ( q. v. ; oxus ). items of indian origin discovered in the treasury of this palace bear witness to his indian campaigns. until the beginning of the christian era, imitations of his coinage were produced north of amu darya by the nomad princes who succeeded the greeks ( zeimal ’, pp. 93 - 109 ). 2. eucratides ii, another greco - bactrian king, ( r. 145 - 140 b. c. e. ) is known only through his coinage. bibliography ( for cited works not given in detail, see “ short references ” ) : p. bernard, fouilles d ’ ai khanoum iv. les monnaies hors tresors. questions d ’ histoire


only through his coinage. bibliography ( for cited works not given in detail, see “ short references ” ) : p. bernard, fouilles d ’ ai khanoum iv. les monnaies hors tresors. questions d ’ histoire greco - bactrienne, paris, 1985, pp. 67 - 70, 97 - 113. o. bopearachchi, monnaies greco - bactriennes et indo - grecques : catalogue raisonne du cabinet des medailles, paris, 1991, pp. 66 - 73, 85 - 86 ( eucratides i ), pp. 72 - 73 ( eucratides ii ). justin, 41. 6. i. t. kruglikova, dil ’ berdzin. raskopki 1970 - 1972 gg. ( delbarjin. excavations 1970 - 72 ) i, moscow, 1974, pp. 22 - 27. idem, drevnyaya baktriya : materialy sovetsko - afganskoi ekspeditsii 1969 - 1979 gg. ( ancient bactria : results of the afghan - soviet expedition 1969 - 79 ), moscow, 1976, pp. 88 - 93, 111 - 13 ( v. p. buryi on the technique of painting ). idem, khram dioskurov : materialy sovetsko - afganskoi ekspeditsii ( the temple of dioscuri : results of the afghan - soviet expedition ), moscow, 1986, pp. 6 - 34, 104 - 6 ( review by p. bernard in abstracta iranica 10, 1987, no. 189 ). a. k. narain, the indo - greeks, oxford, 1957, pp. 53 - 58, 64, 69 - 73. ptolemy, vi, 11. 8. c. rapin, fouilles d ’ ai khanoum viii : la tresorerie du palais hellenistique d ’ ai khanoum. l ’ apogee et la chute du royaume grec de bactriane, paris, 1992 ( index, s. v. ). n. smirnova, “ coins of eucratides in museum collections, ” east and west 42 / 1, 1992, pp. 85 - 102. b. ya. staviskii, la bactriane sous les kushans : problemes d ’ histoire et de culture, rev. ed.,


climate change : where do we go from here? kyoto and beyond future actions in response to the threat of climate change should emphasize adaptation and new energy technology. the international agreement concluded in kyoto, japan, during the first two weeks of december 1997 to limit greenhouse gas emissions to forestall climate warming is variously portrayed as a success or a failure. it was both. the road to kyoto was pitted with political, economic, and scientific potholes. it is now on to buenos aires in november 1998 for another conference of the parties to the framework convention on climate change. to what end? the united states had proposed that by the period 2008 - 2012 the world ' s nations reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, principally carbon dioxide, to 1990 levels. binding commitments from the participating nations were sought. as if to confirm the need for binding agreements to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the futility of voluntary efforts, the u. s. department of energy announced two months before the kyoto meeting that for the six - year period 1990 - 1996, the united states exceeded by 8 percent its commitment to reduce emissions to the 1990 level by the year 2000. the position of the united states was carefully crafted over the course of 1997. the administration walked a tightrope of compromise among the diverse domestic and international constituencies affected by and having an interest in the outcome. it was a position that lent itself to criticism by advocacy groups on all sides. an international agreement of sorts was indeed reached in kyoto, but on terms hardly favorable to the united states. it required the last - minute, hurried intervention of vice president gore on a 19 - hour mission to kyoto. the vice president injected sufficient flexibility into the negotiations to bring the nations at the conference to consensus on some issues, but a price was paid. the agreement at kyoto was a success in that it preserved the international momentum to continue to address the projected climate warming. the follow - up meeting in buenos aires in november 1998 will address many unresolved issues. however, the substance of the agreement failed to meet u. s. objectives. the united states was forced to compromise on some of its most critical concerns. although the united states achieved a vague agreement on the use of market mechanisms for achieving greenhouse gas emission reductions, it had to agree to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 7 percent below the 1990 level, a deep reduction from its original proposal. it obtained agreement on binding commitments only from industrialized countries. the developing nations insisted on and were granted a free ride. further, the agreed reductions varied from country to country, a concession necessary to bring


level, a deep reduction from its original proposal. it obtained agreement on binding commitments only from industrialized countries. the developing nations insisted on and were granted a free ride. further, the agreed reductions varied from country to country, a concession necessary to bring the various nations into agreement. for example, australia was able to negotiate an increase in its emissions of 8 percent above the 1990 level. the u. s. debate the u. s. position was the result of a contentious debate. president clinton had set the stage on several occasions. in a speech to a special session of the united nations ( un ), he stated that " the science is clear and compelling. " the administration found the economics acceptable. after all, at a january 1997 meeting of the american economics association, the economists at the meeting, led by nobel laureates robert solow and kenneth arrow, declared, " as economists, we believe that global climate change carries with it significant environmental, economic, social, and geopolitical risks and that preventive steps are justified. economic studies have found that there are many potential policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in which total benefits outweigh total costs. " a u. s. government interagency committee later also concluded that the economic costs would be acceptable. after the kyoto meeting, an official assessment by the white house was announced in march 1998 by janet yellen, chair of the council of economic advisors, declaring that the economic costs would be modest. the country was exposed to an intense public debate. it was bombarded by a barrage of television commercials, both pro and con ; by an outpouring of editorials ; by actions of the congress ; and by press reports of conflicting statements from scientists. congress indicated that it would not ratify any kyoto agreement that did not include all the nations of the world. in a 95 - 0 vote in july, the senate approved a resolution urging the clinton administration not to sign the climate change pact if developing countries were exempted. the response of the administration was that the kyoto treaty would not be submitted for ratification until developing nations could be included in some form of agreement. earlier in june, 132 members of the business council issued a strong statement that urged the clinton administration " not to rush to policy commitments until the environmental benefits and economic consequences of the treaty proposals have been thoroughly analyzed. " a month later, chrysler chairman robert eaton expressed the view of the automotive industry in an editorial in the washington post : " in response to uncertain science and pressure from environmental activists and from countries eager for our jobs and


treaty proposals have been thoroughly analyzed. " a month later, chrysler chairman robert eaton expressed the view of the automotive industry in an editorial in the washington post : " in response to uncertain science and pressure from environmental activists and from countries eager for our jobs and living standards, the clinton administration is poised to agree to a un global warming treaty that will compel us to curtail fossil fuel energy use by 20 percent, one certain consequence of which would be a decline in the country ' s economic growth by a similar amount. " ford ceo alex troutman joined in declaring that human effects on climate were very uncertain and that a mass exodus of u. s. factories would likely result from the nation ' s commitment to deep emission reductions of the magnitude suggested by the european community. labor organizations such as the united brotherhood of carpenters and the united mine workers joined business organizations in sponsoring critical newspaper advertisements. these powerful forces, concerned about the consequences of significant greenhouse gas reductions for the u. s. economy and jobs, joined in the strong cautionary warning. industry, however, was not monolithic in attitude. the president of the reinsurance association of america, in support of the administration, summed up the threat this way, " the insurance business is first in line to be affected by climate change ; it would bankrupt the industry. " breaking ranks with most of the fossil energy industries, john brown, ceo of british petroleum, the world ' s third largest oil and gas company, in a speech at stanford university, expressed the view that there was enough evidence that pollution was contributing to global warming to begin to take precautionary action. he was later joined by other petroleum industry leaders of such companies as royal dutch shell and sun oil. many of the public interest groups with deep concerns about environmental issues, as well as the environmental organizations within the administration, weighed in. the vice president, whose book earth in the balance had become a national primer on the catastrophes facing the planet in the absence of action on climate warming, was convinced that action by the united states was essential. his views were buttressed by the report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ). this international group of scientists, operating under the aegis of the world meteorological organization and the un environment programmme, had been charged with periodic assessments of the status of our knowledge about climate change and its possible environmental and economic effects. although this group recognized the uncertainties in their projections and assessments, it nevertheless concluded that the " balance of evidence " suggested that the effects of


been charged with periodic assessments of the status of our knowledge about climate change and its possible environmental and economic effects. although this group recognized the uncertainties in their projections and assessments, it nevertheless concluded that the " balance of evidence " suggested that the effects of humanity on climate change had been detected. its views and conclusions became the basis for governmental decisions throughout the world. the ipcc provided a powerful confirmation of the fears of the administration. a cadre of scientists led by fred seitz, past president of the national academy of sciences, richard lindzen at mit, and fred singer of the science and environmental policy project continued to question the warming projections of the climate models and claimed that there was little evidence in the data for such a warming. in fact, singer repeatedly emphasized that the surface temperature records that indicated a global warming were contradicted by the satellite temperature measurements of the past two decades. nevertheless, most of the world ' s experts believe and worry that substantial anthropogenic global climate change will occur, although there is much uncertainty as to the timing, intensity, and regional effects. a strong precautionary stance was urged by environmental groups and others. jessica matthews, then a ssenior fellow at the council on foreign relations, expressed it best when, in an op - ed in the washington post she said, " it is time and past to move beyond the jokes, the sneers, the name calling, the know - nothingism, and the false controversies and on to the real choices. the solid body of scientific evidence obliges us to ask what we ' re going to do about global warming and how much we are willing to pay. " the backlash to the industry views, as expected, came also from environmental advocacy groups such as the natural resources defense council and the council for an energy efficient economy. in response to the views of automotive executives, the officials of these organizations countered that " rather than relying on bad science and economics to deny responsibility, major companies like chrysler should acknowledge that global warming poses a serious risk. their products are contributing to the risk, and with the risk comes an opportunity - industry should seize this opportunity and support a strong agreement to protect the planet in kyoto. " the battle reflected the struggle within the administration. joining the battle were the national economic council and the treasury department, urging caution because of the economic costs to the country. deep emission reductions would necessitate reducing energy use by 25 to 35 percent below what was projected for the year 2010. on the other side were the agencies of the


council and the treasury department, urging caution because of the economic costs to the country. deep emission reductions would necessitate reducing energy use by 25 to 35 percent below what was projected for the year 2010. on the other side were the agencies of the government charged with environmental quality. katie mcginty of the council of environmental quality voiced the vice president ' s views. undersecretary of state stuart eisenstadt, who ultimately replaced undersecretary tim wirth as u. s. chief negotiator, played a strong role. compromise was inevitable, and the u. s. position reflected that. another consideration was the reaction of other governments to the administration ' s proposals at a preparatory meeting in berlin in october. as reported in the washington post, germany ' s environment minister, angela merkel, called the u. s. proposal " disappointing and insufficient. " the japanese prime minister, yutaro hashimoto, stated that " there might have been room for further efforts. " peter jorgenson, the spokesman for the 15 - nation european union ' s executive committee, is reported to have summed it up by saying, " it is simply not good enough. there must be something better coming from the white house if the united states wants to face up to its global responsibilities. " as might be expected, china, leading the developing world, called on the rich countries to cut their emissions by 7. 5 percent below the 1990 level by 2005, and by 35 percent by 2020 - an impossible goal. the controversy was played out before the general public through advocacy advertisements in the mass media, accompanied by public relations campaigns. the television spots were particularly graphic and focused on the unfairness and unworkability of any treaty that did not include all nations and on the economic impacts, illustrated by estimated job losses and higher gasoline prices. the spots in favor of a treaty appealed to the need for wise stewardship of earth to forestall unacceptable consequences and the overwhelming scientific support for the reality of climate change. newspaper ads conveyed the same general themes. the administration, no stranger to the importance of public relations in achieving support for its ideas, mounted an unprecedented campaign to convince key constituencies that the threat of global warming is real. it marshaled a group of scientists led by nobel laureates mario molina, henry kendall, and f. sherwood rowland, in what the white house called an east room roundtable, to support its position. the president indicated that failure to act could lead to widespread ecological disasters, including killer heat waves, severe floods and drought


, henry kendall, and f. sherwood rowland, in what the white house called an east room roundtable, to support its position. the president indicated that failure to act could lead to widespread ecological disasters, including killer heat waves, severe floods and droughts, an increase in infectious diseases, and rising sea levels that could swamp thousand of miles of coastal florida and louisiana. white house forums were organized in many regions of the country. some brought together the business, industrial, and labor leadership ; others assembled experts on science, technology, economics, and the environment. the white house even organized a tv weather forecasters ' conference. the president, vice president, and half a dozen leading climate scientists undertook to brief the forecasters on the climate issues and the overwhelming scientific opinion supporting action. the administration offered as an enticement the venue of the white house grounds as a backdrop for the tv weather forecasts. the president indicated that he was not seeking to influence them but was effective in doing just that. he said, " i want to try to get america to accept the fact that the majority of scientific opinion, the overwhelming majority of scientific opinion, is accurate. i want us to make a commitment, therefore, to go to kyoto with binding agreements. " the public was treated to an outpouring of news reports that could only have added to the confusion. sensational headlines in the press, although in many cases based on legitimate scientific studies, were part of the cause. the great blizzard along the east coast of the united states in january 1996 was attributed to global warming. one report cited evidence that the spring season was one week shorter than in the previous decade across much of the northern hemisphere because of climate warming. late in the 1996 hurricane season, hurricane fran hit north carolina. the headline explained that this was just a harbinger of what could be expected from global warming. the hurricane season of 1997 seemed to contradict these views ; it was noteworthy for the paucity of storms. the race to be the first to claim that the average temperature of a year was the warmest on record led to conflicting estimates for 1995. the silliness was emphasized by reports that butterflies were fleeing their normal haunts because of global warming. the kyoto effect a fair question is whether the agreements reached in kyoto will lead to actions necessary to arrest climate warming. for this we must turn to science, and the answer is clearly no. at most, they are a small step in the right direction. most scientists agree that the emissions rollback contained in the kyoto agreement will


to actions necessary to arrest climate warming. for this we must turn to science, and the answer is clearly no. at most, they are a small step in the right direction. most scientists agree that the emissions rollback contained in the kyoto agreement will not do the trick. it will succeed only in delaying the projected climate warming by tens of years. sweden ' s bert bolin, the highly regarded chairman of the ipcc, in a post - kyoto article in science magazine declared, " if no further steps are taken during the next ten years, carbon dioxide will increase in the atmosphere in the first decade of the next century essentially how it has done during the past few decades. " in 1990, six billion tons of carbon were being emitted to the atmosphere, of which roughly 50 percent remained resident, thus continuing the increase in carbon dioxide concentrations. rollbacks in carbon dioxide emissions of 60 to 80 percent would be necessary to stabilize the carbon dioxide concentrations, and presumably the climate, at present levels. another fair question is the acceptability of the economic costs of the greenhouse gas emission reductions agreed to at kyoto. here opinions differ widely. to make economic projections, it is necessary to specify not only the effects of a climate warming on all human activities but also to assume the size and distribution of the global population, the rates of economic growth of the various regions of the world, the rates and types of technological changes, and the effectiveness of economic policy measures such as taxes and emissions trading regimes. economists deal with the unknowable. for instance, changes as dramatic as the collapse of the berlin wall and the present economic difficulties in east asia were completely unforeseen. economists can devise scenarios of the future economic and technological global systems only on the basis of present circumstances and long - term trends. nevertheless, economic projections are valuable because they provide a context for policy action. more than a dozen government and private groups have projected economic costs in various ways. estimates vary depending on assumptions that are incorporated in the economic models. according to the world resources institute, there is " little apparent consensus. " a government interagency analytic team considered a range of economic models, as has the world resources institute. both concluded, on the basis of their own models, that the costs would be substantial but probably acceptable, and under the most favorable assumptions could have a positive effect on the economy. the models included assumptions about cross - border trading of emission rights to reduce economic losses ; accelerated technological developments to reduce emissions ; and the use of taxes on carbon or other sources of revenue


under the most favorable assumptions could have a positive effect on the economy. the models included assumptions about cross - border trading of emission rights to reduce economic losses ; accelerated technological developments to reduce emissions ; and the use of taxes on carbon or other sources of revenue such as the auctioning of emission permits for federal budget reduction, thus reducing the need for federal borrowing and indirectly releasing private investment capital. according to some modeling studies, the price of carbon would increase by hundreds of dollars per ton. the resulting economic losses would range between 0. 2 percent and 2. 4 percent of gross domestic product. the charles river associates, a private group, indicated in an economic study for the automotive industry that the united states would suffer a 1 percent loss in total economic output. the conservative heritage foundation found that u. s. drivers could look forward to a 70 - cent - per - gallon rise in gasoline prices and a loss of 100, 000 jobs in the steel industry alone. the white house assessment is a 4 - to 6 - cent increase in the cost of a gallon of gasoline and a 3 to 5 percent increase in the cost of electricity. whatever the economy - wide losses might be, energy - intensive industries would be severely hit. the vice president, in a press conference, said that he was convinced that the u. s. public would accept the needed measures. because of the wide range of estimates of economic consequences, the united states and other countries would, in fact, be carrying out a massive experiment with the u. s. economy with unknown results. because the agreed - on reductions in carbon dioxide emissions cannot " stabilize " climate, even under the most favorable and economically viable scenarios, the nations need to rethink the course they are on. they need to face up to some well - understood facts about climate and society. - global climate responds to the total concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. warming is independent of the temporal path to these concentrations. - adaptation by humanity has historically been the central means of coping with climate change. that will continue to be the case in the future if warming occurs. - when costs and benefits are disassociated, costs will be borne reluctantly and benefits will attract free riders. the global benefits of arresting climate warming are not seen as outweighing local economic and social penalties. - energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions are in large part a function of global population. population stabilization can have an enormous impact on emissions reduction. - greenhouse gas - induced climate change is principally an energy problem. reducing the carbon dioxide released in the


penalties. - energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions are in large part a function of global population. population stabilization can have an enormous impact on emissions reduction. - greenhouse gas - induced climate change is principally an energy problem. reducing the carbon dioxide released in the combustion of fossil fuels requires increased efficiency in energy use and " decarbonization " of energy sources. - only through the development of new and improved energy technologies can reductions in greenhouse gas emissions of the necessary magnitude be achieved without significant economic pain. these principles suggest a range of policies. the first principle suggests that it is preferable as a policy matter to invest in a more efficient and less carbon - dependent energy system now rather than incur near - term economic costs of greenhouse gas reduction with existing technologies. the second principle suggests that even if climate change is inevitable, adaptation will in large part cope with the dislocations it causes. rich nations with considerable resources will adapt more easily than poor nations. modes of adaptation that require substantial investments will be supported by nations that can afford them, and means will need to be made available to less capable countries. society has always adapted to climate change as part of a normal response. dams are built to prevent floods and provide water in arid regions. seawalls are erected to prevent coastal flooding. breeding and genetic engineering of crops and animals enables biospheric responses to harsh environments. actions are taken when climatic reality intervenes. population stabilization is essential to climate stabilization. fortunately, there is good progress to report. the fertility of women in the developing world has been decreasing. education of women and the application of reproductive technologies are the cause. the fertility of women in developing countries has dropped from six to four births per female in the past several decades. studies of population demographics by the un and the international institute for applied systems analysis in laxenburg, austria, now project the possibility that the world ' s population will stabilize between 8 billion and 10 billion people. finally, there is a need for a global energy technology strategy and a program to implement it. developments in energy technology show promise, and there has been a gradual awakening to this fact. in september 1997, president clinton ' s committee of advisors on science and technology, through a subcommittee on energy r & d for the 21st century chaired by john holdren, laid out wise and far - reaching proposals for research and development and economic measures to facilitate and stimulate investments in energy technologies. in his 1998 state of the union message, president clinton effectively endorsed these suggestions. five national laboratories of the department of energy ( doe )


out wise and far - reaching proposals for research and development and economic measures to facilitate and stimulate investments in energy technologies. in his 1998 state of the union message, president clinton effectively endorsed these suggestions. five national laboratories of the department of energy ( doe ) have advanced a road map for u. s. carbon reduction. doe ' s pacific northwest national laboratory is developing a global strategy in conjunction with several private corporations. the multiplicity of technologies that are available, under development, or in the conceptual stage is impressive. for mobility applications, electric hybrid engines that combine gasoline or diesel engines with electric motors are coming into commercial use. toyota is already marketing a commercial hybrid in japan. fuel cell technology is advancing rapidly. propulsion systems are now proposed that use hydrogen derived from hydrocarbon feed stocks from which carbon is stripped and sequestered as carbon dioxide. efficient and low - carbon energy - generation technologies for power plants are in operation throughout the world. combined cycle gas turbines that are far more efficient than conventional coal - or oil - fired plants are now widely used ; they offer the opportunity for distributed generation, thus relaxing dependence on modern electric grid systems. the electric power research institute is presently developing an electricity r & d road map that looks decades into the future, seeking low - cost, highly efficient, and environmentally sustainable energy systems. nuclear power now generates 17 percent of the electric power in the united states and is moving to claim ever larger shares of the world generation market. safety fears can largely be overcome by new designs, and even the disposal of radioactive wastes appears doable. although it is a half century away by most estimates, fusion power is advancing and the international thermonuclear energy reactor program reflects the international interest in fusion. if and when commercial fusion is successful, totally new possibilities for greenhouse gas reduction will present themselves. renewable energy sources - wind, photovoltaics, hydropower, and biomass - are now becoming cost competitive. finally, the efficiency of end products has been and will continue to be increased. refrigerators, lighting fixtures, and electrical appliances are on the proper trajectory. if climate warming indeed poses a serious threat to society, the united states and other nations should adopt policies to restrain greenhouse gas emissions through technology and forego the economic costs of the present trajectory. such measures make economic sense even in the absence of a global warming threat. the united states should use its vast political, economic, and technological power to stimulate and lead a truly international assault on the development of energy technologies. this course makes good planetary sense. robert m.


october 20, 2008, 5 : 44 am — ia€™ve spoken about certificate authorities and certificates already. remember that certificates include : a public key, the owner and a digital signature. well youa€™ve probably asked a€œwhat is a digital signaturea€ and how do you a€œdigitally signa€ a certificate? a digital signature is basically some value, a checksum. it is a data value based on a block of data and a private key. the digital signature associates the data with the owner of a specific private key. you can be confident that the person indicated as the owner of a specific private key is not an imposter. you can safely open the email you received from the a€œcertificateda€ owner then respond to that person, the owner, without fear or apprehension that the email will go to the wrong person. this also allows you to trust that the contents of the email were written and encrypted by the owner of the private key. if you decrypt a message successfully with a particular public key a€ “ a key that was certified by means of a digitally signed certificate a€ “ then you can certain that it could have only been encrypted with the corresponding private key. read the rest of this article > >