medical researchers from japan and britain have won the nobel prize in medicine for work in cell programming, a frontier that has raised dreams of replacement tissue for people crippled by disease. shinya yamanaka of japan and sir john gurdon of britain found that adult cells can be transformed back to an infant state called stem cells, the key ingredient in the vision of regenerative medicine. “ their findings have revolutionised our understanding of how cells and organisms develop, ” the nobel jury declared. “ by reprogramming human cells, scientists have created new opportunities to study diseases and develop methods for diagnosis and therapy. ” among those who acclaimed the award were britain ’ s royal society, ian wilmut, “ father ” of dolly the cloned sheep, and a leading ethicist, who said it eased a storm about the use of embryonic cells. stem cells are precursor cells which differentiate into the various organs of the body. they have stirred huge excitement, with hopes that they can be coaxed into growing into replacement tissue for victims of alzheimer ’ s, parkinson ’ s and other diseases. gurdon, 79, said he was grateful but also surprised by the honour, since his main research was done more than 40 years ago. in 1962, he discovered that the dna code in the nucleus of an adult frog cell held all the information to develop into every kind of cell. this meant that an adult cell could in essence be reprogrammed. his landmark discovery was initially met with scepticism, as the journey from immature to specialised cell was previously deemed irreversible. “ i ’ m amazed and immensely grateful and astonished that they should recognise work done such a long time ago, ” gurdon told swedish radio. ” of course i ’ m extremely grateful to be recognised with shinya yamanaka who ’ s done this wonderful work. ” “ it is particularly pleasing to see how purely basic research, originally aimed at testing the genetic identity of different cell types in the body, has turned out to have clear human health prospects, ” he later told reporters in london. ‘ a waste of time ’ as a teenager based at cambridge university, gurdon is fond of recalling that his school tutor told him when he was 15 that it would be a “ total waste of time ” to pursue a career in science, and credits his mother with encouraging him to follow his passion. more than four decades later, in 2006, yamanaka, now 50, discovered how mature cells in mice could be turned back to their youthful state using a batch


a career in science, and credits his mother with encouraging him to follow his passion. more than four decades later, in 2006, yamanaka, now 50, discovered how mature cells in mice could be turned back to their youthful state using a batch of reprogramming genes. the advantage of this would be to avert the need to use stem cells taken from early - stage embryos. these are hugely versatile but have stirred ethical controversy. “ this is not only a giant leap for science, it is a giant leap for mankind. yamanaka and gurdon have shown how science can be done ethically, ” a professor of practical ethics at the university of oxford, julian savulescu, told the science media centre in london. yamanaka “ deserves not only a nobel prize for medicine, but a nobel prize for ethics, ” he said. yamanaka, a professor at kyoto university, has pointedly warned of the ethical controversies of science. “ we should limit the application of technology to treatment or what can make patients happier, ” he has said. “ we may be able to generate new life ( with this technique ), so we are presented with another ethical issue. ” stem - cell research is still at a very early stage, and only a tiny number of human trials have taken place. in the field of so - called induced pluripotent stem ( ips ) cells, for which yamanaka was singled out for the nobel, work is still only in the lab. he was modest about the honour on monday, telling reporters he was “ just an obscure researcher ” who planned to carry on his research. ” i really feel that i have to realise a medical application and contribute to society as soon as possible, ” he said. the pair had been among the frontrunners for a nobel after they won the prestigious lasker prize in 2009 and yamanaka shared the €1. 2 million millennium technology prize earlier this year with a software engineer. because of the economic crisis, the nobel foundation has slashed its prize sum to eight million swedish kronor ( €930, 000 ) per award, down from the 10 million kronor ( €1. 16 million ) awarded since 2001.


belgian surgeon and activist who was secretary general of the world medical association. he was born in uccle, brussels, on dec 8, 1923, and died after a motor vehicle accident on june 10, 2007, aged 83 years. as an advocate of physicians, of medical ethics, and of justice, andre wynen did not flinch. when general augusto pinochet of chile unjustly jailed physicians who were council members of the chilean medical association, wynen decided to fly to chile, in 1986, to demand their release. the crime of the physicians? they had disobeyed pinochet ' s decree that suspected opposition members should not receive medical treatment. wynen travelled alone to chile and helped secure their release. wynen ' s first major fight was against another dictator, adolph hitler. that fight began in 1940, when nazi germany invaded france and the benelux countries. at an age when most future physicians would be finishing secondary school before starting university studies, 17 - year - old wynen joined the resistance movement, eventually leaving home and family to live underground. michel masson, a friend of wynen and current secretary general of the belgian medical association ( association belge des syndicats medicaux, absym ), says “ andre wynen was a permanent enemy of totalitarianism. it was a personal obsession. ” in early 1944, wynen was arrested by the gestapo and spent the next 18 months in concentration camps, mostly at buchenwald in eastern germany. nicole wynen, who married wynen in 1951, says her husband initially did not talk about his imprisonment to their four children. finally, in the 1970s, he began to open up and 2 years ago the wynen family travelled to buchenwald for a ceremony marking its liberation. the next day, wynen led his family around the camp for half a day. “ he talked to us ”, his wife says. “ it was emotional. ” after his release from buchenwald, wynen was diagnosed with tuberculosis. as he was to do later in life when illness struck, he regained his health. after completing medical studies at the universite libre de bruxelle, where he specialised in general surgery and later thoracic surgery, wynen founded a 20 - bed private hospital in waterloo, belgium, that over two decades grew to 250 beds and 80 physicians. during this time he became involved in medical politics, helping found the absym. in 1964, he led


surgery, wynen founded a 20 - bed private hospital in waterloo, belgium, that over two decades grew to 250 beds and 80 physicians. during this time he became involved in medical politics, helping found the absym. in 1964, he led an 18 - day strike of many of belgium ' s physicians to protest against proposed changes in health insurance. in 1971, wynen turned his attention to global medicine, becoming a member of the world medical association ( wma ) council and 2 years later its chairman. it was a time when the wma was a divided organisation. when the then - secretary general resigned, in 1976, wynen stepped forward and took the job. he is credited with saving the wma from disintegration and convincing members, such as the american medical association, to return. “ he saved the wma from falling apart and was a very strong and engaged leader working in very troubled times ”, says otmar kloiber, current secretary general of the wma. but kloiber also acknowledges that “ his outspokenness did not always make him friends. he was a very controversial person. ” wynen had a strong sense of right and wrong and always followed his conscience. “ most of us say you have to be realistic when you are up against government, big money, special interests ”, kloiber says. “ but he would stand up against it and fight. ” wynen was vehemently opposed to euthanasia, foremost because “ protection of life was very important for him ”, kloiber says. in 1981, as the state of oklahoma in the usa was preparing for the execution of a criminal by intravenous injection of a lethal dose of drugs, wynen issued a statement saying : “ … no physician should be required to be an active participant. physicians are dedicated to preserving life ”. but kloiber says wynen also feared that legalised euthanasia would eventually be used to ration health care. “ he felt if you open the door to euthanasia, then government and health - care systems can use it save money ”, kloiber said. in 1991, wynen broke his neck in a bicycle accident, leaving him paraplegic, but he partly recovered and was able to walk with crutches. a year and a half ago, he had a stroke and again recovered well. when asked which accomplishment she believes her husband was most proud of during his life, nicole says,


the lancet, volume 351, issue 9100, pages 429 - 433, 7 february 1998 doi : 10. 1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 97 ) 11450 - 7cite or link using doi this article can be found in the following collection : attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder and hyperkinetic disorder the combination of inattentive, hyperactive, and impulsive behaviour in children is recognised as a disorder when these behaviours are severe, developmentally inappropriate, and impair function at home and school. the clinical description of this disorder and its labels and criteria have a rich history. almost a century ago in the lancet ascribed impaired “ inhibitory volition ” and “ marked inability to concentrate and sustain attention ” to “ defects of moral control ”. currently, there are two... this article is made available free of charge, as a service to our users. please login to access the full article, or register if you do not yet have a username and password. already registered? please login new to thelancet. com? thelancet. com is the online home of : - the lancet - the lancet diabetes & endocrinology - the lancet infectious diseases - the lancet neurology - the lancet oncology - the lancet respiratory medicine please register to access selected articles for free, personalize and interact with this site. registration is free, takes no more than two minutes, and offers you many benefits. a uci child development center, university of california, irvine, 19262 jamboree, irvine, ca 92715, usa b university of amsterdam, amsterdam, the netherlands c unit in child psychiatry, institute of psychiatry, de crespigny park, london, uk d department of psychology, university of southampton, southampton, uk e child and adolescent disorders research branch, national institute of mental health, rockville md, usa f department of psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences, university of california, los angeles, ca, usa correspondence to : dr jm swanson access this article on sciverse sciencedirect visit sciverse sciencedirect to see if you have access via your institution. please login above or register to use this functionality. registration is free, takes no more than two minutes, and offers you many benefits.


winfield scott ( 1786 - 1866 ) winfield scott ( june 13, 1786 - may 29, 1866 ) was a united states lieutenant general, diplomat, and presidential candidatean army officer who held the rank of general in three wars, the unsuccessful whig candidate for president in 1852, and the foremost american military figure between the revolution and the civil war. he served on active duty as a general longer than any other man in american history and most historians rate him the ablest american general of his time. scott was born on his family ' s farm near petersburg, virginia. he attended the college of william & mary and was a lawyer and a virginia militia cavalry corporal before being directly commissioned as captain in the artillery in 1808. scott ' s early years in the army were tumultuous. his commission as a colonel was suspended for one year following a court - martial for insubordination in criticizing his commanding general. he fought on the niagara frontier in the war of 1812, was captured by the british in that campaign during the battle of queenston heights in 1813, but was released in a prisoner exchange. in march 1814 scott was brevetted brigadier general. in july 1814, scott commanded the first brigade of the american army in the niagara campaign, winning the battle of chippewa decisively on july 5, 1814.. he was wounded during the american defeat at the battle of lundy ' s lane ( july 25 ), along with the american commander, major general jacob brown and the british / canadian commander, lieutenant general gordon drummond. as the american army retreated across the niagara, scott commanded the american forces at fort erie, another american victory. scott ' s success on the niagara, combined with american naval victories at lake champlain and lake erie, guaranteed a stalemate on the northern frontier. scott ' s wounds from lundy ' s lane were so severe that he did not serve on active duty for the remainder of the war. but his successes had made him a national hero. by war ' s end he had attained the rank of major general. scott remained in military service, studying tactics in europe and taking a deep interest in maintaining a well - trained and disciplined u. s. army. scott earned the nickname of " old fuss and feathers " for his insistence of military appearance and discipline in the u. s. army, which consisted mostly of volunteers. in his own campaigns, general scott preferred to use a core of u. s. army regulars whenever possible. gen. scott was later known as the grand old man of the army. in


u. s. army, which consisted mostly of volunteers. in his own campaigns, general scott preferred to use a core of u. s. army regulars whenever possible. gen. scott was later known as the grand old man of the army. in the administration of president andrew jackson, scott marshaled united states forces for use against the state of south carolina in the nullification crisis. in 1838, following the orders of president martin van buren, scott carried out the initial removal of cherokee indians from georgia and other southern states to reservations west of the mississippi riverwhat later became known as the trail of tears. scott also helped defuse tensions between officials of the state of maine and the british canada province of new brunswick in the undeclared and bloodless aroostook war in march 1839. scott became commanding general of the u. s. army in 1841 and served in that capacity until 1861. as a result of his success, scott was appointed major general ( then the highest rank in the united states army ) and general - in - chief in 1841. he held this position until november 1, 1861, when he resigned under political pressure from maj. gen. george b. mcclellan after the union defeat at ball ' s bluff. mcclellan replaced him as general - in - chief. scott also fought in the black hawk war and the second seminole war. with the outbreak of the mexican war ( 1846 - 48 ), scott recommended general zachary taylor for command of the u. s. forces. when taylor appeared to be making little progress, however, scott set out himself with a supplementary force on a seaborne invasion of mexico. scott commanded the southern of the two united states armies ( zachary taylor commanded the northern army ) and captured veracruz ( march 1847 ). six months later, scott, assisted by his colonel of engineers, robert e. lee, and perhaps inspired by william h. prescott ' s history of the conquest of mexico, followed the approximate route taken by hernan cortes in 1519 and assaulted mexico city. scott ' s opponent in this campaign was mexican president and general antonio lopez de santa anna. despite high heat, rains, and difficult terrain, scott won the battles of cerro gordo, contreras / padierna, churubusco, and molino del rey, then assaulted the fort of chapultepec on september 13, 1847, after which the city surrendered on september 14. when a large number of men from the controversial saint patrick ' s battalion were captured during churubusco, scott


rey, then assaulted the fort of chapultepec on september 13, 1847, after which the city surrendered on september 14. when a large number of men from the controversial saint patrick ' s battalion were captured during churubusco, scott gave orders for them to be hanged en masse in during the battle of chapultepec, specifying that the moment of execution should occur just after the u. s. flag was raised atop the mexican citadel. as military commander of mexico city, he was held in high esteem by mexican civil and american authorities alike. however, scott ' s vanity, as well as his corpulence, led to a catch phrase that was to haunt him for the remainder of his political life. complaining about the division of command between himself and general taylor, in a letter written to secretary of war william marcy on may 25, 1846, scott stated : " your letter of this date, received at about 6 p. m., as i sat down to take a hasty plate of soup... ". the polk administration, wishing to sabotage scott ' s reputation, promptly published the letter, and the phrase appeared in political cartoons and folk songs for the rest of his life. another example of scott ' s vanity was his reaction to losing at chess to a young new orleans lad named paul morphy in 1846. scott did not take his defeat by the nine - year - old chess prodigy gracefully. a prominent whig, scott won his party ' s presidential nomination in 1852 but lost the election to democrat franklin pierce, mainly because the whigs were divided over the issue of slavery. in 1855, by a special act of congress, scott was given a brevet promotion to the rank of lieutenant general, making him the second person in american history, after george washington, to ever hold that rank. scott was still commander in chief of the u. s. army when the civil war broke out in april 1861, but his proposed strategy of splitting the confederacythe plan eventually adoptedwas ridiculed. the elderly scott knew he was unable to go into battle himself. he offered the command of the federal army to colonel robert e. lee. however, when virginia left the union in april 1861, lee resigned and command of the field forces defending washington, d. c., passed to major general irvin mcdowell. age forced his retirement the following november. scott died at west point in 1866 just before his eightieth birthday and is buried there in the national cemetery.


song of wrath : the peloponnesian war begins the peloponnesian war was actually a series of wars, running hot and cold, that engulfed the fifth - century bc west for nearly 70 years. they began in 461 bc when sparta and its peloponnesian league fought athens and its delian league, and lasted, through intervals of peace and sporadic campaigning, until the final defeat of athens at aegospotomai in 404 bc. the heart of this long conflict was the ten years ' war ( often called the archidamian war after sparta ' s king archidamus ii ), fought from 431 to 421, and its presiding historian has always been and will always be thucydides, who partook in the conflict as a general and determined to write its definitive history as a " gift for all time ". the world had seen nothing like his history before : it was dry, dispassionate, reportorial, and entirely free of meddling gods. it was also magisterial, which makes je lendon ' s accomplishment in song of wrath all the more remarkable. not only does he retell the story of the archidamian war but he does so by taking a self - confessed " adversarial " stance towards his predecessor. if the modern philosophy of history has a single father, it is thucydides ; opposition to him seems almost unfilial. but lendon isn ' t really opposing him. his adversarial role consists mainly of clarifying and filling out. and the result is a brilliant work of history and ideological reconstruction. in 2005, lendon ' s magnificent soldiers & ghosts examined how warriors of the ancient world fought ; song of wrath concentrates on why they fought. here lendon ' s focus is time, honour, which he sees as both highly individualistic and idiosyncratic, sometimes appeased by money, sometimes by bloodshed, sometimes by mercy or savagery. it ' s his contention that honour, the desire to keep or regain it, the desire to strip it from the enemy, lies at the heart of ancient military history to a degree that threatens to make it all but incomprehensible to a modern age of push - button warfare. take the moment when the spartan hero brasidas faced down the athenian invasion force at megara ' s port in 424 bc. " to us, " lendon writes, " the climactic encounter between brasidas and the athenians on the plains


when the spartan hero brasidas faced down the athenian invasion force at megara ' s port in 424 bc. " to us, " lendon writes, " the climactic encounter between brasidas and the athenians on the plains of megara seems as strange as the confrontation between tribes of hooting apes or a standoff between feathered savages in a faded documentary. its logic was not that of modern war, in all its glistening lethality, but that of drunks in a bar, eyes locked on eyes, shouting, ' what are you looking at? ' and inching closer to each other, knuckles gleaming, until one drops his gaze and yields the victory. " he supplements thucydides by pointing out that the ancient historian would never have thought it necessary to explain such basic psychological components of his world as time. as lendon points out, thucydides never conceived of an age in which his " gift " wouldn ' t be read by … well, ancient greeks. but times changed and military technologies, lendon argues, altered military mind - sets. wars between nations were no longer fought for personal reasons, and the vagaries of honour no longer dictated strategy ( such assertions hint that the author, like most of his contemporary military historians, is unwilling to admit the victorian age happened at all ). song of wrath is his spirited, utterly captivating reclamation of that homeric worldview in which generals and their soldiers were emulating not a tactical handbook but a poem, homer ' s time - riddled iliad. along the way, we get a great deal of the vivid writing that made soldiers & ghosts so memorable, as when lendon quips that " the spartans never got to fight the war they wanted ", or when he pauses to reflect on one of athens ' significant initial victories : " that was the time of athens ' greatest historical glory, and if athens sought to be supreme in honor among the greeks, that was the period of her past she must evoke now. what athenian strategy after sphacteria looks like, then - a grab for the past with both hands - is precisely what athenian strategy after sphacteria was. " song of wrath is an even richer work than its predecessor, revelatory in its historical recastings. its deft reworking of thucydidean ground will prompt the reader to reread the old master, but with new insights and a new appreciation. and a new relevance, according to lendon. just


its historical recastings. its deft reworking of thucydidean ground will prompt the reader to reread the old master, but with new insights and a new appreciation. and a new relevance, according to lendon. just as thucydides predicted that his work would always be useful because mankind doesn ' t change its nature, so lendon maintains that the homeric age isn ' t quite done with us yet. the anarchic desperation of bronze age warfare, he claims, is appearing again among " the wrathful ones, those who seek symbolic victory regardless of consequence, those who seek revenge for ancient slights ". it is these " nations and international actors " ( lendon seems wary of using the word " terrorist ", no doubt for fear that it would derail his argument into demagoguery ) that the present - day west finds most difficult to understand. thucydides ' ancient conflict provides a key : " it is not, therefore, only interesting to know how the spartans and the athenians once fought a great war over national rank by cycles of revenge and retribution. it may, alas, be useful as well. " there ' s a bit of simplification in this, inevitably. for example, those modern - day " wrathful ones " are motivated in large part by religious factors, after all, and the peloponnesian war has nothing at all to tell us about religious conflict. there ' s also the fact that, despite his pioneering attempts at historical even - handedness, thucydides was hardly impartial between the democracy of athens and the warrior - oligarchy of sparta : there are right ( and righteous ) nations, and wrong ones, in his book, just as such assumptions of right and wrong also underpinned the judgments of his contemporary and fellow general sophocles. lendon ' s contemporary parallels are thought - provoking, but where song of wrath really excels is its dramatisation of how strange ancient warfare could be, especially to modern sensibilities shaped by the capacities of truly long - range weaponry. this book is a persuasive reminder, as is homer, for all that, of how personal and even intimate most combat was for the 40 centuries before the refinement of gunpowder and artillery in the mid - 19th century. for most of the peloponnesian war, athens and sparta were locked into a dance of avoidance : the latter avoided the former ' s naval superiority, and the former avoided


the refinement of gunpowder and artillery in the mid - 19th century. for most of the peloponnesian war, athens and sparta were locked into a dance of avoidance : the latter avoided the former ' s naval superiority, and the former avoided the latter ' s superior infantry on land. and in all encounters, the concept of time, and its mirror image, shame, was crucial. " this disparity in the abilities of athens and sparta, " lendon explains, " meant that determining who was winning the war over rank depended in large part on weighing against each other the values of different kinds of shaming. athens ' shame at a peloponnesian invasion of attica had to be weighed against sparta ' s shame at athens ' reprisal raids from ships and the athenian attacks on sparta ' s allies. " today ' s armies, by contrast, " establish artificial, and often futile measures to gauge their progress, trying to count ( as in vietnam ) enemy dead, or the volume of enemy equipment captured, or ( as in iraq ) the frequency of enemy attacks on friendly forces ". throughout song of wrath, there is a faint but insistent hint of regret that this should be so. lendon ' s passion makes this book compulsively readable, but underneath the learning it is very much a personal passion, perhaps akin to the animating force supplied to thucydides ' narrative by his great unnamed rival, herodotus. this adds an extra irony to lendon ' s determination to clear up the " doubtful netherworld " of thucydidean opinionising : he is not one bit less present in his book ' s subtext than the old general was in his. when writing about the ultimate origins of his peloponnesian war, thucydides claimed " the truest cause of the war was the growing greatness of the athenians, and the fear this inspired, which compelled the lacedaemonians to go to war. " song of wrath mines these events for richer motivations, but it shares one thing with its predecessor : both are indispensable accounts of a war whose interest is undimmed by the years. steve donoghue ' s work has appeared in the columbia journal of american studies, the historical novel review, and kirkus. he is managing editor of open letters monthly.


akbarpur khudal, village 6 km northeast of bareta ( 29a ‚ a°52 ' n. 75a ‚ a°42 ' e ), in mansa district of the punjab, is sacred to guru gobind singh, who came here in november 1706 to rescue a sikh from captivity. according to giani gian singh, twaiikh guru khalsa, gulab singh, a goldsmith of akbarpur khudal, had been imprisoned by the village chief in a basement of his house on a false charge. the news of the sikh in distress reached guru gobind singh while he was at sirsa, 80 km away, as the crow flies, already on his way to the south. but he turned his footsteps immediately with five of his sikhs and, reaching khudal by a forced march, rescued gulab singh and instructed the chief, nabi bakhsh, in the path of virtue and justice. guru gobind singh then returned to sirsa. a gurdwara was later established outside the village. the maharaja of patiala endowed it with 50 acres of land. the house of the chief inside the village was acquired after independence, and gurdwara bhora sahib patshahi 10 was constructed on the site in february 1951 by a sikh landlord of the area, harchand singh jeji, who also made an endowment. the gurdwara, handed over to the shiromani gurdwara parbandhak committee in 1977, has a domed sanctum, within a hall, on the first floor. the bhora or underground cell, in which gulab singh is believed to have been kept, is a small square cellar in the basement.


color him rad get ready for matisse with our handy cheat sheet. if henri matisse ( 1869 – 1954 ) hadn ’ t broken a sculpture, 20th - century art history might have turned out very differently. when his unfinished clay figure reclining nude ( i ) ( aurore ) fell off a table in early 1907, the panicked french artist painted the piece from memory. that canvas became blue nude ( memory of biskra ) ( 1907 ). as he repaired reclining nude, matisse altered the sculpture to reflect innovations he made in the painting. when he returned to blue nude, he developed its composition in response to the sculpture. “ matisse : radical invention, 1913 – 17, ” on view through june 20 at the art institute of chicago, suggests this incident transformed matisse ’ s artistic process. the artist began advancing his ideas by moving among painting, sculpture and printmaking as he created several versions of the same image. he reworked pieces over time, leaving certain changes visible. curators stephanie d ’ alessandro of the art institute and john elderfield of the museum of modern art in new york also highlight matisse ’ s sculptural approach to painting, which involved scraping and incising his canvases. they portray the art institute ’ s painting bathers by a river ( 1909 – 10, 1913, 1916 – 17 ) as the epitome of matisse ’ s revision - oriented process, having exposed the piece ’ s surprising evolution through cutting - edge software and years of research. “ radical invention ” offers several juicy revelations, but it ’ s hard to appreciate them if you ’ re not familiar with matisse before and after 1913 – 17. if you don ’ t own a set of jazz note cards or a poster of dance, read on. 1. cezanne was matisse ’ s idol. matisse didn ’ t finish his artistic training until he was 27. ( it largely consisted of copying old masters at the louvre. ) a few years later, he purchased cezanne ’ s painting three bathers ( 1879 – 82 ) and kept it, despite various financial crises, for the next 37 years. matisse embraced this painting ’ s motif — and its idyllic rather than naughty treatment. from cezanne, he learned to foreground his work ’ s expressive qualities over its realism. 2. matisse made critics see red. in the early 1900s, seurat and van gogh inspired matisse to experiment with neo - impressionism. he constructed a few significant paintings from small


##ground his work ’ s expressive qualities over its realism. 2. matisse made critics see red. in the early 1900s, seurat and van gogh inspired matisse to experiment with neo - impressionism. he constructed a few significant paintings from small blocks of color, then moved on to large, flat areas of color influenced by sources such as gauguin and greek vase painters. a critic dubbed matisse and some of his peers les fauves ( the “ wild beasts ” ) because of their shocking colors and brushwork. not everyone appreciated fauvism : collector leo stein described matisse ’ s 1905 painting the woman with the hat as “ the nastiest smear i have ever seen ” — and he ’ s the one who bought it. 3. matisse and picasso were frenemies. the artists, who met around 1906, had a profound impact on each other ’ s work despite their mutual jealousy. according to the massive “ radical invention ” catalog, matisse introduced picasso to african sculpture and influenced the latter ’ s les demoiselles d ’ avignon. by 1907, picasso ’ s cubism had lured georges braque and other artists away from fauvism, which collapsed. “ radical invention ” shows matisse borrowing techniques from cubism without giving up his alternative form of modernism. 4. because of their extreme experimentation and subdued palettes, the works created from 1913 – 17 are the artist ’ s most “ un - matissean. ” that ’ s what elderfield writes in his catalog for moma ’ s 1992 matisse retrospective. matisse ’ s early work offended many, including students at the school of the art institute of chicago, who in 1913 burned his paintings blue nude and le luxe ( ii ) in effigy. after the period “ radical invention ” addresses, he courted controversy for his “ bourgeois ” emphasis on the visual pleasure derived from color and pattern — as well as from nudes frolicking in the south of france, where he moved in 1917. during the 1940s, matisse became as famous for his colorful paper cut - out collages as for his painting, which he abandoned due to illness and decreased mobility. 5. by the 1950s, artists saw matisse as avant - garde again. his distinctive treatment of color and space has inspired abstract expressionists, color field artists and a steady stream of blockbuster exhibitions.


family dogs caught up in the japan earthquake of 2011 and subsequent nuclear disaster at fukushima showed signs of stress not inconsistent with ptsd long after the events, a new study finds. the research compared abandoned dogs rescued from fukushima with non - disaster affected dogs abandoned in 2009 and 2010, before the earthquake. the dogs that lived through the disaster had stress hormone levels five to 10 times higher than the dogs that were simply abandoned or found as strays. " long - term care and concern regarding the psychological impact of disasters appears necessary in humans and companion animals, " the researchers wrote today ( oct. 11 ) in the journal scientific reports. as part of a dog - rehabilitation program at azabu university in japan, researchers took in eight dogs from shelters in kanagawa prefecture and measured their levels of physical stress by monitoring the stress hormone cortisol in the dogs ' urine. after the 2011 tohoku earthquake and tsunami, thousands of refugees were forced to abandon their dogs. many of the animals lived a semi - feral existence in areas made uninhabitable for humans by the fukushima nuclear plant meltdown that followed the disaster. [ photos : japan ' s rescued pets ] in may and november 2011, the azabu university team took in 17 abandoned dogs collected at shelters and rescue centers in fukushima. these dogs, like the kanagawa canines, were rehabilitated and had their cortisol levels monitored daily. all dogs were later adopted by new owners. science news from nbcnews. com when compared with the kanagawa dogs, the fukushima dogs were less aggressive toward unfamiliar people but also less attached to caregivers and more difficult to train. the disaster - affected dogs had five to 10 times the cortisol levels of dogs not touched by disaster, a gap that narrowed but did not close even after 10 weeks of loving care in the rehabilitation program. the fukushima dogs ' handicaps in trainability echo learning problems in human trauma survivors with post - traumatic stress disorder, the researchers wrote. they suggested that similar brain chemicals could be at play in dogs and humans. trauma - impaired humans can also struggle to bond with others, similar to the fukushima dogs ' lack of attachment to their caregivers. the researchers warned that the samples were small and not entirely equivalent, with the fukushima dogs being older, on average, than the kanagawa dogs. nevertheless, they found no evidence that age affected how dogs responded to abandonment, suggesting the disaster was the biggest driver of the dogs ' stress. " humans affected by


kincheloe, william ( 1779 – 1835 ). william kincheloe, a member of the old three hundred and one of the first austin colonists to arrive in texas, was born in kentucky in 1779. he married nancy taylor there in 1799. they moved to missouri in 1810 and had five children before she died. in 1821 kincheloe was in st. louis with his second wife, mary ( betts ), the daughter of jacob betts. they had three sons. kincheloe visited stephen f. austin in natchitoches, louisiana. on october 16, 1821, he registered as a colonist and was granted two headrights in texas, one as a colonist and one because he was to build a mill. austin sent him to explore texas for the purpose of choosing land for twenty families and report on what he found. in the fall of 1821 kincheloe examined the land and chose for himself the fertile caney soil between the colorado river and peach creek, where wharton is today. with kincheloe in texas, his daughter mary ' s husband, horatio chriesman, brought the families down the mississippi river, on a flatboat in the dead of winter. many became ill, and mary chriesman died and was buried in new madrid, missouri. the rest continued to new orleans and met kincheloe. they had hoped to sail on the lively but arrived too late. kincheloe, fearing the tardy settlers could not reach texas in time to plant a crop, bought the schooner only son and hired a group of men to put in a crop. they landed at the mouth of the colorado river and made their way up to the site of present wharton, burned off the cane, and used a sharp stick to plant corn. the crop was bountiful. the only son returned to new orleans for the families. on the trip back many died of yellow fever and were buried at sea. in june 1822 they landed three miles up the colorado river, near the present site of matagorda. joseph h. hawkins, austin ' s partner in colonization, later criticized kincheloe for this expedition. when the kincheloe party left its supplies at the mouth of the river with four guards and moved inland to rest, karankawa indians killed the guards and stole some of the supplies. the settlers left immediately for the kincheloe camp, fifty miles up the river ; the men packed what they could on their backs, and the women carried the guns. kincheloe built a cabin for


the guards and stole some of the supplies. the settlers left immediately for the kincheloe camp, fifty miles up the river ; the men packed what they could on their backs, and the women carried the guns. kincheloe built a cabin for his family beside peach creek. in 1823 his corn enabled many of the colonists to survive. the indian attacks became more numerous. some of the stolen supplies from the only son were recovered, including the millstone that kincheloe brought to texas. on july 8, 1824, kincheloe received title to two sitios of land now in wharton county, one on the east side of the colorado, where he made his home, and one on the west side. kincheloe was a blacksmith, a surveyor, a farmer, and a stock raiser. he was an alcalde election judge in 1826. in 1827 he signed a resolution of loyalty to the mexican government, in protest against the fredonian rebellion, and was elected to present it to the mexican governor. he was elected police commissioner of austin ' s colony in 1828. his home became a meetingplace for men gathering to fight indians. the road to san felipe from matagorda crossed peach creek at kincheloe ' s crossing. kincheloe died in 1835 and was buried on the banks of peach creek. eugene c. barker, ed., the austin papers ( 3 vols., washington : gpo, 1924 – 28 ). mary d. boddie, thunder on the brazos : the outbreak of the texas revolution at fort velasco, june 26, 1832 ( angleton, texas : brazoria county historical museum, 1978 ). lester g. bugbee, " the old three hundred : a list of settlers in austin ' s first colony, " quarterly of the texas state historical association 1 ( october 1897 ). james milton carroll, a history of texas baptists ( dallas : baptist standard, 1923 ). james m. day, comp., post office papers of the republic of texas ( 2 vols., austin : texas state library, 1966 – 67 ). edward hutcheson, the freedom tree : a chapter from the saga of texas ( waco : texian press, 1970 ). j. h. kuykendall, " reminiscences of early texans, " quarterly of the texas state historical association 6 – 7 ( january, april, july 1903 ). matagorda county historical commission, historic matagorda county ( 3 vols.,


data reported by the weather station : 862180 ( sgas ) latitude : - 25. 26 | longitude : - 57. 63 | altitude : 101 weather asuncion / aeropuerto | main | | year 1980 climate | | select a month | to calculate annual averages, we analyzed data of 366 days ( 100 % of year ). if in the average or annual total of some data is missing information of 10 or more days, this is not displayed. the total rainfall value 0 ( zero ) may indicate that there has been no such measurement and / or the weather station does not broadcast. | annual average temperature : | | 23. 3°c | | 366 | | annual average maximum temperature : | | 28. 0°c | | 366 | | annual average minimum temperature : | | 17. 9°c | | 366 | | annual average humidity : | | 66. 6 % | | 366 | | annual total precipitation : | | - | | - | | annual average visibility : | | 10. 5 km | | 366 | | annual average wind speed : | | 11. 1 km / h | | 366 | number of days with extraordinary phenomena. | total days with rain : | | 110 | | total days with snow : | | 0 | | total days with thunderstorm : | | 39 | | total days with fog : | | 12 | | total days with tornado or funnel cloud : | | 0 | | total days with hail : | | 6 | days of extreme historical values in 1980 the highest temperature recorded was 38°c on october 27. the lowest temperature recorded was 1°c on july 3. the maximum wind speed recorded was 64. 8 km / h on may 10.


while we would all like to have the kind of healing factor that wolverine possesses, we all know that this is but a pipe dream at the moment. what we can rely on, however, would be advances made in the medical field such as this laser - activated plaster that was specially designed to replace stitches for wounds. the “ miracle ” patch is known as surgilux, where it functions as some sort of biological band - aid. using a material derived from chitin, the very same substance required for crab shells and insect exoskeletons to remain stiff and rigid, surgilux ’ s ultimate aim is to far outperform stitches or sutures for wounds and surgeries, considering how it remains atop the skin instead of threading underneath. john foster, a biotech researcher at the university of new south wales who is working on surgilux, said, “ though sutures have a superior strength to surgilux, sutures are physically invasive. surgilux is a thin film, so you do not end up with any physical invasion or further damage to the tissue, thus allowing more complete healing. ” ‘ sounds like this is not a one - size - fits - all solution, but would come in more handy for delicate operations. even better is if this does not leave that much of scar tissue compared to regular stitches. will the phrase “ a stitch in time saves nine ” be relevant should the surgilux surge in popularity? medbox dispenses marijuana melon headband improves your focus by reading your brain waves humans welded together could mean the end of stitches smart cover magnets can apparently disable implanted defibrillators


posts tagged : humbolt county university of california cooperative extension employees, who coordinate most of the sudden oak death - related research and monitoring in northern california, got a surprise in the spring of 2010, when samples from a monitoring station near the mouth of redwood creek near orick in humboldt county tested positive for the pathogen. this meant that trees were infected somewhere in the 200, 000 - acre watershed – more than 50 miles from the nearest known infestation, and farther north than the pathogen had ever been detected in california. federal and state agencies, including the usda forest service, cal fire and the natural resources conservation service, joined forces with uc cooperative extension and quickly mobilized resources to control the pathogen in redwood valley and halt its spread to neighboring forests. local landowners have also played a key role. yana valachovic, uc cooperative extension advisor in humboldt county and forestry expert, explained that she and her agency partners had been preparing for this moment. “ we ’ ve been closely monitoring the disease for years and anticipating a scenario like redwood valley, so we were ready to take action and respond quickly, ” valachovic said. figure 1. yana valachovic sampling vegetation the ucce staff leads an extensive sudden oak death monitoring program on the north coast, and one of their detection strategies involves " leaf - baiting " in streams. using this technique, they “ bait ” phytophthora ramorum, the non - native pathogen that causes sudden oak death, by placing susceptible leaves in strategic locations in north coast streams. if the leaf baits become infected with sod, the scientists know that the pathogen is present in the watershed without having to comb the landscape for symptoms. after they detected the pathogen in redwood creek, ucce acted quickly to pinpoint the source of the waterborne spores, scouring the watershed for the very inconspicuous symptoms of sod with the help and permission of public and private landowners. by november 2010, the scientists had narrowed the location to redwood valley, where they found dead tanoaks and several other infected host plants. given its proximity to extensive public, private and tribal lands, the infestation in redwood valley was a serious concern. the disease, which was discovered in the bay area in the mid - 1990s, is found in 14 coastal counties in california, from monterey to humboldt, and has infested 10 percent of the at - risk areas in the state. p. ramorum thrives in the coastal climate, and has killed over 5 million tanoaks and true oaks over


counties in california, from monterey to humboldt, and has infested 10 percent of the at - risk areas in the state. p. ramorum thrives in the coastal climate, and has killed over 5 million tanoaks and true oaks over the past 15 years. it ’ s still not clear how the pathogen got to redwood valley, but it could threaten the dense tanoak forests of the surrounding area, resulting in widespread tree mortality and increased fire hazard. much of the on - the - ground effort has been completed by contractors and cal fire handcrews, who have created 100 - meter buffers around infected trees by removing california bay laurel ( pepperwood ) and tanoak, the two hosts that most readily support p. ramorum spore production and spread. infected plant material has been trucked offsite and donated to the nearby dg fairhaven power company, piled and burned, or lopped and scattered onsite. funding from the american recovery and reinvestment act, the usda forest service and nrcs enabled the swift response in redwood valley. ucce used arra funds, also known as federal stimulus funds, to hire four people to work on the project, lending stability to the effort. landowner support has been critical to the success of the project, according to valachovic. more than 20 landowners in the valley have allowed monitoring and treatment activities on their properties, recognizing that their cooperation may keep the disease from spreading to other areas. figure 2. chris lee ( ucce staff research associate ) and david casey ( nrcs forester ) inspecting a treated area “ we couldn ’ t just stand back and let the disease roll through the forests that we manage, and the landowners understood that, ” said dan cohoon, who works for eureka - based able forestry, which manages many of the private forestlands in the watershed. brandon laporte, manager of cookson ranch and one of the key landowner collaborators in redwood valley, has supported the project from the beginning. laporte explained, “ we ’ ve learned a lot about the disease through this project, and we certainly don ’ t want it getting worse here on the ranch or spreading beyond the valley. ” the first phase of treatment is currently wrapping up, and ucce is beginning to monitor project efficacy and watch for spread of the pathogen beyond project boundaries. the yurok and hoopa tribes will be paying close attention to this effort, as they are only a ridge away from the infestation. ron reed, a yurok tribal forest


project efficacy and watch for spread of the pathogen beyond project boundaries. the yurok and hoopa tribes will be paying close attention to this effort, as they are only a ridge away from the infestation. ron reed, a yurok tribal forester, commented, “ oaks are an important part of our culture and history, and we will do what we can to keep sudden oak death out of our forests. the redwood valley project highlights the value of stream monitoring as a detection tool for sod, but it also demonstrates the ability of agencies and landowners to collaborate swiftly and effectively to protect the region ’ s forest resources. maybe most important – regardless of the future course that sudden oak death takes in the north coast – is what the project shows about the ability of proactive communities concerned about the health of their landscapes to come together, attract the support of state and national authorities, and work to make things better. the community collaboration is being honored with the two chiefs ’ award. the award, which is given jointly by the nrcs and the forest service, highlights projects from across the country each year, recognizing exemplary partners who have worked collaboratively to support conservation and forest stewardship. valachovic will accept the award on behalf of the federal, state, tribal and private partners involved the project at an event in davis on wednesday, may 16. for more information about sudden oak death disease, visit the california oak mortality task force website at www. suddenoakdeath. org. for more anr news, visit university of california division of agriculture and natural resources


17 august 2010 the united nations has partnered with the organizers of the first - ever youth olympic games to raise awareness about hiv among young people, who account for 40 per cent of all new infections, as well as fight stigma associated with the virus. the games, which kicked off on saturday in singapore, will be held every two years – alternating between summer and winter – for young athletes from around the world between the ages of 14 and 18. “ young athletes are role models in their communities, ” said michel sidibe, executive director of the joint un programme on hiv / aids ( unaids ). “ we need to call on these young people to lead the prevention revolution if we are to reach unaids ’ vision of zero new infections. ” the joint efforts by unaids and the organizers of the singapore games are part of the agency ’ s overall partnership with the international olympic committee ( ioc ) to provide hiv prevention information and raise awareness about hiv among young people during the two weeks of the competition. “ hiv awareness and prevention campaigns are most effective when addressed to the youth, ” noted jacques rogge, president of the ioc. “ sport is a powerful tool for reaching out to today ’ s youth on all continents and for educating them early on about healthy and responsible behaviours. ” unaids, together with civil society organizations, will conduct a series of workshops focusing on adolescent sexual and reproductive health as well as stigma surrounding hiv. in a toolkit prepared for the sports community, unaids notes that prevention and fighting against discrimination are two fields in which sport can clearly make a difference. the sports community is a key partner in reaching out to young men and women in their villages or cities, the agency stated, adding that sports events, clubs and gyms offer a perfect platform to make young people aware of the issue, to promote preventive messages, and to ensure that persons living with hiv are not discriminated against. the workshops will be open to the estimated 3, 600 young athletes and 1, 400 officials in the olympic village. in addition, condoms have been made available for free at the medical clinics. news tracker : past stories on this issue


about the gef the global environment facility ( gef ) was established in 1991 and unites 182 member governments — in partnership with international institutions, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector — to address global environmental issues. today the gef is the largest funder of projects to improve the global environment. the gef as financial mechanism of the unccd in 2002, the world summit on sustainable development called on the second gef assembly to consider making the gef a financial mechanism of the convention. shortly after, in october 2002, the gef second assembly declared that the facility should be available as a financial mechanism of the unccd if the conference of the parties should so decide. at cop 6 in decisions 6 / cop. 6, the gef was accepted as a financial mechanism of the unccd by the conference of parties. this was followed by a memorandum of understanding between the cop and gef annexed to decision 6 / cop. 7 to foster collaboration in supporting countries. in may 2010, the fourth gef assembly amended the gef instrument to list unccd among the treaties for which the facility is playing the role of financial mechanism. the gef as financial mechanism of the unccd directly contributes to implementation of the convention, including its ten - year ( 2008 – 2018 ) strategic plan and framework adopted by the conference of parties during the eight session ( decision 3 / cop. 8 ). although the strategy of the gef 5 land degradation focal area and the unccd 10 - year strategy have very different time frames, there are strong linkages at multiple levels, which both institutions are aiming to strengthen. one step in this direction was set with the elaboration of a joint plan of action at the unccd gef retreat held in january 2011 in bonn. gef 5 replenishment in may 2010, the gef completed a very successful 5th replenishment process for the period 2010 - 2014, which resulted in the highest allocation ever to the gef - $ 4. 25 billion. as a result of this increased replenishment, all focal areas received a much higher allocation of resources than in gef - 4. for the land degradation focal area ( ldfa ), which primarily supports priorities of the unccd, the total gef - 5 allocation is $ 405 million. this reflects an increase of more than 30 % over gef - 4 levels. focal area set - asides for enabling activities following up from the recommendations made through the raf mid - term review, a focal


many national poverty reduction strategies overlook the needs of young people. even where national strategies do have a youth focus, the analysis of their situation is limitedbecause little or no reference is made to readily available data. for those advocating on behalf of young people in poverty, considerable scope exists to make use of simple but reputable statistics to mount a strong case for governments and civil society to allocate more resources for addressing poverty among this major population group. the purpose of this step - by - step guide is to show how relevant statistics on young people in poverty can be easily sourced for use in developing national poverty reduction strategies. the guide shows how to use accessible databases on the internet to provide individual countries with sophisticated statistical profile of young people in poverty. the available data can provide a profile at three levels of young people in poverty. at the broadest level, it is possible to show how significant young people, defined as a specific age group, are in a country ' s basic demographic structure now and in the future. the second level focuses in on the incidence of young people in poverty, using, for example, national averages based on millennium development goals indicators. a third level of data offers a more differentiated picture of young people in poverty. this involves presenting detailed data, taking into account young people ' s differences by gender, rural / urban location, where the data is available, household poverty status.


the term " catholic ( pre - ) enlightenment " has frequently been used in 20th - century intellectual history to describe reform - oriented currents in 18th - century catholic europe. it is usually connected with the implication that an " enlightenment " already existing elsewhere was adopted and adapted in the catholic regions ; for austria, the three traditional narratives concern the transfer of " reform catholic " ideas from italy ( muratori ), of " jansenism " from france and the netherlands ( emperor francis stephen and his circle ), and of " enlightened " ideas from france and northern germany. the devaluation or even the complete disappearance of the receiving intellectual culture is usually part of these narratives. for the final third of the 18th century, and primarily for the sphere of political ideas, the work of harm klueting and others has recently succeeded in establishing a satisfactory terminological clarity. much reflection is still needed, however, concerning the history of the term " catholic enlightenment " itself and its relationship to the much more heterogeneous situation prior to ca. 1770. catchwords such as " jansenism ", " reform catholicism ", " natural philosophy ", " enlightenment " or " positive theology " will have to be interrogated as to their semantic, social - pragmatic and medial - functional content before meaningful statements about the intellectual developments at the threshold of the " enlightenment " are possible. the start project incorporates the phrase " monastic enlightenment " in its title because the period covered by the pez correspondence ( 1709 – 1762 ) saw a profound epistemological shift in the conceptions of learning and science spread through european societies. a central premise of our work is that this shift will be mirrored in the letters of the brothers pez, offering the opportunity to follow a development of european scope within a manageable body of source material. both the research objectives of the brothers pez and their social and institutional framework, the " benedictine republic of letters ", in the course of the century turned from established paradigms into anachronistic ideals. both terms need to be approached on multiple levels of meaning. the " benedictine republic of letters " is a topical construct always open to the question of what its relation is to the secular post - humanist concept of " res publica litteraria " ; " monastic enlightenment " is to be contextualised with metaphors of light which show quite different meanings and usages in latin than in the vernacular languages. in both contexts these metaphors denote processes of the attainment of knowledge ; but while the latin usage of


i have heard the morris arboretum was designed by the son and stepson of famed landscape architect frederick law olmsted. is this true? — all about olmsted dear landscape lover, well, not exactly. frederick law olmsted jr., son of olmsted sr., was hired in 1932 to draw up plans for the arboretum, though his impact was not a huge one. his half brother, john charles olmsted, had died in 1920. the olmsted brothers firm, which did design work at the white house, u. s. capital and, locally, at bryn mawr and haverford colleges, was hired by the arboretum at a time of change. founded by the wealthy brother and sister pair of john and lydia morris in 1887, the gardens did not officially become part of penn until 1932, the same year olmsted was brought in. the morrises had spent years molding their former family summer home into a garden showcase, and many of the garden ’ s most famous features — the fernery ( 1899 ), the log cabin ( 1908 ) and the loggia ( 1913 ), among others — were built long before olmsted showed up. bob gutowski, director of public programs at the arboretum, explains olmsted ’ s firm prepared some maps and plans as well as a “ preliminary report on the purpose of the arboretum. ” “ to call it a “ collaboration ’ would overstate it, ” gutowski says of olmsted ’ s involvement. “ but [ the plans ] did inform the early thinking of the arboretum. if you look today at where the parking lot is, that ’ s where olmsted placed it. so certain elements did carry through. ” for more information about the morris arboretum, visit www. business - services. upenn. edu / arboretum /. originally published on march 30, 2006


nausea and vomiting - adults nausea is the feeling of having an urge to vomit. it is often called being sick to your stomach. vomiting or throwing up is forcing the contents of the stomach up through the esophagus and out of the mouth. emesis ; vomiting ; stomach upset ; upset stomach many common problems may cause nausea and vomiting : nausea and vomiting may also be early warning signs of more serious medical problems, such as : once you and your doctor find the cause, you will want to know how to treat your nausea or vomiting. you may be asked to take medicine, change your diet, or try other things to make you feel better. it is very important to keep enough fluids in your body. try drinking frequent, small amounts of clear liquids if you have morning sickness during pregnancy, ask your doctor about the many possible treatments. the following may help treat motion sickness : - lying down - over - the - counter antihistamines ( such as dramamine ) - scopolamine prescription skin patches ( such as transderm scop ) are useful for extended trips, such as an ocean voyage. place the patch 4 - 12 hours before setting sail. scopolamine is effective but may produce dry mouth, blurred vision, and some drowsiness. scopolamine is for adults only. it should not be given to children. call your health care provider if call 911 or go to an emergency room if : - you think vomiting is from poisoning - you notice blood or dark, coffee - colored material in the vomit call a health care provider right away or seek medical care if you or another person has : been vomiting for longer than 24 hours been unable to keep any fluids down for 12 hours or more headache or stiff neck not urinated for 8 or more hours severe stomach or belly pain vomited three or more times in 1 day signs of dehydration include : - crying without tears - dry mouth - increased thirst - eyes that appear sunken - skin changes - - for example, if you touch or squeeze the skin, it doesn ' t bounce back the way it usually does - urinating less often or having dark yellow urine what to expect at your health care provider ' s office your health care provider will perform a physical examination, and will look for signs of dehydration. your health care provider will ask questions about your symptoms, such as : - when did the vomiting begin? how long has it lasted? how often does it occur? - does it occur after you eat, or on an empty stomach


##hydration. your health care provider will ask questions about your symptoms, such as : - when did the vomiting begin? how long has it lasted? how often does it occur? - does it occur after you eat, or on an empty stomach? - what other symptoms are present - - abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea, or headaches? - are you vomiting blood - are you vomiting anything that looks like coffee grounds? - are you vomiting undigested food? - when was the last time you urinated? other questions you may be asked include : - have you been losing weight? - have you been traveling? where? - what medications do you take? - did other people who ate at the same place as you have the same symptoms? - are you pregnant or could you be pregnant? the diagnostic tests may be performed : depending on the cause and how much extra fluids you need, you may have to stay in the hospital or clinic for a period of time. you may need fluids given through your veins ( intravenous or iv ). malagelada j - r, malagelada c. nausea and vomiting. in : feldman m, friedman ls, brandt lj, eds. sleisenger & fordtran ' s gastrointestinal and liver disease. 9th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2010 : chap 14. mcquaid k. approach to the patient with gastrointestinal disease. in : goldman l, schafer ai, eds. cecil medicine. 24th ed. philadelphia, pa : saunders elsevier ; 2011 : chap 134. this article uses information by permission from alan greene, m. d., © greene ink, inc. george f. longstreth, md, department of gastroenterology, kaiser permanente medical care program, san diego, california. also reviewed by david zieve, md, mha, medical director, a. d. a. m., inc.


copyright © by dr. adel elsaie, book title : " history of truth, the truth about god and religions " translate this page studying the universe can be an overwhelming spiritual experience. we see pictures of our solar system, distant stars, and galaxies, but the human minds fail to comprehend the size and complexity of this huge universe. in this chapter, you will encounter a host of theories and names. i attempted very hard to make the presented material simple, so you can get an appreciation of the splendor and grandeur of this universe. however, if you are temporarily stunned, you are sharing the astonishment of the scientists who lived through the development of their theories, and who at times saw nothing but increasing complexity with little hope of understanding. if you stick to it, you will share the excitement of the scientists, and the humility of the believers. if you keep asking questions : who, why, and how, you will have only one logical answer : god exists and he made it his way. " from time immemorial, people have wondered at the starry heavens. on a clear night, the beautiful stars hang like shining jewels against the vast darkness of space. the parade of sunrise and sunset, the changing phases of the moon, and the silent convoy of the stars across the black dome of heaven have long proven a spectacle and a puzzle. the spectacle has inspired the artist, the musician, and the poet. the puzzle has intrigued philosophers and scientists. just what is out there in the space? what is the meaning of it all? how did it start? is there life out there? we don ' t know. but, who has any idea of what god can do? the spectacle of the heaven above charges the believers with humility and faith. they realize that they are a grain of dust on a grain of dust on a grain of dust. yet, god gives us the intellect to contemplate all of this. the recent hubble telescope discovery increased the estimates for the known galaxies from 10 billion to 100 billion, with each galaxy containing billions of stars, and perhaps planetary systems. when we discover new galaxies, stars and planets, this should make us aware of how great god is, and how little we know. god simply revealed some of his magnificence. to ancient peoples the sky exhibited many repetitive behaviors. the bright sun, which divided daytime from nighttime, rose every morning from one direction, the east, moved steadily across the sky during the day, and set in a nearly opposite direction,


navy veterans and mesothelioma veterans from every branch of the military are at risk for developing mesothelioma through their exposure to asbestos during their active duty. the branch of the military with the most mesothelioma cases happens to be the united states navy. navy veterans and shipyard workers have shown to be the most susceptible to developing mesothelioma than those with no military history. the brave men and women of the u. s. navy spent years of their lives serving our country while unknowingly being exposed to high levels of asbestos, now known to be deadly to humans. asbestos and the military throughout much of the 20th century, asbestos was used in virtually every industry for various purposes. the properties inherent in asbestos made it a highly sought after and widely - used mineral. it is highly resistant to high heat and fire, as well as hazardous chemicals, and it can be shaped into virtually any form. power plants, construction sites, shipyards and more all used asbestos - containing materials. asbestos was used as an insulator for pipes, boilers, electrical wiring, and much more. it was also used in the lining of protective clothing worn by shipyard and navy personnel. the mineral could also be found in the mess halls, common areas, decks and many more areas aboard navy vessels. anyone working on the shipyard or on board a vessel was put at risk for exposure. when undisturbed, asbestos does not pose a high risk ; however, once it becomes friable, which occurs when it is damaged, such as during war at sea, asbestos fibers are released into the air. this meant that anyone on board a ship that was damaged in any way was likely exposed to asbestos fibers. asbestos was used in order to protect navy crew members from being injured during a fire, which happened often during war. however, the mineral had the opposite effect. navy veterans and mesothelioma unfortunately, those that manufactured asbestos - containing materials and those that bought it knew about the risks involved with exposure, yet allowed its use to continue. the environmental protection agency ( epa ) did not put a ban on asbestos use until the 1970s, and even then it was only on new construction. older ships and buildings still contain asbestos. that means that up through the 1980s, navy personnel and soldiers were all at risk for exposure and the subsequent development of mesothelioma. mesothelioma tends to lay dormant for decades and symptoms do not arise for 20 to 50 years after exposure. the symptoms often resemble those of the


tilitarianism is a school of thought identified with the writings of jeremy bentham and james mill. it advocated the principle and goal of " the greatest happiness of the greatest number ". though admirable, its approach to achieving happiness was rather like a stimulus or response approach, focusing on the influence of pleasure and pain and the negative and positive associations created through praise and punishment. its approach in education was to form positive associations with actions for social good and negative associations with things socially hurtful. john stuart mill argues that moral theories are divided between two distinct approaches : the intuitive and inductive schools. although both schools agree on the existence of a single and highest normative principle ( being that actions are right if they tend to promote happiness and wrong if they tend to produce the reverse of happiness ), they disagree about whether we have knowledge of that principle intuitively, or inductively. mill criticises categorical imperative, stating that it is essentially the same as utilitarianism, since it involves calculating the good or bad consequences of an action to determine the morality of that action. mill defines " happiness " to be both intellectual and sensual pleasure. he argues that we have a sense of dignity that makes us prefer intellectual pleasures to sensual ones. he adds that the principle of utility involves assessing an action ' s consequences, and not the motives or character traits of the agent. mill argues that the principle of utility should be seen as a tool for generating secondary moral principles, which promote general happiness. thus most of our actions will be judged according to these secondary principles. he feels that we should appeal directly to the principle of utility itself only when faced with a moral dilemma between two secondary principles. for example, a moral principle of charity dictates that one should feed a starving neighbour, and the moral principle of self - preservation dictates that one should feed oneself. if one does not have enough food to do both, then one should determine whether general happiness would be better served by feeding my neighbour, or feeding oneself. mill discusses our motivations to abide by the utilitarian standard of morality. man is not commonly motivated to specific acts such as to kill or steal, instead, we are motivated to promote general happiness. mill argues that there are two classes of motivations for promoting general happiness. first, there are external motivations arising from our hope of pleasing and fear of displeasing god and other humans. more importantly, there is a motivation internal to the agent, which is the feeling of duty. for mill, an


happiness. first, there are external motivations arising from our hope of pleasing and fear of displeasing god and other humans. more importantly, there is a motivation internal to the agent, which is the feeling of duty. for mill, an this feeling of duty consists of an amalgamation of different feelings developed over time, such as sympathy, religious feelings, childhood recollections, and self - worth. the binding force of our sense of duty is the experience of pain or remorse when one acts against these feelings by not promoting general happiness. mill argues that duty is subjective and develops with experience. however, man has an instinctive feeling of unity, which guides the development of duty toward general happiness. mill ' s proof for the principle of utility notes that no fundamental principle is capable of a direct proof. instead, the only way to prove that general happiness is desirable is to show man ' s desire for it. his proof is as follows : if x is the only thing desired, then x is the only thing that ought to be desired. thus if general happiness is the only thing desired, therefore general happiness is the only thing that ought to be desired. mill recognises the controversiality of this and therefore anticipates criticisms. a critic might argue that besides happiness, there are other things, such as virtue, which we desire. responding to this, mill says that everything we desire becomes part of happiness. thus, happiness becomes a complex phenomenon composed of many parts, such as virtue, love of money, power, and fame. critics of utilitarianism argue that unlike the suppositions of the utilitarians, morality is not based on consequences of actions. instead, it is based on the fundamental concept of justice. mill sees the concept of justice as a case for utilitarianism. thus, he uses the concept of justice, explained in terms of utility, to address the main argument against utilitarianism. mill offers two counter arguments. first, he argues that social utility governs all moral elements in the notion of justice. the two essential elements in the notion of justice are : punishment, and the violation of another ' s rights. punishment results from a combination of revenge and collective social sympathy. as a single entity, revenge has no moral component, and collective social sympathy is equal to social utility. violation of rights is also derived from utility, as rights are claims that one has on society to protect us. thus, social utility is the only reason society should protect us. consequently, both elements


behind the dictionary lexicographers talk about language the nouning of " back to school " just in time for the beginning of the school year, linguist neal whitman investigates how " back to school " got transformed from a prepositional phrase to a noun phrase. it ' s time for back to school! with labor day just around the corner, back to school is days away for many students across the nation, and for many others it has already come. do those statements make you cringe? that ' s to be expected, of course, if you ' re a kid who ' s not ready to say goodbye to summer break. messages like " get ready for back - to - school! " are even more bothersome when they come even before the end of july. for grammar watchers, however, they carry an extra measure of irritation. as one tweeter who visited my blog asked, " since * * * * when did ' back to school ' become a noun? can any linguists explain how that happened? " before we tackle those questions, how do we know " back to school " really is being used as a noun? as a rule, subjects of sentences and objects of prepositions are nouns. ( noun phrases, actually, but for our purposes, " noun " will do. ) " back to school " is the subject of " back to school is just days away, " and the object of " for " in " it ' s almost time for back to school. " so in sentences like these it ' s pretty clear that " back to school " is being used as a noun. furthermore, the usage is easy to find. a check of google news for 2009 yields many hits like these : - churches give city kids free stuff for back - to - school - how to help with back to school - back to school is an exciting time. - get smart about swine flu for back - to - school - enjoy the last few weeks before back to school usually, " back to school " is a prepositional phrase. more specifically, " to school " is a prepositional phrase, modified by " back, " and the entire phrase " back to school " is a bigger prepositional phrase ( in the same way that " hard to read " is an adjective phrase, and " very hard to read " is a bigger adjective phrase ). prepositional phrases can serve as adverbs to modify verb phrases ; for example, " back to school " modifies " go " in


read " is an adjective phrase, and " very hard to read " is a bigger adjective phrase ). prepositional phrases can serve as adverbs to modify verb phrases ; for example, " back to school " modifies " go " in the phrase " go back to school. " so when and how did we get from " back to school " as an adverbial prepositional phrase to " back to school " as a noun phrase? my impression was that people had started using " back to school " as a noun sometime in the 1990s. however, as a reader of language log, the linguistics blog run by mark liberman, geoff pullum, and several other linguists, i have learned to beware of what they have dubbed the recency illusion : the assumption that a language innovation is new if it ' s new to you. in fact, the earliest use of nominal " back to school " that i ' ve found ( after some searching in google books and the google news archive ) is in an august, 1961 headline from the la times : " september means back - to - school for adults as well as children. " regarding when " back to school " gained its noun privileges, then, the answer is : no later than 1961. but how? until the early 20th century ( based on a decade - by - decade search of google books ), " back to school " was used exclusively as an adverbial prepositional phrase, modifying verbs such as " go, " " come, " " take ( someone ), " and " send ( someone ). " it began to expand its range during world war i, appearing in the collocation " back - to - school drive " — a term referring to a national movement to persuade children and teenagers who had filled the draft - depleted labor force to return to school. ( pressing an adverbial phrase such as " back to school " into service to modify a noun is no more unusual than cases where other kinds of phrases, and even entire sentences, are used in that way ; for example, " his devil - may - care attitude. " ) the term " back - to - school drive " continued to appear for a few years following wwi, as the need for kids to go back to school became more urgent when veterans came home and wanted their old jobs back. as compulsory education became more widespread, " back - to - school drive " faded, but resurged with back - to - school drives during world war ii and lyndon johnson


school became more urgent when veterans came home and wanted their old jobs back. as compulsory education became more widespread, " back - to - school drive " faded, but resurged with back - to - school drives during world war ii and lyndon johnson ' s administration. ( it has even gained a newer meaning during the past decade : a group effort to collect school supplies for underprivileged children. ) back - to - school drives aside, " back to school " continued primarily as a prepositional phrase during the mid - twentieth century, but was continually called upon to modify other nouns ; for example, " youth, " " statistics, " " advice, " and of course " sales, " " fashion, " and " shopping. " from the use of " back to school " to modify nouns, it is a short step to arrive at " back to school " as a noun itself, by way of a linguistic process known as analogy. if we start off with a noun, it ' s no big deal for it to modify another noun. this happens any time we make a compound word whose first element is a noun : " spiral notebook, " " chemistry lab, " " hall pass, " " metal detector. " ( i won ' t get into whether nouns used this way count as adjectives. that ' s another story. ) but what happens if the modifier use comes first, as happened with compounds like " back - to - school shopping " ( first attested in 1945 )? by analogy with other compound words, " back - to - school " comes to be seen as another noun. if " spiral " in " spiral notebook " is a noun, and " chemistry " in " chemistry lab " is a noun, and " hall " in " hall pass " is a noun,... then " back - to - school " in " back - to - school shopping " must be a noun, too. linguists have a word for this use of analogy to produce a kind of reverse derivation of a word : back - formation. a classic example is the verb " edit. " you ' d think the noun " editor " was derived from the verb " edit " by adding a suffix, but in fact, it happened in the opposite order. the noun " editor " came first, with the earliest citation from 1649. the " - or " was interpreted as a suffix by analogy with agentive nouns such as " runner, " " flyer, " " swimmer, " etc. ; it was stripped


by - dr. david prescott throughout the course of history, people have coped with a variety of illnesses and diseases that have been severe and widespread. along with the physical impact of such illnesses, each widespread disease or epidemic has brought various levels of social anxiety, stress, and in extreme cases near panic. while our society today is nowhere near this level of public anxiety, it is important to keep a balanced psychological approach to this issue. high levels of public attention and media coverage are necessary to help prevent the spread of influenza. however, these frequent messages can inadvertently raise our anxiety and lead to high levels of stress or feeling somewhat helpless. the following tips will help you deal more effectively with the psychological stress associated with flu season. stay connected : following tips for minimizing the spread of influenza involves being careful about interpersonal contact. however, we should not let good health practices disrupt our normal social networks, which are important in maintaining a sense of " normal. " in the worst case, social isolation of people who have flu - like symptoms can add to stress levels and make coping with being sick more difficult. try to offer support to people with the flu, and look for ways to stay connected that minimize the chance of spreading an illness ( phones, computers ). deal with facts : in times of high stress there is a human tendency to take rumors at face value, make false assumptions, or follow trains of logic that are not based in fact. facts can be a little boring when compared to rumor, but facts are very helpful in reducing unwanted stress. find a credible source, like www. flu. gov to stay updated. and, don ' t forget to actually do the things recommended by health experts. sometimes, rumors or false assumptions lead us to put off making good health choices. pursue many roads to better health : much attention has been given to the availability of flu vaccine. however, if you are not yet able to get the vaccine, try not to let that translate into, " there is nothing i can do! " remember that there are lots of ways to work on staying healthy. proper sleep, diet, and exercise help your body fight off illness and stress. good hand hygiene, like washing thoroughly with soap and water, is something over which you have total control. and, be sensible about close physical contact with people who are ill. have a plan : one of the biggest ways that the anxiety cycles spins out of control, is to repeatedly go through the " worry " process without ever developing a plan to address the worry. your plan doesn


close physical contact with people who are ill. have a plan : one of the biggest ways that the anxiety cycles spins out of control, is to repeatedly go through the " worry " process without ever developing a plan to address the worry. your plan doesn ' t need to be complicated. but, it may help to write out or talk through what you will do if influenza is identified in your school or where you work. and, if someone in your family contracts influenza, just have a simple plan of what you will do until they are well. communicate with your children : children, particularly younger children, are very vulnerable to the stress around them. most children will observe adult behavior and emotions for cues on how to manage their own emotions. that is, your children watch you to figure out how they should react. it is usually best to discuss flu prevention efforts honestly and simply, using information that is appropriate for your child ' s age. maintaining familiar routines, as much as possible, when a family member is sick is also helpful in reducing anxiety and stress in children. when has stress become a problem that needs professional help? defining the line between normal anxiety and anxiety which requires professional help is, of course, largely up to an individual. some guiding points may be if anxiety or worry begins to significantly interfere with your job, school, or family, then you may need to talk with a psychologist or counselor. feeling hopeless or highly discouraged for 2 consecutive weeks or more is often a symptom of clinical depression, and should prompt a visit to your primary care doctor or a mental health professional. for more information : acadia hospital web site : www. acadiahospital. org american psychological association help center : www. apahelpcenter. org u. s. department of health and human services : www. flu. gov coping with stress about h1n1 influenza - building psychological resilience by - dr. david prescott breaking news from cbs the southmoore high school football team was supposed to be practicing when the tornado hit. but a quick call by the coach helped get the players out of danger. manuel bojorquez reports. comedian drew carey speaks to the " cbs this morning " co - hosts about why he first turned down the job of hosting " the price is right " - - that he once thought was an " old - man " show - - his new image, and returning to standup comedy. spirit airlines ceo ben baldanza speaks to cbs news travel editor peter greenberg and the " cbs this morning "


recently, i posted an article about how ben franklin ’ s 1752 invention of the lightning rod was such an important development not only for human safety but also for helping to turn the blind eye of religious extremists toward acceptance of the wonders of science. it was the period, of course, known as the enlightenment, or the age of reason. in november, 1743, franklin, who was probably one of the most “ reasoned ” people of his time, had a huge opportunity to put his reasoning skills to the test. on the night of november 2 of that year - - some 268 years ago - - an event occurred which cast a whole new light on the movement and structure of storm systems in the northern hemisphere ( and the world ). previously, it had always been thought that storms came from the same direction as their surface winds, so it came as a great surprise to benjamin franklin when, as a result of a simple astronomical observation and a twist of fate, that this was not the case. as the story goes, ben, among his many other pursuits and accomplishments, was an avid astronomer, and was aware that a lunar eclipse would be occurring on november 2, 1743. * he was keenly interested in how this eclipse would appear in philadelphia, where he lived at the time, compared with the view by his brother ( unclear which of his 9 full brothers ) from his vantage point in boston. therefore, ben asked his brother to observe the spectacle and provide him with notes. on the night of the eclipse, ben was greatly disappointed, as overcast skies and rain had developed, with a brisk northeast wind — some said it was a hurricane. he automatically assumed that his brother would also have missed the event since boston was hundreds of miles northeast of philadelphia and would be experiencing the storm first, ben thought. subsequently, ben received a letter from his brother outlining the details of the eclipse, as viewed in boston. at the end, he mentioned that the weather turned quite nasty afterward, with rain and gusty winds from the northeast — a real nor ’ easter. ben was obviously quite surprised and perplexed at his brother ’ s observations. after gathering more data and talking to more observers, he was able, for the first time, to comprehensively document the movement of storms in the northern hemisphere. years later, in his letter of february 13, 1749 to clergyman jared eliot, franklin conjectures that storms begin to the “ leeward, ” ( meaning that they start earlier in the region toward which the wind is blowing ) and begin later


hemisphere. years later, in his letter of february 13, 1749 to clergyman jared eliot, franklin conjectures that storms begin to the “ leeward, ” ( meaning that they start earlier in the region toward which the wind is blowing ) and begin later to the “ windward, ” ( the opposite direction ). franklin correctly determined that the surface winds of a storm system were only incidental to the forward movement of the storm. in the above letter, franklin also contends that a storm is more severe to the leeward, a reflection perhaps of the particular storm in question. as we know today, in the colder months nor ’ easters often attain their greatest intensity after they pass dc ’ s latitude * *, or to the “ windward, ” as franklin would have put it. but if that storm were really a hurricane, it would explain ben ’ s belief that nor ’ easters were more intense to the “ leeward, ” as hurricanes, particularly late - season ones, often weaken over cooler new england waters. nevertheless, according to franklin, this particular storm did cause considerable damage all along the new england and mid - atlantic coastline, although possibly somewhat less to the north. * the ability to predict eclipses is thought to have been developed as early as ancient mesopotamia in the 3rd or 4th century b. c. - - john m. steele, department of physics, university of durham, durham, england. * * often around the so - called benchmark position of 40 - 70, or 40 degrees north latitude and 70 degrees west longitude, where low pressure systems associated with winter nor ’ easters sometimes attain great intensity and even stall, putting much of new england in prolonged blizzard conditions.


a plan to save prime hook national wildlife refuge from rising sea levels may do more than just create new habitat for migratory birds, increase opportunities for hunters, and prevent flooding in some coastal communities. the ambitious proposal, released by the u. s. fish and wildlife service on may 31, may become a template for how delaware deals with the coastal flooding that already strikes the state ’ s many low - lying areas – a challenge that experts say will get far worse in coming decades. the 10, 000 - acre prime hook preserve is one of the areas that state officials say will be virtually wiped out by the one - meter rise in ocean waters projected to happen by the end of the century if current trends continue. rising sea level is the main threat to the refuge and the main driver behind the federal agency ’ s long - awaited comprehensive conservation plan. as salt water from the delaware bay inundates some 4, 000 acres of what had been freshwater impoundments, those areas no longer attract the migratory birds that they were built to shelter. the surging waters from the bay frequently flood the adjacent community of prime hook beach and damage bordering farmland with salt water. the plan lays out three options for responding to repeated flooding at the refuge. the option favored by the fish and wildlife service would raise the level of at least one of the impoundments by about seven inches by pumping in million of tons of sand and mud from a long - planned dredging project to deepen the delaware ship channel. the agency hopes the operation will allow the area to revert to salt marsh and drain into the bay rather than drawing waters from it, as it does now. “ the bay is rising twice as fast as the marsh is, ” said michael stroeh, project leader for the delaware coastal refuge complex that includes prime hook and bombay hook refuges. stroeh said the prime hook plan could become a model for coastal restoration elsewhere because of its large size and because most other restoration projects, especially in the mid - atlantic area, have not used dredging spoils to restore marshes. “ any restoration project this large would be unique, ” he told dfm news. “ it offers the opportunity for innovative ideas. ” at a public meeting in milford, stroeh said the plan to dump dredging spoils at prime hook represents the best chance for the restoration project to succeed. “ the deepening project is my big shot to get sediment here, ” he told residents at the meeting. if approved, work wouldn ’ t begin until 2014 because the dredging spoil


prime hook represents the best chance for the restoration project to succeed. “ the deepening project is my big shot to get sediment here, ” he told residents at the meeting. if approved, work wouldn ’ t begin until 2014 because the dredging spoils are earmarked for nearby broadkill beach and kelly island before that. but the 102 - mile dredging project — designed to give larger cargo ships access to wilmington and other ports on the delaware – faces legal challenges from environmentalists who say the plan would disrupt the ecology of the delaware bay. seventeen miles of the channel near claymont has already been deepened. if the plaintiffs win their lawsuit against the project ’ s leaders, the army corps of engineers, that would halt work on the project, according to jane davenport, senior attorney for delaware riverkeeper network, one of the environmental groups. the case is awaiting a ruling by the third circuit court of appeals in philadelphia. davenport said any plan to dump dredging spoils at prime hook would be “ extremely problematic ” and would probably require the army corps to conduct another environmental impact statement before doing the work, a process that can take years. until the court rules, the corps is pressing ahead and inviting bidders on the next phase of the project, according to ed voigt, a spokesman for the corps in philadelphia. voigt confirmed the corps is talking to the federal wildlife service about using dredging spoils at prime hook. any decision to take the material there would have to be funded by agencies other than the corps, he said. david small, deputy secretary for delaware ’ s department of natural resources and environmental control ( dnrec ), said the work at prime hook could have value well beyond the central delaware coast. “ could that be a model that could be followed in other areas? ” he asked in an interview with dfm news. “ i think it could be. ” in april, dnrec released an assessment of delaware ’ s vulnerability to sea - level rise. it estimated that 10 percent or more of the state ’ s land mass could be inundated by the end of the century. the agency ’ s coastal team is now working on how the state should adapt. for now, there ’ s no immediate relief in sight for residents of prime hook beach. they continue to endure frequent flooding of their yards, homes and streets as waters rush in to one of the impoundments on high tides, nor ’ easters, or major storms. on june 4, a high tide flooded homes, ruined landscaping,


new, simpler childhood vaccine schedule schedule updated annually to reflect any changes based on new research, developments pregnant women should receive a whooping cough vaccine in the second half of each pregnancy, according to this year ' s recommended vaccine schedule for children and adolescents. in addition, the new schedule - published monday by the american academy of pediatrics ( aap ), along with the centers for disease control and prevention and the american academy of family physicians - - consolidates the schedules into one comprehensive list, covering children from birth through age 18. that ' s a change from previous years, when the schedule was separated into two different lists, for ages 0 to 6 and 7 to 18. the new schedule will also include an additional column that highlights which vaccines 4 - to - 6 - year - olds and adolescents need. the schedule, which is published every february, tells parents and doctors when is the correct time to vaccinate children against the 16 infectious diseases for which vaccines are available, said dr. cody meissner, head of the pediatric infectious disease division at tufts medical center and a consultant for the aap ' s committee on infectious diseases. the schedule is updated yearly to reflect any changes based on new research or developments. it is now recommended that pregnant adolescents women receive a whooping cough ( tdap ) shot in the final half of pregnancy, every time they are pregnant. " after mom gets the booster dose during pregnancy number one, the immunity peaks and then wanes pretty quickly, " explains meissner. the rational behind this recommendation is to vaccinate women near their time of delivery to boost immunity, which then passes through the placenta and get into the baby - so the baby will have its mother ' s immunity until it can develop its own. whooping cough cases have risen to a 50 - year high, the cdc said last year. " there will be about 20 ( whooping cough ) deaths for 2013, " says meissner. ninety percent of pertussis deaths occur in the first three months of life, he adds. that ' s because children in the first three months are too young to acquire immunity from their first ( inoculation ), which doesn ' t even occur until they are two months old. so having mom confer immunity to the newborn and having others around the babies, including grandparents, inoculated can protect the unvaccinated child. despite assurances that these vaccines are safe, more parents are choosing to delay getting their children vaccinated or not vaccinating them at all.