might develop at some stage during the evolution of most young stars. they could, for example, have existed during the early stages of the solar system. dg tau has about the same mass as the sun, but is much younger with an age of about one million years, rather than about 4. 5 billion years. since it is surrounded by a disk where planets may be forming, this new chandra image suggests that the early earth and its environment may have been bathed in x - rays from a jet like dg tau ' s. although it is unknown if such x - rays would have had a significant impact on the forming earth, it is possible that they did more good than harm. by ionizing the disk the x - rays may have generated turbulence, which could have had a substantial effect on the orbit of the young earth, possibly helping to prevent it from making a disastrous plunge into the sun. furthermore, x - ray irradiation of disks may also be important in the production of complex molecules in the disk that will later end up on the forming planets. the new x - ray observations of x - ray jets add new features to the already complex story of star and planet formation. the ionization and heating power of the x - rays rom jets will have to be included in future model calculations that will help scientists understand the physical evolution and chemical processing of environments that eventually lead to planets like those in our solar system.


most collisions are caused by driver error. less than two percent of collisions are the result of a mechanical problem with a the collision investigation unit is on hand to investigate any fatal road traffic collisions or ones in which a person has when the unit is called to a collision, they will seal off the scene and start to investigate. “ we are trained to look for specific evidence such as tyre and scratch marks on the road surface, but there is an abundance of information that can be collected at the scene, ” explains pc mike baddeley from the collision investigation unit. officers rely on maths and physics and the laws of motion to make their calculations and must undergo special training in these areas to join the “ the evidence is interpreted and used to reconstruct the collision. we can often show how a vehicle was moving – was it swerving, had the driver control of the vehicle? in addition, we can often calculate the speeds of vehicles at the time of the collision quite accurately ” all marks are photographed and the scene surveyed using the latest techniques and equipment. a scale plan is produced using a cad software package. the plan and photographs are referred to in the report so others can visualise the scene. some stored information can be extracted from the car ’ s engine control unit which controls all sorts of systems on a modern vehicle. this information can show what certain systems, such as the traction control or abs, were doing at the time of the collision giving the investigators more evidence for their “ physical evidence at a scene can be a lot more helpful than eye witnesses, ” mike explained. “ a collision takes only a few seconds. it is difficult for a witness to a very traumatic event to take in and process a lot of information in such a short period of all this evidence is used to help prepare an unbiased report on the circumstances and cause of the collision. sometimes these reports prompt the highways agency and local councils to alter the layout of a road or a junction to help prevent further collisions. the collision investigation unit attends about 200 collisions in a year, mostly on the main roads through the county, despite cheshire having a very extensive motorway network the unit only spends about 5 % of its time investigating motorway collisions. “ we compile a report for every fatal collision and a few very serious ones. our reports are passed to the crown prosecution service ( cps ) and the coroner. the cps then decide whether any of the drivers involved have committed an offence and whether they should be prosecuted. our evidence is pivotal in many cases. ” mike said. “ personally


a convoy of 21 vehicles left xining, capital city of qinghai province, on friday for a scientific mission to the hol xil nature reserve in northwest china ' s qinghai province. this will be the country ' s largest scientific inspection of the nature reserve since 1990, and also the first one since the opening of the qinghai - tibet railway on july 1 this year. the 61 - person inspection team consists of scientists, journalists and volunteers. the 50 - day mission ' s aim is to better understand the formation of the qinghai - tibet plateau, its effect on china ' s and the world ' s climate, as well as the distribution and migration of the nature reserve ' s rare animals. hol xil is home to tibetan antelopes, an endangered species which are protected by the convention on the international trade. the population of tibetan antelopes has dropped from several million to below 100, 000 in the past two decades due to extensive poaching and human encroachment of their habitat. the team will also collect samples of the area ' s plants to establish a gene databank and try to chart the area ' s ecological and environment trends over the past 15 years, said the team ' s head ding lin, a researcher with the institute of tibetan plateau research of chinese academy of sciences. ( xinhua news agency october 14, 2006 )


december 3, 2012 contact : rachel salis - silverman, children ' s hospital of philadelphia, 267 - 426 - 6063 or firstname. lastname @ example. org using powerful gene - analysis tools, researchers have discovered mutations in two related genes, arid1a and arid1b, that are involved in the most aggressive form of the childhood cancer neuroblastoma. while these findings do not immediately improve clinical treatments, they identify a novel pathway that is defective in these cancers, a pathway that scientists can now study to develop potential new therapies. “ these gene alterations were not previously known to be mutated in neuroblastoma, and they may significantly advance our knowledge of the underlying biological pathways that drive this disease, ” said study leader michael d. hogarty, md, a pediatric oncologist at the children ’ s hospital of philadelphia. “ these two genes function in a group of genes that seems to play an important role in neural cell behavior, and we will now work to discover if this insight may open up new treatments for children with tumors having these mutations. ” hogarty, along with victor velculescu, md, phd, of the johns hopkins kimmel cancer center, co - led the study that appeared today in nature genetics. the scientists received over $ 1 million in funding from the st. baldrick ’ s foundation, a volunteer - driven and donor - centered charity dedicated to raising money for childhood cancer research. the current study employed sophisticated next - generation sequencing technology that identified the entire dna sequence for a set of neuroblastoma tumors. “ when this project started, it was the first of its kind to focus on a childhood tumor, ” said hogarty. “ this is important, because cataloguing all the dna mutations in neuroblastoma, or any tumor, will allow us to better understand the enemy, and ultimately to make better treatment decisions. ” striking the peripheral nervous system, neuroblastoma usually appears as a solid tumor in the chest or abdomen of young children. it accounts for 7 percent of all childhood cancers, but 10 to 15 percent of all childhood cancer - related deaths. in the current study, hogarty and colleagues identified alterations in two genes, arid1a and arid1b, neither of which had previously been reported to be involved in neuroblastoma. both genes are thought to affect chromatin, a combination of dna and protein that regulates the activities of genes and ultimately controls the behavior of a cell. during


, neither of which had previously been reported to be involved in neuroblastoma. both genes are thought to affect chromatin, a combination of dna and protein that regulates the activities of genes and ultimately controls the behavior of a cell. during normal development, neural cells switch from a primitive, rapidly dividing state ( neuroblasts ) into a more differentiated, or mature state ( neurons ). however, said hogarty, mutations in arid1a and arid1b may prevent this orderly transition, keeping the neural cells in the uncontrolled stage of growth that becomes a cancerous tumor. “ unfortunately, children with these mutations have a particularly aggressive, treatment - resistant form of neuroblastoma, ” he added. the current study found that arid1a and arid1b mutations occur in 5 to 15 percent of high - risk neuroblastomas, but the pathway these genes affect may have a broader role in the disease — a possibility that hogarty and colleagues plan to investigate further. it is possible that children having tumors with these mutations will receive more aggressive or more experimental treatments in the future. ultimately, said hogarty, studies of the pathway affected by these genes may lay the foundation for future targeted therapies aimed at this pathway. in the current study, the scientists also developed an approach that detects the tumor dna abnormalities in the blood. “ all tumors harbor genetic mistakes that leave a fingerprint in the dna, and tumor dna is often detected in the blood as well, ” he explained. “ we may be able to develop a blood test, personalized to each cancer patient, to detect their tumor fingerprint in circulating blood dna. this would permit oncologists to more accurately monitor patients for treatment response and recurrence, and offer a tool to help guide treatment decisions. ” in addition to funding from st. baldrick ’ s, this study also received support from the national institutes of health ( grant ca121113 ), the children ’ s oncology group, the virginia and d. k. ludwig fund for cancer research, swim across america, and the aacr stand up to cancer - dream team translational cancer research grant. “ integrated genomic analyses identify arid1a and arid1b alterations in the childhood cancer neuroblastoma, ” nature genetics, advance online publication, dec. 2, 2012. doi : 10. 1038 / ng. 2493


august 1, 2012 contact : john ascenzi, children ' s hospital of philadelphia, 267 - 426 - 6055 or email @ example. com a pilot study in adolescents and adults has found that an investigational drug shows promise as the first potential medical treatment for children with the severest type of congenital hyperinsulinism, a rare but potentially devastating disease in which gene mutations cause insulin levels to become dangerously high. “ there is currently no effective medicine for children with the most common and most severe form of hyperinsulinism, ” said study leader diva d. de leon, md, a pediatric endocrinologist at the children ’ s hospital of philadelphia. “ our new research shows that this investigational drug, a peptide called exendin - ( 9 - 39 ), controls blood sugar levels in people, a very promising result. ” the study appeared today online ahead of print in the journal diabetes. in congenital hyperinsulinism ( hi ), mutations disrupt the insulin - secreting beta cells in the pancreas. uncontrolled, excessive insulin levels thus sharply reduce blood glucose levels, a condition called hypoglycemia. if untreated, hypoglycemia may cause irreversible brain damage or death in children. congenital hi occurs in an estimated one in 50, 000 u. s. children, with a higher incidence among ashkenazic jews and certain other groups. the standard treatment for some forms of congenital hi is diazoxide, a drug that controls insulin secretion by opening potassium channels in beta cells. however, this drug does not work in the most common types of hi, in which mutations prevent these potassium channels from forming. when abnormal beta cells occur only in a discrete portion of the pancreas, precise surgery on the tiny organ can remove the lesion and cure hi. the congenital hyperinsulinism center at the children ’ s hospital of philadelphia is a world leader in diagnosing such lesions and performing the curative surgery on newborns. however, in roughly half of congenital hi cases, abnormal cells are diffused through the pancreas, and surgeons must remove nearly the entire pancreas. this leaves the majority of patients at high risk of developing diabetes. the current study, which builds on previous research by de leon and colleagues in animals, uses exendin - ( 9 - 39 ), which blocks the action of a hormone receptor, glucagon - like peptide - 1 ( glp - 1 ), in beta cells.


previous research by de leon and colleagues in animals, uses exendin - ( 9 - 39 ), which blocks the action of a hormone receptor, glucagon - like peptide - 1 ( glp - 1 ), in beta cells. the glp - 1 receptor is currently the target of drugs that treat diabetes, using the opposite effect from that investigated in this hi study. the current pilot study included nine subjects, aged 15 to 47 years old, who had hyperinsulinism caused by mutations in potassium channels. none were being treated for hi at the time of the study, but all were at risk of hypoglycemia during periods of fasting. in all nine subjects, the drug controlled blood glucose levels during fasting. exendin also controlled insulin secretion in cell studies of beta cells taken from newborns with hi. the current research did not focus on the biological mechanisms that occurred, but de leon said the results are encouraging enough to progress to a clinical study in children with hi over the next year. financial support for this study came from the national institutes of health ( grant 1r03dk07835 ), the lester and liesel baker foundation, and the clifford and katherine goldsmith foundation. de leon ’ s co - authors, all from children ’ s hospital, were charles a. stanley, md, andrew c. calabria, md, changhong li, md, and paul r. gallagher in addition to their positions at children ’ s hospital, de leon, stanley and li also are in the perelman school of medicine at the university of pennsylvania. “ the glp - 1 receptor antagonist exendin - ( 9 - 39 ) elevates blood fasting glucose levels in congenital hyperinsulinism due to inactivating mutations in the atp - sensitive potassium channel, ” diabetes, published online july 31, 2012, to appear in print, october 2012. doi : 10. 2337 / db12 - 0166.


woodbury ' s water source the city of woodbury ' s goal is to provide high quality, safe, reliable drinking water that surpasses every state and federal requirement. woodbury is fortunate to have a very clean and safe water source : the jordan aquifer. an aquifer is an underground lake embedded in rock, in this case a sandstone rock layer. our wells are about 500 feet deep and we blast a cavity, like a large cave, in the rock at the bottom of the well. we then draw our drinking water from the water that seeps, through the rock, to this cavity. the jordan water has spent many decades flowing through the rock layers to reach our wells. during that long period, organisms that might have caused diseases have died and been filtered out by the rock layers. during this flow through the rock, the water dissolves some of the minerals embedded there. the only major impact we see in our water is from the limestone, where we pick up calcium. the calcium from the limestone is the major contributor to the hardness in woodbury ' s water. hardness is the measure of dissolved minerals that are in the water. the hardness of the water in woodbury is approximately 13. 5 grains. this is considered medium hard. though we have very good source water, we do take additional steps to comply with the minnesota department of health rules. we add fluoride to the water to allow bodies to build stronger bones and teeth. we also add chlorine to the water. chlorine is a very strong disinfectant and assures that no harmful bacteria or organisms can grow in the system. it also protects the water if any contaminants were to find their way in to our water. we have very precise equipment to add these items and we also test the water daily to assure we have the right amounts of chlorine and fluoride throughout the water system. the state requires cities to have 1. 2 milligrams of fluoride per liter of water and have a detectable chlorine residual at the farthest points in the system. the city pumped about 2. 8 billion gallons of water in 2009. woodbury currently has 17 wells in operation. in the winter, wells produce about 4. 2 million gallons of water per day. in the summer, all 17 wells are needed to pump up to 22 million gallons per day. the city ' s water system requires more than 5, 101 valves and 279 miles of underground piping ( at least 7 feet deep


of water per day. in the summer, all 17 wells are needed to pump up to 22 million gallons per day. the city ' s water system requires more than 5, 101 valves and 279 miles of underground piping ( at least 7 feet deep ) to distribute the water to houses and the 2, 700 plus fire hydrants for city emergencies. the water utility is not funded through taxes. operating costs are covered by billing for measured water use. the city of woodbury ’ s wellhead protection plan is designed to protect the groundwater aquifers that supply the woodbury municipal drinking water wells. the plan identifies potential sources of contamination that could pollute local groundwater wells and enter the community ’ s water supply. the ultimate goal of this plan is help ensure that woodbury continues to provide its residents with a safe and abundant supply of clean drinking water for generations to come. wells can become polluted when substances that are harmful to human health get into the groundwater. water from these wells can become dangerous to drink when the level of pollution rises above health standards. fortunately, the city of woodbury ’ s water supply currently meets ( and exceeds ) all state and federal drinking water standards. the city regularly samples the water from its wells and provides an annual water quality report to residents. the wellhead protection plan can be successful only if residents help protect the aquifer. to assist the city implement its plan, you can do the following : - help identify land uses and potential sources of contamination on your property ( wells, tanks, septic systems, hazardous wastes, etc. ). - make sure any potential sources of contamination under your control meet local, state, and federal regulations. click on the following for information on septic systems and the abandoned well sealing cost share programs. - use hazardous products only as directed and dispose of them properly when no longer needed. visit the washington county website for information on handling and disposal of wastes, including information on waste collection at the environmental center. - practice proper turf management techniques and avoid over - fertilization of your lawns and gardens. visit the minnesota department of agricultural website for more information. - seal any unused wells on your property, according to minnesota well code. see the minnesota department of health website for more information. owners of active wells should refer to the well owner ’ s handbook for proper construction, maintenance, and sampling information. - conserve water whenever possible. lawn watering is one of the largest uses of municipal water during the summer months. tips for conserving water, while maintaining a healthy


| making sense of the 4th of july ( part 1 ) by pauline maier jun 28, 2008, 12 : 25 pst copyright ; 1997 american heritage, inc. all rights reserved. " reprinted from american heritage, august 7, 1997. ) john adams thought americans would commemorate their independence day on the second of july. future generations, he confidently predicted, would remember july 2, 1776, as " the most memorable epocha, in the history of america " and celebrate it as their " day of deliverance by solemn acts of devotion to god almighty. it ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shews, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires and illuminations from one end of this continent to the other from this time forward forever more. " his proposal, however odd it seems today, was perfectly reasonable when he made it in a letter to his wife, abigail. on the previous day, july 2, 1776, the second continental congress had finally resolved " that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the british crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of great britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved. " the thought that americans might instead commemorate july 4, the day congress adopted a " declaration on independency " that he had helped prepare, did not apparently occur to adams in 1776. the declaration of independence was one of those congressional statements that he later described as " dress and ornament rather than body, soul, or substance, " a way of announcing to the world the fact of american independence, which was for adams the thing worth celebrating. in fact, holding our great national festival on the fourth makes no sense at all - unless we are actually celebrating not just independence but the declaration of independence. and the declaration we celebrate, what abraham lincoln called " the charter of our liberties, " is a document whose meaning and function today are different from what they were in 1776. in short, during the nineteenth century the declaration of independence became not just a way of announcing and justifying the end of britain ' s power over the thirteen colonies and the emergence of the united states as an independent nation but a statement of principles to guide stable, established governments. indeed, it came to usurp in fact if not in law a role that americans normally delegated to bills of rights. how did that happen? and why? according to notes kept by thomas jefferson, the second


guide stable, established governments. indeed, it came to usurp in fact if not in law a role that americans normally delegated to bills of rights. how did that happen? and why? according to notes kept by thomas jefferson, the second continental congress did not discuss the resolution on independence when it was first proposed by virginia ' s richard henry lee, on friday, june 7, 1776, because it was " obliged to attend at that time to some other business. " however, on the eighth, congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole and " passed that day & monday the 10th in debating on the subject. " by then all contenders admitted that it had become impossible for the colonies ever again to be united with britain. the issue was one of timing. john and samuel adams, along with others such as virginia ' s george wythe, wanted congress to declare independence right away and start negotiating foreign alliances and forming a more lasting confederation ( which lee also proposed ). others, including pennsylvania ' s james wilson, edward rutledge of south carolina, and robert r. livingston of new york, argued for delay. they noted that the delegates of several colonies, including maryland, pennsylvania, delaware, new jersey, and new york, had not been " impowered " by their home governments to vote for independence. if a vote was taken immediately, those delegates would have to " retire " from congress, and their states might secede from the union, which would seriously weaken the americans ' chance of realizing their independence. in the past, they said, members of congress had followed the " wise & proper " policy of putting off major decisions " till the voice of the people drove us into it, " since " they were our power, & without them our declarations could not be carried into effect. " moreover, opinion on independence in the critical middle colonies was " fast ripening & in a short time, " they predicted, the people there would " join in the general voice of america. " congress decided to give the laggard colonies time and so delayed its decision for three weeks. but it also appointed a committee of five to draft a declaration of independence so that such a document could be issued quickly once lee ' s motion passed. the committee ' s members included jefferson, livingston, john adams, roger sherman of connecticut, and pennsylvania ' s benjamin franklin. the drafting committee met, decided what the declaration should say and how it would be organized, then asked jefferson to prepare a draft. meanwhile, adams - - who did


livingston, john adams, roger sherman of connecticut, and pennsylvania ' s benjamin franklin. the drafting committee met, decided what the declaration should say and how it would be organized, then asked jefferson to prepare a draft. meanwhile, adams - - who did more to win congress ' s consent to independence than any other delegate - - worked feverishly to bring popular pressure on the governments of recalcitrant colonies so they would change the instructions issued to their congressional delegates. by june 28, when the committee of five submitted to congress a draft declaration, only maryland and new york had failed to allow their delegates to vote for independence. that night maryland fell into line. even so, when the committee of the whole again took up lee ' s resolution, on july 1, only nine colonies voted in favor ( the four new england states, new jersey, maryland, virginia, north carolina, and georgia ). south carolina and pennsylvania opposed the proposition, delaware ' s two delegates split, and new york ' s abstained because their twelvemonth - old instructions precluded them from approving anything that impeded reconciliation with the mother country. edward rutledge now asked that congress put off its decision until the next day, since he thought that the south carolina delegation would then vote in favor " for the sake of unanimity. " when congress took its final tally on july 2, the nine affirmative votes of the day before had grown to twelve : not only south carolina voted in favor, but so did delaware - the arrival of caesar rodney broke the tie in that delegation ' s vote - and pennsylvania. only new york held out. then on july 9 it, too, allowed its delegates to add their approval to that of delegates from the other twelve colonies, lamenting still the " cruel necessity " that made independence " unavoidable. " once independence had been adopted, congress again formed itself into a committee of the whole. it then spent the better part of two days editing the draft declaration submitted by its committee of five, rewriting or chopping off large sections of text. finally, on july 4, congress approved the revised declaration and ordered it to be printed and sent to the several states and to the commanding officers of the continental army. by formally announcing and justifying the end of british rule, that document, as letters from congress ' s president, john hancock, explained, laid " the ground & foundation " of american self - government. as a result, it had to be proclaimed not only before american troops in the hope that it would


, that document, as letters from congress ' s president, john hancock, explained, laid " the ground & foundation " of american self - government. as a result, it had to be proclaimed not only before american troops in the hope that it would inspire them to fight more ardently for what was now the cause of both liberty and national independence but throughout the country, and " in such a manner, that the people may be universally informed of it. " not until four days later did a committee of congress - not congress itself - get around to sending a copy of the declaration to its emissary in paris, silas deane, with orders to present it to the court of france and send copies to " the other courts of europe. " unfortunately the original letter was lost, and the next failed to reach deane until november, when news of american independence had circulated for months. to make matters worse, it arrived with only a brief note from the committee and in an envelope that lacked a seal, an unfortunately slipshod way, complained deane, to announce the arrival of the united states among the powers of the earth to " old and powerfull states. " despite the declaration ' s reference to the " opinions of mankind, " it was obviously meant first and foremost for a home audience. as copies of the declaration spread through the states and were publicly read at town meetings, religious services, court days, or wherever else people assembled, americans marked the occasion with appropriate rituals. they lit great bonfires, " illuminated " their windows with candles, fired guns, rang bells, tore down and destroyed the symbols of monarchy on public buildings, churches, or tavern signs, and " fixed up " on the walls of their homes broadside or newspaper copies of the declaration of independence. but what exactly were they celebrating? the news, not the vehicle that brought it ; independence and the assumption of self - government, not the document that announced congress ' s decision to break with britain. considering how revered a position the declaration of independence later won in the minds and hearts of the people, americans ' disregard for it in the first years of the new nation verges on the unbelievable. one colonial newspaper dismissed the declaration ' s extensive charges against the king as just another " recapitulation of injuries, " one, it seems, in a series, and not particularly remarkable compared with earlier " catalogues of grievances. " citations of the declaration were usually drawn from its final paragraph, which said that the united colonies " are and of right ought


" one, it seems, in a series, and not particularly remarkable compared with earlier " catalogues of grievances. " citations of the declaration were usually drawn from its final paragraph, which said that the united colonies " are and of right ought to be free and independent states " and were " absolved of all allegiance to the british crown " - words from the lee resolution that congress had inserted into the committee draft. independence was new ; the rest of the declaration seemed all too familiar to americans, a restatement of what they and their representatives had already said time and again. the adoption of independence was, however, from the beginning confused with its declaration. differences in the meaning of the word declare contribut1 / 2? the confusion. before the declaration of independence was issued - - while, in fact, congress was still editing jefferson ' s draft - - pennsylvania newspapers announced that on july 2 the continental congress had " declared the united colonies free and independent states, " by which it meant simply that it had officially accepted that status. newspapers in other colonies repeated the story. in later years the " anniversary of the united states of america " came to be celebrated on the date congress had approved the declaration of independence. that began, it seems, by accident. in 1777 no member of congress thought of marking the anniversary of independence at all until july 3, when it was too late to honor july 2. as a result, the celebration took place on the fourth, and that became the tradition. at least one delegate spoke of " celebrating the anniversary of the declaration of independence, " but over the next few years references to the anniversary of independence and of the declaration seem to have been virtually interchangeable. accounts of the events at philadelphia on july 4, 1777, say quite a bit about the music played by a band of hessian soldiers who had been captured at the battle of trenton the previous december, and the " splended illumination " of houses, but little about the declaration. thereafter, in the late 1770s and 1780s, the fourth of july was not regularly celebrated ; indeed, the holiday seems to have declined in popularity once the revolutionary war ended. when it was remembered, however, festivities seldom, if ever - to judge by newspaper accounts - involved a public reading of the declaration of independence. it was as if that document had done its work in carrying news of independence to the people, and it neither needed nor deserved further commemoration. no mention was made of thomas jefferson ' s role in composing the document, since that


the declaration of independence. it was as if that document had done its work in carrying news of independence to the people, and it neither needed nor deserved further commemoration. no mention was made of thomas jefferson ' s role in composing the document, since that was not yet public knowledge, and no suggestion appeared that the declaration itself was, as posterity would have it, unusually eloquent or powerful. in fact, one of the very few public comments on the document ' s literary qualities came in a virginia newspaper ' s account of a 1777 speech by john wilkes, an english radical and a long - time supporter of the americans, in the house of commons. wilkes set out to answer a fellow member of parliament who had attacked the declaration of independence as " a wretched composition, very ill written, drawn up with a view to captivate the people. " curiously, wilkes seemed to agree with that description. the purpose of the document, he said, was indeed to captivate the american people, who were not much impressed by " the polished periods, the harmonious, happy expressions, with all the grace, ease, and elegance of a beautiful diction " that englishmen valued. what they liked was " manly, nervous sense... even in the most awkward and uncouth dress of language. " all that began to change in the 1790s, when, in the midst of bitter partisan conflict, the modern understanding and reputation of the declaration of independence first emerged. until that time celebrations of the fourth were controlled by nationalists who found a home in the federalist party, and their earlier inattention to the declaration hardened into a rigid hostility after 1790. the document ' s anti - british character was an embarrassment to federalists who sought economic and diplomatic rapprochement with britain. the language of equality and rights in the declaration was different from that of the declaration of the rights of man issued by the french national assembly in 1789, but it still seemed too " french " for the comfort of federalists, who, after the execution of louis xvi and the onset of the terror, lost whatever sympathy for the french revolution they had once felt. moreover, they understandably found it best to say as little as possible about a fundamental american text that had been drafted by a leader of the opposing republican party. it was, then, the republicans who began to celebrate the declaration of independence as a " deathless instrument " written by " the immortal jefferson. " the republicans saw themselves as the defenders of the american republic of 1776 against subversion by


republican party. it was, then, the republicans who began to celebrate the declaration of independence as a " deathless instrument " written by " the immortal jefferson. " the republicans saw themselves as the defenders of the american republic of 1776 against subversion by pro - british " monarchists, " and they hoped that by recalling the causes of independence, they would make their countrymen wary of further dealings with great britain. they were also delighted to identify the founding principles of the american revolution with those of america ' s sister republic in france. at their fourth of july celebrations, republicans read the declaration of independence, and their newspapers reprinted it. moreover, in their hands the attention that had at first focused on the last part of the declaration shifted toward its opening paragraphs and the " self - evident truths " they stated. the declaration, as a republican newspaper said on july 7, 1792, was not to be celebrated merely " as affecting the separation of one country from the jurisdiction of another " ; it had an enduring significance for established governments because it provided a " definition of the rights of man, and the end of civil government. " the federalists responded that jefferson had not written the declaration alone. the drafting committee - including john adams, a federalist - had also contributed to its creation. and jefferson ' s role as " the scribe who penned the declaration " had not been so distinguished as his followers suggested. federalists rediscovered similarities between the declaration and locke ' s second treatise of government that richard henry lee had noticed long before and used them to argue that even the " small part of that memorable instrument " that could be attributed to jefferson " he stole from locke ' s essays. " but after the war of 1812, the federalist party slipped from sight, and with it, efforts to disparage the declaration of independence. when a new party system formed in the late 1820s and 1830s, both whigs and jacksonians claimed descent from jefferson and his party and so accepted the old republican position on the declaration and jefferson ' s glorious role in its creation. by then, too, a new generation of americans had come of age and made preservation of the nation ' s revolutionary history its particular mission. its efforts, and its reverential attitude toward the revolutionaries and their works, also helped establish the declaration of independence as an important icon of american identity. the change came suddenly. as late as january 1817 john adams said that his country had no interest in its past. " i see no disposition to celebrate or remember, or even curiosity to enquire into


independence as an important icon of american identity. the change came suddenly. as late as january 1817 john adams said that his country had no interest in its past. " i see no disposition to celebrate or remember, or even curiosity to enquire into the characters, actions, or events of the revolution, " he wrote the artist john trumbull. but a little more than a month later congress commissioned trumbull to produce four large paintings commemorating the revolution, which were to hang in the rotunda of the new american capitol. for trumbull, the most important of the series, and the one to which he first turned, was the declaration of independence. he based that work on a smaller painting he had done between 1786 and 1793 that showed the drafting committee presenting its work to congress. when the new twelve - by - eighteen - foot canvas was completed in 1818, trumbull exhibited it to large crowds in boston, philadelphia, and baltimore before delivering it to washington ; indeed, the declaration of independence was the most popular of all the paintings trumbull did for the capitol. soon copies of the document were being published and sold briskly, which perhaps was what inspired secretary of state john quincy adams to have an exact facsimile of the declaration, the only one ever produced, made in 1823. congress had it distributed throughout the country. books also started to appear : the collected biographies of those who signed the declaration in nine volumes by joseph m. sanderson ( 1823 - 27 ) or one volume by charles a. goodrich ( 1831 ), full biographies of individual revolutionaries that were often written by descendants who used family papers, and collections of revolutionary documents edited by such notable figures as hezekiah niles, jared sparks, and peter force. postwar efforts to preserve the memories and records of the revolution were undertaken in a mood of near panic. many documents remained in private hands, where they were gradually separated from one another and lost. even worse, many revolutionaries had died, taking with them precious memories that were gone forever. the presence ofliving remnants of the revolutionary generation seemed so important in preserving its tradition that americans watched anxiously as their numbers declined. these attitudes first appeared in the decade before 1826, the fiftieth anniversary of independence, but they persisted on into the civil war. in 1864 the reverend elias brewster hillard noted that only seven of those who had fought in the revolutionary war still survived, and he hurried to interview and photograph those " venerable and now sacred men " for the benefit of posterity. "


civil war. in 1864 the reverend elias brewster hillard noted that only seven of those who had fought in the revolutionary war still survived, and he hurried to interview and photograph those " venerable and now sacred men " for the benefit of posterity. " the present is the last generation that will be connected by living link with the great period in which our national independence was achieved, " he wrote in the introduction to his book the last men of the revolution. " our own are the last eyes that will look on men who looked on washington ; our ears the last that will hear the living voices of those who heard his words. henceforth the american revolution will be known among men by the silent record of history alone. " most of the men hillard interviewed had played modest roles in the revolution. in the early 1820s, however, john adams and thomas jefferson were still alive, and as the only surviving members of the committee that had drafted the declaration of independence, they attracted an extraordinary outpouring of attention. pilgrims, invited and uninvited, flocked particularly to monticello, hoping to catch a glimpse of the author of the declaration and making nuisances of themselves. one woman, it is said, even smashed a window to get a better view of the old man. as a eulogist noted after the deaths of both adams and jefferson on, miraculously, july 4, 1826, the world had not waited for death to " sanctify " their names. even while they remained alive, their homes became " shrines " to which lovers of liberty and admirers of genius flocked " from every land. " adams, in truth, was miffed by jefferson ' s celebrity as the penman of independence. the drafting of the declaration of independence, he thought, had assumed an exaggerated importance. jefferson perhaps agreed ; he, too, cautioned a correspondent against giving too much emphasis to " mere composition. " the declaration, he said, had not and had not been meant to be an original or novel creation ; his assignment had been to produce " an expression of the american mind, and to give that expression the proper tone and spirit called for by the occasion. " jefferson, however, played an important role in rescuing the declaration from obscurity and making it a defining event of the revolutionary " heroic age. " it was he who first suggested that the young john trumbull paint the declaration of independence. and trumbull ' s first sketch of his famous painting shares a piece of drawing paper with a sketch by jefferson


of the revolutionary " heroic age. " it was he who first suggested that the young john trumbull paint the declaration of independence. and trumbull ' s first sketch of his famous painting shares a piece of drawing paper with a sketch by jefferson, executed in paris sometime in 1786, of the assembly room in the old pennsylvania state house, now known as independence hall. trumbull ' s painting of the scene carefully followed jefferson ' s sketch, which unfortunately included architectural inaccuracies, as trumbull later learned to his dismay. jefferson also spent hour after hour answering, in longhand, letters that he said numbered 1, 267 in 1820, many of which asked questions about the declaration and its creation. unfortunately, his responses, like the sketch he made for trumbull, were inaccurate in many details. even his account of the drafting process, retold in an important letter to james madison of 1823 that has been accepted by one authority after another, conflicts with a note he sent benjamin franklin in june 1776. jefferson forgot, in short, how substantial a role other members of the drafting committee had played in framing the declaration and adjusting its text before it was submitted to congress. indeed, in old age jefferson found enormous consolation in the fact that he was, as he ordered inscribed on his tomb, " author of the declaration of american independence. " more than anything else he had done, that role came to justify his life. it saved him from a despair that he suffered at the time of the missouri crisis, when everything the revolution had accomplished seemed to him in jeopardy, and that was later fed by problems at the university of virginia, his own deteriorating health, and personal financial troubles so severe that he feared the loss of his beloved home, monticello ( those troubles, incidentally, virtually precluded him from freeing more than a handful of slaves at his death ). the declaration, as he told madison, was " the fundamental act of union of these states, " a document that should be recalled " to cherish the principles of the instrument in the bosoms of our own citizens. " again in 1824 he interpreted the government ' s re - publication of the declaration as " a pledge of adhesion to its principles and of a sacred determination to maintain and perpetuate them, " which he described as a " holy purpose. " ( continued ) © copyright 2008 by classbrain. com top of page


earlier diagnosis and treatment helps stem eating disorders from the la times : a new breed of patient is getting treatment well before the disease drags them into a downward spiral toward starvation, sustained heart damage, weak bones, kidney damage, long hospitalizations and numerous relapses. health experts are seeing a glimmer of hope that the devastation wrought by eating disorders may be easing nearly 30 years after the illnesses first sprang into the public consciousness with the death of singer karen carpenter from anorexia - induced heart failure. among the encouraging signs : more patients are getting medical treatment based on sound science ; they ' re getting it earlier in the course of the disease ; and they ' re recovering faster, often without the need for hospitalization or residential care. one eye - opening statistic appears to speak to the trend : a recent government analysis found that hospitalizations for people with the primary diagnosis of an eating disorder plunged 23 % between 2007 - 08 and 2008 - 09. it was the first such decline since the federal agency for healthcare research and quality began tracking such hospitalizations in 1999. " any little movement is significant, and this is a pretty big one, " said william encinosa, a senior economist at the agency who worked on the report, which was published last year. eating disorders, which primarily affect teenage girls, are loosely categorized as mental illnesses centered on obsessive thoughts, emotions and behaviors regarding food. anorexia involves self - starvation leading to excessive weight loss that damages the heart, bones, nervous system and organs. an estimated 1 in 200 americans has the disease, and the death rate is 4 %. bulimia is characterized by bingeing followed by self - induced vomiting, use of laxatives or excessive exercise to purge food and prevent weight gain. it affects 2 % to 3 % of americans and is not thought to be as deadly as anorexia, though a 2009 study in the american journal of psychiatry found it was lethal in nearly 4 % of cases, mostly due to suicide or electrolyte imbalance caused by dehydration. another type of eating disorder, binge eating, rarely leads to hospitalization or death. the stigma surrounding anorexia and bulimia have kept many patients isolated. but for a variety of reasons, eating disorders are coming out of the shadows. surveys conducted by the national eating disorders assn. show that americans are more familiar with anorexia and bulimia now than they were 10 years ago. that awareness has been accompanied by a weakening of the stigma associated


coming out of the shadows. surveys conducted by the national eating disorders assn. show that americans are more familiar with anorexia and bulimia now than they were 10 years ago. that awareness has been accompanied by a weakening of the stigma associated with eating disorders that might, in the past, have prevented some people from seeking help quickly, said william walters, who manages the telephone hot line for the new york - based organization. " parents are being more proactive. coaches are being more proactive about their athletes, " he said. " people feel they can ask for help. " encinosa credits the heightened awareness to a combination of education in schools, tv shows on the topic and public statements by such celebrity patients as princess diana and paula abdul. in april dunlap ' s case, a made - for - tv movie about two high school students with eating disorders put her mother, gloria, on alert. when april began her rapid weight loss, gloria took action. " i could see it wasn ' t normal, " gloria dunlap said. some experts are skeptical that the big drop in hospitalizations reflects actual improvement in treatment. more insurance companies are steering patients to outpatient programs or partial hospitalization, in which patients attend day programs but go home at night, said dr. ovidio bermudez, medical director of the eating recovery center in denver. perhaps the drop in hospitalizations simply means insurers are being stingy. nor does the federal data indicate whether deaths from eating disorders have declined, since mortality rates are not tracked. there is no evidence that the incidence of eating disorders has dropped, bermudez said. to the contrary, anorexia and bulimia have been spreading among populations other than white teenage girls. read the entire story here : http : / / www. latimes. com / health / la - he - eating - disorders - 20120417, 0, 5984467. story


cleveland metroparks is committed to maintaining the health and diversity of the natural resources within the park district by : - appropriately managing native plant and wildlife populations to promote balanced and naturally functioning ecosystems - identifying, protecting, and managing endangered species and habitats within the park district - substantially improving water quality within the park district through monitoring and advocacy of appropriate improvement measures - promoting fisheries in appropriate bodies of water within the park district protecting the resources healthy, functioning ecosystems provide services for a healthy, functioning human society. while this statement is clear from the perspective of ecology, it is not always apparent in human - dominated landscapes where issues related to the day - to - day repair and maintenance of our built infrastructure ( e. g. water, wastewater, transportation, energy ) appear separated from natural ecosystem processes. naturally functioning and sustainable ecosystems provide services that support human activities in the region. for example, forests, wetlands, and natural lakes slow storm water runoff and reduce flooding while also providing habitat for native plants, mammals, birds, amphibians, and fish. replacing natural infrastructure with human engineered infrastructure requires a large initial development investment and perpetual repair and replacement costs from human society. protecting, conserving, and restoring natural ecosystem structure and function represent a cost - effective way to maintain and improve the benefits humans derive from the ecosystems they inhabit. cleveland metroparks provides leadership in protecting existing and also additional open space throughout northeast ohio with special attention to areas adjacent to existing reservations. through partnership, cooperative efforts, and the support of other agencies, the park district aggressively pursues the protection of the remaining major river valleys within the seven counties of the northeast ohio region. to this end, the natural resource division assists with the evaluation of tracts of land that are candidates for protection through acquisition, easement, or other means. the mission of the natural resources division is guided by cleveland metroparks primary responsibility for the conservation of natural resources : the board of park commissioners may acquire lands either within or without the park district for conversion into forest reserves and for the conservation of the natural resources of the state, including streams, lakes, submerged lands, and swamplands, and to those ends may create parks, parkways, forest reservations, and other reservations and afforest, develop, improve, protect, and promote the use of the same in such a manner as the board deems conducive to the general welfare. john mack, chief of natural resources jennifer grieser, senior natural resource area manager urban watersheds robert golias, natural resource area manager central john krock,


( cnn ) - - the world health organization cautioned that the swine flu outbreak could gain momentum in the months ahead, despite claims by the health secretary of mexico - - the epicenter of the outbreak - - that the virus " is in its declining phase. " the number of confimed cases of the h1n1 virus continue to multiply. the outbreak is only about 10 days old, and even if the illness is declining, it could return, said gregory hartl, the who spokesman for epidemic and pandemic diseases, at a briefing sunday. " i... would like to remind people that in 1918 the spanish flu showed a surge in the spring, and then disappeared in the summer months, only to return in the autumn of 1918 with a vengeance, " hartl said. " and we know that that eventually killed 40 million to 50 million people. " mexican authorities believe the virus ' s most active period in mexico was between april 23 and april 28, and mexican health secretary jose cordova described the outbreak as being in decline in his country. as of late sunday, mexican health officials reported 568 cases and 22 fatalities linked to the flu. who says it has confirmed 506 cases and 19 deaths in mexico. the world has 898 confirmed cases of the virus, known to scientists h1n1 virus, in a total of 18 countries, who said sunday. the united states has reported 226 confirmed cases in 30 states. the u. s. cases include one death - - a mexican toddler visiting relatives in the united states. according to who, canada has 70 confirmed cases ; the united kingdom has 15 ; spain has 13 ; germany has 6 ; new zealand has 4 ; israel has 3 ; france has 2 ; and austria, china, south korea, denmark, netherlands, switzerland, costa rica and ireland each have one. in china, officials have quarantined 68 people, including 13 crew members, who were passengers of a mexico city to shanghai flight, which carried a passenger who tested positive for the virus, china ' s state - run xinhua news agency reported sunday. none of the other passengers has exhibited any flu - like symptoms, one health official said. about another 110 people who were on the aeromexico plane went on to other destinations, and may face quarantines elsewhere, the news agency said. fifteen have been quarantined at a beijing hotel. shanghai ' s airport is now barring other aeromexico planes from landing there, a representative of


other destinations, and may face quarantines elsewhere, the news agency said. fifteen have been quarantined at a beijing hotel. shanghai ' s airport is now barring other aeromexico planes from landing there, a representative of the airline told cnn. aeromexico is suspending flights to shanghai until may 15, the representative said. the airline does not fly to hong kong or beijing. in the united states, new york has the most confirmed cases, with 63, according to the centers for disease control and prevention. texas has 40 ; california has 26 ; arizona 18 ; south carolina 15 ; delaware 10 ; massachusetts and new jersey each have seven ; colorado has four ; florida, illinois, indiana, ohio, virginia, wisconsin each have three ; connecticut, kansas and michigan each have two ; alabama, iowa, kentucky, minnesota, missouri, nebraska, nevada, new hampshire, new mexico, rhode island, tennessee and utah each have one. california officials suspended visitation and other " nonessential activities " at centinela state prison in imperial county after an inmate was suspected of having swine flu. the case has yet to be confirmed with lab testing. on sunday, health officials in north carolina and pennsylvania announced the first confirmed cases in those states, and louisiana ' s governor said his state had seven confirmed cases. the cases from those three states were not immediately included in the cdc tally. in washington, u. s. secretary of health kathleen sebelius, appearing on cnn ' s " state of the union, " warned that even if the flu outbreak wanes, " it could come back with greater force in the winter and fall, when we get into flu season. " " so, this is no time for complacency, " she said. " we want to stay out ahead of this. " dr. anne schuchat, the cdc ' s interim deputy director for public health, told reporters sunday that she was " heartened " by mexican authorities ' reports but still is " very cautious. " " i know that influenza can be surprising, and the time course here in the united states is later. we believe we ' re just on the upswing here, and in several parts of mexico, cases began quite a while ago, " schuchat said. " from what i know about influenza, i do expect more cases, more severe cases and i do expect more deaths, " she added. " and i ' m particularly concerned about what will happen in the fall. " acting


##huchat said. " from what i know about influenza, i do expect more cases, more severe cases and i do expect more deaths, " she added. " and i ' m particularly concerned about what will happen in the fall. " acting cdc director richard besser, also speaking on " state of the union, " said u. s. health officials are examining whether people who received flu shots for the swine flu in 1976 may have some level of protection from the current swine flu. " that ' s going to play in very, very big as we move forward with our plans around vaccines, because that may help guide some of the issues around who is most at risk at getting this in the future, " besser said. offering a general picture of the state of u. s. efforts to combat the virus, besser said " there are encouraging signs. " " we ' re not out of the woods yet, " he said. " but what we ' ve learned about the virus itself - - it doesn ' t contain the factors that we know are seen in much more severe flu strains. " while the new virus strain in the recent outbreak has affected humans, canadian officials said it has shown up at a pig farm in alberta, canada. officials said the pigs may have been infected by a canadian farmer who recently returned from a trip to mexico, the epicenter of the outbreak. the pigs have since been quarantined. " we have determined that the virus h1n1, found in these pigs, is the virus which is being tracked in the human population, " said dr. brian evans of the canadian food inspection agency. ireport. com : how should h1n1 be handled? evans and other officials said it is not uncommon for flu viruses to jump from humans to animals, and that it does not pose a risk for consuming pork. the number of pigs infected was not disclosed. the infected farmer had flu - like symptoms, but he is recovering, evans said. learn about the virus » | most viewed | | most emailed | | top searches |


bullying prevention information & resources it is the policy of the district that all of its students and school employees have an educational setting that is safe, secure, and free from harassment and bullying of any kind. the district will not tolerate bullying and harassment of any type. if you have any questions, or need more information please contact : department of student relations stomp out bullying ™ a national anti - bullying and cyberbullying program | bullying resources - pbs kids | | it gets better | | pacer center resources | | real - life stories about cyber - bullying | stop bullying now - what kids can do learn all about bullying and what you can do to stop it. provided by the u. s. department of health & human services. | stop cyberbullying now | | tell someone about bullying a video from the collier county sheriff ' s office | stop bullying now - what adults can do resources about bullying awareness, prevention and intervention. provided by the u. s. department of health & human services | tips for parents to help when your child is bullied provided by netsmartz. org. | bullying resources - pbs parents | | public service announcements : | | psas are in windows media player format. visit our help page for assistance obtaining windows media player. | wink news anchor fox - 4 news anchor provided by ucla ' s mental health in schools project. | florida ' s bullying prevention project the florida department of education has adopted u. s. department of health and human services, health resources and service administration ( hrsa ) the “ stop bullying now ” campaign to launch florida ’ s statewide campaign to stop bullying now! the fdoe will provide updates on campaign activities that are launched at the state level. | pacer center - national center for bullying prevention minnesota parent training and information center, funded by the u. s. department of education ' s office of special education programs. | national crime prevention council ' s information & resources on bullying information, training, publications, programs & downloadable resources


an analysis of mineral grains from the bottom of the western grand canyon indicates it was largely carved out by about 70 million years ago - - a time when dinosaurs may have even peeked over the rim, says a study led by the university of colorado boulder. the new research pushes back the conventionally accepted date for the formation of the grand canyon in arizona by more than 60 million years, said cu - boulder assistant professor rebecca flowers. the team used a dating method that exploits the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium atoms to helium atoms in a phosphate mineral known as apatite, said flowers, a faculty member in cu - boulder ’ s geological sciences department. the helium atoms were locked in the mineral grains as they cooled and moved closer to the surface during the carving of the grand canyon, she said. temperature variations at shallow levels beneath the earth ’ s surface are influenced by topography, and the thermal history recorded by the apatite grains allowed the team to infer how much time had passed since there was significant natural excavation of the grand canyon, flowers said. “ our research implies that the grand canyon was directly carved to within a few hundred meters of its modern depth by about 70 million years ago, ” said flowers. a paper on the subject by flowers and professor kenneth farley of the california institute of technology was published online nov. 29 in science magazine. flowers said there is significant controversy among scientists over the age and evolution of the grand canyon. a variety of data suggest that the grand canyon had a complicated history, and the entire modern canyon may not have been carved all at the same time. different canyon segments may have evolved separately before coalescing into what visitors see today. in a 2008 study, flowers and colleagues showed that parts of the eastern section of the grand canyon likely developed some 55 million years ago, although the bottom of that ancient canyon was above the height of the current canyon rim at that time before it subsequently eroded to its current depth. over a mile deep in places, arizona ’ s steeply sided grand canyon is about 280 miles long and up to 18 miles wide in places. visited by more than 5 million people annually, the iconic canyon was likely carved in large part by an ancestral waterway of the colorado river that was flowing in the opposite direction millions of years ago, said flowers. “ an ancient grand canyon has important implications for understanding the evolution of landscapes, topography, hydrology and tectonics in the western u. s. and in mountain belts more generally, ” said flowers. the study was funded in part by the national


“ an ancient grand canyon has important implications for understanding the evolution of landscapes, topography, hydrology and tectonics in the western u. s. and in mountain belts more generally, ” said flowers. the study was funded in part by the national science foundation. whether helium is retained or lost from the individual apatite crystals is a function of temperatures in the rocks of earth ’ s crust, she said. “ the main thing this technique allows us to do is detect variations in the thermal structure at shallow levels of the earth ’ s crust, ” she said. “ since these variations are in part induced by the topography of the region, we obtained dates that allowed us to constrain the timeframe when the grand canyon was incised. ” flowers and farley took their uranium / thorium / helium dating technique to a more sophisticated level by analyzing the spatial distribution of helium atoms near the margin of individual apatite crystals. “ knowing not just how much helium is present in the grains but also how it is distributed gives us additional information about whether the rocks had a rapid cooling or slow cooling history, ” said flowers. there have been a number of studies in recent years reporting various ages for the grand canyon, said flowers. the most popular theory places the age of the grand canyon at 5 million to 6 million years based on the age of gravel washed downstream by the ancestral colorado river. in contrast, a 2008 study published in science estimated the age of the grand canyon to be some 17 million years old after researchers dated mineral deposits inside of caves carved in the canyon walls. paleontologists believe dinosaurs were wiped out when a giant asteroid collided with earth 65 million years ago, resulting in huge clouds of dust that blocked the sun ’ s rays from reaching earth ’ s surface, cooling the planet and killing most plants and animals. because of the wide numbers of theories, dates and debates regarding the age of the grand canyon, geologists have redoubled their efforts, said flowers. “ there has been a resurgence of work on this problem over the past few years because we now have some new techniques that allow us to date rocks that we couldn ’ t date before, ” she said. for the full news release visit http : / / www. colorado. edu / news / releases / 2012 / 11 / 29 / grand - canyon - old - dinosaurs - suggests - new - study - led - cu - boulder.


- concurring opinions - http : / / www. concurringopinions. com - bill of rights day – 1941 posted by gerard magliocca on january 25, 2013 @ 11 : 38 am in constitutional law, uncategorized | no comments as part of my research on fdr and the bill of rights, i came across a proclamation that he issued on the 150th anniversary of the ratification of the first ten amendments ( about two weeks before pearl harbor ). here are some excerpts : “ it is fitting that the anniversary of its adoption should be remembered by the nation which, for one hundred and fifty years, has enjoyed the immeasurable privileges which that charter guaranteed : the privileges of freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and the right to petition the government for redress of grievances. ” [ note that fdr only quoted from the first amendment ] “ it is especially fitting that this anniversary should be remembered and observed by those institutions of a democratic people which owe their very existence to the guarantees of the bill of rights : the free schools, the free churches, the labor unions, the religious and educational and civic organizations of all kinds, which, without the guarantee of the bill of rights, could never have existed ; which sicken and disappear whenever, in any country, these rights are curtailed or withdrawn. ”... “ those who have long enjoyed such privileges as we enjoy forget in time that men died to win them. they come in time to take these rights for granted and to assume their protection is assured. we, however, who have seen these privileges lost in other continents and other countries can now appreciate their meaning to those people who enjoyed them once and now no longer can. we understand in some measure what their loss can mean. and by that realization we have come to a clearer conception of their worth to us, and to a stronger and more unalterable determination that here in our land they shall not be lost or weakened or curtailed. ” article printed from concurring opinions : http : / / www. concurringopinions. com url to article : http : / / www. concurringopinions. com / archives / 2013 / 01 / bill - of - rights - day - 1941. html urls in this post : image : http : / / www. concurringopinions. com / archives / 2013 / 01 / bill - of - rights - day - 1941. html /


the sun sets behind the christ the redeemer statue and the corcovado mountain dec. 28 in rio de janeiro, two days after the city recorded its hottest day since 1915 at 109. 7 degrees fahrenheit. / felipe dana, ap while the usa sweltered through its warmest year on record in 2012, the globe as a whole wasn ' t quite that toasty. last year was the 10th - warmest year on record globally, according to data released tuesday by the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa ). another temperature analysis from nasa showed the year was the ninth - warmest on record. according to noaa data, 2012 marked the 36th consecutive year that the yearly global temperature was above average. all 12 years in the 21st century ( 2001a?? 2012 ) rank among the 14 warmest in the 133 - year period of record keeping. noaa and nasa independently produce a record of the earth ' s surface temperatures and changes based on historical observations over the land surface and oceans. the agencies ' final results can vary slightly, as they use different methods to analyze the data. both agencies reported the global temperature was about 1 degree fahrenheit above average in 2012. global climate records go back to 1880. why should we care about a temperature reading that ' s only 1 degree above average? " a 1 - degree rise in surface temperature may sound small when considering only the temperature, " said deke arndt, chief of the climate monitoring branch of noaa ' s national climatic data center. " but that 1 - degree change can alter global circulation patterns, which control areas of heat and drought. " a warmer atmosphere can ' hold ' more water vapor, which makes it more energetic and more prone to carry and deliver large precipitation in single doses, " arndt said. " a persistently warmer arctic and near - arctic puts more melting stress on ice sheets and sea ice... which accelerates the warming. an upper ocean that warms by a degree or so will expand, contributing significantly to sea - level rise. " the north american warmth, which pushed the usa to its warmest year on record, was " remarkable, " said tom karl, director of the national climatic data center in asheville, n. c., during a news conference tuesday. " we ' ve broken the record by more than 1 degree, that is quite impressive. it literally smashed the record. " the global annual temperature has increased at an average rate of 0. 11 degree per decade from 1880 to


a news conference tuesday. " we ' ve broken the record by more than 1 degree, that is quite impressive. it literally smashed the record. " the global annual temperature has increased at an average rate of 0. 11 degree per decade from 1880 to 2012, noaa reported. the long - term warming trend, including the continual warming since the mid - 1970s, " has been conclusively associated " with the production of human - made greenhouse gases, which began to grow substantially early in the 20th century, said nasa climate scientist james hansen. he said the global temperature has been essentially " flat " for the past several years and attributes that to a combination of factors, which could include solar variability, increasing atmospheric aerosols that help cool the atmosphere, the global economic downturn, and a dominant la nia±a over the past few years. la nia±a is a cooling of tropical pacific ocean water that tends to cool temperatures around the world, and 2012 marked the warmest la nia±a year since at least 1950, noaa reported. " one more year of numbers isn ' t in itself significant, " nasa climatologist gavin schmidt said in a news release. " what matters is this decade is warmer than the last decade, and that decade was warmer than the decade before. the planet is warming. " other weather and climate highlights of the year : copyright 2013 usatoday. com read the original story : globe warm in 2012, but not as hot as usa


michael said it has been a major effort to secure new research partners and funding, including support from host countries, as well as to persuade rivals novartis and sanofi to work together. the teams still need to retool the vaccines to work in south africa, where the strain of hiv is different. " we ' re really working as fast as we can, " said michael, who expects large - scale effectiveness studies to start in 2016. vaccine experts are equally excited about a vaccine that michael ' s team is developing with harvard university and johnson & johnson ' s crucell unit, which uses weakened versions of a common cold virus and a smallpox virus. a study published in february showed this vaccine protected monkeys from a virulent strain of hiv. animals that did become infected after repeated exposure also had low levels of virus in their blood. safety studies in human patients are just starting, with large - scale efficacy studies slated for 2016. the current crop of vaccines is largely designed to train immune system cells known as t - cells to recognize and kill cells already infected with hiv. while these trials progress, scientists are working on even more advanced vaccines that activate powerful antibodies to prevent hiv from infecting cells in the first place. both would be administered before a person becomes exposed to the virus. most modern vaccines use this antibody approach, but hiv ' s extreme skill at mutating makes it difficult for specifically targeted antibodies to identify and neutralize the virus. teams led by dr. dennis burton of the scripps research institute in la jolla, california, dr. michel nussenzweig at rockefeller university in new york, dr. gary nabel of niaid ' s vaccine research center, haynes at duke and others have focused on rare antibodies made by 10 to 20 percent of people with hiv that can neutralize a broad array of strains. researchers think a vaccine that can coax the body into making these antibodies before hiv exposure would offer a powerful foil to many forms of the virus. such antibodies seek out and latch on to regions of the virus that are highly " conserved, " meaning they are so critical to the virus that they appear in nearly every hiv strain. by attaching to the virus they make it incapable of infecting other cells. until 2009, scientists had identified only a few broadly neutralizing antibodies, but in the past few years teams have found dozens. so far, scientists have isolated the antibodies, identified what part of hiv they target and even know the exact shape they make, koff said. researchers are now


( the book home page ) in particular, this is a book designed to teach programming using c + +, not a book designed to teach c + +. nevertheless, i expect students who use this book will be reasonably adept c + + programmers. object - oriented programming is not a programmer ' s panacea although it can make some jobs much easier. to mix metaphors, no matter how you slice it learning to program is a hard task - - - it takes time to master just as bread takes time to rise. the material here is grounded in the concept that the study of computer science should be part of the study of programming. it is also based on the idea that program design is a very difficult task for novices to master, but that program enhancement or modification ( a much more manageable skill ) permits beginning programmers to develop programming skills in the context of meaningful programs. most importantly, this book takes the view that the study of computer science should involve hands - on activity and should be fun. the study of programming must cover those areas that are acknowledged as fundamental to computer science, but should do so in such a way that the foundation that is constructed during this study can be used to study current trends that change and should do so in a way that enables students to want to learn more. support for this position can be found in several places, i offer two quotes that express my sentiments quite well. having surveyed the relationships of computer science with other disciplines, it remains to answer the basic questions : what is the central core of the subject? what is it that distinguishes it from the separate subjects with which it is related? what is the linking thread which gathers these disparate branches into a single discipline? my answer to these questions is simple - - - it is the art of programming a computer. it is the art of designing efficient and elegant methods of getting a computer to solve problems, theoretical or practical, small or large, simple or complex. it is the art of translating this design into an effective and accurate computer program. this is the art that must be mastered by a practising computer scientist ; the skill that is sought by numerous advertisements in the general and technical press ; the ability that must be fostered and developed by computer science courses in universities. c. a. r. hoare a supporting view is expressed in the following quote : programming is unquestionably the central topic of computing. john v. guttag in addition to being important, programming is an enormously exciting intellectual activity. in its purest form


. hoare a supporting view is expressed in the following quote : programming is unquestionably the central topic of computing. john v. guttag in addition to being important, programming is an enormously exciting intellectual activity. in its purest form, it is the systematic mastery of complexity. for some problems, the complexity is akin to that associated with designing a fine mechanical watch, i. e., discovering the best way to assemble a relatively small number of pieces into a harmonious and efficient mechanism. for other problems, the complexity is more akin to that associated with putting a man on the moon, i. e, managing a massive amount of detail. in addition to being important and intellectually challenging, programming is a great deal of fun. programmers get to build things and see them work.. what could be more satisfying? i believe that a one - semester course that attempts to cover programming to the same extent as is done in a traditional pascal, c, or c + + cs1 course and, at the same time, attempts to cover at even a superficial level the core areas of computer science is most likely doomed to failure. there is simply too much material to be covered. at the same time, there has been an unfortunate though well - motivated tendency in many colleges and universities to move from pascal - based courses to c - based courses. there are many good reasons for this change, but there is a fundamental pedagogical flaw in using c in a first course that more than counterbalances all the good reasons that so many have propounded : c is not designed to insulate the novice programmer from the machine - - - as such it is a disaster when used in a first course. ( it is possible to use c in a first course in a reasonable way, but the only example of doing this that i have seen is in a book by eric roberts, the art and science of c. using c + + is much simpler than using c. ) of course these statements not only border on hyperbole, they embrace it with open arms. nevertheless, watching students struggle with the many idiosyncrasies of c while trying to develop and master general principles of programming has not been a pretty sight - - - we did just this for several years before switching to c + + in our first course. at one level, the approach used in this book is the approach we adopted initially in our courses - - - c + + is simply a much better c. at a superficial level its i / o support


to c + + in our first course. at one level, the approach used in this book is the approach we adopted initially in our courses - - - c + + is simply a much better c. at a superficial level its i / o support and its support of more than one mode of parameter passing - - - by value and by reference - - - free students from worrying about pointers in the first week of the course. at a deeper level c + + and its support of objects and libraries allows students to make use of supplied code in a standard and useful way. introductory courses are evolving to take advantage of new and current trends in software - engineering and programming language design. one of these trends is object - oriented design and object - oriented programming or oop. some schools will adopt the approach that learning object - oriented principles should be the focus of a first programming course. although this approach certainly has some merit, students in the first course traditionally have a very difficult time with the design of programs. i believe that attempting to cover program design in addition to object design will not be as conducive to a successful programming experience as will using object - oriented concepts in the context of learning to program by reading programs before writing them. this may seem a subtle distinction, but if the focus of the course is on learning about the design and use of both objects and programs, there may be a tendency to delve too quickly and too deeply into the details of c + +. the approach taken in this book is that c + + and oop permit students with little or no programming background to make great strides towards developing foundational knowledge and expertise in programming. in subsequent courses students will hone the skills that are first learned in the study of the material in this book and will expand the coverage of computer science begun here. computer science is not just programming, and students in a first course in computer science must be shown something of what the discipline is about. at the same time, programming provides a means of relating the subdisciplines that comprise computer science. many of the examples and programs in this book rely on the use of classes, code, and libraries that are documented and supplied. it is possible that these examples could be studied using c rather than c + +, but this would be very cumbersome and difficult to do in anything but an ad - hoc manner specific to this book at best. a major tenet of the approach used here is that students should read, modify, and extend programs before designing and writing from scratch


be very cumbersome and difficult to do in anything but an ad - hoc manner specific to this book at best. a major tenet of the approach used here is that students should read, modify, and extend programs before designing and writing from scratch. this is enabled to a large extent by using the object - oriented features of c + + whenever appropriate. however, neither i nor the book are compelled to delve into design methodologies and features of oop ; c + + is a tool to be used rather than studied. one of the most important ideas underlying the use of classes and objects in c + + and one of the most important concepts in computer science is the idea of abstraction. its [ computer science ] study involves development of the ability to abstract the essential features of a problem and its solution, to reason effectively in the abstract plane, without confusion by a mass of highly relevant detail. the abstraction must then be related to the detailed characteristics of computers as the design of the solution progresses ; and it must culminate in a program in which all the detail has been made explicit ; and at this stage, the utmost care must be exercised to ensure a very high degree of accuracy. at all stages the programmer must be articulate about his activity. the need for abstract thought together with meticulous accuracy, the need for imaginative speculation in the search for a solution, together with a sound knowledge of the practical limitations of the tools available for its implementation, the combination of formal rigour with a clear style for its explanation to others - - - these are the combinations of attributes which should be inculcated and developed in a student by any university academic discipline ; and which must be developed in high degree in students of computer science. c. a. r. hoare students and teachers of computer science are not obliged to understand the ieee standards for floating point numbers in order to write code that uses such numbers. although at one time a deep understanding of machine architecture was necessary in order to write programs, this is no longer the case. just as hoare exhorts the programmer to be articulate about his or her activity, this book is designed to bring the novice programmer and student of computer science to a point where such behavior is possible. the use of c + + provides a mechanism for doing this so that details can be revealed if and when it is appropriate to do so and hidden otherwise. many thought and programming exercises are integrated in the text, particularly in the pause and reflect sections. these exercises are designed to make students think about what


doing this so that details can be revealed if and when it is appropriate to do so and hidden otherwise. many thought and programming exercises are integrated in the text, particularly in the pause and reflect sections. these exercises are designed to make students think about what they ' re doing, and to cover some of the messier language details in thought - provoking and interesting ways. online materials accessible via the world - wide web will provide supporting programming lab assignments. in addition, the following people have reviewed the material and offered many useful suggestions ( if i ' ve left someone out, i apologize ). educational testing service | clayton lewis university of colorado | bob noonan college of william and mary | richard prosl college of william and mary | stephen schach | andrew holey st. john ' s university | david teague western carolina university | robert plantz sonoma state university | arthur farley university of oregon | david mutchler | deganit armon | stuart reges university of arizona | jerry mead students in the fall 1994 cps 06 and 08 courses at duke suffered through a draft of the material here. several of them offered useful suggestions that appear in this draft. in particular travis pouarz and derek mims combed the material for errors and offered useful improvements. students in the spring, 1995 cps 08 course had to make do with a version of the book with no index. nevertheless, several students made useful suggestions. in particular, jay kamm found many errors, even looking at code that wasn ' t in the book and offering suggestions. students in the fall 1995 cps 06 course had a book with an index, but the pages fell out. these students persevered, and new books arrived. in the interim several students combed the book for typos. i cannot possibly thank them all enough, but one stands out for her diligence : christine hong found countless errors and made many suggestions for improvement. mackenzie steele offered several quotations in addition to finding errors. several schools used a beta - edition of the book, and the feedback from these schools has been incorporated into the final version. these schools include the university of iowa, rose - hulman institute of technology, gettysburg college, st. john ' s college ( minnesota ), mills college, and u. california, berkeley. versions of all the programs used in the book are available for mac, dos, and unix machines. the software is currently available via anonymous ftp in pub / ola / book / code. it is also accessible using


u. california, berkeley. versions of all the programs used in the book are available for mac, dos, and unix machines. the software is currently available via anonymous ftp in pub / ola / book / code. it is also accessible using your favorite browser ( or you wouldn ' t be reading this ) although beta - editions of the book have been through extensive classroom testing, there are undoubtedly errors that persist. occasional slips of the tongue ( or keyboard ) have almost certainly crept into the manuscript. nevertheless, all code has been compiled and executed and is reproduced in this work directly from the source, it is not retyped. the material here is intended to provide complete coverage for many different kinds of introductory computer science courses based on c + +. i am anxious to correct all the errors and fuzzy, incoherent, or otherwise incomprehensible passages for the first ( and hopefully not last ) edition of the book. i am not anxious to hear about misplaced commas and semi - colons. i haven ' t mastered comma placement and will leave this to experts. i would be ecstatic to hear about methods that might improve certain sections, or comments about sections that caused problems even without suggestions for improvement. please send all comments by electronic mail, i will try to acknowledge all mail received. materials for the book are also accessible via the world - wide web. a listserv is available for discussing any aspects of the book or course. to subscribe, send email with the message subscribe tapestry as the message body to firstname. lastname @ example. org, to unsubscribe send the message unsubscribe tapestry to the same address. to send mail to the listserv use the address email @ example. com. to paraphrase newton, the work in this book is not mine alone ; i have stood on the shoulders of giants. of course newton paraphrased robert burton who said ` ` a dwarf standing on the shoulders of a giant may see farther than a giant himself. ' ' the styles used in several books serve as models for different portions of this text. in particular eric roberts ' the art and science of c provided style guidelines for formatting ; the book a logical approach to discrete math ( by david gries and fred b. schneider ) motivated the biographies ; books by bjarne stroustrup : the c + + programming language ( 2nd edition ) and the design and evolution of c + + and scott meyers : effective c +


a roadmap for training engineers if you present in a way that matches how adults learn, then you can present for long - term retention, and for real action. by amy k. smith, phd, concordia university chicago, river forest, ill. providing opportunities for engineers to learn and apply new technologies is a tricky endeavor. after all, you don ' t always feel we have the time, money, or attention to devote to the next innovation, especially since innovation is so constant it ' s almost daunting. this is where the tricky part comes in : how do you design in - house training opportunities so that they are effective? more importantly, how do you train so that your listeners actually retain and use? good questions. you can present new technologies, products, and systems, but if those who are listening do not remember what you impart, then their thinking or behavior doesn ' t change. and after all, you give talks to inform, educate, and incite action. knowing how adults actually learn should guide your communications ; it will improve audience participation, thereby increasing the retention of new information. if you present in a way that matches how adults learn, then you can present for long - term retention, and for real action. for technical information, there are some general principles that researchers in the field of adult learning and cognitive science have proven time and again. this article addresses how to apply adult learning psychology to oral presentations for public speaking engagements, sales interviews and presentations, and internal training sessions. first, how do adults process information? to put it plainly : in bits of information. while this seems obvious, research has uncovered some interesting premises. as listeners, you are able to process information better if you can relate what is being said to your own situation. we call this “ schema. ” think about the last meeting, presentation, or conversation you were in. at what point did you begin to relate what the person said to your own work or to a question that ' s been on your mind? schema is the background information you bring to the table as listeners. schema is a combination of your work experience, education, and perspective on a given topic. as presenters, if you target your conversation to activate the background schema of your audience by relating your stories and knowledge to lived experience, they will retain more of what they hear. you can easily accomplish this by relating your stories and case studies to current work or projects. if you ' re a member of the audience, the minute you hear mention of that question


knowledge to lived experience, they will retain more of what they hear. you can easily accomplish this by relating your stories and case studies to current work or projects. if you ' re a member of the audience, the minute you hear mention of that question from the back of your mind, you get hooked and begin to really listen. that ' s because the speaker hit on your schema. and what really happens when adults are processing within their own schema? physically, as you listen and take in new information, the neurotransmitters in your brains chemically fire, aiming at a receptor ; transmitters land on receptors and a thought is born. as you have thoughts, your brain creates chemical pathways as transmitters seek receptors. when you have an original thought — something that is new — your brain makes a new pathway. as you hear the same information repeatedly, this pathway becomes etched in your minds. the more the pathway is etched, the more likely you are to have long - term retention. think of it like a river. as you have new thoughts, you create little trickles in your minds of water running downhill. as you learn information and hear and process it over and over, those trickles become small streams. and when you create activity around these repeated ideas, the streams merge to create rivers. the goal for long - term retention is to create deep rivers in the mind as channels to which information can attach. while effective lunch - and - learns have several key elements designed to help participants to retain new material, one aspect is more important than all others : interactivity. there are three parts to the interactivity formula : establishing a safe and comfortable environment, establishing the training session as an interactive one, and then keeping the interactivity going using research - based training tactics. part 1 : ensuring a conducive environment fostering interactivity begins with ensuring that the learning environment is conducive to the message of your presentation. what are the environmental needs of adults in training situations? interestingly, research tells us that safety and comfort are the cornerstones. safety in this case means safe for the participants ' ego and professional reputation ; you have to allow adults to protect their egos when they are learning new ideas. comfort means the usual suspects : temperature, relative humidity, acoustics, and lighting. you may not be able to control all of the comfort factors, but it certainly is part of your responsibility as the presenter to establish a safe environment early on for an interactive session to be successful. for a session to be interactive


why, so you can be more ready? the powerpoint is loaded, the lights are slightly dim, and our notes are in front of us. so why aren ' t you greeting new participants at the door? ask names. say hello. this opens your audience to the possibility of creating a relationship with you in an hour. research shows that when adults feel valued, they learn more quickly. second, within the first few minutes of your talk, make eye contact with everyone in the room ( with audiences of more than 50 people, this can get a little tough ). this means you ' ll have to walk around a bit, move from the front down the center or side aisles. your participants will be following your movement with their heads. this early movement sets the expectation that learning occurs in a community, more than just a passive audience. third, try to direct one comment or question to as many audience members as you can ; this allows the audience to avoid that “ waiting for something to happen to me ” fear. starting a lunch - and - learn this way establishes a sense of community — we ' re all safe to learn together. research suggests that for optimal participation, hence long - term retention, every audience member should talk with, look at, or touch at least six other audience members. sounds impossible, right? not if you have people in your audience talk to each other. so, for a 90 - minute session, build in movement and conversational activity during the first 20 minutes. for example, talk for 10 minutes, then pause and have participants turn to their neighbor and summarize for 2 minutes — the 10 - 2 rule. do this twice in the first 20 minutes. this sets the tone that this presentation will be interactive. part 3 : continuing interactivity after interactivity is underway, how do we build in audience participation that is purposeful and meaningful throughout the lunch - and - learn? cognitive research shows us that the more times we manipulate new information, the more we retain. the percentages below indicate how much a person retains by learning new information in a specific way. read information only … 10 % hear information only … 20 % see information only … 30 % hear it and see it … 50 % read it, hear it, and talk about it … 70 % read or hear it, talk about it, and do it … 90 % based on this principle, it ' s imperative that audience members process information while you speak. to create those deep rivers of understanding, you have to provide meaningful repetition and process time in